ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõ Çááøóåõ äóßóÇáó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÇáúÃõæáóì (25)
æóáóÇ íõæÌóÏõ Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúÑóãõ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ãöäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì æóÃóÎöíåö åóÇÑõæäó.
æóãóÚó Ðóáößó Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóäúåóÌõ ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö ãöäú ÃóßúÑóãö ÎóáúÞö Çááøóåö Åöáóì ÃóßúÝóÑö ÚöÈóÇÏö Çááøóåö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúåóÇÏöÆö Çááøóíøöäö ÇáúÍóßöíãö¡ ãõäúØóáöÞðÇ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞõæáóÇ áóåõ ÞóæúáðÇ áóíøöäðÇ áóÚóáøóåõ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ Ãóæú íóÎúÔóì [20 \ 44] ÝóßóÇäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÞóÇáóÇ ßóãóÇ ÚóáøóãóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ åóáú áóßó Åöáóì Ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÃóåúÏöíóßó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÝóÊóÎúÔóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóäúåóÌõ åõæó ÊóÍúÞöíÞñ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÏúÚõ Åöáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÑóÈøößó ÈöÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóÇáúãóæúÚöÙóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö [16 \ 125] .
æóÞóÏú æóÖóÚó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ãóäúåóÌðÇ ãõÊóßóÇãöáðÇ áöáÏøóÚúæóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÝóÕøóáóåõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÈöãóÇ íõÔúÊóÑóØõ Ýöí ÇáÏøóÇÚöí æóÇáúãóÏúÚõæøö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÍóÇáö ÇáúãóÏúÚõæøö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú áóÇ íóÖõÑøõßõãú ãóäú Öóáøó ÅöÐóÇ ÇåúÊóÏóíúÊõãú [5 \ 105] ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» .
æóÞóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú ÃõÎóÇáöÝóßõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ [11 \ 88] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» .
æóÞóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÇÏöáúåõãú ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ [16 \ 125] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» .
æóãóÌúãõæÚõ Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö íõÔóßøöáõ ãóäúåóÌðÇ ßóÇãöáðÇ áöãóÇÏøóÉö ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝöíãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáÏøóÇÚöí æóÇáúãóÏúÚõæøö æóãóÇ íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóßóíúÝöíøóÉö Ðóáößó. æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÑóÇåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ÝóßóÐøóÈó æóÚóÕóì
ÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÌóãúÚó Èóíúäó ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö æóÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÞóãóÑö» Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Âáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÇáäøõÐõÑõ ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ ÝóÃóÎóÐúäóÇåõãú ÃóÎúÐó ÚóÒöíÒò ãõÞúÊóÏöÑò.
[54 \ 41 - 42] ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó åõäóÇßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõ Çááøóåõ äóßóÇáó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÇáúÃõæáóì
ÇáäøóßóÇáõ: åõæó ÇÓúãñ áöãóÇ ÌõÚöáó äóßóÇáðÇ áöáúÛóíúÑö¡ Ãóíú: ÚõÞõæÈóÉð áóåõ ÍóÊøóì íõÚúÊóÈóÑó Èöåö¡ æóÇáúßóáöãóÉõ ãöäú(8/420)
ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈóäóÇåóÇ (27) ÑóÝóÚó ÓóãúßóåóÇ ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ (28)
ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇÚõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Çáäøõßõæáõ Úóäö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóÇáäøóßúáõ ÇáúÞóíúÏõ. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ.
æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí «ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÇáúÃõæáóì» : Ãóåõãõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ¿ Ãóãú åõãõ ÇáúßóáöãóÊóÇäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÊóÇäö ÇááøóÊóÇäö Êóßóáøóãó ÈöåöãóÇ ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÚóáöãúÊõ áóßõãú ãöäú Åöáóåò ÛóíúÑöí [28 \ 38] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Þóæúáõåõ: ÃóäóÇ ÑóÈøõßõãõ ÇáúÃóÚúáóì [79 \ 24] .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: æóßóÇäó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáËøóÇäöíó¡ æóãóÚóåõ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó.
æóáóßöäú íõÑóÏøõ Úóáóì ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò: Ãóäøó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞó ÞóÏøóãó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÊóÚúÐöíÈó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ãõÞóÏøóãñ Ýöíåö äóßóÇáõ ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóåöíó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
ßóãóÇ íõÑóÏøõ Úóáóì ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò¡ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÌóÚóáó ÃóÎúÐóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ äóßóÇáðÇ¡ áöíóÚúÊóÈöÑó Èöåö ãóäú íóÎúÔóì¡ æóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉõ Êóßõæäõ ÃóÔóÏøó ÈöÇáúãóÍúÓõæÓö¡ æóßóáöãóÊóÇåõ ÞöíáóÊóÇ Ýöí Òóãóäöåö.
æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ íóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇáúíóæúãó äõäóÌøöíßó ÈöÈóÏóäößó áöÊóßõæäó áöãóäú ÎóáúÝóßó ÂíóÉð [10 \ 92] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÂíóÉö: Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÚöÈúÑóÉð áöãóäú íóÎúÔóì [79 \ 26] .
æóÇÓúãõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó» : ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÎúÐö æóÇáäøóßóÇáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãõ ÖöãúäðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: «äóßóÇáó» ¡ Èóáú Åöäøó «äóßóÇáó» ãóÕúÏóÑñ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ Ãóíú: ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõ Çááøóåõ æóäóßøóáó Èöåö¡ æóÌóÚóáó äóßóÇáóåõ Èöåö ÚöÈúÑóÉð áöãóäú íóÎúÔóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈóäóÇåóÇ
áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúãóËóÇÈóÉö ãöäó ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö æóÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ØõÛúíóÇäöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóÇáúÞõæøóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ðöí ÇáúÃóæúÊóÇÏö [89 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [28 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõ: ÃóáóíúÓó áöí ãõáúßõ ãöÕúÑó æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöí [43 \ 51] .
æóåóÐöåö ßõáøõåóÇ ãóÙóÇåöÑõ ØõÛúíóÇäöåö æóÚóæóÇãöáõ ÞõæøóÊöåö¡ ÎóÇØóÈóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ Âáó Åöáóíúåö åóÐóÇ ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäõ¡ Ëõãøó ÎóÇØóÈóåõãú Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãõÍóÐøöÑðÇ ãöäú ØõÛúíóÇäö ÇáúÞõæøóÉö: ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ¡ ÍóÊøóì áóæú(8/421)
æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ (30) ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ (31) æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ (32)
ÇÏøóÚóíúÊõãú Ãóäøóßõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÞõæøóÉð ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎóÐóåõ Çááøóåõ äóßóÇáó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÇáúÃõæáóì¡ Ýóåóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ¿
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãõÕóÑøöÍðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ ãöäúåõãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [40 \ 57] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÖóÚúÝó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú Ãóåõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú ãöäú Øöíäò áóÇÒöÈò [37 \ 11] .
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÈóÚúËöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöãóÇÊóÊöåöãú æóÕóíúÑõæÑóÊöåöãú ÚöÙóÇãðÇ äóÎöÑóÉð.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÂíóÉö «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» : ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú Ãóåõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ [37 \ 11] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈóäóÇåóÇ ÑóÝóÚó ÓóãúßóåóÇ ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóäúÙõÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóæúÞóåõãú ßóíúÝó ÈóäóíúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [50 \ 6] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÕúÝõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» ¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøóåõ «ØóÍóÇåóÇ» ÈöÇáØøóÇÁö¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÓóØóåóÇ¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóíúÝó ÓõØöÍóÊú [88 \ 20] .
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö: «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: ÊóÝúÓöíÑõåõ ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ [79 \ 31 - 32] æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» Ãóíú: ÈóÓóØóåóÇ.
æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÏóÍóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÅöÐóÇ ÈóÓóØóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» ÈóÓóØóåóÇ æóãóåøóÏóåóÇ áöáÓøõßúäóì æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÑö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÝóÓøóÑó Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóãúåöíÏó ÈöãóÇ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáúãóÇÁö æóÇáúãóÑúÚóì¡ æóÅöÑúÓóÇÆöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÌöÈóÇáö.(8/422)
æóãöãøóÇ ÐõßöÑó íóÊóÃóÊøóì ÇáÓøõßúäóì æóÇáúãóÚöíÔóÉõ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúãöáúÍó æóÇáúãóÃúßóáó æóÇáúãóÔúÑóÈó¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö ÈöÚóíúäöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» : ÈóÓóØóåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÑóì Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ ãõÊøóÝöÞõæäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÈóÓóØóåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò æóÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò: Åöäøó «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» ÝõÓøöÑó ÈöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ áóÇ íóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚó ÇáúÈóÓúØö æóÇáÊøóãúåöíÏö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäö: Åöäøóåõ ÐóßóÑó áóæóÇÒöãó ÇáÊøóÓóßøõäö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÚöíÔóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ãóÇÆöåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÈöåöãóÇ ÞöæóÇãó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÓúÊóÃúäóÓõ Èöåö Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóÍúæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÈóÓúØö¡ Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÇáÑøõæãöíøö:
ãóÇ ÃóäúÓó áóÇ ÃóäúÓó ÎóÈøóÇÒðÇ ãóÑóÑúÊõ Èöåö ... íóÏúÍõæ ÇáÑøõÞóÇÞóÉó æóÔúßó ÇááøóãúÍö ÈöÇáúÈóÕóÑö
ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÑõÄúíóÊöåóÇ Ýöí ßóÝøöåö ßõÑóÉð ... æóÈóíúäó ÑõÄúíóÊöåóÇ ÞóæúÑóÇÁó ßóÇáúÞóãóÑö
ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑö ãóÇ ÊóäúÏóÇÍõ ÏóÇÆöÑóÉñ ... Ýöí ÕóÝúÍóÉö ÇáúãóÇÁö ÊóÑúãöí Ýöíåö ÈöÇáúÍóÌóÑö
æóÞóÏú ÃõËöíÑó Íóæúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÈúÍóËõ Ôóßúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóãóÈúÓõæØóÉñ åöíó Ãóãú ßõÑóæöíøóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÏöíÑóÉñ¿
æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ÃõãøóåóÇÊö ßõÊõÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö äóÌöÏõ ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ýöí ãõÝúÑóÏóÇÊö ÇáÑøóÇÛöÈö: ÞóÇáó «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» ¡ ÃóÒóÇáóåóÇ ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚöåóÇ æóãóÞóÑøöåóÇ.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõãú: ÏóÍóÇ ÇáúãóØóÑõ ÇáúÍóÕóì ãöäú æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ Ãóíú: ÌóÑóÝóåóÇ¡ æóãóÑøó ÇáúÝóÑóÓõ íóÏúÍõæ ÏóÍúæðÇ: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÑøó íóÏóåõ Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíóÏúÍõæ ÊõÑóÇÈóåóÇ.
æóãöäúåõ ÃõÏúÍöíøõ ÇáäøóÚóÇãö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÇáØøóÍúæõ ßóÇáÏøóÍúæö¡ æóåõæó ÈóÓúØõ ÇáÔøóíúÁö æóÇáÐøóåóÇÈõ Èöåö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ØóÍóÇåóÇ¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏó Þóæúáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ØóÍóÇ Èößó ÞóáúÈñ Ýöí ÇáúÍöÓóÇäö ØóÑõæÈõ
Ãóíú ÐóåóÈó Èößó.
æóÝöí ãõÚúÌóãö ãóÞóÇíöíÓö ÇááøõÛóÉö¡ ãóÇÏøóÉõ ÏóÍúæò: ÇáÏøóÇáõ æóÇáúÍóÇÁõ æóÇáúæóÇæõ ÃóÕúáñ æóÇÍöÏñ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÈóÓúØò æóÊóãúåöíÏò.
íõÞóÇáõ: ÏóÍóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó íóÏúÍõæåóÇ ÏóÍúæðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóÓóØóåóÇ. æóíõÞóÇáõ: ÏóÍóÇ ÇáúãóØóÑõ ÇáúÍóÕóì(8/423)
Úóäú æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ßóÐóáößó ÝóÞóÏú ãóåøóÏó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó.
æóíõÞóÇáõ áöáúÝóÑóÓö¡ ÅöÐóÇ Ñóãóì ÈöíóÏöåö ÑóãúíðÇ áóÇ íóÑúÝóÚõ ÓõäúÈõßóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóËöíÑðÇ: ãóÑøó íóÏúÍõæ ÏóÍúæðÇ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÃõÏúÍöíøõ ÇáäøóÚóÇãö: ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÝóÑøöÎõ Ýöíåö¡ ÃõÝúÚöæúáõ ãöäú ÏóÍóæúÊõ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ íóÏúÍõæåõ ÈöÑöÌúáöåö Ëõãøó íóÈöíÖõ Ýöíåö¡ æóáóíúÓó áöáäøóÚóÇãóÉö ÚõÔøñ.
æóÝöí áöÓóÇäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãóÇÏøóÉó ÏóÍóÇ¡ æóÇáÏøóÍúæõ: ÇáúÈóÓúØõ¡ ÏóÍóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó íóÏúÍõæåóÇ ÏóÍúæðÇ: ÈóÓóØóåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó: æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÈóÓóØóåóÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÃõÏúÍöíøó ãóÈúíóÖó ÇáäøóÚóÇãö Ýöí ÇáÑøóãúáö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÚóÇãóÉó ÊóÏúÍõæåõ ÈöÑöÌúáöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÈöíÖõ Ýöíåö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÍóÏöíËó ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó: «ÝóÏóÍóÇ ÇáÓøóíúáó Ýöíåö ÈöÇáúÈóØúÍóÇÁö» ¡ Ãóíú: Ñóãóì æóÃóáúÞóì.
ÞóÇáó: æóÓõÆöáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøöÈö Úóäö ÇáÏøóÍúæö ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Èöåö¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúãõÑóÇãóÇÉõ ÈöåóÇ æóÇáúãõÓóÇÈóÞóÉõ.
æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøö: åõæó íóÏúÍõæ ÈöÇáúÍóÌóÑö¡ Ãóíú íóÑúãöí Èöåö æóíóÏúÝóÚõåõ¡ æóÇáÏøóÇÍöí: ÇáøóÐöí íóÏúÍõæ ÇáúÍóÌóÑó ÈöíóÏöåö¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏó áöÃóæúÓö Èúäö ÍóÌóÑò ÈöãóÚúäóì íóäúÒöÚõ Þóæúáóåõ:
íóäúÒöÚõ ÌöáúÏó ÇáúÍóÕóì ÃóÌóÔøõ ãõÈúÊóÑößñ ... ßóÃóäøóåõ ÝóÇÍöÕñ Ãóæú áóÇÚöÈñ ÏóÇÍò
¿
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÑóÇÝöÚò: «ßõäúÊõ ÃõáóÇÚöÈõ ÇáúÍóÓóäó æóÇáúÍõÓóíúäó - ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ - ÈöÇáúãóÏóÇÍöí» ¡ åöíó ÃóÍúÌóÇÑñ ÃóãúËóÇáõ ÇáúÞóÑúÕóÉö¡ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÍúÝöÑõæäó ÍõÝúÑóÉð íóÏúÍõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚó ÇáúÍóÌóÑõ ÝöíåóÇ ÛóáóÈó ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóÞóÚú ÛõáöÈó.
æóÇáÏøóÍúæõ: åõæó Ñóãúíõ ÇááøóÇÚöÈö ÈöÇáúÍóÌóÑö æóÇáúÌóæúÒö æóÛóíúÑöåö. ÇåÜ.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇááøöÓóÇäö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÑóÇÝöÚò áóÇ ÒóÇáó ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÂäó ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóíõÓóãøóì ÇáÏøóÍúáõ ÈöÇááøóÇãö¡ ßóãóÇ æõÕöÝó ÊóãóÇãðÇ.
æóÈóÚúÏó ÅöíÑóÇÏö ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÃõÕõæáö ãóÑóÇÌöÚö ÇááøõÛóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó. ÝóÅöäøóäóÇ äõæóÇÌöåõ ÇáúÌóÏóáó ÇáúÞóÇÆöãó Èóíúäó ÈóÚúÖö ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö¡ æóÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó¡ Ýöí ãóæúÖõæÚö Ôóßúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóáóÚóáøóäóÇ äõæóÝøóÞõ ÈöÝóÖúáò ãöäó Çááøóåö Åöáóì ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÙõäøó ÙóÇäøñ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóãóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ ãöäú Úõáõæãö ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö Ãóæú íóÛúÊóÑøó ÌóÇåöáñ ÈöãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.(8/424)
æóÈöÊóÃóãøõáö Þóæúáö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó äóÌöÏõåóÇ ãõÊøóÝöÞóÉð Ýöí ãóÌúãõæÚöåóÇ: ÈöÃóäøó «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» ãóåøóÏóåóÇ æóÓóåøóáó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑó áóæóÇÒöãó ÇáÊøóãúßöíäö ãöäó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáúãóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúãóÑúÚóì¡ æóæóÖúÚö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞõ ãóÚó äõÕõæÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãöåóÇÏðÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóæúÊóÇÏðÇ [78 \ 6 - 7] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÐóáõæáðÇ ÝóÇãúÔõæÇ Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈöåóÇ æóßõáõæÇ ãöäú ÑöÒúÞöåö [67 \ 15] .
æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÈóÇÈò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÊóãúåöíÏõåóÇ æóÇáÊøóãúßöíäõ áöáúÚóíúÔö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöíåö ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóßúæöíÑö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏóÇÑóÉö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ Åöáóì ßõÊõÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö äóÌöÏõåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ¡ ÊóäõÕøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóÍúæó: ÇáúÈóÓúØõ¡ æóÇáÑøóãúíõ¡ æóÇáúÅöÒóÇáóÉõ¡ æóÇáÊøóãúåöíÏõ¡ ÝóÇáúÈóÓúØõ æóÇáÊøóãúåöíÏõ æóÇáÑøóãúíõ ÈöÇáúÍóÌóÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÏöíÑö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÝúÑóÉö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉö ãóÚóÇäò ãõÔúÊóÑóßóÉñ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÊõÝóÓøöÑõ «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì ÈóÓóØóåóÇ æóãóåøóÏóåóÇ. æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃõÏúÍöíøóÉó ãóÈúíóÖõ ÇáäøóÚóÇãö áóÇ ÈóíúÖõåõ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó¡ æóÓõãøöíó ÈöÐóáößó ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÏúÍõæåõ ÈöíóÏöåóÇ áöÊóÈöíÖó Ýöíåö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ÚõÔøó áóåóÇ.
æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÝóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó ãöäú ßõÊõÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóÍúæó åõæó ÇáÊøóßúæöíÑõ¡ æóáóßöäú ãóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí Ôóßúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÈöÕóÑúÝö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Úóäú ßóæúäö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÊóÚóÑøóÖó áóåõ Ãóæú áóãú íóÊóÚóÑøóÖú¿
ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ßóáóÇãö ãóäú äóÙóÑó Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÝóÅöäøóÇ äóÌöÏõåõãú ãõÊøóÝöÞöíäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ôóßúáó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãõÓúÊóÏöíÑñ.
æóÞóÈúáó ÅöíÑóÇÏö ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú äõäóÈøöåõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËö ÈöãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ áöáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÐóÇßó ÈóÍúËñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøñ¡ áóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ãóÍóáøóåõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËõ Ýöí ÇáÔøóßúáö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí Ôóßúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÃóÌúãóÚó ãóÇ æóÞóÝúÊõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóÕúÑóÍó¡ æóÃóÈúíóäó¡ åõæó ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÉö ÇáúåöáóÇáö¡ ÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ: ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáóåõ: æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÝúáóÇßó ãõÓúÊóÏöíÑóÉñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Çááøóíúáõ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ æóÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ [41 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ßõáøñ Ýöí Ýóáóßò íóÓúÈóÍõæäó [21 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÏúÑößó ÇáúÞóãóÑó æóáóÇ Çááøóíúáõ ÓóÇÈöÞõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóßõáøñ Ýöí Ýóáóßò íóÓúÈóÍõæäó [36 \ 40] .(8/425)
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: Ýöí ÝóáúßóÉò ãöËúáó ÝóáúßóÉö ÇáúãöÛúÒóáö. æóåóßóÐóÇ åõæó Ýöí áöÓóÇäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÇáúÝóáóßõ ÇáÔøóíúÁõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÏöíÑõ. æóãöäúåõ íõÞóÇáõ: ÊóÝóáøóßó ËóÏúíõ ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóÇÑó. ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõßóæøöÑõ Çááøóíúáó Úóáóì ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóíõßóæøöÑõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó Úóáóì Çááøóíúáö [39 \ 5] ¡ æóÇáÊøóßúæöíÑõ åõæó ÇáÊøóÏúæöíÑõ. æóãöäúåõ Þöíáó: ßóÇÑó ÇáúÚöãóÇãóÉó æóßóæøóÑóåóÇ¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áöáúÃóÝúáóÇßö: ßõÑóæöíøóÉõ ÇáÔøóßúáö ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúßõÑóÉö ßõæÑóÉñ - ÊóÍóÑøóßóÊö ÇáúæóÇæõ æóÇäúÝóÊóÍó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÝóÞõáöÈóÊú ÃóáöÝðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó: ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ ÈöÍõÓúÈóÇäò [55 \ 5] ãöËúáó ÍõÓúÈóÇäö ÇáÑøóÍóì¡ æóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÊóÑóì Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ãöäú ÊóÝóÇæõÊò [67 \ 3] æóåóÐóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÝöíãóÇ íóÓúÊóÏöíÑõ ãöäú ÃóÔúßóÇáö ÇáúÃóÌúÓóÇãö Ïõæäó ÇáúãõÖóáøóÚóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáúãõËóáøóËö Ãóæö ÇáúãõÑóÈøóÚö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÊóÝóÇæóÊõ ; áöÃóäøó ÒóæóÇíóÇåõ ãõÎóÇáöÝóÉñ áöÞóæóÇÆöãöåö. æóÇáúÌöÓúãõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÏöíÑõ ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåõ ÇáúÌóæóÇäöÈö æóÇáäøóæóÇÍöí¡ áóíúÓó ÈóÚúÖõåõ ãõÎóÇáöÝðÇ áöÈóÚúÖò.
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöíåö Þóæúáõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö: ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÌóÚúÝóÑö Èúäö ÇáúãõäóÇÏöí¡ ãöäú ÃóÚúíóÇäö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑöíäó ÈöãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáúÂËóÇÑö æóÇáÊøóÕóÇäöíÝö ÇáúßöÈóÇÑö¡ Ýöí ãõÊõæäö ÇáúÚõáõæãö ÇáÏøöíäöíøóÉö ãöäó ÇáØøóÈóÞóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÃóÍúãóÏó: áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó Úóáóì ãöËóÇáö ÇáúßõÑóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÏõæÑõ ÈöÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö¡ ßóÏóæúÑóÉö ÇáúßõÑóÉö Úóáóì ÞõØúÈóíúäö ËóÇÈöÊóíúäö ÛóíúÑö ãõÊóÍóÑøößóíúäö¡ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøóãóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ Ýöí äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúÌóäõæÈö.
ÞóÇáó: æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó ÌóãöíÚóåóÇ ÊóÏõæÑõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö ÊóÞóÚõ ÞóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì ÊóÑúÊöíÈò æóÇÍöÏò Ýöí ÍóÑóßóÊöåóÇ æóãóÞóÇÏöíÑö ÃóÌúÒóÇÆöåóÇ¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÊóÊóæóÓøóØó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó¡ Ëõãøó ÊóäúÍóÏöÑõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåóÇ ËóÇÈöÊóÉñ Ýöí ßõÑóÉò ÊõÏöíÑõåóÇ ÌóãöíÚóåóÇ ÏóæúÑðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ.
åóÐöåö äõÈúÐóÉñ ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí Ôóßúáö ÇáúÃóÝúáóÇßö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÞóÕúÏö ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÍóÑóßóÇÊöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö ãöËúáó ÇáúßõÑóÉö.
ÞóÇáó: æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó æóÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó¡ áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ØõáõæÚõåóÇ æóÛõÑõæÈõåóÇ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ãóäú Ýöí äóæóÇÍöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýöí æóÞúÊò æóÇÍöÏò¡ Èóáú Úóáóì ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö.
ÞóÇáó: ÝóßõÑóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãõËóÈøóÊóÉñ Ýöí æóÓóØö ßõÑóÉö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ßóÇáäøõÞúØóÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøóÇÆöÑóÉö¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÌöÑúãó ßõáøö ßóæúßóÈò íõÑóì Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö äóæóÇÍöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ Úóáóì ÞóÏúÑò æóÇÍöÏò¡ ÝóíóÏõáøõ Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÈõÚúÏò ãóÇ(8/426)
Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÌöåóÇÊö ÈöÞóÏúÑò æóÇÍöÏò¡ ÝóÇÖúØöÑóÇÑñ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÓóØó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö. ÇåÜ. ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÞúáñ áöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ãöäú ÅöãóÇãò Ìóáöíáò Ýöí Úöáúãóíö ÇáúãóÚúÞõæáö æóÇáúãóäúÞõæáö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Úóáóì Ôóßúáö ÇáúßõÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÑöíøóÉó ãöäú ÍóÑóßóÉö ÇáúÃóÝúáóÇßö Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÚóÞúáö ÃóíúÖðÇ íõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó Ãóßúãóáó ÇáúÃóÌúÑóÇãö åõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÏöíÑõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÊóÑóì Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ãöäú ÊóÝóÇæõÊò [67 \ 3] .
æóÚóáóíúåö¡ Ýóáóæú ÞõÏøöÑó áöÓóÇÆöÑò Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇÝúÊóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãõÓóØøóÍóÉð ßóÓóØúÍö ÇáúÈóíúÊö Ãóæö ÇáúÞöÑúØóÇÓö ãóËóáðÇ¡ áóßóÇäó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÆöÑö ãöäú äöåóÇíóÉò íóäúÊóåöí ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ãõäúÊóåóì ÇáÊøóÓúØöíÍö Ãóæú íóÓúÞõØõ Ýöí åóÇæöíóÉò¡ æóÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑöåóÇ ßõÑóÉð¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõßúãöáõ ÏóæúÑóÊóåõ¡ æóíõßóÑøöÑõåóÇ æóáóæú ÓóÇÑó ØöíáóÉó ÚõãõÑöåö áóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöãóÓöíÑöåö ãõäúÊóåðì¡ áöÃóäøóåõ íóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì ÓóØúÍöåóÇ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÌöåóÇÊöåóÇ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ßóÇäó ãöäó Çáúãõãúßöäö Ãóäú äõÞóÏøöãó åóÐöåö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉó ãöäú Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ãóÇ ÏóÇãóÊú ãõÊøóÝöÞóÉð Ýöí ÇáäøöåóÇíóÉö ãóÚó Þóæúáö ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö¡ æóáóÇ äõØöíáõ ÇáäøõÞõæáó ãöäú åõäóÇ æóåõäóÇßó¡ æóáóßöäú ÞóÏú ÓõÞúäóÇ Ðóáößó ßõáøóåõ áöÛóÑóÖò ÃóÚóãøó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö¡ æóÞóÖöíøóÉò ÃóÔúãóáó æóåöíó ãöäú ÌöåóÊóíúäö:
ÃõæáóÇåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãõÏúÑößõæäó ãóÇ ÞóÇáó Èöåö ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáäøóÞúáö Ãóæú ÏóáóÇáóÉò ÎóÇÕøóÉò Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÌõÒúÆöíøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóáóßöäú Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáäøóÙóÑö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö ; ÅöÐú ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó áóãú íóÌúåóáõæÇ åóÐöåö ÇáäøóÙóÑöíøóÉó¡ æóáóãú ÊóÎúÝó Úóáóíúåöãú åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉõ.
ËóÇäöíóÊõåõãóÇ: ãóÚó Úöáúãöåöãú ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö æóÅöÏúÑóÇßöåöãú áöåóÐöåö ÇáäøóÙóÑöíøóÉö¡ áóãú íóÚúÒõ æóÇÍöÏñ ãöäúåõãú ÏóáóÇáóÊóåóÇ áöäõÕõæÕö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóæö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö.
æóÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóíúåö äóÞõæáõ: ÅöÐóÇ áóãú Êóßõäö ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ÕóÑöíÍóÉð Ýöí äóÙóÑöíøóÉò ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑöíÇÊö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉö¡ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú äõÞúÍöãóåóÇ Ýöí ãóÈóÇÍöËöåóÇ äóÝúíðÇ Ãóæú ÅöËúÈóÇÊðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ äóÊóØóáøóÈõ ÇáúÚöáúãó ãöäú ØóÑöíÞöåö¡ ÝóÚõáõæãõ ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ¡ æóÚõáõæãõ ÇáØøöÈøö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÌóÇÑöÈö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ íóÈúÞóì ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ãõÕóÇäðÇ Úóäú ãóÌóÇáö ÇáúÌóÏóáö Ýöí äóÙóÑöíøóÉò ÞóÇÈöáóÉò áöáËøõÈõæÊö æóÇáäøóÝúíö¡ Ãóæö ÇáÊøóÛúíöíÑö æóÇáÊøóÈúÏöíáö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöãóäú áóãú íóÚúáóãú ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÃóãúÑò Ýöí Ýóäøöåö Ãóäú íõÈóÇÏöÑó ÈöÅöäúßóÇÑöåóÇ ãóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ãõÕóÇÏöãóÉð áöäóÕøò ÕóÑöíÍò(8/427)
ßóÃóäøóåõãú íóæúãó íóÑóæúäóåóÇ áóãú íóáúÈóËõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÔöíøóÉð Ãóæú ÖõÍóÇåóÇ (46)
æóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÊóËóÈøóÊó ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú äóÈøóåúäóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ãóÚó ÈöáúÞöíÓó æóÇáúåõÏúåõÏö ÍöíäóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÍóØÊõ ÈöãóÇ áóãú ÊõÍöØú Èöåö æóÌöÆúÊõßó ãöäú ÓóÈóÅò ÈöäóÈóÅò íóÞöíäò [27 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÎóÈóÑóåóÇ ãóÚó ÞóæúãöåóÇ¡ Ýóáóãú íõÈóÇÏöÑú - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÈöÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö áößóæúäö ÇáúÂÊöí ÈöÇáúÎóÈóÑö åõÏúåõÏðÇ¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú ÚöäúÏóåõ Úöáúãñ Èöåö æóáóãú íõÓóÇÑöÚú ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÊóÕúÏöíÞöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó áóÏóíúåö ãõÓúÊóäóÏñ Úóáóíúåö¡ Èóáú ÃóÎóÐó Ýöí ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÊøóËóÈøõÊö ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑõ Èöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÓóäóäúÙõÑõ ÃóÕóÏóÞúÊó Ãóãú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÐöÈöíäó [27 \ 27] ¡ æóÃóÑúÓóáóåõ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Åöáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ãöäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ æóáóÏóíúåö æóÓóÇÆöáõ æóÅöãúßóÇäöíÇÊñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ ; ÝóÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö Ãóæúáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö íõËúÈöÊõæäó ßõÑóæöíøóÉó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóãóÇÐóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÈöáö ßóíúÝó ÎõáöÞóÊú Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö æóÅöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóíúÝó ÓõØöÍóÊú [88 \ 17 - 20] . æóÌóæóÇÈõåõãú ßóÌóæóÇÈöåöãú Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãóÛúÑöÈó ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÌóÏóåóÇ ÊóÛúÑõÈõ Ýöí Úóíúäò ÍóãöÆóÉò [18 \ 86] ¡ Ãóíú Ýöí äóÙóÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÊóÛúÑõÈõ Úóäú ÃõãøóÉò¡ æóÊóÓúÊóãöÑøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÝõÞö Úóáóì ÃõãøóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíó ãóØúáóÚóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑúÞö Ýöí ÕóÈöíÍóÉö Çáúíóæúãö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÈóÓúØõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÊóãúåöíÏõåóÇ¡ äóÙóÑðÇ áößõáøö ÅöÞúáöíãò æóÌõÒúÁò ãöäúåóÇ áöÓöÚóÊöåóÇ æóÚöÙóãö ÌöÑúãöåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÊóäóÇÝóì ãóÚó ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÔóßúáöåóÇ ; ÝóÞóÏú äóÑóì ÇáúÌóÈóáó ÇáÔøóÇåöÞó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÓóáøóÞúäóÇåõ æóæóÕóáúäóÇ ÞöãøóÊóåõ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÓóØúÍðÇ ãõÓúÊóæöíðÇ¡ æóæóÌóÏúäóÇ ÃõãøóÉð ÈößóÇãöáö áóæóÇÒöãöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÈóÚúÖõ ãóäú Ýöíåö Úóäú ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÃóäøóåõãú íóæúãó íóÑóæúäóåóÇ áóãú íóáúÈóËõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÔöíøóÉð Ãóæú ÖõÍóÇåóÇ ÇáúÚóÔöíøóÉõ: ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáÒøóæóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáúÛõÑõæÈö¡ æóÇáÖøõÍóì: ãóÇ Èóíúäó ØõáõæÚö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Åöáóì ÇáÒøóæóÇáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÊóÍúÏöíÏñ ÈöäöÕúÝö äóåóÇÑò.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáÊøóÍúÏöíÏõ ÈöÓóÇÚóÉò ãöäú äóåóÇÑò. æóÌóÇÁó: íóæúãðÇ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖó íóæúãò [2 \ 259] . æóÌóÇÁó: Åöäú áóÈöËúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÔúÑðÇ [10 \ 103] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö(8/428)
«íõæäõÓó» : æóíóæúãó íóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ßóÃóäú áóãú íóáúÈóËõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓóÇÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö [10 \ 45] ¡ æóÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóÓóíõØúÈóÚõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãóÚó åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóÊöãøóÉö.(8/429)
ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÚóÈóÓó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì
ÓóÈóÈõ äõÒõæáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ãóÔúÛõæáðÇ ÈöÏóÚúæóÉö ÕóäóÇÏöíÏö ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ ÝóÃóÊóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò æóåõæó ÑóÌõáñ ÃóÚúãóì¡ æóÞóÇáó: " ÃóÞúÑöÆúäöí íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÚóáøöãúäöí ãöãøóÇ Úóáøóãóßó Çááøóåõ¡ æóßóÑøóÑó Ðóáößó¡ Ýóáóãú íóÊøóÝöÞú Ðóáößó æóãóÇ åõæó ãõÔúÊóÛöáñ Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóãóÇ íóÑúÌõæåõ ãöãøóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ¡ ÝóÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì Úóäúåõ ãõäúÕóÑöÝðÇ¡ áöãóÇ åõæó ãõÔúÊóÛöáñ Èöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÚóÈøóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö ÇáúÌóáöíáö - ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò - ÈöáóÞóÈò íóßúÑóåõåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÊóäóÇÈóÒõæÇ ÈöÇáúÃóáúÞóÇÈö [49 \ 11] .
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: åõæó ãóÇ äóÈøóåó Úóáóíúåö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÓøöÑøó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑö Úóäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙö " ÇáúÃóÚúãóì " ; áöáúÅöÔúÚóÇÑö ÈöÚõÐúÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÞúÏóÇãö Úóáóì ÞóØúÚö ßóáóÇãö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó íóÑóì ãóÇ åõæó ãõÔúÊóÛöáñ Èöåö ãóÚó ÕóäóÇÏöíÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áóãóÇ ÞóØóÚó ßóáóÇãóåõ. ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: Åöäøóåõ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóÚúãóì áóÇ íóÑóì¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÓúãóÚõ æóÈöÓóãóÇÚöåö ÍóÏöíËó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÅöÞúÏóÇãöåö Úóáóì ãõÞóÇØóÚóÊöåö íóßõæäõ ãõÑúÊóßöÈðÇ ãóÚúÕöíóÉð¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íõÚóÇÊóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
ÝóßóáóÇãõåõ åóÐóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ãóÚúÐõæÑðÇ áöÚóÏóãö ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ãóÚúÐõæÑðÇ áöÅöãúßóÇäö ÓóãóÇÚöåö¡ æóáóßöäú ÐóßóÑóåõ ÈöæóÕúÝöåö áöíõæÌöÈó ÇáúÚóØúÝó Úóáóíúåö æóÇáÑøöÝúÞó Èöåö.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó ßóáóÇãó ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøö áóíúÓó ÈóÚöíÏðÇ ÚóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÇÊóÈóåõ áöÚóÏóãö ÑöÝúÞöåö Èöåö. æóãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÍóÇáóÉö ÚóãóÇåõ.
ÝöÚúáóíúåö¡ íóßõæäõ ÐößúÑõåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÖö ÈöÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáÕøóäóÇÏöíÏö æóÓóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÞóæúãö¡ æóßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ áóåõãú: ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ æóáóßöäú ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö(8/430)
[22 \ 46] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ßóÝöíÝõ ÇáúÈóÕóÑö¡ æóáóßöäú æóÞøóÇÏõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑóÉö ÃóÈúÕóÑó ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÂãóäó¡ æóÌóÇÁó ãóÚó ÚóãóÇåõ íóÓúÚóì ØóáóÈðÇ áöáúãóÒöíÏö¡ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÛóáøóÞóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãú æóÚóãöíóÊú ÈóÕóÇÆöÑõßõãú Ýóáóãú ÊõÏúÑößõæÇ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉó æóáóãú ÊõÈúÕöÑõæÇ äõæÑó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ æóáóßöäú ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö
æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ãöãøóÇ ÇÊøóÝóÞó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãõÍóÏøöËõæäó: ÌóæóÇÒõ ÐößúÑö ãöËúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú áöáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö áóÇ áöáÊøóäúÞöíÕö¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÃóÚúæóÑõ æóÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌõ. æóÝöí ÇáúÍöÑóÝö ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÎóÑøóÇÒõ¡ æóÇáúÎóÑóÞöíøõ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãóÕúáóÍóÉñ áöÊóÑúÌóãóÉö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö Ýöí ÇáÓøóäóÏö.
æóãöËúáõåõ áóíúÓó ÊóäóÇÈõÒðÇ ÈöÇáúÃóáúÞóÇÈö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóäøö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóãöËúáõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó áöáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö Ýöí ÛóÑóÖò Óóáöíãò Ïõæäó ÊóäóÞøõÕò ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ýöíåö ãöËúáó ãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚõÈõæÓóÉó ÃóãúÑñ áóÇ íóÊøóÝöÞõ Ýöí ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò [68 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÎúÝöÖú ÌóäóÇÍóßó áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [15 \ 88] . æóáóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÈò áöÐóáößó¡ æóáóãú íóÊóÚóÑøóÖú áóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ãóÚóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãú íóÊóßóáøóãú ÈöãóÇ íõÓöíÁõ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÔóíúÁò íóÓúãóÚõåõ ÝóíõÒúÚöÌõåõ¡ ßõáøõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÊóÞúØöíÈõ ÇáúÌóÈöíäö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÍóÑóßóÉñ ãóÑúÆöíøóÉñ áóÇ ãóÓúãõæÚóÉñ.
æóÇáúÍóÇáõ: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÃóÚúãóì áóÇ íóÑóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉó¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóáúÞó ÅöÓóÇÁóÉð ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõØúãóÆöäøñ áóåõ áöãóÇ åõæó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÎóíúÑò Ýöí Ïöíäöåö. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí Íõäóíúäò: " æóÃóßöáõ ÃóÞúæóÇãðÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú "¡ Ãóíú: áóãøóÇ ÃóÚúØóì ÇáúãõÄóáøóÝóÉó ÞõáõæÈõåõãú¡ æóáóãú íõÚúØö ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑó ãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö¡ Ýóáóãú íõÚóÇÊöÈúåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó. æóÑóÖöíó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑõ¡ æóÈóßóæúÇ ÝóÑóÍðÇ æóÑöÖðÇ.
Ëõãøó Åöäøó ÊóÞúØöíÈó ÇáúÌóÈöíäö æóÇäúÈöÓóÇØó ÃóÓóÇÑöíÑö ÇáúæóÌúåö áöÍõÒúäò Ãóæú ÝóÑóÍò¡ íóßóÇÏõ íóßõæäõ ÌöÈöáøöíøðÇ ãöãøóÇ(8/431)
ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÌöÈöáøöíøóÉö ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ¡ ßóÃóäøó ÇáúãõËöíÑó áóåõ ÛóÑóÖñ ÚóÇãøñ ãöäú ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóãõåöãøóÊöåóÇ.
æóãóÚó Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó äõÒõæáöåóÇ íóÞõæáõ áóåõ: " ãóÑúÍóÈðÇ Ýöíãóäú ÚóÇÊóÈóäöí Ýöíåö ÑóÈøöí "¡ æóíõßúÑöãõåõ¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÎúáóÝóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑóÇäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáÊøóÓóÇãöí ÈöÃóÎúáóÇÞöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Åöáóì ãóÇ áóÇ äöåóÇíóÉó áóåõ¡ Åöáóì ÍóÏøö ÇááøóÍúÙö ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúØöíÈö ÈöÇáúÌóÈöíäö¡ æóáóæú áöãóäú áóÇ íóÑóÇåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöäóÈöíøò Ãóäú Êóßõæäó áóåõ ÎóÇÆöäóÉõ ÇáúÃóÚúíõäö " æóÐóáößó Ýöí ÕõáúÍö ÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÊóÃúÏöíÈñ áöáúÃõãøóÉö æóáöáÏøõÚóÇÉö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ Ýöí ÔóÎúÕöíøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóãóÇ Úóáøóãóåõãú Ýöí ÔóÎúÕöíøóÊöåö Ýöí ÈöÑøö ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ [17 \ 23] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ ÈößóÇãöáöåö ãöäú Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÐúßöÑóÉñ Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÐóßóÑóåõ [80 \ 11 - 12] ¡ ÈóíóÇäñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ íõÑóÇÚöí Ýöí ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÛóäöíøðÇ æóáóÇ ÝóÞöíÑðÇ¡ æóÃóäú íóÕúÈöÑó Úóáóì ÖóÚúÝóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉó ÊóÈúáöíÛñ æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ æóÑóÇÁó Ðóáößó Ýöí ãóÓúÆõæáöíøóÉò¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÊóßóáøóÝõ áóåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÍóËøóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÈúÑö ãóÚó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ áöÅöíãóÇäöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÕúÈöÑú äóÝúÓóßó ãóÚó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóÏóÇÉö æóÇáúÚóÔöíøö íõÑöíÏõæäó æóÌúåóåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÏõ ÚóíúäóÇßó Úóäúåõãú ÊõÑöíÏõ ÒöíäóÉó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãóäú ÃóÛúÝóáúäóÇ ÞóáúÈóåõ Úóäú ÐößúÑöäóÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚó åóæóÇåõ æóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõåõ ÝõÑõØðÇ æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíõÄúãöäú æóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíóßúÝõÑú [18 \ 28 - 29] .
æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóØúÑõÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóÏóÇÉö æóÇáúÚóÔöíøö íõÑöíÏõæäó æóÌúåóåõ ãóÇ Úóáóíúßó ãöäú ÍöÓóÇÈöåöãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò æóãóÇ ãöäú ÍöÓóÇÈößó Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÊóØúÑõÏóåõãú ÝóÊóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [6 \ 52] .
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåó ÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ãöäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö äõæÍò Åöáóì Þóæúãöåö¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ ÇÒúÏóÑóæúÇ ÖóÚúÝóÉó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí(8/432)
ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÐúßöÑóÉñ (11) Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÐóßóÑóåõ (12) Ýöí ÕõÍõÝò ãõßóÑøóãóÉò (13) ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉò ãõØóåøóÑóÉò (14) ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÓóÝóÑóÉò (15) ßöÑóÇãò ÈóÑóÑóÉò (16)
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúãóáóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö ãóÇ äóÑóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöËúáóäóÇ æóãóÇ äóÑóÇßó ÇÊøóÈóÚóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÃóÑóÇÐöáõäóÇ ÈóÇÏöíó ÇáÑøóÃúíö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈöØóÇÑöÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Åöäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ ÑóÈøöåöãú æóáóßöäøöí ÃóÑóÇßõãú ÞóæúãðÇ ÊóÌúåóáõæäó [11 \ 27 - 29] .
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞö ãóÞóÇáóÉö åöÑóÞúáó¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ ÓóÃóáó ÃóÈóÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäó Úóäú ÃóÊúÈóÇÚö ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: Ãóåõãú ÓóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúãö Ãóãú ÖõÚóÝóÇÄõåõãú¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: Èóáú ÖõÚóÝóÇÄõåõãú. ÝóÞóÇáó: åóßóÐóÇ åõãú ÃóÊúÈóÇÚõ ÇáÑøõÓõáö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí Ðóáößó: áöÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóì ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉö¡ æóÃóÈúÚóÏõ Úóäö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö æóÇáúÌóÇåö¡ ÝóáóíúÓó áóÏóíúåöãú ÍöÑúÕñ Úóáóì ãóäúÕöÈò íóÖöíÚõ¡ æóáóÇ ÌóÇåò íõåúÏóÑõ¡ æóíóÌöÏõæäó Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ÚöÒøðÇ æóÑöÝúÚóÉð¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöáóÇáñ æóÕõåóíúÈñ æóÚóãøóÇÑñ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ åõæó ÇÈúäõ Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú -.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóãøóÇ ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì ÝóÃóäúÊó áóåõ ÊóÕóÏøóì æóãóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÃóáøóÇ íóÒøóßøóì
ÈóíóÇäñ áöãóæúÞöÝöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ æóÍöÑúÕöåö Úóáóì ÅöÓúáóÇãö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÍóÊøóì ãóäú ÃóÚúÑóÖó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì¡ ÔóÝóÞóÉð Èöåöãú æóÑóÍúãóÉð¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÍóÇáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÚóÒöíÒñ Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÚóäöÊøõãú ÍóÑöíÕñ Úóáóíúßõãú [9 \ 128] æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÚóáøóßó ÈóÇÎöÚñ äóÝúÓóßó Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú Åöäú áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÃóÓóÝðÇ [18 \ 6] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÃóáøóÇ íóÒøóßøóì¡ ÈóíóÇäñ Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö ãöãøóäú áóÇ íóÊóÒóßøóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõäúÐöÑñ [13 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäú Úóáóíúßó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÇÛõ [42 \ 48] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóíúÓó Úóáóíúßó åõÏóÇåõãú [2 \ 172] ¡ æóãöËúáö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ãöäó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈóíúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äõæÍò - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈöØóÇÑöÏö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Åöäú ÃóäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ äóÐöíÑñ ãõÈöíäñ [26 \ 114 - 115] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÐúßöÑóÉñ Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÕõÍõÝò ãõßóÑøóãóÉò ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉò ãõØóåøóÑóÉò ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÓóÝóÑóÉò ßöÑóÇãò ÈóÑóÑóÉò
ãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ßóáöãóÉó «ßóáøóÇ» : ÑóÏúÚñ ÚóãøóÇ ÓóÈóÞó¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÌõãúáóÊöåö ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÕóÏøöí áöãóäö ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì. æóÇáúÅöáúÍóÇÍö Úóáóíúåöãú æóÇáúÍöÑúÕö Úóáóì ÓóãóÇÚöåöãú ãöäúåõ¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáúæóÍúíö æóÇáÏøöíäö ÃóÚúáóì ãóäúÒöáóÉð ãöäú Ãóäú ÊõÈúÐóáó áöÞóæúãò åóÐöåö ÍóÇáóÊõåõãú¡ Ýóåöíó Úóáóì ãóÇ åöíó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú(8/433)
ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ (17)
ÊóßúÑöíãò æóÑöÝúÚóÉò æóØõåúÑóÉò æóÕöíóÇäóÉò¡ æóãóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÍóÝóÙóÉò ÓóÝóÑóÉò ßöÑóÇãò ÈóÑóÑóÉò¡ ÃóÍúÑóì ÈöÃóäú íõÓúÚóì ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÎóíúÑõ áöãóäú ÃóÊóÇåóÇ íóØúáõÈõåóÇ.
Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÐóßóÑóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ áöáÊøóåúÏöíÏö áóÇ áöáÊøóÎúíöíÑö ÈöÏóáöíáö ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ [80 \ 17] ¡ «ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ» : ÏõÚóÇÁõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ: áöáúÌöäúÓö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ æó «ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ» : Ãóíú ãóÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ßõÝúÑóåõ ÈöåóÇ¡ ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ãöäú Úõáõæøö ãóäúÒöáóÊöåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ Þöíáó: «ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ» åõäóÇ¡ ãóÇ ÃóÝúÚóáõåõ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ßõÝúÑóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: åöíó ÊóÚóÌõÈñ ãöäú ÅöÝúÑóÇØöåö Ýöí ßõÝúÑóÇäö äöÚóãö Çááøóåö.
æóÞöíáó: Ãóíøõ ÔóíúÁò Íóãóáóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö æóÇáúßõÝúÑö¿ æóßõáøõåóÇ ãõÍúÊóãóáóÉñ.
æóáóÚóáøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÃóÙúåóÑõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÞóÈúáóåõ: «ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ» ¡ æóáöãóÌöíÁö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: «Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÙóáõæãñ ßóÝøóÇÑñ» [14 \ 34] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÝóÚõæáñ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúíóÇßõãú Ëõãøó íõãöíÊõßõãú Ëõãøó íõÍúíöíßõãú Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóßóÝõæÑñ [22 \ 66] ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÕöÝóÉõ ÇáúÌóÇÍöÏöíäó áöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íóÌúÍóÏõ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ßõáøõ ÎóÊøóÇÑò ßóÝõæÑò [31 \ 32] .
Ëõãøó ÑóÏøó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö Ðóáößó ÈöÑóÏøöåö ÅöíÇåõ Åöáóì ÃóÕúáö ÎöáúÞóÊöåö¡ áöíóÊøóÚöÙó ãöäú äóÝúÓöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÎóáóÞóåõ ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ Ëõãøó ÇáÓøóÈöíáó íóÓøóÑóåõ Ëõãøó ÃóãóÇÊóåõ ÝóÃóÞúÈóÑóåõ [80 \ 18 - 21] ; áöÃóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉó ãõÓóáøóãñ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÑóÊøóÈó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉó: Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ÔóÇÁó ÃóäúÔóÑóåõ [70 \ 22] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÎóáóÞóåõ ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ÃóÕúáö ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóÃóØúæóÇÑöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ëõãøó ÇáÓøóÈöíáó íóÓøóÑóåõ Þöíáó: «ÇáÓøóÈöíáõ» Åöáóì ÎõÑõæÌöåö ãöäú ÈóØúäö Ãõãøöåö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÃóÏóÇÑó ÑóÃúÓóåõ Åöáóì ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö¡ ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö Åöáóì ÃóÚúáóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóíúÓöíÑö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö ÎõÑõæÌöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò.
æóÞöíáó: «ÇáÓøóÈöíáõ» : Ãóíö ÇáÏøöíäõ Ýöí æõÖõæÍöåö¡ æóíõÓúÑö ÇáúÚóãóáö Èöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(8/434)
ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöáóì ØóÚóÇãöåö (24) ÃóäøóÇ ÕóÈóÈúäóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÕóÈøðÇ (25) Ëõãøó ÔóÞóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÔóÞøðÇ (26) ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÈøðÇ (27) æóÚöäóÈðÇ æóÞóÖúÈðÇ (28) æóÒóíúÊõæäðÇ æóäóÎúáðÇ (29) æóÍóÏóÇÆöÞó ÛõáúÈðÇ (30) æóÝóÇßöåóÉð æóÃóÈøðÇ (31)
ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 3] ¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇÈúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÑóÌøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò.
æóáóÚóáøó ãóÇ ÑóÌøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò åõæó ÇáúÃóÑúÌóÍõ ; áöÃóäøó ÊóíúÓöíÑó ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö ÃóãúÑñ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ÍóíóæóÇäò¡ æóåõæó ãõÔóÇåóÏñ ãóáúãõæÓñ¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÒöíøóÉó áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ ÏóÇáøñ Úóáóíúåö Ãóæú Úóáóì ãóÏúáõæáöåö æóåõæó ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÎóáóÞóåõ ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ.
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÊóíúÓöíÑõ ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö ÏóÇÎöáðÇ ÊóÍúÊó Þóæúáöåö: «ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ» . Ãóíú: ÞóÏøóÑó ÊóÎóáøõÞóåõ æóÒóãóäó æõÌõæÏöåö æóÒóãóäó ÎõÑõæÌöåö¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑóÇÊö ÌöÓúãöåö æóÞóÏúÑó ÍóíóÇÊöåö¡ æóÞóÏúÑó ãóãóÇÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóíúÓöíÑõ ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ ÈöÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö. æóåõæó ÇáúãóØúáõæÈõ ÇáÊøóæóÌøõåõ Åöáóíúåö. æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÛóíúÑöåö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÊóÎóáøõÞöåö ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò æóÊóÞúÏöíÑöåö. æóÈóíúäó ÅöãóÇÊóÊöåö æóÅöÞúÈóÇÑöåö. Ãóíú: ÝóÊúÑóÉõ ÍóíóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò æóÞóÏøóÑó ãóÌöíÆóåõ Åöáóì ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. æóíóÓøóÑó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó Ýöí ÇáÊøóßóÇáöíÝö. Ëõãøó ÃóãóÇÊóåõ áöíóÑóì ãóÇÐóÇ Úóãöáó: Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ÔóÇÁó ÃóäúÔóÑóåõ.
æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáäøöåóÇíóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «ßóáøóÇ áóãøóÇ íóÞúÖö ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõ» [80 \ 23] . æóáóíúÓó åõäóÇ ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó íóÓøóÑóåõ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöáóì ØóÚóÇãöåö ÃóäøóÇ ÕóÈóÈúäóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÕóÈøóÇ Ëõãøó ÔóÞóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÔóÞøðÇ ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÈøðÇ æóÚöäóÈðÇ æóÞóÖúÈðÇ æóÒóíúÊõæäðÇ æóäóÎúáðÇ æóÍóÏóÇÆöÞó ÛõáúÈðÇ æóÝóÇßöåóÉð æóÃóÈøðÇ
ÈóÚúÏó ãóÇ Èóíøóäó áóåõ ãöãøó ÎõáöÞó¡¡ Èóíøóäó áóåõ åõäóÇ ßóíúÝó íõØúÚöãõåõ¡ æóÝöí ßöáóíúåöãóÇ ÂíóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÝóÞóÊö ÇáúÂíóÊóÇäö Úóáóì ÎõØõæóÇÊò ËóáóÇËò ãõÊóØóÇÈöÞóÉò ÝöíåöãóÇ. ÝóÕóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ íõÞóÇÈöáõ ÏóÝúÞó ÇáúãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÍöãö. æóÔóÞøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö áöáäøóÈóÇÊö íõÞóÇÈöáõ ÎõÑõæÌóåõ Åöáóì ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. æóÅöäúÈóÇÊõ ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊóÇÊö¡ íõÞóÇÈöáõ ÊóÞóÇÏöíÑó ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉö.
æóÝöí ÇáÊøóäúÕöíÕö Úóáóì ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö ãöäú: ÍóÈøò¡ æóÞóÖúÈò¡ æóÚöäóÈò¡ æóÑõãøóÇäò¡ æóÒóíúÊõæäò¡ æóäóÎöíáò¡ æóÝóæóÇßöåó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ æóÍóÏóÇÆöÞó ãõáúÊóÝøóÉò¡ áöÙõåõæÑö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉö ÝöíåóÇ¡ ãóÚó ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÕúáóíúäö ãõÔúÊóÑóßóíúäö: ÇáúãóÇÁõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö. æóÇáÊøõÑúÈóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ íõÓúÞóì ÈöãóÇÁò æóÇÍöÏò.
æóãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì¡ íõÞóÇáõ áöáÔøõíõæÚöíøöíäó æóÇáÏøóåúÑöíøöíäó: ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ [80 \ 17 - 18] :(8/435)
æóæõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÛóÈóÑóÉñ (40) ÊóÑúåóÞõåóÇ ÞóÊóÑóÉñ (41)
ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ Êõãúäõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÎúáõÞõæäóåõ Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó äóÍúäõ ÞóÏøóÑúäóÇ Èóíúäóßõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊó æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãóÓúÈõæÞöíäó Úóáóì Ãóäú äõÈóÏøöáó ÃóãúËóÇáóßõãú æóäõäúÔöÆóßõãú Ýöí ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó æóáóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊõãõ ÇáäøóÔúÃóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì ÝóáóæúáóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÍúÑõËõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÒúÑóÚõæäóåõ Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáÒøóÇÑöÚõæäó áóæú äóÔóÇÁõ áóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÍõØóÇãðÇ [56 \ 58 - 65] .
Åöäøóåõãú ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò áóÇ íóÏøóÚõæäó áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÝöÚúáó ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó. æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøó áóåóÇ ÎóÇáöÞðÇ ãõÏóÈøöÑðÇ. æóáóßöäøóåõãú íõßóÇÈöÑõæäó. æóÌóÍóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóÇÓúÊóíúÞóäóÊúåóÇ ÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú [27 \ 14] ¡ ÕóÏóÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ¡ æóßóÐóÈó ßõáøõ ßóÝøóÇÑò ÃóËöíãò.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ãóæóÇØöäó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ÓóÇÈöÞóÉò¡ ÂÎöÑõåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» : ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÕóáúÕóÇáò ßóÇáúÝóÎøóÇÑö [55 \ 14] ¡ æóÈóíóÇäõ ØóÚóÇãöåö Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäú ÓõæÑóÊöí «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» æó «ÇáúÌóÇËöíóÉö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ãõÓúÝöÑóÉñ ÖóÇÍößóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÈúÔöÑóÉñ
ÇáúÅöÓúÝóÇÑõ: ÇáúÅöÖóÇÁóÉõ¡ æóåõæó Êóåóáøõáõ ÇáúæóÌúåö ÈöÇáÓøõÑõæÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞøóÇåõãú äóÖúÑóÉð æóÓõÑõæÑðÇ [76 \ 11] ¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÔóÇÑõ ãöäú ÊóÞóÏøõãö ÇáúÈõÔúÑóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÊóäóÒøóáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäõæÇ æóÃóÈúÔöÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßõäúÊõãú ÊõæÚóÏõæäó [41 \ 30] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö íóÓúÚóì äõæÑõåõãú Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÈöÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú ÈõÔúÑóÇßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó ÌóäøóÇÊñ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ [57 \ 12] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÛóÈóÑóÉñ ÊóÑúåóÞõåóÇ ÞóÊóÑóÉñ¡ Èóíøóäóåõãú ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÃóäøóåõãú åõãõ ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉõ ÇáúÝóÌóÑóÉõ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» Úóáóì ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÚúÑóÝõ ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ÈöÓöíãóÇåõãú [55 \ 41] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó áóåõãú åõäóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúÝõÌõæÑö¡ æóåõãóÇ ÇáúßõÝúÑõ Ýöí ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö æóÇáúÝõÌõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóáöÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÇÌöÑðÇ ßóÝøóÇÑðÇ [71 \ 27] ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(8/436)
ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ßõæøöÑóÊú (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÊøóßúæöíÑö.
Þõæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ßõæøöÑóÊú
ÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì «ßõæøöÑóÊú» åõäóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÚóÔóÑóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáò¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÊóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì äöåóÇíóÉö ÃóãúÑöåóÇ.
ÝóÞöíáó: «ßõæøöÑóÊú» : áõÝøó ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ ÝóÇäúØóãóÓó äõæÑõåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ÍõÌöÈóÊú ÈößóÇÑóÉò¡ Ãóíú: áõÝøóÊú ÈöåóÇ. æóÞöíáó: ÃõáúÞöíóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö. æóÞöíáó: ÏóÎóáóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö. æóÞöíáó: ÇÖúãóÍóáøóÊú. æóÞöíáó: äõßøöÓóÊú. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: äóÞõæáõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõæøöÑóÊú.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ßõáøóåõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÊóÛóíøõÑö ÍóÇáöåóÇ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÃóãúÑöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÌóÚóáó áóåóÇ ÃóÌóáðÇ ãõÓóãøðì¡ æóãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóäúÊóåöí Åöáóíúåö Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáøóÐöí íóÚúáóãõåõ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì - ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÎøóÑó ÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ßõáøñ íóÌúÑöí Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ãõÓóãøðì [31 \ 29] .
ÝóãóÝúåõæãõåõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÌóáõ ÊóæóÞøóÝóÊú Úóäú ÌóÑóíóÇäöåóÇ.
æóåõæó ãóÇ íõÔöíÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÑöÞó ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ æóÎóÓóÝó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ æóÌõãöÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ [75 \ 7 - 9] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú áóãú íóÌúÊóãöÚóÇ ÞóØøõ¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåõãóÇ Ãóäú íóÌúÊóãöÚóÇ ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÏúÑößó ÇáúÞóãóÑó æóáóÇ Çááøóíúáõ ÓóÇÈöÞõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóßõáøñ Ýöí Ýóáóßò íóÓúÈóÍõæäó [36 \ 40](8/437)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÁõæÏóÉõ ÓõÆöáóÊú (8) ÈöÃóíøö ÐóäúÈò ÞõÊöáóÊú (9)
æóáóÚóáøó ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúãóäúÞõæáóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì: äõßøöÓóÊú. Ãóíú: ÑõÏøóÊú Åöáóì ÍóíúËõ ÃóÊóÊú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ ÝóÊóØúáõÚõ ãöäú ãóÛúÑöÈöåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÊóÌúÊóãöÚõ ãóÚó ÇáúÞóãóÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáäøõÌõæãõ ÇäúßóÏóÑóÊú
Þöíáó: «ÇäúßóÏóÑóÊú» ÇäúÕóÈøóÊú¡ æóÞöíáó: ÊóÛóíøóÑóÊú ãöäó ÇáúßõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÉñ æóáóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó.
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöáúÃóæøóáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈõ ÇäúÊóËóÑóÊú [82 \ 2] .
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöáËÇäöí: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇáäøõÌõæãõ ØõãöÓóÊú [77 \ 8] ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóäóÇËóÑóÊú æóÐóåóÈóÊú ãöäú ÃóãóÇßöäöåóÇ æóÊóÛóíøóÑó äöÙóÇãõåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóåóÈó äõæÑõåóÇ æóØõãöÓóÊú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÓõíøöÑóÊú
Ãóíú: ÐóåóÈó ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ãóßóÇäöåóÇ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇØöäó. ãöäú ÃóåóãøöåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» : æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÞõáú íóäúÓöÝõåóÇ ÑóÈøöí äóÓúÝðÇ [20 \ 105] ¡ æóÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» : æóíóæúãó äõÓóíøöÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÇÑöÒóÉð [18 \ 47] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÁõæÏóÉõ ÓõÆöáóÊú ÈöÃóíøö ÐóäúÈò ÞõÊöáóÊú ÇáúæóÃúÏõ: ÇáËøöÞúáõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÆõæÏõåõ ÍöÝúÙõåõãóÇ [2 \ 255] .
æóÇáúãóæúÁõæÏóÉõ: ÇáúãõËúÞóáóÉõ ÈöÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö ÍóÊøóì ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉõ ßóÇäóÊú ÊõÏúÝóäõ ÍóíøóÉð¡ ÝóßóÇäõæÇ íóÍúÝöÑõæäó áóåóÇ ÇáúÍõÝúÑóÉó æóíõáúÞõæäóåóÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó íõåöíáõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈöÃóíøö ÐóäúÈò ÞõÊöáóÊú ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÐóäúÈó áóåóÇ ÝóÊõÞúÊóáó ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö¡ Èóáö ÇáúÌõÑúãõ Úóáóì ÞóÇÊöáöåóÇ.
æóáóßöäú áöÚöÙóãö ÇáúÌõÑúãö íóÊóæóÌøóåõ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÊóÈúßöíÊðÇ áöæóÇÆöÏöåóÇ.(8/438)
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Þóæúáõåõ: ÃóãúÑóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö. ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ íõÈúßöíäöí æóÇáúÂÎöÑõ íõÖúÍößõäöí.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íõÈúßöíäöí: ÝóÞóÏú ÐóåóÈúÊõ ÈöÇÈúäóÉò áöí áöæóÃúÏöåóÇ¡ ÝóßõäúÊõ ÃóÍúÝöÑõ áóåóÇ ÇáúÍõÝúÑóÉó æóÊóäúÝõÖõ ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈó Úóäú áöÍúíóÊöí¡ æóåöíó áóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ áóåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑúÊõ Ðóáößó ÈóßóíúÊõ.
æóÇáúÃõÎúÑóì: ßõäúÊõ ÃóÕúäóÚõ ÅöáóåðÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóãúÑö ÃóÖóÚõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÃúÓöí íóÍúÑõÓõäöí áóíúáðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõ ãõÚóÇÝðì ÃóßóáúÊõåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑúÊõ Ðóáößó ÖóÍößúÊõ ãöäú äóÝúÓöí.
ÃóãøóÇ ÓóÈóÈõ ÅöÞúÏóÇãöåöãú Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÌóÑöíãóÉö ÇáÔøóäöíÚóÉö æóãóÇ ÏóÝóÚóåõãú Úóáóì ÇÑúÊößóÇÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈöÊóæóÓøõÚò ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» : æóíóÌúÚóáõæäó áöáøóåö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóáóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔúÊóåõæäó æóÅöÐóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãú ÈöÇáúÃõäúËóì Ùóáøó æóÌúåõåõ ãõÓúæóÏøðÇ æóåõæó ßóÙöíãñ íóÊóæóÇÑóì ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúãö ãöäú ÓõæÁö ãóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó Èöåö ÃóíõãúÓößõåõ Úóáóì åõæäò Ãóãú íóÏõÓøõåõ Ýöí ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö ÃóáóÇ ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÍúßõãõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [57 \ 59] .
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó åõäóÇ ÊóäúÈöíåóíúäö áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÅöíÑóÇÏöåöãóÇ.
ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ãóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ ÇáúæóÃúÏó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂæöäóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÊøóÚóÑøõÖõ áöãóäúÚö ÇáúÍóãúáö ÈöÃóíøö æóÓöíáóÉò ßóÇäóÊú.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËúÊõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÞóÏöíãðÇ æóÍóÏöíËðÇ. ÃóãøóÇ ÞóÏöíãðÇ ÝóÝöí ÚóãóáöíøóÉö ÇáúÚóÒúáö¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöíåö ÍóÏöíËõ ÌóÇÈöÑò: " ßõäøóÇ äóÚúÒöáõ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ íóäúÒöáõ " ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ.
ÒóÇÏó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ ÞóÇáó ÓõÝúíóÇäõ: áóæú ßóÇäó ÔóíúÆðÇ íõäúåóì Úóäúåõ áóäóåóÇäóÇ Úóäúåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ. æóÌóÇÁó Ýöíåö: ÝóÈóáóÛó Ðóáößó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýóáóãú íóäúåóäóÇ.
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏõ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÌõÏóÇãóÉó ÈöäúÊö æóåúÈò ÃõÎúÊö ÚõßóÇÔóÉó¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: ÍóÖóÑúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÃõäóÇÓò¡ ÞóÇáó: " áóÞóÏú åóãóãúÊõ Ãóäú Ãóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáúÛóíúáóÉö¡ ÝóäóÙóÑúÊõ Ýöí ÇáÑøõæãö æóÝóÇÑöÓó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú íõÛöíáõæäó ÃóæúáóÇÏóåõãú ÝóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÃóæúáóÇÏóåõãú Ðóáößó ÔóíúÆðÇ " ÝóÓóÃóáõæåõ Úóäö ÇáúÚóÒúáö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: " Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÃúÏõ ÇáúÎóÝöíøõ ".
ÒóÇÏó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËöåö Úóäö ÇáúãõÞúÑöÆö ÒöíóÇÏóÉð æóåöíó: " æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÁõæÏóÉõ ÓõÆöáóÊú ".(8/439)
ÝóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑõ. æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöí: ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ ÔöÏøóÉó ÇáäøóßöíÑö.
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò: " ÛóÒóæúäóÇ ãóÚó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÛóÒúæóÉó Èóäöí ÇáúãõÕúØóáöÞö¡ ÝóÓóÈóíúäóÇ ßóÑóÇÆöãó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ ÝóØóÇáóÊú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúÛõÑúÈóÉõ¡ æóÑóÛöÈúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝöÏóÇÁö¡ ÝóÃóÑóÏúäóÇ Ãóäú äóÓúÊóãúÊöÚó æóäóÚúÒöáó¡ ÝóÞõáúäóÇ: äóÝúÚóáõ Ðóáößó¿ æóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Èóíúäó ÃóÙúåõÑöäóÇ áóÇ äóÓúÃóáõåõ¡ ÝóÓóÃóáúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÞóÇáó: " áóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæÇ¡ ãóÇ ßóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ ÎóáúÞó äóÓóãóÉò åöíó ßóÇÆöäóÉñ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÓóÊóßõæäõ ".
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: " Åöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÊóÈó ãóäú åõæó ÎóÇáöÞñ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ".
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: " ÝóÞóÇáó áóäóÇ: æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóÝúÚóáõæäó¡ æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóÝúÚóáõæäó¡ æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóÝúÚóáõæäó. ãóÇ ãöäú äóÓóãóÉò ßóÇÆöäóÉò Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÅöáøóÇ åöíó ßóÇÆöäóÉñ ".
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: " áóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæÇ ; ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÇáúÞóÏóÑõ ".
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ãõÍóãøóÏò: æóÞóæúáõåõ: " áóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú " ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóì Çáäøóåúíö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ: æóÇááøóåö áóßóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÒóÌúÑñ. ÝóÃóäúÊó ÊóÑóì Þóæúáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóÝúÚóáõæäó " ãõÔúÚöÑñ ÈöÚóÏóãö Úöáúãöåö ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÌóÇÈöÑò¡ ÝóÈóáóÛó Ðóáößó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýóáóãú íóäúåóäóÇ¡ äõÈúÞöí Þóæúáó ÌóÇÈöÑò¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÓúÊóÏöáøõ Èöåö ÇáúãõÌóæøöÒõæäó¡ æóíõÚóÇÑöÖõåõ: æóåöíó ÇáúãóæúÁõæÏóÉõ¡ Ãóæö ÇáúæóÃúÏõ ÇáúÎóÝöíøõ.
æóßóÇäó áöáúæóÃúÏö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÓóÈóÈóÇäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøñ¡ ÎóÔúíóÉõ ÅöãúáóÇÞò¡ æóãöäú ÅöãúáóÇÞò ÍóÇÖöÑò.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÍóãöíøóÉñ æóÛóíúÑóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÏøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏóßõãú ÎóÔúíóÉó ÅöãúáóÇÞò äóÍúäõ äóÑúÒõÞõåõãú æóÅöíøóÇßõãú Åöäøó ÞóÊúáóåõãú ßóÇäó ÎöØúÆðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [17 \ 31] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏóßõãú ãöäú ÅöãúáóÇÞò äóÍúäõ äóÑúÒõÞõßõãú æóÅöíøóÇåõãú [6 \ 151] .
æóÃóÎöíÑðÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÓóÇÄõáõ ÔóÏöíÏó ÇáÊøóæúÈöíÎö áóåõãú: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÁõæÏóÉõ ÓõÆöáóÊú(8/440)
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃõËöíÑóÊú ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÈöÔóßúáò ÂÎóÑó ÃóËóÇÑóåóÇ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãóßöíÏóÉð áöáÓøõÐøóÌö¡ ÝóÃõËöíÑóÊú ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøóÉö.
æóßóÇäó ãóÈúÏóÄõåóÇ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó ßõÊøóÇÈö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ÈöäóÙóÑöíøóÉö: " ãóÇáúÊöÓú " æóÇáúÂäó áöÛóÑóÖò ÚóÓúßóÑöíøò áöÊóÞúáöíáö ÚóÏóÏö ÌõäõæÏö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ Úóáöãó ÇáúÚóÏõæøõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó íõÈöíÍõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö ãóËúäóì æóËõáóÇËó æóÑõÈóÇÚó¡ ÝóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íõæÞöÝõæÇ åóÐóÇ Çáäøõãõæøó.
æóíóßúÝöí Ãóäú äõæÑöÏó åõäóÇ Þóæúáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " ÊóäóÇßóÍõæÇ ÊóäóÇÓóáõæÇ ; ÝóÅöäøöí ãõÈóÇåò Èößõãõ ÇáúÃõãóãó ".
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: " ãõßóÇËöÑñ Èößõãõ ÇáúÃõãóãó ".
æóÝöíåö: " ÊóÒóæøóÌõæÇ ÇáúæóáõæÏó ÇáúæóÏõæÏó " æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ßõäúÊõ ÌóãóÚúÊõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈóÍúËðÇ Ýöí ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÉò æóÇÝöíóÉò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö¡ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÓóÉö æóÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏö¡ æóÇáÏøöÝóÇÚö ãóÚó Úóãóáö ÅöÍúÕóÇÆöíÇÊò áöáÏøõæóáö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõØóÇáöÈõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏúÝóÚõ ÑóÃúíó ßõáøö ÞóÇÆöáò Èöåö.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóåõãøõäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö ÊóäúÈöíåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ Åöáóì Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉó Åöáóì ÊóÍúÏöíÏö Ãóæú ÊóäúÙöíãö ÇáäøóÓúáö ãóäúÔóÄõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóÊóÔúÌöíÚõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÞö ãöäú Ïõæóáö ÇáúÛóÑúÈö¡ æóßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáÏøõæóáö ÇáúÛóÑúÈöíøóÉö ÊóÈúÐõáõ ÇáúãóÇáó ÇáØøóÇÆöáó áöÊõÝúÔöíó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó Ýöí Ïõæóáö ÇáÔøóÑúÞö ÇáúÃóæúÓóØö¡ æóÎóÇÕøóÉð ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉó æóÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉó.
ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóåõæó Íóæúáó ãóÇ íõÕóÑøöÍõ Èöåö ÏõÚóÇÉõ ÊóÍúÑöíÑö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉö ãõäóÇÕóÑóÉò áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÏõÚóÇÉõ ÔóÞóÇÆöåóÇ æóãõÚóÇÏóÇÉñ áóåóÇ¡ æóåóÏúãñ áöãóÇ ãóßøóäóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ãöäúåõ Ýöí Ùöáøö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÍóÇáóÉñ ãöäú ÍóÇáóÇÊöåóÇ ÊõæÁóÏõ ÍóíøóÉð¡ æóÊõæÑóËõ ßóÇáúãóÊóÇÚö¡ æóãõåúãóáóÉó ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉö Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó. ÝóÍóÈóÇåóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ ãóÇ íõËúÈöÊõ ÔóÎúÕöíøóÊóåóÇ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ãöäú ÅöíÝóÇÆöåóÇ ÍóÞøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ßóÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ Ëõãøó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÒøóæóÇÌö¡ æóÍóÞøöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøöãó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóäú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóÍöáøóÇÊò¡ ãöäúåóÇ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ ÞóæøóÇãõæäó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö [4 \ 34] .(8/441)
ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÇáúÎõäøóÓö (15) ÇáúÌóæóÇÑö ÇáúßõäøóÓö (16) æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÓúÚóÓó (17) æóÇáÕøõÈúÍö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóäóÝøóÓó (18) Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò (19)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÍöíãõ ÓõÚøöÑóÊú
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» : æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí Çááøóåö ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò æóíóÊøóÈöÚõ ßõáøó ÔóíúØóÇäò ãóÑöíÏò ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÊóæóáøóÇåõ ÝóÃóäøóåõ íõÖöáøõåõ æóíóåúÏöíåö Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [22 \ 3] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÃõÒúáöÝóÊú
ÇáÒøõáúÝóì: ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì¡ «æóÃõÒúáöÝóÊú» : ÞõÑøöÈóÊú¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõÒúáöÝóÊö ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ÛóíúÑó ÈóÚöíÏò [50 \ 31] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóáöãóÊú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÃóÍúÖóÑóÊú
ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö åõäóÇ: ÇáúÚõãõæãõ¡ Ãóíú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÌöÏõ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ãõÍúÖóÑðÇ [3 \ 30] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÇáúÎõäøóÓö ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöí ÇáúßõäøóÓö æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÓúÚóÓó æóÇáÕøõÈúÍö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóäóÝøóÓó Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò
ÙóÇåöÑõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ äóÝúíõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÞóÓóãñ ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍö ÈöÌóæóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÓóãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò [81 \ 19] .
æóÈöåóÐóÇ íóÊóÑóÌøóÍõ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ": áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö [75 \ 1] .
æóãöËúáõ ÇáúÂÊöí áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö [90 \ 1] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
íõÌúãöÚõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Ãóäøó áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäú íõÞúÓöãó ÈöãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ãöäú ãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊöåö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ æóáóíúÓó áöáúãóÎúáõæÞö Ãóäú íóÍúáöÝó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóáóßöäú ; åóáú Ýöí ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉö ÈöãóÇ íõÞúÓöãõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Èöåö ãóÚúäðì ãóÞúÕõæÏñ¡ Ãóãú áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ æóÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö¿(8/442)
æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö¡ ÙóåóÑó - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóÇ íõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÔóíúÁò Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ áöÛóÑóÖò íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ íóßõæäõ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö æóÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö ãõäóÇÓöÈóÉñ æóÇÑúÊöÈóÇØñ¡ æóÞóÏú íóÙúåóÑõ Ðóáößó ÌóáöíøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÎóÝöíøðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÝöÚúáðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöíåö ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ æóÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÅöäú ßõäúÊõ áóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì ÈóÍúËò Ýöíåö.
æóáóßöäú ãöãøóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãö ÈöãóßøóÉó ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÝöí ÍóÇáóÊóíúäö ãõÊóÛóÇíöÑóÊóíúäö.
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö æóÃóäúÊó Íöáøñ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö æóæóÇáöÏò æóãóÇ æóáóÏó áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ßóÈóÏò [90 \ 1 - 4] .
æóÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö æóØõæÑö Óöíäöíäó æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÇáúÃóãöíäö áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò [95 \ 1 - 4] .
ÝóÇáúãóÞúÓóãõ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö: ãóßøóÉõ ÇáúãõßóÑøóãóÉõ¡ æóÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Úóáóíúåö ãõßóÇÈóÏóÉó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú Ãóæøóáö æöáóÇÏóÊöåö Åöáóì äóÔúÃóÊöåö¡ Åöáóì ßóÏøöåö Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö¡ Åöáóì äöåóÇíóÊöåö æóãóãóÇÊöåö.
ãöäú Ðóáößó ãõßóÇÈóÏóÊõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõäúÐõ æöáóÇÏóÊöåö Åöáóì ÍóíúËõ ãóÇÊó ÃóÈõæåõ ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ æóáóÍöÞóÊú Èöåö Ãõãøõåõ¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ØõÝõæáóÊöåö¡ æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæóÍúíö ßóÇÈóÏó ãóÚó Þóæúãöåö æóáóÞöíó ãöäúåõãú ÚóäóÊðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÂãóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÞóÊúáöåö¡ ÝóáóßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ áóåõ: ÇÕúÈöÑú Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõßóÇÈóÏóÉó áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ãõáóÇÒöãóÉñ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ßóãõáóÇÒóãóÊößó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö ãõäúÐõ æöáóÇÏóÊößó.
æóÝöí ÐößúÑö æóæóÇáöÏò æóãóÇ æóáóÏó ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÈóÏúÁö ÇáúãõßóÇÈóÏóÉö¡ æóÈöÃóÔõÏøöåóÇ ãöäú ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö æóØóÈöíÚóÉö ÇáØøõÝõæáóÉö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏó ÈöÏõæäö Ãóíøö æóÕúÝò.
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÝóÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó åõæó ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ æóåöíó ÃóÚúÙóãõ äöÚúãóÉò Úóáóíúåö ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö ÚóÑúÖðÇ áöáäøöÚóãö¡ æóÊóÚóÏøõÏöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåöãóÇ ÇáúÝóÇßöåóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ãóæú ÃóãóÇßöäõåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÈóíúÊõ ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö ãóÚó ØõæÑö Óöíäöíäó.(8/443)
ÝóÌóÇÁó ÈöãóßøóÉó ÃóíúÖðÇ æóáóßöäú ÈöæóÕúÝò ãõäóÇÓöÈò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÇáúÃóãöíäö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ãóäú ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÈöÞóÇÚö ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáúÈóÑóßóÉö æóÇáúÞóÏóÇÓóÉö¡ ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÍõÓúäö ÎöáúÞóÊöåö æóÍõÓúäö ÊóÞúæöíãöåö æóÝóÖúáöåö Úóáóì ÓóÇÆöÑö ãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊöåö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóåõäóÇ íõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö¡ Ýöí ÙõåõæÑöåóÇ æóÇÎúÊöÝóÇÆöåóÇ æóÌóÑóíóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóÈöÜ " æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÓúÚóÓó ": ÃóÞúÈóáó æóÃóÏúÈóÑó¡ Ãóæú ÃóÖóÇÁó æóÃóÙúáóãó¡ " æóÇáÕøõÈúÍö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóäóÝøóÓó ": Ãóíú ÃóÙúåóÑó æóÃóÔúÑóÞó¡ æóåõãóÇ ÃóËóÑóÇäö ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Ýöí ÛõÑõæÈöåóÇ æóÔõÑõæÞöåóÇ.
æóÇáúãóÞúÓóãõ Úóáóíúåö: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Þóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö ÍóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÇáËøõÈõæÊö æóÇáÙøõåõæÑö¡ æóÍóÇáõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóÚóåõ ßóÍóÇáö åóÐöåö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö ÇáËøóæóÇÈöÊö áóÏóíúßõãú Ýöí ÙõåõæÑöåóÇ ÊóÇÑóÉð¡ æóÇÎúÊöÝóÇÆöåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì.
æóßóÍóÇáö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáÕøõÈúÍö¡ Ýóåõæó ÚöäúÏó ÃõäóÇÓò ãóæúÖöÚõ ËöÞóÉò æóåöÏóÇíóÉò ßóÇáÕøõÈúÍö Ýöí ÅöÓúÝóÇÑöåö¡ ÞõáõæÈõåõãú ãõÊóÝóÊøöÍóÉñ Åöáóíúåö æóÚõÞõæáõåõãú ãõåúÊóÏöíóÉñ Èöåö¡ Ýóåõæó áóåõãú ÑõæÍñ æóäõæÑñ¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÃõäóÇÓò ãõÙúáöãóÉñ ÃóãóÇãóåõ ÞõáõæÈõåõãú¡ Úóãðì Úóäúåõ ÈóÕóÇÆöÑõåõãú¡ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑñ¡ æóåõæó Úóáóíúåöãú Úóãðì¡ æóÃõäóÇÓñ ÊóÇÑóÉð æóÊóÇÑóÉð ßóÇáäøõÌõæãö ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ¡ æóÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ¡ ÊóÇÑóÉð íóäúÞóÏöÍõ äõæÑõåõ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú¡ ÝóÊóÙúåóÑõ ãóÚóÇáöãõåõ ÝóíóÓöíÑõæäó ãóÚóåõ¡ æóÊóÇÑóÉð íóÛöíÈõ Úóäúåõãú äõæÑõåõ ÝóÊóÎúäöÓõ Úóäúåõ ÚõÞõæáõåõãú æóÊóßúäõÓõ Ïõæäóåõ ÞõáõæÈõåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ßõáøóãóÇ ÃóÖóÇÁó áóåõãú ãóÔóæúÇ Ýöíåö æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÙúáóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÞóÇãõæÇ [2 \ 20] .
æóáóíúÓó ÈóÚöíÏðÇ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó¡ ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáäøõÌõæãõ ßóÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö¡ ãóÖóì ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÙøõåõæÑõ Ýöí ÍöíäöåóÇ æóÇáúÎóÝóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ.
" æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÓúÚóÓó ": åõæó ÙóáóÇãõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö.
" æóÇáÕøõÈúÍö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóäóÝøóÓó ": íõÞóÇÈöáõåõ ÙõåõæÑõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÓóíóäúÊóÔöÑõ ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑó ÖóæúÁö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÞúæóì ÞõæøóÉñ ÞóØøõ Úóáóì ÍóÌúÈöåö¡ æóÓóíóÚõãøõ ÇáúÂÝóÇÞó ßõáøóåóÇ¡ ãóåúãóÇ æóÞóÝõæÇ Ïõæäóåõ: íõÑöíÏõæäó áöíõØúÝöÆõæÇ äõæÑó Çááøóåö ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÇááøóåõ ãõÊöãøõ äõæÑöåö æóáóæú ßóÑöåó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [61 \ 8] .
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöíÑóÇÏö ÛóÑóÇÈóÉñ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ æóÃóäøöí áóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì ÈóÍúËò ãõÓúÊóÞöáøò Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóæúÌöíåò íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóáóßöäú ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÊóÈøõÚö æóÌóÏúÊõ ÇØøöÑóÇÏóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ æóÌóÏöíÑñ ÈöÃóäú íõÝúÑóÏó ÈöÑöÓóÇáóÉò.(8/444)
æóãöãøóÇ ÇØøóÑóÏó Ýöíåö åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåõ ÓõæÑóÉõ " ÇáÖøõÍóì "¡ íóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÖøõÍóì æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÓóÌóì ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó æóãóÇ Þóáóì [93 \ 1 - 3] ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö ÚóÏóãõ ÊóÑúßöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ ÇáÊøóÎóáøöí Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö ÞöÓúãóíö ÇáÒøóãóäö áóíúáðÇ æóäóåóÇÑðÇ¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ áóåõ: ãóÇ ÞóáóÇßó ÑóÈøõßó æóáóÇ ÊóÎóáøóì Úóäúßó¡ áóÇ Ýöí ÖõÍóì ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÍóíúËõ ÊóäúØóáöÞõ áöÓóÚúíößó¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÙõáúãóÉö Çááøóíúáö Íöíäó ÊóÃúæöí Åöáóì ÈóíúÊößó.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú Úóãøöåö ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò ÍöíäóãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÌúÚóáõåõ íóäóÇãõ ãóÚó ÃóæúáóÇÏöåö áóíúáðÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÎóÐó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ ãóÖóÇÌöÚóåõãú íóÃúÊöí ÎöÝúíóÉð ÝóíõÞöíãõåõ ãöäú ãóßóÇäöåö. æóíóÖóÚõ ÃóÍóÏó ÃóæúáóÇÏöåö ãóÍóáøóåõ¡ ÍóÊøóì áóæú ßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏñ äóæóÇåõ ÈöÓõæÁò¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóÂåõ Ýöí ãóßóÇäöåö ÇáúÃóæøóáö íõÕóÇÏöÝõ æóáóÏóåõ¡ æóíóÓúáóãõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì [93 \ 4] ¡ Ãóíú: ãöäú ßõáøö ãóÇ ØóáóÚóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÓóÌóÇåõ Çááøóíúáõ.
æóãöäúåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóåõæó ÃóÔóÏøõ ÙõåõæÑðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúÚóÕúÑö " ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÝöí ÎõÓúÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [103 \ 1 - 3] ¡ Åöáóì ÂÎóÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö. ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö åõæó ÍóÇáóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ÇáúÛóÇáöíóÉõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÎõÓúÑò¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäö ÇÓúÊóËúäóì Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Èöåö¡ æóÇáúÚóÕúÑõ ÇáúãõÚóÇÕöÑõ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ØöíáóÉó ÍóíóÇÊöåö æóåõæó ãóÍóáøõ Úóãóáöåö¡ ÇáøóÐöí Èöåö íóÎúÓóÑõ æóíóÑúÈóÍõ. æóåõæó ãõÚóÇÕöÑñ áóåõ æóÃóÕúÏóÞõ ÔóÇåöÏò Úóáóíúåö.
æóßõäúÊõ ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÚõãõÑó æóÒóãóäó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÍõÌøóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ßóÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáäøöÐóÇÑóÉö ÓóæóÇÁñ¡ æóÐóßóÑó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú äõÚóãøöÑúßõãú ãóÇ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ Ýöíåö ãóäú ÊóÐóßøóÑó æóÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáäøóÐöíÑõ [35 \ 37] ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÊøóÚúãöíÑó¡ æóåõæó ÅöÔúÛóÇáõ ÇáúÚõãõÑö ãõæÌöÈðÇ áöáÊøóÐóßøõÑö æóÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö¡ æóãõåúáóÉð áöáúÚóãóáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊõÎúÈöÑõ ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ ÈöÃóãúÑò Ëõãøó Êõãúåöáõåõ Åöáóì Ãóäú íóÝúÚóáó ãóÇ ãóÑøó Èöåö¡ Ýóåõæó Ãóãúßóäõ Ýöí ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö Úóáóíúåö.
ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóãõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÕúÑö Úóáóì ÇáÑøöÈúÍö æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö¡ ÃóäúÓõÈõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ÅöÐú ÌõÚöáóÊú ÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ßóÓõæÞò ÞóÇÆöãóÉò æóÇáÓøöáúÚóÉõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÚóãóáõ æóÇáúÚóÇãöáõ åõæó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ÃóÏõáøõßõãú Úóáóì ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò ÊõäúÌöíßõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò ÊõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö [61 \ 10 - 11] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò: " ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö ÊóãúáóÃõ ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó "¡ æóÝöíåö " ßõáøõ ÇáäøóÇÓö(8/445)
íóÛúÏõæ¡ ÝóÈóÇÆöÚñ äóÝúÓóåõ ÝóãõÚúÊöÞõåóÇ Ãóæú ãõæÈöÞõåóÇ "¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó íóÔúÛóáõ ÚõãõÑóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÈöÍó¡ æóÃóÚúÊóÞó äóÝúÓóåõ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÎóÓöÑó æóÃóåúáóßóåóÇ ".
æóíõÔöíÑõ áöÐóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÔúÊóÑóì ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÈöÃóäøó áóåõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó [9 \ 111] .
ÝóÕóÍøó Ãóäøó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÓõæÞñ¡ æóÇáÓøöáúÚóÉõ ÝöíåóÇ Úóãóáõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÉõ Ýöíåö ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóÙóåóÑó ÇáÑøóÈúØõ æóÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉõ ãóÚó ÇáúãóÞúÓóãö Èöåö¡ æóÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò
ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÌöÈúÑöíáõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðöí ÞõæøóÉò ÚöäúÏó Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ãóßöíäò ãõØóÇÚò Ëóãøó Ãóãöíäò æóãóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõßõãú ÈöãóÌúäõæäò [81 \ 22] .
ÝóÕóÇÍöÈõßõãú åõäóÇ: åõæó ãõÍóãøóÏñ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí ÕóÍöÈóåõãú ãõäúÐõ æöáóÇÏóÊöåö æóÐõæ ÇáúÞõæøóÉö ÚöäúÏó Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö: åõæó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóÝöí ÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇáúÞóæúáö Åöáóíúåö ãóÇ ÞóÏú íõËöíÑõ ÔõÈúåóÉð Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ãöäúåõ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ßóáóÇãõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ ÈöÅöíÑóÇÏö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍóÉö Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ßóáóÇãõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÅöäøó Ýöí äóÝúÓö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íóÑõÏøõ åóÐöåö ÇáÔøõÈúåóÉó¡ æóíõËúÈöÊõ Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉó¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó áóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÈöÞóæúáò ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó Èöåö åõæó ãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáó Èöåö ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáó Åöáóíúåö Èöåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ Ýöí æóÕúÝö ÌöÈúÑöíáó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö.
äóÕøñ Ýöí Êóãúßöíäöåö ãöäú ÍöÝúÙö ãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáó Èöåö¡ æóÕöíóÇäóÊöåö Úóäö ÇáÊøóÛúíöíÑö æóÇáÊøóÈúÏöíáö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ «ãóßöíäñ» ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöáõ Åöáóíúåö ãóÇ íõÎöáøõ ÈöÑöÓóÇáóÊöåö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ «ãõØóÇÚò Ëóãøó» . æóÇáúãõØóÇÚõ áóÇ íõÄóËøöÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóÇáúÃóãöíäõ áóÇ íóÎõæäõ æóáóÇ íõÈóÏøöáõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ãóÕõæäðÇ ãöäú Ãóäú íóÊóÓóáøóØó ÃóÍóÏñ(8/446)
ÝóÃóíúäó ÊóÐúåóÈõæäó (26)
Úóáóíúåö ÝóíõÛóíøöÑõåõ¡ æóãöäú Ãóäú íõÛóíøöÑóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó Èöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö áöÓóäóÏö ÊóáóÞøöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõßõãú ÈöãóÌúäõæäò ÈóíóÇäñ áöÊóÊöãøóÉö ÇáÓøóäóÏö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó: æóáóÞóÏú ÑóÂåõ ÈöÇáúÃõÝõÞö ÇáúãõÈöíäö æóãóÇ åõæó Úóáóì ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÈöÖóäöíäò [81 \ 23 - 24] ¡ ÝóäóÝóì Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - äóÞúÕó ÇáÊøóáóÞøöí ÈöäóÝúíö ÂÝóÉö ÇáúÌõäõæäö¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÚóÞúáö æóÞõæøóÉö ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö¡ æóãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÃóËúÈóÊó áóåõ ßóãóÇáó ÇáúÎõáõÞö: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò [68 \ 4] .
æóÃóËúÈóÊó áóåõ ÇááøõÞúíóÇ¡ Ýóáóãú íóáúÊóÈöÓú Úóáóíúåö ÌöÈúÑöíáõ ÈöÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóåöíó ÃóÚúáóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáÓøóäóÏö¡ ÝóÇÌúÊóãóÚó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúßóãóÇáõ ÇáúÎõáõÞöíøõ æóÇáúßóãóÇáõ ÇáúÎöáúÞöíøõ - ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÎóÇÁö æóßóÓúÑöåóÇ - Ãóíö: ÇáúßóãóÇáõ ÍöÓøðÇ æóãóÚúäðì¡ Ëõãøó äóÝóì Úóäúåõ ÇáÊøõåúãóÉó ÈöÃóäú íóÖöäøó ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöãøóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáó Èöåö ãóÚó äóÝóÇÓóÊöåö æóÚõáõæøö ãóäúÒöáóÊöåö æóÌóáöíáö Úõáõæãöåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßóáóÇãõ ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
æóÝöí ÇáúÎöÊóÇãö ÅöÝúåóÇãõåõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó: «ÈöÞóæúáö ÔóíúØóÇäò ÑóÌöíãò» [81 \ 25] ¡ ÍóíúËõ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Åöäøóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÓøóãúÚö áóãóÚúÒõæáõæäó [26 \ 212] .
æóÃóäøó: «Ýóãóäú íóÓúÊóãöÚö ÇáúÂäó íóÌöÏú áóåõ ÔöåóÇÈðÇ ÑóÕóÏðÇ» [72 \ 9] ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó áóåõãú ãõæÌöÈñ áöáöÇäúÕöÑóÇÝö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÃõáúÒöãõæÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÐö Èöåö ÍóíúËõ ÃóÕúÈóÍó ãöäó ÇáËøóÇÈöÊö Ãóäøóåõ ßóáóÇãõ Çááøóåö¡ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÑóÓõæáñ ßóÑöíãñ¡ æóÈóáøóÛóåõ áöÕóÇÍöÈößõãú ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÎõáõÞö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöÞóæúáö ÔóíúØóÇäò ÑóÌöíãò.
ÝóáóÒöãóåõãõ ÇáúÃóÎúÐõ Èöåö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÃóíúäó ÊóÐúåóÈõæäó. Ãóíúäó ÊóÓöíÑõæäó Úóäúåõ¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ËóÈóÊó áóßõãú ÓóäóÏõåõ æóãóÕúÏóÑõåõ¿
æóäóÙöíÑõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóäóÏö Ýöí ÊóãúÌöíÏö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÅöÊúíóÇäöåö ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÌúãö» : ãóÇ Öóáøó ÕóÇÍöÈõßõãú æóãóÇ Ûóæóì æóãóÇ íóäúØöÞõ Úóäö Çáúåóæóì Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ æóÍúíñ íõæÍóì Úóáøóãóåõ ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÞõæóì Ðõæ ãöÑøóÉò ÝóÇÓúÊóæóì æóåõæó ÈöÇáúÃõÝõÞö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì [53 \ 2¡ 3 - 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóíúäó ÊóÐúåóÈõæäó¡ ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ãóäú íóÓõÏøõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáØøóÑöíÞó ÅöáøóÇ áóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ - Ãóíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ - áóíúÓó Ýöí äõÒõæáöåö ãöäó Çááøóåö(8/447)
æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó (29)
Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóíøõ ÔõÈúåóÉò æóáóÇ ÊõåúãóÉò¡ ÝóáóíúÓó áöáúÚóÇÞöáö Ãóäú íóÍöíÏó Úóäúåõ¡ æóßõáøõ ÐóåóÇÈò Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ÝóØóÑöíÞñ ãóÓúÏõæÏñ¡ æóÖóáóÇáñ æóåóáóÇßñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãóäú ÔóÇÁó ãöäúßõãú Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÞöíãó Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíóÇäö æóÞõæøóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóäóÏö¡ æóÅöÙúåóÇÑö ËõÈõæÊö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÚúÐóÑó ãóäú ÃóäúÐóÑó: «áöãóäú ÔóÇÁó ãöäúßõãú Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÞöíãó» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó
Ýöíåö ÞóÖöíøóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏóÑö æóÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö æóÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö. æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇØöäó. ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæú ÔóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúäóÇåõãú [43 \ 20] ¡ æóÝöíåóÇ ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉõ ÇáúãõÚúÊóÒöáöíøö ãóÚó ÇáÓøõäøöíøö.
æóãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÐÇÑöíóÇÊö» : æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæäö ãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ ãöäúåõãú ãöäú ÑöÒúÞò [51 \ 56 - 57] ¡ æóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö æóÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúßóËöíÑõæäó íóÓúÊóÏöáøõæäó Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö æóÇáúÞóÏóÑö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóäúÈóÛöí ÃóáøóÇ ÊõÛúÝóáó ÃóåóãøöíøóÊõåóÇ Ýöí ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáÖøóÑóÇÚóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÏóÇÆöãðÇ¡ ÈöØóáóÈö ÇáÊøóÝóÖøõáö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉö ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉö ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóãóÑóäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ßõáøö ÑóßúÚóÉò ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäú äóØúáõÈóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáØøóáóÈó: ÇåúÏöäóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó [1 \ 6] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
áöÞóÏú ÃõÌúãöáóÊö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉõ åõäóÇ¡ æóåöíó ãõäóÈøóåñ ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö» : Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóäúÚóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(8/448)
ÚóáöãóÊú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú æóÃóÎøóÑóÊú (5)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáöÇäúÝöØóÇÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÝóØóÑóÊú
Ãóíö: ÇäúÔóÞøóÊú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáöÇäúÔöÞóÇÞö» : ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÔóÞøóÊú [84 \ 1] ¡ Þöíáó: åóíúÈóÉð áöáøóåö.
æóÞöíáó: áöäõÒõæáö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó ÊóÔóÞøóÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈöÇáúÛóãóÇãö æóäõÒøöáó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ [25 \ 25] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí æóÕúÝö ÃóåúæóÇáö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö: íóæúãðÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúæöáúÏóÇäó ÔöíÈðÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ãõäúÝóØöÑñ Èöåö [73 \ 17 - 18] .
æóãöËúáõ ÇáöÇäúÝöØóÇÑö æóÇáÊøóÔóÞøõÞö: ÇáöÇäúÝöÑóÇÌõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇáäøõÌõæãõ ØõãöÓóÊú æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÝõÑöÌóÊú [77 \ 8 - 9] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÈõæÑõ ÈõÚúËöÑóÊú
Ãóíú: ÈõÚúËöÑó ãóäú ÝöíåóÇ. ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÅöÐóÇ ÈõÚúËöÑó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö æóÍõÕøöáó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [100 \ 9 - 10] .
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó åóÐóÇ ÇááøóÝúÙõ Úóáóì ÓõÑúÚóÉö ÇáöÇäúÊöÔóÇÑö¡ ßóÈóÚúËóÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÈøö ãöäó ÇáúßóÝøö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö ÓöÑóÇÚðÇ [70 \ 43] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÔóÞøóÞõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ Úóäúåõãú ÓöÑóÇÚðÇ [50 \ 44] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóáöãóÊú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú æóÃóÎøóÑóÊú(8/449)
æóÅöäøó Úóáóíúßõãú áóÍóÇÝöÙöíäó (10) ßöÑóÇãðÇ ßóÇÊöÈöíäó (11) íóÚúáóãõæäó ãóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó (12)
Ãóíú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÊøóßúæöíÑö» .
æóÞóÏú Êóßóáøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáöÇäúÝöØóÇÑö» åóÐöåö¡ ÚöäúÏó äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ÝóÓóæøóÇßó ÝóÚóÏóáóßó Ýöí Ãóíøö ÕõæÑóÉò ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ÑóßøóÈóßó
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ æóåõæó íõÍóÇæöÑõåõ ÃóßóÝóÑúÊó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇßó ÑóÌõáðÇ [18 \ 37] ¡ Ãóíú: åóÐöåö ÃóØúæóÇÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÎöáúÞóÊöåö.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÍõÓúäö ÇáúÎöáúÞóÉö æóßóãóÇáö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò [95 \ 4] .
æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáÕøõæóÑö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ãöäó ÇáÑøóÍöãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÕóæøöÑõßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ßóíúÝó íóÔóÇÁõ [3 \ 6] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» : åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ [59 \ 24] .
æóÝöí ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáÕøõæóÑö Úóáóì ÊóÔóÇÈõåöåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó Úóáóíúßõãú áóÍóÇÝöÙöíäó ßöÑóÇãðÇ ßóÇÊöÈöíäó íóÚúáóãõæäó ãóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú íóÊóáóÞøóì ÇáúãõÊóáóÞøöíóÇäö Úóäö Çáúíóãöíäö æóÚóäö ÇáÔøöãóÇáö ÞóÚöíÏñ ãóÇ íóáúÝöÙõ ãöäú Þóæúáò ÅöáøóÇ áóÏóíúåö ÑóÞöíÈñ ÚóÊöíÏñ [50 \ 17 - 18] .
æóÃóÍóÇáó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÓóäóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ [19 \ 79] .
æóÈóíøóäó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó áöÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 13 - 14] .
æóÞöíáó Ýöí «ÍóÇÝöÙöíäó» : íóÍúÝóÙõæäó ÈóÏóäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö.(8/450)
æóãóÇ åõãú ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÛóÇÆöÈöíäó (16)
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÑúÓöáõ Úóáóíúßõãú ÍóÝóÙóÉð [6 \ 61] ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ãõÚóÞøöÈóÇÊñ ãöäú Èóíúäö íóÏóíúåö æóãöäú ÎóáúÝöåö íóÍúÝóÙõæäóåõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö [13 \ 11] .
æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÌúÏõÑõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö¡ Ãóäøó Ýöí æóÕúÝö ÇáúÍóÝóÙóÉö åõäóÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö¡ ãöäú ßóæúäöåöãú ÍóÇÝöÙöíäó ßöÑóÇãðÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó¡ ÝóÇÌúÊóãóÚóÊú áóåõãú ßõáøõ ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáÊøóÃúåöíáö¡ áóÇ Úóáóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö ãöäú ÍöÝúÙò æóÚõáõæøö ãóäúÒöáóÉò¡ æóÚöáúãò ÈöãóÇ íóßúÊõÈõæäó.
æóßóÃóäøóåõ ÊóæúÌöíåñ áöãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöæõáóÇÉö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ãõÑóÇÚóÇÊõåõ Ýöí ÇÓúÊößúÊóÇÈö ÇáúßõÊøóÇÈö æóÇáúÃõãóäóÇÁö.
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÇÖöí Ãóäú íóÊóÎóíøóÑó ßóÇÊöÈðÇ ÃóãöíäðÇ ÍóÓóäó ÇáúÎóØøö ÝóÇåöãðÇ.
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝö íõÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÎúÊóáöØõ Úóáóíúåöãú Úóãóáñ íõÚúãóáõ¡ æóßóæúäõåõãú ÍóÝóÙóÉð áóÇ íõÖóíøöÚõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ãöËúÞóÇáó ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [99 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó áóÝöí äóÚöíãò
Ãóíú: ÏóÇÆöãò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÈóÔøöÑõåõãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäúåõ æóÑöÖúæóÇäò æóÌóäøóÇÊò áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ äóÚöíãñ ãõÞöíãñ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ [9 \ 21 - 22] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ åõãú ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÛóÇÆöÈöíäó
Ïóáöíáñ ãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÎõáõæÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ; áöÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøó ÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑó áóÝöí ÌóÍöíãò íóÕúáóæúäóåóÇ íóæúãó ÇáÏøöíäö æóãóÇ åõãú ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÛóÇÆöÈöíäó [82 \ 14 - 16] .
ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ áóæú Ãóäøó áóäóÇ ßóÑøóÉð ÝóäóÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõãú ßóãóÇ ÊóÈóÑøóÁõæÇ ãöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó íõÑöíåöãõ Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú ÍóÓóÑóÇÊò Úóáóíúåöãú æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÎóÇÑöÌöíäó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö [2 \ 167] .
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ ÃõÓúáõæÈõ ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö æóãóåúáöåöãóÇ.
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó íóæúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö æóåõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö» : ãóÇáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö [1 \ 4] .
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÔöÏøóÉó Çáúåóæúáö Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö [82 \ 17] .(8/451)
íóæúãó áóÇ Êóãúáößõ äóÝúÓñ áöäóÝúÓò ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáøóåö (19)
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí: ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ ãóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ [101 \ 1 - 2] .
æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ [101 \ 1 - 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó áóÇ Êóãúáößõ äóÝúÓñ áöäóÝúÓò ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáøóåö
Ãóíú: áöÔöÏøóÉö åóæúáöåö æóÖóÚúÝö ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÝöÑøõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãöäú ÃóÎöíåö æóÃõãøöåö æóÃóÈöíåö [80 \ 34 - 35] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áößõáøö ÇãúÑöÆò ãöäúåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò ÔóÃúäñ íõÛúäöíåö [80 \ 37] .
æóáöÍóÏöíËö ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö: " ßõáøõ äóÈöíøò íóÞõæáõ: äóÝúÓöí äóÝúÓöí¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÊóäúÊóåöíó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóíóÞõæáõ: " ÃóäóÇ áóåóÇ ".
æóÍóÏöíËö ÝóÇØöãóÉó: " ÇÚúãóáöí. . . . ".
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú ÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúÝóÚõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö [2 \ 255] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáøóåö¡ ÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóÞúíöíÏõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáÙøóÑúÝö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó áöáøóåö Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö¡ æóÞöíáó Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáøóåö ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóãöäú ÈóÚúÏõ [30 \ 4] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóáóÇ áóåõ ÇáúÎóáúÞõ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ [7 \ 54] ¡ Ãóíú: íóÊóÕóÑøóÝõ Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåö ÈöãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö áóÇ íõÔúÑößõåõ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íõÔúÑößõåõ ÃóÍóÏñ Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåö.
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó áöÑóÓõæáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó ßõáøóåõ áöáøóåö [3 \ 154] .
æóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÔóíúÁñ [3 \ 128] æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó.
æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ÇáÙøóÑúÝõ åõäóÇ áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÊóÃúßöíÏò¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áöÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãöËúáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃúãõÑú Ãóåúáóßó ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö [20 \ 132] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóØöíÚõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó æóÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö ãöäúßõãú [4 \ 59] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ÃóãúÑó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÈöÑóÔöíÏò [11 \ 97] ¡ æóåöíó ßõáøõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÃóæóÇãöÑõ äöÓúÈöíøóÉñ: " æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ " [76 \ 30] .(8/452)
æóáóßöäú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ßõáøöåö¡ æóÇáúãõáúßõ ßõáøõåõ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãóäö Çáúãõáúßõ Çáúíóæúãó áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö [40 \ 16] .
ÝóáóÇ ÃóãúÑó ãóÚó ÃóãúÑöåö¡ æóáóÇ ãõÊóÞóÏøöãó Úóáóíúåö ÍóÊøóì æóáóÇ ÈößóáöãóÉò¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÞóÇáó ÕóæóÇÈðÇ¡ æóåõæó ßóÞóæúáöåö: Çáúãõáúßõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáúÍóÞøõ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö [25 \ 26] ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó åõäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãõáõæßðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö íõæÓõÝó: æóÞóÇáó Çáúãóáößõ ÇÆúÊõæäöí Èöåö [12 \ 50] .
æóÝöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö æóãõæÓóì: æóßóÇäó æóÑóÇÁóåõãú ãóáößñ [18 \ 79] .
ÃóãøóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ýóíóßõæäõæäó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ÝõÑóÇÏóì ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóÊóÑóßúÊõãú ãóÇ ÎóæøóáúäóÇßõãú æóÑóÇÁó ÙõåõæÑößõãú [6 \ 94] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: åóáóßó Úóäøöí ÓõáúØóÇäöíóåú [69 \ 29] ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóåóÈó ßõáøõ ÓõáúØóÇäò æóßõáøõ ãõáúßò¡ æóÇáúãõáúßõ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö.(8/453)
æóíúáñ áöáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíúáñ áöáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó.
ÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝõ: ÇáÊøóäúÞöíÕõ ãöäó ÇáØøóÝöíÝö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÔøóíúÁõ ÇáúÞóáöíáõ.
æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑóåõ ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÇßúÊóÇáõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÓúÊóæúÝõæäó æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇáõæåõãú Ãóæú æóÒóäõæåõãú íõÎúÓöÑõæäó [83 \ 2 - 3] .
ÞóÇáõæÇ: äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÑóÌõáò ßóÇäó áóåõ ãößúíóÇáóÇäö: ßóÈöíÑñ æóÕóÛöíÑñ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÇßúÊóÇáó áöäóÝúÓöåö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÇßúÊóÇáó ÈöÇáúãößúíóáö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇáó ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö áöÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÇßúÊóÇáó ÈöÇáúãößúíóáö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö¡ ÝóÝöí ßöáúÊóÇ ÇáúÍóÇáóÊóíúäö ÊóØúÝöíÝñ¡ Ãóíú: ÊóäúÞöíÕñ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÍõÞõæÞöåöãú.
æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãõ Ýöí ÇÝúÊöÊóÇÍöíøóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈöÇáúæóíúáö áöáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó¡ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÔöÏøóÉö ÎóØóÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóåõæó ÝöÚúáðÇ ÎóØöíÑñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãöÞúíóÇÓõ ÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö æóãöíÒóÇäõ ÇáÊøóÚóÇãõáö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇÎúÊóáøó ÃóÍúÏóËó ÎóáóáðÇ Ýöí ÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöåö¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí ÇÎúÊöáóÇáñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚóÇãõáö¡ æóåõæó ÝóÓóÇÏñ ßóÈöíÑñ.
æóÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö¡ æõÌõæÏõ ÇáÑøöÈóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÈöíÚó ÌöäúÓñ ÈöÌöäúÓöåö¡ æóÍóÕóáó ÊóÝóÇæõÊñ Ýöí Çáúßóíúáö Ãóæö ÇáúæóÒúäö.
æóÝöíåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃúÐóäõæÇ ÈöÍóÑúÈò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö [2 \ 279] .
æóáöÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏó æóÑóÏó ÐößúÑõ Çáúßóíúáö æóÇáúæóÒúäö¡ æóÇáúÍóËøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö ÈöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇØöäó¡ ÈöÚöÏøóÉö ÃóÓóÇáöíÈó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÚóÇãøõ.
ÝóÞóÏú æóÑóÏó Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» æó «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» æó «åõæÏò» æó «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» æó «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» æó «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÓöÊøö ÓõæóÑò ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö.
ÃóæøóáðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ãóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöÇáúæóÕóÇíóÇ ÇáúÚóÔúÑö: Þõáú ÊóÚóÇáóæúÇ ÃóÊúáõ ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó ÑóÈøõßõãú Úóáóíúßõãú ÃóáøóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæÇ Èöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ(8/454)
[6 \ 151] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÈöÑøó ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö æóÇáäøóåúíó Úóäú ÞóÊúáö ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÇáúÞõÑúÈö ãöäó ÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔö¡ æóÞóÊúáö ÇáäøóÝúÓö ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇáäøóåúíó Úóäú ãóÇáö ÇáúíóÊöíãö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö áóÇ äõßóáøöÝõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ÞõáúÊõãú ÝóÇÚúÏöáõæÇ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÐóÇ ÞõÑúÈóì æóÈöÚóåúÏö Çááøóåö ÃóæúÝõæÇ [6 \ 152] .
æóÊóßóáøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏóåóÇ ßóáóÇãðÇ ãõæÌóÒðÇ ãõÝöíÏðÇ¡ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó åõäóÇ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæõÓúÚö¡ æóãóäú ÃóÎóáøó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóÕúÏö ÇáÊøóÚóÏøöí áóÇ ÍóÑóÌó Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÇáó: æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú åõäóÇ ÚõÞõæÈóÉð áöãóäú ÊóÚóãøóÏó Ðóáößó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÊóæóÚøóÏóåõ ÈöÇáúæóíúáö Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÓóÇÞó Ãóæøóáó åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: æóíúáñ áöáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó.
ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉó ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö ÈöÇáúßóíúáö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ÊóÃúæöíáðÇ [4 \ 59] ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÂáðÇ.
æóåõäóÇ íóáúÝöÊõ ßóáóÇãõåõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÇáäøóÙóÑó Åöáóì äõÞúØóÉò åóÇãøóÉò¡ æóåöíó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ äõßóáøöÝõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ [6 \ 152] ¡ ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝó: ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ ÇáØøóÝöíÝóÉõ¡ æóÇáÔøóíúÁõ ÇáØøóÝöíÝõ: ÇáúÞóáöíáõ.
ÝóßóÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó åõäóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÊóÍóÑøóæúÇ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóØóÇÚö ãöäó ÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö æóáóæú íóÓöíÑðÇ.
æóÈóÚúÏó ÈóÐúáö ÇáúÌõåúÏö «áóÇ äõßóáøöÝõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍóÑøöí ãóÚó ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö æóÇáÊøóæóÚøõÏö ÈöÇáúæóíúáö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ ÈöÇáúæóíúáö Úóáóì ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÇáØøóÝöíÝö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÝóæúÞóåõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö Ãóæúáóì.
ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöáóì ãóÏúíóäó ÃóÎóÇåõãú ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇÞóæúãö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú Åöáóåò ÛóíúÑõåõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊúßõãú ÈóíøöäóÉñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú ÝóÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÎóÓõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú æóáóÇ ÊõÝúÓöÏõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÕúáóÇÍöåóÇ Ðóáößõãú ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó [7 \ 85] .
ÝóÇÞúÊóÑóäó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáúæóÝóÇÁö ÈöÇáúßóíúáö ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ; áöÃóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÅöÚúØóÇÁó ßõáøö Ðöí ÍóÞøò ÍóÞøóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ äóÞúÕò.(8/455)
æóÈóíøöäó Ãóäøó Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÅöíÝóÇÁö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö ÈóÎúÓó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú¡ æóÝóÓóÇÏðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÕúáóÇÍöåóÇ.
ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ æóãóÚó ÔõÚóíúÈò ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóÅöáóì ãóÏúíóäó ÃóÎóÇåõãú ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇÞóæúãö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú Åöáóåò ÛóíúÑõåõ æóáóÇ ÊóäúÞõÕõæÇ ÇáúãößúíóÇáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó Åöäøöí ÃóÑóÇßõãú ÈöÎóíúÑò æóÅöäøöí ÃóÎóÇÝõ Úóáóíúßõãú ÚóÐóÇÈó íóæúãò ãõÍöíØò æóíóÇ Þóæúãö ÃóæúÝõæÇ ÇáúãößúíóÇáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÎóÓõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÚúËóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãõÝúÓöÏöíäó ÈóÞöíøóÉõ Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÍóÝöíÙò [ÇáúÂíóÉó \ 84 - 86] .
æóÈöäóÝúÓö ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ÃóíúÖðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ ÑóÈóØóåõ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÊóßúÑóÇÑö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈóÚúÏó Çáäøóåúíö: «æóáóÇ ÊóäúÞõÕõæÇ ÇáúãößúíóÇáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó» ¡ Ëõãøó: «ÃóæúÝõæÇ ÇáúãößúíóÇáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö» äóåúíñ Úóäú äóÞúÕöåö¡ æóÃóãúÑñ ÈöÅöíÝóÇÆöåö¡ äóÕøó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ÈöÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏö: «æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÎóÓõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÚúËóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãõÝúÓöÏöíäó» ãóÚó ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö ÈöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ áóåõãú.
ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» : æóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú íóÏóßó ãóÛúáõæáóÉð Åöáóì ÚõäõÞößó æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÓõØúåóÇ ßõáøó ÇáúÈóÓúØö [17 \ 29] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇÚúÊöÏóÇáñ Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö ãóÚó äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÝóÖúáðÇ Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ Ëõãøó Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ¡ Ëõãøó: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏóßõãú ÎóÔúíóÉó ÅöãúáóÇÞò [17 \ 32] ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ Ýöí ãóÌóÇáö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏö æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæÇ ÇáÒøöäóÇ [17 \ 32] ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö [17 \ 33] .
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáúÈóÇÚöËõ ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÛóÑóÖñ ãóÇáöíøñ: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæÇ ãóÇáó ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ [17 \ 34] ¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóÎóÕøö ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúãóÇáö.
Ëõãøó ÇáúæóÝóÇÁõ ÈöÇáúÚóåúÏö¡ Ëõãøó: æóÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó ÅöÐóÇ ßöáúÊõãú æóÒöäõæÇ ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØóÇÓö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö Ðóáößó ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ÊóÃúæöíáðÇ [17 \ 35] ¡ ÝóãóÚó ÖóÑõæÑöíøóÇÊö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÍöÝúÙõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö æóÇáúÚöÑúÖö æóÇáúãóÇáö íóÃúÊöí ÇáúÍöÝóÇÙõ Úóáóì Çáúßóíúáö æóÇáúæóÒúäö.
ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» æóåõæó ÃóÚóãøõ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ãóÞúÑõæäðÇ ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÑöíÈñ [42 \ 17] .(8/456)
æóÊóßóáøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöãóÇ ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÇãøñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇáúãöíÒóÇäõ åóäóÇ ãõÑóÇÏñ Èöåö ÇáúÚóÏúáõ æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝõ¡ æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãõÊóÖóãøöäñ ÂáóÉó ÇáúæóÒúäö æóÒöíóÇÏóÉð.
æóÃóæúÑóÏó ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö åõäóÇ Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËò ãõÝóÕøóáò¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó ÂíóÉó «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» ¡ æóÂíóÉó «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ¡ æóÊóßóáøóãó Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÈöÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» : æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÑóÝóÚóåóÇ æóæóÖóÚó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó [55 \ 7] ¡ ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉñ ÚóÙöíãóÉñ Èóíúäó ÑóÝúÚö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÍóÞøñ æóÚóÏúáñ æóÞõÏúÑóÉñ¡ æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäõ æóÖóÚóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ áöÊóÞõæãõæÇ ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÏúáö ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ.
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäõ ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÈöÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúßõÊõÈö: áóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáóäóÇ ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãóÚóåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó áöíóÞõæãó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö [57 \ 25] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó ãóÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö åõæó ãöíÒóÇäõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúÚóÏúáö¡ æóÇáäøóåúíõ Úóäú Ãóßúáö ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞò¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÈóÎúÓö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú.
ÝóßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÃóÚóãøó æóÃóÔúãóáó ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö Ýöí Çáúßóíúáö æóÇáúæóÒúäö¡ ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúãõÑõßõãú Ãóäú ÊõÄóÏøõæÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÇÊö Åöáóì ÃóåúáöåóÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ÍóßóãúÊõãú Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ãóäú ÊóÍúßõãõæÇ ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö [4 \ 58] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö ; áöíóÚõãøó Èöåö ßõáøó ãóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÄúÊóãóäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóßóÐóáößó åõäóÇ ÇáúãöíÒóÇäõ ãóÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõäóÒøóáö¡ æóÈöåö íóÓúÊóæúÝöí ßõáøõ ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÍóÞøóåõ Ýöí Ãóíøö äóæúÚò ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÊøóÚóÇãõáö¡ Ýóßõáøõ ãóäú ÛóÔøó Ýöí ÓöáúÚóÉò Ãóæú ÏóáøóÓó Ãóæú ÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÚóÏóÏò¡ Ãóæú äóÞóÕó Ãóæú ÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÐóÑúÚò¡ Ãóæú äóÞóÕó Ýóåõæó ãõØóÝøöÝñ áöáúßóíúáö¡ ÏóÇÎöáñ ÊóÍúÊó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÈöÇáúæóíúáö.
Ýóãóäú ÈóÇÚó ÐóåóÈðÇ ãóËóáðÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÕóÇÝò ãöäó ÇáúÛöÔøö æóÒúäó ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóÝöíåö ãöäó ÇáäøõÍóÇÓö ÚõÔúÑõ ÇáÏøöÑúåóãö¡ ÝóÞóÏú äóÞóÕó æóØóÝøóÝó áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÍóÞøó ÏöÑúåóãò ßóÇãöáò ÐóåóÈðÇ¡ æóäóÞóÕó ÍóíúËõ ÃóÚúØóì ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÔúÑðÇ.
æóãóäú ÈóÇÚó ÑöØúáðÇ ÓóãúäðÇ æóÝöíåö ÚõÔúÑõ ÇáÑøöØúáö ÔóÍúãðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ØóÝøóÝó ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóäóÞóÕó æóÈóÎóÓó ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑö Ðóáößó.(8/457)
ÃóáóÇ íóÙõäøõ ÃõæáóÆößó Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÈúÚõæËõæäó (4) áöíóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò (5)
æóåóßóÐóÇ ãóäú ÈóÇÚó ËóæúÈðÇ ÚóÔúÑó ÃóãúÊóÇÑò æóåõæó íóäúÞõÕõ ÑõÈõÚó ÇáúãöÊúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ØóÝøóÝó æóÈóÎóÓó ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøõÈõÚö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÓúãóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÃóåúáö¡ æóßõáøó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÚóØóÇÁñ æóÃõÎöÐó Èóíúäó ÇËúäóíúäö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóãöäú ÈóÇÈö ãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö ÇáÓøõæóÑö ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖò.
ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ãóÕöíÑó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑö æóÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ ãöäú ãõæÌöÈóÇÊö Ðóáößó æóÃóåóãøöåóÇ: ÊóØúÝöíÝõ Çáúßóíúáö¡ æóÈöÎúÓö ÇáúæóÒúäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ãõÊóæóÌøöåñ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÕóÑöíÍó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÈõæÑõ ÈõÚúËöÑóÊú ÚóáöãóÊú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú æóÃóÎøóÑóÊú [82 \ 4 - 5] ¡ Ýóåõæó æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÚóÇãøðÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóåõ áöäóÝúÓöåö ãöäú Úóãóáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóãóÇ ÃóÎøóÑó ãöäú ÃóÏóÇÁö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈóÇÊö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÎõÕõæÕó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó ãöäú æóÝóÇÁò Ýöí Çáúßóíúáö æóÑõÌúÍóÇäò Ýöí ÇáúæóÒúäö¡ æóãóÇ ÃóÎøóÑó Ýöí ÊóØúÝöíÝò Ýöí Çáúßóíúáö æóÈóÎúÓò ØóãóÚðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö æóÌóãúÚðÇ áöáÊøõÑóÇËö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáÊøõÑóÇËó ÃóßúáðÇ áóãøðÇ æóÊõÍöÈøõæäó ÇáúãóÇáó ÍõÈøðÇ ÌóãøðÇ ßóáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõßøóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÏóßøðÇ ÏóßøðÇ æóÌóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó æóÇáúãóáóßõ ÕóÝøðÇ ÕóÝøðÇ æóÌöíÁó íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈöÌóåóäøóãó íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ æóÃóäøóì áóåõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì íóÞõæáõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí ÞóÏøóãúÊõ áöÍóíóÇÊöí [89 \ 19 - 24] .
æóãöäú åõäóÇ íõÚúáóãõ áöáúÚóÇÞöáö Ãóäøó ãóÇ ØóÝøóÝó ãöäú ßóíúáò Ãóæú ÈóÎóÓó ãöäú æóÒúäò ãóåúãóÇ ÌóãóÚó ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÄóÎøöÑõåõ æóÑóÇÁóåõ æóãóÓúÆõæáñ Úóäúåõ¡ æóäóÇÏöãñ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÞóÇÆöáñ: «íóÇáóíúÊóäöí ÞóÏøóãúÊõ áöÍóíóÇÊöí» ¡ æóáóÇÊó ÓóÇÚóÉó ãóäúÏóãò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóÇ íóÙõäøõ ÃõæáóÆößó Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÈúÚõæËõæäó áöíóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò
ÊóÞúÑöíÚñ æóÊóæúÈöíÎñ áöåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÝöíåö ãóÓúÃóáóÊóÇäö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóÇÚöËó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáö åõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúíóÞöíäõ ãóæúÌõæÏñ áóßöäøóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõæÞöäöíäó - Ãóíú ÛóíúÑö ãõÈóÇáöíäó - ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì Ýöí ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö ÈöáóÇÒöãö ÇáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö:
ÌóÇÁó ÔóÞöíÞñ ÚóÇÑöÖðÇ ÑõãúÍóåõ ... Åöäøó Èóäöí Úóãøößó Ýöíåöãú ÑöãóÇÍõ
ÝóÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãõ íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÔóÞöíÞðÇ ÚóÇáöãñ ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÇáÑøöãóÇÍö Ýöí Èóäöí Úóãøöåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ãõÓúÊóÚöÏøõæäó áöáúÍóÑúÈö(8/458)
ãóÚóåõ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÑóÃóì ãöäúåõ ÚóÏóãó ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÇÉö æóÚóÏóãó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúÏóÇÏö¡ ÈöÃóäú æóÖóÚó ÑõãúÍóåõ ÃóãóÇãóåõ ãõÚúÊóÑöÖðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ãóäú áóÇ íõÄóãöäõ ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÇáÑøöãóÇÍö Ýöí Èóäöí Úóãøöåö¡ æóåõæó áóãú íõÑöÏú ÈößóáóÇãöåö ãóÚóåõ Ãóäú íõÎúÈöÑóåõ ÈöÃóãúÑò íóÌúåóáõåõ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íõäóÈøöåóåõ áöãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÝöÚúáóåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÃóåøõÈö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúÏóÇÏö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ãõÓóæøöÝò æóãõÊóÓóÇåöáò ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó: «áóÇ íóÒúäöí ÇáÒøóÇäöí Íöíäó íóÒúäöí æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ» ÅöáóÎú.
Ãóíú: æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóáóæóÇÒöãöåö ãöäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ áöÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [83 \ 6] íõÝúåóãõ Ãóäøó ãõØóÝøöÝó Çáúßóíúáö æóÇáúæóÒúäö æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó åóÐóÇ ÍóÞöíÞóÉð ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóØøóáöÚõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáØøóÑóÝõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÇáúãõØøóáöÚõ Úóáóì ÝöÚúáöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóíõÍóÇÓöÈõåõ æóíõäóÇÞöÔõåõ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÎóÇäó Çááøóåó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÊóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ÎóÇÝöíóÉñ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ áöÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú: íóæúãó íõÞúÊóÕøõ áößõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ãöäú ÛóÑöíãöåö¡ æóíóÓúÊóæúÝöí ßõáøõ Ðöí ÍóÞò ÍóÞøóåõ.
ÊóÍúÐöíÑñ ÔóÏöíÏñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÚóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö Èúäö ãóÑúæóÇäó: Ãóäøó ÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøðÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúÊó ãóÇ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó¡ ÝóãóÇ Ùóäøõßó ÈöäóÝúÓößó æóÃóäúÊó ÊóÃúÎõÐõ ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈöáóÇ ßóíúáò æóáóÇ æóÒúäò¿ ! . ÇåÜ.
ÅöäøóåóÇ ãóÞóÇáóÉñ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú ÊõÞóÇáó áößõáøö Âßöáò ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞøò ÃóíøðÇ ßóÇäó åõæó¡ æóÈöÃóíøö æóÌúåò íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãõÊóÈóÇíöÚóíúäö íóØúáõÈõ ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÇáúÃóÍóÙøõ áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ÝóÇáúãõØóÝøöÝõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íõÎúÝöíó ØóÑöíÞóåõ Úóáóì ÛóÑöíãöåö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍöÓúÈóÉö ØõÑõÞðÇ ÚóÏöíÏóÉð ãöãøóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöæóáöíøö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóáöáúãõÊóÚóÇãöáö ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö ÚóÇãøóÉð Ãóäú íóÊóäóÈøóåó áóåóÇ.
ãöäú Ðóáößó ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÃóæøóáðÇ ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúãößúíóÇáö ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÌöÑúãõ ÇáúãößúíóÇáö áóíøöäðÇ ÝóíóÖúÛóØõåõ Èóíúäó(8/459)
íóÏóíúåö¡ ÝóÊóÊóÞóÇÑóÈõ ÌóæóÇäöÈõåõ ÝóíóäúÞõÕõ ãóÇ íóÍúÊóæöí Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáöÐóÇ íóÌöÈõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÅöäóÇÁõ Çáúßóíúáö ÕóáúÈðÇ¡ æóÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ ÌóÚúáõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÎóÔóÈö Ãóæú ãóÇ íõÚóÇÏöáõåõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÎóÔóÈðÇ ãóäúÞõæÑðÇ ãöäú ÌóæúÝöåö¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ ÈöÇáÊøóÌúæöíÝö Åöáóì äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáúãöÞúÏóÇÑö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö¡ ÝóíõÑóì ãöäú ÎóÇÑöÌöåö ßóÈöíÑðÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÏøóÇÎöáö ÕóÛöíÑñ áöÞõÑúÈö ÞóÚúÑöåö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ãóäúÞõæÑðÇ Åöáóì äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáúÍóÏøö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ íõÏúÎöáõ Ýöíåö ÔóíúÆðÇ íóÔúÛóáõ ÝóÑóÇÛóåõ ãöäú ÃóÓúÝóáöåö¡ æóíõËóÈøöÊõåõ Ýöí ÞóÚúÑöåö. ÝóíóäúÞõÕõ ãóÇ íõßóÇáõ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóÔúÛóáõ ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóÖóÚõ æóÑóÞðÇ Ãóæú ÎöÑóÞðÇ Ãóæú ÌöÈúÓðÇ Ãóæú äóÍúæó Ðóáößó.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÞóÏú íóÈúÑõÏõ ÇáÓøóäúÌó¡ Ãóíú ãóÚóÇíöíÑó ÇáúæóÒúäö ÍóÊøóì íóäúÞõÕó æóÒúäõåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú íõÌóæøöÝõ ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóíóãúáóÃõ ÇáÊøóÌúæöíÝó ÈöãóÇÏøóÉò ÃóÎóÝøó ãöäúåóÇ.
æóáöÐóÇ íóÌöÈõ Ãóäú íóÊóÝóÞøóÏó ÃóÌúÒóÇÁó ÇáúãóÚóÇíöíÑö¡ æóÞóÏú íóÊøóÎöÐõ ãõÚóÇíóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÌóÑö ÝóÊóÊóäóÇÞóÕõ ÈößóËúÑóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ãóÇ íóÊóÍóÊøóÊõ ãöäúåóÇ Úóáóì Øõæáö ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäú íóÖóÚó ÊóÍúÊó ÇáúßöÝøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íóÒöäõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÓøöáúÚóÉó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãõËúÞöáðÇ áóÇÕöÞðÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ áöíóäúÊóÞöÕó ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÒõæäö ÈöÞóÏúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÁö.
æóáößóíúáóÇ íóÙúåóÑó åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ÏóÇÆöãðÇ íóÖóÚõ ÇáúãöÚúíóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúßöÝøóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö áöÊóßõæäó ÑóÇÌöÍóÉð ÈöåóÇ.
æóåõäóÇßó ÃóäúæóÇÚñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ ßóÃóäú íóØúÑóÍó ÇáÓøöáúÚóÉó Ýöí ÇáúßöÝøóÉö ÈöÞõæøóÉò¡ ÝóÊõÑóÌøóÍõ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÞõæøóÉö ÇáÏøóÝúÚö¡ ÝóíóÃúÎõÐó ÇáÓøöáúÚóÉó ÍóÇáðÇ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóÑúÌöÚó Åöáóì ÃóÚúáóì¡ ãõæåöãðÇ ÇáäøóÇÙöÑó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÑóÇÌöÍóÉñ ÈöÇáúãöíÒóÇäö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÂáóÉõ ÇáÐøóÑúÚö¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáúãöÞúíóÇÓõ ßóÇãöáðÇ æóÇÝöíðÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú íóÞöíÓó ÇáúãöÊúÑó ÇáúÃóæøóáó íóÏúÝóÚõ ÈöÇáúÂáóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÎóáúÝö¡ æóíóÓúÍóÈõ ÈöÇáúãóÐúÑõæÚö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóãóÇãö ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑö ÇáúßóÝøö ãóËóáðÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÞúÕõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÐúÑõæÚö ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÓóÍóÈó ãöäó ÇáúÞõãóÇÔö.
æóßõáøõåóÇ ÃõãõæÑñ ÞóÏú ÊóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó áöí ãóÚó ÈóÇÆöÚò Ãóäú áóÇÍóÙúÊõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ãöíÒóÇäò ãöãøóÇ íóÑúÝóÚõåõ ÈöíóÏöåö ÍóÊøóì ÃóÚóÇÏó ÇáúæóÒúäó ÎóãúÓó ãóÑøóÇÊò Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÑøóÉò íóÃúÊöí ÈöØóÑöíÞóÉò ÊõÛóÇíöÑõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÖóì ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÊóÝóÊó Åöáóíøó æóÞóÇáó áöí: áóÇ ÃóÈöíÚõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöÚúÑö¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõ: ÎõÐú ãóÇ ÊõÑöíÏõ æóÒöäú ßóãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ¡ ÝóØóáóÈó ÖöÚúÝó ÇáËøóãóäö¡ ÝóÃóÚúØóíúÊõåõ ÝóÃóÚúØóÇäöí ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó áöÃóÒöäó ÈöäóÝúÓöí.
æóåõäóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú äõäóÈøöåó Úóáóì ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÇÚóÉö¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáÓøöÚúÑõ ãõÑúÊóÝöÚðÇ æóÊóÌöÏõ ÈóÇÆöÚðÇ íóÈöíÚõ(8/460)
ÈöÑõÎúÕò¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ áöÚöáøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúæóÒúäö Ãóæú Ýöí ÇáÓøöáúÚóÉö¡ Ãóæú ãóÖóÑøóÉö ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö æóÍóÞóÇÆöÞöåóÇ æóÔóÏøóÉö ÎóØóÑöåóÇ ßóÇäó ÚõãóÑõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - íóÊóÌóæøóáõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÞö ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóíóÊóÝóÞøóÏõ ÇáúãößúíóÇáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó. íõÎúÑöÌõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõæÞö ãóäú íóÌöÏõ Ýöí ãößúíóÇáöåö Ãóæú ãöíÒóÇäöåö äõÞúÕóÇäðÇ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: áóÇ ÊóãúäóÚú ÚóäøóÇ ÇáúãóØóÑó.
æóåóßóÐóÇ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóì æõáóÇÉö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÊóÝóÞøõÏõ Ðóáößó ÈöÇÓúÊöãúÑóÇÑò¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÇáøóÊöí íóÞöáøõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúæóÇÒöÚõ ÇáÏøöíäöíøõ¡ æóÊóÔúÊóÏøõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÃóÓúÚóÇÑõ¡ ÈöãóÇ íõáúÌöÆõ ÇáúÈóÇÚóÉó Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÍóÇíõáö Ãóæö ÇáúÚöäóÇÏö.
æóÞóÏú ãóäóÚó ÚõãóÑõ ÈóÇÆöÚó ÒóÈöíÈò ÃóÑúÎóÕó ÇáÓøöÚúÑó¡ áöÚöáúãöåö Ãóäøó ÊóÇÌöÑðÇ ÞóÏöãó æóãóÚóåõ ÒóÈöíÈñ ÈößóËúÑóÉò¡ ÝóÞöíáó áöÚõãóÑó: áöãóÇÐóÇ ãóäóÚúÊó ÇáúÈóíúÚó ÈöÑõÎúÕò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: áöÃóäøóåõ íõÝúÓöÏõ ÇáÓøõæÞó¡ ÝóíóÎúÓóÑõ ÇáúÞóÇÏöãõ ÝóíóãúÊóäöÚõ ãöäó ÇáúÌóáúÈö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÞóÏú ÑóÈöÍó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
ãöãøóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõÚúáóãó Ãóäøó äóæúÚó ÇáúãößúíóÇáö æóãöÞúÏóÇÑóåõ æóäóæúÚó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö æóãöÞúÏóÇÑóåõ ãóÑúÌöÚõåõ Åöáóì ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍöÓúÈóÉö: Åöäøó Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãøóÉö Ãóäú ÊõØöíÚó ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚò: Ýöí äóæúÚö ÇáúãößúíóÇáö æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäö¡ æóäóæúÚö ÇáúÚõãúáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íóØúÑóÍõåóÇ áöáÊøóÚóÇãõáö ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÅöÚúáóÇäö ÇáúÍóÑúÈö Ãóæú ÞóÈõæáö ÇáÕøõáúÍö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÕøóÇÚó Ãóæö ÇáúãõÏøó Ãóæö ÇáúßóíúáóÉó Ãóæö ÇáúæóíúÈóÉó Ãóæö ÇáúÞóÏóÍó¡ Ãóæú Ãóíøó äóæúÚò ßóÈöíÑðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ÕóÛöíÑðÇ¡ ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÇáÊøóÞóíøõÏõ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúæóÇÞö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúæóÒúäõº ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÏøöÑúåóãó æóÇáúÃõæÞöíøóÉó æóÇáÑøöØúáó Ãóæö ÇáúÃõÞøóÉó¡ Ãóæö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáúÌöÑóÇãó æóÇáúßöíáõæ¡ Ýóßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Èóíúäó ÇËúäóíúäö Ýöí ÞöÓúãóÉò ãóËóáðÇ: ßóÞöÓúãóÉö ÕóÈúÑóÉò ãöäú ÍóÈøò¡ ÝóÊóÑóÇÖóæúÇ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÞúÊóÓöãõæåóÇ ÈöÅöäóÇÁò ßóÈöíÑò áöáÓøõÑúÚóÉö æóßóÇäó ãóÖúÈõæØðÇ¡ áóÇ ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõ Èöåö ÇáúãóÑøóÇÊõ ÈöÃóäú íóßõæäó ÕóáúÈðÇ æóíõãúßöäõ Çáúßóíúáõ Èöåö.
Ãóæú ßóÐóáößó ÇáúæóÒúäõ¡ ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì ÞöØúÚóÉö ÍóÏöíÏò ãõÚóíøóäóÉò¡ áößõáøò æóÇÍöÏò æóÒúäõåóÇ ÚöÏøóÉó ãóÑøóÇÊò ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó ÈöÐóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÛóÑóÖó ÞöÓúãóÉõ ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö áóÇ ãõËóÇãóäóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÌúÒóÇÁö.(8/461)
ßóáøóÇ Èóáú ÑóÇäó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó (14)
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóßóÇíöíáõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøóÉõ æóÇáúãõæóÇÒöíäõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉö ãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÒóßóÇÉö ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö¡ æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóíóÇäó ãõÞóÇÈöáöåóÇ ÈöÇáúæóÒúäö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÍóÞøñ ãóÚúáõæãñ áöáÓøóÇÆöáö æóÇáúãóÍúÑõæãö [70 \ 24 - 25] . æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ÛóÑöíÈóÉñ.
Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÇáÔøóíúÎó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÝöíãóÇ íóÑóì ÇáäøóÇÆöãõ¡ æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóåóÈó Úóäøöí¡ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ãóäú íóÞõæáõ áöí: Åöäøó áöÊóØúÝöíÝö Çáúßóíúáö æóÇáúæóÒúäö ÏóÎúáðÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøöÈóÇ¡ ÝóÃóáúÍóÞúÊõåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÈóÍúËö¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊóÃóãøóáúÊõåõ ÝóæóÌóÏúÊõåõ ÕóÍöíÍðÇ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúãõÝóÇÖóáóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ Èóáú ÑóÇäó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó
«ÑóÇäó» : ÈöãóÚúäóì ÛóØøóì ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÐúäóÈó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ äõßöÊó Ýöí ÞóáúÈöåö äõßúÊóÉñ ÓóæúÏóÇÁõ¡ æóãóÇ íóÒóÇáõ ßóÐóáößó ÍóÊøóì íõÛóØøöíóåõ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
æóßóãú ÑóÇäó ãöäú ÐóäúÈò Úóáóì ÞóáúÈö ÝóÇÌöÑö ... ÝóÊóÇÈó ãöäó ÇáÐøóäúÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÇäó ÝóÇäúÌóáóì
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáÑøóíúäö: ÇáúÛóáóÈóÉõ¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ÑóÇäóÊö ÇáúÎóãúÑõ Úóáóì ÚóÞúáö ÔóÇÑöÈöåóÇ æóÇÔúÊóÏøóÊú:
Ëõãøó áóãøóÇ ÑóÂåõ ÑóÇäóÊú Èöåö ÇáúÎóÜ ... ÜãúÑõ æóÃóáøóÇ íõÑöíóåõ ÈöÇäúÊöÝóÇÁö
ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö:
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÞõÑöÆó «Èóáú ÑóÇäó» ÈöÅöÏúÛóÇãö ÇááøóÇãö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ æóÈöÇáúÅöÙúåóÇÑö æóÞóÝó ÍóÝúÕñ Úóáóì «Èóáú» æóÞúÝðÇ ÎóÝöíÝðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ áöíóÊóÈóíøóäó ÇáúÅöÙúåóÇÑõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÌóÚúÝóÑö Èúäö ÇáúÈóÇÐöÔö: æóÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ - íóÚúäöí ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁó - Úóáóì ÅöÏúÛóÇãö ÇááøóÇãö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÓóßúÊö ÍóÝúÕò Úóáóì «Èóáú» ¡ Ëõãøó íóÞõæáõ: «ÑóÇäó» .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö.
ÝóÝöí ßöÊóÇÈö «ÇááøóæóÇãöÚö» Úóäú ÞóÇáõæäó ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ØõÑõÞöåö: ÅöÙúåóÇÑõ ÇááøóÇãö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÑøóÇÁö äóÍúæó Þóæúáöåö:(8/462)
Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÌúÑóãõæÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ íóÖúÍóßõæäó (29) æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÑøõæÇ Èöåöãú íóÊóÛóÇãóÒõæäó (30)
«Èóáú ÑóÝóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö» [4 \ 158] «Èóáú ÑóÈøõßõãú» [21 \ 56] .
æóÝöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇÈúäö ÚóØöíøóÉó. æóÞóÑóÃó äóÇÝöÚñ: «Èóáú ÑóÇäó» ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ãõÏúÛóãò.
æóÝöíåö ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóÞóÑóÃó äóÇÝöÚñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáúÅöÏúÛóÇãö æóÇáúÅöãóÇáóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÓöíÈóæóíúåö: ÇáúÈóíóÇäõ æóÇáúÅöÏúÛóÇãõ ÍóÓóäóÇäö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: æóÞõÑöÆó ÈöÅöÏúÛóÇãö ÇááøóÇãö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ æóÈöÇáúÅöÙúåóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöÏúÛóÇãö ÃóÌúæóÏõ¡ æóÃõãöíáóÊö ÇáúÃóáöÝõ æóÝõÎøöãóÊú. ÇåÜ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó æóÇÝöíðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 57] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎöÊóÇãõåõ ãöÓúßñ æóÝöí Ðóáößó ÝóáúíóÊóäóÇÝóÓö ÇáúãõÊóäóÇÝöÓõæäó
ÊóæúÌöíåñ Åöáóì ãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú Êóßõæäó Ýöíåö ÇáúãõäóÇÝóÓóÉõ¡ æóåöíó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÑøóÛúÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáÔøóíúÁö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: äóÇÝóÓó Ýöí ÇáÔøóíúÁö: ÑóÛöÈó Ýöíåö¡ æóäóÝøóÓúÊõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáÔøóíúÁö ÃóäúÝõÓõ äóÝóÇÓóÉð¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóÎöáúÊó Èöåö Úóáóíúåö æóáóãú ÊõÍöÈøó Ãóäú íóÕöíÑó Åöáóíúåö.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãõØóÇáóÈóÉö æóÇáúãõßóÇËóÑóÉö ÈöÇáÔøóíúÁö ÇáäøóÝöíÓö¡ Ýóßõáøñ íõÓóÇÈöÞõ Åöáóíúåö áöíóÍõæÒóåõ áöäóÝúÓöåö.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö áóÝúÊñ áöÃóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃõæáóÆößó íóÓúÚóæúäó áöÌóãúÚö ÇáúãóÇáö ÈöÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö¡ Ýóáóåõãõ Çáúæóíúáõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑõ áóÝöí äóÚöíãò íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÔóÑóÇÈõåõãú¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÓóÉö¡ áóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÈøö Ãóæú Ãóíøö ãóßöíáò Ãóæú ãóæúÒõæäò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÌúÑóãõæÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ íóÖúÍóßõæäó æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÑøõæÇ Èöåöãú íóÊóÛóÇãóÒõæäó
æóÕúÝõåõãú ÈöÇáúÅöÌúÑóÇãö åõäóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Ýöí ÖóÍößöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÊóÛóÇãõÒöåöãú Èöåöãú¡(8/463)
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ÈóíóÇäõ ãõæÌóÈò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Òõíøöäó áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóíóÓúÎóÑõæäó ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [2 \ 212] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÝóæúÞó åóÄõáóÇÁö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÇááøóåõ íóÑúÒõÞõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍöÓóÇÈò.
æóÊóßóáøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - åõäóÇßó¡ æóÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíóÇäö áöäóæúÚö ÇáÓøõÎúÑöíóÉö¡ æóÒóÇÏó ÇáúÈóíóÇäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÝö» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóæú ßóÇäó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞõæäóÇ Åöáóíúåö [46 \ 11] .
æóãöäó ÇáÏøóÇÝöÚö áóåõãú Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö æóäóÊöíÌóÉõ Þóæúáöåöãú¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÂíóÉó «ÇáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó» ÚöäúÏóåóÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóÇÝöÖóÉñ ÑóÇÝöÚóÉñ [56 \ 3] .
æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÌúÏõÑõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö¡ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáóÉó áóíúÓóÊú ÎóÇÕøóÉð ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ Èóáú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöãøóäú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö.
ÝóÝöí Þóæúãö äõæÍò: æóíóÕúäóÚõ ÇáúÝõáúßó æóßõáøóãóÇ ãóÑøó Úóáóíúåö ãóáóÃñ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö ÓóÎöÑõæÇ ãöäúåõ [11 \ 38] .
æóßóÇäó äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö Úóáóíúåöãú: ÞóÇáó Åöäú ÊóÓúÎóÑõæÇ ãöäøóÇ ÝóÅöäøóÇ äóÓúÎóÑõ ãöäúßõãú ßóãóÇ ÊóÓúÎóÑõæäó ÝóÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ãóäú íóÃúÊöíåö ÚóÐóÇÈñ íõÎúÒöíåö æóíóÍöáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõÞöíãñ [11 \ 38 - 39] .
æóÌóÇÁó ÈöãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÍóÊøóì ÈöÇáÑøõÓõáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊõåúÒöÆó ÈöÑõÓõáò ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÝóÍóÇÞó ÈöÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÎöÑõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó [6 \ 10] .
æóãöËúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÍóÇáõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÌúÑóãõæÇ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÖóÚóÝóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÍóÇáõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃõãóãö ãóÚó ÑõÓõáöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÏøóÇÚöíóÉó Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóáøóÇ íóÊóÃóËøóÑó ÈöÓõÎúÑöíóÉö ÃóÍóÏò ãöäúåõ¡ æóíóÚúáóãó Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì Óõäóäö ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÓóíóäúÊóÕöÑõ áóåõ ÅöãøóÇ ÚóÇÌöáðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ÂÌöáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö ßõáøö ÓöíóÇÞò ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(8/464)
ÝóÇáúíóæúãó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö íóÖúÍóßõæäó (34)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇáúíóæúãó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö íóÖúÍóßõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑóÇÆößö íóäúÙõÑõæäó åóáú ËõæøöÈó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäó
æóåóÐóÇ ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ÓõÎúÑöíóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÝóæúÞóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö [2 \ 212] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» Úóáóì ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøöí ÌóÒóíúÊõåõãõ Çáúíóæúãó ÈöãóÇ ÕóÈóÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÆöÒõæäó [23 \ 111] . æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.(8/465)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãõÏøóÊú (3)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáöÇäúÔöÞóÇÞö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÔóÞøóÊú
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáöÇäúÝöØóÇÑö» ¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÝóØóÑóÊú [82 \ 1] ¡ æóÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉõ Úóáóì ßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÊóíö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» æó «Þ» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÐöäóÊú áöÑóÈøöåóÇ æóÍõÞøóÊú
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÇÏøóÉö «ÃóÐöäó» Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» ¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ «æóÃóÐöäóÊú» åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇÓúÊóãóÚóÊú æóÃóØóÇÚóÊú¡ «æóÍõÞøóÊú» Ãóíú: ÍõÞøó áóåóÇ Ãóæú åöíó ãóÍúÞõæÞóÉñ ÈöÐóáößó¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ãõãóÇäöÚñ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑö.
æóÞóÏú Íóãóáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÌóÇÒöíøö Ýöí «ÃóÐöäóÊú» ¡ Ãóíú: áóãøóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ãõãóÇäóÚóÉð ãöäú ÊóÔóÞøõÞöåóÇ¡ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöãóÇÚö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó áöáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÍóÇáóÉð áóÇ ßóåöíó ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáúãóÎúáõæÞöíäó Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö Ãóæøóáö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ãöäó ÇáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÚóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÃóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÍúãöáúäóåóÇ æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ [33 \ 72] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóåöíó ÏõÎóÇäñ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ æóáöáúÃóÑúÖö ÇöÆúÊöíóÇ ØóæúÚðÇ Ãóæú ßóÑúåðÇ ÞóÇáóÊóÇ ÃóÊóíúäóÇ ØóÇÆöÚöíäó [41 \ 11] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãõÏøóÊú
Ãóíú: ÓõæøöíóÊú æóÃõÒöíáóÊú ÌöÈóÇáõåóÇ¡ æóÓõæøöíóÊú æöåóÇÏõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì:(8/466)
æóÃóáúÞóÊú ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÊóÎóáøóÊú (4)
æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÞõáú íóäúÓöÝõåóÇ ÑóÈøöí äóÓúÝðÇ ÝóíóÐóÑõåóÇ ÞóÇÚðÇ ÕóÝúÕóÝðÇ áóÇ ÊóÑóì ÝöíåóÇ ÚöæóÌðÇ æóáóÇ ÃóãúÊðÇ [20 \ 105 - 107] .
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÚóäú Úóáöíøò. æóÓóÇÞó åóÐóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò ÈöÓóäóÏöåö Åöáóì Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóÏøó ÇáúÃóÏöíãö¡ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóßõæäó áöÈóÔóÑò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöáøóÇ ãóæúÖöÚõ ÞóÏóãóíúåö¡ ÝóÃóßõæäõ Ãóæøóáó ãóäú íõÏúÚóì» . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÊõãóÏøõ ßóãóÇ íõãóÏøõ ÇáúÃóÏöíãõ ÇáúÚõßóÇÙöíøõ. æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: «íõÒóÇÏõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóÐóÇ æóßóÐóÇ» .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: åõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÊóÈóÏøõáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóíúÓó Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáÐøóåóÇÈö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÉö æóÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäö ÈöÃóÑúÖò ÌóÏöíÏóÉò¡ áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö: «ãóÇ ãöäú ÍóÌóÑò æóáóÇ ãóÏóÑò æóáóÇ ÔóÌóÑò¡ íóÓúãóÚõ ÕóæúÊó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö ÅöáøóÇ ÓóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» . æóÇáøóÐöí íõÄúÊóì áóåõ ãöäú ÌóÏöíÏò áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì áóåõ Ãóäú íóÔúåóÏó Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò áóãú íóÔúåóÏúåõ¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøò ÝóÅöäøó ÊóÓúíöíÑó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö æóÊóÓúæöíóÉó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ íõæÌóÏõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉð Ýöí æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãöÓóÇÍóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÓóæóÇÁñ ãõÏøóÊú ÈößóÐóÇ æóßóÐóÇ - ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò - Ãóæú ãõÏøóÊú ÈöÊóæúÓöÚóÉö ÃóÏöíãöåóÇ æóÒöíÏó Ýöí ÈóÓúØöåóÇ¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊõáúÞöí ãóÇ Ýöí ÌóæúÝöåóÇ ßóÇáÔøóíúÁö ÇáÓøóãöíßö ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÖõÛöØó¡ ÝóÎóÝøóÊú ÓöãóÇßóÊõåõ æóÒóÇÏóÊú ãöÓóÇÍóÊõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõßøóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÏóßøðÇ ÏóßøðÇ [89 \ 21] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ äõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö äóÝúÎóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ æóÍõãöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóÏõßøóÊóÇ ÏóßøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóíóæúãóÆöÐò æóÞóÚóÊö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉõ æóÇäúÔóÞøóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ Ýóåöíó íóæúãóÆöÐò æóÇåöíóÉñ [69 \ 13 - 16] .
Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÏøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÏóßøöåóÇ¡ ÝóíõÒóÇÏõ Ýöí ÈóÓúØöåóÇ¡ æóáóÚóáøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó åõæó ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ áöÌóãúÚö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö åõäóÇ¡ «æóÍõãöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóÏõßøóÊóÇ ÏóßøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóíóæúãóÆöÐò æóÞóÚóÊö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉõ æóÇäúÔóÞøóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ» ¡ Ýóåõæó æöÝúÞõ ãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÔóÞøóÊú¡ æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãõÏøóÊú
æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóáúÞóÊú ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÊóÎóáøóÊú(8/467)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóßó ßóÇÏöÍñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ßóÏúÍðÇ ÝóãõáóÇÞöíåö (6)
Þöíáó: " ÃóáúÞóÊú ßõäõæÒóåóÇ æóÊóÎóáøóÊú ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóÑõÏøó åóÐóÇ ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö.
æóÞöíáó: " ÃóáúÞóÊö " ÇáúãóæúÊóì " æóÊóÎóáøóÊú " Úóäúåõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÞöíóÇãöåöãú æóÈóÚúËöåöãú ãöäú ÞõÈõæÑöåöãú ; Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó Ýöí ÌóæúÝö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÍóÏñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: " æóÊóÎóáøóÊú ": Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú áóåõãú ßöÝóÇÊðÇ ÃóÍúíóÇÁð æóÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ¡ æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú áóåõãú ãöåóÇÏðÇ¡ áóÝóÙóÊúåõãú æóÊóÎóáøóÊú Úóäúåõãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Ýöí ÑóåúÈóÉö ÇáúãóæúÞöÝö æóÔöÏøóÊöåö æóÇáÊøóÖúíöíÞö Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ æóÃóáøóÇ ãóáúÌóÃó áóåõãú æóáóÇ ãóäúÌóì ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ áóÇ æóÒóÑó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞóÑøõ [75 \ 11 - 12] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÐöäóÊú áöÑóÈøöåóÇ æóÍõÞøóÊú
Ãóíú: ßóãóÇ ÃóÐöäóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ¡ ÝóÇáúßóæúäõ ßõáøõåõ ÃõÐõäñ ãõØöíÚñ ãõäúÞóÇÏñ áöÃóæóÇãöÑö Çááøóåö¡ ØóæúÚðÇ Ãóæú ßóÑúåðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóßó ßóÇÏöÍñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ßóÏúÍðÇ ÝóãõáóÇÞöíåö
Þöíáó: ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ áöáúÌöäúÓö æóÞöíáó áöÝóÑúÏò¡ æóåõæó ãõÍóãøóÏñ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóßöäøó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞó íóÏõáøõ áöáúÃóæøóáö áöáÊøóÞúÓöíãö ÇáúÂÊöí¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ ÈöÔöãóÇáöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ áöÝóÑúÏò¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ áöáúÌöäúÓö æóÚóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áöáúÌöäúÓö ÝóÇáúßóÏúÍõ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÌõåúÏó ÇáäøóÝúÓö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãõÞúÈöáò:
æóãóÇ ÇáÏøóåúÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÇÑóÊóÇäö ÝóãöäúåõãóÇ ... ÃóãõæÊõ æóÃõÎúÑóì ÃóÈúÊóÛöí ÇáúÚóíúÔó ÃóßúÏóÍõ
æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõ ãõÔöíÑðÇ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÏúÍó Ýöíåö ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÕóÈö:
æóãóÖóÊú ÈöÔóÇÔóÉõ ßõáøö ÚóíúÔò ÕóÇáöÍò ... æóÈóÞöíÊõ ÃóßúÏóÍõ áöáúÍóíóÇÉö æóÃóäúÕóÈõ
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ßóÈóÏò [90 \ 4] ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÑúÖö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ãöäú ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ÊóÛúíöíÑö ÃóæúÖóÇÚö Çáúßóæúäö ÓóãóÇÁð æóÃóÑúÖðÇ¡ æóæóÖúÚö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöíåö íóßúÏóÍõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö «ßóÏúÍðÇ ÝóãõáóÇÞöíåö» ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÚöáúãöåö ÇáøóÐöí íóÍúÕõáõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú(8/468)
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö (7) ÝóÓóæúÝó íõÍóÇÓóÈõ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ (8) æóíóäúÞóáöÈõ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ (9) æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ æóÑóÇÁó ÙóåúÑöåö (10) ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÏúÚõæ ËõÈõæÑðÇ (11) æóíóÕúáóì ÓóÚöíÑðÇ (12) Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó Ýöí Ãóåúáöåö ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ (13) Åöäøóåõ Ùóäøó Ãóäú áóäú íóÍõæÑó (14)
ÎöáóÇáö ßóÏúÍöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÚóÇÞöáó ÇáúãõÊóÈóÕøöÑó áóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ßóÏúÍóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÝöíãóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó æóíóÑúÖóì åõæó Èöåö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ áóÞöíó ÑóÈøóåõ ãóÇ ÏóÇãó Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇÏöÍñ¡ áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó ßóãóÇ åõæó ãõÔóÇåóÏñ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÇáÔøõãõæáö áößõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ãóåúãóÇ ßóÇäó ÍóÇáõåõ ãöäú ãõÄúãöäò æóßóÇÝöÑò¡ æóãöäú ÈóÑøö æóÝóÇÌöÑò¡ æóÇáúßõáøõ íóßúÏóÍõ æóíóÚúãóáõ ÌóÇåöÏðÇ áöÊóÍúÕöíáö ãóÇ åõæó ãõÞúÈöáñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÇÚúãóáõæÇ ßõáøñ ãõíóÓøóÑñ áöãóÇ ÎõáöÞó áóåõ» Ãóíú: æóãõÌöÏøñ Ýöíåö æóÑóÇÖò Èöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõäúÊóåóì ÍößúãóÉö ÇáúÚóáöíãö ÇáúÎóÈöíÑö.
æóãöãøóÇ åõæó ÌóÏöíÑñ ÈöÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö Úóáóíúåö¡ åõæó Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ãóÚó ÚöÙóãö ÌöÑúãöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãóÚó ãöÓóÇÍóÉö ÃóÕúáöåóÇ «æóÃóÐöäóÊú áöÑóÈøöåóÇ æóÍõÞøóÊú» ¡ ãóÚó ÃóäøóåóÇ áóãú ÊóÊóÍóãøóáú ÃóãóÇäóÉð¡ æóáóäú ÊõÓúÃóáó Úóäú æóÇÌöÈò¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÈöÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Úóáóì ÖóÚúÝöåö¿ ! ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ [79 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÍúãöáõ ÃóãóÇäóÉó ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ÝóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöÇáÓøóãúÚö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉö Ýöí ßóÏúÍöåö¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú íóáúÞóì ÑóÈøóåõ áöãóÇ íõÑúÖöíåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÝóÓóæúÝó íõÍóÇÓóÈõ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ æóíóäúÞóáöÈõ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ æóÑóÇÁó ÙóåúÑöåö ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÏúÚõæ ËõÈõæÑðÇ æóíóÕúáóì ÓóÚöíÑðÇ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó Ýöí Ãóåúáöåö ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ Åöäøóåõ Ùóäøó Ãóäú áóäú íóÍõæÑó
Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ÈóíóÇäñ áöãóÕöíÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö äóÊöíÌóÉó ßóÏúÍöåö¡ æóãóÇ ÓõÌøöáó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåö¡ æóÐóáößó ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí «ÇáöÇäúÝöØóÇÑö» Þóæúáóåõ: æóÅöäøó Úóáóíúßõãú áóÍóÇÝöÙöíäó ßöÑóÇãðÇ ßóÇÊöÈöíäó íóÚúáóãõæäó ãóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó áóÝöí äóÚöíãò æóÅöäøó ÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑó áóÝöí ÌóÍöíãò [82 \ 18] .
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí «ÇáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó» : ßóáøóÇ Åöäøó ßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö áóÝöí ÓöÌøöíäò [83 \ 7] ¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ßóáøóÇ Åöäøó ßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑö áóÝöí Úöáøöíøöíäó [83 \ 18] .
ÌóÇÁó åõäóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ÅöÊúíóÇäöåöãú åóÐöåö ÇáúßõÊõÈó ãöãøóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæóÑö ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖò¡ Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ãóÂáö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ßõáøöåö æóãóÕöíÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö äóÊöíÌóÉó Úóãóáöåö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ãóÈóÇÍöËõ ÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö æóÈöÇáÔøöãóÇáö æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÇáÙøóåúÑö¡ ÚöäúÏó ßõáøò ãöäú(8/469)
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó äóÏúÚõæÇ ßõáøó ÃõäóÇÓò ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö» Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö [17 \ 71] ¡ æóÈóíúäó ÃóÍúæóÇáö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö Ãóåúáõ Çáúíóãöíäö æóÃóåúáõ ÇáÔøöãóÇáö¡ æóÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö [18 \ 49] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» æóåõäóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÍóÇáóÉð ãöäú ÍóÇáóÇÊö ßöáóÇ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö.
ÝóÇáúÃõæáóì: «íõÍóÇÓóÈõ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ» æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÑúÖõ ÝóÞóØú Ïõæäó ãõäóÇÞóÔóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ -: «ãóäú äõæÞöÔó ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈó ÚõÐøöÈó» .
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: íóÏúÚõæ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÇáËøõÈõæÑö æóåõæó ÇáúåóáóÇßõ¡ æóãöäúåõ: ÇáúãõæóÇØóÃóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóíúÁö¡ ÓõãøöíóÊú ãõËóÇÈóÑóÉð¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÃóäøóåõ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íõåúáößó äóÝúÓóåõ Ýöí ØóáóÈöåö.
æóåõäóÇ ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉñ ÚóÌöíÈóÉñ ÈóÇáöÛóÉõ ÇáúÃóåóãøöíøóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó Èóíúäó ÓõÑõæÑóíúäö ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÂÌöáñ¡ æóÇáúÂÎöÑõ ÚóÇÌöáñ.
ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö¡ Ãóäøóåõ íóäúÞóáöÈõ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ íõäóÇÏöí ÝóÑóÍðÇ: åóÇÄõãõ ÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ßöÊóÇÈöíóåú [69 \ 19] ¡ æóÃóåúáõåõ ÂäóÐóÇßó Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÍõæÑö æóÇáúæöáúÏóÇäö¡ æóãöäú ÃóÞóÇÑöÈöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÏóÎóáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò íóÏúÎõáõæäóåóÇ æóãóäú ÕóáóÍó ãöäú ÂÈóÇÆöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú æóÐõÑøöíøóÇÊöåöãú [13 \ 23] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚóÊúåõãú ÐõÑøöíøóÊõåõãú ÈöÅöíãóÇäò ÃóáúÍóÞúäóÇ Èöåöãú ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõãú [52 \ 21] ¡ Ýóåõãú æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ãõáúÍóÞöíäó Èöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãöäú Ãóåúáöåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÊóãóÇãö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö Ãóäú íõÚúáöãó ÈöåóÇ ãóäú íóÚúÑöÝõåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáöåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÒöíÏõ ÓõÑõæÑó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÓøõÑõæÑõ ÇáÏøóÇÆöãõ.
æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÓõÑõæÑñ ÚóÇÌöáñ¡ æóåõæó áöãóäú ÃõÚúØõæÇ ßõÊõÈóåõãú ÈöÔöãóÇáöåöãú ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöí Ãóãóáöåöãú ãóÓúÑõæÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÔóÊøóÇäó Èóíúäó ÓõÑõæÑò æóÓõÑõæÑò.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó åõäóÇ äóÊöíÌóÉó ÓõÑõæÑö ÃõæáóÆößó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú íóÕöáõæäó ÓóÚöíÑðÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú ÓóÈóÈó ÓõÑõæÑö ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó¡ æóáóßöäú Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó æóåõæó ÎóæúÝõåõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÞóÈúáõ Ýöí ÃóåúáöäóÇ ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó Ýóãóäøó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóæóÞóÇäóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáÓøóãõæãö ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ äóÏúÚõæåõ Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÈóÑøõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [52 \ 26 - 28] .
æóåõäóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóãú íóÌúãóÚú Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÎóæúÝóÇäö¡ æóáóãú íõÚúØöåö ÇáúÃóãúäóÇäö ãóÚðÇ¡(8/470)
ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÇáÔøóÝóÞö (16) æóÇááøóíúáö æóãóÇ æóÓóÞó (17) æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÊøóÓóÞó (18) áóÊóÑúßóÈõäøó ØóÈóÞðÇ Úóäú ØóÈóÞò (19)
Ýóãóäú ÎóÇÝóåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóãøóäóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö: æóáöãóäú ÎóÇÝó ãóÞóÇãó ÑóÈøöåö ÌóäøóÊóÇäö [55 \ 46] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÎóÇÝó ãóÞóÇãó ÑóÈøöåö æóäóåóì ÇáäøóÝúÓó Úóäö Çáúåóæóì ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó åöíó ÇáúãóÃúæóì [79 \ 40 - 41] .
æóãöäú Ãóãöäó ãóßúÑó Çááøóåö¡ æóÞóÖóì ßõáøó ÔóåóæóÇÊöåö¡ æóßóÇäó áóÇ íõÈóÇáöí ÝóíõÄúÊóì ßöÊóÇÈóåõ ÈöÔöãóÇáöåö æóíóÕúáóì ÓóÚöíÑðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÔøöãóÇáö ãóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÔøöãóÇáö Ýöí Óóãõæãò æóÍóãöíãò æóÙöáøò ãöäú íóÍúãõæãò áóÇ ÈóÇÑöÏò æóáóÇ ßóÑöíãò Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ãõÊúÑóÝöíäó æóßóÇäõæÇ íõÕöÑøõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÍöäúËö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÞõæáõæäó ÃóÆöÐóÇ ãöÊúäóÇ æóßõäøóÇ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ æóÚöÙóÇãðÇ ÃóÆöäøóÇ áóãóÈúÚõæËõæäó [56 \ 41 - 47] ¡ ÊóßúÐöíÈðÇ áöáúÈóÚúËö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ åóÐóÇ åõæó ÈöÚóíúäöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö: Åöäøóåõ Ùóäøó Ãóäú áóäú íóÍõæÑó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøóåõ Ùóäøó Ãóäú áóäú íóÍõæÑó¡ åóÐóÇ ÇáÙøóäøõ ãöËúáõ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó: ÃóáóÇ íóÙõäøõ ÃõæáóÆößó Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÈúÚõæËõæäó áöíóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò [83 \ 4 - 5] ¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ Ãóäøó ÚóÏóãó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö Ãóæö ÇáÔøóßøó Ýöíåö åõæó ÇáÏøóÇÝöÚõ áößõáøö ÓõæÁò æóÇáúãõÖóíøöÚõ áößõáøö ÎóíúÑò¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÈöÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö åõæó ÇáúãõäúØóáóÞõ áößõáøö ÎóíúÑò æóÇáúãóÇäöÚõ áößõáøö ÔóÑøò¡ æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö åõæó ãõäúØóáóÞõ ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãõÓúÊóåóáøö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö: åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [2 \ 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÇáÔøóÝóÞö æóÇááøóíúáö æóãóÇ æóÓóÞó æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÊøóÓóÞó áóÊóÑúßóÈõäøó ØóÈóÞðÇ Úóäú ØóÈóÞò
ÇáÔøóÝóÞõ áõÛóÉð: ÑöÞøóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÁö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: íõÞóÇáõ ÔóíúÁñ ÔóÝöíÞñ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊóãóÇÓõßó áóåõ áöÑöÞøóÊöåö¡ æóÃóÔúÝóÞó Úóáóíúåö Ãóíú: ÑóÞøó ÞóáúÈõåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáÔøóÝóÞóÉõ ÇáöÇÓúãõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÔúÝóÇÞö æóåõæó ÑöÞøóÉõ ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÔøóÝóÞõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
Êóåúæóì ÍóíóÇÊöí æóÃóåúæóì ãóæúÊóåóÇ ÔóÝóÞóÇ ... æóÇáúãóæúÊõ ÃóßúÑóãõ äóÒøóÇáò Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÑóãö
ÝóÇáÔøóÝóÞõ ÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÖóæúÁö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÍõãúÑóÊõåóÇ¡ ÝóßóÃóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöÞøóÉó ãöäú ÖóæúÁö ÇáÔøóãúÓö.
æóäõÞöáó Úóäö ÇáúÎóáöíáö: ÇáÔøóÝóÞõ: ÇáúÍõãúÑóÉõ ãöäú ÛõÑõæÈö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Åöáóì æóÞúÊö ÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÅöÐóÇ ÐóåóÈó¡ Þöíáó: ÛóÇÈó ÇáÔøóÝóÞõ. ÇåÜ.(8/471)
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ Ýöí ÊóæúÞöíÊö æóÞúÊö ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö ãöäú ÛõÑõæÈö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Åöáóì ÛöíóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÝóÞö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÍõãúÑóÉõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÛõÑõæÈö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÎóáöíáõ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -: Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÝóÞó åõæó ÇáúÈóíóÇÖõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚúÏóåõ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö Íöíäó ÊõãúÓõæäó æóÍöíäó ÊõÕúÈöÍõæäó æóáóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÚóÔöíøðÇ æóÍöíäó ÊõÙúåöÑõæäó [30 \ 17 - 18] ¡ æóÑóÌøóÍó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÝóÞó: ÇáúÍõãúÑóÉõ.
æóäóÞóáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÞóæúáðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÒóÚóãó ÇáúÍõßóãóÇÁõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóíóÇÖó áóÇ íóÛöíÈõ ÃóÕúáðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÎóáöíáõ: ÕóÚöÏúÊõ ãóäóÇÑóÉó ÇáúÅöÓúßóäúÏóÑöíøóÉö ÝóÑóãóÞúÊõ ÇáúÈóíóÇÖó¡ ÝóÑóÃóíúÊõåõ íóÊóÑóÏøóÏõ ãöäú ÃõÝõÞò Åöáóì ÃõÝõÞò¡ æóáóãú ÃóÑóåõ íóÛöíÈõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃõæóíúÓò: ÑóÃóíúÊõåõ íóÊóãóÇÏóì Åöáóì ØõáõæÚö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÚõáóãóÇÄõäóÇ: ÝóáóãøóÇ áóãú íóÊóÌóÏøóÏú æóÞúÊõåõ ÓóÞóØó ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõåõ. Çå.
Ýóåõæó ÈöåóÐóÇ íõÑóÌøöÍõ ãóÐúåóÈó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáÔøóÝóÞö¡ æóÇáäøõÕõæÕõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÝöíåóÇ ãóÞóÇáñ.
ÝóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ ÍóÏöíËðÇ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: «ÇáÔøóÝóÞõ ÇáúÍõãúÑóÉõ» .
æóÊóßóáøóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ¡ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ Èöåö ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö æóåõãõ: ÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÚõÈóÇÏóÉõ. æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö: ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúÎóáöíáõ æóÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇááøõÛóÉö.
ÝóÃóäúÊó ÊóÑóì Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ íõæÓõÝó æóãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÇÝóÞóÇ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó.
æóÝöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÝóÝöíåö äóÙóÑñ¡ Ãóíú: ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÚóÏóãö ÛöíóÇÈö ÇáúÈóíóÇÖö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝó ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÝóáóßö Ãóäøó Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÍúãóÑö æóÇáúÃóÈúíóÖö ãöÞúÏóÇÑõ ÏóÑóÌóÊóíúäö¡ æóÇáÏøóÑóÌóÉõ ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÃóÑúÈóÚó ÏóÞóÇÆöÞó¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ ÈóÓöíØñ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇááøóíúáö æóãóÇ æóÓóÞó¡ åõæó ÇáúÌóãúÚõ æóÇáÖøóãøõ áöáÔøóíúÁö ÇáúßóËöíÑö¡ æóãöäúåõ Óõãøöíó(8/472)
ÇáúæóÓóÞõ ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑò ãõÚóíøóäò ãöäú ãóßöíáö ÇáúÍóÈøö¡ æóåõæó ÓöÊøõæäó ÕóÇÚðÇ. æóÞöíáó: Ýöíåö ãóÚóÇäò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóáóßöäøó åóÐóÇ ÃóÑúÌóÍõåóÇ.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì åõäóÇ: æóÇááøóíúáõ æóãóÇ ÌóãóÚóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö. Þöíáó: ßóÃóäøóåõ ÃóÞúÓóãó Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöãóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó æóãóÇ áóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó [69 \ 38 - 39] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÊøóÓóÞó¡ Ãóíú: ÇÊøóÓóÚó Ãóíú ÊóßóÇãóáó äõæÑõåõ¡ æóåõæó ÇÝúÊóÚóáó ãöäú æóÓóÞó¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉõ ÇáÕøóÑúÝöíøóÉõ Ãóäøó ÝóÇÁó ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúãöËóÇáöíøö - Ãóíö ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÇÄõåõ æóÇæñ - ÅöÐóÇ Èõäöíó Úóáóì ÇÝúÊóÚóáó ÊõÞúáóÈõ ÇáúæóÇæõ ÊóÇÁð æóÊõÏúÛóãõ ÇáÊøóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí: æóÕóáúÊõåõ ÝóÇÊøóÕóáó æóæóÒóäúÊõåõ ÝóÇÊøóÒóäó¡ ÇæúÊóÕóáó ÇæúÊóÒóäó¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ ÇæúÊóÓóÞó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÊóÑúßóÈõäøó ØóÈóÞðÇ Úóäú ØóÈóÞò
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁõ Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÊöåö¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚóÇãøóÉõ ÞõÑøóÇÁö ãóßøóÉó æóÇáúßõæÝóÉö: «áóÊóÑúßóÈóäøó» ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÊøóÇÁö æóÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÞóÇÑöÆõæ Ðóáößó Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: íóÚúäöí íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ¡ æóíóÚúäöí ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáÊøóÑóÞøöí æóÇáúÚõáõæøö æóÇáÔøóÏóÇÆöÏö ãóÚó ÇáúÞóæúãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
æóÞöíáó: «ØóÈóÞðÇ Úóäú ØóÈóÞò» : íóÚúäöí ÓóãóÇÁð ÈóÚúÏó ÓóãóÇÁò¡ Ãóíú ØöÈóÇÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóåõæó Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÇáúÚóÇáöíóÉö¡ æóãóÓúÑõæÞò.
æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÊóÊóÛóíøóÑõ ÃóÍúæóÇáõåóÇ¡ ÊóÊóÔóÞøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÛóãóÇãö¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÍúãóÑøõ ßóÇáúãõåúáö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó. æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáó.
æóÞóÑóÃó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÞõÑøóÇÁö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö æóÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúßõæÝöíøöíäó: «áóÊóÑúßóÈõäøó» ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö æóÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÈóÇÁö Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö áöáäøóÇÓö ßóÇÝøóÉð.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó áöãóÚúäóÇåõ ÍóÇáðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÍóÇáò ãóÚóÇäò ÚóÏöíÏóÉð: ØõÝõæáóÉð¡ æóÔóÈóÇÈðÇ¡ æóÔõíõæÎóÉð¡ ÝóÞúÑðÇ æóÛöäðì¡ æóÞõæøóÉð æóÖóÚúÝðÇ¡ ÍóíóÇÉð æóãóæúÊðÇ æóÈóÚúËðÇ¡ ÑóÎóÇÁð æóÔöÏøóÉð¡ Åöáóì ßõáøö ãóÇ ÊóÍúÊóãöáõåõ ÇáúßóáöãóÉõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Çáúßõáøõ ãõÍúÊóãóáñ¡ æóßõáøõåõ ãõÑóÇÏñ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóíóßõæäõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ Ýöí ÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÈóÚúËö: «ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÔóÞøóÊú» ¡ «æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãõÏøóÊú» ¡ «ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö» æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈó ÇáúãõäúÞóáöÈó¡ Ëõãøó ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑó ÈöÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö «áóÊóÑúßóÈõäøó» ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó áöÃóãúÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú ÊóÛóíøõÑö ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö áóßóÇäó(8/473)
ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò (25)
Ãóæúáóì Èöåö ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑõ Ãóæö ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ãöäó ÇáÒøóãóäö áóßöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÌóÏöíÏò¡ ÅöÐú ÊóÞóáøõÈõ ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö Ýöí ÔóÃúäö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÃóãúÑñ ãõÓúÊóÞöÑøñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐúåóÇäö¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÃõãõæÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãöäú ÈóÚúËò¡ æóÍóÔúÑò¡ æóÚóÑúÖò¡ æóãöíÒóÇäò¡ æóÕöÑóÇØò¡ æóÊóØóÇíõÑö ßõÊõÈò¡ æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÃóÍúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóæóÇÞöÝö¡ Ýöí ÚóÑóÕóÇÊö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ Ýóåöíó ÇáúÍóÑöíøóÉõ ÈöÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚóãóáö áöÃóÌúáöåóÇ Ýöí ßóÏúÍöåö Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö¡ ÝóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈöÐóáößó æóåõæó ãõÔúÚöÑñ ÈöÇÓúÊöãúÑóÇÑö ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúßóÏúÍö Åöáóì ÍóÇáóÇÊò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò æóÏóÑóÌóÇÊò ãõÊóÝóÇæöÊóÉò.
æóáóæö ÇÚúÊóÈóÑúäóÇ ÍóÇáó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÊóØóæøõÑö ÇáúÍóÇáö ãöäú ÔóÝóÞò¡ Ãóæú ÂÎóÑö ÖóæúÁö ÇáÔøóãúÓö¡ Ëõãøó áóíúáò¡ æóãóÇ ÌóãóÚó æóÛóØøóì ÈöÙóáóÇãöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóãóÑñ íóÈúÏóÃõ åöáóÇáðÇ Åöáóì ÇÊøöÓóÇÞö äõæÑöåö - áóßóÇäó ÇäúÊöÞóÇáðÇ ãöäú ÊóÛóíøõÑö ÍóÑóßóÇÊö ÇáÒøóãóäö Åöáóì ÊóÛóíøõÑö ÃóÍúæóÇáö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò
Þöíáó: Çáúãóäøõ: ÇáúÞóØúÚõ æóÇáäøóÞúÕõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
áöãõÚóÝøóÑò ÞóåúÏò ÊóäóÇËóÑó Ôöáúæóåõ ... ÛóÈúÓñ ßóæóÇÓöÈñ ãóÇ íõãóäøõ ØóÚóÇãõåóÇ
æóÇáúÞóåúÏõ: ÖóÑúÈñ ãöäó ÇáÖøóÃúäö ÊóÚúáõæåõ ÍõãúÑóÉñ ÕóÛöíÑóÉñ ÂÐóÇäõåõ¡ æóÇáúßóæóÇÓöÈõ: ÇáúæõÍõæÔõ¡ Ãóíú: ÐöÆóÇÈñ Ãóæú ÓöÈóÇÚñ áóÇ íóäúÞóØöÚõ ØóÚóÇãõåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ãóäóäúÊõ ÇáúÍóÈúáó ÅöÐóÇ ÞóØóÚúÊóåõ.
æóÓóÃóáó äóÇÝöÚõ Èúäõ ÇáúÃóÒúÑóÞö ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÚóäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÛóíúÑõ ãóÞúØõæÚò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: åóáú ÊóÚúÑöÝõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú¡ ÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝóåõ ÃóÎõæ íóÔúßõÑó¡ ÍóíúËõ íóÞõæáõ:
ÝóÊóÑóì ÎóáúÝóåõäøó ãöäú ÓõÑúÚóÉö ÇáÑøóÌúÜ ... ÜÚö ãóäöíäðÇ ßóÃóäøóåõ ÃóåúÈóÇÁõ
ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÈóÑøöÏõ: Çáúãóäöíäõ: ÇáúÛõÈóÇÑõ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÞúØóÚõåõ æóÑóÇÁóåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: «ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò» Ãóíú: ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò Èöåö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ áöÊóßúãõáó ÇáäøöÚúãóÉõ Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: «ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò» : Ãóíú: ÛóíúÑõ ãóÍúÓõæÈò æóáóÇ ãóäúÞõæÕò. æóÐóßóÑóåõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãõÌóÇåöÏò.(8/474)
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: ÛóíúÑõ ãóÞúØõæÚò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóØóÇÁð ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÐõæÐò [11 \ 108] ¡ æóÑóÏøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò Èöåö Úóáóíúåöãú ; áöÃóäøó áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäú íóãúÊóäó Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ æóåõãú ãóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÝóÖúáò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóãóäøöåö Úóáóíúåöãú. ÇäúÊóåóì.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÞóæúáö ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò «ÛóíúÑõ ãóÍúÓõæÈò» Úõãõæãõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÑúÒõÞõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍöÓóÇÈò [3 \ 37] ¡ æóÎõÕõæÕõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó íóÏúÎõáõæäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó íõÑúÒóÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍöÓóÇÈò [40 \ 40] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóÒóÇÁð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÚóØóÇÁð ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 36] ¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ßóÇÝöíðÇ ãöäú Þóæúáößó: ÍóÓúÈöí: ÈöãóÚúäóì ßóÇÝöíäöí.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ãóÞúÕõæÏñ æóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäúåõ¡ æóãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò áóÇ íóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚó Þóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó ; áöÃóäøó Çáúãóäøó ÇáúãóãúäõæÚó åõæó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÃóÐðì æóÊóäúÞöíÕñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó áóÇ íõÊúÈöÚõæäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ ãóäøðÇ æóáóÇ ÃóÐðì [2 \ 262] ¡ ÃóãøóÇ Çáúãóäøõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö¡ Ýóåõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáúÅößúÑóÇãö æóÇáÒøõáúÝóì Åöáóíúåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(8/475)
æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏö (2)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÈõÑõæÌö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúÈõÑõæÌö
ÇáúÈõÑõæÌõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÈõÑúÌò¡ æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö Èöåö åõäóÇ: åóáú åöíó ÇáúãóäóÇÒöáõ Ãóæö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈõ¡ Ãóæú ÞõÕõæÑñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍõÑøóÇÓõåóÇ¿
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» ¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈõÑõæÌðÇ [15 \ 16] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈõÑõæÌðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÓöÑóÇÌðÇ æóÞóãóÑðÇ ãõäöíÑðÇ [25 \ 61] .
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÃóÕúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ãöäó ÇáÙøõåõæÑö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÊóÈóÑøõÌõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÈóíóÇäó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏö ãöäú ÈõÑõæÌö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÚóÏóÏö ÇáúãóäóÇÒöáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
æóÈöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØö ÇáÓøõæóÑö ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó íóÞõæáõ: áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó ãóÂáó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö æóÊóØóÇíõÑó ÇáÕøõÍõÝö Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ ÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ ÚóãóáðÇ ãöäú ÃóÔóÏøö ÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ãóÚó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóì ãöäú åóÐóÇ¡ åõæó - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ ÇäúÝöØóÇÑó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÊóäóÇËõÑó ÇáäøõÌõæãö¡ æóÇäúÔöÞóÇÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÅöÐúäóåóÇ áöÑóÈøöåóÇ æóÍõÞøó áóåóÇ Ðóáößó - ÌóÇÁó åõäóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ßõäúåö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÚóÙöíãóÉõ ÇáúÈöäúíóÉö ÈöÃóÈúÑóÇÌöåóÇ ÇáÖøóÎúãóÉö Ãóæú ÈõÑõæÌöåóÇ ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö¡ Ýóåöíó ãóÚó Ðóáößó ÊóÃúÐóäõ áöÑóÈøöåóÇ æóÊõØöíÚõ¡ æóÊóäúÔóÞøõ áöåóæúáö Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö æóÊóäúÝóØöÑõ¡ ÝóÃóæúáóì Èößó ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏö åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäõæÇ íõæÚóÏõæäó Èöåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó Çáúíóæúãõ ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏõ Èöåö ßõáøñ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøò ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: áóÇ íóÍúÒõäõåõãõ ÇáúÝóÒóÚõ ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑõ æóÊóÊóáóÞøóÇåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ åóÐóÇ íóæúãõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ßõäúÊõãú ÊõæÚóÏõæäó [21 \ 103] ¡ æóÝöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö:(8/476)
æóÔóÇåöÏò æóãóÔúåõæÏò (3)
ÝóÐóÑúåõãú íóÎõæÖõæÇ æóíóáúÚóÈõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íõáóÇÞõæÇ íóæúãóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí íõæÚóÏõæäó [43 \ 83] ¡ æóÓóíóÚúÊóÑöÝõæäó ÈöÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇæóíúáóäóÇ ãóäú ÈóÚóËóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÑúÞóÏöäóÇ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÕóÏóÞó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó [36 \ 52] .
ÝóÇáúíóæúãõ ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏõ åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏõ Èöåö áöãõÌóÇÒóÇÊö ßöáóÇ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö Úóáóì Úóãóáöåöãú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÔóÇåöÏò æóãóÔúåõæÏò
áóãú íõÕóÑøöÍú åõäóÇ ãóäö ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ æóãóÇ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÔóåöÏó ãöäúßõãõ ÇáÔøóåúÑó ÝóáúíóÕõãúåõ [2 \ 185] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö [6 \ 73] .
æóÐõßöÑó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏö ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÌúãõæÚñ áóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóÐóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÔúåõæÏñ [11 \ 103] .
ÝóÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ ÞóÏú íóßõæäóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÉö¡ æóÐõßöÑó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö Èöåö Ãóæú Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÈöÔóåöíÏò æóÌöÆúäóÇ Èößó Úóáóì åóÄõáóÇÁö ÔóåöíÏðÇ [4 \ 41] .
ÝóÔóåöíÏõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóíõ ÔóåöíÏñ Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÈõÚöËóÊú ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÔóåöíÏõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö: Ãóíú ÔóÇåöÏñ Úóáóì ÇáÑøõÓõáö Ýöí Ãõãóãöåöãú.
æóãöäú åõäóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Åöáóì ãóÇ íóÞúÑõÈõ ãöäú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÞóæúáðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ãóÇ ãõáóÎøóÕõåõ: ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ: íóæúãõ ÚóÑóÝóÉó Ãóæö ÇáäøóÍúÑö¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ áöÚóáöíøò æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ: ãõÍóãøóÏñ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ: íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö. æóÚóÒóÇåõ áöÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö Úóáöíøò. æóÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ: ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¡ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ: íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÚóÒóÇåõ áöãõÌóÇåöÏò æóÚößúÑöãóÉó. æóÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ: åõæó Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ: åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ áöÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò. Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøóåõ ÕóÇáöÍñ áößõáøö ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ ãõÔóÇåóÏñ¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõ ãóÔúåõæÏñ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÝúÕöáú ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÍõÖõæÑö¡ Ãóæö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ æóãöËúáõåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò.(8/477)
æóÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÍõÖõæÑö¡ ÝóÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¡ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó Çáúíóæúãó ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏó äóÇÓóÈó Ãóäú íóÐúßõÑó ßõáøó ãóäú íóÔúåóÏõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö¡ æóãóäú íóÔúåóÏõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÐóßóÑó äóÍúæðÇ ãöäú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÞóæúáðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó: ßõáøñ áóåõ ãõÊóãóÓøößñ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÐößúÑó Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏö æóåõæó íóßúÝöí Úóäö Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö¡ Èóáú Åöäøóåõ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ãóäú íóÔúåóÏõ Ýöíåö¡ æóÊõÞóÇãõ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíõÚúÑóÖõ Ýöíåö ; áöÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÎóáúÞö áóÇ áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÞøö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÊóÚúÏóÇÏõ ÇáÔøõåõæÏö Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ãóÚó ÇáúÚóÑúÖö æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö.
æóãõÌúãóáõ Ðóáößó ÃóäøóåóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÎóÇÕøóÉð æóÚóÇãøóÉð æóÃóÚóãøó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæåóÇ ÔóåöÏó Úóáóíúåöãú ÓóãúÚõåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú æóÌõáõæÏõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [41 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Çáúíóæúãó äóÎúÊöãõ Úóáóì ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÊõßóáøöãõäóÇ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÊóÔúåóÏõ ÃóÑúÌõáõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó [36 \ 65] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÝöÚúáò æóãóÞóÇáò áóÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÍóÇáò¡ ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäóåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áöÌõáõæÏöåöãú áöãó ÔóåöÏúÊõãú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóäúØóÞóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúØóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó ÎóáóÞóßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÓúÊóÊöÑõæäó Ãóäú íóÔúåóÏó Úóáóíúßõãú ÓóãúÚõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõßõãú æóáóÇ ÌõáõæÏõßõãú æóáóßöäú ÙóäóäúÊõãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [41 \ 21 - 22] ¡ æóÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÒóÚúãóåõãú Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÐóáößõãú Ùóäøõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÙóäóäúÊõãú ÈöÑóÈøößõãú ÃóÑúÏóÇßõãú ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó [41 \ 23] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÈóíóÇäõ ÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÖóÇÁö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóßúÊõãõæäó Çááøóåó ÍóÏöíËðÇ [4 \ 42] ¡ æóÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö æóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÝóÙóÉõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÞóÑöíäõåõ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ áóÏóíøó ÚóÊöíÏñ [50 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÌóÇÁóÊú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÚóåóÇ ÓóÇÆöÞñ æóÔóåöíÏñ [50 \ 21] ¡ Ëõãøó ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÑøõÓõáö ßõáøõ ÑóÓõæáò Úóáóì ÃõãøóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Úóäú ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÃóÝúÖóáõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö -: æóßõäúÊõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÔóåöíÏðÇ ãóÇ ÏõãúÊõ Ýöíåöãú [5 \ 117] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÝóÓóíõÄóÏøöíåóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúÃõãóãö: æóíóæúãó äóÈúÚóËõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÔóåöíÏðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú [16 \ 89] .(8/478)
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÈöÔóåöíÏò æóÌöÆúäóÇ Èößó Úóáóì åóÄõáóÇÁö ÔóåöíÏðÇ [4 \ 41] .
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö Úóáóì ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃõãóãö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÌóÚóáúäóÇßõãú ÃõãøóÉð æóÓóØðÇ áöÊóßõæäõæÇ ÔõåóÏóÇÁó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö [2 \ 143] .
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóßõæäó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ Úóáóíúßõãú ÔóåöíÏðÇ [2 \ 143] .
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚö.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ãóÚó ÐößúÑö Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏö æóãóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö¡ æóãõÌóÇÒóÇÉö ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö ÚóáóíúåóÇ: æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Þóæúáõåõ: æóÇááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÔóåöíÏñ [85 \ 9] ¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì áóÇ íóÊóÞóíøóÏõ ÈöÔóÇåöÏò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÃóíúÖðÇ áóÇ íõÚóÇÑöÖõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ.
ÝóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáÔøõåõæÏö æóÊóÚóÏøõÏöåöãú ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö Úóáóíúåö æóÊóÚóÏøõÏöåö¡ ãöäú ÝóÑúÏò Åöáóì ÃõãøóÉò Åöáóì ÑõÓõáò¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì æóæóÇÞöÚóÉñ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö.
æóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑóÊú ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÊóÎúÊóÕøõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏó Çááøóåõ æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÃõæáõæ ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ Èöåö æóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊõ¡ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ Èöåö ÞõÏúÑóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉö.
æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÅöíÑóÇÏðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ; ÍóíúËõ ÓóÇÞóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Ýóáóãú íõæÑöÏúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÊóÚúíöíäõ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÇÊö áöÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó.
ãöäúåóÇ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ áöáúãõÄóÐøöäö: «ãóÇ íóÓúãóÚõ ÕóæúÊóåõ ÔóÌóÑñ æóáóÇ ÍóÌóÑñ æóáóÇ ãóÏóÑñ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÔóåöÏó áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» .(8/479)
ÞõÊöáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö (4) ÇáäøóÇÑö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúæóÞõæÏö (5)
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöãóÇ Úóãöáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãõÔóÇÑõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊõÍóÏøöËõ ÃóÎúÈóÇÑóåóÇ [99 \ 4] .
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúãóÇáö Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåö Ýöíãó ÃóäúÝóÞóåõ. æóãöäúåóÇ: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÕøöíóÇãö æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÔóÝóÇÚóÊõåõãóÇ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåöãóÇ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÑúÖö ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö æóßóãóÇáö ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÔóåöíÏñ¡ æóÈößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ¡ æóãõæóßøöáñ ÍóÝóÙóÉð íóßúÊõÈõæäó ÃóÚúãóÇáó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó áóãú íóÞúÖö Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö ÈöãóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ ãöäúåõãú æóáóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÓóÌøóáóÊúåõ ãóáóÇÆößóÊõåõ¡ æóíóÓúÊóäúØöÞõ ÃóÚúÖóÇÁóåõãú¡ æóíóÓúÊóÔúåöÏõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãóãö æóÇáÑøóÓõæáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ Ãóíú ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÈóáøóÛõæÇ Ãõãóãóåõãú ÑöÓóÇáóÇÊö Çááøóåö Åöáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóáöÃóäú áóÇ íóÞúÖöíó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÈöÚöáúãöåö ãöäú ÈóÇÈö Ãóæúáóì. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Þóæúáõåõ: «Åöäøóßõãú ÊóÍúÊóßöãõæäó Åöáóíøó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ÃóÞúÖöí áóßõãú Úóáóì äóÍúæö ãóÇ ÃóÓúãóÚõ¡ Ýóãóäö ÇÞúÊóØóÚúÊõ áóåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÍóÞøö ÃóÎöíåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÞúØóÚõ áóåõ ÞöØúÚóÉð ãöäú äóÇÑò» . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. Ãóíú: ßóÇäó ãöäó Çáúãõãúßöäö Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúæóÍúíõ¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÞóÖöíøóÉö ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ¡ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÑöíËó ÏóÑóÓóÊú ãóÚóÇáöãõåóÇ æóáóÇ ÈóíøöäóÉó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú ÅöÐóÇ äóÒóáó ÇáúæóÍúíõ Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝöíåóÇ Ýóãóäú ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö áöãóäú íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö¿
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÏøóÚöí¡ æóÇáúíóãöíäõ Úóáóì ãóäú ÃóäúßóÑó» .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉó ÝóÚöíáóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÈóíóÇäö¡ ÝóÊóÔúãóáõ ßõáøó ãóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ ÇáúÍóÞøó ãöäú ÔóåóÇÏóÉò æóÞóÑöíäóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö íõæÓõÝó ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ãóÚó ÅöÎúæóÊöåö æóãóÚó ÇãúÑóÃóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö. ÅöáóÎú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞõÊöáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúæóÞõæÏö
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: æóÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúÈõÑõæÌö¡ Þöíáó: ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: áóÊõÈúÚóËõäøó æóäóÍúæõåõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ãóÐúßõæÑñ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: «Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝóÊóäõæÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö» [85 \ 10] æóäóÍúæõåõ¡ æóÞöíáó: «ÞõÊöáó» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ äóÎúÊóÇÑõåõ¡ æóÍõÐöÝóÊö ÇááøóÇãõ - Ãóíú áóÞõÊöáó -(8/480)
æóÍóÓõäó ÍóÐúÝõåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÍóÓõäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÖõÍóÇåóÇ [91 \ 1] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÒóßøóÇåóÇ [91 \ 9] ¡ Ãóíú: áóÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì áóÚúäóÉö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ãóäú ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó¡ æóÊóäúÈöíåðÇ áößõÝøóÇÑö ÞõÑóíúÔò ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúÐõæäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ; áöíóÝúÊöäõæåõãú Úóäú Ïöíäöåöãú.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó «ÞõÊöáó» åöíó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Ýóåöíó ÌõãúáóÉñ ÎóÈóÑöíøóÉñ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÛóíúÑóåóÇ Ýóåöíó ÌõãúáóÉñ ÅöäúÔóÇÆöíøóÉñ¡ ÏõÚóÇÁñ Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÞõÑöÆó: «ÞõÊøöáó» ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö¡ ÞóÑóÃóåóÇ ÇáúÍóÓóäõ æóÇÈúäõ ãöÞúÓóãò¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåóÇ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÈöÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÎóÏøò¡ æóåõæó ÇáÔøóÞøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ØóæöíáðÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÇáäøóÇÑö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúæóÞõæÏö¡ ÇáúæóÞõæÏõ ÈöÇáÖøóãøö æóÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö ßóÇáÓøóÍõæÑö¡ æóÇáúæóÖõæÁö. ÝóÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö: ãóÇ ÊõæÞöÏõ Èöåö ßóÕóÈõæÑò æóÇáúãóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÖøóÃõ Èöåö¡ æóÇáØøóÚóÇãõ ÇáúãõÊóÓóÍøóÑõ Èöåö. æóÈöÇáÖøóãøö: ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ¡ æóÇáúæõÞõæÏõ ÈöÇáÖøóãøö: ãóÇ ÊõæÞöÏõ Èöåö.
ÐóßóÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÞóÇãõæÓö¡ æó «ÇáäøóÇÑö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúæóÞõæÏö» : ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö.
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æóäóÞóáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ËóáóÇËóÉð ãöäúåóÇ.
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ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÅöãúßóÇäõ ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáúÎóíúÑö ãóÚó ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóÎúÕõ ÌóÇåöáðÇ ÈöÍóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ ßóÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ãóÚó ÇáÑøóÇåöÈö ãóÚó ÊóÚóáøõãö ÇáÓøöÍúÑö ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ÅöÌúÑóÇÁõ ÎóæóÇÑöÞö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö Úóáóì ÃóíúÏöí ÏõÚóÇÉö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ áöÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÇáÊøóËúÈöíÊö Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÛõáóÇãõ: Çáúíóæúãó ÃóÚúáóãõ ÃóãúÑó ÇáÑøóÇåöÈö ÃóÍóÈøó Åöáóì Çááøóåö Ãóãú ÃóãúÑó ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö¿
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó Ãóãúíóáó ÈöÞóáúÈöåö Åöáóì ÃóãúÑö ÇáÑøóÇåöÈö¡ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó: Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇåöÈö ÃóÍóÈøó Åöáóíúßó¡ ÝóÓóÃóáó Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÇáÑøóÇåöÈö æóáóãú íóÓóáú Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö¿
ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝõ ÇáúÚóÇáöãö ÈöÇáúÝóÖúáö áöãóäú åõæó ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäúåõ¡ ßóÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝö ÇáÑøóÇåöÈö áöáúÛõáóÇãö.
ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ: ÇÈúÊöáóÇÁõ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóæõÌõæÈõ ÇáÕøóÈúÑö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÊóÝóÇæõÊõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ: ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÇáúÝöÚúáö ßõáøöåö áöáøóåö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÔúÝöí Çááøóåõ.
ÇáËøóÇãöäõ: ÑóÝúÖõ ÇáÏøóÇÚöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúÃóÌúÑó Úóáóì Úóãóáöåö æóåöÏóÇíóÊöåö: Þõáú áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ÃóÌúÑðÇ Åöäú [6 \ 90] .
ÇáÊøóÇÓöÚõ: ÈóíóÇäõ Ñõßúäò ÃóÕöíáò Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáÊøóæóÓøõáö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ãóÈúäóÇåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö æóÓõÄóÇáö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÚóÇÔöÑõ: ÛóÈóÇæóÉõ Çáúãóáößö ÇáúãõÔúÑößö ÇáúãõÛúáóÞö ÞóáúÈõåõ ÈöÙóáóÇãö ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ ÍóíúËõ Ùóäøó Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö Ãóäøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÔóÝóì ÌóáöíÓóåõ. æóåõæó áóãú íóÝúÚóáú áóåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóßóíúÝó íóßõæäõ æóåõæó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ¿
ÇáúÍóÇÏöíó ÚóÔóÑó: ÇááøõÌõæÁõ Åöáóì ÇáúÚõäúÝö æóÇáúÈóØúÔö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÌúÒö Úóäö ÇáúÅöÞúäóÇÚö æóÇáúÅöÝúåóÇãö ÃõÓúáõæÈõ ÇáúÌóåóáóÉö æóÇáúÌóÈóÇÈöÑóÉö.
ÇáËøóÇäöíó ÚóÔóÑó: ãõäúÊóåóì ÇáúÞóÓúæóÉö æóÇáúÛöáúÙóÉö Ýöí äóÔúÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ÈöÏõæäö åóæóÇÏóÉò.(8/483)
ÅöÐú åõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÞõÚõæÏñ (6)
ÇáËøóÇáöËó ÚóÔóÑó: ãõäúÊóåóì ÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÚóÏóãö ÇáÑøõÌõæÚö Úóäö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÈóíóÇäõ ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÒó áóåóÇ ÇáÊøóáóÝøõÙõ ÈöãóÇ íõÎóÇáöÝõ ÚóÞöíÏóÊóåóÇ æóÞóáúÈõåóÇ ãõØúãóÆöäøñ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇáúÝóÎúÑö ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøö Þóæúáõåõ:
ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõßúÑóåó Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈöÇáúÅöåúáóÇßö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáúÃóæúáóì Èöåö Ãóäú íóÕúÈöÑó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÎõæøöÝó ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÅöÙúåóÇÑó ßóáöãóÉö ÇáúßõÝúÑö ßóÇáÑøõÎúÕóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÑóæóì ÇáúÍóÓóäõ Ãóäøó ãõÓóíúáöãóÉó ÃóÎóÐó ÑóÌõáóíúäö ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÞóÇáó áöÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ: ÊóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú¡ ÝóÊóÑóßóåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó áöáúÂÎóÑö ãöËúáóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ¡ Èóáú ÃóäúÊó ßóÐøóÇÈñ¡ ÝóÞóÊóáóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÑóßó ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÈöÇáÑøõÎúÕóÉö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÈöÚóÉó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞõÊöáó ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÈöÇáúÃóÝúÖóáö ÝóåóäöíÆðÇ áóåõ» .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóÍúËõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚó ÚóÔóÑó: ÅöÌóÇÈóÉõ ÏóÚúæóÉö ÇáúÛõáóÇãö æóäõÕúÑóÉõ Çááøóåö áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: Çááøóåõãøó ÇßúÝöäöíåöãú ÈöãóÇ ÔöÆúÊó.
ÇáúÎóÇãöÓó ÚóÔóÑó: ÇáÊøóÖúÍöíóÉõ ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö äóÔúÑö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö¡ ÍóíúËõ Ïóáøó ÇáúÛõáóÇãõ Çáúãóáößó Úóáóì ÇáØøóÑöíÞóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íóÊóãóßøóäõ ÇáúÛõáóÇãõ ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÅöÞúäóÇÚö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúæõÕõæáõ áöÐóáößó Úóáóì ÍóíóÇÊöåö åõæó.
ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓó ÚóÔóÑó: ÅöÈúÞóÇÁõ ÌöÓúãöåö ÍóÊøóì Òóãóäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÅößúÑóÇãðÇ áöÃóæúáöíóÇÁö Çááøóåö æóÇáÏøõÚóÇÉö ãöäú Ãóäú ÊóÃúßõáó ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÃóÌúÓóÇãóåõãú.
ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚó ÚóÔóÑó: ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö.
ÇáËøóÇãöäó ÚóÔóÑó: ÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáÏøóãö æóÚóæúÏóÉö ÇáúíóÏö ãóßóÇäóåóÇ ÈöÍóÑóßóÉò ãóÞúÕõæÏóÉò.
ÇáÊøóÇÓöÚó ÚóÔóÑó: ãóÚúÑöÝóÉõ Êöáúßó ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ãóßøóÉó ÍóíúËõ ÍõÏøöËõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ ãöäú ÚóæóÇÞöÈö ÃóÝúÚóÇáöåöãú ÈöÖóÚóÝóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãõæóÖøóÍñ Ýöí ÊóãóÇãö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö.
ÇáúÚöÔúÑõæäó: äõØúÞõ ÇáÕøóÈöíøö ÇáÑøóÖöíÚö ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú åõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÞõÚõæÏñ. ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åõãú¡ æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞõÚõæÏñ¡ ÐõßöÑó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÎöáóÇÝñ.(8/484)
æóãóÇ äóÞóãõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö (8)
ÝóÞöíáó: ÑóÇÌöÚóÇäö Åöáóì ãóäú ÃõÍúÑöÞõæÇ æóÃõÞúÚöÏõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ÑóÇÌöÚóÇäö Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÞõÚõæÏñ» ÅöÔúßóÇáñ¡ æóåõæó: ßóíúÝó íóÊóãóßøóäõ áóåõãõ ÇáúÞõÚõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö.
ÝóÞöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÑóÌóÚóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóÃóÍúÑóÞóÊúåõãú¡ ÝóÞõÚõæÏõåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÞöíÞóÉñ.
æóÞöíáó: ÞõÚõæÏñ Úóáóì ÍóÇÝøóÊöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÞõÚõæÏñ Úóáóì ÇáäøóåúÑö¡ Ãóæú Úóáóì ÇáúÈöÆúÑö¡ Ãóæú Úóáóì ÍóÇÝøóÊöåö æóÍóæúáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: äóÒóáó ÝõáóÇäñ Úóáóì ãóÇÁö ßóÐóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÚöäúÏóåõ.
æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÈóíúÊó ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
ÊõÔóÈøõ áöãóÞúÑõæÑóíúäö íóÕúØóáöíóÇäöåóÇ ... æóÈóÇÊó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇáäøóÏóì æóÇáúãõÍóáøöÞõ
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÂÊöí: Ýóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈõ Ìóåóäøóãó æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúÍóÑöíÞö [85 \ 10] ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇáúÍóÑöíÞõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÌóåóäøóãõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãóÇÆöÑó ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÊóáõæÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÃóÍúÑóÞõæåõãú¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ: Ëõãøó áóãú íóÊõæÈõæÇ Ýóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈõ Ìóåóäøóãó [85 \ 10] ÍóíúËõ ÑóÊøóÈó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÈöËõãøó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó áöáÊøóÑóÇÎöí¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú ÊóÍúÑöÞúåõãú äóÇÑõåõãõ ÇäúÊöÞóÇãðÇ ãöäúåõãú ÍóÇáðÇ¡ Èóáú ÃõãúåöáõæÇ áöíóÊõæÈõæÇ ãöäú ÝöÚúáóÊöåöãõ ÇáÔøóäöíÚóÉö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ Ýóáóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõãú Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäó ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÔõåõæÏñ
ÈöãóÚúäóì ÍõÖõæÑñ¡ íóÊøóÝöÞõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú åõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÞõÚõæÏñ [85 \ 6] ¡ Ãóíú: ÍõÖõæÑñ íõÔóÇåöÏõæäó ÅöÍúÑóÇÞó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÈúßöíÊö Èöåöãú¡ ÅöÐú íóÑóæúäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÙúåóÑó ÈöÃóÚúíõäöåöãú æóáóãú íõÔúÝöÞõæÇ Èöåöãú¡ æóáóãú íóÚúÊóÈöÑõæÇ ÈöËóÈóÇÊöåöãú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ äóÞóãõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö
åóÐóÇ ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÃõÓúáõæÈõ ÇáúãóÏúÍö ÈöãóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ ÇáÐøóãøó¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
æóáóÇ ÚóíúÈó Ýöíåöãú ÛóíúÑó Ãóäøó ÓõíõæÝóåõãú ... Èöåöäøó Ýõáõæáñ ãöäú ÞöÑóÇÚö ÇáúßóÊóÇÆöÈö(8/485)
ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÔóåöíÏñ (9)
æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Þóæúáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö - æóåõæó ÞóíúÓõ ÇáÑøõÞóíøóÇÊö -:
ãóÇ äóÞóãõæÇ ãöäú Èóäöí ÃõãóíøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ... Ãóäøóåõãú íóÍúáõãõæäó Åöäú ÛóÖöÈõæÇ
æóÞóæúáó ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
æóáóÇ ÚóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÔõßúáóÉö ÚóíúäöåóÇ ... ßóÐóÇßó ÚöäóÇÞõ ÇáØøóíúÑö ÔõßúáðÇ ÚõíõæäõåóÇ
íõÞóÇáõ Úóíúäñ ÔóßúáóÇÁõ: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÈóíóÇÖöåóÇ ÍõãúÑóÉñ ÞóáöíáóÉñ íóÓöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó äöÞúãóÊóåõãú Úóáóíúåöãú áöáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ áóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÇÖöí ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÂãóäõæÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÞõæáõæäó áóåõãú: ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÑúÌöÚõæÇ Úóäú Ïöíäößõãú¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú ÊõáúÞóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóáóãú íóÍúÑöÞõæåõãú Úóáóì ÅöíãóÇäöåöãõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö¡ Èóáú Úóáóì ÅöÕúÑóÇÑöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö áöáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö.
æóÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäõ åõäóÇ ÈöÕöÝóÊóíö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: «ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö» ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì äõÕúÑóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ åõæó ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ¡ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó: ãóäú ÚóÒøó ÈóÒøó¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó æóÕúÝõåõ ÈöÇáúÍóãöíÏö ; áöíõÔúÚöÑó ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÑóÛúÈóÉð æóÑóåúÈóÉð¡ ÑóÛúÈóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÍóãöíÏö Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÃúÊöí: «ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáúæóÏõæÏõ» [85 \ 14] ¡ æóÑóåúÈóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ßóãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÈóØúÔó ÑóÈøößó áóÔóÏöíÏñ¡ [85 \ 12] æóåóÐóÇ ßóãóÇáõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÑóÛúÈóÉð æóÑóåúÈóÉð æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö.
æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóíúÃóÓó ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö æóÑóÍúãóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: Ëõãøó áóãú íóÊõæÈõæÇ [85 \ 10] ; ÅöÐú ÃóÚúØóÇåõãõ ÇáúãõåúáóÉó ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ÕöÝóÊöåö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö
ÊóÃúßöíÏñ æóÈóíóÇäñ áöáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ Úóäú ÓõáúØóÇäöåö ÃóÍóÏñ¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáúÞóÇåöÑõ ÝóæúÞó ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÏóÈøöÑõ ÃóãúÑó ãõáúßöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÔóåöíÏñ ÑóÈúØñ ÈöÃóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: «æóÔóÇåöÏò æóãóÔúåõæÏò» [85 \ 3] ¡ Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÔóåöíÏñ¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÝöÚúáõ ÃõæáóÆößó¡ æóÝöíåö ÔöÏøóÉõ ÊóÎúæöíÝö ÃõæáóÆößó æóÊóÍúÐöíÑõåõãú æóãóäú Úóáóì ÔóÇßöáóÊöåöãú¡ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó(8/486)
Åöäøóåõ åõæó íõÈúÏöÆõ æóíõÚöíÏõ (13)
ÊóÚóÇáóì ÔóåöíÏñ Úóáóì ÃóÝúÚóÇáöåöãú Ýóáóäú ÊóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ÎóÇÝöíóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö Ýöí ÔóåöíÏò ; áöãóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉõ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÞõÚõæÏðÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÔõåõæÏðÇ Úóáóì ÅöÍúÑóÇÞö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÓóíõÚóÇãöáõåõãú ÈöÇáúãöËúáö¡ ÅöÐú íóÍúÑöÞõåõãú æóåõæó Úóáóíúåöãú ÔóåöíÏñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝóÊóäõæÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö Ëõãøó áóãú íóÊõæÈõæÇ
íõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö¡ æó «ÝóÊóäõæÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì ÃóÍúÑóÞõæÇ¡ æóíõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÚóÇãøðÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóäú ÃóÐóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó áöíóÝúÊöäõæåõãú Úóäú Ïöíäöåöãú¡ æóíóÑõÏøõæåõãú Úóäúåõ ÈöÃóíøö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö æóÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇáúÃóÎöíÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóÍóãúáõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö Ãóæúáóì ; áöíóÔúãóáó ßõÝøóÇÑó ÞõÑóíúÔò ÈöÇáúæóÚöíÏö æóÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏö¡ æóÊóæúÌöíåöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö ãöãøóÇ ÃóæúÞóÚõæåõ ÈöÖóÚóÝóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: ßóÚóãøóÇÑò¡ æóÈöáóÇáò¡ æóÕõåóíúÈò¡ æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóíõÑóÌøöÍõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãó ÇáúÚõãõæãõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÞóÇÈöáõåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö áóåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊñ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ [85 \ 11] ÝóåóÐóÇ ÚóÇãøñ ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò Ýöí ßõáøö ãóäö ÇÊøóÕóÝó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÈóØúÔó ÑóÈøößó áóÔóÏöíÏñ Ýöí ãóÞóÇãö ÇáúãóäúØõæÞö ÈöÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãöäó «ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö» ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ åõæó íõÈúÏöÆõ æóíõÚöíÏõ
Þöíáó: íõÈúÏöÆõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó æóíõÚöíÏõåõ¡ ßóÇáÒøóÑúÚö æóÇáäøóÈóÇÊö æóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ÈöÇáúãóæúáöÏö æóÇáúãóæúÊö¡ Ëõãøó ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö.
æóÞöíáó: íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö æóíõÚöíÏõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áöåóÐóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ßõáøóãóÇ äóÖöÌóÊú ÌõáõæÏõåõãú ÈóÏøóáúäóÇåõãú ÌõáõæÏðÇ ÛóíúÑóåóÇ áöíóÐõæÞõæÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó [4 \ 56] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ãóÇ ãöäú ÕóÇÍöÈö ÅöÈöáò áóÇ íõÄóÏøöí ÒóßóÇÊóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÈõØöÍó áóåóÇ ÈöÞóÇÚò ÞóÑúÞóÑò¡ Ëõãøó íõÄúÊóì ÈöåóÇ ÃóæúÝóÑó ãóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÓöãóäðÇ¡ ÝóÊóØóÄõåõ ÈöÎöÝóÇÝöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÓúÊóäøõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßõáøóãóÇ ãóÑøó Úóáóíúåö ÃõÎúÑóÇåóÇ ÃõÚöíÏó Úóáóíúåö ÃóæøóáõåóÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÞúÖöíó Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö ÝóíóÑóì ãóÕöíÑóåõ ÅöãøóÇ Åöáóì ÌóäøóÉò¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Åöáóì äóÇÑò»(8/487)
åóáú ÃóÊóÇßó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÌõäõæÏö (17) ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóËóãõæÏó (18)
Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÈóÞóÑö æóÇáúÛóäóãö æóÇáÐøóåóÈö.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - åõæó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõåõ [10 \ 4] . æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáö Çááøóåõ íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõåõ ÝóÃóäøóì ÊõÄúÝóßõæäó [10 \ 34] .
æóÌóÚóáóåõ ÂíóÉð Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ æóÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì ÚóÌúÒö æóäóÞúÕö ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Þõáú åóáú ãöäú ÔõÑóßóÇÆößõãú ãóäú íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõåõ¡ æóÑóÏøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Þõáö Çááøóåõ íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõåõ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóãóÇ ÈóÏóÃúäóÇ Ãóæøóáó ÎóáúÞò äõÚöíÏõåõ æóÚúÏðÇ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÝóÇÚöáöíäó [21 \ 104] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ÃóÊóÇßó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÌõäõæÏö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóËóãõæÏó
ÈóÚúÏó ÚóÑúÖö ÞöÕøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö ; ÊóÓúáöíóÉð áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÊóËúÈöíÊðÇ áóåõãú¡ æóÒóÌúÑðÇ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóÑóÏúÚðÇ áóåõãú¡ ÌóÇÁó ÈöÃóÎúÈóÇÑò áöÈóÚúÖö ãóäú ÓóÈóÞó ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóËóãõæÏó¡ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó ÇáúÌõäõæÏö¡ æóåõãú ÌóãúÚõ ÌõäúÏò¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúßóËúÑóÉõ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÞõæøóÉö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõåõ ãóÇ ÞóÕøó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÎóÈóÑöåö ãóÚó ãõæÓóì æóÈóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó.
æóÝöí ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó åõäóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö ; áöãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÔóÇßóáóÉö æóÇáúãõÔóÇÈóåóÉö¡ ÅöÐú ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ØóÛóì æóÇÏøóÚóì ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉó¡ ßóãóáößö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáó áöÌóáöíÓöåö: Ãóáóßó ÑóÈøñ ÛóíúÑöí¿ æóáöÊóÚúÐöíÈöåö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÈöÊóÞúÊöíáö ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÇÓúÊöÍúíóÇÁö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóÝöí Ðóáößõãú ÈóáóÇÁñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú ÚóÙöíãñ¡ æóáöÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäö Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞö ÇáÏøóÇÚöíóÉö¡ ÅöÐú ãõæÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÞóÏøóãó áöÝöÑúÚóæúäó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì¡ ÝóßóÐøóÈó æóÚóÕóì¡ æóÇáúÛõáóÇãõ ÞóÏøóãó áöåóÐóÇ Çáúãóáößö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì: ÅöÈúÑóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóßúãóåö æóÇáúÃóÈúÑóÕö ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö¡ æóÚóÌóÒó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ Úóäú ãõæÓóì æóÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö¡ æóÚóÌóÒó Çáúãóáößõ Úóäú ÞóÊúáö ÇáúÛõáóÇãö ; ÅöÐú äóÌøóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÛúÑóÇÞö æóÇáÏøóåúÏóåóÉö ãöäú ÞöãøóÉö ÇáúÌóÈóáö¡ ÝóßóÇäó áöåóÐóÇ Ãóäú íóÑúÚóæöíó Úóäú Ðóáößó æóíóÊóÝóØøóäó áöáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÓõáúØóÇäóåõ ÃóÚúãóÇåõ ßóãóÇ ÃóÚúãóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó.
æóßóÐóáößó Âãóäó ÇáÓøóÍóÑóÉõ ; áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÂíóÉó ãõæÓóì¡ æóÎóÑøõæÇ áöáøóåö ÓõÌøóÏðÇ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ Âãóäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÛõáóÇãö¡ ÝóæóÞóÚó Çáúãóáößõ ÝöíãóÇ æóÞóÚó Ýöíåö ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ¡ ÅöÐú ÌóãóÚó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ÇáÓøóÍóÑóÉó ; áöíóÔúåóÏó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÚóÌúÒó ãõæÓóì æóÞõÏúÑóÊóåõ¡ ÝóÇäúÞóáóÈó ÇáúãóæúÞöÝõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóßóÇäó Ãóæøóáõ(8/488)
Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÊóßúÐöíÈò (19)
ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöíãóÇäðÇ åõãú ÃóÚúæóÇäõ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Úóáóì ãõæÓóì¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóÓúÑóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöíãóÇäðÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóãóÚóåõãõ Çáúãóáößõ áöíóÔúåóÏõæÇ ÞóÊúáóåõ áöáúÛõáóÇãö.
ÝóÙóåóÑó ÊóäóÇÓõÈõ ÐößúÑö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí Çáúßõáøö ÚöÙóÉñ æóÚöÈúÑóÉñ¡ æóáóßöäøó åóÐóÇ ãõäúÊóåóì ÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÞóÕóÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÃõÓúáõæÈöåö - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóßóÐóáößó ËóãõæÏõ¡ áöãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõãú ãóäú ãóÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõæøóÉö æóÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÚðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝóÌúÑö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóËóãõæÏó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇÈõæÇ ÇáÕøóÎúÑó ÈöÇáúæóÇÏöí æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ðöí ÇáúÃóæúÊóÇÏö [89 \ 9 - 10] ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÌóãóÚóåóÇ åõäóÇ «ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóËóãõæÏó» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÊóßúÐöíÈò
Ãóíú: ãõÓúÊóãöÑøò Ýöí ßõáøö ÇáúÃõãóãö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáöÇäúÔöÞóÇÞö» ÞóÈúáóåóÇ: Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ íõßóÐøöÈõæäó [84 \ 22] .
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúßöÑúãóÇäöíøõ: ãóÍúãõæÏõ Èúäõ ÍóãúÒóÉó Èúäö äóÕúÑò ÊóÇÌõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö¡ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö «ÃóÓúÑóÇÑõ ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö» : Åöäøó ÇáúãõÛóÇíöÑóÉó áöãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÑõÁõæÓö ÇáúÂíö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÕöáö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö áóÇ ÝóæóÇÕöáõ ÇáúÂíö ; áöÃóäøó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáöÇäúÔöÞóÇÞö» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ãóÚó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó: áóÊóÑúßóÈõäøó ØóÈóÞðÇ Úóäú ØóÈóÞò ÝóãóÇ áóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó æóÅöÐóÇ ÞõÑöÆó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ áóÇ íóÓúÌõÏõæäó Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ íõßóÐøöÈõæäó [84 \ 19 - 22] .
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈõÑõæÌö» åõäóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÃõãóãó ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ æóËóãõæÏó¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö¡ æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýöí ãóßøóÉó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ íõßóÐøöÈõæäó [85 \ 19] ÝóäóÇÓöÈó åóÐóÇ åõäóÇ¡ æóäóÇÓóÈó ÐóÇßó åõäóÇßó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/489)
æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáØøóÇÑöÞõ (2) ÇáäøóÌúãõ ÇáËøóÇÞöÈõ (3)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáØøóÇÑöÞö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáØøóÇÑöÞö
ÃóÕúáõ ÇáØøóÑúÞö Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö: ÇáÏøóÞøõ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáúãöØúÑóÞóÉõ ; æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ áöáúÂÊöí áóíúáðÇ: ØóÇÑöÞñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ØóÑúÞö ÇáúÈóÇÈö.
æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
ÝóãöËúáõßö ÍõÈúáóì ÞóÏú ØóÑóÞúÊõ æóãõÑúÖöÚñ ... ÝóÃóáúåóíúÊõåóÇ Úóäú Ðöí ÊóãóÇÆöãó ãõÍúæöáö
Ãóíú ÌöÆúÊõåóÇ áóíúáðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
Ãóáóãú ÊóÑóíóÇäöí ßõáøóãóÇ ÌöÆúÊõ ØóÇÑöÞðÇ ... æóÌóÏúÊõ ÈöåóÇ ØöíÈðÇ æóÅöäú áóãú ÊóØóíøóÈö
æóÞóæúáõ ÌóÑöíÑò:
ØóÑóÞóÊúßó ÕóÇÆöÏóÉõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóáóíúÓó ÐóÇ ... æóÞúÊö ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö ÝóÇÑúÌöÚöí ÈöÓóáóÇãö
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÃóÚõæÐõ Èößó ãöäú ÔóÑøö ØóæóÇÑöÞö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ØóÇÑöÞðÇ íóØúÑõÞõ ÈöÎóíúÑò íóÇ ÑóÍöãóäõ» ¡ Ýóåõæó áóÝúÙñ Úóãøó Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÔóíúÆõåõ ÇáúãõÝóÇÌöÆö¡ æóáóßóÃóäøóåõ íóÃúÊöí Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉò ÛóíúÑö ãõÊóæóÞøóÚóÉò¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ åõäóÇ ÎõÕøó ÈöãóÇ ÝõÓøöÑó Èöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ Ýöí:
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáØøóÇÑöÞõ ÇáäøóÌúãõ ÇáËøóÇÞöÈõ
ÝóÞöíáó: ãóÇ íóËúÞõÈõ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÇÓúÊöÑóÇÞö ÇáÓøóãúÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íóÓúÊóãöÚö ÇáúÂäó íóÌöÏú áóåõ ÔöåóÇÈðÇ ÑóÕóÏðÇ [72 \ 9] Ýóíóßõæäõ ÚóÇãøðÇ Ýöí ßõáøö äóÌúãò.
æóÞöíáó: ÎóÇÕøñ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÒõÍóáõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáúãóÑøöíÎõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáËøõÑóíøóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃõØúáöÞó ÇáäøóÌúãõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ßóÇäó ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÇáËøõÑóíøóÇ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó åóÐóÇ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÌúãö» .(8/490)
æóÞöíáó: «ÇáËøóÇÞöÈõ» : ÇáúãõÖöíÁõ¡ íóËúÞõÈõ ÇáÙøóáóÇãó ÈöÖóæúÆöåö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóåõæó áöáúÌöäúÓö ÚóÇãøóÉð ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøõÌõæãó ßõáøóåóÇ ãõÖöíÆóÉñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÓõÝúíóÇäõ: ßõáøõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ «æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó» ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ Èöåö¡ æóßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: «æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó» ¡ áóãú íõÎúÈöÑúåõ Èöåö.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú: «æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó» ËóáóÇËó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ãóÑøóÉð¡ ßõáøõåóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ÈöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉö: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ [69 \ 3] ¡ æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÓóÞóÑõ áóÇ ÊõÈúÞöí æóáóÇ ÊóÐóÑõ [74 \ 27 - 28] .
æóÝöí «ÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö» : æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÝóÕúáö [77 \ 14] .
æóÝöí «ÇáöÇäúÝöØóÇÑö» : æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö Ëõãøó ãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö íóæúãó áóÇ Êóãúáößõ äóÝúÓñ áöäóÝúÓò ÔóíúÆðÇ [82 \ 17 - 19] .
æóÝöí «ÇáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó» : æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÓöÌøöíäñ ßöÊóÇÈñ ãóÑúÞõæãñ [83 \ 8 - 9] .
æóÝöí «ÇáúÈóáóÏö» : æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉõ Ýóßøõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò [90 \ 12 - 13] .
æóÝöí «ÇáúÞóÏúÑö» : æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò [97 \ 2 - 3] .
æóÝöí «ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉö» : æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ [101 \ 3] .
æóÃóíúÖðÇ: ÝóÃõãøõåõ åóÇæöíóÉñ æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ åöíóåú äóÇÑñ ÍóÇãöíóÉñ [101 \ 9 - 11] ¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáØøóÇÑöÞõ ÇáäøóÌúãõ ÇáËøóÇÞöÈõ¡ ÝóßõáøõåóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉö» .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
íõáóÇÍóÙõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøõåóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕóÇÑö ÇáÓøõæóÑö ãöäó «ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉö» æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÃóãøóÇ «ãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó» ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ËóáóÇËó ãóÑøóÇÊò ÝóÞóØú: æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó Êóßõæäõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ [33 \ 63] ¡ Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» : æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÑöíÈñ [42 \ 17] ¡ Ýöí «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» ¡ æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøóåõ íóÒøóßøóì [80 \ 3] Ýöí «ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì» ¡ Ýóáóãú íõÎúÈöÑúåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí(8/491)
ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãöãøó ÎõáöÞó (5)
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: áóÚóáøóåõ íóÒøóßøóì¡ Ýóåõæó æóÅöäú áóãú íõÕóÑøöÍú: åóáú åõæó ÊóÒóßøóì Ãóãú áóÇ¿ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó áóÚóáøó ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
ÞóÇáó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: ÃóÞúÓóãó Çááøóåõ ÈöÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÈöÇáäøóÌúãö ÇáØøóÇÑöÞö ; áöÚóÙóãö ÃóãóÑöåöãóÇ¡ æóßöÈóÑö ÎóáúÞöåöãóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöãóæóÇÞöÚö ÇáäøõÌõæãö æóÅöäøóåõ áóÞóÓóãñ áóæú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ÚóÙöíãñ [56 \ 75 - 76] ; æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÞúÓóãó ÈöÇáäøóÌúãö ÅöÐóÇ åóæóì. æóÝöíãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÊóÑúÌöíÍõ ßóæúäö ãóæóÇÞöÚö ÇáäøõÌõæãö: æóÇáäøóÌúãö ÅöÐóÇ åóæóì [53 \ 1] : ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó äõÌõæãõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÊóäúÒöíáõåõ ãõäóÌøóãðÇ æóåõæó Èöåö äõÒõæáõ Çáúãóáößö Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò áóãøóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÝöÙñ
Þöíáó: «ÍóÇÝöÙñ» áöÃóÚúãóÇáöåö íõÍúÕöíåóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ íóáúÝöÙõ ãöäú Þóæúáò ÅöáøóÇ áóÏóíúåö ÑóÞöíÈñ ÚóÊöíÏñ [50 \ 18] .
æóÞöíáó: «ÍóÇÝöÙñ» Ãóíú: ÍóÇÑöÓñ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ãõÚóÞøöÈóÇÊñ ãöäú Èóíúäö íóÏóíúåö æóãöäú ÎóáúÝöåö íóÍúÝóÙõæäóåõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö [13 \ 11] ¡ æóÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ íóÔúåóÏõ áöáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ãóÚðÇ ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãöãøó ÎõáöÞó ÎõáöÞó ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÇáÕøõáúÈö æóÇáÊøóÑóÇÆöÈö [86 \ 5 - 7] íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÑóÇÍöáö Ýöí ÍöÝúÙò¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóæøóáðÇ: «Ýöí ÞóÑóÇÑò ãóßöíäò» [23 \ 13] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «Ãóäøó Çááøóåó æóßøóáó ÈöÇáÑøóÍöãö ãóáóßðÇ» . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóÈóÚúÏó ÈõáõæÛöåö Óöäøó ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö íóÌúÑöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞóáóãõ¡ ÝóíóÍúÝóÙõ Úóáóíúåö Úóãóáóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ãöäú Íóãúáö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑóßö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóíóíúåö ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö áóåõ ãõÊóÚóáøöÞñ íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÒóãóäò ÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãöãøó ÎõáöÞó
«ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ» åõäóÇ ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÈóäöí ÂÏóãó æóÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö ÚóÇãøóÉð¡ æóáóãú íóÏúÎõáú Ýöíåö ÂÏóãõ æóáóÇ ÍóæøóÇÁõ æóáóÇ ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - áöÃóäøóåõ Èóíøóäó ãóÇ ÎõáöÞó ãöäúåõ¡ æóåõæó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎõáöÞó ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÇáÕøõáúÈö æóÇáÊøóÑóÇÆöÈö.(8/492)
Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚöåö áóÞóÇÏöÑñ (8)
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò [16 \ 4] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ Êõãúäõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÎúáõÞõæäóåõ Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó [56 \ 58 - 59] ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò [76 \ 2] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÏøóåúÑö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚöåö áóÞóÇÏöÑñ¡ «Åöäøóåõ» åõäóÇ Ãóíú: Åöäøó Çááøóåó «Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚöåö» ¡ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöíåö Þöíáó: ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöáúãóÇÁö ÇáÏøóÇÝöÞö¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÎóÑóÌó¡ ßóÑóÏøö ÇááøóÈóäö Åöáóì ÇáÖøóÑúÚö ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóÑóÏøö ÇáØøöÝúáö Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÍöãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó æóãõÌóÇåöÏò.
æóÞöíáó: Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÏóáóÇáóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó åõæó ÇáËøóÇäöí ; áöÚöÏøóÉö ÃõãõæÑò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÑóÏó ÇáúãóÇÁö áóãú íóÊóÚóáøóÞú Èöåö Íõßúãñ æóáóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ÂÎóÑõ Óöæóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÑóÌúÚö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ Ýóåõæó ÞóÖöíøóÉõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö. æóíóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö ßõáøõ ÃóÍúßóÇãö íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ãóÌöíÁõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÇáúÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÚóÇÏóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «íÓ» : æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ Ãóíú: ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò: ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò [36 \ 78 - 79] ¡ Ãóíú: «ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÇáÕøõáúÈö æóÇáÊøóÑóÇÆöÈö» .
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäö ÇáúÃóæøóáó íóÍúÊóÇÌõ ãóÚóåõ Åöáóì ÊóÞúÏöíÑö ÚóÇãöáò áöÜ «íóæúãó ÊõÈúáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ» ¡ äóÍúæõ ÇÐúßõÑú ãóËóáðÇ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÚóÇãöáó Ýöíåö: åõæó «áóÞóÇÏöÑñ» ¡ Ãóíú: áóÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚöåö íóæúãó ÊõÈúáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ.
æóäóÞóáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóØöíøóÉó Þóæúáóåõ: æóßõáøõ ãóäú ÎóÇáóÝó Ðóáößó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÝóÑøó ãöäú Ãóäú íóßõæäó: «áóÞóÇÏöÑñ» åõæó ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ Ýöí ÇáÙøóÑúÝö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íõæåöãõ Ãóäøó ÞõÏúÑóÊóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚöåö ãõÞóíøóÏóÉñ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóßöäú ÈöÊóÃóãøõáö ÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö íõÚúáóãõ ÌóæóÇÒõåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚöåö áóÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ÃóæøóáðÇ æóÂÎöÑðÇ¡ æóÝöí ßõáøö æóÞúÊò¡ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÎóÕøóÕó ãöäó ÇáúÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáúæóÞúÊó ÇáúÃóåóãøó(8/493)
ÝóãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÞõæøóÉò æóáóÇ äóÇÕöÑò (10)
Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ æóÞúÊõ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÇáúæõÕõæáö Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö áöáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ãöäúåõ. ÇåÜ.
ÝóÙóåóÑó ÈöÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí «ÑóÌúÚöåö» ÚóÇÆöÏñ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåö ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÇãöáó åõæó: «áóÞóÇÏöÑñ» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊõÈúáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõäóÇáößó ÊóÈúáõæ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝóÊú [10 \ 30] ¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ Èöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÅöÐóÇ ÈõÚúËöÑó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö æóÍõÕøöáó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [100 \ 9 - 10] . æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóáó ÇÈúÊöáóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÃóÌúãóáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈöÅöíÑóÇÏö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ ÃóãóÇäóÉõ ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ÝöíãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóãóËøóáõæÇ áöÐóáößó: ÈöÇáúÍöÝóÇÙö Úóáóì ÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉö áöáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÛõÓúáö ÇáúÌóäóÇÈóÉö¡ æóÍöÝúÙö ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó. æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏõ æóÕöÏúÞõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Ãóæö ÇáäøöÝóÇÞõ¡ ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö.
æóÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ: åöíó ßõáøõ ãóÇ íõÎúÝöíåö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÍóÊøóì Ýöí ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊö ãóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóËóÑö: «ÇáúßóíøöÓõ ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóÈöíÆóÉõ ÓöÑøò» ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÓöÑøõæÇ Þóæúáóßõãú Ãóæö ÇÌúåóÑõæÇ Èöåö [67 \ 13] ¡ ÝóÇáÓøöÑøõ ÖöÏøõ ÇáúÌóåúÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóÍúæóÕõ:
ÓóíóÈúÞóì áóåóÇ Ýöí ãõÖúãóÑö ÇáúÞóáúÈö æóÇáúÍóÔóÇ ... ÓóÑöíÑóÉõ æõÏøò íóæúãó ÊõÈúáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÓóãöÚóåõ ÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÃóÛúÝóáóåõ ÚóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáØøóÇÑöÞö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÞõæøóÉò æóáóÇ äóÇÕöÑò
ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóíúÓó ãöäú ÞõæøóÉò Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö áöÖóÚúÝöåö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ: æóÚõÑöÖõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÕóÝøðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò [18 \ 48] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÎóÇÔöÚóÉð ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú ÊóÑúåóÞõåõãú ÐöáøóÉñ [68 \ 43] ¡ Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáÖøóÚúÝö æóÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÎóæúÝö¡ æóáóÇ äóÇÕöÑó áóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÝöÆóÉñ íóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõäúÊóÕöÑðÇ [18 \ 43] .(8/494)
Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáñ ÝóÕúáñ (13)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóæúãó áóÇ Êóãúáößõ äóÝúÓñ áöäóÝúÓò ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáøóåö [82 \ 19] . .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÐóÇÊö ÇáÑøóÌúÚö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÏúÚö Þöíáó: ÑóÌúÚõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö: ÅöÚóÇÏóÉõ ÖóæúÁö ÇáäøõÌõæãö æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö.
æóÞöíáó: " ÇáÑøóÌúÚõ ": ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÊóÑúÌöÚõ ÈöÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö.
æóÞöíáó: " ÇáÑøóÌúÚõ ": ÇáúãóØóÑõ æóÃóÑúÒóÇÞõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö. " æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÏúÚö " Þöíáó: ÊóäúÔóÞøõ Úóäö ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö íóæúãó ÇáúÈóÚúËö. æóÞöíáó: ÊóäúÔóÞøõ ÈöÇáäøóÈóÇÊö.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌúÚó æóÇáÕøóÏúÚó ãõÊóÞóÇÈöáóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö: ÈöÇáúãóØóÑö æóÇáäøóÈóÇÊö. ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöáóì ØóÚóÇãöåö ÃóäøóÇ ÕóÈóÈúäóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÕóÈøðÇ Ëõãøó ÔóÞóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÔóÞøðÇ ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÈøðÇ æóÚöäóÈðÇ æóÞóÖúÈðÇ " [80 \ 24 - 28] . æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáñ ÝóÕúáñ: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÍóÞøñ. æóßóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõæäó: Íõßúãñ ÚóÏúáñ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Åöäøóåõ Ãóíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ íóÝúÕöáõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúÈóÇØöáö.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÌúÚöåö áóÞóÇÏöÑñ íóæúãó ÊõÈúáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ [86 \ 8 - 9] .
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÇáó Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÌóæøóÒó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑó Úóäú ÑóÌúÚö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö íóæúãó ÊõÈúáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ¡ Þóæúáñ ÝóÕúáñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõåõ ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøõ Åöáóì ÇáúÞóÝøóÇáö.
æóÓöíóÇÞõ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÅöÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóäóÇÁö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊú ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÏöáøóÉò ãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÈóÚúËö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÐóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÇÑöÞö ; áöÚöÙóãö ÎöáúÞóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÚöÙóãö ÏóáóÇáóÊöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö.(8/495)
Åöäøóåõãú íóßöíÏõæäó ßóíúÏðÇ (15)
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÃóæøóáðÇ ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò [36 \ 79] .
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ãóÌúãõæÚõ Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÐóÇÊö ÇáÑøóÌúÚö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÏúÚö¡ Ãóíú: ÅöäúÒóÇáõ ÇáúãóØóÑö¡ æóÅöäúÈóÇÊõ ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö æóåõæó ÅöÍúíóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ. ÝóäóÇÓóÈó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãõ Úóáóì ÊóÍóÞøõÞö ÇáúÈóÚúËö.
æóÃóßøóÏó åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÈöÇáúÅöãúåóÇáö ÑõæóíúÏðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Óõãøöíó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÝóÕúáö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áöÃóíøö íóæúãò ÃõÌøöáóÊú áöíóæúãö ÇáúÝóÕúáö æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÝóÕúáö æóíúáñ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó [77 \ 12 - 15] .
æóÐößúÑõ Çáúæóíúáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö áöáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó¡ íõÚóÇÏöáõ ÇáúÅöãúåóÇáó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÈóØúäóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóÓóãö æóÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö¡ áóßóÇäó ÃóÙúåóÑó æóÃóæúÖóÍó ; áöÃóäøó ÑóÌúÚó ÇáúãóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏó ÝóäóÇÆöåö ÈöÊóáúÞöíÍö ÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö ãöäú ÌóÏöíÏò¡ íõÚóÇÏöáõ ÑóÌúÚó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÝóäóÇÆöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÊóÔóÞøõÞõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö íõäóÇÓöÈõ ÊóÔóÞøõÞóåóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÈóÚúËö Úóäö ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõãú íóßöíÏõæäó ßóíúÏðÇ æóÃóßöíÏõ ßóíúÏðÇ äöÓúÈóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝöÚúáö áóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøóåõ: ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóßóÑõæÇ æóãóßóÑó Çááøóåõ [3 \ 54] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ãõÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó Çááøóåõ íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõ Èöåöãú [2 \ 14 - 15] ¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáö: áóãøóÇ ÓõÆöáó Úóäú Ãóíøö ÇáØøóÚóÇãö íõÑöíÏõ¡ æóåõæó ÚóÇÑò íõÑöíÏõ ßõÓúæóÉð:
ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÎúÊóÑú ØóÚóÇãðÇ äóÌöÏú áóßó ØóÈúÎóÉð ... ÞõáúÊõ ÇØúÈõÎõæÇ áöí ÌõÈøóÉð æóÞóãöíÕóÇ
æóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáÓøóáóÝõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõäúÓóÈõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõÔúÊóÞøó áóåõ ãöäúåõ ÇÓúãñ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈöáö ÝöÚúáö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÝöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúßóíúÏõ ÃóÕúáõåõ ÇáúãõÚóÇÌóáóÉõ áöáÔøóíúÁö ÈöÞõæøóÉò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÝóÇÑöÓò Ýöí ãõÚúÌóãö ãóÞóÇíöíÓö ÇááøõÛóÉö: æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÞóÏú ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇáúßóíúÏó Úóáóì ÇáúãóßúÑö¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÞóÏú íõÓóãøõæäó ÇáúãóßúÑó ßóíúÏðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú íõÑöíÏõæäó ßóíúÏðÇ [52 \ 42] ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúßóíúÏõ åõäóÇ áóãú íõÈóíøóäú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóßúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -(8/496)
Ýóãóåøöáö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó Ãóãúåöáúåõãú ÑõæóíúÏðÇ (17)
ÈóíóÇäõ ÔóíúÁò ãöäúåõ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóßóÑõæÇ æóãóßóÑó Çááøóåõ æóÇááøóåõ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÇßöÑöíäó [3 \ 54] ; ÈöÃóäøó ãóßúÑóåõãú ãõÍóÇæóáóÊõåõãú ÞóÊúáó ÚöíÓóì¡ æóãóßúÑõ Çááøóåö ÅöáúÞóÇÁõ ÇáÔøóÈóåö¡ Ãóíú: ÔóÈøóåó ÚöíÓóì Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÚöíÓóì.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ãóßóÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ÝóÃóÊóì Çááøóåõ ÈõäúíóÇäóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÞóæóÇÚöÏö ÝóÎóÑøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÓøóÞúÝõ ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú æóÃóÊóÇåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó [16 \ 26] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáäøõãúÑõæÏö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãóßúÑõåõãú ÈõäúíóÇäó ÇáÕøóÑúÍö áöíóÕúÚóÏó Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãóßúÑõ Çááøóåö Èöåöãú Ãóäú ÊóÑóßóåõãú ÍóÊøóì ÊóÕóÇÚóÏõæÇ ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö¡ ÝóÃóÊóì Çááøóåõ ÈõäúíóÇäóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÞóæóÇÚöÏö¡ ÝóåóÏóãóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúßóíúÏõ åõäóÇ¡ Åöäøóåõãú íóßöíÏõæäó áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ íõÑöíÏõæäó áöíõØúÝöÆõæÇ äõæÑó Çááøóåö ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú¡ æóÇááøóåö íóßöíÏõ áóåõãú ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúÑóÇÌö ÍóÊøóì íóÃúÊöíó ãóæúÚöÏõ ÅöåúáóÇßöåöãú¡ æóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ÊóÍúÞöíÞõåõ Ýöí ÈóÏúÑò ; ÅöÐú ÎóÑóÌõæÇ ãõÍóÇÏøóÉð áöáøóåö æóáöÑóÓõæáöåö¡ æóÝöí ÎõíóáóÇÆöåöãú æóãõÝóÇÎóÑóÊöåöãú¡ æóßóíúÏõ Çááøóåö áóåõãú: Ãóäú Þóáøóáó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí ÃóÚúíõäöåöãú¡ ÍóÊøóì ØóãöÚõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ æóÃóãúØóÑó ÃóÑúÖó ÇáúãóÚúÑóßóÉö¡ æóåõãú Ýöí ÃóÑúÖò ÓóÈúÎóÉò¡ æóÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖò ÑóãúáöíøóÉò ÝóßóÇäó ÒóáóÞðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú æóËóÈóÇÊðÇ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ Ëõãøó ÃóäúÒóáó ãóáóÇÆößóÊóåõ áöÞöÊóÇáöåöãú. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóåøöáö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó Ãóãúåöáúåõãú ÑõæóíúÏðÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöãúåóÇáõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ íõäóÇÝöíåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÞúÊõáõæÇ ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÍóíúËõ æóÌóÏúÊõãõæåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 5] .
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöãúåóÇáó ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÇáÓøóíúÝö. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõåõ ßóáóÇãõ ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íõÕóÑøöÍú Èöåö æóåõæó ãóäúÕõæÕõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö. æóáóÚóáøó Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: Ãóãúåöáúåõãú ÑõæóíúÏðÇ ; áöÃóäøó «ÑõæóíúÏðÇ» : ÈöãóÚúäóì ÞóáöíáðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóíøóÏó ÇáúÅöãúåóÇáó ÈöÇáúÞöáøóÉö¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöãóÌöíÁö ÇáäøóÓúÎö æóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó äöåóÇÆöíøðÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/497)
ÓóÈøöÍö ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÃóÚúáóì (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÃóÚúáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóÈøöÍö ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÃóÚúáóì
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÊøóäúÒöíåõ Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ¡ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö åõäóÇ ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÝöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÊóÓúÈöíÍö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÇÓúÌõÏú áóåõ æóÓóÈøöÍúåõ áóíúáðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ [76 \ 26] . æóãöËúáö: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö Íöíäó ÊõãúÓõæäó æóÍöíäó ÊõÕúÈöÍõæäó [30 \ 17] .
æóÊóÓúÈöíÍõ ÇáÑøóÈøö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøößó ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäó [37 \ 180] ¡ ÝóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ åóáö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÊóÓúÈöíÍõ Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ Ãóæö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÊóÓúÈöíÍõ ÇÓúãöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó åõäóÇ¿ Ëõãøó ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÊóÓúÈöíÍö ÇÓúãö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáöÇÓúãö æóÇáúãõÓóãøóì.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» ¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÚóÙöíãö [56 \ 96] ¡ Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÈóÇÁó åõäóÇßó ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö ßóÏõÎõæáöåóÇ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóåõÒøöí Åöáóíúßö ÈöÌöÐúÚö ÇáäøóÎúáóÉö ÊõÓóÇÞöØú Úóáóíúßö ÑõØóÈðÇ ÌóäöíøðÇ [19 \ 25] ¡ æóÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì ãõÊóÞóÏøöãò Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÍóßóì ßóáóÇãó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúãó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÓóãøóì¡ æóÇÓúÊóÔúåóÏó áóåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÈöÞóæúáö áóÈöíÏò:
Åöáóì ÇáúÍóæúáö Ëõãøó ÇÓúãõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãö ÚóáóíúßõãóÇ ... æóãóäú íóÈúßö ÍóæúáðÇ ßóÇãöáðÇ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÚúÊóÐóÑú
æóÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóáúÒóãõ Ýöí äóÙóÑöí Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúãó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÓóãøóì åõäóÇ ; áöÅöãúßóÇäö ßóæúäö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö äóÝúÓõ ÇáöÇÓúãö ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÓúãóÇÁó Çááøóåö ÃóáúÍóÏó ÝöíåóÇ Þóæúãñ æóäóÒøóåóåóÇ ÂÎóÑõæäó¡ æóæóÕóÝóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÇáöÛóÉõ ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÍõÓúäö ; áöÇÔúÊöãóÇáöåóÇ Úóáóì ÕöÝóÇÊöåö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÝóÇÏúÚõæåõ ÈöåóÇ [7 \ 180] .(8/498)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóíøðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæÇ Ýóáóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì [17 \ 110] . Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóáóÓúäóÇ äõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú äóÐúßõÑó ßóáóÇãó ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãöíäó Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúãö æóÇáúãõÓóãøóì: åóáö ÇáöÇÓúãõ åõæó ÇáúãõÓóãøóì Ãóæú áóÇ¿ áöÃóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóäóÇ åõäóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö. ÇåÜ.
ÝóÊóÖóãøóäó ßóáóÇãõåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇÍúÊöãóÇáó ßóæúäö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö: ÊóäúÒöíåõ ÇÓúãö Çááøóåö ÚóãøóÇ ÃóáúÍóÏó Ýöíåö ÇáúãõáúÍöÏõæäó¡ ßóÇÍúÊöãóÇáö ÊóäúÒöíåö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöÌóáóÇáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäó ÚóÏóãó áõÒõæãö ßóæúäö ÇáöÇÓúãö åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÓóãøóì¡ æóáóÚóáøóäóÇ äõæÑöÏõ ãõÌúãóáó ÈóíóÇäö Êöáúßó ÇáäøöÞóÇØö. Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóäúÒöíåõ ÃóÓúãóÇÁö Çááøóåö Ýóåõæó Úóáóì ÚöÏøóÉö ãóÚóÇäò¡ ãöäúåóÇ: ÊóäúÒöíåõåóÇ Úóäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö: ßóÇááøóÇÊó¡ æóÇáúÚõÒøóì¡ æóÇÓúãö ÇáúÂáöåóÉö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÊóäúÒöíåõåóÇ Úóäö Çááøóåúæö ÈöåóÇ æóÇááøóÚöÈö¡ ßóÇáÊøóáóÝøõÙö ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉò ÊõäóÇÝöí ÇáúÎõÔõæÚó æóÇáúÅöÌúáóÇáó: ßóãóäú íóÚúÈóËõ ÈöåóÇ æóíóáúåõæ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãóäú íóáúåõæ æóíóÓúåõæ Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåö: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÕóáøöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÓóÇåõæäó [107 \ 4 - 5] ¡ Ãóæú æóÖúÚöåóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóæóÇÖöÚöåóÇ: ßóäóÞúÔö ÇáËøóæúÈö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÝöÑóÇÔö ÇáúãõãúÊóåóäö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÊóäúÒöíåõåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúãóæóÇØöäö ÛóíúÑö ÇáØøóÇåöÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÇáúÎóáóÇÁó äóÒóÚó ÎóÇÊóãóåõ ; áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú äóÞúÔö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóãöäúåõ: ÕöíóÇäóÉõ ÇáúÃóæúÑóÇÞö ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈóÉö ãöäó ÇáöÇÈúÊöÐóÇáö ÕóæúäðÇ áöÇÓúãö Çááøóåö.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ Êóßõæäõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãõæóÖøöÍóÉð áöÂíóÉö «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøößó æóÇÞöÚñ ãóæúÞöÚó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÊóÓúÈöíÍõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáöÇÓúãó åõæó ÇáúãõÓóãøóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáöÇÓúãõ ÕöáóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÈóíúÊö áóÈöíÏò ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáöÇÓúãö: åóáú åõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáúãõÓóãøóì Ãóãú áóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ æóÕúÝñ Ñóßöíßñ.
ÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: æóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõ Ýöí äóÙóÑöí ßóæúäõ ÇáöÇÓúãö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÓóãøóì åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÈöáóÇÒöãò Åöáóì ÈóÓúØò Þóáöíáò ; áöíõÙúåöÑó ÕöÍøóÉó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ.(8/499)
æóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔóåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÈóÚúÏó ãõÞóÏøöãóÉò¡ ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ: ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú ÊóãóÓøóßó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúãó äóÝúÓõ ÇáúãõÓóãøóì.
ÝóÃóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÎóæúÖó Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÊóáúÎöíÕö ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó åóÇ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÈóíóÇäö Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúãó ãóÇ åõæó¿ æóÇáúãõÓóãøóì ãóÇ åõæó¿
ÝóäóÞõæáõ: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãöäó ÇáöÇÓúãö åõæó åóÐóÇ ÇááøóÝúÙõ¡ æóÈöÇáúãõÓóãøóì Êöáúßó ÇáÐøóÇÊõ¡ ÝóÇáúÚóÇÞöáõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: ÇáöÇÓúãõ åõæó ÇáúãõÓóãøóì¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãöäó ÇáöÇÓúãö åõæó Êöáúßó ÇáÐøóÇÊõ¡ æóÈöÇáúãõÓóãøóì ÃóíúÖðÇ Êöáúßó ÇáÐøóÇÊõ. ßóÇäó ÞóæúáõäóÇ: ÇáöÇÓúãõ äóÝúÓõ ÇáúãõÓóãøóì ; åõæó Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáÐøóÇÊó åöíó Êöáúßó ÇáÐøóÇÊõ. æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõäóÇÒöÚó Ýöíåö ÚóÇÞöáñ¡ ÝóÚóáöãúäóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí æóÕúÝöåóÇ ÑóßöíßóÉñ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÈóÇåó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑöíäó ; ÈöÓóÈóÈö áóÝúÙö ÇáöÇÓúãö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÞóÓöíãõ ÇáúÝöÚúáö æóÇáúÍóÑúÝö¡ ÅöÐú åõæó ãõÑóÇÏõ ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãöíäó Ýöí ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ãõÓóãøóÇåõ.
æóãöäú åõäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ áöãóÇÐóÇ ÃóÚúÑóÖó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Úóäú ÈóíóÇäöåóÇ¿ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíóÇäó ÇáúãõÌúãóáó ; áöäõØúáöÚó ÇáúÞóÇÑöÆó Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÊóÞúÏöíÑò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãöíäó Ãóæö ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑöíäó ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ Åöäú æóÞóÚó ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáÐøóæóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞóÚõ Ýöí ÐóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ; áöÃóäøó áöÃóÓúãóÇÁö Çááøóåö ÃóÍúßóÇãðÇ áóÇ áöÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó¡ æóáöÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÍóÞøõ ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö æóÇáÊøóäúÒöíåö¡ æóÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö ÈöåóÇ. ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóåõäóÇ æõÌúåóÉõ äóÙóÑò áóãú ÃóÑó ãóäú ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú ÞóÏú ÊõÝúåóãõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ æóÊõÔöíÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ. æóåöíó: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍõ åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÐøößúÑö æóÇáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö: ßóÇáÊøóÍúãöíÏö¡ æóÇáÊøóåúáöíáö¡ æóÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøö Þóæúáõåõ: æóíóßõæäõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÓóÈøöÍú ÑóÈøóßó ÈöÐößúÑö ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö¡ æóäóÍúæõåõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö äõÞõæáö ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Åöáóì Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: ÃóäøóåóÇ áóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú¡ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÞóÑóÃóåóÇ: «ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöíó ÇáúÃóÚúáóì» .
æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ Ñõæöíó: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú: ÝóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÚóÙöíãö [56 \ 74] ¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÇÌúÚóáõæåóÇ Ýöí ÑõßõæÚößõãú» æóáóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÇÌúÚóáõæåóÇ Ýöí ÓõÌõæÏößõãú» .(8/500)
ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÝóÓóæøóì (2)
æóÓóÇÞó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÃóËóÑðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ Ýöí ÝóÖúáöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÎóÇÑöÌö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ áóßöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÕóÍöíÍò.
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ: «æóÊóÍúãóÏõæäó ÏõÈõÑó ßõáøö ÕóáóÇÉò ËóáóÇËðÇ æóËóáóÇËöíäó¡ æóÊõßóÈøöÑõæäó ËóáóÇËðÇ æóËóáóÇËöíäó¡ æóÊóÎúÊöãõæäó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉó ÈöáóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ» .
æóÞóÏú ÕóÍøó Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú: «ãóÇ Õóáøóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÕóáóÇÉð¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú äóÒóáóÊú Úóáóíúåö: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ [110 \ 1] ¡ ÅöáøóÇ íóÞõæáõ:» ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÈöÍóãúÏößó¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÇÛúÝöÑú áöí «¡ æóÞóÇáóÊú: íóÊóÃóæøóáõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó.
æóÞóÇáóÊú Ãõãøõ ÓóáóãóÉó:» Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõåóÇ Ýöí ÞöíóÇãöåö æóÞõÚõæÏöåö¡ æóãóÌöíÆöåö æóÐóåóÇÈöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýóíóßõæäõ: «ÓóÈøöÍö ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøößó» : Ãóíö: ÇÐúßõÑú ÑóÈøóßó.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö äóÝúÓöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÐóßóÑó ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÕóáøóì
[87 \ 14 - 15] ¡ ÝóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÐößúÑö ÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÓóÈøöÍö ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøößó¡ ÝóæóÖóÚó ÇáÐøößúÑó ãóæúÖöÚó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóíúåö. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÝóÓóæøóì
ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáúÎóáúÞó ; áöíóÚõãøó ßõáøó ãóÎúáõæÞò ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí «ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» ¡ «ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ» [32 \ 7] ¡ æóÇáÊøóÓúæöíóÉõ: ÇáÊøóÞúæöíãõ æóÇáÊøóÚúÏöíáõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ßõáøó ãóÎúáõæÞò ãõÓúÊóæò Úóáóì ÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ áöÎöáúÞóÊöåö æóãóÇ ÎõáöÞó áóåõ¡ ÝóÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÞúæóì ÈöäóÇÁò¡ æóÃóÚúáóì Óõãúßò¡ æóÃóÔóÏøö ÊóãóÇÓõßò¡ áóÇ ÊóÑóì ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÊóÔóÞøõÞò æóáóÇ ÝõØõæÑò¡ æóÒóíøóäóåóÇ ÈöÇáäøõÌõæãö¡ æóÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÏóÍóÇåóÇ¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóãöåóÇÏðÇ¡ æóÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑó ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÕúáõÍõ áóåõ ãöäú ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ æóæóÞõæÏö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊõ Ýöí ÎöáúÞóÊöåóÇ æóÊóÓúæöíóÊöåóÇ ÂíóÉñ: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÈöáö ßóíúÝó ÎõáöÞóÊú æóÅöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ßóíúÝó ÑõÝöÚóÊú æóÅöáóì ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ßóíúÝó äõÕöÈóÊú æóÅöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóíúÝó ÓõØöÍóÊú [88 \ 17 - 20] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÍóÞøðÇ áóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ãóäú íõÓóÈøóÍó(8/501)
ÓóäõÞúÑöÆõßó ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúÓóì (6) ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Åöäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÇáúÌóåúÑó æóãóÇ íóÎúÝóì (7)
ÇÓúãõåõ Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö¡ æóÌóãöíÚö ÕöÝóÇÊöåö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÌóãóÚó Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáÊøóÓúæöíóÉö¡ ÝóáößóãóÇáö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö æóÇáÊøóäúÒöíåö Úóäú ßõáøö äóÞúÕò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóÑó ÝóåóÏóì
ÃóØúáóÞó åõäóÇ ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑó ; áöíóÚõãøó ßõáøó ãóÞúÏõæÑò¡ æóåõæó ÚóÇÆöÏñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóÎúáõæÞò ; áöÃóäøó ãöäú áóæóÇÒöãö ÇáúÎóáúÞó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò [54 \ 49] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏúÑðÇ [65 \ 3] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ æóãóËöíáóÇÊõåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚóåóÇ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö ÇáÊøóÇãøö áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ áóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì Úóäú ÑóÈøöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: Ýóãóäú ÑóÈøõßõãóÇ íóÇãõæÓóì ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõäóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúØóì ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáúÞóåõ Ëõãøó åóÏóì [20 \ 49 - 50] .
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÝóÓóæøóì [87 \ 2] ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÞóÏøóÑó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó¡ æóåóÏóì ßõáøó ãóÎúáõæÞò Åöáóì ãóÇ ÞóÏøóÑóåõ áóåõ¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÚõáúæöíøö ÞóÏøóÑó ãóÞóÇÏöíÑó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö¡ æóåóÏóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó áöÊóäúÝöíÐöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏøóÑó ãóÓöíÑó ÇáúÃóÝúáóÇßö¡ æóåóÏóÇåóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÞõÏøöÑó áóåóÇ: «ßõáøñ Ýöí Ýóáóßò íóÓúÈóÍõæäó» [21 \ 33] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑö æóÇáäøóÈóÇÊóÇÊö ; ÞóÏøóÑó áóåóÇ ÃóÒúãöäóÉð ãõÚóíøóäóÉð Ýöí ÅöíÊóÇÆöåóÇ æóåöÏóÇíóÊöåóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÞõÏøöÑó áóåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÌöÐúÑõ íóäúÒöáõ Åöáóì ÃóÓúÝóáó æóÇáäøóÈúÊóÉõ Êóäúãõæ Åöáóì ÃóÚúáóì¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊõ Ýöí ÊóáúÞöíÍöåóÇ¡ æóäöÊóÇÌöåóÇ¡ æóÅöÑúÖóÇÚöåóÇ. ßõáøñ ÞóÏú åóÏóÇåõ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÞõÏøöÑó áóåõ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ßõáøóåõ ÏóÇÎöáñ ÊóÍúÊó ãóäúØõæÞö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö¡ ÝóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõäóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúØóì ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáúÞóåõ Ëõãøó åóÏóì [20 \ 50] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóäõÞúÑöÆõßó ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúÓóì ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÚúäóì: äõÞúÑöÆõßó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÌóáú ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íõÞúÖóì Åöáóíúßó æóÍúíõåõ [20 \ 114] ¡ æóÈóíøóäóåõ ÈöÂíóÉö «ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» : áóÇ ÊõÍóÑøößú Èöåö áöÓóÇäóßó áöÊóÚúÌóáó Èöåö Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÌóãúÚóåõ æóÞõÑúÂäóåõ [75 \ 16] .(8/502)
Ëõãøó áóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÍúíóì (13)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúÓóì» : ÈóÍóËóåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ãóÚó ãóÇ íõäúÓóÎõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÝóíóäúÓóÇåõ.
æóÓóíõØúÈóÚõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì - ãóÚó åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóÊöãøóÉö¡ ÊóÊöãøóÉð áöáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÐóßøöÑú Åöäú äóÝóÚóÊö ÇáÐøößúÑóì
åóáú: Åöäú åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÅöÐú Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¿ æóåóáú áöáÔøóÑúØö ãóÝúåõæãõ ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉò Ãóãú áóÇ¿ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÈóÍóËóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈöÊóæóÓøõÚò Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ æóÑóÌøóÍó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ æóÞóÓøóãó ÇáúãóÏúÚõæøó Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÞúÓóÇãò: ãóÞúØõæÚñ ÈöäóÝúÚöåö¡ æóãóÞúØõæÚñ ÈöÚóÏóãö äóÝúÚöåö¡ æóãõÍúÊóãóáñ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ãóÍóáøõ ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö ãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ãóÞúØõæÚðÇ ÈöÚóÏóãö äóÝúÚöåö¡ ßóãóäú Èóíøóäó áóåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó¡ ßóÃóÈöí áóåóÈò¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÈöãóÂáöåö ÝóáóÇ äóÝúÚó Ýöí ÊóÐúßöíÑöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóíóÐøóßøóÑõ ãóäú íóÎúÔóì
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÍößúãóÉö ãöäó ÇáÐøößúÑóì.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÐúßöíÑõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÐóßøöÑú ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÐøößúÑóì ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [51 \ 55] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÊóÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íóÕúáóì ÇáäøóÇÑó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì
Ãóíú: ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÔóÞóÇÆöåöãõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö ÃóÒóáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÔóÞõæÇ ÝóÝöí ÇáäøóÇÑö áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÒóÝöíÑñ æóÔóåöíÞñ [11 \ 106] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó áóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÍúíóÇ
äóÝóì Úóäúåõ ÇáÖøöÏøóíúäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö ÅöãøóÇ Íóíøñ æóÅöãøóÇ ãóíøöÊñ¡ æóáóÇ æóÇÓöØóÉó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÊóÊóÛóíøóÑõ ÇáúãóæóÇÒöíäõ æóÇáúãóÚóÇíöíÑõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÈúáóÛõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö¡ ÅöÐú áóæú ãóÇÊó áóÇÓúÊóÑóÇÍó¡ æóãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ íóÊóáóÞøóì ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãóÇ áóÇ ÍóíóÇÉó ãóÚóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõÞúÖóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóíóãõæÊõæÇ æóáóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈöåóÇ æóÞóæúáõåõ (æóíóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúãóæúÊõ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò æóãóÇ åõæó ÈöãóíøöÊò) [35 \ 36] . æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øóåó» ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö(8/503)
Èóáú ÊõÄúËöÑõæäó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ (16) æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÈúÞóì (17) Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÝöí ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúÃõæáóì (18) ÕõÍõÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì (19)
Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ ãóäú íóÃúÊö ÑóÈøóåõ ãõÌúÑöãðÇ ÝóÅöäøó áóåõ Ìóåóäøóãó áóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÍúíóÇ [20 \ 74] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÐóßóÑó ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÕóáøóì ÃóÓúäóÏó ÇáúÝóáóÇÍó åõäóÇ Åöáóì: «ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÐóßóÑó ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÕóáøóì» æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóÓúäóÏó ÇáÊøóÒúßöíóÉó áöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóæúáóÇ ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú æóÑóÍúãóÊõåõ ãóÇ ÒóßóÇ ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ÃóÈóÏðÇ
[24 \ 21] ¡ æóÝöí ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ äóåóì Úóäú ÊóÒúßöíóÉö ÇáäøóÝúÓö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæúáóÇ ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú æóÑóÍúãóÊõåõ ãóÇ ÒóßóÇ ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò Úóáóì Ãóäú «ÒóßóÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì ÊóØóåøóÑó ãöäó ÇáÔøõßúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ áóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó «ÇáäøóÌúãö» ÅöäøóãóÇ äóåóì ÝöíåóÇ Úóäú ÊóÒúßöíóÉö ÇáäøóÝúÓö ; áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäö ÇãúÊöÏóÇÍöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÕóÍöíÍðÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍõÌõÑóÇÊö» : ÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈõ ÂãóäøóÇ Þõáú áóãú ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ æóáóßöäú ÞõæáõæÇ ÃóÓúáóãúäóÇ [49 \ 14] æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ÊõÄúËöÑõæäó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÈúÞóì Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÝöí ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÕõÍõÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì ÞõÑöÆó: «ÊõÄúËöÑõæäó» ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö æóÈöÇáúíóÇÁö ÑóÇÌöÚðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íóÕúáóì ÇáäøóÇÑó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì [87 \ 11 - 12] ¡ æóÚóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö áöáúÎöØóÇÈö ÃóÚóãøõ¡ æóÍóíúËõ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö¡ æóíõÐúßóÑõ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúÃõæáóì ßõáøöåóÇ ÚóÇãøóÉð¡ æóÝöí ÕõÍõÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÎõØõæÑóÊöåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÃóãúÑñ ÛóÇáöÈñ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö Ðóáößó ãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúÌóåúáõ¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áóåúæñ æóáóÚöÈñ æóÅöäøó ÇáÏøóÇÑó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó áóåöíó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäõ áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [29 \ 64] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøóÇÆöãóÉõ.
æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò Þóæúáóåõ: áóæú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò íóÝúäóì¡ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ãöäú ÎóÒóÝò íóÈúÞóì¡ áóßóÇäó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ Ãóäú íõÄúËóÑó ÎóÒóÝñ íóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÐóåóÈò íóÝúäóì¡ ÝóßóíúÝó æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ãóäú ÐóåóÈò íóÈúÞóì æóÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú ÎóÒóÝò íóÝúäóì¿
æóãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÒõíøöäóÊú áöáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÚõÌøöáóÊú áóåõãú ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:(8/504)
Òõíøöäó áöáäøóÇÓö ÍõÈøõ ÇáÔøóåóæóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇáúÞóäóÇØöíÑö ÇáúãõÞóäúØóÑóÉö ãöäó ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö æóÇáúÎóíúáö ÇáúãõÓóæøóãóÉö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóÇáúÍóÑúËö [3 \ 14] .
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Ðóáößó ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÍõÓúäõ ÇáúãóÂÈö [3 \ 14] .
æóÈóíøöäó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÂÈó ÇáúÍóÓóäó æóåõæó Ýöí æóÕúÝöåö íõÞóÇÈöáõ: æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÈúÞóì¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Þõáú ÃóÄõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÎóíúÑò ãöäú Ðóáößõãú áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú ÌóäøóÇÊñ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ æóÃóÒúæóÇÌñ ãõØóåøóÑóÉñ æóÑöÖúæóÇäñ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ ÈóÕöíÑñ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö [3 \ 15] .
ÊóÃóãøóáú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÏöíáó¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ: ÐóåóÈñ¡ æóÎóíúáñ¡ æóäöÓóÇÁñ¡ æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÑúËõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇÈóáó Ðóáößó ßõáøóåõ ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö ; ÝóÚóãøóÊú æóÔóãöáóÊú. æóáóßöäú äóÕøó Úóáóì ÃóÒúæóÇÌò ãõØóåøóÑóÉò ; áöíóÚúÑöÝó ÇáúÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäó äöÓóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóäöÓóÇÁö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí: æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú ÚóÓóáò ãõÕóÝøðì¡ æóáóÈóäò áóãú íóÊóÛóíøóÑú ØóÚúãõåõ¡ æóãóÇÁò ÛóíúÑö ÂÓöäò¡ æóÎóãúÑò áóÐøóÉò áöáÔøóÇÑöÈöíäó¡ áóÇ íõÕóÏøóÚõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ æóáóÇ íõäúÒöÝõæäó [56 \ 19] ¡ æóÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íóäõÕøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑöíøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ãóäú ÂËóÑó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó ÛóÇáöÈñ Úóáóì ãóäú ÂËóÑó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÙóÇåóÑñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Òõíøöäó áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóíóÓúÎóÑõæäó ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÝóæúÞóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÇááøóåõ íóÑúÒõÞõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍöÓóÇÈò [2 \ 212] .
Ýóãöäú åóÐóÇ ; íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ÃóÓúÈóÇÈó ÅöíËóÇÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö áöáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ åõæó ÊóÒúíöíäõåóÇ æóÒóÎúÑóÝóÊõåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÚúíõäöåöãú: ÈöÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÈóäöíäó¡ æóÇáúÎóíúáö¡ æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö: ÇáúãóÇáõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊõ ÎóíúÑñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ËóæóÇÈðÇ æóÎóíúÑñ ÃóãóáðÇ [18 \ 46] .
æóÞóÏú ÓöíÞó åóÐóÇ¡ áóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö ÈöÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÝóÍóÓúÈõ¡ Èóáú Åöäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöåö ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì áóÇÒöãó ÇáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉó¡ æóåõæó Ðóãøõ ãóäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÍóÇáõåõ¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó ÇáúÈóÍúËõ Úóäö ÇáúÚöáóÇÌö áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÐóåóÈúäóÇ äóÊóØóáøóÈõ ÇáúÚöáóÇÌó¡ ÝóÅöäøóäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö äõæóÇÌöåõ ÃóÎúØóÑó ãóæúÖõæÚò Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÔúãóáõ ÍóíóÇÊóåõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóãóÂáóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóíóÊóÍóßøóãõ Ýöí ÓóÚóÇÏóÊöåö æóÝóæúÒöåö¡ Ãóæú ÔóÞóÇæóÊöåö æóÍöÑúãóÇäöåö¡ æóÅöäøó ÃóÞúÑóÈó ãóÃúÎóÐò áóäóÇ áóåõæó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúØöäõ ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÈöÖóãöíãóÉö ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóíóÐøóßøóÑõ ãóäú íóÎúÔóì æóíóÊóÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íóÕúáóì ÇáäøóÇÑó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì [87 \ 10 - 12] ¡ æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÐóßóÑó ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÕóáøóì [87 \ 14 14 - 6](8/505)
ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÓøóãóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ ÃõãøóÉó ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö Åöáóì ÞöÓúãóíúäö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑõ æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ¡ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÐóßøöÑú Åöäú äóÝóÚóÊö ÇáÐøößúÑóì [87 \ 9] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ãóæúÞöÝõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÌóÇÁó ÊóÞúÓöíãõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö: ÓóíóÐøóßøóÑõ ãóäú íóÎúÔóì: ÝóíóäúÊóÝöÚõ ÈöÇáÐøößúÑóì æóÊóäúÝóÚõåõ: æóíóÊóÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõåõ æóáóÇ íóäúÊóÝöÚõ ÈöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÇáúÝóáóÇÍö: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì¡ Ãóíú: ãóäú íóÎúÔóì æóÐóßóÑó ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÕóáøóì¡ æóáóãú íóÛúÝõáú Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÞöÝõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö åõæó ÇáúãõÝóÕøóáõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ¡ æóÝöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö áóäóÇ æóÇáÊøóæúÈöíÎö áöáúÃõãóãö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ: Ãóáóãú íóÃúäö áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Ãóäú ÊóÎúÔóÚó ÞõáõæÈõåõãú áöÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ äóÒóáó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóáóÇ íóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóØóÇáó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÃóãóÏõ ÝóÞóÓóÊú ÞõáõæÈõåõãú æóßóËöíÑñ ãöäúåõãú ÝóÇÓöÞõæäó [57 \ 16] .
ÝóÞóÓúæóÉõ ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ æóØõæáõ ÇáúÃóãóÏö æóÇáÊøóÓúæöíÝõ: åöíó ÇáúÚóæóÇãöáõ ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøóÉõ áöáúÛóÝúáóÉö æóÅöíËóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. æóÇáúÎóÔúíóÉõ æóÇáÐøößúÑõ: åöíó ÇáúÚóæóÇãöáõ ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøóÉõ áöÅöíËóÇÑö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÚóÑóÖó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóÚöÈñ æóáóåúæñ æóÒöíäóÉñ æóÊóÝóÇÎõÑñ Èóíúäóßõãú æóÊóßóÇËõÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö ßóãóËóáö ÛóíúËò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö æóÇááøóåõ Ðõæ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö [57 \ 20 - 21] .
ÝóæóÕóÝó ÇáÏøóÇÁó æóÇáÏøóæóÇÁó ãóÚðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö. ÝóÇáÏøóÇÁõ: åõæó ÇáúÛõÑõæÑõ¡ æóÇáÏøóæóÇÁõ: åõæó ÇáúãõÓóÇÈóÞóÉõ Åöáóì ãóÛúÝöÑóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÝöí ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ Þöíáó: ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ßõáøöåóÇ ; áöÊóÖóãøõäöåóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÏö¡ æóÇáÐøößúÑö¡ æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö. æóÇáÕøõÍõÝõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: åöíó «ÕõÍõÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì» ¡ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì.
æóÌóÇÁó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö: Ãóäøó ÕõÍõÝó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ßóÇäóÊú ÃóãúËóÇáðÇ¡ æóÕõÍõÝó ãõæÓóì ßóÇäóÊú ãóæóÇÚöÙó¡ æóÐóßóÑó äóãóÇÐöÌó áóåóÇ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÝóÎúÑö ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøö ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí ÐóÑøò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÃóáó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ßóãú ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãöÇÆóÉð æóÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ßõÊõÈò: Úóáóì ÂÏóãó ÚóÔúÑó ÕõÍõÝò¡ æóÚóáóì ÔöíËó ÎóãúÓöíäó ÕóÍöíÝóÉð¡ æóÚóáóì ÅöÏúÑöíÓó ËóáóÇËöíäó ÕóÍöíÝóÉð¡ æóÚóáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÚóÔúÑó ÕóÍóÇÆöÝó¡ æóÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÌöíáó¡ æóÇáÒøóÈõæÑó¡ æóÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäó» .(8/506)
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ äóÕøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Ãóäú ãóÚóÇäò ÃõÎúÑóì ßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÕõÍõÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÌúãö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóãú áóãú íõäóÈøóÃú ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÕõÍõÝö ãõæÓóì æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáøóÐöí æóÝøóì ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì æóÃóäú áóíúÓó áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÓóÚóì æóÃóäøó ÓóÚúíóåõ ÓóæúÝó íõÑóì [53 \ 36 - 40] .
æóåóÐóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõåóÇ ÃóãúËóÇáðÇ æóãóæóÇÚöÙó¡ ßóãóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ ÊóÑóÇÈõØó ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö.(8/507)
åóáú ÃóÊóÇßó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ÃóÊóÇßó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ ÊóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ ÍóÇãöíóÉð ÊõÓúÞóì ãöäú Úóíúäò ÂäöíóÉò áóíúÓó áóåõãú ØóÚóÇãñ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÖóÑöíÚò áóÇ íõÓúãöäõ æóáóÇ íõÛúäöí ãöäú ÌõæÚò
ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Ýöí åóáú åõäóÇ¡ ßóÇáúßóáóÇãö Ýöí åóáú ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö» ¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãöíøóÉñ Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÞóÏú¿
æóÑóÌøóÍó ÃóÈõæ ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö æóÛóíúÑõåõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãöíøóÉñ ; áöáóÝúÊö ÇáäøóÙóÑö¡ æóÔöÏøóÉö ÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö¡ æóÇáÊøóäúæöíåö ÈöÔóÃúäö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ ÞóÇáó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -: «áóãú íóßõäú ÃóÊóÇåõ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ Èöåö» æóÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö åõæó ÎóÈóÑõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÍóÏøóËõ ÚóäúåóÇ.
æóÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉõ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÃóÕúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö: ÇáÏøóÇåöíóÉõ ÊóÛúÔóì ÇáäøóÇÓó¡ æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöåóÇ åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáäøóÇÑõ. æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ßõáøõ ÞóÇÆöáò ÈöäõÕõæÕò. Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö Þóæúáõåõ: íóæúãó íóÛúÔóÇåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ [29 \ 55] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõãøöíóÊö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúãö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÃóÍóÇØó ÈöÇáÔøóíúÁö ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÌöåóÇÊöåö Ýóåõæó ÛóÇÔøñ áóåõ¡ æóÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ ßóÐóáößó ãöäú æõÌõæåò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÑöÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÈóÛúÊóÉð¡ æóåõæó ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÃóãöäõæÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÛóÇÔöíóÉñ ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö Çááøóåö Ãóæú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÈóÛúÊóÉð [12 \ 107] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÛúÔóì ÇáäøóÇÓó ÌóãöíÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÛúÔóì ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÇáúÃóåúæóÇáö æóÇáÔøóÏóÇÆöÏó.(8/508)
æóãöäö ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáöåöãú Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÑõ¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÛúÔóì æõÌõæåóåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ [14 \ 50] .
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉõ Ãóåúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö íóÛúÔóæúäóåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: íóÏúÎõáõæäóåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉõ ßóÇáÏøóÇÝøóÉö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóÖóÇÍöíøö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ: æóÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóØúáóÞó áöíóÚõãøó¡ ÝóíóÌöÈõ Ãóäú ÊõØúáóÞó ; áöíóÚõãøó ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ ÑõÌúÍóÇäõåõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáäøóÇÑö ; ÝóÇáäøóÇÑõ ãöäú ÃóåúæóÇáö æóÏóæóÇåöí ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö æõÌõæåò¡ æóãöäúåóÇ:
Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò [88 \ 2] ¡ æóíóæúãó ÃóäúÓóÈõ áöáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãöäúåõ áöáäøóÇÑö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ; ÈöÃóäøó ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÕöÝóÇÊõåõãú: «ÊóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ ÍóÇãöíóÉð» ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉó ÔóíúÁñ ÂÎóÑó Óöæóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇáúÍóÇãöíóÉö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÚúãöíãó áöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÔúãóáõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóäúÓóÈõ ÈöÇáúãóæúÞöÝö¡ Ëõãøó íõäúÌöí Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÓöíãó åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøöäúÝö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÅöáúÛóÇÄõåõ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Úóäú ÍóÇáóÉö Úõãõæãö ÇáúãóæúÞöÝö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ ÊóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ ÍóÇãöíóÉð ÇáúÂíóÇÊö. ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó «íóæúãóÆöÐò» íóÚúäöí: íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: æóÇáÊøóäúæöíäõ Ýöíåö Êóäúæöíäõ ÚöæóÖò. æóåõæó Êóäúæöíäõ ÚöæóÖò Úóäú ÌõãúáóÉò¡ æóáóãú ÊóÊóÞóÏøóãú ÌõãúáóÉñ ÊóÕúáõÍõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáÊøóäúæöíäõ ÚöæóÖðÇ ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú áóãøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö. æóÃóáú ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ ÝóÊóäúÍóáøõ áöáøóÊöí ÛóÔöíóÊú¡ Ãóíú: áöáÏøóÇåöíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÛóÔöíóÊú¡ ÝóÇáÊøóäúæöíäõ ÚöæóÖñ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÇäúÍóáøó áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÅöáóì ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáøóÊöí¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íõÑóÌøöÍõ æóíõÄóíøöÏõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉó åöíó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ(8/509)
«æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ» ¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì: ÐóáöíáóÉñ. ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö: åóÐóÇ æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóÞóÚó ÌóæóÇÈðÇ Úóäú ÓõÄóÇáò¡ äóÔóÃó ãöäó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÇáÊøóÔúæöíÞöíøö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ Þöíáó ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóÇ ÃóÊóÇäöí ÍóÏöíËõåóÇ» ¡ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì. ÝóÞóÇáó: «æõÌõæåñ» ÅöáóÎú.
ÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó ÈöÊóäúßöíÑöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ãóæúÞöÚö ÇáÊøóäúæöíÚö¡ Ãóíú: ÓóæøóÛó ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁó ÈöÇáäøóßöÑóÉö ßóæúäõåóÇ Ýöí ãóæúÞöÚö ÇáÊøóäúæöíÚö: æõÌõæåñ ßóÐóÇ¡ æóæõÌõæåñ ßóÐóÇ.
æóÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ: ÎóÈóÑõ ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃö¡ Ãóíú: æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåöãú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóÇáäøóÕóÈõ: ÇáÊøóÚóÈõ¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí Òóãóäö ÇáúÚóãóáö æóÇáäøóÕóÈö åóÐóíúäö: åóáú åõæó ßóÇäó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóãú åõæó æóÇÞöÚñ ãöäúåõãú ÝöÚúáðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¿ æóãóÇ åõæó Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑóíúäö: ÝóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: åõæó ßóÇäó ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Úóãóáñ æóäóÕóÈñ Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö ÇáúÝóÇÓöÏóÉö: ßóÚóãóáö ÇáÑøõåúÈóÇäö æóÇáúÞöÓøöíÓöíäó æóÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÚóÉö ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó¡ Ýóáóãú íóäúÝóÚúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ Ãóíú: ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÞóÏöãúäóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ãöäú Úóãóáò ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ åóÈóÇÁð ãóäúËõæÑðÇ [25 \ 23] .
æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Úóãöáó æóäóÕóÈó æóÇáúÊóÐøó¡ ÝöíãóÇ áóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó¡ ÝóÚóÇãóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöäóÞöíÖö ÞóÕúÏöåö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó ÖóÚúÝõåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú åóÐöåö ÍóÇáõåõãú áóÇ íõÚóÏøõæäó Ýöí Úóãóáò æóäóÕóÈò¡ Èóáú Ýöí ãõÊúÚóÉò æóáóÐøóÉò.
æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÓóíóÞóÚõ ãöäúåõãú ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Úóãóáñ æóäóÕóÈñ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ãöäú ÌóÑøö ÇáÓøóáóÇÓöáö¡ ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÕõÚõæÏöåöãú æóåõÈõæØöåöãõ ÇáúæöåóÇÏó æóÇáúæöÏúíóÇäó¡ Ãóíú: ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÓóÃõÑúåöÞõåõ ÕóÚõæÏðÇ [74 \ 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú íõÚúÑöÖú Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÑóÈøöåö íóÓúáõßúåõ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÕóÚóÏðÇ [72 \ 17] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÊóÞúÓöíãðÇ ËõáóÇËöíøðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ðóáößó ßõáøõåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóæú ßõáøõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖõåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÈóÚúÖõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóáóãú íõÑóÌøöÍú ÞöÓúãðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó æóÌúåó ÇáúÞóæúáö: ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúÞöÓøöíÓöíäó æóäóÍúæöåöãú. ÝóÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ äóÕóÈõæÇ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Åöáóåò æóÕóÝõæåõ ÈöãóÇ áóíúÓó ãõÊøóÕöÝðÇ Èöåö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÎóíøóáõæåõ ÊóÎóíøõáðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÈöÞóæúáöåöãú: ËóÇáöËõ ËóáóÇËóÉò [5 \ 73] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÚõÒóíúÑñ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö [9 \ 30] ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊõåõãú áöÊöáúßó ÇáÐøóÇÊö ÇáúãõÊóÎóíøóáóÉö áóÇ áöÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÅöáóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.(8/510)
æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö: Åöäøó ãóäú ßóÇäó ãöãøóäú áóÇ íóäúØöÞõ ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö¡ æóíóÚúãóáõ Úóáóì ÌóåóÇáóÉò ÝöíãóÇ áóÇ íõÚúÐóÑõ ÈöÌóåúáöåö Ãóäú íõÎúÔóì Úóáóíúåö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ íõÎúÔóì Úóáóì ãóäú íóÚúãóáõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÈöÏúÚóÉò æóÖóáóÇáóÉò.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöáúÃóæøóáö ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÓöíÁö ÕóáóÇÊóåõ. æóáöÃóËóÑö ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó: «ÑóÃóì ÑóÌõáðÇ íõÕóáøöí ÝóØóÝöÞó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: ãõäúÐõ ßóãú ÊõÕóáøöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó¿ ÞóÇáó: ãõäúÐõ ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð. ÞóÇáó áóåõ: ãóÇ ÕóáøóíúÊó ãõäúÐõ ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð¡ æóáóæú ãõÊøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ ãõÊøó Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÝöØúÑóÉö ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -» .
æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÚõãõæãóÇÊö¡ ãöËúáõ Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóäú Úóãöáó ÚóãóáðÇ áóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö ÃóãúÑöí Ýóåõæó ÑóÏøñ» Ãóíú: ãóÑúÏõæÏñ.
æóÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÍóæúÖö: «ÝóíõÐóÇÏõ ÃóÞúæóÇãñ Úóäú ÍóæúÖöí¡ ÝóÃóÞõæáõ: ÃõãøóÊöí ÃõãøóÊöí¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËõæÇ ÈóÚúÏóßó ; Åöäøóåõãú ÛóíøóÑõæÇ æóÈóÏøóáõæÇ» .
æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íõæÌöÈõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÈóÇåó Åöáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóãõæóÇÝóÞóÊöåö áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÞöÓúãõ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Þõáú åóáú äõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 103 - 104] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö Ýöí Òóãóäö: ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ Ýöí ÕóÈøóÉò Ãóåõæó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¿ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÌóãóÇÚóÉò¡ æóÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö.
æóáöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó ßóáóÇãñ ÌóíøöÏñ ÌöÏøðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÍö¡ æóáóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì Þóæúáò áöÛóíúÑöåö ÃóÞúæóì ãöäúåõ¡ äóÓõæÞõ ãõÌúãóáóåõ áöáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö:
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÍößóÇíóÉö ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö: ÇáúÍóÞøõ åõæó ÇáËøóÇäöí áöæõÌõæåò¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÓóÈúÚóÉó æõÌõæåò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÇáÙøóÑúÝõ ÈöãóÇ íóáöíåö¡ Ãóíú: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãó ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö¡ ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ ÕóÇáöíóÉñ. ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÝóáóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «ÊóÕúáóì» . æóíóßõæäõ Þóæúáõåõ: «ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ» ÕöÝóÉð áöáúæõÌõæåö¡ ÞóÏú ÝóÕóáó ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝö ÈöÃóÌúäóÈöíøò ãõÊóÚóáøöÞò ÈöÕöÝóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì. æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: æõÌõæåñ(8/511)
ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ ÍóÇãöíóÉð¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãõ æóÇáÊøóÃúÎöíÑõ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÃóÕúáö¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÕúáõ ÅöÞúÑóÇÑõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì äóÙúãöåö æóÊóÑúÊöíÈöåö¡ áóÇ ÊóÛúíöíÑõ ÊóÑúÊöíÈöåö¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãõ æóÇáÊøóÃúÎöíÑõ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãóÚó ÞóÑöíäóÉò.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÐóßóÑó æõÌõæåó ÇáúÃóÔúÞöíóÇÁö æóæõÌõæåó ÇáÓøõÚóÏóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò äóÇÚöãóÉñ áöÓóÚúíöåóÇ ÑóÇÖöíóÉñ Ýöí ÌóäøóÉò ÚóÇáöíóÉò [88 \ 8 - 10] ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö¡ æóåõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö: ÝóÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ ÊóäóÇÙõÑõ ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáÙøóÑúÝö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó äóÙöíÑó åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò äóÇÖöÑóÉñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåóÇ äóÇÙöÑóÉñ æóæõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈóÇÓöÑóÉñ ÊóÙõäøõ Ãóäú íõÝúÚóáó ÈöåóÇ ÝóÇÞöÑóÉñ [75 \ 22 - 25] ¡ æóÝöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ãõÓúÝöÑóÉñ ÖóÇÍößóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÈúÔöÑóÉñ æóæõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÛóÈóÑóÉñ ÊóÑúåóÞõåóÇ ÞóÊóÑóÉñ ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉõ ÇáúÝóÌóÑóÉõ [80 \ 38 - 42] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ æóÕúÝñ áöáúæõÌõæåö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúæõÌõæåö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÛóÇáöÈó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÕúÝõ ÇáúæõÌõæåö ÈöÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉö ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÓöíãóÇåõãú Ýöí æõÌõæåöåöãú [48 \ 29] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÚóÑóÝúÊóåõãú ÈöÓöíãóÇåõãú [47 \ 30] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ áóãú ÊóÊøóÖöÍú ÏóáóÇáóÊõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏö.
ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: «ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ» ¡ áóæú ÌõÚöáó ÕöÝóÉð áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇááøóÝúÙö Ðóãøñ ; ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏúÍö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ¡ æóÛóÇíóÊõåõ Ãóäøóåõ æóÕúÝñ ãõÔúÊóÑóßñ Èóíúäó ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóÇáÐøóãøõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÈöÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑóßö¡ æóáóæú ÃõÑöíÏó ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøõ áóÞöíáó: ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ áöáúÃóæúËóÇäö ãóËóáðÇ¡ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ áöÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö¡ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ Ýöí ØóÇÚóÉö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðóãøñ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ãõØúáóÞðÇ æóáóÇ æóÚöíÏñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÍóãúáõåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÎõÑõæÌñ Úóäö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍöåóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉð.
æóÞóÏú íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ Ãóäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÚóæóÇãøõ ÇáúãóÛúÑõæÑõæäó ÈöÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóíóäúÏóãõæäó ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáäøóÏóãö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Úóáóì ÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÑöäóÇ ÇáøóÐóíúäö ÃóÖóáøóÇäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö äóÌúÚóáúåõãóÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÃóÞúÏóÇãöäóÇ áöíóßõæäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÝóáöíäó [41 \ 29] .
ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ: - æóåõæó ãõåöãøñ ÃóíúÖðÇ - Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÌõÚöáó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ; áóßóÇäó ÎóÇÕøðÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ïõæäó(8/512)
ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóßóÇäó ãõÎúÊóÕøðÇ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ãöäúåõãú¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ãöäúåõãú íóßõæäõæäó ÃóÓúæóÃó ÚóãóáðÇ¡ æóíóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõæäó ÃóÔóÏøó ÚõÞõæÈóÉò.
ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó áóæú ÌõÚöáó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ; áóßóÇäó ãöËúáõåõ íóäúÝöÑõ ãöäú ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÇáÊøóäóÓøõßö ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð¡ Ãóíú: æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöÊóÑúßö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÕøóæóÇãöÚö æóÇáúãõÊóäóÓøößöíäó¡ Ïõæäó ÇáÊøóÚóÑøõÖö áóåõãú ÈöÞóÊúáò æóáóÇ ÞöÊóÇáò¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÞóÑøóÊú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáÏøöíóÇäóÇÊö Úóáóì ÏöíóÇäóÇÊöåöãú¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÇÍúÊöÑóÇãö ÃóÕúáö ÇáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö áöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÌöäúÓö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ ãõÌúãóáó ßóáóÇãöåö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ; áöÆóáøóÇ ÊõÊøóÎóÐó ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ åõæó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ãóæú íõÍúãóáõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ÓöíÞó áóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóÊóãó ßóáóÇãóåõ ÈöÊóæúÌöíåò áóØöíÝò ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ÞõíøöÏó Ðóáößó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÚóÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ÊóÞúíöíÏñ¡ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÓóÚúíðÇ Ýöí ÅöÕúáóÇÍö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÈöãóÇ áóãú íõÐúßóÑú Ýöíåö. ÇåÜ.
æóãóäö ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúØöí äóÝúÓóåõ ÍóÞøó ÅöÕúáóÇÍö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ ÅöäøóåóÇ áóÝúÊóÉñ Åöáóì ÖóÑõæÑóÉö æóãóÏóì ÃóåóãøöíøóÉö ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÇáøóÐöí äóåóÌóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÃóÖúæóÇÁö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÏóÇ áöí æóÌúåñ ÂÎóÑõ¡ æóåõæó áóæú ÌóÚóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó æóÇáúãõÈúÊóÏöÚóÉó ; áóßóÇäó ãóäúØõæÞõåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó æóÞóÚó Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÌóÇÒóÇÉð Úóáóì Úóãóáöåöãú æóäóÕóÈöåöãú Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú Êöáúßó¡ æóÇáúÍóÇáõ Ãóäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÚõãõæãðÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Úóáóì ÊóÑúßö ÇáúÚóãóáö áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÚöÞóÇÈõ ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏöÚóÉö ÝöíãóÇ ÇÈúÊóÏóÚõæåõ ãöäú ÖóáóÇáò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÇ ÇÈúÊóÏóÚõæåõ áóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áóåõ ÈöÃóÑúßóÇäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóáóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Ýöí ÝõÑõæÚò ãöäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö ÇÈúÊóÏóÚõæåóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú æóÅöäú ÚóãöáõæÇ æóäóÕóÈõæÇ ÝóáóÇ ÃóÌúÑó áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøóåõãú íõÚóÐøóÈõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈóØóáó Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ãóÚó ÓóáóÇãóÉö ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö¡ æóÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Ýöí ÃóÑúßóÇäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ áóíúÓó ãõÞóÇÈóáðÇ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö æóÇáäøóÕóÈö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊõÓúÞóì ãöäú Úóíúäò ÂäöíóÉò
Þöíáó: ÍóÇÖöÑóÉñ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÔóÏöíÏóÉõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇÑóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ åõæó ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóØõæÝõæäó ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó Íóãöíãò Âäò¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóãöíãó ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÍóãúáóåóÇ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÍóÇÖöÑóÉò áóãú íóßõäú Ýöíåö ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÚúäóì ãóÇ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÚóíúäö ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøóÑóÇÈö(8/513)
ÇáúãõÚóÏøö æóÇáúãõÍóÖøóÑö áóåõãú¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãõÚúÌóãö: «Íóãöíãñ Âäò» : ÞóÏö ÇäúÊóåóì ÍóÑøõåõ¡ æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ: Ãóäóì ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÓóÎøóäõ íóÃúäöí ÈößóÓúÑö Çáäøõæäö. ÞóÇáó ÚóÈøóÇÓñ:
ÚóáóÇäöíóÉñ æóÇáúÎóíúáõ íóÛúÔóì ãõÊõæäóåóÇ ... Íóãöíãñ æóÂäñ ãöäú Ïóãö ÇáúÌóæúÝö äóÇÞöÚõ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóíúÓó áóåõãú ØóÚóÇãñ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÖóÑöíÚò
Êóßóáøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ýöí ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóíúÓó áóåõ Çáúíóæúãó åóÇåõäóÇ Íóãöíãñ æóáóÇ ØóÚóÇãñ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÛöÓúáöíäò [69 \ 35 - 36] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó ãöäú ãóÚúäóì ÇáÖøóÑöíÚö ãóÇ åõæó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ äóÈúÊñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ áöáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö áóÇ ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÓõÄóÇáðÇ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó: ßóíúÝó íóäúÈõÊõ ÇáÖøóÑöíÚõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¿ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÊóÕóæøõÑö: ßóíúÝó íóÈúÞóì ÌöÓúãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÍóíøóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¿ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÍóíøóÇÊõ æóÇáúÚóÞóÇÑöÈõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó æóÌöíåðÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ãóäúØöÞö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÇÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÔóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáÒøóÞøõæãö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉñ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÐóáößó ÎóíúÑñ äõÒõáðÇ Ãóãú ÔóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáÒøóÞøõæãö ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÅöäøóåóÇ ÔóÌóÑóÉñ ÊóÎúÑõÌõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÌóÍöíãö ØóáúÚõåóÇ ßóÃóäøóåõ ÑõÁõæÓõ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö ÝóÅöäøóåõãú áóÂßöáõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ÝóãóÇáöÆõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÈõØõæäó [37 \ 62 - 66] ¡ ÝóÃóËúÈóÊó ÔóÌóÑóÉð ÊóÎúÑõÌõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÌóÍöíãö¡ æóÃóËúÈóÊó áóåóÇ áóÇÒöãóåóÇ æóåõæó: ØóáúÚõåóÇ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÔöÚóÉö¡ æóÃóËúÈóÊó áóÇÒöãó ÇááøóÇÒöãö æóåõæó: Ãóßúáõåõãú ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ãöáúÁö ÇáúÈõØõæäö.
æóÇáúÍõÞøõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáó æóÌóæóÇÈóåõ ÞóÏú ÃóËóÇÑóåõ ÇáúãõÈúØöáõæäó¡ æóáóßöäú ÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÓóáúÈõ ÎóÇÕøöíøóÉö ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇÞö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö¡ æóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ÈöÈóÚöíÏò Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáäøóÇÑó æóÌóÚóáó áóåóÇ ÇáúÎóÇÕøöíøóÉó.
æóÞóÏú æõÌöÏó äóÙöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝóÊöáúßó äóÇÑõ ÇáäøõãúÑõæÐö¡ ßóÇäóÊú ÊõÍúÑöÞõ ÇáØøóíúÑó Ýöí ÇáúÌóæøö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÞúÊóÑóÈó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÚóÌóÒõæÇ Úóäö ÇáÏøõäõæøö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ; áöíõáúÞõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóæóÖóÚõæåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóäúÌóäöíÞö æóÑóãóæúåõ ãöäú ÈóÚöíÏò¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó ÍóÝöÙóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäúåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áóåóÇ: ßõæäöí ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóÓóáóÇãðÇ Úóáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó [21 \ 69] ¡ ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó ãóäú ÈöíóÏöåö ãóáóßõæÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò äóÇÚöãóÉñ áöÓóÚúíöåóÇ ÑóÇÖöíóÉñ Ýöí ÌóäøóÉò ÚóÇáöíóÉò áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõ ÝöíåóÇ áóÇÛöíóÉð ÝöíåóÇ Úóíúäñ ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÑõÑñ ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉñ æóÃóßúæóÇÈñ ãóæúÖõæÚóÉñ æóäóãóÇÑöÞõ ãóÕúÝõæÝóÉñ æóÒóÑóÇÈöíøõ ãóÈúËõæËóÉñ(8/514)
æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò äóÇÚöãóÉñ (8)
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÞóÓöíãõ ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÍóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóáóãú íóÚúØöÝú ÈöÇáúæóÇæö ; ÅöíÐóÇäðÇ ÈößóãóÇáö ÊóÈóÇíõäö ãóÖúãõæäóíúåöãóÇ. æó «íóæúãóÆöÐò» : åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉó ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö. æóÅöäö ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú ÃóÍúæóÇáõåóÇ ãóÚó ãõÎúÊóáóÝö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÊóÛúÔóÇåõ ÈöåóæúáöåóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÊóÛúÔóÇåõ ÈöäóÚöíãöåóÇ. æóåöíó ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áößõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãõÊóäóÇåöíóÉñ ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÛúÔóÇåõãú Èöåö¡ æóåöíó ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉó ÊõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑö ßóãóÇ ÊõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÔøõãõæáö æóÇáúÅöÍóÇØóÉö ÇáÊøóÇãøóÉö. æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ãóÇ ÌóáóÓó Þóæúãñ ãóÌúáöÓðÇ íóÐúßõÑõæäó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ÍóÝøóÊúåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÛóÔöíóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉõ¡ æóÐóßóÑóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöíãóäú ÚöäúÏóåõ» ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãõÓúáöãñ.
æóÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó æóÊóÍúÞöíÞõåõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ßöáóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: - æóåõæó ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö - ÝóÞóÏú ÛóÔöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÍöÓøðÇ æóãóÚúäðì¡ ÙóÇåöÑðÇ æóÈóÇØöäðÇ Ãóæú áóÇ ÎõÔõæÚó Ýöí ÐöáøóÉò¡ æóåöíó äóÇÍöíóÉñ äóÝúÓöíøóÉñ¡ æóåöíó ÃóËúÞóáõ ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúãóÇÏøöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóÎúÊóÇÑõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÇáúãóæúÊó ÚóäúåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ãóÚó ÇáÐøöáøóÉö ÇáúÚóãóáõ æóÇáäøóÕóÈõ ÍöÓøðÇ æóÈóÏóäðÇ¡ æóãóÚó ÇáäøóÕóÈö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö «ÊóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ ÍóÇãöíóÉð» æóßóÇäó íóßúÝöí ÊóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ. æóáóßöäú ÅöÊúÈóÇÚõåóÇ ÈöæóÕúÝöåóÇ ÍóÇãöíóÉð ; Ýóåõæó ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇÒö ÚóÐóÇÈöåöãú¡ æóÒöíóÇÏóÉñ Ýöí ÛóÔóíóÇäö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö áóåõãú¡ Ëõãøó íõÓúÞóæúäó «ãöäú Úóíúäò ÂäöíóÉò» : ãõÊóäóÇåöíóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóÇÑóÉö ; Ýóíóßõæäõæäó Èóíúäó äóÇÑò ÍóÇãöíóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö æóÍóãöíãò ãöäó ÇáÏøóÇÎöáö ÊóÕúåóÑõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÈõØõæäõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÊóãøõ Ýöí ÇáÔøõãõæáö áöáúÛóÇÔöíóÉö áóåõãú ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúæõÌõæåö¡ æóÝöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈöáö ÊóÚúãöíãñ ßóÇãöáñ æóÓõÑõæÑñ ÔóÇãöáñ ßóÇáúÂÊöí¡ æõÌõæåñ äóÇÚöãóÉñ ãõßúÊóãöáóÉõ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö¡ ÊóÚúÑöÝõ Ýöí æõÌõæåöåöãú äóÖúÑóÉó ÇáäøóÚöíãö.
æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí Ôõãõæáöåö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøóÉö¡ ßóãõÞóÇÈöáóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú ÎóÇÔöÚóÉò Ýöí ÐöáøóÉò äóÇÚöãóÉò Ýöí äóÖúÑóÉò «áöÓóÚúíöåóÇ ÑóÇÖöíóÉñ» ÇáøóÐöí ÓöÚóÊõåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÊóÓúÚóì áöÊóÍúÕöíáöåö Ãóæú ËóæóÇÈöåö «Ýöí ÌóäøóÉò ÚóÇáöíóÉò» ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú Úóãóáò æóäóÕóÈò. «áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõ ÝöíåóÇ áóÇÛöíóÉð» : ãóäúÒöáóÉñ ÃóÏóÈöíøóÉñ ÑóÝöíÚóÉñ ; ÍóíúËõ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóáöãóÉó áóÛúæò æóáóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöåóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÅößúÑóÇãñ áóåõãú ÍóÊøóì Ýöí ÇáúßóáöãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íóÓúãóÚõæäóåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:(8/515)
ÃóÝóáóÇ íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÈöáö ßóíúÝó ÎõáöÞóÊú (17) æóÅöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ßóíúÝó ÑõÝöÚóÊú (18) æóÅöáóì ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ßóíúÝó äõÕöÈóÊú (19) æóÅöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóíúÝó ÓõØöÍóÊú (20) ÝóÐóßøöÑú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõÐóßøöÑñ (21)
áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÝöíåóÇ áóÛúæðÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÃúËöíãðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÞöíáðÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ [56 \ 25 - 26] .
ÝöíåóÇ Úóíúäñ ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ
æóãóÚúáõæãñ ÃóäøóåóÇ Úõíõæäñ æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ÊóÌúÑöí¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊò æóÚõíõæäò [15 \ 45] ¡ æóãöäú áóæóÇÒöãó ÇáúÚõíõæäö æóÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑö¡ åõæó ßóãóÇáõ ÇáäøóÚöíãö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÌóÇÑñ æóÑóíóÇÍöíäõ¡ ÝóÑóæúÍñ æóÑóíúÍóÇäñ æóÌóäøóÉõ äóÚöíãò. æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚúãöíãö íõÞóÇÈöáõ ÇáúÚóíúäó ÇáúÂäöíóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÍóãöíãö áöáúÞöÓúãö ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
«ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÑõÑñ ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉñ» æóåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãõÊøóßöÆõæäó¡ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäú Úóãóáö ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó Ýöí äóÕóÈò æóÔóÞóÇÁò.
«æóÃóßúæóÇÈñ ãóæúÖõæÚóÉñ» áöÅöÊúãóÇãö ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö æóßóãóÇáö ÇáúÎöÏúãóÉö æóÇáÑøóÝóÇåöíóÉö. «æóäóãóÇÑöÞõ ãóÕúÝõæÝóÉñ» ãõÊøóßóÃð «æóÒóÑóÇÈöíøõ ãóÈúËõæËóÉñ» ãóÝúÑõæÔóÉñ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò¡ ÝóÇßúÊóãóáó ÇáäøóÚöíãõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÌóÇäöÈò¡ ÍóíúËõ ÇÔúÊóãóáó ãóÇ ÊóÑóÇåõ ÇáúÚóíúäõ æóãóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõåõ ÇáúÃõÐõäõ¡ æóãóÇ íóÊóÐóæøóÞõæäó ØóÚúãóåõ ãöäú ÔóÑóÇÈò æóÛóíúÑöåö.
Ýóíóßõæäõ ÈöÐóáößó ÞóÏú ÛóÔöíóÊúåõãõ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÛóÔöíóÊú ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáäøöÞúãóÉõ¡ æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÛóÇÔöíóÉõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÔøóÇãöáóÉõ¡ æóÚóáóì ÚõãõæãöåóÇ áöáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ æóåöíó ÕóÇáöÍóÉñ áõÛóÉð æóÔóÑúÚðÇ áöáúãõÚóÐøóÈöíäó ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóáöáúãõäóÚøóãöíäó ÈöÇáäøóÚöíãö. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ãóÌöíÁõ ÝöíåóÇ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö: ÝöíåóÇ Úóíúäñ ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ¡ ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÑõÑñ ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉñ ; áöáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÞöÓúãóíú äóÚöíãö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö. ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Úõíõæäñ æóäõÒúåóÉñ. æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÓõÑõÑñ æóÓóßóäñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÈöáö ßóíúÝó ÎõáöÞóÊú æóÅöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ßóíúÝó ÑõÝöÚóÊú æóÅöáóì ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ßóíúÝó äõÕöÈóÊú æóÅöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóíúÝó ÓõØöÍóÊú ÝóÐóßøöÑú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõÐóßøöÑñ
ÊóæúÌöíåõ ÇáúÃóäúÙóÇÑö Åöáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ; áöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÚóÙöíãö ÇáÏøóáóÇÆöáö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóËõãøó ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑõ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáúæóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö æóÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö¡ äóÊöíÌóÉð áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÑõÈõæÈöíøóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÌóãöíÚö ÎóáúÞöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÈöáõ: ÝóáóÚóáøóåóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúãóÚúáõæãóÇÊö áöáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóÃóáúÕóÞõåóÇ ÈöÍóíóÇÊöåöãú Ýöí ãóØúÚóãöåöãú ãöäú áóÍúãöåóÇ æóãóÔúÑóÈöåöãú ãöäú ÃóáúÈóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóãóáúÈóÓöåöãú ãöäú ÃóæúÈóÇÑöåóÇ æóÌõáõæÏöåóÇ¡ æóÝöí Íöáøöåöãú æóÊöÑúÍóÇáöåöãú ÈöÇáúÍóãúáö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ßõáøöåö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúáö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝöíóáóÉö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí Ãóíøö ÍóíóæóÇäò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÞóÏú æóÌøóåó ÇáúÃóäúÙóÇÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇãúÊöäóÇäöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:(8/516)
Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ áóåõãú ãöãøóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ÃóíúÏöíäóÇ ÃóäúÚóÇãðÇ Ýóåõãú áóåóÇ ãóÇáößõæäó æóÐóáøóáúäóÇåóÇ áóåõãú ÝóãöäúåóÇ ÑóßõæÈõåõãú æóãöäúåóÇ íóÃúßõáõæäó æóáóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóäóÇÝöÚõ æóãóÔóÇÑöÈõ ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÔúßõÑõæäó [36 \ 71 - 73] .
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó ÎóáóÞóåóÇ áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÏöÝúÁñ æóãóäóÇÝöÚõ æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó æóáóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãóÇáñ Íöíäó ÊõÑöíÍõæäó æóÍöíäó ÊóÓúÑóÍõæäó æóÊóÍúãöáõ ÃóËúÞóÇáóßõãú Åöáóì ÈóáóÏò áóãú ÊóßõæäõæÇ ÈóÇáöÛöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÔöÞøö ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓö Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßõãú áóÑóÁõæÝñ ÑóÍöíãñ [16 \ 5 - 7] .
ÅöäøóåóÇ äöÚóãñ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉñ æóãóäóÇÝöÚñ ÈóÇáöÛóÉñ áóãú ÊõæÌóÏú Ýöí ÓöæóÇåóÇ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó¡ æóßõáøñ ãöäúåóÇ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ÈöÐóÇÊöåö. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ: Ýóåöíó ãöãøóÇ íóãúáóÃõ Úõíõæäóåõãú Ýöí ßõáøö æóÞúÊò¡ æóíóÔúÛóáõ ÊóÝúßöíÑóåõãú Ýöí ßõáøö Íöíäò ; áöÞõÑúÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÍóíóÇÊöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúØóÇÑö æóÇáúãóÑúÚóì Ýöí ÓõåõæáöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÞöíáö Ýöí ßõåõæÝöåóÇ æóÙöáøöåóÇ¡ æóÇáÑøóåúÈóÉö æóÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö Ýöí ÊóØóÇæõáöåóÇ æóËóÈóÇÊöåóÇ Ýöí ãóßóÇäöåóÇ. æóÞóÏú æóÌøóåó ÇáúÃóäúÙóÇÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæúØöäò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãöåóÇÏðÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóæúÊóÇÏðÇ [78 \ 6 - 7] ¡ ËóæóÇÈöÊñ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöí áöáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóäú ÊóãöíÏó Èößõãú æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú æóáöÃóäúÚóÇãößõãú Ýóåöíó ãõÑúÊóÈöØóÉñ ÈöÍóíóÇÊöåöãú æóÍóíóÇÉö ÃóäúÚóÇãöåöãú ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ æóÑóÝúÚõåóÇ: Ãóíú: æóÑóÝúÚóÊõåóÇ Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåóÇ¡ æóÈöÏõæäö ÚóãóÏò ÊóÑóæúäóåóÇ¡ æóÈöÏõæäö ÝõØõæÑò Ãóæú ÊóÔóÞøõÞò Úóáóì ÊóØóÇæõáö ÒóãóäöåóÇ¡ Ýóåöíó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÍóØøõ ÃóäúÙóÇÑöåöãú¡ æóãõáúÊóÞóì ØóáóÈóÇÊöåöãú Ýöí ÓõÞúíóÇ ÃóäúÚóÇãöåöãú.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 164] . ÈóíóÇäõ ßóæúäöåóÇ ÂíóÉð. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóßóíúÝó ÓõØöÍóÊú¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÚó ÚõãõæãöåóÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö [40 \ 57] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ßóíúÝó ÓõØöÍóÊú [88 \ 20] ÂíóÉñ ËóÇÈöÊóÉñ ; áöÃóäøó ÌöÑúãóåóÇ ãóÚó ÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóáóì ÊóßúæöíÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊõÑóì ãõÓóØøóÍóÉð¡ Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáäøõÞúØóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Ýöí ÇãúÊöÏóÇÏö ÇáúÈóÕóÑö¡ æóÐóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÓöÚóÊöåóÇ æóßöÈóÑö ÍóÌúãöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌöÑúãó ÇáúãõÊóßóæøöÑó ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãöäó ÇáúßöÈóÑö æóÇáÖøóÎóÇãóÉö ÍóÏøðÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ íóßóÇÏõ ÓóØúÍõåõ íõÑóì ãõÓóØøóÍðÇ ãöäú äõÞúØóÉö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÝöí ßõáøö Ðóáößó ÂíóÇÊñ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÇÊñ áöáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÈóÚúËö ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö¡ æóÚóáóì ÅöíÞóÇÚö ãóÇ íóÛúÔóÇåõãú Úóáóì ãõÎúÊóáóÝö ÃóÍúæóÇáöåöãú.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì(8/517)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö ÇäúÙõÑõæÇ ãóÇÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö [10 \ 101] . ÇáúÂíóÉó ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåõ åõäóÇ ÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÇáúßóíúÝöíøóÉö Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóäóÕúÈö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ æóÑóÝúÚö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÊóÓúØöíÍö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúßóíúÝó áöáúÍóÇáóÉö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áóãú íõÔúåöÏú ÃóÍóÏðÇ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö [18 \ 51] . ÝóßóíúÝó íõæóÌøöåõ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáó Åöáóíúåöãú áöáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÇáúßóíúÝöíøóÉö æóåöíó ÔóíúÁñ áóãú íóÔúåóÏõæåõ¿ ! ! .
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: åõæó Ãóäøóåõ ÈöÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö Ýöí äóÊóÇÆöÌó ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóäóÕúÈö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÅöáóÎú. æóÅöäú áóãú íóÚúáóãõæÇ ÇáúßóíúÝó¡ Èóáú æóíóÚúÌöÒõæäó Úóäú ßõäúåöåö æóÊóÍúÞöíÞöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÈúáóÛõ Ýöí ÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáÏøóáöíáö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ßóãóäú íóÞöÝõ ÃóãóÇãó ÕóäúÚóÉò ÈóÏöíÚóÉò íóÌúåóáõ ÓöÑøó ÕóäúÚóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóíóÊóÓóÇÁóáõ ßóíúÝó Êóãøó ÕõäúÚõåóÇ¿ æóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ãöËúáõ Ðóáößó: æóåõæó ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóËóÑö ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú ßóÔúÝö Çáúßõäúåö æóÇáúßóíúÝö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõÄóÇáö ÇáúÎóáöíáö - Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÑóÈøóåõ: Ãóäú íõÑöíóåõ ßóíúÝó íõÍúíöí ÇáúãóæúÊóì. ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäú ÃóÑóÇåõ ÇáØøõíõæÑó ÊóØöíÑõ¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóÈóÍóåóÇ ÈöíóÏöåö æóÞóØøóÚóåóÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÌóÈóáò ãöäúåóÇ ÌõÒúÁðÇ. Ýóáóãú íõÔóÇåöÏú ßóíúÝöíøóÉó æóßõäúåó¡ æóÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÅöÍúíóÇÁö¡ æóåõæó ÏóÈöíÈõ ÇáÑøõæÍö ÝöíåóÇ æóÚóæúÏóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇÓúÊöØóÇÚóÊöåö¡ æóáóßöäú ÔóÇåóÏó ÇáúÂËóÇÑó ÇáúãõÊóÑóÊøöÈóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóåöíó ÊõÍóÑøößõåóÇ æóØóíóÑóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóÚóæúÏóÊöåóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÞóÈúáó ÐóÈúÍöåóÇ. ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó áöáúÚõÒóíúÑö ãóæúÞöÝñ ãõãóÇËöáñ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóæúÖóÍó Ýöí ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ; ÍóíúËõ ÔóÇåóÏó ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ íóäúÔõÑõåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó íóßúÓõæåóÇ áóÍúãðÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó: ÝóÐóßøöÑú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõÐóßøöÑñ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóÌöíÁó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúØöäö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÙóÑó ÇáÏøóÞöíÞó æóÇáúÝößúÑó ÇáÏøóÇÑöÓó¡ ãöãøóÇ ÞóÏú íõÄóÏøöí ÈöÕóÇÍöÈöåö Åöáóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö Çááøóåö æóÚóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ äóØóÞó ãõÄúãöäõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö: ÞõÓøõ Èúäõ ÓóÇÚöÏóÉó¡ Ýöí ÎõØúÈóÊöåö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉö: áóíúáñ ÏóÇÌò¡ æóäóåóÇÑñ ÓóÇÌò¡ æóÓóãóÇÁõ ÐóÇÊõ ÃóÈúÑóÇÌò¡ æóäõÌõæãñ ÊõÒúåöÑõ¡ æóÈöÍóÇÑò ÊóÒúÎóÑõ¡ æóÌöÈóÇáñ ãõÑúÓóÇÉñ¡ æóÃóÑúÖñ ãõÏúÍóÇÉñ¡ æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãõÌúÑóÇÉñ. ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó¡ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó.
æóßóÞóæúáö ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö äõÝóíúáò¡ ãõÄúãöäõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ:
æóÃóÓúáóãúÊõ æóÌúåöí áöãóäú ÃóÓúáóãóÊú ... áóåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÊóÍúãöáõ ÕóÎúÑðÇ ËöÞóÇáðÇ(8/518)
Åöäøó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÅöíóÇÈóåõãú (25)
ÏóÍóÇåóÇ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóæóÊú ÔóÏøóåóÇ ... ÓóæóÇÁð æóÃóÑúÓóì ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáóÇ
æóÃóÓúáóãúÊõ æóÌúåöí áöãóäú ÃóÓúáóãóÊú ... áóåõ ÇáúãõÒúäõ ÊóÍúãöáõ ÚóÐúÈðÇ ÒõáóÇáóÇ
ÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÓöíÞóÊú Åöáóì ÈóáúÏóÉò ... ÃóØóÇÚóÊú ÝóÕóÈøóÊú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÓöÌóÇáóÇ
æóÃóÓúáóãúÊõ æóÌúåöí áöãóäú ÃóÓúáóãóÊú ... áóåõ ÇáÑøöíÍõ ÊõÕúÑóÝõ ÍóÇáðÇ ÝóÍóÇáóÇ
ÝóßóÇäó Úóáóì åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö Ãóäú íóäúÙõÑõæÇ ÈöÏöÞøóÉò æóÊóÃóãõáò¡ ÝöíãóÇ íõÍöíØõ Èöåöãú ÚóÇãøóÉð. æóÝöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÈóÇÑö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ ÝóíóÌöÏõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ íóßúÝöíåöãú.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
æóÝöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò áóåõ ÂíóÉñ ... ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ æóÇÍöÏñ
ÝóÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóåúÏöåöãú ÊóÝúßöíÑõåõãú¡ æóáóãú ÊóÊøóÌöåú ÃóäúÙóÇÑõåõãú. ÝóÐóßøöÑúåõãú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõÐóßøöÑñ. æóåóÐóÇ ÚóÇãøñ¡ Ãóíú: ÓóæóÇÁñ ÈöÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÕúäõæÚóÇÊö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÇáÊøöáóÇæóÉö ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúæóÍúíö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÅöíóÇÈóåõãú Ëõãøó Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈóåõãú
Ýöíåö ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíóÇÈó åõæó ÇáúãóÑúÌöÚõ.
ÞóÇáó ÚõÈóíúÏñ:
æóßõáøõ Ðöí ÛóíúÈóÉò íóÆõæÈõ ... æóÛóÇÆöÈõ ÇáúãóæúÊö áóÇ íóÆõæÈõ
ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöáóì Çááøóåö ãóÑúÌöÚõßõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóíõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú Ýöíåö ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó [5 \ 48] ¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÕóÑöíÍö ãóäúØõæÞö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó Åöáóíøó ãóÑúÌöÚõßõãú ÝóÃóÍúßõãõ Èóíúäóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 55] . æóÞóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößõãú ãóÑúÌöÚõßõãú ÝóíõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú Ýöíåö ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó [6 \ 164] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ëõãøó Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈóåõãú [88 \ 26] ¡ ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÈöËõãøó ; áöáúÅöÔúÚóÇÑö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÅöíóÇÈöåöãú æóÈóÏúÁö ÍöÓóÇÈöåöãú: æóÅöäøó íóæúãðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ßóÃóáúÝö ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚõÏøõæäó [22 \ 47] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ¡ ÈöÊóÞóÏøõãö ÍóÑúÝö ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏö¡ æóÅöÓúäóÇÏö Ðóáößó áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÈöÍóÑúÝö «Úóáóì» ãöãøóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ Ðóáößó áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÈöÃóÏóÞøö ãóÇ íóßõæäõ¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉö æóÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöäú ÊõÈúÏõæÇ ãóÇ Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú Ãóæú ÊõÎúÝõæåõ íõÍóÇÓöÈúßõãú Èöåö Çááøóåõ [2 \ 284] .(8/519)
æóãöäó ÇáúæóÇÖöÍö ãóÌöíÁõ Åöäøó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÅöíóÇÈóåõãú Ëõãøó Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈóåõãú¡ ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÐóßøöÑú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõÐóßøöÑñ áóÓúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöãõÓóíúØöÑò ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú Êóæóáøóì æóßóÝóÑó ÝóíõÚóÐøöÈõåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑó ; ÊóÓúáöíóÉð áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ áöÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóæóáøóæúÇ æóÃóÚúÑóÖõæÇ¡ Ëõãøó Åöäøó ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈó Ýöí Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö áóíúÓó ÎóÇÕøðÇ ÈöåóÄõáóÇÁö¡ Èóáú åõæó ÚóÇãøñ ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö. æóáóßöäøó ÅöÓúäóÇÏóåõ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö.
äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáúÚóÝúæó æóÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó.(8/520)
æóÇáúÝóÌúÑö (1) æóáóíóÇáò ÚóÔúÑò (2) æóÇáÔøóÝúÚö æóÇáúæóÊúÑö (3) æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÓúÑö (4)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÝóÌúÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÝóÌúÑö æóáóíóÇáò ÚóÔúÑò æóÇáÔøóÝúÚö æóÇáúæóÊúÑö æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÓúÑöí
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÇäúÝöÌóÇÑõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãöäú ÙõáúãóÉö Çááøóíúáö.
æóÞöíáó: ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúÝóÌúÑö.
æóßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö áóåõ ÔóÇåóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö. ÃóãøóÇ ÇäúÝöÌóÇÑõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÕøõÈúÍö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóäóÝøóÓó [81 \ 18] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÝóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö Åöäøó ÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ßóÇäó ãóÔúåõæÏðÇ [17 \ 78] ¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãóÇ íõÞóÑøöÈõ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ ÅöÐú åõæó Ýöí ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö æóÇááøóíóÇáöí: " ÇáúÝóÌúÑö æóáóíóÇáò ÚóÔúÑò "¡ " Çááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÓúÑöí "¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ÒóãóäöíøóÉñ ÃõäúÓöÈó áóåóÇ ÇäúÝöÌóÇÑõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö.
ÈóÞöíó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõåõãú Ýöí Ãóíøö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö Úóäóì åõäóÇ¿ ÝóÞöíáó ÈöÇáúÚõãõæãö Ýöí ßõáøö íóæúãò¡ æóÞöíáó: ÈöÇáúÎõÕõæÕö. æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÇÈúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö æóÚóáöíøò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú -.
æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÝóÌúÑö íóæúãó ÇáäøóÍúÑö. æóÞöíáó: Ãóæøóáõ íóæúãö ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö¡ æóáóíúÓó åõäóÇßó äóÕøñ íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóíúåö. ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÝóÌúÑó íóæúãö ÇáäøóÍúÑö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóì ÇááøóíóÇáöí ÇáúÚóÔúÑö¡ Åöäú ÞõáúäóÇ: åöíó ÚóÔúÑõ Ðöí ÇáúÍöÌøóÉö Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÃúÊöí. Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇááøóíóÇáöí ÇáúÚóÔúÑõ: ÝóÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ãóÍúÕõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ÚóÔúÑö Ðöí ÇáúÍöÌøóÉö¡ æóÚóÔúÑö ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö¡ æóÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö ãöäú ÑóãóÖóÇäó. æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ãóÓúÑõæÞò ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÚóÔúÑõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ãõæÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: æóÃóÊúãóãúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÚóÔúÑò " [7 \ 142] ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ãóÑúæöíøóÉñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò. æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö äóÕøñ ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ.
æóÝöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÈóíóÇäõ ÝóÖöíáóÉö ÚóÔúÑö Ðöí ÇáúÍöÌøóÉö¡ æóÚóÔúÑö ÑóãóÖóÇäó ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÌóÚúáó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÎóÇÕøðÇ Èöíóæúãö ÇáäøóÍúÑö¡ ßóÇäó ÚóÔúÑõ Ðöí ÇáúÍöÌøóÉö ÃóÞúÑóÈó áöáÓøöíóÇÞö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/521)
" æóÇáÔøóÝúÚö æóÇáúæóÊúÑö ": ÐóßóÑó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÞóæúáðÇ¡ æóãóÌúãõæÚõåóÇ íóÔúãóáõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö ÌõãúáóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÌõãúáóÉð¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúæóÊúÑõ åõæó Çááøóåõ ; áöáúÍóÏöíËö: " Åöäøó Çááøóåó æóÊúÑñ íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúæóÊúÑó "¡ æóãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõ ÔóÝúÚñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÒóæúÌóíúäö [51 \ 49] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ Ôóãöáó ßõáøó ÇáúæõÌõæÏö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö æóÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöãóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó æóãóÇ áóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó [69 \ 38 - 39] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊõ ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÝúÚñ ßóÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ¡ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇáúÌóÈóáö¡ æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ æóÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÇáúãóÇÁö. æóåóßóÐóÇ ÐóßóÑõæÇ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãõÞóÇÈöáóåõ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö ÇáúÝóÑúÏõ ßóÇáúåóæóÇÁö. æóßõáøõåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÃóãúËöáóÉö.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏöí - æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ËóÈóÊó ÚöáúãöíøðÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ßóÇÆöäñ ãóæúÌõæÏñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÊúÑö ÞóØøõ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÍóÕóÇÉõ ÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉõ.
ÝóÅöäøóåõ ËóÈóÊó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ßóÇÆöäò ÌóãóÇÏò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö ãõßóæøóäñ ãöäú ÐóÑøóÇÊò¡ æóÇáÐøóÑøóÉõ áóåóÇ äóæóÇÉñ æóãõÍöíØñ¡ æóÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØñ æóÚóäú ØóÑöíÞöåöãóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÌöíÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ÇßúÊõÔöÝó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÕúÑö¡ ÍóÊøóì Ýöí ÃóÏóÞøö ÚóÇáóãö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉö: ßóÇáúßóåúÑõÈóÇÁö ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÓóÇáöÈò æóãõæÌóÈò¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÏóæúÑóÉò ßóåúÑõÈóÇÆöíøóÉò áöáúÍõÕõæáö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉö ãöäú Ãóíøö ÌöåóÇÒò ßóÇäó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó íõÙóäøõ Èöåö ÇáúÈóÓóÇØóÉõ ; Ýóåõæó ÒóæúÌñ æóÔóÝúÚñ ãöäú ÚõäúÕõÑóíúäö: ÃõæßúÓöÌöíäú æóåöÏúÑõæÌöíäú¡ íóäúÝóÕöáóÇäö ÅöÐóÇ æóÕóáóÊú ÏóÑóÌóÉõ ÍóÑóÇÑóÉö ÇáúãóÇÁö Åöáóì ãöÇÆóÉò - Ãóíú: ÇáúÛóáóíóÇäõ - æóíóÊóÂáóÝóÇäö ÅöÐóÇ äóÒóáóÊö ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÉõ Åöáóì ÍóÏøò ãõÚóíøóäò ÝóíóÊóÇÞóØóÑóÇäö ãóÇÁð. æóåóßóÐóÇ.
æóäóÝúÓõ ÇáúåóæóÇÁö ÚöÏøóÉõ ÛóÇÒóÇÊò æóÊóÑóÇßöíÈó¡ Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó Ýöí Çáúßóæúäö ÔóíúÁñ ÞóØøõ ÝóÑúÏðÇ æóÊúÑðÇ ÈöÐóÇÊöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: " Åöäøó Çááøóåó æóÊúÑñ íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúæóÊúÑõ "¡ æóíõãúßöäõ Íóãúáõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÊúÑö Ýöíåö ãõÓúÊóÛúäò ÈöÐóÇÊöåö Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö æóÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö æóÃóÝúÚóÇáöåö. ÝóÕöÝóÇÊõåõ ßõáøõåóÇ æóÊúÑñ: ßóÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöáóÇ Ìóåúáò æóÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÈöáóÇ ãóæúÊò. ÅöáóÎú. ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö¡ æóÞõáúäóÇ: ÇáúãõÓúÊóÛúäöí ÈöÐóÇÊöåö Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ãóÎúáõæÞò ÔóÝúÚðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ßõáøó ÚõäúÕõÑò ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ÇáúÚõäúÕõÑö ÇáËøóÇäöí ; áöíóßõæäó ãóÚóåõ ÐóÇßó ÇáÔøóíúÁõ æóÇááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó. æóáöåóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÊúÑó åõæó Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÝúÚó åõæó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊõ ÌóãöíÚõåóÇ¡ åõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÚóãøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
Þóæúáõåõ: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÓúÑöí¡ ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì æóåõæó ÓóÑóíóÇäõ Çááøóíúáö¡ æóáóßöäøó(8/522)
ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚúíöíäö: åóáö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö Úõãõæãõ ÇááøóíóÇáöí Ýöí ßõáøö áóíúáóÉò Ãóãú áóíúáóÉò ãõÚóíøóäóÉò¿ æóãóÇ åöíó¿
ÝóÞöíáó: ÈöÇáúÚõãõæãö ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÓúÚóÓó [81 \ 17] .
æóÞöíáó: ÈöÇáúÎõÕõæÕö Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉó Ãóæú áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö.
æóÃóíúÖðÇ íõÞóÇáõ: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÝóÌúÑõ ÝóÌúÑõ ÇáäøóÍúÑö¡ æóÇáúÚóÔúÑõ ÚóÔúÑõ Ðöí ÇáúÍöÌøóÉö Ýóíóßõæäõ: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÓúÑöí¡ áóíúáóÉó ÇáúÌóãúÚö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Úõãõæãó Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÇÊö ÌõãúáóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ¡ ÝóÔóãóáóÊö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞó æóÇáúãóÎúáõæÞó æóÇáÔøóÝúÚó æóÇáúæóÊúÑó ÅöÌúãóÇáðÇ æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ¡ Ýöí ÇäúÝöÌóÇÑö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ æóÇäúÊöÔóÇÑö ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ æóÓóÑóíóÇäö Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÓõßõæäö Çáúßóæúäö¡ æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö Ýöí ÇááøóíóÇáöí ÇáúÚóÔúÑö.
ÝóßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ãóÇ ÃóÞúÓóãó Çááøóåõ Èöåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÞóÓóãñ áöÐöí ÍöÌúÑò [89 \ 5] ¡ Ãóíú: ÚóÞúáñ¡ æóÇáúÍöÌúÑõ ßõáøõ ãóÇÏøóÊöåö ÊóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÍúßóÇãö æóÇáúÞõæøóÉö¡ ÝóÇáúÍóÌóÑõ ; áöÞõæøóÊöåö. æóÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉõ ; áöÅöÍúßóÇãò ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ. æóÇáúÚóÞúáõ Óõãøöíó ÍöÌúÑðÇ - ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÍóÇÁö - ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÍúÌõÑõ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ ÚóãøðÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ. æóÇáúãóÍúÌõæÑõ Úóáóíúåö ; áöãóäúÚöåö ãöäú ÊóÕóÑøõÝöåö æóÅöÍúßóÇãö ÃóãúÑöåö¡ æóÍóÌúÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö áöØöÝúáöåóÇ¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉõ åóáú ÝöíåóÇ ÞóÓóãñ ßóÇÝò áöÐöí ÚóÞúáò¿ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Èóáóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íõÞóæøöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÓóãó ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò.
Ëõãøó ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÌóæóÇÈö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÓóãö: ÍóíúËõ áóãú íõÕóÑøöÍú ÊóÚóÇáóì Èöåö ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó Èöåö Ýöí äóÙöíÑöåö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöãóæóÇÞöÚö ÇáäøõÌõæãö æóÅöäøóåõ áóÞóÓóãñ áóæú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ÚóÙöíãñ [56 \ 75 - 76] . Ëõãøó ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö: Åöäøóåõ áóÞõÑúÂäñ ßóÑöíãñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [56 \ 77] . æóåõäóÇ áóãú íõÕóÑøöÍú Èöåö ãóÚó ÚöÙóãö ÇáúÞóÓóãö ; ÝóæóÞóÚó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäöåö.
ÝóÞöíáó: åõæó ãõÞóÏøóÑñ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ áóíõÚóÐøöÈóäøó íóÏõáøõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó ßóíúÝó ÝóÚóáó ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÚóÇÏò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÕóÈøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÈøõßó ÓóæúØó ÚóÐóÇÈò [89 \ 6 - 14] .
æóÞöíáó: ãóæúÌõæÏñ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó áóÈöÇáúãöÑúÕóÇÏö [89 \ 14] ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉö Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö æóÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö æóÌöíåñ¡ æóáóßöäú íõæÌóÏõ Ýöí äóÙóÑöí - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóÓóãö æóÌóæóÇÈõåõ¡ æóÈóíúäó ãóÇ íóÌöíÁõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö(8/523)
Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó ßóíúÝó ÝóÚóáó ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÚóÇÏò (6) ÅöÑóãó ÐóÇÊö ÇáúÚöãóÇÏö (7) ÇáøóÊöí áóãú íõÎúáóÞú ãöËúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö (8) æóËóãõæÏó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇÈõæÇ ÇáÕøóÎúÑó ÈöÇáúæóÇÏö (9) æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ðöí ÇáúÃóæúÊóÇÏö (10) ÇáøóÐöíäó ØóÛóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö (11)
ßóáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõßøóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÏóßøðÇ ÏóßøðÇ [89 \ 21] ¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
ßóãøðÇ Ãóäøóåõ íóÙúåóÑõ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØñ ßóÈöíÑñ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ: ÝóÐóßøöÑú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõÐóßøöÑñ áóÓúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöãõÓóíúØöÑò ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú Êóæóáøóì æóßóÝóÑó ÝóíõÚóÐøöÈõåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑó [88 \ 21 - 24] ¡ æóÇáúÝóÌúÑö æóáóíóÇáò ÚóÔúÑò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: åóáú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÞóÓóãñ áöÐöí ÍöÌúÑò [89 \ 1 - 5] ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑö æóÇáúÞóÕúÑö Ýöí ÅöíóÇÈöåöãú Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóÍöÓóÇÈöåöãú Úóáóíúåö ÝóÍóÓúÈõ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ãóÚóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÓóãõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØõåõ ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ Ýóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Èöåö åõäóÇ ÎóãúÓõ ãõÓóãøóíóÇÊñ: æóÇáúÝóÌúÑö æóáóíóÇáò ÚóÔúÑò æóÇáÔøóÝúÚö æóÇáúæóÊúÑö æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÓúÑö [89 \ 1 - 4] ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÎóãúÓõ ãõÓóãøóíóÇÊò: ÏõßøóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÏóßøðÇ ÏóßøðÇ æóÌóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó æóÇáúãóáóßõ ÕóÝøðÇ ÕóÝøðÇ æóÌöíÁó íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈöÌóåóäøóãó íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ æóÃóäøóì áóåõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì [89 \ 21 - 23] .
ÕõæóÑñ ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú Úóáóì Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö ßõáøöåö ãöäú Ãóæøóáö ÇáäøóÝúÎö Ýöí ÇáÕøõæóÑö¡ æóÏóßøö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Åöáóì äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö¡ æóÊóÐóßøõÑö ßõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ãóÇ áóåõ æóãóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÊõÞóÇÈöáõ ãóÇ ÇÔúÊóãóáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞóÓóãõ ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãõ ãöäú ÃõãõæÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó ßóíúÝó ÝóÚóáó ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÚóÇÏò ÅöÑóãó ÐóÇÊö ÇáúÚöãóÇÏö ÇáøóÊöí áóãú íõÎúáóÞú ãöËúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö æóËóãõæÏó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇÈõæÇ ÇáÕøóÎúÑó ÈöÇáúæóÇÏö æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ðöí ÇáúÃóæúÊóÇÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó ØóÛóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö
áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ãóÇÐóÇ æóáóÇ ßóíúÝó ÝóÚóáó¡ Èöãóäú ÐóßóÑõæÇ¡ æóåõãú: ÚóÇÏñ¡ æóËóãõæÏõ¡ æóÝöÑúÚóæúäõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÐößúÑõ ËóáóÇËóÊöåöãú Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉö " ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö æóÃóãøóÇ ÚóÇÏñ ÝóÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÑöíÍò ÕóÑúÕóÑò ÚóÇÊöíóÉò ÓóÎøóÑóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõãú ÃóÎúÐóÉð ÑóÇÈöíóÉð [69 \ 105 - 10] .
æóÇáúÌóÏöíÏõ åõäóÇ: åõæó æóÕúÝõ ßõáøò ãöäú ÚóÇÏò ãöäú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÐóÇÊõ ÇáúÚöãóÇÏö¡ æóáóãú íõÎúáóÞú ãöËúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö¡ æóËóãõæÏó Ãóäøóåõãú ÌóÇÈõæÇ ÇáÕøóÎúÑó ÈöÇáúæóÇÏö¡ æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ãóäøóåõ Ðõæ ÃóæúÊóÇÏò.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ßõáøöåóÇ:
ÃóãøóÇ ÚóÇÏñ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÇáúÚöãóÇÏõ ÚöãóÇÏõ ÈõíõæÊö ÇáÔøóÚóÑö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉõ. æóØõæáõ ÚöãóÇÏö(8/524)
ÈõíõæÊöåóÇ: ßöäóÇíóÉñ Úóäú Øõæáö ÃóÌúÓóÇãöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí ÕóÎúÑò:
ÑóÝöíÚõ ÇáúÚöãóÇÏö Øóæöíáõ ÇáäøöÌóÇÏö
æóØõæáõ ÇáúÃóÌúÓóÇãö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÞõæøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ÅöÑóãõ ßóÇäóÊú ãóÏöíäóÉð ÑóÝöíÚóÉó ÇáúÈõäúíóÇäö¡ æóÐóßóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÃóÎúÈóÇÑöåóÇ ÞöÕóÕðÇ ÊóÝõæÞõ ÇáúÎóíóÇáó¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøóÈúÚö ÇáúÎóÇáöí¡ æóáóßöäú ÍóíúËõ áóãú ÊóËúÈõÊú ÃóÎúÈóÇÑõåóÇ ÈöÓóäóÏò íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóãú íõÕóÏøöÞúåõ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Þóæúãñ: ÞóÏú ÎõÓöÝó ÈöåóÇ æóáóãú ÊóÚõÏú ãóæúÌõæÏóÉð.
ÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ: ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÈõæÇ¡ Ãóíú: äóÍóÊõæÇ ÇáÕøóÎúÑó ÈöÇáúæóÇÏö¡ ÈöæóÇÏö ÇáúÞõÑóì Ýöí ãóÏóÇÆöäö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóåöíó ÈõíõæÊõåõãú ãóæúÌõæÏóÉñ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÂäó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ Ðõæ ÇáúÃóæúÊóÇÏö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: åöíó ÃóæúÊóÇÏõ ÇáúÎöíóÇãö¡ ßóÇäó íóÊöÏõåóÇ áöãóäú íõÚóÐøöÈõåõãú.
æóÞöíáó: åöíó ßöäóÇíóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúÌõäõæÏö íõËóÈøöÊõ ÈöåóÇ ãõáúßóåõ.
æóÞöíáó: åöíó ÃóßóãóÇÊñ æóÃóÓúæóÇÑñ ãõÑúÊóÝöÚóÇÊñ¡ íõáúÚóÈõ áóåõ Ýöí ãóÑóÇÈöÚöåóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÈöÔúÑñ¡ ÞóÇáó: ËóäóÇ íóÒöíÏõ¡ ÞóÇáó ËóäóÇ ÓóÚöíÏñ¡ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó: " æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ðöí ÇáúÃóæúÊóÇÏö "¡ ÐóßóÑó áóäóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãóØóÇáøñ¡ æóãóáóÇÚöÈõ íõáúÚóÈõ áóåõ ÊóÍúÊóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóæúÊóÇÏò æóÌöÈóÇáò ".
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó åõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÑúÊóÝöÚóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÇáúÂäó ÈöÇáúÃóåúÑóÇãö ÈöãöÕúÑó¡ æóíõÑóÌøöÍõ Ðóáößó ÚöÏøóÉõ ÃõãõæÑò:
ãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÔúÈöåõ ÇáúÃóæúÊóÇÏó Ýöí ãóäúÙóÑöåóÇ ØóÑóÝõåõ Åöáóì ÃóÚúáóì¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÞöãøóÉõ ÔöÈúåõ ÇáúæóÊóÏö¡ ãõÏóÈøóÈóÉñ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áóÖóÎóÇãóÊöåóÇ¡ Ýóåöíó ÈöÔóßúáò ãõËóáøóËò¡ ÞóÇÚöÏóÊõåõ Åöáóì ÃóÓúÝóáó æóØóÑóÝõåõ Åöáóì ÃóÚúáóì.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÐößúÑõåõ ãóÚó ËóãõæÏó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇÈõæÇ ÇáÕøóÎúÑó ÈöÇáúæóÇÏö¡ ÈöÌóÇãöÚö ãóÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõæøóÉö¡ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó äóÍóÊõæÇ ÇáÕøóÎúÑó ÈõíõæÊðÇ ÝóÇÑöåöíäó¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÞóØóÚõæÇ ÇáÕøóÎúÑó ÇáúßóÈöíÑó ãöäú ãóæúØöäò áóÇ ÌöÈóÇáó Íóæúáóåõ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ ÃóäøóåóÇ äõÞöáóÊú ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈóÚöíÏò. æóÇáúÍóÇáõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞöØóÚñ ßöÈóÇÑñ ÕóÎöÑóÇÊñ ÚöÙóÇãñ ÝóÝöí ÇÞúÊöØóÇÚöåóÇ æóÝöí äóÞúáöåóÇ Åöáóì ãóÍóáøö ÈöäóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóÝöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÈöäóÇÁö ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõæøóÉö æóÇáúÌóÈóÑõæÊö¡ æóÊóÓúÎöíÑö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÍóãúáóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóåúÑóÇãö ÇáúÞóÇÆöãóÉö ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö æóÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÉö Ýöí ßõáøö ÒóãóÇäò æóáößõáøö Ìöíáò¡(8/525)
ßóáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõßøóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÏóßøðÇ ÏóßøðÇ (21)
ÃóæúÞóÚó Ýöí ÇáúÚöÙóÉö æóÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ; ÈöÃóäøó ãóäú Ãóåúáóßó Êöáúßó ÇáúÃõãóãó¡ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÅöåúáóÇßö ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó ãöäú ÞõÑóíúÔò æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.
ÕóÏóÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó áóÈöÇáúãöÑúÕóÇÏö [89 \ 14] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÇÈúÊóáóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÃóßúÑóãóåõ æóäóÚøóãóåõ ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÑóÈøöí ÃóßúÑóãóäö æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÇÈúÊóáóÇåõ ÝóÞóÏóÑó Úóáóíúåö ÑöÒúÞóåõ ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÑóÈøöí ÃóåóÇäóäö ßóáøóÇ
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ íõÚúØöí æóíõãúÓößõ ÇÈúÊöáóÇÁð áöáúÚóÈúÏö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ¡ æóåöíó ßóáöãóÉõ ÒóÌúÑò æóÑóÏúÚò¡ æóÈóíóÇäñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì áóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞõáúÊõãú¡ Ýöíåö ÊóÚúÏöíáñ áöãóÝóÇåöíãö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ; ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóØóÇÁó æóÇáúãóäúÚó áóÇ Úóäú ÅößúÑóÇãò æóáóÇ áöÅöåóÇäóÉò¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÇÈúÊöáóÇÁñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ÐóÇÆöÞóÉõ ÇáúãóæúÊö æóäóÈúáõæßõãú ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö æóÇáúÎóíúÑö ÝöÊúäóÉð [21 \ 35] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÝöÊúäóÉñ [8 \ 28] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ Èóá áóÇ ÊõßúÑöãõæäó ÇáúíóÊöíãó æóáóÇ ÊóÍóÇÖøõæäó Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö æóÊóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáÊøõÑóÇËó ÃóßúáðÇ áóãøðÇ æóÊõÍöÈøõæäó ÇáúãóÇáó ÍõÈøðÇ ÌóãøðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÕöÍøóÉó ÇáúãóÝóÇåöíãö Ýöí ÇáúÚóØóÇÁö æóÇáúãóäúÚö¡ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóÈóíøóäó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÝöÊúäóÉö ÇáúãóÇáö ÅöíÌóÇÈðÇ æóÓóáúÈðÇ ÌóãúÚðÇ æóÈóÐúáðÇ¡ ÝóÈóÏóÃó ÈöÃóÞúÈóÍö ÇáúæõÌõæåö ãöäó: ÇáúÅöãúÓóÇßö ãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÅößúÑóÇãö ÇáúíóÊöíãö¡ ãóåöíÖö ÇáúÌóäóÇÍö¡ ãóßúÓõæÑö ÇáúÎóÇØöÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóÞóÇÚõÓö Úóäú ÅöØúÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ ÎóÇáöí ÇáúíóÏö¡ ÌóÇÆöÚö ÇáúÈóØúäö¡ ÓóÇßöäö ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇäö ÇáúÌóÇäöÈóÇäö Ãóåóãøõ ãõåöãøóÇÊö ÈóÐúáö ÇáúãóÇáö æóåõãú íõãúÓößõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÇäöÈó åõæó ÇÞúÊöÍóÇãõ ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøöÏøóÉö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóáóÏö» : ÝóáóÇ ÇÞúÊóÍóãó ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉó æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉõ Ýóßøõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò Ãóæú ÅöØúÚóÇãñ Ýöí íóæúãò Ðöí ãóÓúÛóÈóÉò íóÊöíãðÇ ÐóÇ ãóÞúÑóÈóÉò Ãóæú ãöÓúßöíäðÇ ÐóÇ ãóÊúÑóÈóÉò [90 \ 11 - 16] .
æóãöäó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúÂÎóÑö: æóÊóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáÊøõÑóÇËó ÃóßúáðÇ áóãøðÇ Ãóíö: ÇáúãöíÑóÇËó¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÚúØõæäó ÇáäøöÓúæóÉó æóåõäøó ÖóÚöíÝóÇÊõ ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉö¡ ÃóÍúæóÌõ Åöáóì ãóÇáö ãõæóÑøöËöåöäøó¡ æóÊõÍöÈøõæäó ÇáúãóÇáó ÍõÈøðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÇÓúÊóÚúÈóÏóßõãú æóÃóáúåóÇßõãõ ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑõ Ýöíåö.
æóåõäóÇ áóÝúÊõ äóÙóÑò áöáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ Ýóãóäú ÃõÚúØöíó ãöäúåõãú: áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåõ Ãóäú íõÛúÝöáó ØõÑõÞó ÇáúÈóÐúáö ÇáúåóÇãøóÉó¡ æóãóäú ãõäöÚó: áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåõ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÔúÑöÝó Åöáóì ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåõ. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõßøóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÏóßøðÇ ÏóßøðÇ æóÌóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó æóÇáúãóáóßõ ÕóÝøðÇ ÕóÝøðÇ.(8/526)
ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉö» ÃóíúÖðÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ äóÝúÓõåõ¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö ËóãõæÏó¡ æóÚóÇÏò¡ æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ äõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö äóÝúÎóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ æóÍõãöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóÏõßøóÊóÇ ÏóßøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö æóÇáúãóáóßõ Úóáóì ÃóÑúÌóÇÆöåóÇ [69 \ 13 - 17] . ãöãøóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ ãóÚúäóì «ÕóÝøðÇ ÕóÝøðÇ» ¡ Ãóíú: Úóáóì ÃóÑúÌóÇÆöåóÇ ÕóÝøðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÕóÝøò.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉõ Úóáóì ãóÇ íõÝóÓøöÑõåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäö ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú Ãóäú ÊóäúÝõÐõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÞúØóÇÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö [55 \ 33] . æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó æóÇáúãóáóßõ ÕóÝøðÇ ÕóÝøðÇ [89 \ 22] ¡ «æóÌóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó» : ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö.
ãóæóÇÖöÚõ ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáäøóÙóÑö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóÍóáøóÇÊò ; æóáúíõÚúáóãú ÃóäøóåóÇ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöæóÇÁõ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÇáäøõÒõæáö æóÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú íóäúÙõÑõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Ùõáóáò ãöäó ÇáúÛóãóÇãö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ æóÅöáóì Çááøóåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ [2 \ 210] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÈúÍóËó ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ßóÇãöáóÉð Ýöí ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÉò ÃóÓúãóÇåóÇ: «ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö» ¡ æóØõÈöÚóÊú ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉð.
ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áóåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö íõÛúÔöí Çááøóíúáó ÇáäøóåóÇÑó [7 \ 54] ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóãú íóÊóÚóÑøóÖú áöÕöÝóÉö ÇáúãóÌöíÁö ÈöÐóÇÊöåóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ãöäú ÈóÇÈò æóÇÍöÏò¡ Ãóíú: ÃóäøóåóÇ ËóÇÈöÊóÉñ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ãóÈúÏóÃö: «áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ» [42 \ 11] ¡ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãöËóÇáò áöáúãóÎúáõæÞö¡ ÝóËóÈóÊó ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁñ íóáöíÞõ ÈöÌóáóÇáöåö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãöËóÇáò áöáúãóÎúáõæÞö.
æóßóÐóáößó åõäóÇ ßóãóÇ ËóÈóÊó ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁñ ËóÈóÊó ãóÌöíÁñ¡ æóßóãóÇ ËóÈóÊó ãóÌöíÁñ ËóÈóÊó äõÒõæáñ.
æóÇáúßõáøõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ¡ Ãóíú: Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -: äóÍúäõ ßõáøöÝúäóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúäóÇ Ãóäú äõÄúãöäó ÈöÕöÝóÇÊö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ãóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöÇááøóåö Úóáóì ãõÑóÇÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóáóíúÓó ÚóáóíúäóÇ Ãóäú äõßóíøöÝó¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúßóíúÝõ ãóãúäõæÚñ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.(8/527)
æóÌöíÁó íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈöÌóåóäøóãó íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ æóÃóäøóì áóåõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì (23)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ æóÃóäøóì áóåõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì
ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóæúÖõæÚó ÊóÐóßøõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: íóÞõæáõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí ÞóÏøóãúÊõ áöÍóíóÇÊöí [89 \ 24] .
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó íóÚóÖøõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõ Úóáóì íóÏóíúåö íóÞõæáõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí ÇÊøóÎóÐúÊõ ãóÚó ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÓóÈöíáðÇ [25 \ 27] ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(8/528)
æóÃóäúÊó Íöáøñ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö (2)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÈóáóÏö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇááøóÇãö¡ æóåóáú åöíó áöäóÝúíö ÇáúÞóÓóãö Ãóæú áöÊóÃúßöíÏöåö¡ æóÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö [75 \ 1] ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ åõäóÇ áóíúÓóÊú áöáäøóÝúíö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú ÃóÞúÓóãó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóåõæó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö æóØõæÑö Óöíäöíäó æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÇáúÃóãöíäö [95 \ 1 - 3] ; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏó ãõÑóÇÏñ Èöåö ãóßøóÉõ ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóÃóäúÊó Ãóíö: ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Íöáøñ¡ Ãóíú: ÍóÇáøñ Ãóæú ÍóáóÇáñ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö [90 \ 2] ¡ Ãóíú ãóßøóÉó¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ äóÙóÇÆöÑõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÇáÔøöÚúÑö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö¡ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì äóÝúíò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ãóäóÚóßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÓúÌõÏó ÅöÐú ÃóãóÑúÊõßó [7 \ 12] ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãóÇ ãóäóÚóßó ãöäó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö¡ æóßóÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÊóÐóßøóÑúÊõ áóíúáóì ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÊúäöí ÕóÈóÇÈóÉñ ... æóßóÇÏó Õóãöíãõ ÇáúÞóáúÈö áóÇ íóÊóÞóØøóÚõ
Ãóíú: æóßóÇÏó Õóãöíãõ ÇáúÞóáúÈö íóÊóÞóØøóÚõ.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóÍúËðÇ ãõØóæøóáðÇ Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÊó Íöáøñ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö¡ «Íöáøñ» : ÈöãóÚúäóì ÍóÇáøñ¡ æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáúãõÖóÚøóÝõ íóÃúÊöí ãõÖóÇÑöÚõåõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö äóÕóÑó æóÖóÑóÈó¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõÊóÚóÏøöíðÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö äóÕóÑó.
ÊóÞõæáõ: Íóáøó ÇáúÚõÞúÏóÉó íóÍõáøõåóÇ - ÈöÇáÖøóãøö -¡ æóÊóÞõæáõ: Íóáøó ÈöÇáúãóßóÇäö íóÍöáøõ - ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö -: ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÞóÇãó Ýöíåö¡ æóÇáúÅöÍúáóÇáõ Ïõæäó ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö.(8/529)
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÍöáøñ: åóáú åõæó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÍúáóÇáö ÈöÇáúãóßóÇäö¿ Ãóæú åõæó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÍóáøõáö ÖöÏøó ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö¿
ÝóÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÍúáóÇáö ÖöÏøó ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÅöÍúáóÇáö åóÐóÇ.
ÝóÞöíáó: åõæó ÅöÍúáóÇáõ ãóßøóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÚóÇãö ÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóáóãú ÊóÍöáøó áöÃóÍóÏò ÞóÈúáóåõ æóáóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ.
æóÞöíáó: «Íöáøñ» : Ãóíú: ÍóáóÇáñ áóåõ ãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõ ÈöãóßøóÉó ÛóíúÑõ ÂËöãò¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ åõãú ÂËöãõæäó ÈöÝöÚúáöåöãú.
æóÞöíáó: «Íöáøñ» : Ãóíú: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãõÚóÙøöãõæäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏó æóÍõÑúãóÊóåõ Ýöí äõÝõæÓöåöãú¡ æóáóßöäøóåõãú ãõÓúÊóÍöáøõæäó ÅöíÐóÇÁóßó æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌóßó.
æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÍõáõæáö æóÇáúÈóÞóÇÁö æóÇáÓøóßóäö¡ Ãóíú: æóÃóäúÊó ÍóÇáøñ ÈöåóÇ. ÇåÜ.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö íóßõæäõ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑðÇ Úóäö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö æóæóÚúÏðÇ ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÍöáøõ áóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú ÍóÑóÇãðÇ¡ ÝóíõÞóÇÊöáõ ÃóåúáóåóÇ æóíóäúÊóÕöÑõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÓúáöíóÉñ áóåõ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÇáöãñ ÈöãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäó Èöåö¡ æóÓóíóäúÕõÑõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí: íóßõæäõ ÊóÃúßöíÏðÇ áöÔóÑóÝö ãóßøóÉó ; ÅöÐú åöíó ÃóæøóáóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÈóíúÊõ Çááøóåö æóåõæó ÔóÑóÝñ ÚóÙöíãñ¡ Ëõãøó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÍóÇáøñ ÝöíåóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóåúáöåóÇ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöíó åõæó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóÞóáøó ÞóÇÆöáðÇ ; æóÐóáößó áöÞóÑóÇÆöäó ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóãöäú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö.
ãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó Íõáõæáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö áóåõ ÔóÃúäñ ÚóÙöíãñ ÝöÚúáðÇ¡ æóÃóåóãøóåõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÑóÇÝöÚñ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ; áöæõÌõæÏöåö Ýöíåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ áöíõÚóÐøöÈóåõãú æóÃóäúÊó Ýöíåöãú [8 \ 33] ¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÞõæáõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÂãöäõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÈöÝóÖúáö æõÌõæÏößó Ýöíåöãú.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÍõáõæáöåö ÝöíåóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóÙúåõÑöåöãú¡ íõáóÇÞöí ãöäó ÇáúãóÔóÇÞøö¡ æóíóÕúÈöÑõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóÝöíåö ÃóÑúæóÚõ ÇáúãóËóáö áöáÕøóÈúÑö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÔóÇÞøö Ýöí ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÂÐóæúåõ ßõáøó ÇáúÅöíÐóÇÁö¡ ÍóÊøóì æóÖóÚõæÇ ÓóáóÇ ÇáúÌóÒõæÑö Úóáóíúåö æóåõæó íõÕóáøöí ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ æóåõæó íóÕúÈöÑõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÂÐóæúåõ Ýöí ÚóæúÏóÊöåö ãöäó ÇáØøóÇÆöÝö¡ æóÌóÇÁóåõ ãóáößõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö äõÕúÑóÉð áóåõ¡ ÝóÃóÈóì æóÕóÈóÑó æóÏóÚóÇ áóåõãú¡ æóãóäóÚõæåõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáó Åöáóì(8/530)
íóÞõæáõ ÃóåúáóßúÊõ ãóÇáðÇ áõÈóÏðÇ (6) ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõ Ãóäú áóãú íóÑóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ (7)
ÈóáóÏöåö ãóÓúÞóØó ÑóÃúÓöåö ÝóÕóÈóÑó¡ æóáóãú íóÏúÚõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÑóÖöíó ÇáÏøõÎõæáó Ýöí ÌöæóÇÑö ÑóÌõáò ãõÔúÑößò æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãõäóÇÓöÈõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ßóÈóÏò [90 \ 4] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãöåö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ßõáøõ ÅöäúÓóÇäò íõßóÇÈöÏõ Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö¡ ÃóíøðÇ ßóÇäó åõæó¡ æóáöÃóíøö ÛóÑóÖò ßóÇäó¡ ÝóãõßóÇÈóÏóÊõßó Êöáúßó ÌóÏöíÑóÉñ ÈöÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑö æóÇáúÅöÚúÙóÇãö¡ ÍóÊøóì íõÞúÓóãó ÈöåóÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÇáöÏò æóãóÇ æóáóÏó
Þöíáó: ÇáúæóÇáöÏõ: åõæó ÂÏóãõ¡ æóãóÇ æóáóÏó¡ Þöíáó: «ãóÇ» äóÇÝöíóÉñ. æóÞöíáó: ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ.
ÝóÚóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÇÝöíóÉñ: Ãóíú: æóßõáøõ ÚóÙöíãò áóãú íõæáóÏú áóåõ.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉö: Ãóíú: ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö ãöäú ÊóÎúáöíÕö äóÝúÓò ãöäú äóÝúÓò¡ æóãóÇ íóÓúÈöÞõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÊóáúÞöíÍò æóÍóãúáò¡ æóäõãõæøö ÇáúÌóäöíäö¡ æóÊóÝúÕöíáöåö æóÊóÎúáöíÞöåö¡ æóÊóÓúåöíáö æöáóÇÏóÊöåö.
æóÞöíáó: «æóæóÇáöÏò æóãóÇ æóáóÏó» : ßõáøõ æóÇáöÏò ãóæúáõæÏñ ãöäú ÍóíóæóÇäò æóÅöäúÓóÇäò.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇáöÏó åõæó ÂÏóãõ¡ æóãóÇ æóáóÏó ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáúãõäóÇÓöÈõ ãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ãõãøõ ÇáúÞõÑóì¡ æóåõæó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÈóÔóÑö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ ÃóÞúÓóãó ÈöÃõÕõæáö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÇÊö æóÝõÑõæÚöåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ßóÈóÏò
ÊóÞóÏøóãõ ÈóíóÇäõåõ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóßó ßóÇÏöÍñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ßóÏúÍðÇ ÝóãõáóÇÞöíåö [84 \ 6] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÞõæáõ ÃóåúáóßúÊõ ãóÇáðÇ áõÈóÏðÇ ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõ Ãóäú áóãú íóÑóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú ÃóíóÑóÇåõ ÃóÍóÏñ¿ æóãóäö ÇáøóÐöí íóÑóÇåõ¿
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì íóÑóÇåõ¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãóÞúÑõæäðÇ ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö æóÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáú áóåõ Úóíúäóíúäö æóáöÓóÇäðÇ æóÔóÝóÊóíúäö æóåóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáäøóÌúÏóíúäö [90 \ 8 - 10] ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÌóÚóáó áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Úóíúäóíúäö íõÈúÕöÑõ ÈöåöãóÇ¡ æóíóÚúáóãõ ãöäúåõ ÎóÇÆöäóÉó ÇáúÃóÚúíõäö¡ æóáöÓóÇäðÇ íóäúØöÞõ Èöåö æóíõÍúÕöí Úóáóíúåö: «ãóÇ íóáúÝöÙõ ãöäú Þóæúáò ÅöáøóÇ áóÏóíúåö ÑóÞöíÈñ ÚóÊöíÏñ» [50 \ 18] ¡ æóåóÏóÇåõ ÇáØøóÑöíÞó¡ ØóÑöíÞó ÇáúÈóÐúáö æóØóÑöíÞó ÇáúÅöãúÓóÇßö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóÐóáößó ; Ýóáóäú íõäúÝöÞó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ íóÚúáóãõåõ æóíóÑóÇåõ.(8/531)
ÝóáóÇ ÇÞúÊóÍóãó ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉó (11)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáäøóÌúÏóíúäö
ÇáäøóÌúÏõ: ÇáØøóÑöíÞõ¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö» ÈóÚúÏó ÊóÝúÕöíáö ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò äóÈúÊóáöíåö ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÓóãöíÚðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó [76 \ 2 - 3] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáØøóÑöíÞó Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÈöÏóáöíáö: ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 3] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúãóÚúäóì åõäóÇßó¡ æóíóÃúÊöí Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóáúåóãóåóÇ ÝõÌõæÑóåóÇ æóÊóÞúæóÇåóÇ [91 \ 8] . ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò áóåõ. Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÇÞúÊóÍóãó ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉó
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉö ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉõ [90 \ 12] ¡ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÊóÝúÕöíáóåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈöÕöíÛóÉö «æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó» ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ íóæúãó íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö [101 \ 1 - 4] ¡ æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ ãóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ [69 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÝöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇÊö¡ Ýóßøõ ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö¡ æóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ ÊóæúÌöíåñ Åöáóì ÖóÑõæÑóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö ÍóÞøðÇ áóÇ ãóÇ íóÏøóÚöíåö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÈöÏõæäö ÍóÞöíÞóÉò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóåúáóßúÊõ ãóÇáðÇ áõÈóÏðÇ [90 \ 6] .
ÃóãøóÇ Ýóßøõ ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö: ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÇáúÅöÓúåóÇãõ Ýöí ÚöÊúÞö ÇáÑøóÞöíÞö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúáóÇáõ Ýöí ÚöÊúÞöåóÇ íõÚóÈøóÑõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÝóßøö ÇáäøóÓóãóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõäúÕõÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóáö ÈóÇáöÛõ ÇáúÃóåóãøöíøóÉö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÞõÏøöãó Ýöí Óõáøóãö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÍóÇãö áöÊöáúßó ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöÈóíóÇäö ÝóÖúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáö ÍóÊøóì ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÚöÊúÞõ ÇáÑøóÞöíÞö Ãóæú Ýóßøõ ÇáäøóÓóãóÉö¡ íõÚóÇÏóáõ Èöåö ÚöÊúÞõ ÇáúãõÚúÊóÞö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö ßõáøõ ÚõÖúæò ÈöÚõÖúæò¡ æóÝöíåö äõÕõæÕñ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ ÓóÇÞóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãóæúÞöÝö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ãöäó ÇáÑøöÞøö¡ æóãóÏóì ÍöÑúÕöåö æóÊóØóáøõÚöåö Åöáóì ÊóÍúÑöíÑö ÇáÑøöÞóÇÈö.(8/532)
íóÊöíãðÇ ÐóÇ ãóÞúÑóÈóÉò (15)
ÝóåóÇ åõæó åõäóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÚóÊóÞó ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö¡ Óõáøóãó ÇÞúÊöÍóÇãö ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉö¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ÚöÊúÞðÇ áöáúãõÚóÊóÞö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö ßõáøõ ÚõÖúæò ÈöÚõÖúæò. æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãõÓúáöãò íóÓúÚóì áöÐóáößó¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉð áößõáøö íóãöíäò æóáöáÙøöåóÇÑö Èóíúäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö¡ æóßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÇáúÎóØóÃö¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó äóæóÇÝöÐõ ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÃõÓóÇÑóì¡ æóÝóßøõ ÇáÑøöÞóÇÈö Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íõÝúÊóÍú áöáöÇÓúÊöÑúÞóÇÞö ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÇÈñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ åõæó ÇáúÃóÓúÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö ãóÚó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó áóÇ ÛóíúÑó¡ æóåõãóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÓóÈóÞó ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÑóÏøðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúÊóÔúÑöÞöíäó æóãóäú ÊóÃóËøóÑó Èöåöãú ; Ýöí ÇÏøöÚóÇÆöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö: Ãóäøóåõ ãõÊóÚóØøöÔñ áöÇÓúÊöÑúÞóÇÞö ÇáúÃóÍúÑóÇÑö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæú ÅöØúÚóÇãñ Ýöí íóæúãò Ðöí ãóÓúÛóÈóÉò [90 \ 14] . Ãóíú: ÔöÏøóÉò æóÌõæÚò. æóÇáÓøóÇÛöÈõ: ÇáúÌóÇÆöÚõ ; ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó:
Ýóáóæú ßõäúÊó ÌóÇÑðÇ íóÇ Èúäó ÞóíúÓò áöÚóÇÕöãò ... áóãóÇ ÈöÊøó ÔóÈúÚóÇäðÇ æóÌóÇÑõßó ÓóÇÛöÈðÇ
Ãóíú: áóæú ßõäúÊó ÌóÇÑðÇ ÈöÍóÞøò ÊóÚúäöí ÈöÍóÞøö ÇáúÌóÇÑö¡ áóãóÇ ÍóÏóËó áöÌóÇÑößó åóÐóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóíúÏõ áöÍóÇáö ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö ; Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÞõæøóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíãö ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ; Úóáóì ãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ [76 \ 8] ¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí ÍõÈøöåö Ãóäøóåõ áöáØøóÚóÇãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÇáöÈñ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáÔøöÏøóÉö æóÇáúãóÓúÛóÈóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ [59 \ 9] ¡ Ýóåöíó ÃóÚúáóì ãóäóÇÒöáö ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÊöíãðÇ ÐóÇ ãóÞúÑóÈóÉò¡ ÝóÇáúíóÊöíãõ ãóäú ÍõÑöãó ÃóÈóæóíúåö Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóÕøõæÇ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö íóÊöíãó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö¡ ãóäú ÝóÞóÏó ÇáúÃõãøó¡ æóÝöí ÇáØøõíõæÑö ãóäú ÝóÞóÏó ÇáúÃóÈóæóíúäö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãóäú ÝóÞóÏó ÇáúÃóÈó.
æó «ÐóÇ ãóÞúÑóÈóÉò» : Ãóíú: ÞóÑóÇÈóÉò¡ æóÎõÕøó Èöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãó Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ÃóÝúÖóáõ æóÃóæúáóì ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: «Åöäøó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÑöíÈö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ æóÕöáóÉñ¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÈóÚöíÏö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ ÝóÞóØú» .(8/533)
Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúãóÑúÍóãóÉö (17)
æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóì ÇáúíóÊöíãö ãõÊóÖóÇÝöÑóÉñ¡ æóíóßúÝöí Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÃóäóÇ æóßóÇÝöáõ ÇáúíóÊöíãö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ßóåóÐóíúäö» Ãóíö: ÇáÓøóÈøóÇÈóÉö æóÇáøóÊöí ÊóáöíåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæú ãöÓúßöíäðÇ ÐóÇ ãóÊúÑóÈóÉò
Þöíáó: ÇáúãöÓúßöíäõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõßõæäö æóÞöáøóÉö ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóÊúÑóÈóÉõ: ÇááøõÕõæÞõ ÈöÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÑöíÞö Èóíúäó ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö æóÇáúÝóÞöíÑö: ÃóíøõåõãóÇ ÃóÔóÏøõ ÇÍúÊöíóÇÌðÇ æóãóÇ ÍóÏøõ ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ¿ ÝóÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ ÃóæøóáðÇ: Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÝúÊóÑóÞóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÇ ÇÝúÊóÑóÞóÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÝóÞóØú¡ ÝóíóÔúãóáõ ÇáËøóÇäöíó ãóÚóåõ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÌóÇãöÚðÇ áóåõãóÇ ßóãóÇ åõæó åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãõ íóÔúãóáõ ÇáöÇËúäóíúäö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÇ ÝõÑøöÞó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö.
ÝóÇáúãöÓúßöíäõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÇáúÝóÞöíÑõ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ãóÃúÎõæÐñ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÞúÑóÉö æóåöíó: ÇáúÍõÝúÑóÉõ ÊõÍúÝóÑõ áöáäøóÎúáóÉö æóäóÍúæöåóÇ áöáúÛóÑúÓö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ äóÒóáó Åöáóì ÍõÝúÑóÉò áóãú íóÎúÑõÌú ãöäúåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ãöäú ÝóÞóÇÑö ÇáÙøóåúÑö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÃõÎöÐóÊú ÝóÞóÇÑñ ãöäúåóÇ ÚóÌóÒó Úóäö ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÞöíÑõ ÃóÔóÏøõ ÍóÇÌóÉð¡ æóíõÑóÌøöÍõåõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóÝöíäóÉõ ÝóßóÇäóÊú áöãóÓóÇßöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö [18 \ 79] ¡ ÝóÓóãøóÇåõãú ãóÓóÇßöíäó ãóÚó æõÌõæÏö ÓóÝöíäóÉò áóåõãú íóÊóÓóÈøóÈõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ áöáúãóÚöíÔóÉö¡ æóáöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Çááøóåõãøó ÃóÍúíöäöí ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóÃóãöÊúäöí ãöÓúßöíäðÇ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Çááøóåõãøó Åöäøöí ÃóÚõæÐõ Èößó ãöäó ÇáúÝóÞúÑö» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóÇáößò.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ÊóÚúÑöíÝö ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ: ÇáúãöÓúßöíäõ ãóäú íóÌöÏõ ÃóÞóáøó ãóÇ íóßúÝöíåö¡ æóÇáúÝóÞöíÑõ: ãóäú áóÇ íóÌöÏõ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ
åóÐóÇ ÞóíúÏñ Ýöí ÇÞúÊöÍóÇãö ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉö ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ãöäú ÚöÊúÞò¡ Ãóæú ÅöØúÚóÇãò ; áöÃóäøó Úóãóáó ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö áóÇ íóÌúÚóáõåõ íóÞúÊóÍöãõ ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ; áöÅöÍúÈóÇØö Úóãóáöåö æóáöÇÓúÊöíÝóÇÆöåö ÅöíøóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æó " Ëõãøó " åõäóÇ áöáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö ÇáÐøößúÑöíøö áóÇ ÇáÒøóãóäöíøö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ãóÔúÑõæØñ æõÌõæÏõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóãóáö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÔõÑõæØö ÞóÈõæáö ÇáúÚóãóáö æóÕöÍøóÊöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö " ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ [20 \ 112] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó æóÓóÚóì áóåóÇ ÓóÚúíóåóÇ æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ [17 \ 19] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö:(8/534)
ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ [16 \ 97] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó åõæó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøõ Ýöí Íóãúáö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Úóáóì Úóãóáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö íóÈúÊóÛöí Èöåö ÇáËøóæóÇÈó¡ æóÎóÇÕøóÉð ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÈóÐúáñ ÈöÏõæäö ÚöæóÖò ÚóÇÌöáò.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ãóæúÖõæÚó Úóãóáö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáøóÐöí Úóãöáóåõ ÍóÇáóÉó ßõÝúÑöåö Ëõãøó ÃóÓúáóãó¡ åóáú íóäúÊóÝöÚõ Èöåö ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÓúáóÇãöåö Ãóãú áóÇ¿
æóÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ: Ãóäøóåõ íóäúÊóÝöÚõ Èöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Ãóäøó Íóßöíãó Èúäó ÍöÒóÇãò ÈóÚúÏó ãóÇ ÃóÓúáóãó¡ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ äóÊóÍóäøóËõ ÈöÃóÚúãóÇáò Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ; Ýóåóáú áóäóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: " ÃóÓúáóãúÊó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúÊó ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö "¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: " íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Åöäøó ÇÈúäó ÌõÏúÚóÇäó ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö íóÕöáõ ÇáÑøóÍöãó¡ æóíõØúÚöãõ ÇáØøóÚóÇãó¡ æóíóÝõßøõ ÇáúÚóÇäöíó¡ æóíõÚúÊöÞõ ÇáÑøöÞóÇÈó¡ æóíóÍúãöáõ Úóáóì ÅöÈöáöåö áöáøóåö - Ýóåóáú íóäúÝóÚõåõ Ðóáößó ÔóíúÆðÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: " áóÇ¡ Åöäøóåõ áóãú íóÞõáú íóæúãðÇ: ÑóÈøö ÇÛúÝöÑú áöí ÎóØöíÆóÊöí íóæúãó ÇáÏøöíäö ".
æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÞóÇáóåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: áóæú ÃóÓúáóãó ÝóÞóÇáóåóÇ ßóÇäó íóäúÝóÚõåõ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúãóÑúÍóãóÉö
ÊóÊöãøóÉñ áöÕöÝóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóÇáÕøóÈúÑõ ÚóÇãøñ Úóáóì ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö æóÚóäö ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóÑúÍóãóÉõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: " ÇáÑøóÇÍöãõæäó íóÑúÍóãõåõãõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ".
æóÐößúÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÍóãóÉö åõäóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ãóÚó ÇáúÚóØúÝö Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÞöíÞö æóÇáúãöÓúßöíäö æóÇáúíóÊöíãö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/535)
æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÖõÍóÇåóÇ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÔøóãúÓö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÖõÍóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóáóÇåóÇ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÌóáøóÇåóÇ æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóÇåóÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóãóÇ ÈóäóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ØóÍóÇåóÇ æóäóÝúÓò æóãóÇ ÓóæøóÇåóÇ ÝóÃóáúåóãóåóÇ ÝõÌõæÑóåóÇ æóÊóÞúæóÇåóÇ ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÒóßøóÇåóÇ æóÞóÏú ÎóÇÈó ãóäú ÏóÓøóÇåóÇ
Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÔúÑö: íõÞúÓöãõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÓóÈúÚó ãóÑøóÇÊò ÈöÓóÈúÚö ÂíóÇÊò ßóæúäöíøóÉò¡ åöíó: ÇáÔøóãúÓõ¡ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ¡ æóÇááøóíúáõ¡ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ¡ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ¡ æóÇáäøóÝúÓõ ÇáúÈóÔóÑöíøóÉõ¡ ãóÚó ÍóÇáóÉò áößõáøö ãõÞúÓóãò Èöåö¡ æóÐóáößó Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÝóáóÇÍõ ãóäú Òóßøóì Êöáúßó ÇáäøóÝúÓó æóÎóíúÈóÉö ãóäú ÏóÓøóÇåóÇ¡ æóãóÚó ßõáøö ÂíóÉò ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞóÓóãõ ÈöåóÇ ÊóæúÌöíåðÇ Åöáóì ÃóËóÑöåóÇ ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏö ÇáúãóáúãõæÓö¡ ÇáÏøóÇáøö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÇåöÑóÉö.
æóÐóáößó ßóÇáúÂÊöí ÃóæøóáðÇ: æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÖõÍóÇåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÍúÏóåóÇ ÂíóÉñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö ÎóÇáöÞöåóÇ¡ áöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ØóÇÞóÉò ÍóÑóÇÑöíøóÉò Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåóÇ ÊóÝõæÞõ ßõáøó ÊóÞúÏöíÑò¡ æóåöíó Úóáóì ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ÈöÏõæäö ÇäúÊöÞóÇÕò¡ Ýóåöíó Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåóÇ ÂíóÉñ.
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó æóÕúÝõ ÃóËóÑöåóÇ æóåõæó: «ÖõÍóÇåóÇ» ¡ æóåõæó ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑõ ÖóæúÆöåóÇ ÖóÍúæóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÍúÏóåõ ÂíóÉñ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ äóÊöíÌóÉñ áöÍóÑóßóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÍóÑóßóÊõåóÇ ÂíóÉñ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂíóÉñ áóåõãõ Çááøóíúáõ äóÓúáóÎõ ãöäúåõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãõÙúáöãõæäó æóÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÊóÌúÑöí áöãõÓúÊóÞóÑøò áóåóÇ Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö [36 \ 37 - 38] ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÇÌøó ÈöåóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - äõãúÑõæÐó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúÊöí ÈöÇáÔøóãúÓö ãöäó ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö ÝóÃúÊö ÈöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö ÝóÈõåöÊó ÇáøóÐöí ßóÝóÑó [2 \ 258] .
ÝóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóíúÑö ÞõÏúÑóÉñ ÈóÇåöÑóÉñ æóÏöÞøóÉñ ãõÊóäóÇåöíóÉñ¡ «æóÖõÍóÇåóÇ» : äóÊöíÌóÉñ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóíúÑö¡ Ëõãøó «ÖõÍóÇåóÇ» äöÚóãñ ÌóÒöíáóÉñ Úóáóì Çáúßóæúäö ßõáøöåö¡ ãöäö ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇäúÊöÝóÇÚò ÈöÖóæúÆöåóÇ æóÃóÔöÚøóÊöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóæö ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊú ÏóÑóÌóÉð Ãóæö ÇÑúÊóÝóÚóÊú ÏóÑóÌóÉð¡ áóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÇÚó ÃóÍóÏñ Ãóäú íóäúÊóÝöÚó ãöäúåóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÍúÑöÞõ ÈöÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóíóÊóÌóãøóÏõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ ãöäú ÈõÚúÏöåóÇ¡ Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö.(8/536)
ÝóÇáÖøõÍóì æóÍúÏóåõ ÂíóÉñ æóåõæó ÍóÑøõåóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóäøóßó áóÇ ÊóÙúãóÃõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÖúÍóì [20 \ 119] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÍóÑøö ÇáÔøóãúÓö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÓóãó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáÖøõÍóì æóÍúÏóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÖøõÍóì æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÓóÌóì [93 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóáóÇåóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÐóáößó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ æóÍúÏóåõ ÂíóÉñ¡ æóßóÐóáößó Êõáõæøõåõ áöáÔøóãúÓö æóäöÙóÇãõ ãóÓöíÑöåö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÏøöÞøóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÙóÇãõ ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÈöÞõåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÝõæÊõåõ: áóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÏúÑößó ÇáúÞóãóÑó æóáóÇ Çááøóíúáõ ÓóÇÈöÞõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóßõáøñ Ýöí Ýóáóßò íóÓúÈóÍõæäó [36 \ 40] .
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÊóáóÇåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÊóáóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓó¡ ÏóáóÇáóÉñ Úóáóì ÓóíúÑö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞóÊõåõ æóåõæó ÊóÇáöíåóÇ.
ÝóÞöíáó: ÊóÇáöíåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Ãóæøóáö ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÊóÛúÑõÈõ¡ æóíóÙúåóÑõ ãöäú ãóßóÇäö ÛõÑõæÈöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö: ÊóÇáöíåóÇ Ýöí ãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÍóÌúãö¡ Ãóíú: ßõÈúÑóì æóåõæó ßóÈöíÑñ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÌúãö¡ æóÝöíåö äóÙóÑñ.
æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞóãóÑö ãöäú ÝóæóÇÆöÏó áöáúÎóáöíÞóÉö¡ ãöäú ÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÙõáúãóÉö Çááøóíúáö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÎóÕóÇÆöÕö Úóáóì ÇáÒøóÑúÚö¡ æóÃóåóãøõ ÎóÕóÇÆöÕöåö ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáÔøõåõæÑö ÈöÊóÞúÓöíãö ÇáÓøóäóÉö¡ æóãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö ãöäú Õóæúãò¡ æóÍóÌøò¡ æóÒóßóÇÉò¡ æóÚöÏøóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóßóÝøóÇÑóÇÊò ÈöÕóæúãò¡ æóÍõáõæáö ÇáÏøõíõæäö¡ æóÔõÑõæØö ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊö¡ æóßõáøö ãóÇ áóåõ ÕöáóÉñ ÈöÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÉò Ãóæú ãõÚóÇãóáóÉò.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞóÓóãõ ÈöÇáúÞóãóÑö Ýöí «ÇáúãõÏøóËøöÑö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ßóáøóÇ æóÇáúÞóãóÑö æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐú ÃóÏúÈóÑó [74 \ 32 - 33] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÊøóÓóÞó [84 \ 18] ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚöÙóãö ÂíóÊöåö æóÏöÞøóÉö ÏóáóÇáóÊöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÌóáøóÇåóÇ¡ «æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö» åõæó ÃóËóÑñ ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ÖóæúÁö ÇáÔøóãúÓö.
æó «ÌóáøóÇåóÇ» Þöíáó: ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöíåö ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöáÔøóãúÓö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ æóáóßöäö ÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÑóÇÌöÚðÇ áöáúÃóÑúÖö¡ Ãóíú: ßóÔóÝóåóÇ æóÃóæúÖóÍó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ; áöíóÊóíóÓøóÑó ØóáóÈõ ÇáúãóÚóÇÔö æóÇáÓøóÚúíö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ Çááøóíúáó áöÊóÓúßõäõæÇ Ýöíåö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ãõÈúÕöÑðÇ [10 \ 67] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ Çááøóíúáó áöÈóÇÓðÇ æóÇáäøóæúãó ÓõÈóÇÊðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáäøóåóÇÑó äõÔõæÑðÇ [25 \ 47] .(8/537)
æóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÓóãó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÌóáøóì: Ãóíú: ÙóåóÑó æóæóÖóÍó ÈöÏõæäö ÖóãöíÑò Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóì æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÌóáøóì [92 \ 1 - 2] ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÛöÔóÇæóÉö Çááøóíúáö íóßõæäõ ÈöÊóÌóáøöí ÇáäøóåóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚöÙóãó ÂíóÉö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóÚöÙóãó ÂíóÉö Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäö ÈöåöãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßõãõ Çááøóíúáó ÓóÑúãóÏðÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóäú Åöáóåñ ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÃúÊöíßõãú ÈöÖöíóÇÁò ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæäó Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÓóÑúãóÏðÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóäú Åöáóåñ ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÃúÊöíßõãú Èöáóíúáò ÊóÓúßõäõæäó Ýöíåö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó [28 \ 71 - 72] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóÇåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÛúÔóì ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÝóíõÍúÌóÈõ ÖöíóÇÄõåóÇ¡ æóÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì Çááøóíúáö¡ ßóÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ÇáúßóÇÝöíóÉõ¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãõ ÈöÇááøóíúáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóì [92 \ 1] ¡ Ãóíú: íóÛúÔóì Çáúßóæúäó ßõáøóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóíúáö æóãóÇ æóÓóÞó [84 \ 17] ¡ Ãóíú: ÌóãóÚó æóÇÔúÊóãóáó ÈöÙóáóÇãöåö.
æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí «íóÛúÔóÇåóÇ» : ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáÔøóãúÓö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÑóÇÌöÚñ ßõáøõåõ Åöáóì ÇáÔøóãúÓö Ýöí ÍóÇáóÇÊò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò¡ Ýöí ÖõÍóÇåóÇ Ëõãøó ÊóÌóáøöíåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó Êõáõæøõ ÇáúÞóãóÑö áóåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÈöÛóÔóíóÇäö Çááøóíúáö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ: ßóíúÝó íóÛúÔóì Çááøóíúáõ ÇáÔøóãúÓó ãóÚó Ãóäøó Çááøóíúáó æóåõæó ÇáÙøõáúãóÉõ äóÊöíÌóÉñ áöÛõÑõæÈö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Úóäö ÇáúÌöåóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ Çááøóíúáõ¿
ÝóÞöíáó: Åöäøó Çááøóíúáó íõÛóØøöí ÖóæúÁó ÇáÔøóãúÓö¡ ÝóÊóÊóßóæøóäõ ÇáÙøõáúãóÉõ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ ÎöáóÇÝõ Ðóáößó. æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÙóÇåöÑóÉñ æóÖóæúÁõåóÇ ãõäúÊóÔöÑñ¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÞöÓúãö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈöáö áöáÙøõáúãóÉö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÙøõáúãóÉó Êóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈöáö áöáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ.
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: Åöäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí «íóÛúÔóÇåóÇ» æó «ÌóáøóÇåóÇ» ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ãõÛóÇíöÑóÉð Ýöí ãóÑúÌöÚö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóãóÇ ÈóäóÇåóÇ¡ Þöíáó: «ãóÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí¡ æóÌöíÁó ÈöåóÇ ÈóÏóáðÇ Úóäú «ãóäú» ÇáøóÊöí áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÚöáúãö ; áöÅöÔúÚóÇÑöåóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÕúÝöíøóÉö¡ Ãóíú: «æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö» æóÇáúÞóÇÏöÑö ÇáøóÐöí «ÈóäóÇåóÇ» ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ØóÍóÇåóÇ æóäóÝúÓò» ¡ æóÇáúÍóßöíãö ÇáúÚóáöíãö(8/538)
«ÇáøóÐöí ÓöæøóÇåóÇ» ¡ æó «ãóÇ» ãõÔúÊóÑóßñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóÇáöãö æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ [109 \ 3] ¡ æóãöËúáöåö: ÝóÇäúßöÍõæÇ ãóÇ ØóÇÈó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö [4 \ 3] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ÃóÍúæóÇáõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÈöäóÇÆöåóÇ æóÑóÝúÚöåóÇ¡ æóÌóÚúáöåóÇ ÓóÈúÚðÇ ØöÈóÇÞðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÈöäóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóäóÇåóÇ ÈöÞõæøóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈóäóíúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÃóíúÏò [51 \ 47] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÞõæøóÉò
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ØóÍóÇåóÇ [91 \ 6] ¡ ãöËúáõ «ÏóÍóÇåóÇ» [79 \ 30] .
æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöÈúÏóÇáõ ÇáÏøóÇáøö ØóÇÁð ãóÔúåõæÑñ¡ æóØóÍóÇ ÊóÃúÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóì ÎóáóÞó¡ æóÈöãóÚúäóì ÐóåóÈó Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö:
æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí ÌóÐöíãóÉõ ãóäú ØóÍóÇåóÇ ... æóáóÇ ãóäú ÓóÇßöäõ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÇáÑøóÝöíÚö
æóãöäó ÇáËøóÇäöí Þóæúáõ ÚóáúÞóãóÉó:
ØóÍóÇ Èößó ÞóáúÈñ Ýöí ÇáúÍöÓóÇäö ØóÑõæÈõ ... íõÚöíÏõ ÇáÔøóÈóÇÈó ÚóÕúÑó ÍóÇäó ãóÔöíÈõ
æóáóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎóáóÞóåóÇ æóãóÏøóåóÇ¡ æóÐóåóÈó ÈöÃóØúÑóÇÝöåóÇ ßõáøó ãóÐúåóÈò¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ãóÏøöåóÇ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÐößúÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóãóÇ ÈóäóÇåóÇ ; áöáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÍõÏõæËöåóÇ¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí Úóáóì ÍõÏõæËö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö¡ æóÃóäøó ÊóÏúÈöíÑóåõãóÇ áöáøóåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóäóÝúÓò æóãóÇ ÓóæøóÇåóÇ ÝóÃóáúåóãóåóÇ ÝõÌõæÑóåóÇ æóÊóÞúæóÇåóÇ [91 \ 7 - 8] ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáäøóÝúÓõ ÊóÍúãöáõ ßóÇãöáó ÎöáúÞóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÌöÓúãöåö æóÑõæÍöåö æóÞõæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäöíøóÉö¡ ãöäú ÊóÝúßöíÑò æóÓõáõæßò. . . ÅöáóÎú.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáäøóÝúÓõ åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞõæóì ÇáúãõÝóßøöÑóÉö¡ ÇáúãõÏúÑößóÉö ãóäóÇØó ÇáÑøóÛúÈóÉö æóÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ; ÝóÐößúÑõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ Êóßõæäõ ÊóÓúæöíóÊõåóÇ Ýöí ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁò ÎöáúÞóÊöåóÇ æóÊóÑúßöíÈö ÃóÚúÖóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö æóÇáúßóãóÇáö æóÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò [95 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÝöí ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó [51 \ 21] ¡ Ãóíú: ãöäú ÃóÚúÖóÇÁò æóÃóÌúÒóÇÁò æóÊóÑóÇßöíÈó¡ æóÚöÏøóÉö ÃóÌúåöÒóÉò ÊõÈúåöÑõ ÇáúÚõÞõæáó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãúÚö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÈóÕóÑö¡ æóÝöí ÇáÔøóãøö¡ æóÝöí ÇáÐøóæúÞö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍöÓøö¡ æóãöäú ÏóÇÎöáö ÇáúÌöÓúãö ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ¡ ÝóÍóÞøó Ãóäú íõÞúÓöãó ÈöåóÇ.(8/539)
«æóãóÇ ÓóæøóÇåóÇ» : Ãóíú: ÈöÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÇåöÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãö ÇáÔøóÇãöáö. æóÐößúÑõåóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Ýöí äóÙóÑöí ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö ; æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõæóì ÇáúãõÏúÑößóÉó æóÇáúãõÝóßøöÑóÉó æóÇáúãõÞóÏøöÑóÉó áöáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáøóÊöí áóåóÇ ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÞóÈõæáõ æóÇáÑøóÝúÖõ æóÇáÑøöÖóì æóÇáÓøõÎúØõ æóÇáúÃóÎúÐõ æóÇáúãóäúÚõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÚóÇáóãñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøñ.
æóÅöäøóåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈó ÇáúÎöáúÞöíøó ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöíåö: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö [40 \ 57] ¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÇäöÈö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóÇ ÚóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÃóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÍúãöáúäóåóÇ æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ ÌóåõæáðÇ [33 \ 72] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÍóãóáóåóÇ ÈöÕöÏúÞò æóÃóÏøóÇåóÇ ÈöæóÝóÇÁò¡ æóäóÇáó ÑöÖóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú æóÑóÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáäøóÝúÓõ Ýöí ÊóÓúæöíóÊöåóÇ áöÊóáóÞøöí ãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáÔøóÑøö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáö ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö ÇáúÅöáóåöíøö áöáúÝõÌõæÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÏóáóÇáóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊõÈúÏöí æóáóÇ ÊõÚöíÏõ¡ æóÇáøóÊöí áóÇ Êóãúáößõ ÓóáúÈðÇ æóáóÇ ÅöíÌóÇÈðÇ.
æóåõäóÇ ãöËóÇáñ ÈóÓöíØñ ÝöíãóÇ ÇÓúÊõÍúÏöËó ãöäú ÂáóÇÊö ÍöÝúÙò æóÍöÓóÇÈò¡ ßóÇáúÂáóÉö ÇáúÍóÇÓöÈóÉö æóÇáúÚóÞúáö ÇáúÃóáößúÊöÑõæäöíøö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÎúØöÆõ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóåóÑóÊö ÇáúÚõÞõæáó Ýöí ÕöÝóÊöåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú ÈöäóÙúÑóÉò ÈóÓöíØóÉò äóÌöÏõåóÇ ÃóãóÇãó ÇáäøóÝúÓö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäöíøóÉö ßóÞóØúÑóÉò ãöäú ÈóÍúÑò.
ÝóäóÞõæáõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÃóæøóáðÇ ãöäú ÕõäúÚö åóÐöåö ÇáäøóÝúÓö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáäøóÇãöí æóÇáöÇÓúÊöäúÊóÇÌö ÇáúÈóÇåöÑö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: åöíó áóÇ ÊóÎúØöÆõ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÞóÏøöÑõ Ãóäú ÊóÎúØöÆó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóØóÃó äóÇÔöÆñ Úóäö ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏò ÝößúÑöíøò¡ æóåöíó áóÇ ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏó áóåóÇ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõÔöíÑõ æõÝúÞó ãóÇ ÑõÓöãó áóåóÇ: ßóÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ÇáúãõÓóÌøóáóÉö Ýöí ÔóÑöíØò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõÓóÌøöáó ãóÚó ÏöÞøóÉö ÍöÝúÙöåö áóåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Ãóäú íóÒöíÏó æóáóÇ íõäúÞöÕó ÍóÑúÝðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ: ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÛóíøöÑõ æóíõÈóÏøöáõ¡ æóÚöäúÏóãóÇ íõÈóÏøöáõ ßóáöãóÉð ãóßóÇäó ßóáöãóÉò¡ ÝóáöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÅöíÌóÇÏö ÇáúßóáöãóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ Ãóæú áöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåö ÊóÑúßó ÇáúßóáöãóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì.
æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ ÎóáóÞó Êöáúßó ÇáäøóÝúÓö ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÓöæøóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ÍóÇáóÉò ÊóÞúÈóáõ ÊóáóÞøöí ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö ÈöÞóÓöíãöåö: ÇáúÝõÌõæÑö æóÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÓúáõßõ ÃóÍóÏó ÇáØøóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøó ãóÌöíÁó ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÈöåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó(8/540)
Êöáúßó ÇáúãõÓóãøóíóÇÊö ÏóáóÇáóÉñ Úóáóì ÚöÙóãö ÐóÇÊöåóÇ æóÞõæøóÉö ÏóáóÇáóÊöåóÇ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö ÎóÇáöÞöåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÓöæóÇåóÇ ãõÓúÊóÚöÏøóÉñ ÞóÇÈöáóÉñ áöÊóáóÞøöí ÅöáúåóÇãö Çááøóåö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
æóÝöí ãóÌöíÆöåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö ; ãöäú ÔóãúÓò¡ æóÞóãóÑò¡ æóáóíúáò¡ æóäóåóÇÑò¡ æóÓóãóÇÁò¡ æóÃóÑúÖò¡ áóÝúÊñ Åöáóì æõÌõæÈö ÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö¡ íóÓúÊóáúåöãõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉó Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö ÎóÇáöÞöåóÇ¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó Úóáóì ÊóÛóíøõÑö ÇáúÃóÒúãóÇäö¡ æóÍóÑóßóÉö ÇáúÃóÝúáóÇßö¡ æóÅöÍúÏóÇËö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö ; Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ãöäú ÕóÇäöÚò¡ æóáóÇ ÈõÏøó áöáúãõÍúÏóËö ÇáúãõÊóÌóÏøöÏö ãöäú ÝöäóÇÁò æóÚóÏóãò.
ßóãóÇ ÚóÑóÖó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - Úóáóì ÇáäøõãúÑõæÐö äóãóÇÐöÌó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö Úóáóì ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö æóÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÇáúÞóãóÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÇäúÊóÞóáó Èöåö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÃóáúåóãóåóÇ ÝõÌõæÑóåóÇ æóÊóÞúæóÇåóÇ¡ Åöäú ßóÇäó «ÃóáúåóãóåóÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì åóÏóÇåóÇ æóÈóíøóäó áóåóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóåóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáäøóÌúÏóíúäö [90 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó [76 \ 3] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö¡ ÇáøóÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö æóÇáúÈóíóÇäö.
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóíúÓöíÑö æóÇáúÅöáúÒóÇãö¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÅöÔúßóÇáõ ÇáúÞóÏóÑö Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÈóÍúËðÇ æóÇÝöíðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÒóßøóÇåóÇ æóÞóÏú ÎóÇÈó ãóäú ÏóÓøóÇåóÇ
åóÐóÇ åõæó ÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ ÝóÇáúæóÇæõ ÞóÏú ÍõÐöÝóÊú ãöäúåõ ÇááøóÇãõ ; áöØõæáö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö æóÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏú äóæøóåó Úóäúåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ðóáößó áóÍóÞøñ ÊóÎóÇÕõãõ Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö [38 \ 64] ¡ ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãõ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ: áóÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó¡ ÝóÍõÐöÝóÊö ÇááøóÇãõ áöØõæáö ÇáúÝóÕúáö¡ æó «ÒóßøóÇåóÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì ØóåøóÑóåóÇ¡ æóÃóæøóáõ ãóÇ íõØóåøöÑõåóÇ ãöäúåõ ÏóäóÓõ ÇáÔøöÑúßö æóÑöÌúÓõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó äóÌóÓñ [9 \ 28] ¡ æóÊóØúåöíÑõåóÇ ãöäúåõ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Ëõãøó ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí ÈöÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÊõÒóßøõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú åõæó ÃóÚúáóãõ Èöãóäö ÇÊøóÞóì [53 \ 32] ¡ Ëõãøó ÈöÚóãóáö ÇáØøóÇÚóÇÊö ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÐóßóÑó ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÕóáøóì [87 \ 14 - 15] .(8/541)
æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÑúÌöÚö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Ýöí «ÒóßøóÇåóÇ» æó «ÏóÓøóÇåóÇ» ¡ æóåõæó íóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú Ýöí: ÝóÃóáúåóãóåóÇ ÝõÌõæÑóåóÇ æóÊóÞúæóÇåóÇ¡ Ýóåóáú íóÚõæÏõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí: æóäóÝúÓò æóãóÇ ÓóæøóÇåóÇ¡ Ãóãú íóÚõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÈúÏö.
æóíõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÓúÊóÏóáøó áößõáøö Þóæúáò ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö. ÝóãöãøóÇ íõÓúÊóÏóáøõ Èöåö áöáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáö Çááøóåõ íõÒóßøöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóáóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó ÝóÊöíáðÇ [4 \ 49] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóæúáóÇ ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú æóÑóÍúãóÊõåõ ãóÇ ÒóßóÇ ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ÃóÈóÏðÇ [24 \ 21] ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: «Çááøóåõãøó ÂÊö äóÝúÓöí ÊóÞúæóÇåóÇ¡ æóÒóßøöåóÇ ; ÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑõ ãóäú ÒóßøóÇåóÇ¡ æóÃóäúÊó æóáöíøõåóÇ æóãóæúáóÇåóÇ» .
æóãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊõÏöáøó Èöåö áöáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí ÝóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÐóßóÑó ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÕóáøóì [87 \ 14 - 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÊóÒóßøóì áöäóÝúÓöåö æóÅöáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ [35 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÞõáú åóáú áóßó Åöáóì Ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÃóåúÏöíóßó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÝóÊóÎúÔóì [79 \ 18 - 19] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøóåõ íóÒøóßøóì [80 \ 3] ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì ãõÍúÊóãóáóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóãúÚó Èóíúäó Êöáúßó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ßóÇáúÌóãúÚö Ýöí ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ íóÊóÒóßøóì Èöåö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ãöäú ÅöíãóÇäò æóÚóãóáò Ýöí ØóÇÚóÉò æóÊóÑúßò áöãóÚúÕöíóÉò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÈöÝóÖúáò ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúãõÕóÑøöÍö ÈöÐóáößó: æóáóæúáóÇ ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú æóÑóÍúãóÊõåõ ãóÇ ÒóßóÇ ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ÃóÈóÏðÇ [24 \ 21] .
æóßõáøõ ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÚóæúÏõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑö¡ Ãóæú ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÇáÊøóÒúßöíóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÈúÏö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÈöÝóÖúáò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑóÍúãóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÝóÖøóáó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö áöáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÝóÖøóáõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö Åöáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö¡ æóÊóÑúßö ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáößó: «áóÇ Íóæúáó æóáóÇ ÞõæøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö» ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊõÒóßøõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú [53 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÒóßøõæäó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú [4 \ 49] ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÏúÍö æóÇáËøóäóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈõ ÂãóäøóÇ Þõáú áóãú ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ æóáóßöäú ÞõæáõæÇ ÃóÓúáóãúäóÇ [49 \ 14] ¡ Èóáú Åöäøó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáö Çááøóåõ íõÒóßøöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóáóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó ÝóÊöíáðÇ [4 \ 49] ¡ ÇáúÌóãúÚó Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøö æóÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøö: Èóáö Çááøóåõ íõÒóßøöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ(8/542)
ßóÐøóÈóÊú ËóãõæÏõ ÈöØóÛúæóÇåóÇ (11) ÅöÐö ÇäúÈóÚóËó ÃóÔúÞóÇåóÇ (12) ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö äóÇÞóÉó Çááøóåö æóÓõÞúíóÇåóÇ (13) ÝóßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÝóÚóÞóÑõæåóÇ ÝóÏóãúÏóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ (14)
ÈöÝóÖúáöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó ÝóÊöíáðÇ ÈöÚóÏúáöåö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐøóÈóÊú ËóãõæÏõ ÈöØóÛúæóÇåóÇ ÅöÐö ÇäúÈóÚóËó ÃóÔúÞóÇåóÇ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö äóÇÞóÉó Çááøóåö æóÓõÞúíóÇåóÇ ÝóßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÝóÚóÞóÑõæåóÇ «ËóãõæÏõ» : ÇÓúãñ áöáúÞóÈöíáóÉö ÃõÓúäöÏó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈõ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöäóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æó «ÃóÔúÞóÇåóÇ» åõæó ÚóÇÞöÑõ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉö ÃõÓúäöÏó ÇáöÇäúÈöÚóÇËõ áóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ Èóíúäó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÝóßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÝóÚóÞóÑõæåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÓúäóÏó ÇáúÚóÞúÑó áóåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúÌóãúÚõ Èóíúäó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» ¡ æóãóÖúãõæäõåõ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõÊóæóÇØöÆõæäó ãóÚóåõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõãú ÝóÊóÚóÇØóì ÝóÚóÞóÑó [54 \ 29] ¡ ÝóßóÇäõæÇ ÔõÑóßóÇÁó áóåõ Ýöí ÚóÞúÑöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
æóÇáÓøóÇãöÚõ ÇáÐøóãøó ÔóÑöíßñ áöÞóÇÆöáöåö ... æóãõØúÚöãõ ÇáúãóÃúßõæáö ÔóÑöíßñ áöáúÂßöáö
æóÝöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÃóÈöí ØóáúÍóÉó Ýöí ÕóíúÏö ÇáúÍöãóÇÑö ÇáúæóÍúÔöíøö¡ ÓóÃóáóåõãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåõãú ãõÍúÑöãõæäó áöáúÚõãúÑóÉö: «åóáú Ïóáøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäúßõãú ÃóÍóÏñ¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: åóáú ÚóÇæóäóåõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäúßõãú ÃóÍóÏñ¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóßõáõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ:» áöÃóäøó ãóÝúåõæãóåõ: áóæú ÚóÇæóäõæÇ Ãóæú ÏóáøõæÇ áóßóÇäõæÇ ÔõÑóßóÇÁó Ýöí ÕóíúÏöåö¡ ÝóíóÍúÑõãõ Úóáóíúåöãú ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÇáÕøóíúÏó æóÃóäúÊõãú ÍõÑõãñ [5 \ 95] ¡ æóÈöÚóÏóãö ÇÔúÊöÑóÇßöåöãú Íóáøó áóåõãú¡ Ýóáóæú ÚóÇæóäõæÇ Ãóæú ÔóÇÑóßõæÇ áóÍóÑõãó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóåõäóÇ áóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÑóÇÖöíäó¡ æóäóÇÏóæúåõ æóÊóÚóÇØóì¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÚõåõæÏõåõãú Ãóæú ÚóØóÇÄõåõãú Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó ÝóÚóÞóÑóåóÇ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÈóÇÓöãö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉõ ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóíõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÈöÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ æóÚõÞõæÈóÉõ ÇáÑøóÈöíÆóÉö ãóÚó ÇáúÌóÇäöí. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/543)
æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì (3)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ Çááøóíúáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóì æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÌóáøóì
íõÞúÓöãõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÃóËóÑöåöãóÇ Úóáóì Çáúßóæúäö¡ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÂíóÊóÇäö ÚóÙöíãóÊóÇäö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÌóáøóÇåóÇ æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóÇåóÇ [91 \ 3 - 4] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÂíóÊóíúäö [17 \ 12] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ æóÐößúÑõ ßõáøö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì. æóÃóËóÑõ Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö Ýöí ÍóíóÇÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö æóäóÍúæöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóÍúËõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ æóÅöíÑóÇÏõ ßõáøö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó¡ ÃóÔóÇÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÌúãö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøóåõ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÅöÐóÇ Êõãúäóì [53 \ 45 - 46] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞõÑöÆóÊú ÈöÚöÏøóÉö ÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊò ãöäúåóÇ: ÎóáóÞó ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì¡ æóãöäúåóÇ «æóÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì» .
æóÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉð Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉö.
æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì¡ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí áóÝúÙóÉö: «ãóÇ» ÝóÞöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ¡ Ãóíú: æóÎóáóÞó ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì.
æóÞöíáó: ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóäú¡ Ãóíú: æóÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì. ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö íóßõæäõ ÇáúÞóÓóãõ(8/544)
ÈöÕöÝóÉò ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö Çááøóåö - æóåöíó ÕöÝóÉõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÎóÕøó ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì ; áöãóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ ãöäú ÈóÏöíÚö ÕõäúÚö Çááøóåö æóÞõæøóÉö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÃúÊöí.
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö: «æóÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì» . íóßõæäõ ÇáúÞóÓóãõ ÈöÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö ßóÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ áöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáõÞö ãöäú ÞõÏúÑóÉö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ ÇáúÞóÓóãõ ÈöÇáúÎóÇáöÞö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ æóÊóßõæäõ ãóÇ åõäóÇ ãöËúáó ãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóãóÇ ÈóäóÇåóÇ [91 \ 5] ¡ æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõåóÇ æóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö áöÛóíúÑö Ãõæáöí ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ áõæÍöÙó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÕøöÝóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÕöÝóÉõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö Ãóæú Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúãöáõåõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóäúßöÍõæÇ ãóÇ äóßóÍó ÂÈóÇÄõßõãú [4 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇäúßöÍõæÇ ãóÇ ØóÇÈó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö [4 \ 3] ¡ áöãóÇ áõæÍöÙó Ýöíåö ãóÚúäóì ÇáÕøöÝóÉö æóåõæó ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚõ ; ÓóÇÛó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõ ãóÇ ÈóÏóáðÇ Úóäú ãóäú.
æóÝöí ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö ÎóáúÞö ÇáÐøóßóÑö æóÇáúÃõäúËóì Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö áóÝúÊõ äóÙóÑò Åöáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÉö¡ áöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÅöÚúÌóÇÒö ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÚóäúåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö áöáúÈóÔóÑö: ãöäú Ãóäú íóÞúÏöÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ.
æóÐóáößó: Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö æóÇáÊøóÃúäöíËö ÃóãúÑñ ÝóæúÞó ÅöÏúÑóÇßö æóÞõæóì ÇáúÈóÔóÑö¡ æóåöíó ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö ÇáËøóÏúíöíøóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÐóæóÇÊõ ÇáÑøóÍöãö ÊóÍúãöáõ æóÊóáöÏõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊõäúÊöÌõ Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇÊøöÕóÇáö ÇáÐøõßõæÑö ÈöÇáúÅöäóÇËö. æóÊóÐúßöíÑõ ÇáúÌóäöíäö Ãóæú ÊóÃúäöíËõåõ áóíúÓó áöÃóÈóæóíúåö ÏóÎúáñ Ýöíåö¡ Åöäøóåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÎúáóÇØò ãöäú ãóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÈö æóÇáúÃõãøö¡ æóÌóÚóáó åóÐóÇ ÐóßóÑðÇ æóÐóÇßó ÃõäúËóì¡ Ýóåõæó åöÈóÉñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÇáÐøõßõæÑó Ãóæú íõÒóæøöÌõåõãú ÐõßúÑóÇäðÇ æóÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóÌúÚóáõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÚóÞöíãðÇ Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÞóÏöíÑñ [42 \ 49 - 50] .
æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó ÚöáúãöíøðÇ Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö æóÇáÊøóÃúäöíËö ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøó ãóÇÁó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÕóÇáöÍñ áöåóÐóÇ æóÐóÇßó¡ æóãóÇÁõ ÇáÑøóÌõáö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí Èöåö íóßõæäõ ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒõ ; áöÇäúÞöÓóÇãò íóÞóÚõ Ýöíåö. ÝóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ áóÇ ÊóÚúÏõæ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÍóÑúËðÇ¡ æóÇáÑøóÌõáõ åõæó ÇáÒøóÇÑöÚõ¡ æóäóæúÚõ ÇáÒøóÑúÚö íóßõæäõ Úóäú ØóÑöíÞöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑóÊú Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ: äöÓóÇÄõßõãú ÍóÑúËñ áóßõãú [2 \ 223] ¡ æóÇáúÍóÑúËõ áóÇ íóÊóÕóÑøóÝõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóÑúÚö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝõ Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö.
æóíóÊöãøõ Ðóáößó Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ãóÈúÏóÃò ãóÚúáõæãò ÚöáúãöíøðÇ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÎóáöíøóÉó ÇáÊøóáúÞöíÍö Ýöí ÇáúÃõäúËóì ÏóÇÆöãðÇ æóÃóÈóÏðÇ(8/545)
ãõßóæøóäóÉñ ãöäú ËóãóÇäöíóÉò æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÌõÒúÁðÇ¡ æóåöíó ÏóÇÆöãðÇ æóÃóÈóÏðÇ ÊóäúÞóÓöãõ Åöáóì ÞöÓúãóíúäö ãõÊóÓóÇæöíóíúäö: ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ ÝóíóáúÊóÍöãõ ÞöÓúãñ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÚó ÞöÓúãö ÎóáöíøóÉö ÇáÐøóßóÑö¡ æóÎóáöíøóÉõ ÇáÐøóßóÑö ÓóÈúÚóÉñ æóÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÊóäúÞóÓöãõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøóáúÞöíÍö Åöáóì ÞöÓúãóíúäö¡ æóáóßöäú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó¡ æóÇáúÂÎöÑõ ËóáóÇËóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÊóÐúßöíÑó ÇáúÍóãúáö ÓóÈóÞó ÇáúÞöÓúãõ ÇáøóÐöí ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó. ÝóíóäúÏóãöÌõ ãóÚó ÞóÓöíãö ÎóáöíøóÉö ÇáúÃõäúËóì¡ æóåõæó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÌúãõæÚõåõãóÇ ÓóÈúÚóÉð æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáÐøóßóÑõ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÊóÃúäöíËó ÇáúÍóãúáö ÓóÈóÞó ÇáúÞöÓúãõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ãöäó ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ ÝóíóäúÏóãöÌõ ãóÚó ÞóÓöíãö ÎóáöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚöåöãóÇ ËóãóÇäöíóÉñ æóÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÃõäúËóì ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøóÈóÇÊóÇÊõ ÝóÅöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑö ÊóÊóãóíøóÒõ Ýöíåö ÇáÐøõßõæÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäóÇËö¡ ßóÇáäøóÎúáö¡ æóÇáÊøõæÊö ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑö Êóßõæäõ ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉõ ÊóÍúãöáõ ÒóåúÑóÉó ÇáÐøõßõæÑóÉö æóÒóåúÑóÉó ÇáúÃõäõæËóÉö¡ ÝóÊõáóÞøöÍõ ÇáÑøöíóÇÍõ ÈóÚúÖóåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖò.
æóÞóÏú ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚöÏøóÉõ ÃóÔúÎóÇÕò Úóäú ÛóÑöíÈóÊóíúäö Ýöí Ðóáößó:
ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó äóÎúáóÉð ãóæúÌõæÏóÉð ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÂäó¡ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÓøöäöíäó ÝóÍúáðÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåõ áöíõÄóÈøöÑó ÇáäøóÎöíáó¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÓøöäöíäó äóÎúáóÉð ÊóØøóáöÚõ æóÊõËúãöÑõ.
æóÍóÏøóËóäöí ÂÎóÑõ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúãóÌúáöÓö: ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÊõæÌóÏõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÔóÌóÑóÉõ äóÎúáò íóßõæäõ ÃóÍóÏõ ÔöÞøóíúåóÇ ÝóÍúáðÇ ; íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåõ ÇáØøóáúÚõ íõáóÞøóÍõ Èöåö ÇáäøóÎúáõ¡ æóÔöÞøõåóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ äóÎúáóÉð íóÊóáóÞøóÍõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÞøö ÇáúÂÎóÑö áöãõÌóÇæóÑóÊöåö.
ßóãøóÇ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ËóÇáöËñ: Ãóäøó æóÇáöÏóåõ ÞóØóÚó ÈóÚúÖó ÝóÍúáö ÇáäøóÎúáö ; áößóËúÑóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÎöíáö¡ æóÈóÚúÏó ÞóØúÚöåö äóÈóÊó Ýöí ÃóÕúáöåö æóãöäú ÌöÐúÚöåö æóÌõÐõæÑöåö äóÎúáóÉñ ÊõËúãöÑõ. æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÏóÇáøñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáÐøóßóÑö æóÇáúÃõäúËóì.
ÃóãøóÇ Úóãóáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌöåóÇÒö Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö¡ Èóáú æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÔóÑóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÞöíÞóÉö æóÊóßóÇËõÑöåóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÍóÕúÑö æóÇáúÍóÏøö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÍóÔóÑóÇÊö¡ ãóÇ íõáóÞøöÍõ äóÝúÓóåõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ÈöÇÍúÊößóÇßö ÈóÚúÖö ÝóÎöÐóíúÉö ÈöÈóÚúÖò¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÅöíÌóÇÏöåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ãöãøóÇ áóæú(8/546)
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì (5) æóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì (6) ÝóÓóäõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöáúíõÓúÑóì (7) æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÈóÎöáó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì (8) æóßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì (9) ÝóÓóäõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöáúÚõÓúÑóì (10)
ÊóÃóãøóáóåõ ÇáúÚóÇÞöáõ áóæóÌóÏó Ýöíåö ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉó ÇáúÈóÇåöÑóÉó¡ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöãøóÇ Ýöí Çááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóì æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÌóáøóì¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÕóÛõÑó ÇáúßóÇÆöäõ: ßóÇáúÈóÚõæÖóÉö ÝóãóÇ ÏõæäóåóÇ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íõÑóì ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó ÝóÅöäøó Ýöíåö ÇáÐøõßõæÑóÉó æóÇáúÃõäõæËóÉó. ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó Çááøóåõãøó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÙóãó ÔóÃúäõßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÓóÚúíóßõãú áóÔóÊøóì
ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÒóßøóÇåóÇ æóÞóÏú ÎóÇÈó ãóäú ÏóÓøóÇåóÇ [91 \ 9 - 10] ¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóíúåö æóÇáúÚóãóáö ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåö¡ æóåõäóÇ íóÞõæáõ: «Åöäøó ÓóÚúíóßõãú» ãóåúãóÇ ßóÇäó «áöÔóÊøóì» ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÊóÈóÇÚöÏñ ÈóÚúÖñ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖò.
æóÇáÔøóÊóÇÊõ: ÇáÊøóÈóÇÚõÏõ æóÇáöÇÝúÊöÑóÇÞõ¡ æóÔóÊøóì: ÌóãúÚõ ÔóÊöíÊò¡ ßóãóÑúÖóì æóãóÑöíÖò¡ æóÞóÊúáóì æóÞóÊöíáò æóäóÍúæöåö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÞóÏú íóÌúãóÚõ Çááøóåõ ÇáÔøóÊöíÊóíúäö ÈóÚúÏó ãóÇ ... íóÙõäøóÇäö ßõáøó ÇáÙøóäøö ÃóáøóÇ ÊóáóÇÞöíóÇ
æóåóÐóÇ ÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÞóÓóãö ãóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÇáöÇÑúÊöÈóÇØö Èöåö¡ ßóÈõÚúÏö ãóÇ Èóíúäó Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáÐøóßóÑö æóÇáúÃõäúËóì¡ ÝóåõãóÇ ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÇäö ÊóãóÇãðÇ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ åõãóÇ ãõÝúÊóÑöÞóÇäö Ýöí ÇáäøóÊóÇÆöÌö æóÇáúæóÓóÇÆöáö¡ ßóÈõÚúÏö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÝóáóÇÍö ãóäú ÒóßøóÇåóÇ¡ æóÎóíúÈóÉö ãóäú ÏóÓøóÇåóÇ ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ.
Ëõãøó ÝóÕøóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÊóÇÊó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ÇáúÂÊöí: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì æóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÝóÓóäõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöáúíõÓúÑóì æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÈóÎöáó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì æóßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÝóÓóäõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöáúÚõÓúÑóì
æóãóÇ ÃóÈúÚóÏó ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóØóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúÈõÎúáö¡ æóÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö¡ æóÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö¡ æóÇáúíõÓúÑóì¡ æóÇáúÚõÓúÑóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóØúáóÞó: «ÃóÚúØóì» ; áöíóÚõãøó ßõáøó ÚóØóÇÁò ãöäú ãóÇáöåö æóÌóÇåöåö æóÌõåúÏöåö ÍóÊøóì ÇáúßóáöãóÉó ÇáØøóíøöÈóÉó¡ Èóáú ÍóÊøóì ØóáóÇÞóÉó ÇáúæóÌúåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «æóáóæú Ãóäú ÊóáúÞóì ÃóÎóÇßó ÈöæóÌúåò ØóáúÞò» . æóÇáúÍõÓúäóì: Þöíáó ÇáúãõÌóÇÒóÇÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö. æóÞöíáó: áöáúÎóáóÝö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö. æóÞöíáó: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ. æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ åõæó ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáøóÐöíäó ÃóÍúÓóäõæÇ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì æóÒöíóÇÏóÉñ [10 \ 26] ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÍõÓúäóì åöíó ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ¡ æóÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóì æóÌúåöåö ÇáúßóÑöíãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ(8/547)
ÇáúãóÚúäóì íóÔúãóáõ ßõáøó ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÎóáóÝò áößõáøö ãóÇ íõäúÝöÞõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ¡ æóÎóíúÑõ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ãõÌóÇÒóÇÉò Úóáóì Ãóíøö Úóãóáò ãóåúãóÇ ßóÇäó¡ æóáóÇ íõÊóæóÕøóáõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöáóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÓóäõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöáúíõÓúÑóì¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÓóäõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöáúÚõÓúÑóì ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö «ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì» Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æó «ÈóÎöáó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì» Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö.
Þöíáó: åõæó ÏóáóÇáóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÝöÚúáó ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö íõíóÓøöÑõ Åöáóì ØóÇÚóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÝöÚúáó ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉö íóÏúÝóÚõ Åöáóì ãóÚúÕöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: ãöËúáõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÞóáøöÈõ ÃóÝúÆöÏóÊóåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú ßóãóÇ áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Èöåö Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóäóÐóÑõåõãú Ýöí ØõÛúíóÇäöåöãú íóÚúãóåõæäó [6 \ 110] .
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó - íõÌóÇÒöí ãóäú ÞóÕóÏó ÇáúÎóíúÑó ÈöÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö áóåõ¡ æóãóäú ÞóÕóÏó ÇáÔøóÑøó ÈöÇáúÎöÐúáóÇäö¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãõÞóÏøóÑò.
æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ. æóÐõßöÑó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÚóäú Úóáöíøò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö¡ æóÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÚóÏóÏò ßóËöíÑò ÈöÑöæóÇíóÇÊò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ ÃóÔúãóáõåóÇ æóÃóÕóÍøõåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ Úóáöíøò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó Úóáöíøñ: «ßõäøóÇ ãóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÈóÞöíÚö ÇáúÛóÑúÞóÏö Ýöí ÌöäóÇÒóÉò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó:» ãóÇ ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ÅöáøóÇ æóÞóÏú ßõÊöÈó ãóÞúÚóÏõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóãóÞúÚóÏõåõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö «¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÃóÝóáóÇ äóÊøóßöáõ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇÚúãóáõæÇ¡ Ýóßõáøñ ãõíóÓøóÑñ áöãóÇ ÎõáöÞó áóåõ» ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÑóÃó: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì æóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÝóÓóäõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöáúíõÓúÑóì Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö áöáúÚõÓúÑóì «Ýóåöíó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí áóåóÇ ÊóÚóáøõÞñ ÈöÈóÍúËö ÇáúÞóÏóÑö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ÈöÍóËõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóÓóäõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöáúÚõÓúÑóì Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚõÓúÑóì áóÇ ÊóíúÓöíÑó ÝöíåóÇ. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ãõãúßöäñ¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóíúÓöíÑö ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúãõÔóÇåöÏõ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÎóÐóáóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö - íõæÌóÏõ ãöäúåõãú ÅöÞúÈóÇáñ æóÞóÈõæáñ æóÇÑúÊöíóÇÍñ¡ áöãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÃóËúÞóáó æóÃóÔóÞøó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóíóÑóæúäó ãóÇ åõãú Ýöíåö ÓóåúáðÇ ãõíóÓøóÑðÇ áóÇ ÛóÖóÇÖóÉó(8/548)
æóãóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóÏøóì (11)
Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöíåö¡ Èóáú æóÞóÏú íóÓúÊóãúÑöÆõæäó ÇáúÍóÑóÇãó æóíóÓúÊóØúÚöãõæäóåõ.
ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó áöí ÔóÎúÕñ: Ãóäøó áöÕøðÇ ÞóÏú ßóÝøó Úóäö ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉö ; ÍóíóÇÁð ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóËõÑó ãóÇáõåõ æóßóÈõÑó Óöäøõåõ ÃóÚúØóì ÑóÌõáðÇ ÏóÑóÇåöãó ; áöíóÓúÑöÞó áóåõ ãóäú ÒóÑúÚö ÌóÇÑöåö¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ æóÏóÇÑó ãöäú ÌöåóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì æóÃóÊóÇåõ ÈöËóãóÑóÉò ãöäú ÒóÑúÚöåö åõæó¡ Ãóíú: ÒóÑúÚö ÇááøöÕøö äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóßóáóåóÇ ÊóÝöáóåóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ØõÚúãóÉõ ÇáúãóÓúÑõæÞö¡ Ýóãöäú Ãóíúäó ÃóÊóíúÊó Èöåö¿ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÊóíúÊõ Èöåö ãöäú ÒóÑúÚößó¡ ÃóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÍöí ãöäú äóÝúÓößó¡ ÊóÓúÑöÞõ æóÚöäúÏóßó ãóÇ íõÛúäöíßó. ÝóÎóÌöáó æóßóÝøó.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó äóÞöíÖõ Ðóáößó ÊóãóÇãðÇ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ØóáóÈó ãöäú ÛõáóÇãöåö Ãóäú íóÓúÞöíóåõ ãöãøóÇ Ýöí ÔóßúæóÊöåö ãöäú áóÈóäöåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ØóÚöãóåõ ÇÓúÊóäúßóÑó ØóÚúãóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áöáúÛõáóÇãö: ãöäú Ãóíúäó åóÐóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÑóÑúÊõ Úóáóì ÅöÈöáö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö ÝóÍóáóÈõæÇ áöí ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóåóÇ åõæó ÐóÇ¡ ÝóæóÖóÚó ÚõãóÑó ÅöÕúÈóÚóåõ Ýöí Ýöíåö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÞóÇÁó ãóÇ ÔóÑöÈó.
ÅöäøóåóÇ ÍóÓóÇÓöíóÉõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÇÓúÊóäúßóÑóåóÇ ÚõãóÑõ¡ æóÃóÍóÓøó ÈöÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÝóÇÓúÊóÞóÇÁóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÐóÇßó ÈöÊóíúÓöíÑò ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÕóÏóÞó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -:» ÇÚúãóáõæÇ Ýóßõáøñ ãõíóÓøóÑñ áöãóÇ ÎõáöÞó áóåõ «.
æóäóÍúäõ äõÔóÇåöÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúÚóÇÏöíøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó Çáúãöåóäö æóÇáúÍöÑóÝö ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ÑóÇÖò ÈöÚóãóáöåö æóãõíóÓøóÑñ áóåõ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ äöÙóÇãõ Çáúßóæúäö ßõáøõåõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóåõãøõ åõäóÇ Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäó ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉö áóåõ ÃóËóÑõåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
Þöíáó: Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉó Èóíúäó: ãóäú ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì æóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì» ¡ æó «ãóäú ÈóÎöáó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì æóßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì» ¡ æóÇÞöÚóÉñ Èóíúäó ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - æóÈóíúäó ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö Ýóåöíó ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóäú «ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì æóÕóÏøóÞó» ¡ Ãóæú «ÈóÎöáó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì æóßóÐøóÈó» . æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóÏøóì
ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì «ãóäú ÈóÎöáó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì» ¡ æó «ãóÇ» åõäóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó äóÇÝöíóÉð¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäøöí ãóÇáöíóåú [69 \ 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ãóÇáñ æóáóÇ Èóäõæäó [26 \ 88] .(8/549)
ÝóÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú äóÇÑðÇ ÊóáóÙøóì (14)
æóíõãúßöäõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãöíøóÉð¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóÏøóì¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö - ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö - Ãóæú ÊóÑóÏøóì Ýöí ÃóÚúãóÇáöåö¡ ÝóãóÂáõåõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ; ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÈõÎúáöåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÍúÓóÈóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÈúÎóáõæäó ÈöãóÇ ÂÊóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö åõæó ÎóíúÑðÇ áóåõãú Èóáú åõæó ÔóÑøñ áóåõãú ÓóíõØóæøóÞõæäó ãóÇ ÈóÎöáõæÇ Èöåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 180] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ áóáúåõÏóì
Ýöíåö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÃóæúÌõåñ¡ ãöäúåóÇ: Åöäøó ØóÑöíÞó ÇáúåõÏóì ÏóÇáøñ æóãõæóÕøöáñ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáÖøóáóÇáö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúÊöÒóÇãõ Çááøóåö áöáúÎóáúÞö Úóáóíúåö áóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ ãóÍóáøõ ÅöÔúßóÇáò ; ÅöÐú Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÎóáúÞö áóãú íóåúÏöåöãõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö: ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÇáúåõÏóì ÚóÇãøñ æóÎóÇÕøñ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó áóäóÇ áóáúÂÎöÑóÉó æóÇáúÃõæáóì
Ãóíú: ÈößóãóÇáö ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö æóÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö» : ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [1 \ 2] ¡ Ãóíú: ÇáúãõÊóÕóÑøöÝõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãóÇáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö [1 \ 4] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúãõÊóÕóÑøöÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÍúÏóåõ: áöãóäö Çáúãõáúßõ Çáúíóæúãó áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö [40 \ 16] .
æóåóÐóÇ ßóÏóáöíáò Úóáóì ÊóíúÓöíÑöåö áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö Åöáóì ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóãõÌóÇÒóÇÊöåöãú ÈöãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú äóÇÑðÇ ÊóáóÙøóì
Ãóíú: ÊóÊóáóÙøóì¡ æóÇááøóÙóì: ÇááøóåóÈõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÕõ¡ æóÝöí æóÕúÝö ÇáäøóÇÑö åõäóÇ ÈöÊóáóÙøóì ãóÚó Ãóäøó áóåóÇ ÕöÝóÇÊò ÚóÏöíÏóÉð ãöäúåóÇ: ÇáÓøóÚöíÑõ¡ æóÓóÞóÑõ¡ æóÇáúÌóÍöíãõ¡ æóÇáúåóÇæöíóÉõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó.
æóÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ ÕöäúÝðÇ ÎóÇÕøðÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóäú «ßóÐøóÈó æóÊóæóáøóì» [92 \ 16] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí æóÕúÝöåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöáóÙóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ áóÙóì äóÒøóÇÚóÉð áöáÔøóæóì [70 \ 15 - 16] ¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÃóåúáóåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÏúÚõæÇ ãóäú ÃóÏúÈóÑó æóÊóæóáøóì æóÌóãóÚó ÝóÃóæúÚóì [70 \ 17] .(8/550)
áóÇ íóÕúáóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì (15) ÇáøóÐöí ßóÐøóÈó æóÊóæóáøóì (16) æóÓóíõÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì (17) ÇáøóÐöí íõÄúÊöí ãóÇáóåõ íóÊóÒóßøóì (18)
æóåõæó ßóãóÇ åõæó åõäóÇ: ÝóÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú äóÇÑðÇ ÊóáóÙøóì áóÇ íóÕúáóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí ßóÐøóÈó æóÊóæóáøóì [92 \ 14 - 16] ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÞóÈúáóåõ: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÈóÎöáó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì æóßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì [92 \ 8 - 9] ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Ãóäøó áöáäøóÇÑö ÚöÏøóÉó ÍóÇáóÇÊò Ãóæú ãóäóÇØöÞó Ãóæú ãóäóÇÒöáó¡ ßõáøõ ãóäúÒöáóÉò ÊóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÕöäúÝò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóÇÎúÊóÕøóÊú áóÙóì ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÕøöäúÝö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÕøóÊú ÓóÞóÑõ Èöãóäú áóãú íóßõäú ãöäó ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÎõæÖõæäó ãóÚó ÇáúÎóÇÆöÖöíäó¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó. æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó Ýöí ÇáÏøóÑúßö ÇáúÃóÓúÝóáö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö [4 \ 145] ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ãóäóÇÒöáñ æóÏóÑóÌóÇÊñ¡ ÍóÓóÈó ÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÕúáóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí ßóÐøóÈó æóÊóæóáøóì æóÓóíõÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íõÄúÊöí ãóÇáóåõ íóÊóÒóßøóì
åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäú ãóæóÇÖöÚö ÇáúÅöíåóÇãö¡ æóáóãú íóÊóÚóÑøóÖú áóåóÇ Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ æóåõæó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóäõÕøõ æóÚóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÍóÕúÑö¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÕúáóì ÇáäøóÇÑó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì ãóÚó ãóÌöíÁö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ãöäúßõãú ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÑöÏõåóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÍóÊúãðÇ ãóÞúÖöíøðÇ [19 \ 71] ; ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì æõÑõæÏö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö.
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó Èóíúäó ÍóÇáöíú ÚóÙöíãò ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóÚóÙöíãò ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ÝóÃõÑöíÏó Ãóäú íõÈóÇáóÛó Ýöí ÕöÝóÊóíúåöãóÇ ÇáúãõÊóäóÇÞöÖóÊóíúäö.
ÝóÞöíáó: ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì æóÌõÚöáó ãõÎúÊóÕøðÇ ÈöÇáÕøóáóì¡ ßóÃóäøó ÇáäøóÇÑó áóãú ÊõÎúáóÞú ÅöáøóÇ áóåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì¡ æóÌõÚöáó ãõÎúÊóÕøðÇ ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóßóÃóäøó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó áóãú ÊõÎúáóÞú ÅöáøóÇ áóåõ¡ æóÞöíáó ÚóäúåõãóÇ: åõãóÇ ÃóÈõæ Ìóåúáò¡ Ãóæú ÃõãóíøóÉõ Èúäõ ÎóáóÝò ÇáúãõÔúÑößóíúäö¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÍóßóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Úóäö ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö.
æóÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóáóì ÇáÏøõÎõæáõ æóÇáÔøóíúÁó¡ æóÃóäú íóßõæäó æóÞõæÏõ ÇáäøóÇÑö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÎõáõæÏö¡ æóÇáúæõÑõæÏõ æóÇáÏøõÎõæáõ ÇáúãõÄóÞøóÊõ ÈöÒóãóäò ÛóíúÑö ÇáÕøóáóì ; áöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúæõÑõæÏö¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ãöäúßõãú ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÑöÏõåóÇ [19 \ 71] ¡ Ëõãøó äõäóÌøöí ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ æóäóÐóÑõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÌöËöíøðÇ [19 \ 72] ¡ æóíóÈúÞóì ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáõ¡ Èóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì¡ æóíõÌóÇÈõ Úóäúåõ: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÞöíøó íóÑöÏõ¡ æóÇáúÃóÊúÞóì áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõ ÈöæõÑõæÏöåóÇ¡ ßóãóäú íóãõÑøõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ßóÇáúÈóÑúÞö ÇáúÎóÇØöÝö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóáóæúáóÇ ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúæõÑõæÏö ÈöÇáúãóÌöíÁö ÈöÍóÑúÝö " ãöäú " æó " ÅöáøóÇ "¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÍóÊúãðÇ ãóÞúÖöíøðÇ¡ áóæúáóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇÊõ áóßóÇäó íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãóÎúÕõæÕóÉñ ÈöåóÐöåö(8/551)
ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì áóÇ íóÑöÏõåóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó æõÌõæÏó Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇÊö íóãúäóÚõ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáÊøóÎúÕöíÕö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÝöíåö ÊóÞúÑöíÑõ ãóÕöíÑö ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóíúäö¡ " ãóäú ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì æóÕóÏøóÞó "¡ æó " ãóäú ÈóÎöáó æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì æóßóÐøóÈó "¡ æóÃóäú ÕóáúíóåóÇ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö æóÇáÊøóæóáøöí æóÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö æóåõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáÔøóÞóÇÁö¡ æóíóÊóÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí ÕóÏøóÞó¡ æóßóÇäó äóÊöíÌóÉõ ÊóÕúÏöíÞöåö Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÚúØóì ãóÇáóåõ íóÊóÒóßøóì¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÅöÊúíóÇäó ÇáúãóÇáö äóÊöíÌóÉó ÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö ÃóãúÑðÇ ÈóÇáöÛó ÇáúÃóåóãøöíøóÉö.
æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó áóÇ íõÎúÑöÌõ ãöäú ãóÇáöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÚöæóÖò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ãõÚóÇæóÖóÉñ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäõ ÊõÚúØöíåö ÚóáóÝðÇ íõÚúØöíßó ãóÇ íõÞóÇÈöáõåõ ãöäú ÎöÏúãóÉò Ãóæú ÍóáöíÈò. ÅöáóÎú.
ÝóÇáúãõÄúãöäõ ÇáúãõÕóÏøöÞõ ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì íõÚúØöí¡ æóíóäúÊóÙöÑõ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ÇáúÃóæúÝóì¡ ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉõ ÈöÚóÔúÑö ÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÄúãöäñ Ãóäøóåõ ãõÊóÚóÇãöáñ ãóÚó Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóäú ÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íõÞúÑöÖõ Çááøóåó ÞóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ [2 \ 245] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈõ: Ýóáóãú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö ÂÌöáðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÎúÑöÌõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÌöÏú ÚöæóÖðÇ ãõÚóÌøóáðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÊóÙöÑõ ËóæóÇÈðÇ ãõÄóÌøóáðÇ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÈóæøóÁõæÇ ÇáÏøóÇÑó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó¡ íõÍöÈøõæäó ãóäú åóÇÌóÑó Åöáóíúåöãú æóíõæóÇÓõæäóåõãú æóáóÇ íóÌöÏõæäó Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑöåöãú ÍóÇÌóÉð ãöãøóÇ ÃõæÊõæÇ¡ æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ¡ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ ÈöãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó áóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ßõÑúåðÇ æóáóÇ íõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøóÏöíÁó¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ áöíóÃúÎõÐõæåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÛúãöÖõæÇ Ýöíåö¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÓóÈóÈõåõ ÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞõ ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì Ãóæö ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈõ ÈöåóÇ.
æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: " æóÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ ÈõÑúåóÇäñ " Ãóíú: Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöãóÇ æóÚóÏó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó¡ ãöäó ÇáúÎóáóÝö ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: íõÄúÊöí ãóÇáóåõ íóÊóÒóßøóì¡ Ãóíú: íóÊóØóåøóÑõ æóíóÓúÊóÒöíÏõ¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÊøóÒúßöíóÉõ ÊóÃúÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóãóÇÁö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎõÐú ãöäú ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÕóÏóÞóÉð ÊõØóåøöÑõåõãú æóÊõÒóßøöíåöãú ÈöåóÇ [9 \ 103] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì [87 \ 14] ¡ æóÚóáóì Úõãõæãö: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì [92 \ 5] ¡ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúãóÇáö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó áóãú ÊõÔúÑóÚú ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ãóßøöíøóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóÞöíáó: ãóÏóäöíøóÉñ. æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.(8/552)
ÞóÏú Þöíáó ÃóíúÖðÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÓóíõÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íõÄúÊöí ãóÇáóåõ íóÊóÒóßøóì¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö. äóÇÒöáñ Ýöí ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - áöãóÇ ßóÇäó íõÚúÊöÞõ ÖóÚóÝóÉó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóãóäú íõÚóÐøóÈõæäó Úóáóì ÅöÓúáóÇãöåöãú Ýöí ãóßøóÉó¡ ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ: áóæö ÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊó ÇáúÃóÞúæöíóÇÁó íõÓóÇÚöÏõæäóßó æóíõÏóÇÝöÚõæäó Úóäúßó. ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ áöÃóÍóÏò ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäú äöÚúãóÉò ÊõÌúÒóì ÅöáøóÇ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó æóÌúåö ÑóÈøöåö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì [92 \ 19 - 20] ¡ æóÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁõ æóÌúåö ÑóÈøò åõæó ÈöÚóíúäöåö¡ æóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì¡ Ãóíú: áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö íóÑúÌõæ ÇáËøóæóÇÈó ãöäó Çááøóåö.
æóßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö¡ æóÅöäøó ÕõæÑóÉó ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ÞóØúÚöíøóÉõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáö. ÝóåóÐöåö ÈõÔúÑóì ÚóÙöíãóÉñ áöáÕøöÏøöíÞö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -: " æóáóÓóæúÝó íóÑúÖóì " Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉò ãöäó ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Úóáóì æóÚúÏöåö ÅöíøóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÃóÑúÖóÇåõ.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: " ãóäú ÃóäúÝóÞó ÒóæúÌóíúäö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÏóÚóÊúåõ ÎóÒóäóÉõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö: íóÇ ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö åóÐóÇ ÎóíúÑñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ãóÇ Úóáóì ãóäú íõÏúÚóì ãöäúåóÇ ÖóÑõæÑóÉñ¡ Ýóåóáú íõÏúÚóì ãöäúåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ¿ " äóÚóãú¡ æóÃóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ãöäúåõãú ". ÇåÜ.
æóÅöäøóÇ áóäóÑúÌõæ Çááøóåó ßóÐóáößó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäúåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÓóæúÝó íóÑúÖóì [92 \ 21] ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÅöÌúãóÇÚó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÃóÚúáóì ãóäóÇÒöáö ÇáúÈõÔúÑóì ; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝó ÈöÚóíúäöåö¡ Þöíáó áöáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóØúÚðÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáÖøõÍóì ": æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì [93 \ 4 - 5] ¡ Ýóåõæó æóÚúÏñ ãõÔúÊóÑóßñ áöáÕøöÏøöíÞö æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃõÓúäöÏó ÇáúÚóØóÇÁõ Ýöíåö áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÕöÝóÉö ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö: æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ýöíåö ÇáúÚóØóÇÁó¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ ÈöÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóåõ ÚóØóÇÁóÇÊñ áóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.(8/553)
æóÇáÖøõÍóì (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÖøõÍóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÖøõÍóì æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÓóÌóì ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó æóãóÇ Þóáóì
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÚúäóì ÇáÖøõÍóì Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö åõäóÇ ÇáäøóåóÇÑõ ßõáøõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÃóãöäó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÞõÑóì Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÈóÃúÓõäóÇ ÈóíóÇÊðÇ æóåõãú äóÇÆöãõæäó ÃóæóÃóãöäó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÞõÑóì Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÈóÃúÓõäóÇ ÖõÍðì æóåõãú íóáúÚóÈõæäó [7 \ 97 - 98] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÓóÌóì Þöíáó: ÃóÞúÈóáó¡ æóÞöíáó: ÔöÏøóÉõ ÙóáóÇãöåö¡ æóÞöíáó: ÛóØøóì¡ æóÞöíáó: Óóßóäó.
æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö ãóÚúäóì: Óóßóäó.
æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ãóäøóåõ Óóßóäó ÈöÃóåúáöåö¡ æóËóÈóÊó ÈöÙóáóÇãöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: ßóãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: ÈóÍúÑñ ÓóÇÌò¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÓóÇßöäðÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
ÝóãóÇ ÐóäúÈõäóÇ Åöäú ÌóÇÔó ÈóÍúÑõ ÇÈúäö Úóãøößõãú ... æóÈóÍúÑõßó ÓóÇÌò ãóÇ íõæóÇÑöí ÇáÏøóÚóÇãöÕóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
íóÇ ÍóÈøóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóãúÑóÇÁõ æóÇááøóíúáõ ÇáÓøóÇÌõ ... æóØóÑúÞñ ãöËúáõ ãõáóÇÁö ÇáäøóÓøóÇÌö
æóÃóäúÔóÏóåõãóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÐóßóÑó Þóæúáó ÌóÑöíÑò:
æóáóÞóÏú ÑóãóíúÊõßö íóæúãó ÑõÍúäó ÈöÃóÚúíõäò ... íóäúÙõÑúäó ãöäú Îóáóáö ÇáÓøõÊõæÑö ÓóæóÇÌö
ÃóÞúÓóãó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáÖøõÍóì æóÇááøóíúáö åõäóÇ ÝóÞóØú ; áöãõäóÇÓóÈóÊöåóÇ áöáúãõÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ØóÑóÝóÇ ÇáÒøóãóäö æóÙóÑúÝó ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö æóÇáÓøõßõæäö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ áóåõ ãõÄóÇäöÓðÇ: «ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó æóãóÇ Þóáóì» ¡ áóÇ Ýöí áóíúáò æóáóÇ Ýöí äóåóÇÑò¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó¡ ÞõÑöÆó ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö ãöäú ÊóæúÏöíÚö ÇáúãõÝóÇÑöÞö. æóÞõÑöÆó: «ãóÇ(8/554)
æóÏóÚóßó» ¡ ÈöÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö ãöäó ÇáúæóÏúÚö¡ Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáÊøóÑúßö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÃõÓõæÏö:
áóíúÊó ÔöÚúÑöí Úóäú Îóáöíáò ãóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ... äóãóÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÍõÈøö ÍóÊøóì æóÏóÚóåõ
Ãóíú ÊóÑóßóåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
æóËóãøó æóÏóÚúäóÇ Âáó ÚóãúÑòæ æóÚóÇãöÑö ... ÝóÑóÇÆöÓó ÃóØúÑóÇÝö ÇáúãõËóÞøóÝóÉö ÇáÓøõãúÑö
Ãóíú ÊóÑóßõæåõãú ÝóÑóÇÆöÓó ÇáÓøõíõæÝö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: æóÇáÊøóæúÏöíÚõ ãõÈóÇáóÛóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúæóÏúÚö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú æóÏøóÚóßó ãõÝóÇÑöÞðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÈóÇáóÛó Ýöí ÊóÑúßößó. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúÃóæúáóì ÃóÔúåóÑõ æóÃóæúáóì ; áöÃóäøó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáó æóÏøóÚó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÊóÑóßó Þóáöíáñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÈóÑøöÏõ: áóÇ íóßóÇÏõæäó íóÞõæáõæäó: æóÏóÚó æóáóÇ æóÐóÑó ; áöÖóÚúÝö ÇáúæóÇæö ÅöÐóÇ ÞõÏøöãóÊú æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóæúÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÊóÑóßó¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Þóæúáö ÇáúãõÈóÑøöÏö ÓõÞõæØõ ÇáúæóÇæö Ýöí ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö¡ ÝóÊóÞõæáõ Ýöí ãõÖóÇÑöÚö æóÏóÚó íóÏóÚõ ßóíóÒöäõ æóíóåóÈõ æóíóÑöËõ¡ ãöäú æóÒóäó æóæóåóÈó æóæóÑöËó¡ æóÊóÞõæáõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö: ÏóÚú æóÒöäú¡ æóåóÈú¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÐóÑú ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇÊúÑõßú¡ Ýóáóãú íóÃúÊö ãöäúåõ ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚõ: íóÐóÑúåõãú¡ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ: ÐóÑúåõãú. ÝóÊóÑóÌøóÍóÊú ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö ãöäú: «æóÏøóÚóßó» ãöäó ÇáÊøóæúÏöíÚö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÍó ; áöÃóäøó æóÏøóÚó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÊóÑóßó ÝöíåóÇ ÔöÏøóÉñ æóÔöÈúåõ ÌóÝúæóÉò æóÞóØöíÚóÉò¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöãóÞóÇãö ÇáúãõÕúØóÝóì - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåö. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõæóÇÏóÚóÉõ æóÇáúæóÏóÇÚõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ãóÚó ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉö æóÇáÕøöáóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ íóßõæäõ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÍöÈøöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÇáöÇÝúÊöÑóÇÞö¡ Ýóåõæó æóÅöäú æóÇÏóÚóåõ ÈöÌöÓúãöåö ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóãú íõæóÇÏöÚúåõ ÈöÍõÈøöåö æóÚóØúÝöåö¡ æóÇáÓøõÄóÇáö Úóäúåõ æóåõæó ãóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ Þóáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
åõäóÇ: «ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó» ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó áöáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö æóÈöÏóáöíáö: æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì [93 \ 4] ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãõæóÇÕóáóÉö ÚöäóÇíóÉö Çááøóåö Èöåö¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÕöáó Åöáóì ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÝóíóÌöÏõåóÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ áóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÇ Èóíúäó Ðóáößó ßõáøõåõ Ýöí ÚöäóÇíóÉö æóÑöÚóÇíóÉö ÑóÈøöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÕõáúÍö ÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó áöÚõãóÑó: «ÃóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáõåõ» ¡ Ãóíú: ÊóÍúÊó ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóÝöí ÑöÚóÇíóÊöåö.(8/555)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóãóÇ Þóáóì» ¡ ÍóÐóÝó ßóÇÝó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö áöËõÈõæÊöåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ãóÚóåóÇ¡ ÝóÏóáøóÊú ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ åóßóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÊõÑößóÊú áöÑóÃúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ ãöäú áóØöíÝö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö æóÑóÞöíÞö ÇáúÅöíäóÇÓö æóãóÏóÇÎöáö ÇááøõØúÝö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõæóÇÏóÚóÉó ÊõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÇáúæóÝóÇÁö æóÇáúæõÏøö¡ ÝóÃõÈúÑöÒóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ßóÇÝõ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö¡ Ãóíú: áóãú ÊóÊóÃóÊøó ãõæóÇÏóÚóÊõßó æóÃóäúÊó ÇáúÍóÈöíÈõ¡ æóÇáúãõÕúØóÝóì ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÈõ.
ÃóãøóÇ: «Þóáóì» : ÝóÝöíåóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÈõÛúÖö¡ Ýóáóãú íõäóÇÓöÈú ÅöÈúÑóÇÒõåóÇ ÅöãúÚóÇäðÇ Ýöí ÅöÈúÚóÇÏö ÞóÕúÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ áöÚóÒöíÒò Úóáóíúßó: áóÞóÏú ÃóßúÑóãúÊõßó¡ æóãóÇ ÃóåóäúÊõ¡ áóÞóÏú ÞóÑøóÈúÊõßó¡ æóãóÇ ÃóÈúÚóÏúÊõ¡ ßóÑóÇåöíóÉó Ãóäú ÊóäúØöÞó ÈöÅöåóÇäóÊöåö æóßóÑóÇåöíóÊöåö¡ Ãóæú ÊõÕóÑøöÍó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö¡ æóÇáúÞóáóì: íõãóÏøõ æóíõÞúÕóÑõ åõæó ÇáúÈõÛúÖõ¡ íõãóÏøõ ÅöÐóÇ ÝóÊóÍúÊó ÇáúÞóÇÝó¡ æóíõÞúÕóÑõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÓóÑúÊóåóÇ¡ æóåõæó æóÇæöíøñ æóíóÇÆöíøñ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÔóÏó ËóÚúáóÈñ:
ÃóíøóÇãõ Ãõãøö ÇáúÛóãúÑö áóÇ äóÞúáóÇåóÇ ... æóáóæú ÊóÔóÇÁõ ÞóÈøóáúÊõ ÚóíúäóÇåóÇ
æóÞóÇáó ßõËóíøöÑõ ÚóÒøóÉó:
ÃóÓöíÆöí ÈöäóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÍúÓöäöí áóÇ ãóáõæãóÉñ ... áóÏóíúäóÇ æóáóÇ ãóÞúáöíøóÉñ Åöäú ÊóÞóáøóÊö
ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÞóáóÇåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúæóÇæöíøö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí ÞóÇáó: ãóÞúáöíøóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúíóÇÁö¡ æóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇááøöÓóÇäö ÔóæóÇåöÏõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøöíÑóÉö ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóíõËúÈöÊõ ÏóæóÇãó ãõæóÇáóÇÊöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áöÍóÈöíÈöåö¡ æóÚöäóÇíóÊöåö Èöåö æóÍöÝúÙöåö áóåõ ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈõßóÇÄõåõ Èöåö Úóãøóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Úóãøõåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó:
æóÇááøóåö áóäú íóÕöáõæÇ Åöáóíúßó ÈöÌóãúÚöåöãú ... ÍóÊøóì ÃõæÓóÏó Ýöí ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö ÏóÝöíäðÇ
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ åöÔóÇãò Ýöí ÑöÚóÇíóÉö Úóãøöåö áóåõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ Ìóäøó Çááøóíúáõ æóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóäóÇãõæÇ¡ ÊóÑóßóåõ ãóÚó ÃóæúáóÇÏöåö íóäóÇãõæäó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÎóÐó ßõáøñ ãóÖúÌóÚóåõ¡ ÚóãóÏó Úóãøõåõ Åöáóì æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåö¡ ÝóÃóÞóÇãóåõ æóÃóÊóì ÈöãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóäóÇãõ ãóæúÖöÚóåõ¡ æóÐóåóÈó ÈöæóáóÏöåö íóäóÇãõ ãóßóÇäó ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åõäóÇßó ãóäú íõÑöíÏõ Èöåö ÓõæÁðÇ ÝóÑóÃóì ãóßóÇäóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö Çááøóíúáö¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ãóäú íõÑöíÏõåõ ÈöÓõæÁò æóÞóÚó ÇáÓøõæÁõ ÈöÇÈúäöåö¡ æóÓóáöãó ãõÍóãøóÏñ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö Åöáóì ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö Ýöí ØóÑöíÞöåöãóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÛóÇÑö¡ ÝóßóÇäó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÊóÇÑóÉð íóãúÔöí ÃóãóÇãóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÊóÇÑóÉð íóãúÔöí æóÑóÇÁóåõ¡ ÝóÓóÃóáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú(8/556)
æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì (4)
Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÃóÐúßõÑõ ÇáÑøóÕöíÏó ÝóÃóßõæäõ ÃóãóÇãóßó¡ æóÃóÐúßõÑõ ÇáØøóáóÈó ÝóÃóßõæäõ æóÑóÇÁóßó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó:» ÃóÊõÑöíÏõ áóæú ßóÇäó ÓõæÁñ íóßõæäõ Èößó íóÇ ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑò¿ «ÞóÇáó: Èóáóì¡ ÝóÏóÇßó ÃóÈöí æóÃõãøöí íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Åöäú Ãóåúáóßú Ãóåúáóßú æóÍúÏöí¡ æóÅöäú Êóåúáóßú Êóåúáóßú ãóÚóßó ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉõ» ¡ ÝóÐóÇßó Úóãøõåõ Ýöí ÌóÇåöáöíøóÉò æóáóíúÓó Úóáóì Ïöíäöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì
«ÎóíúÑñ» ÊóÃúÊöí ãóÕúÏóÑðÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: «Åöäú ÊóÑóßó ÎóíúÑðÇ» [2 \ 180] Ãóíú: ãóÇáðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ¡ æóÊóÃúÊöí ÃóÝúÚóáõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò ãóÍúÐõæÝóÉó ÇáúåóãúÒóÉö¡ æóåöíó åõäóÇ ÃóÝúÚóáõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò ÈöÏóáöíáö ÐößúÑö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈöáö¡ æóÐößúÑö ÍóÑúÝö «ãöäú» ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÎóíúÑóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉð¡ æóáóßöäú ãóÇ íóßõæäõ áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö Ýóåõæó ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöãøóÇ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóíõæåöãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó ÎóíúÑñ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÍúÏóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÎóíúÑñ áöáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ áöáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑö [3 \ 198] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÎóíúÑöíøóÉö áöáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú: íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöãóÇ ÃóÚóÏøó áóåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó áóÝöí äóÚöíãò [82 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 5] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÎóíúÑöíøóÉö åõäóÇ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÎóíúÑö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÃóÝúÖóáö ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÇáúãóÏúáõæáõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÃóÝúÚóáö ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö¡ Ãóíú: áöÏóáóÇáóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúÝö¡ æóÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóÇáøóÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÝóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó íóÊöíãðÇ ÝóÂæóì [93 \ 6] ¡ Ãóíú: ãõäúÐõ æöáóÇÏóÊöåö æóäóÔúÃóÊöåö¡ æóáóÞóÏú ÊóÚóåøóÏóåõ Çááøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãöäú ÕöÛóÑöåö ÝóÕóÇäóåõ Úóäú ÏóäóÓö ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ æóØóåøóÑóåõ æóÔóÞøó ÕóÏúÑóåõ æóäóÞøóÇåõ¡ æóßóÇäó ÑóÛúãó íõÊúãöåö ÓóíøöÏó ÔóÈóÇÈö ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó Úóãøõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÎöØúÈóÊöåö ÎóÏöíÌóÉó áöÒóæóÇÌöåö ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÝóÊðì áóÇ íõÚóÇÏöáõåõ ÝóÊðì ãöäú ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ ÍöáúãðÇ æóÚóÞúáðÇ æóÎõáõÞðÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÌóÍó Úóáóíúåö» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóæóÌóÏóßó ÖóÇáøðÇ ÝóåóÏóì æóæóÌóÏóßó ÚóÇÆöáðÇ ÝóÃóÛúäóì [93 \ 7 - 8] .
Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÈóíóÇäõåõ ßõáøõåõ¡ Ýóåöíó äöÚóãñ íõÚóÏøöÏõåóÇ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåöíó ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÎóíúÑóÇÊö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ(8/557)
æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì (5)
ãöäú ÕöÛóÑöåö Åöáóì ÔóÈóÇÈöåö æóßöÈóÑöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÇÕúØöÝóÇÆöåö ÈöÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÍöÝúÙöåö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Ëõãøó äóÕúÑöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö¡ æóÅöÙúåóÇÑö Ïöíäöåö æóÅöÚúáóÇÁö ßóáöãóÊöåö.
æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøóÉö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú áóßó ÕóÏúÑóßó æóæóÖóÚúäóÇ Úóäúßó æöÒúÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÞóÖó ÙóåúÑóßó æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ áóßó ÐößúÑóßó [94 \ 1 - 4] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÎóíúÑöíøóÉõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì [93 \ 5] ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÑøöÖóì ãóØúáóÈñ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö: ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÃõæáóì ÏóÇÑõ Úóãóáò æóÊóßúáöíÝò æóÌöåóÇÏò¡ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó ÏóÇÑõ ÌóÒóÇÁò æóËóæóÇÈò æóÅößúÑóÇãò¡ Ýóåöíó áóÇ Ôóßøó ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì
ÌóÇÁó ãõÄóßøóÏðÇ ÈöÇááøóÇãö æóÓóæúÝó¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: íõÚúØöíåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú ÅöÊúãóÇãö ÇáÏøöíäö æóÅöÚúáóÇÁö ßóáöãóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáäøóÕúÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö.
æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÝõÕøöáó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö¡ ÝóÃóÚúÙóãõåóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËóßó ÑóÈøõßó ãóÞóÇãðÇ ãóÍúãõæÏðÇ [17 \ 79] .
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö ÇáúãóÍúãõæÏö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÛúÈöØõåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó æóÇáúÂÎöÑõæäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÚõÙúãóì Íöíäó íóÊóÎóáøóì ßõáøõ äóÈöíøò¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: «äóÝúÓöí äóÝúÓöí¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÕöáõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóíóÞõæáõ: ÃóäóÇ áóåóÇ ÃóäóÇ áóåóÇ» ÅöáóÎú.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúÍóæúÖõ ÇáúãóæúÑõæÏõ¡ æóãóÇ ÎõÕøóÊú Èöåö ÃõãøóÊõåõ ÛõÑøðÇ ãõÍóÌøóáöíäó¡ íóÑöÏõæäó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóæúÖó.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉõ¡ æóåöíó ãóäúÒöáóÉñ ÑóÝöíÚóÉñ ÚóÇáöíóÉñ áóÇ ÊóäúÈóÛöí ÅöáøóÇ áöÚóÈúÏò æóÇÍöÏò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõãõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó ÝóÞõæáõæÇ ãöËúáó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ¡ Ëõãøó ÕóáøõæÇ Úóáóíøó æóÓóáõæÇ Çááøóåó áöíó ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãóäúÒöáóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áóÇ ÊóäúÈóÛöí ÅöáøóÇ áöÚóÈúÏò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÃóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú Ãóßõæäó ÃóäóÇ åõæó» .
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú áöÚóÈúÏò æóÇÍöÏò Ýóãóäú íóÓúÊóÞúÏöãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÌóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó áóåõ ØóáóÈó ãöäó ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ØóáóÈóåóÇ áóåõ¡ Ýóåõæó ãöãøóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóåõ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ áóãóÇ ØóáóÈóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÑóÌøóÇåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóãóÑó ÈöØóáóÈöåóÇ áóåõ. æóåõæó ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÎóáúÞõ ÃóÝúÖóáõåõãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ¡ æóåõæó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõÞóÏøóãñ Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö ÊóÞóÏøóãó Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö.(8/558)
æóæóÌóÏóßó ÖóÇáøðÇ ÝóåóÏóì (7)
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉõ Ýöí ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ÊõÝúÊóÍõ áóåõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÑöÖúæóÇäó ÎóÇÒöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö íóÞõæáõ áóåõ: ÃõãöÑúÊõ ÃóáøóÇ ÃóÝúÊóÍó áöÃóÍóÏò ÞóÈúáóßó» .
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉõ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÈúÞóì ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «áóÇ ÃóÑúÖóì æóÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöí Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö» ÃóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó Ãóäú íóÑúÒõÞóäóÇ ÔóÝóÇÚóÊóåõ¡ æóíõæÑöÏóäóÇ ÍóæúÖóåõ. Âãöíäó.
æóÔóÝóÇÚóÊõåõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Ýöí Úóãøöåö ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò¡ ÝóíõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõ ÈöåóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöíåö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÔóåóÇÏóÊõÉõ Úóáóì ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ æóÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÃõãøóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãóãö æóÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐöåö ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò ÚóØóÇíóÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö áöÍóÈöíÈöåö æóÕóÝöíøöåö ÇáúßóÑöíãö¡ - ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö -¡ æóÚóáóì Âáöåö æóÕóÍöÈóåõ æóÓóáøóãó ÊóÓúáöíãðÇ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ æóÝöí æóáóÓóæúÝó áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö æóáóíúÓóÊú áöáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÏóÎóáóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃö¡ æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃõ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: áóÃóäúÊó ÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì. ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó æóÃóÈõæ ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó íóÊöíãðÇ ÝóÂæóì
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ [76 \ 8] .
æóÇáÑøóÓõæáõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÇÊó ÃóÈõæåõ¡ æóåõæó Íóãúáñ áóåõ ÓöÊøóÉõ ÃóÔúåõÑò¡ æóãóÇÊóÊú Ãõãøõåõ æóåöíó ÚóÇÆöÏóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÈöÇáúÃóÈúæóÇÁö æóÚõãúÑõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÏú Þöíáó: Åöäøó íõÊúãóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ áöÃóÍóÏò ÍóÞøñ Úóáóíúåö¡ äóÞóáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó íõÊúãóåõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó¡ Ãóíú: áöíóÊóæóáøóì Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóãúÑóåõ ãöäú ÕöÛóÑöåö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÚúäóì ÅöíæóÇÁö Çááøóåö áóåõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó íõÊúãõåõ áöÅöÈúÑóÇÒö ÝóÖúáöåö ; áöÃóäøó íóÊöíãó ÇáúÃóãúÓö ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÓóíøöÏó ÇáúÛóÏö¡ æóßóÇÝöáó ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÌóÏóßó ÖóÇáøðÇ ÝóåóÏóì(8/559)
ÇáÖøóáóÇáõ: íóßõæäõ ÍöÓøðÇ æóãóÚúäðì¡ ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ßóãóäú ÊóÇåó Ýöí ØóÑöíÞò íóÓúáõßõåõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ßóãóäú ÊóÑóßó ÇáúÍóÞøó Ýóáóãú íóÊøóÈöÚúåõ.
ÝóÞóÇáó Þóæúãñ: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ åõäóÇ åõæó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ ßóÃóäú ÞóÏú Öóáøó Ýöí ÔöÚúÈò ãöäú ÔöÚóÇÈö ãóßøóÉó¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ØóÑöíÞöåö Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÇãö. æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõæäó: ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÚöÈóÇÑóÉñ Úóäú ÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ãóäúÍöåö ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöãøóÇ áóãú íóßõäú íóÚúáóãõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ æóáóßöäú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ [42 \ 52] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóÍúËõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæÓõÝó» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÃóÈóÇäóÇ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò [12 \ 8] ¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÔóæóÇåöÏó ÇáÖøóáóÇáö áõÛóÉð åõäóÇßó.
æóËóÇäöíðÇ: Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ [18 \ 104] .
æóËóÇáöËðÇ: Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÝóÚóáúÊõåóÇ ÅöÐðÇ æóÃóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó [26 \ 20] .
æóÝöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ íõÛúäöí Úóäú Ãóíøö ÈóÍúËò ÂÎóÑó.
æóãöäó ÇáØøóÑöíÝö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó: æóáóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ Ýöí Çáäøóæúãö¡ Ãóäøöí ÃõÝóßøöÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÞõæáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóæúÑö: «æóæóÌóÏóßó» : Ãóíú: æóÌóÏó ÑóåúØóßó «ÖóÇáøðÇ» ÝóåóÏóÇåõ Èößó¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÞõæáõ: Úóáóì ÍóÐúÝö ãõÖóÇÝò¡ äóÍúæõ: «æóÇÓúÃóáö ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉó» [12 \ 82] . ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøõ åóÐóÇ æóÌúåðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÃóÐúßõÑõ ãóäóÇãóíúäö ßõäúÊõ ÑóÃóíúÊõåõãóÇ æóáóãú ÃõÑöÏú ÐößúÑóåõãóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÑóÃóíúÊõ åóÐóÇ áöÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóÃúäóÓúÊõ Èöåö áöÐößúÑöåöãóÇ¡ æóåõãóÇ: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÚöäúÏóãóÇ æóÕóáúÊõ Åöáóì ÓõæÑóÉö «ä» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò [68 \ 4] ¡ æóãöäú ãóäúåóÌö ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö ÊóÝúÓöíÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÕúÝñ ãõÌúãóáñ¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó: «ßóÇäó ÎõáõÞõåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó» ÝóÃóÎóÐúÊõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúßöíÑö¡ ßóíúÝó ÃõÝóÕøöáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃõÈóíøöäõ Íõßúãóåõ æóÕóÝúÍóåõ æóÕóÈúÑóåõ æóßóÑóãóåõ æóÚóØúÝóåõ æóÑóÍúãóÊóåõ(8/560)
æóæóÌóÏóßó ÚóÇÆöáðÇ ÝóÃóÛúäóì (8)
æóÑóÃúÝóÊóåõ æóÌöåóÇÏóåõ æóÚöÈóÇÏóÊóåõ¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ ÌóÚóáóäöí ÃóÞöÝõ ÍóÇÆöÑðÇ æóÃóãúßõËõ Úóäö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÚöÏøóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò¡ ÝóÑóÃóíúÊõ ÇáÔøóíúÎó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí Çáäøóæúãö¡ ßóÃóäøóäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö¡ æóßóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó Ýöí äóÔóÇØöåö ÇáúÚóÇÏöíøö¡ ÝóÓóÃóáúÊõåõ ãóÇÐóÇ ÚöäúÏóßó Çáúíóæúãó¿
ÝóÞóÇáó: ÚöäúÏöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑñ. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ÃóÊõÏóÑøöÓõ Çáúíóæúãó¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: æóãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏößó¿ - áöÏóÝúÊóÑò Ýöí íóÏöåö -¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãõÐóßøöÑóÉõ ÊóÝúÓöíÑò¡ Ãóíú: ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäó ÓóíõÝóÓøöÑõåóÇ - æóåöíó ãóÎúØõæØóÉñ -¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõ: ãöäú Ãóíúäó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãöäú Ãóæøóáö «ä» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóÍóÑóÕúÊõ Úóáóì ÃóÎúÐöåóÇ áöÃóßúÊõÈó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóáóãú ÃóÊóÌóÑøóÃú Úóáóì ØóáóÈöåóÇ ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð¡ æóáóßöäú ÞõáúÊõ áóåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ßõäúÊó áóãú ÊõÏóÑøöÓö Çáúíóæúãó ÝóÃóÚúØöäöíåóÇ ÃõÈóíøöÖõåóÇ æóÃõÌóáøöÏõåóÇ áóßó¡ æóÂÊöíßó ÈöåóÇ ÛóÏðÇ¡ ÝóÃóÚúØóÇäöíåóÇ ÝóÇäúÊóÈóåúÊõ ÝóÑóÍðÇ ÈöÐóáößó æóÈóÏóÃúÊõ Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö.
æóÇáúãóÑøóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó» ¡ áóãøóÇ ßóÊóÈúÊõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö¡ Ëõãøó ÝóßøóÑúÊõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóæóÚøõÏö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó ãóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì Ýöíåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ØóÝöíÝò¡ ÍóÊøóì ÝóßøóÑúÊõ Ýöí Ãóäøó áóåõ ÕöáóÉð ÈöÇáÑøöÈóÇ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÈöíÚó ÌöäúÓñ ÈöÌöäúÓöåö¡ ÝóÍóÕóáóÊú ãõÛóÇíöÑóÉñ Ýöí Çáúßóíúáö æóæóÞóÚó ÊóÝóÇÖõáñ¡ æóáóßöäøöí áóãú ÃóÌöÏú ãóäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö¡ ÝóÑóÃóíúÊõ ÝöíãóÇ íóÑóì ÇáäøóÇÆöãõ¡ Ãóäøöí ãóÚó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -¡ æóáóßöäú áóãú íóÊóÍóÏøóËú ãóÚöí Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö.
æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÑóÇÍó Úóäøöí¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈöÔóÎúÕò áóÇ ÃóÚúÑöÝõåõ íóÞõæáõ æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÓúãóÚõ Ïõæäó Ãóäú íõæóÌøöåó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó Åöáóíøó: Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö ÑöÈðÇ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÈöíÚó ÇáúÍóÏöíÏõ ÈöÍóÏöíÏò¡ æóßóáöãóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ äóÓöíÊõåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäö ÇäúÊóÈóåúÊõ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúÊõ Ðóáößó ÊóÃóÓøöíðÇ ÈöÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó¡ áöãóÇ ÃóÌöÏõ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÅöíäóÇÓò¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÓúÃóáõ Ãóäú íõæóÝøöÞóäóÇ áöãóÇ íõÍöÈøõåõ æóíóÑúÖóÇåõ¡ æóÃóäú íóåúÏöíóäóÇ ÓóæóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÈöíáö¡ æóÚóáóì ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ãöäú ãõÈóÔøöÑóÇÊò. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæóÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÌóÏóßó ÚóÇÆöáðÇ ÝóÃóÛúäóì
ÇáúÚóÇÆöáõ: ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÚöíóÇáö¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÚóÇÆöáõ ÇáúÝóÞöíÑõ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú áóÇÒöãö ÇáúÚöíóÇáö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ¡ æóáóßöäú áóíúÓó ÈöáóÇÒöãò¡ æóãõÞóÇÈóáóÉõ «ÚóÇÆöáðÇ» ÈöÃóÛúäóì¡ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì «ÚóÇÆöáðÇ» Ãóíú: ÝóÞöíÑðÇ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
ÝóãóÇ íóÏúÑöí ÇáúÝóÞöíÑõ ãóÊóì ÛöäóÇåõ ... æóãóÇ íóÏúÑöí ÇáúÛóäöíøõ ãóÊóì íóÚöíáõ
æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí æóÅöäú ÐóãøóÑúÊó ÓóÞúÈðÇ ... áöÛóíúÑößó Ãóãú íóßõæäõ áóßó ÇáúÝóÕöíá(8/561)
æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ Çááøóåõ áöäóÈöíøöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÊóÚúÏóÇÏö ÇáäøöÚóãö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íõæóÏøöÚúåõ æóãóÇ ÞóáóÇåõ¡ áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÝóÞöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö ÝóÃóÛúäóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöãóÇáö Úóãøöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Úóãøõåõ Ýöí ÎõØúÈóÉö äößóÇÍöåö ÈöÎóÏöíÌóÉó: æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö Þóáøó ÝóãóÇ ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáÕøóÏóÇÞö ÝóÚóáóíøó¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÛúäóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöãóÇáö ÎóÏöíÌóÉó¡ ÍóíúËõ ÌóÚóáóÊú ãóÇáóåóÇ ÊóÍúÊó íóÏöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøõ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: íõÑúæóì Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÏóÎóáó Úóáóì ÎóÏöíÌóÉó æóåõæó ãóÛúãõæãñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: ãóÇ áóßó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÇáÒøóãóÇäõ ÒóãóÇäõ ÞóÍúØò¡ ÝóÅöäú ÃóäóÇ ÈóÐóáúÊõ ÇáúãóÇáó íóäúÝóÏõ ãóÇáõßö¡ ÝóÃóÓúÊóÍúíöí ãöäúßö¡ æóÅöäú ÃóäóÇ áóãú ÃóÈúÐõáú ÃóÎóÇÝõ Çááøóåó» ¡ ÝóÏóÚóÊú ÞõÑóíúÔðÇ æóÝöíåöãõ ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ: ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌóÊú ÏóäóÇäöíÑó ÍóÊøóì æóÖóÚóÊúåóÇ¡ ÈóáóÛóÊú ãóÈúáóÛðÇ áóãú íóÞóÚú ÈóÕóÑöí Úóáóì ãóäú ßóÇäó ÌóÇáöÓðÇ ÞõÏøóÇãöí¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáóÊö: ÇÔúåóÏõæÇ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇáó ãóÇáõåõ¡ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóÑóÞøóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÇÁó ÃóãúÓóßóåõ.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉõ æóÅöäú áóãú íõÐúßóÑú ÓóäóÏõåóÇ¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÛóÑöíÈò Úóáóì ÎóÏöíÌóÉö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - Ãóäú ÊóÝúÚóáó Ðóáößó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÚóáóÊú ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ Íöíäó ÏóÎóáóÊú ãóÚóåõ ÇáÔøöÚúÈó ÝóÊóÑóßóÊú ãóÇáóåóÇ¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóÊú ãõÔóÇÑóßóÊóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöãóÇ åõæó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÖöíÞö ÇáúÚóíúÔö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÃóßóáõæÇ æóÑóÞó ÇáÔøóÌóÑö¡ æóÃóãúæóÇáõåóÇ ØóÇÆöáóÉñ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ.
Ëõãøó ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉõ æóßóÇäóÊú ãõæóÇÓóÇÉõ ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ áóÞóÏú ÞóÏöãó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó ÊóÇÑößðÇ ãóÇáóåõ æóãóÇáó ÎóÏöíÌóÉó¡ ÍóÊøóì Åöäøó ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞó áóíóÏúÝóÚõ Ëóãóäó ÇáúãöÑúÈóÏö áöÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÝóíúÁõ Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö¡ æóßóÇäó íóÞúÖöí ÇáúåöáóÇáó¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúåöáóÇáó¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúåöáóÇáó¡ áóÇ íõæÞóÏõ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - äóÇÑñ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõãóÇ ÇáúÃóÓúæóÏóÇäö: ÇáÊøóãúÑõ æóÇáúãóÇÁõ.
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁóÊú ÛóäóÇÆöãõ Íõäóíúäò¡ ÝóÃóÚúØóì ÚóØóÇÁó ãóäú áóÇ íóÎúÔóì ÇáúÝóÞúÑó¡ æóÑóÌóÚó ÈöÏõæäö ÔóíúÁò¡ æóÌóÇÁó ãóÇáõ ÇáúÈóÍúÑöíäö ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓõ ãóÇ íõØöíÞõ Íóãúáóåõ¡ æóÃóÎöíÑðÇ ÊõæõÝøöíó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÏöÑúÚõåõ ãóÑúåõæäóÉñ Ýöí ÂÕõÚò ãöäú ÔóÚöíÑò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÌóÏóßó ÚóÇÆöáðÇ ÝóÃóÛúäóì¡ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; áöÃóäøó «ÃóÛúäóì» ÊóÚúÈöíÑñ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóåõæó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÌóÏøõÏö æóÇáúÍõÏõæËö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÍóÇáðÇ ÝóÍóÇáðÇ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÛöäóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ åõæó Ûöäóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúäóÇÁõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóíóßúÝöí Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÌúæóÏõ ÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ áóÞöíóåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ æóÏóÇÑóÓóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ßóÇáÑøöíÍö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÞõÏúæóÉó Ýöí(8/562)
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúíóÊöíãó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúåóÑú (9) æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÆöáó ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑú (10) æóÃóãøóÇ ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÝóÍóÏøöËú (11)
ÇáúÍóÇáóÊóíúäö¡ Ýöí ÍóÇáóíö ÇáúÝóÞúÑö æóÇáúÛöäóì¡ Åöäú Þóáøó ãóÇáõåõ ÕóÈóÑó¡ æóÅöäú ßóËõÑó ÈóÐóáó æóÔóßóÑó.
ÇÓúÊóÛúäö ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóÇßó ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÇáúÛöäóì ... æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÕöÈúßó ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ ÝóÊóÌóãøóáö
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚöÙóãö ÚóØóÇÁö Çááøóåö áóåõ ãöãøóÇ ÝóÇÞó ßõáøó ÚóØóÇÁò. Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇßó ÓóÈúÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóËóÇäöí æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó [15 \ 87] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÊóãõÏøóäøó Úóíúäóíúßó Åöáóì ãóÇ ãóÊøóÚúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäúåõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäú Úóáóíúåöãú æóÇÎúÝöÖú ÌóäóÇÍóßó áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [15 \ 88] .
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÞöíÑö ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑö æóÇáúÛóäöíøö ÇáÔøóÇßöÑö¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó áöÑóÓõæáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßöáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ; áöíóÑúÓõãó ÇáúÞõÏúæóÉó ÇáúãõËúáóì Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáóÊóíúäö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíæóÇÁó æóÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáúÛöäóì ãöäó Çááøóåö ; áöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåóÇ åõäóÇ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö áóØöíÝóÉð ÏóÞöíÞóÉð¡ æóåöíó ãóÚúÑóÖõ ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑö¡ íóÃúÊöí ÈößóÇÝò ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö: Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó íóÊöíãðÇ¡ Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó ÖóÇáøðÇ¡ Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó ÚóÇÆöáðÇ¡ áöÊóÃúßöíÏö ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑö¡ áóãú íõÓúäóÏö ÇáúíõÊúãõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöÖúáóÇáõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÝóÞúÑõ áöáøóåö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ßõáøóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÞóÚó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúíõÊúãõ¡ æóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ãöäúåõ ßõáøóãóÇ æóÌóÏóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ Ðóáößó áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÅöíáóÇãò áóåõ¡ ÝóãóÇ íõÓúäöÏõåõ áöáøóåö ÙóÇåöÑðÇ¡ æóáöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑö Úóáóíúåö ÃóÈúÑóÒó ÖóãöíÑó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö.
æóÝöí ÊóÚúÏóÇÏö ÇáäøöÚóãö: ÝóÂæóì¡ ÝóåóÏóì¡ ÝóÃóÛúäóì. ÃõÓúäöÏó ßõáøõåõ Åöáóì ÖóãöíÑö ÇáúãõäúÚöãö¡ æóáóãú íõÈúÑöÒú ÖóãöíÑó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó: áöãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÑõÁõæÓö ÇáúÂíö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÕöáö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöíåö ÇãúÊöäóÇäñ¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ äöÚóãñ ãóÇÏøöíøóÉñ áóãú íõÈúÑöÒö ÇáÖøóãöíÑó áöÆóáøóÇ íõËúÞöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãöäøóÉó¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ ÃóÈúÑóÒóåõ Ýöí: Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú áóßó ÕóÏúÑóßó æóæóÖóÚúäóÇ Úóäúßó æöÒúÑóßó [94 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ áóßó ÐößúÑóßó [94 \ 4] ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ äöÚóãñ ãóÚúäóæöíøóÉñ¡ ÇäúÝóÑóÏó ÈöåóÇ. Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúíóÊöíãó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúåóÑú æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÆöáó ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑú æóÃóãøóÇ ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÝóÍóÏøöËú
ãóÌöíÁõ ÇáúÝóÇÁö åõäóÇ ãõÔúÚöÑñ¡ ÅöãøóÇ ÈöÊóÝúÑöíÚò æóåóÐóÇ ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóÅöãøóÇ ÈöÅöÝúÕóÇÍò Úóäú ÊóÚóÏøõÏò¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÌõãóáó ÈöÊóÞúÏöíÑö ãóåúãóÇ íóßõäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò.õõ(8/563)
æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ ËóáóÇËó ãóÓóÇÆöáó: ÇáúÃõæáóì: ãõÚóÇãóáóÉõ ÇáúÃóíúÊóÇãö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúíóÊöíãó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúåóÑú¡ Ãóíú: ßóãóÇ ÂæóÇßó Çááøóåõ ÝóÂæöåö¡ æóßóãóÇ ÃóßúÑóãóßó ÝóÃóßúÑöãúåõ.
æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÞóåúÑõ ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÃóÎúÐõ ãóÇáöåö æóÙõáúãöåö.
æóÞöíáó: ÞõÑöÆó ÈöÇáúßóÇÝö: «ÊóßúåóÑú» ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: åõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóåúÑö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÔóÏøó.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÚóÈõæÓóÉö ÇáúæóÌúåö¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóÚóãøõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Çááøóåõãøó Åöäøöí ÃóÚõæÐõ Èößó ãöäó Çáúåóãøö æóÇáúÍóÒóäö æóãöäó ÇáúÚóÌúÒö æóÇáúßóÓóáö¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÌõÈúäö æóÇáúÈõÎúáö¡ æóãöäú ÛóáóÈóÉö ÇáÏøóíúäö æóÞóåúÑö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö» ÝóÇáúÞóåúÑõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Ýöí äõÕõæÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÏöíÏóÉö Ýöí ÔóÃúäö ÇáúíóÊöíãö¡ æóÇáøóÊöí ÒóÇÏóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó ãóæúÖöÚðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõãúßöäõ ÊóÕúäöíÝõåóÇ Åöáóì ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóÈúæóÇÈò ßõáøõåóÇ ÊóÏõæÑõ Íóæúáó ÏóÝúÚö ÇáúãóÖóÇÑøö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÌóáúÈö ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö áóåõ Ýöí ãóÇáöåö æóÝöí äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö ÇáÒøóæúÌöíøóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ. ÃóãøóÇ ÏóÝúÚõ ÇáúãóÖóÇÑøö Úóäúåõ Ýöí ãóÇáöåö¡ ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæÇ ãóÇáó ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ¡ ÌóÇÁóÊú ãóÑøóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» æóÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö» [17 \ 34] ¡ æóÝöí ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö Ööãúäó ÇáúæóÕóÇíóÇ ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ ÈóÏóÃóÊú ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÊóÚóÇáóæúÇ ÃóÊúáõ ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó ÑóÈøõßõãú Úóáóíúßõãú ÃóáøóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæÇ Èöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ [6 \ 151] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÞóÊúáó ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ æóÞõÑúÈóÇäó ÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔö¡ æóÞóÊúáó ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ Ëõãøó ãóÇáó ÇáúíóÊöíãö: «æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæÇ ãóÇáó ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ» .
æóíõáóÇÍóÙõ Ãóäøó Çáäøóåúíó ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈö ãöäú ãóÇáöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ßóÇäó ÛóäöíøðÇ ÝóáúíóÓúÊóÚúÝöÝú æóãóäú ßóÇäó ÝóÞöíÑðÇ ÝóáúíóÃúßõáú ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö [4 \ 6] .
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú æóáöíó ãóÇáó ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó ÃóÌúÑðÇ¡ Ýóáóåõ ÇáúÃóÞóáøõ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏö ÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÅöãøóÇ äóÝóÞóÊõåõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóÅöãøóÇ ÃõÌúÑóÊõåõ Úóáóì Úóãóáöåö¡ Ãóíú: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÚóãóáõ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÃõÌúÑóÉó ÃóáúÝö ÑöíóÇáò¡ æóäóÝóÞóÊõåõ íóßúÝöí áóåóÇ ÎóãúÓõãöÇÆóÉò ÃóÎóÐó äóÝóÞóÊóåõ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÚóãóáõ íóßúÝöíåö ÃõÌúÑóÉõ ãöÇÆóÉö ÑöíóÇáò¡ æóäóÝóÞóÊõåõ ÎóãúÓõãöÇÆóÉò ÃóÎóÐó ÃõÌúÑóÊóåõ ãöÇÆóÉð ÝóÞóØú ; ÍöÝúÙðÇ áöãóÇáöåö.
Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏó Çáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈö ãóÇáö ÇáúíóÊöíãö Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÊóØóáøóÚõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøõÝõæÓö Åöáóì ÝóæóÇÑöÞó(8/564)
ÈóÓöíØóÉò ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáÊøóÍóíøõáö Ãóæú äóÍúæöåö¡ ãöäö ÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáö ÔóíúÁò ãóßóÇäó ÔóíúÁò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ØóÑöíÞðÇ áöÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáö ØóíøöÈò ÈöÎóÈöíËò¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÊõæÇ ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÈóÏøóáõæÇ ÇáúÎóÈöíËó ÈöÇáØøóíøöÈö æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú Åöáóì ÃóãúæóÇáößõãú Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÍõæÈðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [4 \ 2] .
æóÇáúÍõæÈõ: ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáÐøóäúÈö¡ ÝóÝöíåö Çáäøóåúíõ Úóäö ÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáö ØóíøöÈö ãóÇáöåö ÈöÎóÈöíËö ãóÇáö Çáúæóáöíøö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö ÍóÓóÏðÇ áóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ äóåóì Úóäú ÎóáúØö ãóÇáöåö ãóÚó ãóÇáö ÛóíúÑöåö ßóæóÓöíáóÉò áöÃóßúáöåö ãóÚó ãóÇáö ÇáúÛóíúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóäúÚñ áöáÊøóÍóíøõáö¡ æóÓóÏøñ áöáÐøóÑöíÚóÉö ; ÍöÝúÙðÇ áöãóÇáöåö.
Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏõ Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉò ãõÝúÒöÚóÉò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÃúßõáõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì ÙõáúãðÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÃúßõáõæäó Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåöãú äóÇÑðÇ æóÓóíóÕúáóæúäó ÓóÚöíÑðÇ [4 \ 10] .
æóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÔóãöáóÊú Ýöí Çáäøóåúíö Úóäú Ãóßúáö ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì ßõáøó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÅöÊúáóÇÝñ Ãóæú ÊóÝúæöíÊñ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÈöÃóßúáò ÍóÞöíÞóÉð¡ Ãóæú ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÓò¡ Ãóæú ÈöÅöÍúÑóÇÞò¡ Ãóæú ÅöÛúÑóÇÞò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó ÈöÇáúÅöáúÍóÇÞö ÈöäóÝúíö ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ÝóÑúÞó Ýöí ÖóíóÇÚö ãóÇáö ÇáúíóÊöíãö Úóáóíúåö¡ Èóíúäó ßóæúäöåö ÈöÃóßúáò Ãóæú ÅöÍúÑóÇÞò ÈöäóÇÑò Ãóæú ÅöÛúÑóÇÞò Ýöí ãóÇÁò ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÅöåúãóÇáõ Ýöíåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÊóÝúæöíÊõ Úóáóíúåö æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÍöÝúÙðÇ áöãóÇáöåö.
æóÃóÎöíÑðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ Êóãøó ÇáúÍöÝóÇÙõ Úóáóì ãóÇáöåö áóãú íóÞúÑóÈúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ¡ æóáóãú íõÈóÏøöáúåõ ÈöÛóíúÑöåö ÃóÞóáøó ãöäúåõ¡ æóáóãú íóÎúáöØúåõ ÈöãóÇáöåö áöíóÃúßõáóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóãú íóÚúÊóÏö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÃóíøö ÅöÊúáóÇÝò ßóÇäó ãóÍúÝõæÙðÇ áóåõ¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú íóÐúåóÈó íõÊúãõåõ æóíóËúÈõÊó ÑõÔúÏõåõ¡ ÝóíóÃúÊöí Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÈúÊóáõæÇ ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛõæÇ ÇáäøößóÇÍó ÝóÅöäú ÂäóÓúÊõãú ãöäúåõãú ÑõÔúÏðÇ ÝóÇÏúÝóÚõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæåóÇ ÅöÓúÑóÇÝðÇ æóÈöÏóÇÑðÇ Ãóäú íóßúÈóÑõæÇ [4 \ 6] .
Ëõãøó ÃóÍóÇØó ÏóÝúÚó ÇáúãóÇáö Åöáóíúåö ÈöãõæÌöÈóÇÊö ÇáúÍöÝúÙö ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÏóÝóÚúÊõãú Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÝóÃóÔúåöÏõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú [4 \ 6] Ãóíú: ÍóÊøóì áóÇ Êóßõæäó ãõäóÇßóÑóÉð ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÎöÊóÇãö íõäóÈøöåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöíåöãú æóÇÒöÚó ãõÑóÇÞóÈóÉö Çááøóåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [4 \ 6] æóÝöíåö ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÃóäøó ÃóãúæóÇáóåõ ÊõÏúÝóÚõ Åöáóíúåö ÈóÚúÏó ãõÍóÇÓöÈóÉò ÏóÞöíÞóÉò ÝöíãóÇ áóåõ æóÚóáóíúåö.
æóãóåúãóÇ íóßõäú ãöäú ÏöÞøóÉö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö¡ ÝóÇááøóåõ ÓóíõÍóÇÓöÈõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÍóÓöíÈðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ Ýöí ÍöÝúÙö ãóÇáöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÌóáúÈõ ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö¡ ÝóÅöäøóäóÇ äóÌöÏõ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÌóÚúáóåõ ãóÚó ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö æóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö(8/565)
ãõæóÇØöäó¡ ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞúÊõãú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ÝóáöáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö æóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì [2 \ 215] .
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÅöíÑóÇÏõåõ Ýöí ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈöÑøö ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö æóÅöäúÝóÇÞö ÇáúãóÇáö: æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÈöÑøó ãóäú Âãóäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÂÊóì ÇáúãóÇáó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö Ðóæöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäó [2 \ 177] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ãóÇ åõæó ÃõÏúÎöáó Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö ÍóíúËõ ÌõÚöáó áóåõ äóÕöíÈðÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑößóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑó ÇáúÞöÓúãóÉó Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäõ ÝóÇÑúÒõÞõæåõãú ãöäúåõ [4 \ 8] ¡ ÈöÕóÑúÝö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Úóäú ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú ÌöåóÇÊò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì íóÌúÚóáõ áóåõãú äóÕöíÈðÇ ÝöíãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúáóì ãóäúÒöáóÉð Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÛóäöãúÊõãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÃóäøó áöáøóåö ÎõãõÓóåõ æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö æóáöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÂãóäúÊõãú ÈöÇááøóåö [8 \ 41] .
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúÍóÔúÑö " Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÝóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì Ýóáöáøóåö æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö æóáöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö ÇáúÂíóÉó [59 \ 7] .
ÝóÌóÚóáóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãóÚó Ðöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì ãöäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Úõãõæãö æóÕúÝö ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑö¡ æóÓóÈóÈðÇ áöáúæõÕõæáö Åöáóì ÃóÚúáóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáäøóÚöíãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 5] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÝúÚóÇáóåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí ãöäúåóÇ: " Ãóäøóåõãú íõæÝõæäó ÈöÇáäøóÐúÑö " [76 \ 7] Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú: " æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ " [76 \ 8] .
æóÌóÚóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãó ÇÌúÊöíóÇÒõ ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÇÞúÊóÍóãó ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉó æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉõ Ýóßøõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò Ãóæú ÅöØúÚóÇãñ Ýöí íóæúãò Ðöí ãóÓúÛóÈóÉò íóÊöíãðÇ ÐóÇ ãóÞúÑóÈóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [90 \ 11 - 15] .
æóáóÞóÏú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó Ãóäú íóÓõæÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÖöÑó æóãõæÓóì - ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - áöíõÞöíãóÇ ÌöÏóÇÑðÇ áöíóÊöíãóíúäö Úóáóì ßóäúÒò áóåõãóÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛóÇ ÃóÔóÏøóåõãóÇ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÌöÏóÇÑõ ÝóßóÇäó áöÛõáóÇãóíúäö íóÊöíãóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö æóßóÇäó ÊóÍúÊóåõ ßóäúÒñ áóåõãóÇ æóßóÇäó ÃóÈõæåõãóÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóÃóÑóÇÏó ÑóÈøõßó Ãóäú íóÈúáõÛóÇ ÃóÔõÏøóåõãóÇ æóíóÓúÊóÎúÑöÌóÇ ßóäúÒóåõãóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó æóãóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõåõ Úóäú ÃóãúÑöí [18 \ 82] .(8/566)
åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈõ ÇáúãóÇáöíøõ ãöäú ÏóÝúÚö ÇáúãóÖóÑøóÉö Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÍöÝúÙö ãóÇáöåö¡ æóãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÌóáúÈö ÇáäøóÝúÚö Åöáóíúåö Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúãóÇáö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÌóÇäöÈõ ÇáäøóÝúÓöíøõ ÝóßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÚóÏóãõ ãóÓóÇÁóÊöåö Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÝóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáøóÐöí íõßóÐøöÈõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö ÝóÐóáößó ÇáøóÐöí íóÏõÚøõ ÇáúíóÊöíãó æóáóÇ íóÍõÖøõ Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö [107 \ 1 - 3] .
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: ßóáøóÇ Èóá áóÇ ÊõßúÑöãõæäó ÇáúíóÊöíãó æóáóÇ ÊóÍóÇÖøõæäó Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö [89 \ 17 - 18] ¡ ÝóÞóÏøóãó ÅößúÑóÇãóåõ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉð áóåõ.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóíúåö¡ ãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ æóÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì [2 \ 83] ÝóíõÍúÓöäõ Åöáóíúåö ßóãóÇ íõÍúÓöäõ áöæóÇáöÏóíúåö æóáöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÓõÄóÇáõ æóÌóæóÇÈõåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì Þõáú ÅöÕúáóÇÍñ áóåõãú ÎóíúÑñ æóÅöäú ÊõÎóÇáöØõæåõãú ÝóÅöÎúæóÇäõßõãú æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏó ãöäó ÇáúãõÕúáöÍö [2 \ 220] ¡ Ãóíú: ÊõÚóÇãöáõæäóåõãú ßóãóÇ ÊõÚóÇãöáõæäó ÇáúÅöÎúæóÇäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÚúáóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö æóÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö ; æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏó ãöäó ÇáúãõÕúáöÍö.
æóÝöí ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÐößúÑö ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÕúáöÍö: ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ áöÔöÏøóÉö ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÝúÓóÇÏö Ýöí ãõÚóÇãóáóÊöåö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö Ýöí ãóæúØöäò ÂÎóÑó ÌóÚóáóåõãú ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáúíóÎúÔó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóæú ÊóÑóßõæÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÝöåöãú ÐõÑøöíøóÉð ÖöÚóÇÝðÇ ÎóÇÝõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóáúíóÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáúíóÞõæáõæÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ÓóÏöíÏðÇ [4 \ 9] .
Ãóíú: ÍóÊøóì Ýöí ãõÎóÇØóÈóÊöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõãú áöÃóäøóåõãú ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÃóæúáóÇÏöåöãú¡ Èóáú ÑõÈøóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåõãú ÃóæúáóÇÏñ ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ ÃóíúÊóÇãðÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú¡ ÝóßóãóÇ íóÎúÔóæúäó Úóáóì ÃóæúáóÇÏöåöãú ÅöÐóÇ ÕóÇÑõæÇ ÃóíúÊóÇãðÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåõãú¡ ÝóáúíõÍúÓöäõæÇ ãõÚóÇãóáóÉó ÇáúÃóíúÊóÇãö Ýöí ÃóíúÏöíåöãú¡ æóåóÐöåö ÛóÇíóÉõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö æóÇáÑøöÚóÇíóÉö.
Êöáúßó åöíó äõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÍõÓúäö ãõÚóÇãóáóÉö ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÚóÏóãö ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉö Åöáóíúåö¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÝóÕøöáõ ãõÌúãóáó Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúíóÊöíãó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúåóÑú [93 \ 9] .
áóÇ ÈößóáöãóÉò ÛóíúÑö ÓóÏöíÏóÉò¡ æóáóÇ ÈöÍöÑúãóÇäöåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò íóÍúÊóÇÌõåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÈöÅöÊúáóÇÝö ãóÇáöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÍóíøõáö Úóáóì Ãóßúáöåö æóÅöÖóÇÚóÊöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ áóÇ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö æóáóÇ Ýöí ãóÇáöåö.(8/567)
æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ ÈóÇáöÛóÉñ ãóÈúáóÛóåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö¡ æóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÑúÍóãó ÇáäøóÇÓö Èöåö æóÃóÔúÝóÞóåõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó: " ÃóäóÇ æóßóÇÝöáõ ÇáúíóÊöíãö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ßóåóÇÊóíúäö "¡ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÈøóÇÈóÉö æóÇáúæõÓúØóì æóÝóÑøóÌó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò æóãóÇáößò: " ßóÇÝöáõ ÇáúíóÊöíãö áóåõ Ãóæú áöÛóíúÑöåö " Ãóíú: ÞóÑöíÈñ áóåõ¡ Ãóæú ÈóÚöíÏñ Úóäúåõ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó æóÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøö ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: " ãóäú Öóãøó íóÊöíãðÇ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÃóÈóæóíúäö ãõÓúáöãóíúäö Åöáóì ØóÚóÇãöåö æóÔóÑóÇÈöåö¡ æóÌóÈóÊú áóåõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó " ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõäúÐöÑöíøõ: ÑõæóÇÉõ ÃóÍúãóÏó ãõÍúÊóÌøñ Èöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ Úóáöíøó Èúäó ÒóíúÏò.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: " ÎóíúÑõ ÈóíúÊò Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈóíúÊñ Ýöíåö íóÊöíãñ¡ íõÍúÓóäõ Åöáóíúåö. æóÔóÑøõ ÈóíúÊò Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈóíúÊñ Ýöíåö íóÊöíãñ íõÓóÇÁõ Åöáóíúåö ".
æóÌóÇÁó ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÈúÚóÏõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ æóÐóáößó¡ ÍóÊøóì Åöäøó ÇáúÃõãøó áóÊõÚóØøöáõ ãóÕóÇáöÍóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÃóíúÊóÇãöåóÇ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " ÃóäóÇ æóÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ÓóÝúÚóÇÁõ ÇáúÎóÏøóíúäö ßóåóÇÊóíúäö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö "¡ æóÃóæúãóÃó ÈöíóÏöåö íóÒöíÏõ Èúäõ ÒõÑóíúÚò - ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÒøóÇíö æóÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáúíóÇÁö - ÈöÇáúæõÓúØóì æóÇáÓøóÈøóÇÈóÉö " ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ÂãóÊú ÒóæúÌóåóÇ " - ÈöÃóáöÝò ãóãúÏõæÏóÉò æóãöíãò ãóÝúÊõæÍóÉò æóÊóÇÁò - ÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ÃóíøöãðÇ ÈöæóÝóÇÉö ÒóæúÌöåóÇ¡ ÐóÇÊõ ãóäúÕöÈò æóÌöãóÇáò ÍóÈóÓóÊú äóÝúÓóåóÇ Úóáóì íóÊóÇãóÇåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÈóÇäõæÇ Ãóæú ãóÇÊõæÇ ".
æóÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÏóæóÇÁð áöÞóÓóÇæóÉö ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ ßóãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÑöÌóÇáõåõ ÑöÌóÇáõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÔóßóÇ Åöáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÓúæóÉó ÞóáúÈöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: " ÇãúÓóÍú ÑóÃúÓó ÇáúíóÊöíãö¡ æóÃóØúÚöãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäó ".
æóåõäóÇ íóÊóÌóáøóì ÓöÑøñ áóØöíÝñ Ýöí ãöËóÇáöíøóÉö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö¡ ÍóíúËõ íõÎóÇØöÈõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÝúÖóáó ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÃóÑúÍóãóåõãú¡ æóÃóÑúÃóÝóåõãú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÑóÁõæÝñ ÑóÍöíãñ [9 \ 128] æóÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò [68 \ 4] ¡ áöíóßõæäó ãöËóÇáðÇ ãöËóÇáöíøðÇ Ýöí ÃõãøóÉò ÞóÓóÊú ÞõáõæÈõåóÇ æóÛóáõÙóÊú ØöÈóÇÚõåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÑúÍóãõæäó ÖóÚöíÝðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõÄóÏøõæäó ÍóÞøðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÞõæøóÉò íóÏöíäõæäó áöãóÈúÏóÃö: ãóäú ÚóÒøó ÈóÒøó¡ æóãóäú ÛóáóÈó ÇÓúÊóáóÈó¡ íõÝóÇÎöÑõæäó ÈöÇáÙøõáúãö æóíóÊóåóÇÌóæúäó ÈöÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÔóÇÚöÑõåõãú:
ÞóÈöíáóÉñ áóÇ íóÎúÝöÑõæäó ÈöÐöãøóÉò ... æóáóÇ íóÙúáöãõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÍóÈøóÉó ÎóÑúÏóáò
æóíóÞõæáõ Íóßöíãõåõãú:õõ(8/568)
æóãóäú áóãú íóÐõÏú Úóäú ÍóæúÖöåö ÈöÓöáóÇÍöåö ... íõåúÏóãú æóãóäú áóãú íóÙúáöãö ÇáäøóÇÓó íõÙúáóãö
Þóæúãñ íóÆöÏõæäó ÈóäóÇÊóåõãú¡ æóíóÍúÑöãõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö äöÓóÇÁóåõãú¡ æóÊóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáÊøõÑóÇËó ÃóßúáðÇ áóãøðÇ¡ æóÊõÍöÈøõæäó ÇáúãóÇáó ÍõÈøðÇ¡ ÝóÞóáóÈó ãóÞóÇíöíÓóåõãú¡ æóÚóÏóáó ãóÝóÇåöíãóåõãú¡ ÝóÃóáóÇäó ÞõáõæÈóåõãú æóÑóÞøóÞó ØöÈóÇÚóåõãú¡ ÝóáóÇäõæÇ ãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáÖøóÚöíÝö æóÍóÝöÙõæÇ ÍóÞøóåõ.
æóÍóÞöíÞóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáúÅöáóåöíøö ÇáúÍóßöíãö ãõäúÐõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÞóÑúäðÇ¡ ÊóÃúÊöí ÝóæúÞó ßõáøö ãóÇ ÊóÊóØóáøóÚõ Åöáóíúåö ÂãóÇáõ ÇáúÍóÖóÇÑóÇÊö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäöíøóÉö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÍóÞøöÞõ ßóãóÇáó ÇáÊøóßóÇãõáö ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøö ÈöÃóÈúåóì ãóÚóÇäöíåö¡ Çáúãõäóæøöåö Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóáúíóÎúÔó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóæú ÊóÑóßõæÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÝöåöãú ÐõÑøöíøóÉð ÖöÚóÇÝðÇ ÎóÇÝõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóáúíóÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáúíóÞõæáõæÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ÓóÏöíÏðÇ [4 \ 9] ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó ßóÇÝöáó ÇáúíóÊöíãö Çáúíóæúãó¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÚúãóáõ ÍóÊøóì ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ áóæú ÊóÑóßó ÐõÑøöíøóÉð ÖöÚóÇÝðÇ¡ æóÚóÈøóÑó åõäóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÃóíúÊóÇãö ÈöáóÇÒöãöåöãú¡ æóåõæó ÇáÖøóÚúÝõ ÅöÈúÑóÇÒðÇ áöÍóÇÌóÉö ÇáúíóÊöíãö Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö¡ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÖóÚúÝöåö Ýóíóßõæäõæäó ãóæúÖöÚó ÎóæúÝöåöãú Úóáóíúåöãú áöÖóÚúÝöåöãú¡ ÝóáúíõÚóÇãöáõæÇ ÇáúÃóíúÊóÇãó ÊóÍúÊó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ íõÍöÈøõæäó Ãóäú íõÚóÇãöáó ÛóíúÑõåõãú ÃóíúÊóÇãóåõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÊóÖóÚõ ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÃóãóÇãóäóÇ ÊóßóÇÝõáðÇ ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøðÇ Ýöí ßóÝóÇáóÉö ÇáúíóÊöíãö¡ Èóáú Åöäøó ÇáúíóÊöíãó äóÝúÓóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÊöíãõ Çáúíóæúãö æóÑóÌõáõ ÇáúÛóÏö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ ÊõÍúÓöäõ Åöáóíúåö íõÍúÓöäõ åõæó Åöáóì ÃóíúÊóÇãößó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏößó¡ æóßóãóÇ ÊóÏöíäõ ÊõÏóÇäõ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÎóíúÑðÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáúÈóÇÏöÆõ ÃóßúÑóãõ¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÑøðÇ ßóÇäó ÈöãöËúáöåö æóÇáúÈóÇÏöÆõ ÃóÙúáóãõ.
æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóáö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó íóÍõËøõ Úóáóíúåö æóíóÚúäöí Èöåö¡ æóÑóÛøóÈó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóíúåö æóÃóÌúÒóáó ÇáúãóËõæÈóÉó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÍóÐøóÑó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÔóÏøóÏó ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉó Ýöíåö.
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÝöíãóÇ ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇåõ ÅöØóÇáóÉñ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ æóÝóÇÁñ ÈöÍóÞøö ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóÊóÃóËøõÑñ ÈößóËúÑóÉö ãóÇ íõáóÇÞöíåö ÇáúíóÊöíãõ ËóÇäöíðÇ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
áóíúÓó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÊóÃúÏöíÈõåõ æóÇáúÍóÒúãõ ãóÚóåõ¡ Èóáú Ðóáößó ãöäú ãóÕúáóÍóÊöåö ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
ÞóÓóÇ áöíóÒúÏóÌöÑõæÇ æóãóäú íóßõ ÍóÇÒöãðÇ ... ÝóáúíóÞúÓõ ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÑúÍóãõ
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÆöáó ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑú¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáÓøóÇÆöáõ: ÇáúÝóÞöíÑõ æóÇáúãõÍúÊóÇÌõ¡ íóÓúÃóáõ ãóÇ íóÓõÏøõ ÍóÇÌóÊóåõ æóåõæó ãõÞóÇÈöáñ áöÞóæúáöåö: æóæóÌóÏóßó ÚóÇÆöáðÇ ÝóÃóÛúäóì Ãóíú: ÝóßóãóÇ ÃóÛúäóÇßó Çááøóåõ æóÈöÏõæäö ÓõÄóÇáòõõ(8/569)
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóÇßó ÓóÇÆöáñ ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõ¡ æóáóæú Ýöí ÑóÏøö ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó ÈöáõØúÝò¡ ÞóÏú íóÞõæãõ ãóÞóÇãó ÇáúÚóØóÇÁö Ýöí ÅöÌóÇÈóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÆöáö¡ æóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóÌöÏú ãóÇ íõÚúØöíåö áöáÓøóÇÆöáö íóÚöÏõåõ æóÚúÏðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ áöÍöíäö ãóíúÓóÑóÉò ; ÃóÎúÐðÇ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöãøóÇ ÊõÚúÑöÖóäøó Úóäúåõãõ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÊóÑúÌõæåóÇ ÝóÞõáú áóåõãú ÞóæúáðÇ ãóíúÓõæÑðÇ [17 \ 28] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíúÊóíúäö ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ åõãóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Åöäú áóãú Êóßõäú æóÑöÞñ íóæúãðÇ ÃóÌõæÏõ ÈöåóÇ ... áöáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó ÝóÅöäøöí áóíøöäõ ÇáúÚõæÏö
áóÇ íóÚúÏóãõ ÇáÓøóÇÆöáõæäó ÇáúÎóíúÑó ãöäú ÎõáõÞöí ... ÅöãøóÇ äóæóÇáöí æóÅöãøóÇ ÍõÓúäõ ãóÑúÏõæÏö
ÝóáúíõÓúÚöÏö ÇáäøõØúÞõ Åöäú áóãú íõÓúÚöÏö ÇáúãóÇáõ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáÓøóÇÆöáõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÝúÓöÑõ Úóäú ãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáÏøöíäö æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÑúÔöÏõ¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ãõÞóÇÈöáõ Þóæúáöåö: æóæóÌóÏóßó ÖóÇáøðÇ ÝóåóÏóì Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊóäúåóÑú ãõÓúÊóÛúäöíðÇ æóáóÇ ãõÓúÊóÑúÔöÏðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì [80 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÑóÍöíãðÇ ÔóÝöíÞðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóÇåöáö ÍóÊøóì íóÊóÚóáøóãó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøö ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö Íöíäó ÕóÇÍó Èöåö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: " áóÇ ÊõÒúÑöãõæåõ " Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøõ: Çááøóåõãøó ÇÑúÍóãúäöí æóÇÑúÍóãú ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÑúÍóãú ãóÚóäóÇ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ " æóßóÇáúÂÎóÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó íóÖúÑöÈõ ÕóÏúÑóåõ æóíóäúÊöÝõ ÔóÚúÑóåõ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: " åóáóßúÊõ æóÃóåúáóßúÊõ¡ æóÇÞóÚúÊõ Ãóåúáöí Ýöí ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ ÍóÊøóì ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö Ãóäú ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÝóÑóÞðÇ ãöäú ØóÚóÇãöåö íõßóÝøöÑõ Èöåö Úóäú ÐóäúÈöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÚóáóì ÃóÝúÞóÑó ãöäøóÇ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: Þõãú ÝóÃóØúÚöãúåõ Ãóåúáóßó ".
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞöÝõ áöáúãóÑúÃóÉö Ýöí ÇáØøóÑöíÞö íõÕúÛöí ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÖöíÞó ãóäú ãóÚóåõ¡ æóåõæó íóÕúÈöÑõ áóåóÇ æóáóãú íóäúåóÑúåóÇ¡ Èóáú íõÌöíÈõåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÓúÆöáóÊöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÍóËøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÅößúÑóÇãö ØóÇáöÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó áóÊóÖóÚõ ÃóÌúäöÍóÊóåóÇ áöØóÇáöÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÍöíÊóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö áóÊóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ áóåõ ÑöÖðì ÈöãóÇ íóÕúäóÚõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóãøóÇ ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÝóÍóÏøöËú: ÇáäøöÚúãóÉõ ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÃóäúÚóãó Çááøóåõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÈúÏö¡ æóåöíó ßõáøõ ãóÇ íóäúÚóãõ Èöåö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ãöäú: ãóÇáò¡ æóÚóÇÝöíóÉò¡ æóåöÏóÇíóÉò¡ æóäõÕúÑóÉò ãöäó ÇáäøõÚõæãóÉö æóÇááøöíäö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇõõ(8/570)
ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇÊõ æóÇáÊøóÍóÏøõËõ ÈöåóÇ ÔõßúÑõåóÇ ÚóãóáöíøðÇ ãöäú ÅöíæóÇÁö ÇáúíóÊöíãö ßóãóÇ ÂæóÇåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÅöÚúØóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÇÆöáö ßóãóÇ ÃóÛúäóÇåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÊóÚúáöíãö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÑúÔöÏö ßóãóÇ Úóáøóãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÔõßúÑö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö¡ Ãóíú: ßóãóÇ ÃóäúÚóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßó¡ ÝóÊóäóÚøóãú ÃóäúÊó Úóáóì ÛóíúÑößó ; ÊóÃóÓøöíðÇ ÈöÝöÚúáö Çááøóåö ãóÚóßó.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáÊøóÍóÏøõËõ ÈöäöÚúãóÉö Çááøóåö åõæó ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛõ Úóäö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÂíóÉò æóÍóÏöíËò¡ æóÇáäøöÚúãóÉõ åõäóÇ ÚóÇãøóÉñ ; áöÊóäúßöíÑöåóÇ æóÅöÖóÇÝóÊöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ Èößõãú ãöäú äöÚúãóÉò Ýóãöäó Çááøóåö [16 \ 53] ¡ Ãóíú: ßõáøõ äöÚúãóÉò¡ æóáóßöäö ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÍúíö ÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóæú åõæó Ãóæúáóì ÈöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõåóÇ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúãóáúÊõ áóßõãú Ïöíäóßõãú æóÃóÊúãóãúÊõ Úóáóíúßõãú äöÚúãóÊöí æóÑóÖöíÊõ áóßõãõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó ÏöíäðÇ [5 \ 3] ÝóÞóÇáó: «äöÚúãóÊöí» ¡ æóåõäóÇ «äöÚúãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó» . æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäú íóßõæäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöäøóãóÇ äóÍóÑó ãöÇÆóÉó äóÇÞóÉò Ýöí ÍóÌøóÉö ÇáúæóÏóÇÚö¡ áóãøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÝóÝóÚóáó ÔõßúÑðÇ áöáøóåö Úóáóì ÅöÊúãóÇãö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö ÈöÅößúãóÇáö ÇáÏøöíäö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞö: æóÓóíõÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íõÄúÊöí ãóÇáóåõ íóÊóÒóßøóì æóãóÇ áöÃóÍóÏò ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäú äöÚúãóÉò ÊõÌúÒóì ÅöáøóÇ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó æóÌúåö ÑóÈøöåö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì æóáóÓóæúÝó íóÑúÖóì [92 \ 17 - 21] ¡ æóåõäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó æóãóÇ Þóáóì æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì [93 \ 3 - 5] ãóÚó ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö Ýöí ÇáúÚóØóÇÁö æóÇáúÎöØóÇÈö.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö ÇáÓøõæóÑö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÑö ÃóÙúåóÑõ ãöäú ãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö ÇáúÂíö Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíúäó åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö: «æóÇááøóíúáö» ãóÚó «æóÇáÖøõÍóì» ¡ Ëõãøó ãóÇ Èóíúäó: «æóÇáÖøõÍóì» æó «Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú» ÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÊöãøóÉõ ÇáäøöÚóãö ÇáøóÊöí íõÚóÏøöÏõåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö. æóåóßóÐóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóÊóÃúÊöí ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÃóÚúáóãõ ÚöáúãðÇ ; ÈöÃóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö áóãú íóÚúÊóÈöÑú Êöáúßó ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö. æóáóßöäú ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉõ Ýöíåö æóÇÖöÍóÉñ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÅöÛúÝóÇáõåõ¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÎóÝöíøóÉð áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáÊøóßóáøõÝõ áóåõ.(8/571)
Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú áóßó ÕóÏúÑóßó (1) æóæóÖóÚúäóÇ Úóäúßó æöÒúÑóßó (2) ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÞóÖó ÙóåúÑóßó (3) æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ áóßó ÐößúÑóßó (4)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÔøóÑúÍö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú áóßó ÕóÏúÑóßó æóæóÖóÚúäóÇ Úóäúßó æöÒúÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÞóÖó ÙóåúÑóßó æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ áóßó ÐößúÑóßó
ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ ËóáóÇËó ãóÓóÇÆöáó: ÔóÑúÍõ ÇáÕøóÏúÑö¡ æóæóÖúÚõ ÇáúæöÒúÑö¡ æóÑóÝúÚõ ÇáÐøößúÑö.
æóåöíó æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ãõÕóÏøóÑóÉñ ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö¡ Ýóåõæó ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãñ ÊóÞúÑöíÑöíøñ áöÊóÞúÑöíÑö ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú ÈöãóÚúäóì ÔóÑóÍúäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÈúÏóÃö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó äóÝúíó ÇáäøóÝúíö ÅöËúÈóÇÊñ. æóÐóáößó ; áöÃóäøó åóãúÒóÉó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö æóåöíó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÝúíö ÏóÎóáóÊú Úóáóì áóãú æóåöíó áöáäøóÝúíö¡ ÝóÊóÑóÇÝóÚóÇ ÝóÈóÞöíó ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ãõËúÈóÊðÇ. ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóíúÓó Çááøóåõ ÈößóÇÝò ÚóÈúÏóåõ [39 \ 36] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ãóáóãú äõÑóÈøößó ÝöíäóÇ æóáöíÏðÇ [26 \ 18] .
æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÃóáóÓúÊõãú ÎóíúÑó ãóäú ÑóßöÈó ÇáúãóØóÇíóÇ ... æóÃóäúÏóì ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÈõØõæäó ÑóÇÍö
ÝóÊóÞóÑøóÑó ÈöÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íõÚóÏøöÏõ Úóáóíúåö äöÚóãóåõ ÇáúÚõÙúãóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØó åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈöÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ Ýöí ÊóÊöãøóÉö äöÚóãö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÑóæóì ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøõ Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁò æóÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö: ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ßóÇäóÇ íóÞõæáóÇäö: åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ æóÓõæÑóÉõ «ÇáÖøõÍóì» ÓõæÑóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ æóßóÇäóÇ íóÞúÑóÂäöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäóÇ íóÝúÕöáóÇäö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÈöÈóÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÏóÚóÇåõãóÇ Åöáóì Ðóáößó åõæó Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú áóßó ÕóÏúÑóßó ßóÇáúÚóØúÝö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó íóÊöíãðÇ [93 \ 6] ¡ æóÑóÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ - Ãóíú ãöäú ßóæúäöåöãóÇ ÓõæÑóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð - æóÚóáóì ßõáøò ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóÌúÚóáúåõãóÇ ÓõæÑóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÌúÚóáõåõãóÇ ãõÑúÊóÈöØóÊóíúäö ãóÚðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» æó «ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö» .õõ(8/572)
æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÔóÑúÍö ÇáÕøóÏúÑö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ íõßúãöáõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ.
ÝóÞöíáó: åõæó ÔóÞøõ ÇáÕøóÏúÑö ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ãóÑøóÉð Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑó¡ æóÛóÓúáõåõ æóãóáúÄõåõ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóÍößúãóÉð¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÕóÚúÕóÚóÉó Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö¡ æóÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
æóÝöíåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøóåõ ÔõÞøó ÕóÏúÑõåõ¡ æóÃõÎúÑöÌó ãöäúåõ ÇáúÛöáøõ æóÇáúÍóÓóÏõ¡ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ßóåóíúÆóÉö ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö¡ æóÃõÏúÎöáóÊö ÇáÑøóÃúÝóÉõ æóÇáÑøóÍúãóÉõ.
æóÞöíáó: ÔóÑúÍõ ÇáÕøóÏúÑö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÊóæúÓöíÚõåõ áöáúãóÚúÑöÝóÉö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÌóÚúáõ ÞóáúÈöåö æöÚóÇÁð áöáúÍößúãóÉö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: «ÔóÑóÍó Çááøóåõ ÕóÏúÑóåõ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö» .
æóÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ßóËöíÑò: äóæøóÑúäóÇåõ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÝóÓöíÍðÇ ÑóÍöíÈðÇ æóÇÓöÚðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóåÏöíóåõ íóÔúÑóÍú ÕóÏúÑóåõ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö [6 \ 125] .
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúÍó åõæó ÇáöÇäúÔöÑóÇÍõ æóÇáöÇÑúÊöíóÇÍõ. æóåóÐöåö ÍóÇáóÉõ äóÊöíÌóÉö ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÑö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúãóÚúÑöÝóÉö æóÇáäøõæÑö æóÇáúÍößúãóÉö. ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóãóäú ÔóÑóÍó Çááøóåõ ÕóÏúÑóåõ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ýóåõæó Úóáóì äõæÑò ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö [39 \ 22] ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: «Ýóåõæó Úóáóì äõæÑò ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö» : ÈóíóÇäñ áóÔóÑúÍö ÇáÕøóÏúÑö áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÖöíÞó ÇáÕøóÏúÑö¡ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÇáÖøóáóÇáö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóãóäú íõÑöÏú Ãóäú íõÖöáøóåõ íóÌúÚóáú ÕóÏúÑóåõ ÖóíøöÞðÇ ÍóÑóÌðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 125] .
æóÝöí ÍóÇÔöíóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÒóÇÏóÉó Úóáöíøò ÇáúÈóíúÖóÇæöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: áóãú íóÔúÑóÍú ÕóÏúÑó ÃóÍóÏò ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÔóÑóÍó ÕóÏúÑóåõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÍóÊøóì æóÓöÚó Úõáõæãó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÃõæÊöíÊõ ÌóæóÇãöÚó Çáúßóáöãö» ÇåÜ.
æóãõÑóÇÏõåõ ÈöÚõáõæãö ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö ãóÚó ÑõÓõáöåöãú æóÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúãóÚóÇÏö¡ æóãóÇ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ Úóáøóãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó ÔóÑúÍó ÇáÕøóÏúÑö ÇáúãõãúÊóäøó Èöåö Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóæúÓóÚõ æóÃóÚóãøõ(8/573)
ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÍóÊøóì Åöäøóåõ áóíóÔúãóáõ ÕóÈúÑóåõ æóÕóÝúÍóåõ æóÚóÝúæóåõ Úóäú ÃóÚúÏóÇÆöåö¡ æóãõÞóÇÈóáóÊóåõ ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉó ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö¡ ÍóÊøóì Åöäøóåõ áóíóÓóÚõ ÇáúÚóÏõæøó¡ ßóãóÇ íóÓóÚõ ÇáÕøóÏöíÞó.
ßóÞöÕøóÉö ÚóæúÏóÊöåö ãöäú ËóÞöíÝò: ÅöÐú ÂÐóæúåõ ÓõÝóåóÇÄõåõãú¡ ÍóÊøóì ÖóÇÞó ãóáóßõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÈöÝöÚúáöåöãú¡ æóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ: Åöäøõ ãóáóßó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ãóÚöí¡ Åöäú ÃóÑóÏúÊó Ãóäú íõØúÈöÞó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÃóÎúÔóÈóíúäö ÝóÚóáó¡ ÝóíóäúÔóÑöÍõ ÕóÏúÑõåõ Åöáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÈúÚóÏõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóáóßóÃóäøóåõãú áóãú íõÓöíÆõæÇ Åöáóíúåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ: «Çááøóåõãøó ÇåúÏö Þóæúãöí ; ÝóÅöäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó¡ Åöäøöí áóÃóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÕúáóÇÈöåöãú ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö» .
æóÊöáúßó ÃóÚúÙóãõ äöÚúãóÉò æóÃóÞúæóì ÚöÏøóÉò Ýöí ÊóÈúáöíÛö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö æóÊóÍóãøõáö ÃóÚúÈóÇÁö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÊóæóÌøóåó äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö íóØúáõÈõåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ¡ áóãøóÇ ßõáøöÝó ÇáÐøóåóÇÈó Åöáóì ÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÐúåóÈú Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Åöäøóåõ ØóÛóì ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÇÔúÑóÍú áöí ÕóÏúÑöí æóíóÓøöÑú áöí ÃóãúÑöí æóÇÍúáõáú ÚõÞúÏóÉð ãöäú áöÓóÇäöí íóÝúÞóåõæÇ Þóæúáöí æóÇÌúÚóáú áöí æóÒöíÑðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáöí åóÇÑõæäó ÃóÎöí ÇÔúÏõÏú Èöåö ÃóÒúÑöí [20 \ 24 - 31] .
ÝóÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ ãöäú ÏóæóÇÚöí ÇáúÚóæúäö Úóáóì ÃóÏóÇÁö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÚóæóÇãöáó: ÈóÏóÃóåóÇ ÈöÔóÑúÍö ÇáÕøóÏúÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÊóíúÓöíÑö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇäö ÚóÇãöáóÇäö ÐóÇÊöíøóÇäö¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉö Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ¡ æóåõæó ÇááøöÓóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÞúäóÇÚö: æóÇÍúáõáú ÚõÞúÏóÉð ãöäú áöÓóÇäöí íóÝúÞóåõæÇ Þóæúáöí¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúÚóÇãöáö ÇáúãóÇÏøöíøö ÃóÎöíÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÄóÇÒóÑóÉö: æóÇÌúÚóáú áöí æóÒöíÑðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáöí åóÇÑõæäó ÃóÎöí ÇÔúÏõÏú Èöåö ÃóÒúÑöí¡ ÝóÞóÏøóãó ÔóÑúÍó ÇáÕøóÏúÑö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö áöÃóåóãøöíøóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Èöåö íõÞóÇÈöáõ ßõáøó ÇáÕøöÚóÇÈö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇÈóáó Èöåö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáÓøóÍóÑóÉõ ãöäú ÓöÍúÑò ÚóÙöíãò¡ æóãóÇ ÞóÇÈóáóåõãú Èöåö ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ãöäú ÚóäóÊò ÃóÚúÙóãó.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÏóæóÇÚöí ÇäúÔöÑóÇÍö ÇáÕøóÏúÑö æóÅöäóÇÑóÊöåö¡ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäú ÑöÝúÚóÉò æóÍößúãóÉò æóÊóíúÓöíÑò¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈö ãöãøóÇ íõÓóÇÚöÏõ Úóáóíúåö ÊóáóÞøöí Êöáúßó ÇáÊøóÚóÇáöíãö ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎõÐö ÇáúÚóÝúæó æóÃúãõÑú ÈöÇáúÚõÑúÝö æóÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíäó [7 \ 199] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúßóÇÙöãöíäó ÇáúÛóíúÙó æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíäó Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÇááøóåõ íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó [3 \ 134] ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ÅöáøóÇ ãöãøóäú ÔóÑóÍó Çááøóåõ ÕóÏúÑóåõ. æóãöãøóÇ íõÚöíäõ ÇáúãõáóÇÒöãóÉó Úóáóíúåö Úóáóì ÇäúÔöÑóÇÍõ ÇáÕøóÏúÑö¡ æóÝöÚúáðÇ ÞóÏú ÕóÈóÑó Úóáóì ÃóÐóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÈöãóßøóÉó¡ æóãõÎóÇÏöÚóÉö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÊóáóÞøóì ßõáøó Ðóáößó ÈöÕóÏúÑò ÑóÍúÈò.(8/574)
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÊóæúÌöíåñ áößõáøö ÏóÇÚöíóÉò Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÑóÍúÈó ÇáÕøóÏúÑö¡ åóÇÏöÆó ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ ãõÊóÌóãøöáðÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóæóÖóÚúäóÇ Úóäúßó æöÒúÑóßó [24 \ 2] ¡ æóÇáúæóÖúÚõ íóßõæäõ áöáúÍóØøö æóÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö¡ æóíóßõæäõ áöáúÍóãúáö æóÇáÊøóËúÞöíáö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÚõÏøöíó ÈöÚóäú ßóÇäó áöáúÍóØøö¡ æóÅöäú ÚõÏøöíó ÈöÚóáóì ßóÇäó áöáúÍóãúáö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: æóÖóÚúÊõ Úóäúßó¡ æóæóÖóÚúÊõ Úóáóíúßó¡ æóÇáúæöÒúÑõ áõÛóÉð ÇáËøöÞúáõ.
æóãöäúåõ: ÍóÊøóì ÊóÖóÚó ÇáúÍóÑúÈõ ÃóæúÒóÇÑóåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ËöÞúáóåóÇ ãöäú ÓöáóÇÍò æóäóÍúæöåö.
æóãöäúåõ: ÇáúæóÒöíÑõ ÇáúãõÊóÍóãøöáõ ËöÞúáó ÃóãöíÑöåö æóÔõÛúáóåõ¡ æóÔóÑúÚðÇ ÇáÐøóäúÈõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «æóãóäú Óóäøó ÓõäøóÉð ÓóíøöÆóÉð¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö æöÒúÑõåóÇ æóæöÒúÑõ ãóäú Úóãöáó ÈöåóÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» ¡ æóÞóÏú íóÊóÚóÇæóÑóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíóÍúãöáõæÇ ÃóæúÒóÇÑóåõãú ßóÇãöáóÉð [16 \ 25] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì: æóáóíóÍúãöáõäøó ÃóËúÞóÇáóåõãú æóÃóËúÞóÇáðÇ ãóÚó ÃóËúÞóÇáöåöãú [29 \ 13] .
æóÞóÏú ÃõÝúÑöÏó áóÝúÙõ ÇáúæöÒúÑö åõäóÇ æóÃõØúáöÞó¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøóäú ãóÇ åõæó æóãóÇ äóæúÚõåõ¡ ÝóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ.
ÝóÞöíáó: ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÃóãúÑö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö¡ æóÍöÝúÙõåõ ãöäú ãõÔóÇÑóßóÊöåö ãóÚóåõãú¡ Ýóáóãú íóáúÍóÞúåõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäúåõ.
æóÞöíáó: ËöÞúáõ ÊóÃóáøõãöåö ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúãõåõ¡ æóáóãú íóÓúÊóØöÚú ÊóÛúíöíÑóåõ¡ æóÔóÝóÞóÊõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Èöåöãú¡ Ãóíú: ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÚóáøóßó ÈóÇÎöÚñ äóÝúÓóßó Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú Åöäú áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÃóÓóÝðÇ [18 \ 6] ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÓóÝðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: åõæó ßöäóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÚöÕúãóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó ÇáÐøõäõæÈö¡ æóÊóØúåöíÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÌóÇÓö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: æóÛóÝóÑúäóÇ áóßó ãóÇ ÓóáóÝó ãöäú ÐõäõæÈößó¡ æóÍóØóØúäóÇ Úóäúßó ËöÞúáó ÃóíøóÇãö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßõäúÊó ÝöíåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: åõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì: áöíóÛúÝöÑó áóßó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú ÐóäúÈößó æóãóÇ ÊóÃóÎøóÑó.
ÝóßóáóÇãõ ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó: íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÕúãóÉö¡ æóßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö¡ æóßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò ãõÌúãóáñ.(8/575)
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÌóÇáö ãóÈúÍóËõ ÚöÕúãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÚõãõæãðÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÈúÍóËñ ÃõÕõæáöíøñ íõÍóÞøöÞõåõ ßõÊõÈõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö áöÓóáóÇãóÉö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóÍúËõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóÕóì ÂÏóãõ ÑóÈøóåõ ÝóÛóæóì [20 \ 121] ¡ æóÃóæúÑóÏó ßóáóÇãó ÇáúãõÚúÊóÒöáóÉö æóÇáÔøöíÚóÉö æóÇáúÍóÔúæöíøóÉö¡ æóãöÞúíóÇÓó Ðóáößó¡ ÚóÞúáðÇ æóÔóÑúÚðÇ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÙóäøó ÏóÇæõÏõ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÝóÊóäøóÇåõ ÝóÇÓúÊóÛúÝóÑó ÑóÈøóåõ [38 \ 24] ¡ æóäóÈøóåó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Ýöí ÏóÇæõÏó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - Íóæúáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ßõáøõåõ ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÇÊñ áóÇ ÊóáöíÞõ ÈöãóÞóÇãö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö. ÇåÜ.
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÅöäøóÇ äõæÑöÏõ ÇáúÂÊöí: Åöäøóåõ ãóåúãóÇ íóßõäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÚöÕúãóÊóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö æóÇáÕøóÛóÇÆöÑö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÈöÚúËóÉö íóÌöÈõ ÇáúÞóØúÚõ ÈöåóÇ ; áöäóÕøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ [33 \ 21] ; áöæõÌõæÈö ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí Èöåö¡ æóÇãúÊöäóÇÚö Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöíåö ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÞóØúÚðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö¡ ÝóÇáúÚöÕúãóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ íóÌöÈõ ÇáúÌóÒúãõ ÈöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó Ýöí ãóÞóÇãö ÇáÊøóåóíøõÄö áöáäøõÈõæøóÉö ãöäú ÕöÛóÑöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÔõÞøó ÕóÏúÑõåõ Ýöí Óöäøö ÇáÑøóÖóÇÚö¡ æóÃõÎúÑöÌó ãöäúåõ ÍóÙøõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó ÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ áóÃóÎóÐõæåõ Úóáóíúåö Íöíäó ÚóÇÑóÖõæåõ Ýöí ÏóÚúæóÊöåö¡ æóáóãú íõÐúßóÑú ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÛóÇÆöÑö¡ Ýóåöíó ÏóÇÆöÑóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÌóæóÇÒö æóÇáúãóäúÚö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÌóÇÆöÒóÉð æóæóÞóÚóÊú¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóãõÓøó ãóÞóÇãóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöæõÞõæÚöåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö æóÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÏú ÛõÝöÑóÊú æóÍõØøó Úóäúåõ ËöÞúáõåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÞóÚú æóáóãú Êóßõäú ÌóÇÆöÒóÉð Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóØúáõæÈõ.
æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÇáúÃóáõæÓöíøõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: Ãóäøó Úóãøóåõ ÃóÈóÇ ØóÇáöÈò¡ ÞóÇáó áöÃóÎöíåö ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö íóæúãðÇ: «áóÞóÏú ÖóãóãúÊõåõ Åöáóíøó æóãóÇ ÝóÇÑóÞúÊõåõ áóíúáðÇ æóáóÇ äóåóÇÑðÇ æóáóÇ ÇÆúÊóãóäúÊõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍóÏøóÇ» ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÞöÕøóÉó Èóäöíåö æóãóäóÇãöåö Ýöí æóÓóØö ÃóæúáóÇÏöåö Ãóæøóáó Çááøóíúáö¡ Ëõãøó äóÞúáöåö ÅöíøóÇåõ ãóÍóáøó ÃóÍóÏö ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåö ÍöÝóÇÙðÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: «æóáóãú ÃóÑó ãöäúåõ ßöÐúÈóÉð¡ æóáóÇ ÖóÍößðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÌóÇåöáöíøóÉð¡ æóáóÇ æóÞóÝó ãóÚó ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäö æóåõãú íóáúÚóÈõæäó» .
æóÐóßóÑóÊú ßõÊõÈõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÑóÇÏó ãóÑøóÉð Ýöí ÕöÛóÑöåö Ãóäú íóÐúåóÈó áöãóÍóáøö ÚõÑúÓò áöíóÑóì ãóÇ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÏóäóÇ ãöäúåõ ÃóÎóÐóåõ Çáäøóæúãõ æóáóãú íóÕúÍõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÍóÑøö ÇáÔøóãúÓö¡ ÝóÕóÇäóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÑõÄúíóåö Ãóæú ÓóãóÇÚö ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóãöäúåõ ÞöÕøóÉõ ãõÔóÇÑóßóÊöåö Ýöí ÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö Íöíäó ÊóÚóÑøóì æóãõäöÚó ãöäúåõ ÍóÇáðÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúãóäúÚö ãöäú æõÞõæÚö ÔóíúÁò ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈóÞöíó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Åöäøóåõ ÊóßúÑöíãñ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóãóÇ(8/576)
ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÈóÏúÑò Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóÚóáøó Çááøóåó ÇØøóáóÚó Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÈóÏúÑò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇÝúÚóáõæÇ ãóÇ ÔöÆúÊõãú ; ÝóÞóÏú ÛóÝóÑúÊõ áóßõãú» ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú áóäú íóÝúÚóáõæÇ ãõÍóÑøóãðÇ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÊóßúÑöíãñ áóåõãú æóÑóÝúÚñ áöãóäúÒöáóÊöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÊõæÈõ¡ æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ¡ æóíóÞõæãõ Çááøóíúáó ÍóÊøóì ÊóæóÑøóãóÊú ÞóÏóãóÇåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: «ÃóÝóáóÇ Ãóßõæäõ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ÔóßõæÑðÇ» .
ÝóßóÇäó ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ ÔõßúÑðÇ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÑóÝúÚðÇ áöÏóÑóÌóÇÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó: «äóÚöãó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ÕõåóíúÈñ¡ áóæú áóãú íóÎóÝö Çááøóåó áóãú íóÚúÕöåö» ¡ æóåõæó ÍóÓóäóÉñ ãöäú ÍóÓóäóÇÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
Ãóæú Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÚúÊóÏøõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÇáÊøóÞúÕöíÑö¡ æóíóÚúÊóÈöÑõ ÐóäúÈðÇ íóÓúÊóËúÞöáõåõ æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ ãöäúåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌó ãöäó ÇáúÎóáóÇÁö ÞóÇáó: «ÛõÝúÑóÇäóßó» .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäú ãõæÌöÈò áöáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ Þöíáó ÔõÚõæÑõåõ ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáÐøößúÑö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö¡ ÇÓúÊóæúÌóÈó ãöäúåõ Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Þóæúáó ÇáúÌõäóíúÏö: ÍóÓóäóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑö ÓóíøöÆóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÈöíäó¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãöËúáõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏóÇÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÝöí ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö¡ ÝóíõÑóÏøõ ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõåõ ÝóíóÚúÙõãõ Úóáóíúåö: ßóÞöÕøóÉö ÇÈúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò¡ æóÚõæÊöÈó Ýöíåö: ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [80 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóäóÙöíÑöåóÇ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó äõÒõæáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈò æóÇÍöÏò ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúßó áöãó ÃóÐöäúÊó áóåõãú [9 \ 43] ¡ æóÞöÕøóÉö ÃõÓóÇÑóì ÈóÏúÑò¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóíúÓó áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÔóíúÁñ [3 \ 128] ¡ æóÇÌúÊöåóÇÏöåö Ýöí ÅöíãóÇäö Úóãøöåö¡ ÍóÊøóì Þöíáó áóåõ: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó [28 \ 56] æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó. ÝóÊõÍúãóáõ ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóíúåö¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøó ÇáúæöÒúÑó ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇááøõÛóæöíøö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íõËúÞöáõåõ ãöäú ÃóÚúÈóÇÁö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö¡ æóÊóÈúáöíÛö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö» Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó áóíúáóÉó ÃõÓúÑöíó Èöí ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõ ÈöãóßøóÉó ÝóÙöÚúÊõ¡ æóÚóÑóÝúÊõ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ãõßóÐøöÈöíøó¡ ÝóÞóÚóÏúÊõ ãõÚúÊóÒöáðÇ ÍóÒöíäðÇ¡ ÝóãóÑøó Èöí ÃóÈõæ Ìóåúáò¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÍóÊøóì ÌóáóÓó Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ßóÇáúãõÓúÊóåúÒöÆö: åóáú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÔóíúÁò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -:» äóÚóãú «¡ æóÞóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁó» .
ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÙöÚó¡ æóÇáúÝóÙóÇÚóÉõ: ËöÞóáñ æóÍõÒúäõ¡ æóÇáúÍõÒúäõ: ËöÞóáñ. æóÊóæóÞøõÚõ ÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõ ÃóËúÞóáõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/577)
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑóÛúÊó ÝóÇäúÕóÈú (7)
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÞóÖó ÙóåúÑóßó¡ Ãóíú: ËöÞóáóåõ¡ ãõÔúÚöÑñ ÈöÃóäøó áöáÐøóäúÈö ËöÞóáðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäö íóäõæÁõ Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÎóÝøöÝõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉõ æóÍóØøóåõ ÚöäúÏóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ áóßó ÐößúÑóßó áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ Èöãó æóáóÇ ßóíúÝó ÑóÝóÚó áóåõ ÐößúÑóåõ¡ æóÇáÑøóÝúÚõ íóßõæäõ ÍöÓøöíøðÇ æóíóßõæäõ ãóÚúäóæöíøðÇ¡ ÝóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö Èöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ÝóÞöíáó: åõæó ÍöÓøöíøñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÎõØóÈö Úóáóì ÇáúãóäóÇÈöÑö æóÇÝúÊöÊóÇÍöíøóÇÊö ÇáúßóáóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúåóÇãøóÉö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöÐóáößó ÈöÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÝöÚúáðÇ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÔúåóÏõæÇ ÈöÞóæúáö ÍóÓøóÇäó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - æóåöíó ÃóÈúíóÇÊñ Ýöí ÏöíæóÇäöåö ãöäú ÞóÕöíÏóÉò ÏóÇáöíøóÉò:
ÃóÛóÑøõ Úóáóíúåö áöáäøõÈõæøóÉö ÎóÇÊóãñ ... ãöäó Çááøóåö ãóÔúåõæÏñ íóáõæÍõ æóíóÔúåóÏõ
æóÖóãøó ÇáúÅöáóåõ ÇÓúãó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Åöáóì ÇÓúãöåö ... ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÎóãúÓö ÇáúãõÄóÐøóäö ÃóÔúåóÏõ
æóÔóÞøó áóåõ ãöäö ÇÓúãöåö áöíõÌöáøóåõ ... ÝóÐõæ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ãóÍúãõæÏñ æóåóÐóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ
æóãöäú ÑóÝúÚö ÇáÐøößúÑö ãóÚúäðì¡ Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáÑøöÝúÚóÉö¡ ÐößúÑõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÚõÑöÝó áöáúÃõãóãö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö ÞóÈúáó ãóÌöíÆöåö.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÌóÚóáó ÇáúæóÍúíó ÐößúÑðÇ áóåõ æóáöÞóæúãöåö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÊóãúÓößú ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó Åöäøóßó Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò æóÅöäøóåõ áóÐößúÑñ áóßó æóáöÞóæúãößó [43 \ 43 - 44] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÐößúÑóåõ Þóæúãóåõ ÐößúÑñ áóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
æóßóãú ÃóÈò ÞóÏú ÚóáóÇ ÈöÇÈúäò ÐõÑóì ÑõÊóÈö ... ßóãóÇ ÚóáóÊú ÈöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÚóÏúäóÇäõ
ÝóÊóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÑóÝúÚó ÐößúÑöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÈöäõÕõæÕò ãöäú ÊóæúÌöíåö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö Åöáóíúåö ÈöãöËúáö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ [5 \ 41] ¡ íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ [8 \ 64] ¡ íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÏøóËøöÑõ [74 \ 1] ¡ æóÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈöÇÓúãöåö Ýöí ãóÞóÇãö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö: ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö [48 \ 29] ¡ Ãóæú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÝõÑõæÚö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÃóÐóÇäò¡ æóÅöÞóÇãóÉò¡ æóÊóÔóåøõÏò¡ æóÎõØóÈò¡ æóÕóáóÇÉò Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑóÛúÊó ÝóÇäúÕóÈú æóÅöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÝóÇÑúÛóÈú ÇáäøóÕóÈõ: ÇáÊøóÚóÈõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ [88 \ 2 - 3] .õõ(8/578)
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÕóÈõ áöáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóæú áöáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáäøóÕóÈö Ýöí Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ãõÊóÞóÇÑöÈóÉñ.
ÝóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÝöáóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÖóÉö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóæúÌöíåñ ÚóÇãøõ áöáúÃóÎúÐö ÈöÍóÙøö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäú Úóãóáö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãöËúáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÊóåóÌøóÏú Èöåö äóÇÝöáóÉð áóßó ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËóßó ÑóÈøõßó ãóÞóÇãðÇ ãóÍúãõæÏðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó äóÇÔöÆóÉó Çááøóíúáö åöíó ÃóÔóÏøõ æóØúÆðÇ æóÃóÞúæóãõ ÞöíáðÇ [73 \ 6] ¡ Ãóíú áöÃóäøóåóÇ æóÞúÊõ ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäú Úóãóáö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÝöí Óõßõæäö Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ æóÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáäøóÇÓó íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí Ïöíäö Çááøóåö ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ ÝóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøößó æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑúåõ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÊóæøóÇÈðÇ [110 \ 1 - 3] ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ æóÞúÊõåõ ßõáøõåõ ãóÔúÛõæáðÇ¡ ÅöãøóÇ áöáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÅöãøóÇ áöáÏøöíäö.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑóÛúÊó ÝóÇäúÕóÈú¡ Íóáøñ áöãõÔúßöáóÉö ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ÇáøóÊöí ÔóÛóáóÊö ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ÍóíúËõ áóãú ÊóÊúÑõßú áöáúãõÓúáöãö ÝóÑóÇÛðÇ Ýöí æóÞúÊöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöãøóÇ Ýöí Úóãóáò áöáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ýöí Úóãóáò áöáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: " Ãóäøóåõ ãóÑøó Úóáóì ÑóÌõáóíúäö íóÊóÕóÇÑóÚóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãóÇ: ãóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÃõãöÑúäóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÑóÇÛöäóÇ ".
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: " Åöäøöí áóÃóßúÑóåõ áöÃóÍóÏößõãú Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÎóÇáöíðÇ ÓóÈóåúáóáðÇ¡ áóÇ Ýöí Úóãóáö ÏõäúíóÇ æóáóÇ Ïöíäò " æóáöåóÐóÇ áóãú íóÔúßõ ÇáÕøóÏúÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÝóÑóÇÛðÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì æóÖúÚö ÇáÕøóÏúÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ãóÇáößñ¡ Úóäú åöÔóÇãö Èúäö ÚõÑúæóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÞõáúÊõ áöÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - æóÃóäóÇ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÓøöäøö: " ÃóÑóÃóíúÊö Þóæúáó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáÕøóÝóÇ æóÇáúãóÑúæóÉó ãöäú ÔóÚóÇÆöÑö Çááøóåö Ýóãóäú ÍóÌøó ÇáúÈóíúÊó Ãóæö ÇÚúÊóãóÑó ÝóáóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóØøóæøóÝó ÈöåöãóÇ [2 \ 158] ¡ ÝóãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÔóíúÁñ ÃóáøóÇ íóØøóæøóÝó ÈöåöãóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ: ßóáøóÇ ; áóæú ßóÇäó ßóãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ áóßóÇäóÊú: ÝóáóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó Úóáóíúåö ÃóáøóÇ íóØøóæøóÝó ÈöåöãóÇ.
ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ÑóÍöãóßó Çááøóåõ æóÅöíøóÇíó¡ Ýöíãó íõÝóßøöÑõ ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÓøöäøö¡ æóßóíúÝó íóÓúÊóÔúßöáõ ãóÚóÇäöíó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóãöËúáõåõ áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÝóÑóÇÛñ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.(8/579)
ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÃóáõæÓöíøõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇäúÕóÈú ÞöÑóÇÁóÉð ÔóÇÐøóÉð ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÕøóÇÏö¡ æóÃóÎóÐóåóÇ ÇáÔøöíÚóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäó ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ æóäóÕúÈö Úóáöíøò ÅöãóÇãðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ãõÊóÚóíøöäðÇ ÈöÚóáöíøò ; ÝóÇáÓøõäøöíøõ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: ÝóÇäúÕóÈú ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑò¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáÔøöíÚöíøõ ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÛóÏöíÑö Îõãøò¡ ÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáÓøõäøöíøõ ; ÈöÃóäøó æóÞúÊóåõ áóãú íóßõäú æóÞúÊó ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäó ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö.
Èóáóì Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " ãõÑõæÇ ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑò ÝóáúíõÕóáøö ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö " ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóÝöí ÞõÑúÈö ÝóÑóÇÛöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ ÅöÐú ßóÇäó Ýöí ãóÑóÖöåö ÇáøóÐöí ãóÇÊó Ýöíåö.
ÝóÅöäö ÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáÔøöíÚöíøõ ÈöÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäú ÍóÌøóÉö ÇáúæóÏóÇÚö¡ ÑóÏøóåõ ÇáÓøõäøöíøõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó¡ ÇäúÊóåóì.
æóÚóáóì ßõáøò ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÔøöíÚóÉõ íóÍúÊóÌøõæäó ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóíóßúÝöí áöÑóÏøö ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌöåöãú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóÇÐøóÉñ¡ æóÊóÊóÈøõÚõ ÇáÔøóæóÇÐøö ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáö ÇáúãõÓóãøóì ÈöÇááøóÚöÈö ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ æóåõæó ÕóÑúÝõ ÇááøóÝúÙö Úóäú ÙóÇåöÑöåö¡ áóÇ áöÞóÑöíäóÉò ÕóÇÑöÝóÉò æóáóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉò ÑóÇÈöØóÉò.
æóãöäó ÇááøóÚöÈö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚóæóÇãøö: ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÑóÌõáðÇ ÚóÇãøöíøðÇ ÚóÇÏöíøðÇ¡ ÞóÏú áóÈöÓó ÍõáøóÉð ßóÇãöáóÉð ãöäú: ÚöãóÇãóÉò¡ æóËóæúÈò ÕóÞöíáò¡ æóÍöÒóÇãò Ìóãöíáò ãöãøóÇ íõÓóãøõæäóåõ äóÕúÈóÉð¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÏúáóÉð ßóÇãöáóÉð¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÑóÌõáñ: ãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáäøóÕúÈóÉõ íóÇ ÝõáóÇäõ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: áóãøóÇ ÝóÑóÛúÊõ ãöäú Úóãóáöí äóÕóÈúÊõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑóÛúÊó ÝóÇäúÕóÈú.
ßóãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÂÎóÑó íóÊóæóÌøóÚõ áöÞöáøóÉö ãóÇ Ýöí íóÏöåö¡ æóíóÞõæáõ áöÒóãöíáöåö: ÃóáóÇ ÊóÚúÑöÝõ áöí ÔóÎúÕðÇ ÃóäúÕõÈõ Úóáóíúåö¡ Ãóíú: ÂÎõÐõ ÞóÑúÖóÉð ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõ: æóáöãó ÊóäúÕõÈõ Úóáóíúåö¿ æóÇáäøóÕúÈõ ßóÐöÈñ æóÍóÑóÇãñ. ÝóÞóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóíóÏõåõ ÎóÇáöíóÉñ ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑóÛúÊó ÝóÇäúÕóÈú¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåõ ãöãøóÇ íóÊóÌóÑøóÃõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉõ áöÌóåúáöåöãú¡ Ãóæú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóåúæóÇÁö áöäöÍóáöåöãú.
ÇáÊÞÏíã åäÇ ãÔÚÑ ÈÇáÊÎÕíÕ æåæ ßÞæáå ÊÚÇáì {ÅöíøóÇßó äóÚúÈõÏõ} [1/5] ¡ Ãí áÇ äÚÈÏ ÛíÑß¡ æåßÐÇ åäÇ áÇ ÊÑÛÈ Åáì ÛíÑå ÓÈÍÇäå¡ ßÃäå íÞæá: ÇáÐí ÃäÚã Úáíß Èßá ãÇ ÊÞÏã¡ åæ ÇáÐí ÊÑÛÈ ÝíãÇ ÚäÏå áÇ ÓæÇå.(8/580)
æóÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÊøöíä
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö æóØõæÑö Óöíäöíäó æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÇáúÃóãöíäö.
ÇáÊøöíäõ åõæó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÚóÌóãó áóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÞöÔúÑóÉó¡ æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ åõæó ßóÐóáößó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ãöäúåóÇ ÇáÒøóíúÊõ¡ æóØõæÑö Óöíäöíäó åõæó ÌóÈóáõ ÇáØøõæÑö ÇáøóÐöí äóÇÌóì ãõæÓóì ÚöäúÏóåõ ÑóÈøóåõ¡ æóÇáúÈóáóÏõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ åõæó ãóßøóÉõ ÇáúãõßóÑøóãóÉõ¡ æóÇáúæóÇæõ áöáúÞóÓóãö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí ÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö¡ æóÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáËøóÇáöËö æóÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøöíäõ æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ¡ ÝóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ: ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÇáËøóãóÑóÊóÇäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÊóÇäö " æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÚößúÑöãóÉó æóÇáúÍóÓóäö æóãõÌóÇåöÏò. ßõáøõåõãú íóÞõæáõ: ÇáÊøöíäõ: Êöíäõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÃúßõáõæäó¡ æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ: ÒóíúÊõæäõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÚúÕöÑõæäó.
æóÚóäú ßóÚúÈò: ÇáÊøöíäõ: ãóÓúÌöÏõ ÏöãóÔúÞó¡ æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ ÈóíúÊõ ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö. æóßóÐóÇ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó. æóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ ãóäóÇÈöÊó ÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö ÈöÞóÑöíäóÉö ÇáØøõæÑö æóÇáúÈóáóÏö ÇáúÃóãöíäö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäúÈóÊó ÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö áöÚöíÓóì¡ æóØõæÑó Óöíäöíäó áöãõæÓóì¡ æóÇáúÈóáóÏó ÇáúÃóãöíäó áöãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóáóßöäøó Íóãúáó ÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö Úóáóì ãóäóÇÈöÊöåöãóÇ áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÇáúÃóæúáóì ÅöÈúÞóÇÄõåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÕúáöåöãóÇ¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ ÇáÊøöíäõ: ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõ ÃóÔúÈóåõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäó ÇáËøöãóÇÑö ÈöËóãóÑö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ÚóÌóãó áóåõ æóáóÇ ÞöÔúÑó¡ æóÌóÇÁó Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö: " Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃõåúÏöíó áóåõ ØóÈóÞñ Ýöíåö Êöíäñ¡ ÝóÃóßóáó ãöäúåõ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö: Ýóáóæú ÞõáúÊõ: Åöäøó ÝóÇßöåóÉð äóÒóáóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áóÞõáúÊõ åóÐöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÝóÇßöåóÉó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÈöáóÇ ÚóÌóãò Ýóßõáõæåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÞúØóÚõ ÇáúÈóæóÇÓöíÑó æóíóäúÝóÚõ ãöäó ÇáäøöÞúÑöÓö " ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøõ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ãóäú ÎóÑøóÌóåõ.
æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÒóÇÏö ÇáúãóÚóÇÏö¡ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: æóíõÐúßóÑõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÏøóÑúÏóÇÁö " ÃõåúÏöíó Åöáóì(9/3)
ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ØóÈóÞñ ãöäú Êöíäò " æóÓóÇÞó ÇáäøóÕøó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãó. Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÝöí ËõÈõæÊö åóÐóÇ äóÙóÑñ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÞóÇãõæÓö: áöáÊøöíäö ÎóæóÇÕøñ¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõåõ ãóÍöáøðÇ áöáúÞóÓóãö Èöåö¡ æóÌóÒóãó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
æóãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑõæÇ ãöäú ÎóæóÇÕøöåö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõ íóÌúáõæ Ñóãúáó Çáúßõáóì æóÇáúãóËóÇäóÉö æóíõÄóãøöäõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõãõæãö¡ æóíóäúÝóÚõ ÎõÔõæäóÉó ÇáúÍóáúÞö æóÇáÕøóÏúÑö æóÞóÕóÈóÉö ÇáÑøöÆóÉö¡ æóíóÛúÓöáõ ÇáúßóÈöÏó æóÇáØøöÍóÇáó¡ æóíõäóÞøöí ÇáúÎóáúØó ÇáúÈóáúÛóãöíøó ãöäó ÇáúãóÚöÏóÉö¡ æóíõÛóÐøöí ÇáúÈóÏóäó ÛöÐóÇÁð ÌóíøöÏðÇ¡ æóíóÇÈöÓõåõ íõÛóÐøöí æóíóäúÝóÚõ ÇáúÚóÕóÈó.
æóÞóÇáó ÌóÇáöíäõæÓõ: æóÅöÐóÇ Ãõßöáó ãóÚó ÇáúÌóæúÒö æóÇáÓøóÐóÇÈö¡ ÞóÈúáó ÃóÎúÐö ÇáÓøõãøö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö äóÝóÚó¡ æóÍóÝöÙó ãöäó ÇáÖøõÑøö¡ æóíóäúÝóÚõ ÇáÓøõÚóÇáó ÇáúãõÒúãöäó æóíóÏöÑøõ ÇáúÈóæúáó æóíõÓóßøöäõ ÇáúÚóØóÔó ÇáúßóÇÆöäó Úóäö ÇáúÈóáúÛóãö ÇáúãóÇáöÍö¡ æóáöÃóßúáöåö Úóáóì ÇáÑøöíÞö ãóäúÝóÚóÉñ ÚóÌöíÈóÉñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö: áóãøóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ÈöÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÒö æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ áóãú íóÃúÊö áóåõ ÐößúÑñ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ æóáóßöäú ÞóÏú ÃóÞúÓóãó Çááøóåõ Èöåö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ áößóËúÑóÉö ãóäóÇÝöÚöåö æóÝóæóÇÆöÏöåö.
æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Èöåö åõæó ÇáÊøöíäõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ. ÇåÜ.
æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö: áóãú íõÐúßóÑú Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö áöÚóÏóãö æõÌõæÏöåö ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÒö æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó áóãú íóÃúÊö ÐößúÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÞóØøõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú ãöäú ãóäóÇÈöÊö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÒö æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö áöãõäóÇÝóÇÉö Ìóæøöåö áöÌóæøöåóÇ¡ æóåõæó æóÅöäú æõÌöÏó ÃóÎöíÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÏõ ÝöíåóÇ ÌóæúÏóÊóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
ÝóÊóÑóÌøóÍó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÊøöíäö åõæó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÃúßõæáõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóãøóäú ÓóãøóíúäóÇ: ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãõÌóÇåöÏò æóÚößúÑöãóÉó æóÇáúÍóÓóäö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúãõÞóÏøöãóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö¡ æóßóÇäó ãóÌöíÁõ ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö Ãóæö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúãõÍúÊóãóáóÉö ÃóßúËóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóßõæäõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöÍóãúáö ÇááøóÝúÙö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÐößúÑõ ÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÚöÏøóÉó ãóÑøóÇÊò ãóÞúÕõæÏðÇ Èöåö Êöáúßó ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßóÉõ¡ ÝóÐõßöÑó Ýöí Ööãúäö ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑö ÎóÇÕøóÉð Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö: æóÌóäøóÇÊò ãöäú ÃóÚúäóÇÈò æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäó æóÇáÑøõãøóÇäó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößõãú áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íõÄúãöäõæäó [6 \ 99] ¡ æóÓóãøóÇåóÇ ÈöÐóÇÊöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: æóÔóÌóÑóÉð ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ØõæÑö ÓóíúäóÇÁó ÊóäúÈõÊõ ÈöÇáÏøõåúäö æóÕöÈúÛò áöáúÂßöáöíäó [23 \ 20](9/4)
áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò (4)
æóÐóßóÑóåóÇ ãóÚó ÇáäøóÎúáö æóÇáÒøóÑúÚö Ýöí ÚóÈóÓó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÈøðÇ æóÚöäóÈðÇ æóÞóÖúÈðÇ æóÒóíúÊõæäðÇ æóäóÎúáðÇ [80 \ 27 - 29] ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ãöäú ÃóÎóÕøö ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúãóËóáö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈö: Çááøóåõ äõæÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóËóáõ äõæÑöåö ßóãöÔúßóÇÉò ÝöíåóÇ ãöÕúÈóÇÍñ ÇáúãöÕúÈóÇÍõ Ýöí ÒõÌóÇÌóÉò ÇáÒøõÌóÇÌóÉõ ßóÃóäøóåóÇ ßóæúßóÈñ ÏõÑøöíøñ íõæÞóÏõ ãöäú ÔóÌóÑóÉò ãõÈóÇÑóßóÉò ÒóíúÊõæäóÉò áóÇ ÔóÑúÞöíøóÉò æóáóÇ ÛóÑúÈöíøóÉò íóßóÇÏõ ÒóíúÊõåóÇ íõÖöíÁõ æóáóæú áóãú ÊóãúÓóÓúåõ äóÇÑñ äõæÑñ Úóáóì äõæÑò [24 \ 35] . ÝóæóÕóÝóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÑóßóÉö æóæóÕóÝó ÒóíúÊóåóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ íóßóÇÏõ íõÖöíÁõ¡ æóáóæú áóãú ÊóãúÓóÓúåõ äóÇÑñ¡ æóÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõåóÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóËóáö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö íóÌúÚóáõåóÇ ÃóåúáðÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö åõäóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ØõæÑõ Óöíäöíäó: ÝóÃóßúËóÑõåõãú Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÈóáõ ÇáØøõæÑö¡ ÇáøóÐöí äóÇÌóì Çááøóåó ãõæÓóì ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇØöäó¡ æóÐößúÑõ ÇáØøõæÑö ÝöíåóÇ áöáÊøóßúÑöíãö æóáöáúÞóÓóãö¡ Ýóãöäú ÐößúÑöåö áöáÊøóßúÑöíãö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÇÏóíúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáØøõæÑö ÇáúÃóíúãóäö [19 \ 52] ¡ æóãöäú ÐößúÑöåö áöáúÞóÓóãö Èöåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáØøõæÑö æóßöÊóÇÈò ãóÓúØõæÑò [52 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáØøõæÑö Þóæúáõåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÓóãó Çááøóåõ ÈöÇáØøõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö æóØõæÑö Óöíäöíäó [95 \ 2] . ÇåÜ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ Ýóåõæó ãóßøóÉõ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÏóÎóáóåõ ßóÇäó ÂãöäðÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÃóãöíäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂãöäö¡ Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö¡ Ãóäú íõÍóÇÑöÈõæÇ Ãóåúáóåõ Ãóæú íóÛúÒõæåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ÃóäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÍóÑóãðÇ ÂãöäðÇ æóíõÊóÎóØøóÝõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöäú Íóæúáöåöãú [29 \ 67] ¡ æóÇáúÃóãöíäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì Âãöäò¡ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Ãóáóãú ÊóÚúáóãöí íóÇ ÇÓúãó æóíúÍóßö Ãóäøóäöí ... ÍóáóÝúÊõ íóãöíäðÇ áóÇ ÃóÎõæäõ Ãóãöíäöí
íõÑöíÏõ: Âãöäöí.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò.
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúæöíãõ ÇáÊøóÚúÏöíáõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ ÞóíøöãðÇ [18 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ÊóÞúæöíãò ÔóÇãöáñ áöÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÍöÓøðÇ æóãóÚúäðì Ãóíú ÔóßúáðÇ æóÕõæÑóÉð æóÅöäúÓóÇäöíøóÉð¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö æóÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÈóÚúËö.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ:
ÏóæóÇÄõßó ãöäúßó æóáóÇ ÊóÔúÚõÑõ ... æóÏóÇÄõßó ãöäúßó æóáóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõõõ(9/5)
æóÊóÒúÚõãõ Ãóäøóßó ÌöÑúãñ ÕóÛöíÑõ ... æóÝöíßó ÇäúØóæóì ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎóáúÞóåõ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÚóáóÞóÉò Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú íóßõ äõØúÝóÉð ãöäú ãóäöíøò íõãúäóì Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ÚóáóÞóÉð ÝóÎóáóÞó ÝóÓóæøóì ÝóÌóÚóáó ãöäúåõ ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì ÃóáóíúÓó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóÇÏöÑò Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÍúíöíó ÇáúãóæúÊóì [75 \ 34 - 40] .
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóãóÇ íõßóÐøöÈõßó ÈóÚúÏõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö [95 \ 7] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÌóÇäöÈõ ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøõ Ýóåõæó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóäóÝúÓò æóãóÇ ÓóæøóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åõäóÇßó¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÇáúÈóÔóÑöíøóÉó åöíó ãóäóÇØõ ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈõ ÇáøóÐöí Èöåö ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ¡ æóÈöåöãóÇ ßóÇäó ÎóáúÞõåõ Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ æóäóÇáó ÈöÐóáößó ÃóÚúáóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáÊøóßúÑöíãö: æóáóÞóÏú ßóÑøóãúäóÇ Èóäöí ÂÏóãó [17 \ 70] .
æóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóÝúÙðÇ ãõÝúÑóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áöáúÌöäúÓö ÈöÏóáóÇáóÉö Þóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó ÑóÏóÏúäóÇåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [95 \ 5 - 6] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöËúáõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö: æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÝöí ÎõÓúÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö [103 \ 1 - 6] ¡ ÝóÈöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ÇáúÌóãúÚö ãöäúåõ¡ Úõáöãó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÇáúÌöäúÓõ.
æóÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏõ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóãö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò íõÔúÚöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈó ãõäúßöÑñ áöÐóáößó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ãóáúãõæÓñ ãóÍúÓõæÓñ¡ áóÇ íõäúßöÑõåõ ÅöäúÓóÇäñ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóáóì Ðóáößó: ÈöÃóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãõäúßöÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÙóåóÑóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÚóáóÇãóÇÊõ ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ Úõæãöáó ãõÚóÇãóáóÉó ÇáúãõäúßöÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÌóÇÁó ÔóÞöíÞñ ÚóÇÑöÖðÇ ÑõãúÍóåõ ... æóÅöäøó Èóäöí Úóãøößó Ýöíåöãú ÑöãóÇÍõ
æóÃóãóÇÑóÇÊõ ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈöíäó¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÚóÏóãõ ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÞöáó áóæú ÊóÃóãøóáó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ áóÚóÑóÝó ãöäúåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑó Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö¡ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÈóÚúËöåö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÃóÝúÑóÏóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÌóÇËöíóÉö ÈöÊóäúÈöíåò Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÝöí ÎóáúÞößõãú æóãóÇ íóÈõËøõ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÂíóÇÊñ áöÞóæúãò íõæÞöäõæäó [45 \ 4] ¡ æóÊóßóÑøóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËõ Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó¡ æóÃóÕúÑóÍõ ÏóáóÇáóÉò Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö íÓ: æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÎóáúÞò Úóáöíãñ [36 \ 78 - 79] .õõ(9/6)
Ëõãøó ÑóÏóÏúäóÇåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó (5)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÑóÏóÏúäóÇåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó
. Þöíáó: ÑõÏøó Åöáóì ÇáúßöÈóÑö æóÇáúåóÑóãö æóÖóÚúÝö ÇáúÌöÓúãö æóÇáúÚóÞúáö.
Åöäøó ÇáËøóãóÇäöíäó æóÈõáøöÛúÊõåóÇ ÞóÏú ÃóÍúæóÌóÊú ÓóãúÚöí Åöáóì ÊõÑúÌõãóÇä
ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú äõÚóãøöÑúåõ äõäóßøöÓúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö [36 \ 68] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó¡ æóÓóÇÞó ãóÚóåõ Þóæúáóåõ: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú ÖóÚúÝò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÖóÚúÝò ÞõæøóÉð Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÞõæøóÉò ÖóÚúÝðÇ æóÔóíúÈóÉð [30 \ 54] ¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÂíóÉó ÇáÊøöíäö åóÐöåö: Ëõãøó ÑóÏóÏúäóÇåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó¡ æóÞóÇáó: Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ: æóãöäúßõãú ãóäú íõÑóÏøõ Åöáóì ÃóÑúÐóáö ÇáúÚõãõÑö áößóíúáóÇ íóÚúáóãó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö Úöáúãò ÔóíúÆðÇ [22 \ 5] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò.
æóÞöíáó: ÑõÏøó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ßõÝúÑöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò æóÇáúÍóÓóäö.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ýöí ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö. æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÂÎöÑöåóÇ: ÝóãóÇ íõßóÐøöÈõßó ÈóÚúÏõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö [95 \ 7] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÍõÌóÌö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÈóÏúÁõ ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóÊóØóæøõÑõåõ Åöáóì ÃóÍúÓóäö ÃóãúÑöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÏøõåõ Åöáóì ÃóÍóØøö ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÌúÒö ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏõ áóåõãú¡ íõÍúÊóÌøõ Èöåö Úóáóíúåöãú.
ÃóãøóÇ ÑóÏøõåõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóÃóãúÑñ áóãú íóÔúåóÏúåõ æóáóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Èöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÏóáöíáðÇ íõÞöíãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ; áöÃóäøó ãöäú ÔóÃúäö ÇáÏøóáöíáö Ãóäú íõäúÞóáó ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÌúåõæáö¡ æóÇáúÈóÚúËõ åõæó ãóæúÖöÚõ ÅöäúßóÇÑöåöãú¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÍúÊóÌøõ Úóáóíúåöãú áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ãóÇ íõäúßöÑõæäóåõ ÈöãóÇ íõäúßöÑõæäóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö æóÇÖöÍñ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö: Ãóäøó ÍóÇáóÉó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö åóÐöåö Ýöí äóÔúÃóÊöåö ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò¡ ÝóÚóáóÞóÉò¡ ÝóØöÝúáò¡ ÝóÛõáóÇãò¡ ÝóÔóíúÎò¡ ÝóåóÑóãò¡ æóÚóÌúÒò. ÌóÇÁó ãóËóáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ãöäú ÏóáóÇÆöáö ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóÚöÈñ æóáóåúæñ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ßóãóËóáö ÛóíúËò ÃóÚúÌóÈó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó äóÈóÇÊõåõ Ëõãøó íóåöíÌõ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ãõÕúÝóÑøðÇ Ëõãøó íóßõæäõ ÍõØóÇãðÇ æóÝöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÔóÏöíÏñ æóãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäñ [57 \ 20](9/7)
ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ýóáóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò (6)
æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÓóáóßóåõ íóäóÇÈöíÚó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ëõãøó íõÎúÑöÌõ Èöåö ÒóÑúÚðÇ ãõÎúÊóáöÝðÇ ÃóáúæóÇäõåõ Ëõãøó íóåöíÌõ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ãõÕúÝóÑøðÇ Ëõãøó íóÌúÚóáõåõ ÍõØóÇãðÇ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÐößúÑóì áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö [39 \ 21] .
ÝóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇáäøóÈóÇÊö ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÃóäúÈóÊóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö äóÈóÇÊðÇ Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõßõãú ÝöíåóÇ æóíõÎúÑöÌõßõãú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌðÇ [71 \ 17 - 18] .
æóíóßõæäõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÕöáõæäó Åöáóì ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáúÎóæúÝö æóÃóÑúÐóáö ÇáúÚõãõÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó ãóåúãóÇ ØóÇáó ÚõãõÑõåõ¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ØóÇÚóÉò¡ æóÝöí ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö Ýóåõæó ßóÇãöáõ ÇáúÚóÞúáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóæóÇÊóÑó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö Ãóäøó ÍóÇÝöÙó ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÇáúãõÏóÇæöãó Úóáóì ÊöáóÇæóÊöåö¡ áóÇ íõÕóÇÈõ ÈöÇáúÎóÑóÝö æóáóÇ ÇáúåóÐóíóÇäö.
æóÞóÏú ÔóÇåóÏúäóÇ ÔóíúÎó ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎó ÍóÓóäó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑó¡ áóÇ ÒóÇáó Úóáóì ÞóíúÏö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÚöäúÏó ßöÊóÇÈóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÓúØõÑö ÊóÌóÇæóÒó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉó ÈößóËöíÑò¡ æóåõæó áóÇ íóÒóÇáõ íõÞúÑöÆõ ÊóáóÇãöíÐóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó¡ æóíõÚóáøöãõåõãõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÔúÑó¡ æóÞóÏú íóÓúãóÚõ áöÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÔóÎúÕò íóÞúÑóÁõæäó Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò æóåõæó íóÖúÈõØõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚö.
æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ãöËúáóåõ¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóáóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò.
Ãóíú: ÛóíúÑõ ãóÞúØõæÚò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò Èöåö Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö: ÝóÇáúÃóÌúÑõ åõæó ÇáËøóæóÇÈõ¡ ÅöãøóÇ ÈöÏóæóÇãö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú áößóãóÇáö ÚõÞõæáöåöãú¡ æóÅöãøóÇ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúãõÑõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó Ãóäú ÊóßúÊõÈó áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÑö ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäóåõ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÞõæøóÊöåöãú ãöäú ÕöíóÇãò æóÞöíóÇãò¡ æóÊóÕóÏøõÞò ãöäú ßóÓúÈöåöãú æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ áöáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãóÑöíÖö æóÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑö¡ ÝóíóÙóáøõ ËóæóÇÈõ ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú ãõÓúÊóãöÑøðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÛóíúÑó ãóÞúØõæÚò.
æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÃóÌúÑõ åõæó ÇáäøóÚöíãõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö íõÚúØõæäóåõ æóáóÇ íõãóäøõ Èöåö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóáóÇ íõÞúØóÚõ Úóäúåõãú ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõßõáõåóÇ ÏóÇÆöãñ æóÙöáøõåóÇ Êöáúßó ÚõÞúÈóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ [13 \ 35] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
æóåõäóÇ æöÌúåóÉõ äóÙóÑò ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö: æóÌúåñ ÎóÇÕøñ æóÂÎóÑõ ÚóÇãøñ.(9/8)
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ: ÝóÅöäøó ßóáöãóÉó ÑóÏóÏúäóÇåõ¡ ÝóÇáÑøóÏøõ íõÔúÚöÑõ Åöáóì ÑóÏøò áöÃóãúÑò ÓóÇÈöÞò¡ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõ åõæó ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ÊóÞúæöíãò ÔóÇãöáñ áöÔóßúáöåö æóãóÚúäóÇåõ¡ Ãóíú ÌöÓúãöåö æóÅöäúÓóÇäöíøóÊöåö¡ ÝóÑóÏøõåõ Åöáóì ÃóÓúÝóáö ÓóÇÝöáöíäó¡ íóßõæäõ ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ßóÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö Èóáú åõæó Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö ÃóÓúÝóáõ ÏóÑúßðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö¡ æóÃóÔúÑóÓõ äóÝúÓðÇ ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúÔö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÅöíãóÇäó íóÍúßõãõåõ æóáóÇ ÅöäúÓóÇäöíøóÉó ÊõåóÐøöÈõåõ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ØóÇÛöíóÉð ÌóÈøóÇÑðÇ íóÚöíËõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÓóÇÏðÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö íóßõæäõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÝóÈöÅöíãóÇäöåöãú æóÚóãóáöåöãõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö íóÊóÑóÝøóÚõæäó Úóäö ÇáÓøóÝóÇáóÉö¡ æóíóÑúÊóÝöÚõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÚúáóì Ýóáóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò.
æóÇáúæöÌúåóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉõ æóåöíó ÇáÔøóÇãöáóÉõ áöãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãöäú ÃóæøóáöåóÇ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ãöäó ÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö æóãóÇ ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóãö Åöáóì: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò Ëõãøó ÑóÏóÏúäóÇåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [95 \ 4 - 6] .
ÝóÅöäøóåõ Åöäú ÕóÍøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÂÏóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóßóáóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÈóÏóÊú áóåõãóÇ ÓóæúÂÊõåõãóÇ æóØóÝöÞóÇ íóÎúÕöÝóÇäö ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ãöäú æóÑóÞö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö [20 \ 121] . Ñóæóì ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Ãóäøó ÂÏóãó áóãøóÇ ÈóÏóÊú áóåõ ÓóæúÃóÊõåõ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóì ÃóÔúÌóÇÑö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áöíóÃúÎõÐó ãöäó ÇáúæóÑóÞö áöíóÓúÊõÑó äóÝúÓóåõ¡ æóßõáøóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÔóÌóÑóÉð ÒóÌóÑóÊúåõ æóáóãú ÊõÚúØöåö¡ ÍóÊøóì ãóÑøó ÈöÔóÌóÑóÉö ÇáÊøöíäö ÝóÃóÚúØóÊúåõ¡ ÝóÃóÎúáóÝóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáËøóãóÑóÉó ãóÑøóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÇáÓøóäóÉö¡ æóßóÇÝóÃóåóÇ ÈöÌóÚúáö ËóãóÑóÊöåóÇ ÈóÇØöäöåóÇ ßóÙóÇåöÑöåóÇ áóÇ ÞöÔúÑó áóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÚóÌóãó.
æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáÊøöíäö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúæóÑóÞó. ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: «áóãøóÇ ÃóÓúßóäó Çááøóåõ ÂÏóãó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ßóÓóÇåõ ÓöÑúÈóÇáðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøõÝúÑö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈó ÇáúÎóØöíÆóÉó ÓóáóÈóåõ ÇáÓøöÑúÈóÇáó ÝóÈóÞöíó Ýöí ÃóØúÑóÇÝö ÃóÕóÇÈöÚöåö» .
ÞóÇáó: æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÝöÑúíóÇÈöíøõ æóÚóÈúÏõ Èúäõ ÍõãóíúÏò æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò æóÃóÈõæ ÇáÔøóíúÎö æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÓóÇßöÑó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: «ßóÇäó áöÈóÇÓõ ÂÏóãó æóÍóæøóÇÁó ßóÇáÙøõÝúÑö - æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÃóËóÑó - æóØóÝöÞóÇ íóÎúÕöÝóÇäö ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ãöäú æóÑóÞö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö» ÞóÇáó: íóäúÒöÚóÇäö æóÑóÞó ÇáÊøöíäö¡ ÝóíóÌúÚóáóÇäöåö Úóáóì ÓóæúÂÊöåöãóÇ.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÞúáö íóßõæäõ ÐößúÑõ ÇáÊøöíäö åõäóÇ ãóÚó ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÏøõåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÓöÑøñ áóØöíÝñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÅöÔúÚóÇÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúÂäó¡ Ãóäøó ÌöäúÓó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ßõáøóåõ ÈöÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÃóÈöí ÇáúÈóÔóÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÍóÇáóÉò ÍöÓøðÇ æóãóÚúäðì¡ ÍóÊøóì ÑóÝóÚóåõ Åöáóì(9/9)
ÃóáóíúÓó Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÍúßóãö ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó (8)
ãóäúÒöáóÉö ÅöÓúÌóÇÏö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö áóåõ æóÓõßúäóÇåõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó¡ Ýóåöíó ÃóÚúáóì ãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáÊøóßúÑöíãö¡ æóáóåõ ÝöíåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÚõ æóáóÇ íóÚúÑóì æóáóÇ íóÙúãóÃõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÖúÍóì¡ æóÙóáøó ßóÐóáößó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Åöáóì Ãóäú ÃóÛúæóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ æóäóÓöíó ÚóåúÏó ÑóÈøöåö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóæóÞóÚó ÝöíãóÇ æóÞóÚó Ýöíåö æóßóÇäó áóåõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó¡ ÝóÏóáøóÇåõãóÇ ÈöÛõÑõæÑò æóÇäúÊóÞóáóÇ ãöäú ÃóÚúáóì Úöáøöíøöíäó Åöáóì ÃóÓúÝóáö ÓóÇÝöáöíäó¡ ÝóäóÒóáó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÍúÑõËõ æóíóÒúÑóÚõ æóíóÍúÕõÏõ æóíóØúÍóäõ æóíóÚúÌöäõ æóíóÎúÈöÒõ¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÌöÏó áõÞúãóÉó ÇáúÚóíúÔö¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò æóÑóÏøõåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÔóÃúäõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ýóáóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò ÈöÑõÌõæÚöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ßóãóÇ ÑóÌóÚó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÂÏóãõ ÈöÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö ÝóÊóáóÞøóì ÂÏóãõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö ßóáöãóÇÊò ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö [2 \ 37] Ëõãøó ÇÌúÊóÈóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö æóåóÏóì [20 \ 122] .
æóÅöäøó Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÇáúÃóãöíäö áóÊóÑúÔöíÍñ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÌóÚóáó ÇáúÍóÑóãó áöÃóåúáö ãóßøóÉó ÃóãúäðÇ ßóÕõæÑóÉö ÇáúÂãöäö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇãúÊóËóáõæÇ æóÃóØóÇÚõæÇ äóÚöãõæÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúäö¡ æóÅöäú ÊóãóÑøóÏõæÇ æóÚóÕóæúÇ¡ ÝóíóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäúåóÇ æóíõÍúÑóãõæäó ÃóãúäóåóÇ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ÑóÈúØðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÇÖöí æóÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö¡ æóÇäúØöáóÇÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö Åöáóì ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ ÝóãóÇ íõßóÐøöÈõßó ÈóÚúÏõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö ÃóáóíúÓó Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÍúßóãö ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó [95 \ 7 - 8] . ÝöíãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÈöÂÏóãó æóÝöíãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõ ÈöÃõæáóÆößó¡ ÍóíúËõ ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúÃóãúäö æóÇáúÚóíúÔö ÇáÑøóÛóÏö¡ æóÅöÑúÓóÇáößó Åöáóíúåöãú æóÝöíãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõ áöãóäú Âãóäó Ãóæú Èöãóäú íóßúÝõÑõ¡ Çááøóåõãøó Èóáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ íõßóÐøöÈõßó ÈóÚúÏõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö.
ÝóÇáÏøöíäõ åõæó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö: ãóÇáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö [1 \ 4] æóÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ Þöíáó áöáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóÃóäøó «ãóÇ» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÝóãóÇ» åöíó ÈöãóÚúäóì «ãóäú» Ãóíú¡ Ýóãóäö ÇáøóÐöí íõßóÐøöÈõßó ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíóÇäö¡ ÈöãóÌöíÁö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö áöíóáúÞóì ßõáøñ ÌóÒóÇÁó Úóãóáöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóíúÓó Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÍúßóãö ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó.
ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí: Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú [94 \ 1] ¡ Ãóíú: áöáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö¡ æóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò ÃóÍúßóãõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃóåóÇ ÞóÇáó: «Çááøóåõãøó Èóáóì» ßóãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí.
æóÃóÍúßóãõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó¡ Þöíáó: ÃóÝúÚóáõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò ãöäó ÇáúÍõßúãö Ãóíú: ÃóÚúÏóáõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí(9/10)
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÑóÈøõßó ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 49] .
æóÞöíáó: ãöäó ÇáúÍößúãóÉö¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáÕøõäúÚö æóÇáúÅöÊúÞóÇäö æóÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇááøóÝúÙõ ãõÔúÊóÑóßðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó åõæó Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö ÃóÙúåóÑõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóßöíãó ãöäó ÇáúÍößúãóÉö íõÌúãóÚõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍõßóãóÇÁö.
ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö: íóßõæäõ ãöäö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑóßö Ýöí ãóÚúäóíóíúåö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóåõæó åõäóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó Èóáú åõãóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÇäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóßöíãó áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóÚúÏöáó¡ æóÇáúÚóÇÏöáõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÍóßöíãðÇ íóÖóÚõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇØöäó ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßóÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ßóÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö [38 \ 28] ¡ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: áóÇ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÌúÊóÑóÍõæÇ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö Ãóäú äóÌúÚóáóåõãú ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÓóæóÇÁð ãóÍúíóÇåõãú æóãóãóÇÊõåõãú ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÍúßõãõæäó [45 \ 21] ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÍúßõãõæäó ÈóíóÇäñ áöÚóÏóãö ÚóÏóÇáóÊöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóÈõÚúÏöåö Úóäö ÇáúÍößúãóÉö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÚóÏóãó ÇáÊøóÓúæöíóÉö Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ãóãóÇÊöåöãú Ãóäøóåõ ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÃóÍúßóãõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó Ýöí ÕõäúÚöåö æóÎóáúÞöåö. ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ æóÃóÚúÏóáõ ÇáúÍõßøóÇãö Ýöí Íõßúãöåö áóãú íõÓóæøö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäö æóÇáúãõÓöíÁö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö áöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: «ãóäú ÞóÑóÃó æóÇáÊøöíäö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃó ÃóáóíúÓó Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÍúßóãö ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó¡ ÝóáúíóÞõáú: Èóáóì¡ æóÃóäóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó» .
æóãöËúáõåõ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ¡ æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Þóæúáõåõ: «ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó Çááøóåõãøó¡ ÝóÈóáóì» . æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(9/11)
ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÚóáóÞ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÚóáóÞò ÇÞúÑóÃú æóÑóÈøõßó ÇáúÃóßúÑóãõ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö Úóáøóãó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãóÇ áóãú íóÚúáóãú.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö ÊöÓúÚõ ãóÓóÇÆöáó ãõÑúÊóÈöØñ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖò ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØó ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ÈöÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈö¡ æóÇáúÚóÇãøö ÈöÇáúÎóÇÕøö¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáö ÈöÇáúãóÏúáõæáö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ãöäú ãóäúåóÌö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö. æóÝöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ãóÓóÇÆöáõ ÃóÓóÇÓöíøóÉñ ÈóÇáöÛóÉõ ÇáúÃóåóãøöíøóÉö ÚóÙöíãóÉõ ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÚóäúåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíøóÉó: ÅöäøóåóÇ æóÃóãúËóÇáóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøõæóÑö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÚóÌóÇÆöÈõ¡ æóÐóáößó áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÃúÓöíÓö áöÇÝúÊöÊóÇÍöíøóÉö Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÅöíÝóÇÁóåóÇ ÍóÞøóåóÇ ÚóÌúÒðÇ æóÞõÕõæÑðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ßóÊóÈó ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÎõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíøóÉó ÈöÃõÓúáõæÈöåö ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÕóÝúÍóÉð ãõÊóÊóÇáöíóÉð¡ æóÝóÕúáðÇ ÂÎóÑó Ýöí ãóÈóÇÍöËó ÊóÊøóÕöáõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóáóæú ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ ßõáøó ãóÇ íóÓóÚõäóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÍúÊóãöáõåõ¡ áóßóÇäó ÎõÑõæÌðÇ Úóäú ãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøóÇ äóÞúÕõÑõ ÇáúÞóæúáó Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÊøóÕöáõ ÈöãóæúÖõæÚöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÑóì ÇáúÞóáóãõ Èöåö ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÊóÑúßõåõ¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáõ ÇáÊøöÓúÚõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐõßöÑóÊú åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóÇ äõæÑöÏõåóÇ áöäóÊóÞóíøóÏó ÈöåóÇ æóåöíó:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö¡ íõæóÌøóåõ áöäóÈöíøò Ãõãøöíøò.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ßóæúäõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö åóÐöåö ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáÑøóÈøö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãõÖóÇÝðÇ áöáúãõÎóÇØóÈö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: æóÕúÝñ áöáÑøóÈøö ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäö ÇÓúãö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇÓúãö ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÎõÕõæÕöåö¡ ÈóÚúÏó Úõãõæãö ÎóáúÞò æóÅöØúáóÇÞöåö.(9/12)
ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ: ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÚóáóÞò¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ãóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ãóæú ÎóáúÞó ÂÏóãó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò.
ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉõ: ÅöÚóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ãóÚó «æóÑóÈøõßó ÇáúÃóßúÑóãõ» ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÕöÝóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÐößúÑõåõ.
ÇáËøóÇãöäóÉõ: ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãõ ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö.
ÇáÊøóÇÓöÚóÉõ: ÊóÚúáöíãõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãóÇ áóãú íóÚúáóãú.
áóãøóÇ ßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ åöíó Ãóæøóáõ ÓõæÑóÉò äóÒóáóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÎóãúÓõ Ãóæøóáó ãóÇ äóÒóáó ãöäúåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ Ýóåöíó ÈöÍóÞøò ÇÝúÊöÊóÇÍöíøóÉõ ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ãóæúÖöÚó ÚöäóÇíóÉö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãõÓúÊóÝöíÖñ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö æóÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇáÓøöíÑóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ãõæÌöÈó áöÅöíÑóÇÏöåö åõäóÇ. æóáóßöäú äõæÑöÏõ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÑóÃú¡ ÝóÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ áõÛóÉð ÇáúÅöÙúåóÇÑõ¡ æóÇáúÅöÈúÑóÇÒõ¡ ßóãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí æóÕúÝö ÇáäøóÇÞóÉö: áóãú ÊóÞúÑóÃú ÌóäöíäðÇ¡ Ãóíú áóãú ÊõäúÊöÌú.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì áõÛóÉð¡ æóÊóæúÌöíåõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö Åöáóì äóÈöíøò Ãõãøöíøò áóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó Êóßõæäõ ãöäú ãóßúÊõæÈò æóÊóßõæäõ ãöäú ãóÊúáõæøò¡ æóåõäóÇ ãöäú ãóÊúáõæøò íóÊúáõæåõ Úóáóíúåö ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇÒñ áöáúãõÚúÌöÒóÉö ÃóßúËóÑõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃõãøöíøó ÈöÇáúÃóãúÓö ÕóÇÑó ãõÚóáøöãðÇ Çáúíóæúãó. æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ Åöáóì äóæúÚóíö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö åóÐóíúäö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÌóãóÚó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈóÏúÁñ áöáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÞúÑóÃõ ßóáóÇãó ÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ ÊõÄóßøöÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúÚóÇÑö¡ Ãóíú: áóíúÓó ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó æóáóÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÌöÈúÑöíáó ÇáøóÐöí íõÞúÑöÆõßó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáÑøóÏøó Úóáóì ßóæúäöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãú íóßúÊõÈú æóáóÇ íóÞúÑóÃõ ãóßúÊõæÈðÇ¡ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÕöíóÇäóÉñ áöáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú íóÞõæáõ ÇáÔøöÚúÑó æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåõ¡ ÅöÐðÇ áóÇÑúÊóÇÈó ÇáúãõÈúØöáõæäó.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÊúáõæ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóáóÇ ÊóÎõØøõåõ Èöíóãöíäößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [29 \ 48] . æóÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚóËó Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö [62 \ 2] .(9/13)
æóåõäóÇ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú ãóÇ íóÞúÑóÄõåõ æóáóßöäøó ãóÌöíÁó ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö áöãóÇ íóÞúÑóÄõåõ æóåöíó: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö [97 \ 1] ¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÏøõÎóÇäö: Íã æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈöíäö ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉò ãõÈóÇÑóßóÉò [4 \ 1 - 3] .
æóáöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóíóÇäñ áöÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóáøóãóßó ãóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÚúáóãõ [4 \ 113] ¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÞõæøóÉò ÇÞúÑóÃú ãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíúßó ãöäú ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Þóæúáõåõ: ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ Ãóíö ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ãõäúÔöÆðÇ æóãõÈúÊóÏöÆðÇ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÞóÏú Êóßóáøóãó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÁö Ãóåöíó ÕöáóÉñ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÇÞúÑóÃö ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøößó¡ Ãóíú Þõáú ÈöÇÓúãö Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÈóÇÁõ ÈöãóÚúäóì Úóáóì¡ Ãóíú Úóáóì ÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÚóáóíúåö: ÝóÇáúãóÞúÑõæÁõ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó Ãóíú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÄõåõ åõæó ãöäú ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÊõÈóáøöÛõåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÃóäúÊó ãõÈóáøöÛñ Úóäú ÑóÈøößó Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íóäúØöÞõ Úóäö Çáúåóæóì Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ æóÍúíñ íõæÍóì [53 \ 3 - 4] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÇÛõ [5 \ 99] ¡ Ãóíú: Úóäö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÑóÓõæáò ÅöáøóÇ áöíõØóÇÚó ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö [4 \ 64] .
æóäóÙöíÑõ åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑóÉö ÎöØóÇÈõ ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ Ãóæú ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÎöØóÇÈó ÇáúÚóÑúÔö¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ãõáúÞöíåö ÈöÇÓúãö Çáúãóáößö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáÔøóÚúÈö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÓóÈö äöÙóÇãö ÇáÏøóæúáóÉö¡ Ãóíú ÈóÇÓöãö ÇáÓøõáúØóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ãöäúåóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö æóÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö ÇáÓøöíóÇÓöíøö.
æóåõäóÇ ÈóÇÓöãö Çááøóåö¡ ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÕöÝóÉõ ÑóÈøößó åõäóÇ áóåóÇ ãóÏúáõæáõ ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö ÇáøóÐöí íõäóÈøöåõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏó Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóæúáóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÑúÈöíóÉö æóÇáÑøöÚóÇíóÉö æóÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÑøóÈøõ íóÝúÚóáõ áöÚóÈúÏöåö ãóÇ íõÕúáöÍõåõ¡ æóãöäú ßóãóÇáö ÅöÕúáóÇÍöåö Ãóäú íõÑúÓöáó Åöáóíúåö ãóäú íóÞúÑóÃõ Úóáóíúåö æóÍúíóåõ ÈöÎóÈóÑóíö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÅöÖóÇÝóÊöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈö ÅöíäóÇÓñ áóåõ.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: æóÕúÝõ ÇáÑøóÈøö ÈöÜ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ãóÚó ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúæóÕúÝö ; æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÕöÝóÉó ÇáúÎóáúÞö åöíó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö Åöáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÌúãóÚõ ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö áöáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö ÈöÇááøóåö(9/14)
ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÎóáúÞöåö¡ æóåöíó ÇáÕøöÝóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí íõÓóáøöãõæäó ÈöåóÇ æóáóÆöäú ÓóÃóáúÊóåõãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóíóÞõæáõäøó Çááøóåõ [31 \ 25] .
æóáóÆöäú ÓóÃóáúÊóåõãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞóåõãú áóíóÞõæáõäøó Çááøóåõ [43 \ 87] .
æóáöÃóäøó ßõáøó ãóÎúáõæÞò áóÇ ÈõÏøó áóåõ ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞò: Ãóãú ÎõáöÞõæÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÔóíúÁò Ãóãú åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó [52 \ 35] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóØúáóÞó ÕöÝóÉó ÇáúÎóáúÞö Úóäú ÐößúÑö ãóÎúáõæÞò áöíóÚõãøó æóíóÔúãóáó ÇáúæõÌõæÏó ßõáøóåõ¡ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõßõãú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò [6 \ 102] .
Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóßöíáñ [39 \ 62] .
åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ [59 \ 24] .
æóÊöáúßó ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáõ ÇáËøóáóÇËõ: åöíó ÇáúÃõÕõæáõ Ýöí ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉñ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÊóßúáöíÝñ áöÊóÍóãøõáö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ æóÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ÈóíóÇäñ áöÌöåóÉö ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö¡ «æóÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó» ÊóÏúáöíáñ áöÊöáúßó ÇáúÌöåóÉö¡ Ãóíö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáÑøóÓõæáö æóÇáúãõÑúÓóáö ãóÚó ÇáÏøóáöíáö ÇáúãõÌúãóáö. æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáó Åöáóíúåöãú áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ æóáóÇ ÈöæóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäó áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì ËõÈõæÊöåóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö.
æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÌöåóÉõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáö åöíó ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓõ æóåöíó ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ¡ ßóÇäó ÇáÊøóÏúáöíáõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ Ýöí ÔóÃúäöåóÇ ÈöãóÇ íõÓóáøöãõæäó Èöåö æóíõÓóáøöãõæäóåõ Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ æóåöíó ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ.
æóÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ: ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÚóáóÞò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÊóÝúÕöíáñ ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÌúãóÇáò ÈöÈóíóÇäò áöáúÈóÚúÖö ãöäó Çáúßõáøö ÝóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÈóÚúÖñ ãöãøóÇ ÎóáóÞó¡ æóÐößúÑõåõ ãöäú ÐößúÑö ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÎóÇÕøó ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóãöäú ÅöáúÒóÇãöåöãú ÈöãóÇ íõÓóáøöãõæäó Èöåö Ëõãøó áöÇäúÊöÞóÇáöåöãú ãöãøóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó æóíõÞöÑøõæäó Èöåö Åöáóì ãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó æóíõäúßöÑõæäó.
æóÝöí ÐößúÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó Úõãõæãö ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÊóßúÑöíãñ áóåõ¡ ßóÐößúÑö ÇáÑøõæÍö ÈóÚúÏó Úõãõæãö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ ÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ ÝöíåóÇ æóäóÍúæöåö¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ åõäóÇ ÇáúÌöäúÓõ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ýöí ÚóáóÞò ÌóãúÚõ ÚóáóÞóÉò¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÃóæúÖóÍõ ÏóáóÇáóÉð ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ áöíóÓúÊóÏöáøó ÈöäóÝúÓöåö ãöäú äóÝúÓöåö ßóãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãöäú ÚóáóÞò¡ æóåõæó ÌóãúÚõ ÚóáóÞóÉò¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÞöØúÚóÉõ ãöäó ÇáÏøóãö¡ ßóÇáúÚóÑóÞö Ãóæö ÇáúÎóíúØö ÈóíóÇäñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøóåõãú íõÔóÇåöÏõæäó Ðóáößó ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÊõáúÞöí Èöåö ÇáÑøóÍöãõ¡ æóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ãóÈúÏóÃõ ÎöáúÞóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö.(9/15)
ÝóÇáúÞóÇÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÅöíÌóÇÏö ÅöäúÓóÇäò Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö¡ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÌóÚúáößó ÞóÇÑöÆðÇ æóÅöäú áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÚúáóãõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÌóÏó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö æóáóãú íóßõäú ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÚóåøóÏõ Êöáúßó ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉó ÍóÊøóì ÊóßúÊóãöáó ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ íóÊóÚóåøóÏõåóÇ ÈöÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö.
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö æóÈöÎõÕõæÕöåö áöÊóÝúÕöíáö ãóÑúÍóáóÉö æóÌõæÏöåö¡ Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö áóãú ÊóÚúáóãú ãóÈóÇÏöÆó ÎöáúÞóÊöåóÇ ßóÚöáúãöåöãú ÈöÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÞóÏú ãóÑøó ÐößúÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò [95 \ 4] ¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö ßóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ æóãöäú ÍõÓúäö ÊóÞúæöíãò ÅöäúÒóÇáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÞóíøöãö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíøóÉó: Åöäøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãó åõäóÇ ãóÞóÇãõ ÏóáóÇáóÉò Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÈóÏóÃó ÈöãóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåõ æóíõÓóáøöãõæäó Èöåö áöáøóåö¡ æóáóãú íóÈúÏóÃú ãöäó ÇáäøõØúÝóÉö Ãóæö ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö ; áöÃóäøó ÎóáúÞó ÂÏóãó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò áóãú íõÔóÇåöÏõæåõ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáäøõØúÝóÉó áóíúÓóÊú ÈöáóÇÒöãò áóåóÇ ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊõÞúÐóÝõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÑóÍöãò ßóÇáúãõÍúÊóáöãö¡ æóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ Êóßõæäõ ãõÎóáøóÞóÉð. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö æóÌöíåñ¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó Ýöí ãõÓúÊóåóáøö ÇáúæóÍúíö æóÈöÏóÇíóÊöåö¡ Ýóåöíó ßóÇáøóÐöí íóÞõæáõ: ÅöÐóÇ ßõäúÊõ ÈóÏóÃúÊõ ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö Åöáóíúåö æóáóãú íóßõäú ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ æóáóãú íõæÌóÏú ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóíúßó¡ ÝóáóíúÓó åõæó ÈöÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÅöíÌóÇÏö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú ÚóáóÞóÉò¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ.
æóÚóáóíúåö íõÞóÇáõ: áóÞóÏú ÊõÑößóÊú ãóÑúÍóáóÉõ ÇáäøõØúÝóÉö ãõÞóÇÈöáó ãóÑúÍóáóÉò ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ÞóÏú ÊõÑößóÊú ÃóíúÖðÇ æóåöíó ÝóÊúÑóÉõ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö: «Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßóÇäó Ãóæøóáó ãóÇ ÈõÏöÆó Èöåö ÇáúæóÍúíõ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉõ¡ íóÑóÇåóÇ ÝóÊóÃúÊöí ßóÝóáóÞö ÇáÕøõÈúÍö» ÝóßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÅöÑúåóÇÕðÇ áöáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÊóãúåöíÏðÇ áóåóÇ áöãõÏøóÉö ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóÔúåõÑò¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉõ íóÑóÇåóÇ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõ Ãóæú ÊõÑóì áóåõ ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäú ÓöÊøò æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÌõÒúÁðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö» æóåöíó äöÓúÈóÉõ äöÕúÝö ÇáÓøóäóÉö ãöäú ËóáóÇËò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ãõÏøóÉö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉó ÞóÏú íóÑóÇåóÇ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõ¡ æóãöËúáõ Ðóáößó ÊóãóÇãðÇ ÝóÊúÑóÉõ ÇáäøõØúÝóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ÇáäøõØúÝóÉõ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¡ ßóãóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ æóáóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉõ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉõ ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÑóÍöãò æóÞóÑóÇÑò ãóßöíäò¡ æóãöäú Ëóãøó íóÃúÊöí ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãõÎóáøóÞðÇ ßóÇãöáðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑó ãõÎóáøóÞò Úóáóì ãóÇ íõÞóÏøóÑõ áóåõ.
ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÝóÊúÑóÉõ ÇáäøõØúÝóÉö áóíúÓóÊú ÈöáóÇÒöãóÉò áöÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóßóÇäó ãöËúáõåóÇ ÝóÊúÑóÉó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö áóíúÓóÊú áóÇÒöãóÉð áöáäøõÈõæøóÉö ÊõÑößó ßõáøñ ãöäúåóÇ ãõÞóÇÈöáó ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóíóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÈöãóÇ åõæó ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ ÇáúãõÓóáøóãõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ¡ æóÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú ÚóáóÞóÉò¡ ÝóßóÇäó Ýöíåö ÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáÏøóáöíáö ãöäú ÐóÇÊöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÏöáøö¡(9/16)
ÝóÇáÏøóáöíáõ åõæó ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÏóáøõ Èöåö åõæó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ äóÝúÓõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÝöí ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó [51 \ 21] ¡ ÝóíóÓúÊóÏöáøõ áöäóÝúÓöåö ãöäú äóÝúÓöåö Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö ÎóÇáöÞöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
æóÅöÐóÇ Êóãøó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö ÇáÑøóÈøö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö¡ ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáÏøóáöíáö Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÑöÓóÇáóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉõ æóåöíó ÅöÚóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇÞúÑóÃú æóÑóÈøõßó ÇáúÃóßúÑóãõ¡ ÅöÐú ÃóÞóÇãó ÇáÏøóáöíáó Úóáóì Ãóäøóßó ãõÑúÓóáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊõÈóáøöÛõ Úóäúåõ æóÊóÞúÑóÃõ ÈöÇÓúãöåö¡ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÍúíó ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÃóßúÑóãö¡ æóÇáúÃóßúÑóãõ ÞóÇáõæÇ: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúØöí ÈöÏõæäö ãõÞóÇÈöáò¡ æóáóÇ ÇäúÊöÙóÇÑö ãõÞóÇÈöáò¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ãóÌöíÁó ÇáúæóÕúÝö åõäóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóßúÑóãö ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÕöÝóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ áöãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ãöäú ÊóáóÇÄõãò áöáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ ãóÇ áóÇ íõäóÇÓöÈõ ãóßóÇäóåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåóÇ áöÚöÙóãö ÇáúÚóØóÇÁö æóÌóÒöíáö ÇáúãöäøóÉö.
ÝóÃóæøóáðÇ: ÑóÍúãóÉõ ÇáúÎóáöíÞóÉö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÑóÈóØóÊö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏó ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú. æóßóÝóì.
æóËóÇäöíðÇ: äöÚúãóÉõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö¡ ÝóåõãóÇ äöÚúãóÊóÇäö ãõÊóßóÇãöáóÊóÇäö: ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö ÈöÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ æóÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäó ÇáúÌóåúáö Åöáóì ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ åóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøóÈøö ÇáúÃóßúÑóãö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
Ëõãøó ÊóÃúÊöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇãöäóÉõ: æóåöíó ãöäó ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ æóÑóÈøõßó ÇáúÃóßúÑóãõ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáúæóÞúÝõ Úóáóì: ÇÞúÑóÃú¡ æóÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö: æóÑóÈøõßó ÇáúÃóßúÑóãõ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö.
Ãóæö ÇáúæóÞúÝõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóßúÑóãö æóÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö: ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú íõÚóáøöãõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö¡ íõÚóáøöãõ ÛóíúÑóåõ ÈöÏõæäö ÇáúÞóáóãö ÈöÌóÇãöÚö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÌóåúáö. ÝóÇáúÞóÇÏöÑõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóÇáÊøóÇÓöÚóÉõ: ÈóíóÇäñ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö ÍóíúËõ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú ãóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãóåõ ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö. ÝóÞóÇáó: Úóáøóãó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãóÇ áóãú íóÚúáóãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõÔóÇåóÏñ ãóáúãõæÓñ Ýöí ÃóÔúÎóÇÕöåöãú: æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌóßõãú ãöäú ÈõØõæäö ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ [16 \ 78] .
ÝóÇááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãóÇ áóãú íóÚúáóãú¡ æóßõáøõ ãóÇ ÊóÚóáøóãóåõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ýóåõæó ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊõÚóáøöãõæäóåõäøó ãöãøóÇ Úóáøóãóßõãõ Çááøóåõ [5 \ 4] ¡ æóåóáö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉõ æóÇáäøõÈõæøóÉõ ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÚúáöíãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú íóÚúáóãõ¿ æóÈöåóÐóÇ Êóãøó ÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáÏøóáöíáö Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ Ãóíö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáÑøóÓõæáö æóÇáúãõÑúÓóáö¡ æóåöíó ÃõÓõÓõ ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö æóÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö ÇáúÌóÏöíÏóÉö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÔúÊõåöÑó ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ãóäøóåõ äõÈøöÆó ÈöÜ «ÇÞúÑóÃú» æóÃõÑúÓöáó ÈöÜ «ÇáúãõÏøóËøöÑö» æóáóßöäú Ýöí(9/17)
äóÝúÓö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãóÚúäóì ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ áöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãõÑúÓóáñ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö Åöáóì ãóäú íóÞúÑóÃõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö ãöäú Ãóæøóáö ÈóÏúÁö ÇáúæóÍúíö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö¡ ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö æóãóæúÑöÏõ ÓõÄóÇáò¡ æóåõæó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÊóãóÏøóÍó ÈöÃóäøóåõ Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö æóÃóäøóåõ Úóáøóãó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãóÇ áóãú íóÚúáóãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó Ýöíåö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÏóÉõ ÈöÔóÃúäö ÇáúÞóáóãö¡ ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú Úóáøóãó Èöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÚúáóì ãóÑóÇÊöÈö ÇáÔøóÑóÝö ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö ÈöÏõæäö ÇáúÞóáóãö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÊøóßúÑöíãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ä æóÇáúÞóáóãö æóãóÇ íóÓúØõÑõæäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÈöãóÌúäõæäò [68 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóÚöÙóãõ ÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö æóåõæó äöÚúãóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚöÙóãö ÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÞóáóãõ æóãóÇ íóÓúØõÑõæäó Èöåö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÇáúæóÍúíö æóÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑó ÇáúÞóáóãõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ ãõÊóÝóÇæöÊóÉð¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÈóÇáöÛóÉõ ÇáúÃóåóãøöíøóÉö.
ãöäúåóÇ: ÃóæøóáõåóÇ æóÃóÚúáóÇåóÇ:
ÇáúÞóáóãõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÊóÈó ãóÇ ßóÇäó æóãóÇ Óóíóßõæäõ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÇáúæóÇÑöÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «Ãóæøóáõ ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÞóáóãõ¡ ÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÇßúÊõÈú» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
ÝóÚóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáÑøóÝúÚö¡ íóßõæäõ åõæó Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö Ëõãøó ÌóÑóì ÈöÇáúÞóÏóÑö ßõáøöåö¡ æóÈöãóÇ ÞõÏøöÑó æõÌõæÏõåõ ßõáøöåö.
ËóÇäöíåóÇ: ÇáúÞóáóãõ ÇáøóÐöí íóßúÊõÈõ ãóÞóÇÏöíÑó ÇáúÚóÇãö Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ãöäú ßõáøö ÓóäóÉò¡ ÇáúãõÔóÇÑõ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝöíåóÇ íõÝúÑóÞõ ßõáøõ ÃóãúÑò Íóßöíãò [44 \ 4] .
ËóÇáöËõåóÇ: ÇáúÞóáóãõ ÇáøóÐöí íóßúÊõÈõ Èöåö Çáúãóáößõ Ýöí ÇáÑøóÍöãö ãóÇ íóÎõÕøõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ãöäú ÑöÒúÞò æóÚóãóáò.
ÑóÇÈöÚõåóÇ: ÇáúÞóáóãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÇáúßöÑóÇãö ÇáúßóÇÊöÈöíäó Çáúãõäóæøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íóáúÝöÙõ ãöäú Þóæúáò ÅöáøóÇ áóÏóíúåö ÑóÞöíÈñ ÚóÊöíÏñ [50 \ 18] ¡ Ãóíú ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ßöÑóÇãðÇ ßóÇÊöÈöíäó íóÚúáóãõæäó ãóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó [82 \ 11 - 12] ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ Åöäøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÊóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÞóáóãðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ.
ÎóÇãöÓõåóÇ: ÇáúÞóáóãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÇáäøóÇÓö íóßúÊõÈõæäó Èöåö ãóÇ íõÚóáøöãõåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóãöäú ÃóåóãøöåóÇ ÃóÞúáóÇãõ ßõÊøóÇÈö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÊõÈõæäó ÇáúæóÍúíó Èóíúäó íóÏóíú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóßöÊóÇÈóÉõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó áöÈöáúÞöíÓó.(9/18)
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö¡ ÔóÇãöáñ áöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ÔóÃúäó ÇáúÞóáóãö æóÚöÙóãó ÃóãúÑöåö¡ æóÚóÙöíãó ÇáúãöäøóÉö Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ Èóáóì æóÚóáóì ÇáúÎóáöíÞóÉö ßõáøöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏö ÇÝúÊõÊöÍóÊö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉõ ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö¡ ÝóáöãóÇÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúáóäó Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ßõáøöåö áöáúÞóáóãö! áóãú íóßõäú åõæó ßóÇÊöÈðÇ Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáöåö Èóáú åõæó Ãõãøöíøñ áóÇ íóÞúÑóÃõ æóáóÇ íóßúÊõÈõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚóËó Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú [62 \ 2] .
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: ÃóäøóÇ ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ ÃóæøóáðÇ Åöáóì äóÇÍöíóÉò ãöäúåõ¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøóåõ Ãóßúãóáõ áöáúãõÚúÌöÒóÉö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÇáúÃõãøöíøõ ãõÚóáøöãðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö æóíõÒóßøöíåöãú æóíõÚóáøöãõåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó [3 \ 164] .
æóËóÇäöíðÇ: áóãú íóßõäú åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÇáúÃõãøöíøõ ãõÛúÝöáðÇ ÔóÃúäó ÇáúÞóáóãö¡ Èóáú Úóäóì Èöåö ßõáøó ÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö¡ æóÃóæøóáõåóÇ æóÃóÚóÙõåõãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ßõÊøóÇÈðÇ áöáúæóÍúíö íóßúÊõÈõæäó ãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíúåö Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ íóÍúÝóÙõåõ æóíóÖúÈõØõåõ¡ æóÊóÚóåøóÏó Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÈöÍöÝúÙöåö æóÈöÖóÈúØöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóäõÞúÑöÆõßó ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúÓóì ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [87 \ 6 - 7] ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÓóÇåõ íõÚóæøöÖõåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÎóíúÑò ãöäúåõ Ãóæú ãöËúáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ äóäúÓóÎú ãöäú ÂíóÉò Ãóæú äõäúÓöåóÇ äóÃúÊö ÈöÎóíúÑò ãöäúåóÇ Ãóæú ãöËúáöåóÇ [2 \ 106] ¡ æóæóÚóÏó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÍöÝúÙöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äóÒøóáúäóÇ ÇáÐøößúÑó æóÅöäøóÇ áóåõ áóÍóÇÝöÙõæäó [15 \ 9] .
æóãóÚó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäó íóÃúãõÑõ ÈößöÊóÇÈóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙö æóßóÇäó áóåõ ÚöÏøóÉõ ßõÊøóÇÈò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö ãöäó ÇáúßõÊøóÇÈö ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁó ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó¡ æóãóÚóåõãú ÊóÊöãøóÉõ ÓóÈúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÔóÎúÕðÇ¡ Ëõãøó áóãú íóÞúÊóÕöÑú Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÚöäóÇíóÊöåö ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö æóÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö Èöåö ÚöäúÏó ßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ Èóáú ÌóÚóáó ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãó Èöåö ÃóÚóãøó¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÎóÈóÑõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö: «Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóãóÑóåõ Ãóäú íõÚóáøöãó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó ßóÇÊöÈðÇ ãõÍúÓöäðÇ» ÐóßóÑóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈóÇÊö ÇáúÅöÏóÇÑöíøóÉö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöíÚóÇÈö.
æóÝöí Óõäóäö ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó Úóäú ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó Èúäö ÇáÕøóÇãöÊö ÞóÇáó: «ÚóáøóãóÊõ äóÇÓðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÕøõÝøóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäó» .
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú ÏóÚúæóÊõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Çáúãõáõæßó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
æóÃóÈúÚóÏõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÃõÓóÇÑóì ÈóÏúÑò¡ ÍóíúËõ ßóÇäó íõÝóÇÏöí ÈöÇáúãóÇáö ãóäú íóÞúÏöÑõ(9/19)
Úóáóì ÇáúÝöÏóÇÁö¡ æóãóäú áóãú íóÞúÏöÑú¡ æóßóÇäó íóÚúÑöÝõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó ßóÇäóÊú ãõÝóÇÏóÇÊõåõ Ãóäú íõÚóáøöãó ÚóÔóÑóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÛöáúãóÇäö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó¡ ÝóßóËõÑóÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó.
æóßóÇäó ãöãøóäú ÊóÚóáøóãó: ÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ËóÇÈöÊò æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó æóåõãú Ýöí ÈóÇÏöÆö ÃóãúÑöåöãú æóÃóÍúæóÌõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáÓøöáóÇÍö¡ Èóáú æóÇÓúÊöÑúÞóÇÞö ÇáúÃõÓóÇÑóì¡ ÝóíõÞóÏøöãõæäó ÊóÚúáöíãó ÇáúÛöáúãóÇäö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö¡ áóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÃóæøóáõåõãóÇ: ÔöÏøóÉõ æóÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö ÈöÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö.
æóËóÇäöíåöãóÇ: ÌóæóÇÒõ ÊóÚúáöíãö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö áöáúãõÓúáöãö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚóáøõÞó áóåõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö¡ ßóãóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÇáúÂäó ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáúåóäúÏóÓóÉö¡ æóÇáØøöÈøö¡ æóÇáÒøöÑóÇÚóÉö¡ æóÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ßóËõÑó ÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöãõæäó ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó¡ ÍóÊøóì ßóÇäó ÚóÏóÏõ ßõÊøóÇÈö ÇáúæóÍúíö ÇËúäóíúäö æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÑóÌõáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ Úóáóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ÊóæúËöíÞö ÇáÏøöíäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÏóÇíóäúÊõãú ÈöÏóíúäò Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ãõÓóãøðì ÝóÇßúÊõÈõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 282] ¡ æóåöíó ÃóØúæóáõ ÂíóÉò Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÑõÓöãóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ßöÊóÇÈóÉõ ÇáúÚóÏúáö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉõ ßõáøõåóÇ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÔóÃúäõ ÇáúÞóáóãö æóÊóÚóáøõãõåõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Ýöí ÊóÚúáöíãöåö áöáäøöÓóÇÁö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõäøó ÔóÞóÇÆöÞõ ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö Ýöí ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö æóÇáúÚöáúãö¡ Ýóåóáú ßõäøó ßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÊóÚóáøõãö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Ãóãú áóÇ¿
ãóÈúÍóËõ ÊóÚúáöíãö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó
æóÞóÚó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ ÈöÓóÈóÈö äóÕøóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÔøöÝóÇÁö ÈöäúÊö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÞóÇáóÊú: «ÏóÎóáó Úóáóíøó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÃóäóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÍóÝúÕóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áöí: ÃóáóÇ ÊõÚóáøöãöíäó åóÐöåö ÑõÞúíóÉó ÇáäøóãúáóÉö ßóãóÇ ÚóáøóãúÊöíåóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó¿» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúãóÌúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó æóÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÊóÚóáøõãö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÍóÏöíËõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: «áóÇ ÊõäúÒöáõæåõäøó ÇáúÛõÑóÝó æóáóÇ ÊõÚóáøöãõæåõäøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó íóÚúäöí ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó¡ æóÚóáøöãõæåõäøó ÇáúÛóÒúáó æóÓõæÑóÉó ÇáäøõæÑö» ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì æóÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó: Åöäøó ÍóÏöíËó ÇáÔøöÝóÇÁö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÊóÚúáöíãöåöäøó¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ Çáäøóåúíö ãóÍúãõæáñ Úóáóì ãóäú íõÎúÔóì ãöäú ÊóÚúáöíãöåóÇ ÇáúÝóÓóÇÏõ¡ ÃóÚúäöí ÊóÚúáöíãó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö æóÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö.(9/20)
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÚúáöíãõ ÇáúÚöáúãö ÝóáóíúÓó ãóÍóáøó ÎöáóÇÝò¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó æóÇÖöÍóÉõ ÇáúãóÚóÇáöãö¡ ÅöÐóÇ äóÙóÑúÊó ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöáúãó ãöäú ÍóíúËõ åõæó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÌóåúáö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÞöÓúãóÇäö: Úöáúãõ ÓóãóÇÚò æóÊóáóÞøò¡ æóåóÐöåö ÓöíÑóÉõ ÒóæúÌóÇÊö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÞõÏúæóÉó ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó Ýöí ÝöÞúåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ æóßóãö ÇÓúÊóÏúÑóßóÊú Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÔúåõæÑñ æóãóÚúáõæãñ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Úöáúãõ ÊóÍúÕöíáò ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõæÑõ ãóÚó ÊóÍóÞøõÞö ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö ãöäú ÚóÏóãöåóÇ¡ Ýóãóäú ÑóÃóì Ãóäøó ÊóÚúáöíãóåõäøó ãóÝúÓóÏóÉñ ãóäóÚóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøóåõ ãóÑøó Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò íõÚóáøöãõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉð ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÊóÒöÏö ÇáÔøóÑøó ÔóÑøðÇ.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÍõßóãóÇÁö: Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÃóì ÇãúÑóÃóÉð ÊóÊóÚóáøóãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÝúÚóì ÊõÓúÞóì ÓõãøðÇ¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏõæÇ ÇáúÂÊöíó:
ãóÇ áöáäøöÓóÇÁö æóáöáúßöÊóÇ ... ÈöÉö æóÇáúÚöãóÇáóÉö æóÇáúÎóØóÇÈóåú
åóÐóÇ áóäóÇ æóáóåõäøó ãöäøóÇ ... Ãóäú íóÈöÊúäó Úóáóì ÌóäóÇÈóåú
æóãöËúáõåõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúãóäúÝóáõæØöíøõ:
íóÇ Þóæúãõ áóãú ÊõÎúáóÞú ÈóäóÇÊõ ÇáúæóÑóì ... áöáÏøóÑúÓö æóÇáØøóÑúÓö æóÞóÇáó æóÞöíáó
áóäóÇ Úõáõæãñ æóáóåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåóÇ ... ÝóÚóáøöãõæåóÇ ßóíúÝó äóÔúÑõ ÇáúÛóÓöíá
æóÇáËøóæúÈõ æóÇáúÅöÈúÑóÉõ Ýöí ßóÝøöåóÇ ... ØóÑúÓñ Úóáóíúåö ßõáøõ ÎóØøò Ìóãöíá
æóåóÐóÇ äóÙóÑó Åöáóì ÊóÚúáöíãöåöäøó æóãóæúÞöÝöåöäøó ãöäú ÒóÇæöíóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ:
ßõÊöÈó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ æóÇáúÞöÊóÇáõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ... æóÚóáóì ÇáúÛóÇäöíóÇÊö ÌóÑøõ ÇáÐøõíõæá
ãóÚó ÃóäøóäóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö äöÓúæóÉñ ÔóÇÑóßúäó Ýöí ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÊõÓúÞöí ÇáúãóÇÁó¡ æóÃõãøõ ÓóáóãóÉó ÊõÏóÇæöí ÇáúÌóÑúÍóì¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ Þóæúáõ ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ Úóáóì Úõãõæãöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÊøóÑóÇÊöíÈö ÇáúÅöÏóÇÑöíøóÉö: ÃóæúÑóÏó ÇáúÞóáúÞóÔóäúÏöíøõ Ãóäøó ÌóãóÇÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ßõäøó íóßúÊõÈúäó¡ æóáóãú íóÑó Ãóäøó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóáóÝö ÃóäúßóÑó Úóáóíúåöäøó. ÇåÜ.
æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö ÑöæóÇíóÉõ ßóÑöíãóÉó áöÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö¡ æóåöíó ãöäó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÈóÑóÉö Úóäö ÇáúãõÍóÏøöËöíäó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÈöäóÝúÓöí æóÃóäóÇ ãõÏóÑøöÓñ ÈöÇáúÃóÍúÓóÇÁö äõÓúÎóÉð áöÓõäóäö ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ÚöäúÏó Âáö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßöõõ(9/21)
æóÚóáóíúåóÇ ÊóÚúáöíÞñ áöÃõÎúÊö ÕóáóÇÍö ÇáÏøöíäö ÇáúÃóíøõæÈöíøö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÊøóÑóÇÊöíÈö ÇáúÅöÏóÇÑöíøóÉö Þóæúáóåõ: æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Úóäú ßóËöíÑò ãöäú äöÓóÇÁö Ãóåúáö ÇáÕøóÍúÑóÇÁö ÇáúÅöÝúÑöíÞöíøóÉö ÎõÕõæÕðÇ ÔöäúÞöíØó: ÔöäúÌöØó¡ Ãóíú ÔöäúÞöíØó¡ æóåöíó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÇáúÂäó ÈöãõæÑöíÊóÇäúíóÇ¡ æóÊöíÊúÈößúÊõæ¡ æóÞóÈöíáóÉó ßöäúÊö ÇáúÚóÌóÈö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÌóÇÁó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúÎó ÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑó ÇáúßõäúÊöíøó ÇáÔøóåöíÑó¡ ÎóÊóãó ãõÎúÊóÕóÑó Îóáöíáò áöáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ æóÎóÊóãóÊúåõ ÒóæúÌóÊõåõ Ýöí ÌöåóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì áöáäøöÓóÇÁö. ÇåÜ.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóäøóäóÇ æóäóÍúäõ Ýöí ÈóÚúËóÉö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö áöÅöÝúÑöíÞöíóÇ¡ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ æóäóÍúäõ Ýöí ãóÏöíäóÉö ÃóØóÇÑó æóåöíó Úóáóì ãóÞúÑõÈóÉò ãöäú ãóÏöíäóÉö ÔöäúÌöíØó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ ãöäú ßöÈóÇÑö ÃóåúáöåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõæÌóÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÝóÊóÇÉò íóÍúÝóÙúäó ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉó ßóÇãöáóÉð.
æóÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúÊõ Ýöí ÇáúÂæöäóÉö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäóÊú ÊõæÌóÏõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ÊõÏóÑøöÓõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¡ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóÇáÓøöíÑóÉó¡ æóÇááøõÛóÉó ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉó æóåöíó ÔöäúÞöíØöíøóÉñ.
æóíóÌöÈõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáäøóÙúÑóÉõ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Úóáóì ÖóæúÁö æóÇÞöÚö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö Çáúíóæúãó æóÝöí ßõáøö íóæúãò¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÊóÚúáöíãõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ãöäú ãõÊóØóáøóÈóÇÊö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉó Êóßúãõäõ Ýöí ãóäúåóÌö ÊóÚúáöíãöåóÇ¡ æóßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÊóáóÞøöíåóÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó.
ÝóßóÇäó ãöäó ÇááøóÇÒöãö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóäúåóÌõ ÊóÚúáöíãöåóÇ ÞóÇÕöÑðÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóæóÇÍöí ÇáøóÊöí íóÍúÓõäõ Ãóäú ÊóÚúãóáó ÝöíåóÇ ßóÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö æóÇáØøöÈøö æóßóÝóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ßóíúÝöíøóÉõ ÊóÚúáöíãöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãõÔúßöáóÊóåóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú ãöäó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇØö Ýöí ãõÏóÑøóÌóÇÊö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÇÊö¡ æóÝõÕõæáö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäóæöíøóÇÊö Ýöí ÝóÊúÑóÉö ÇáúãõÑóÇåóÞóÉö¡ æóÞöáøóÉö ÇáúãõÑóÇÞóÈóÉö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ íóßúãõäõ ÇáúÎóØóÑõ ãöäúåóÇ æóÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí Âäò æóÇÍöÏò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÊóÚúáöíãöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóäúåóÌö ÇáøóÐöí íõÍóÞøöÞõ ÇáúÛóÇíóÉó ãöäúåõ¡ æóíóÖúãóäõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó Ýöíåö¡ æóÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íõÎúÔóì ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäó ÇáöÇÊøöÕóÇáö Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú æõÌöÏó ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ æóÃóÓúÑóÚõ ãöäúåóÇ áöãóäú ÔóÇÁóÊú æóåõæó ÇáúåóÇÊöÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÈõíõæÊö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Ýöí ãõÊóäóÇæóáö ÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöãóÉö æóÇáúÌóÇåöáóÉö. æóÇáúãóÏóÇÑõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÕóÇäóÉö ÇáÊøóÑúÈóæöíøóÉö æóÇáúãóÊóÇäóÉö ÇáÏøöíäöíøóÉö æóÇáúÞõæøóÉö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞöíøóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏúÊõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËó ÇÓúÊöØúÑóÇÏðÇ áöÈóíóÇäö æöÌúåóÉö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ ÇÞúÊöÈóÇÓðÇ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.(9/22)
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÈóíóÇäõ ÃóæøóáöíøóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÚóÇãøóÉð æóÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÃóæøóáõ ãóäú ÎóØøó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö:
ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúãóØóÇáöÚö ÇáäøóÕúÑöíøóÉö áöáúãóØóÇÈöÚö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÎóØøöíøóÉö ÇáúãóØúÈõæÚö ÓóäóÉó 1304 åÜ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõÕõæáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÎöáøößóÇäó¡ æóÊóÈöÚóåõ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄóáøöÝöíäó¡ ßóÇáÏøöãöíÑöíøö Ýöí ÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÍóáóÈöíøö Ýöí ÇáÓøöíÑóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ.
ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÌóãöíÚó ßöÊóÇÈóÇÊö ÇáúÃõãóãö ãöäú ÓõßøóÇäö ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö ÇËúäóÊóíú ÚóÔúÑóÉó ßöÊóÇÈóÉð¡ ÎóãúÓñ ãöäúåóÇ ÐóåóÈó ãóäú íóÚúÑöÝõåóÇ æóÈóØóáó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõåóÇ æóåöíó: ÇáúÍöãúíóÑöíøóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÞöÈúØöíøóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÈóÑúÈóÑöíøóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÃóäúÏóáõÓöíøóÉõ¡ æóÇáúíõæäóÇäöíøóÉõ¡ æóËóáóÇËñ ãöäúåóÇ ÝõÞöÏó ãóäú íóÚúÑöÝõåóÇ Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóãõÓúÊóÚúãóáóÉñ Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÇáÓøõÑúíóÇäöíøóÉõ æóÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøóÉõ æóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÇäöíøóÉõ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉõ. ÇåÜ. ßóáóÇãõåõ ÈöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÑò æóÝöíåö ãóÇ Ýöíåö.
ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÍöãúíóÑöíøóÉõ: åöíó ÎóØøõ Ãóåúáö Çáúíóãóäö Þóæúãö åõæÏò æóåõãú ÚóÇÏñ ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóåöíó ÚóÇÏõ ÅöÑóãó¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ßöÊóÇÈóÊõåõãú ÊõÓóãøóì ÇáúãõÓúäóÏó ÇáúÍöãúíóÑöíøó¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÍõÑõæÝõåóÇ ßõáøõåóÇ ãõäúÝóÕöáóÉð¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóãúäóÚõæäó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉó ãöäú ÊóÚóáøõãöåóÇ ÝóáóÇ íóÊóÚóÇØóÇåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåöãú¡ ÍóÊøóì ÌóÇÁóÊú ÏóæúáóÉõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöÌóãöíÚö Çáúíóãóäö ãóäú íóßúÊõÈõ æóíóÞúÑóÃõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÞúÑöíÒöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõØóØö: ÇáúÞóáóãõ ÇáúãõÓúäóÏõ¡ åõæó ÇáúÞóáóãõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäú ÃóÞúáóÇãö ÍöãúíóÑó æóãõáõæßö ÚóÇÏò. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÇáúÂäó Ãóäøó ÇáúÍõÑõæÝó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚúãóáóÉó Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ßõáøöåö ÈöÕóÑúÝö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Úóäö ÇááøõÛóÇÊö ÇáúãóäúØõæÞö ÈöåóÇ åöíó ËóáóÇËóÉñ ÝóÞóØú¡ ÇáúÎóØøõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøõ ÈöÍõÑõæÝö ÃóáöÝò ÈóÇÁò æóÈöåóÇ áõÛóÇÊõ ÇáÔøóÑúÞö. æóÇáúÍõÑõæÝõ ÇááøóÇÊöíäöíøóÉõ æóÈöåóÇ áõÛóÇÊõ ÃõæÑõæÈøóÇ æóÇáúÍõÑõæÝõ ÇáÕøöíäöíøóÉõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇááøõÛóÇÊõ¡ æóåöíó ÝóæúÞó ÃóáúÝóíú áõÛóÉò «æóÇáúÃóãúåóÑöíøóÉõ ÈöÍóÑúÝò ÞóÑöíÈò ãöäó ÇááøóÇÊöíäöíøö» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÃóæøóáöíøóÉõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãóØóÇáöÚö ÇáäøóÕúÑöíøóÉö: ÝóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóæóÇÆöáö.
æóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÒúåöÑö Ýöí ÇáäøóæúÚö ÇáËøóÇäöí æóÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ íóÑóì Ãóäøó ÂÏóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ßóÊóÈó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÇÊö ßõáøóåóÇ ãöäú æóÖúÚöåö¡ ßóÇäó ÞóÏú ßóÊóÈóåóÇ Ýöí Øöíäò æóØóÈóÎóåõ¡ íóÚúäöí(9/23)
ÃóÍúÑóÞóåõ æóÏóÝóäóåõ ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö ÈöËóáóÇËöãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò¡ æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáØøõæÝóÇäö æóÌóÏó ßõáøõ Þóæúãò ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ÝóÊóÚóáøóãõæåõ¡ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ßöÊóÇÈðÇ¡ ÝóÊóÚóáøóãõæåõ ÈöÅöáúåóÇãò Åöáóåöíøò.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó Ãóæøóáó ãóäú ÎóØøó ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇáó ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÒúåöÑö ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ äóÞúáðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÝóÇÑöÓò ÇáÔøöÏúíóÇÞöíøö.
æóÚóäö ÇáúÚóÓúßóÑöíøö Úóäö ÇáúÃóæóÇÆöáö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃóÞúæóÇáñ¡ ÝóÞöíáó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ¡ æóÞöíáó ãöÑóÇÑõ Èúäõ ãõÑøóÉó¡ æóåõãóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóäúÈóÇÑö¡ æóÝöí Ðóáößó íóÞõæáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
ßóÊóÈúÊõ ÃóÈóÇ ÌóÇÏò æóÎóØøöí ãõÑóÇãöÑõ ... æóÓóæøóÑúÊõ ÓöÑúÈóÇáöí æóáóÓúÊõ ÈößóÇÊöÈ
æóÞöíáó: Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú æóÖóÚóåõ ÃóÈúÌóÏú¡ æóåóæøóÒú¡ æóÍõØøöí¡ æóßóáóãõäú¡ æóÕóÚúÝóÕú¡ æóÞóÑóÔóÊú¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ ãõáõæßðÇ ÝóÓõãøöíó ÇáúåöÌóÇÁõ ÈöÃóÓúãóÇÆöåöãú.
æóÐõßöÑó Úóäö ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙö ÃóÈöí ØóÇåöÑò ÇáÓøóáóÝöíøö ÈöÓóäóÏöåö Úóäö ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö ÞóÇáó: Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ßóÊóÈó ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÍóÑúÈõ Èúäõ ÃõãóíøóÉó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÔóãúÓò¡ ÊóÚóáøóãó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍöíÑóÉö¡ æóÊóÚóáøóãó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÍöíÑóÉö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóäúÈóÇÑö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãóÕóÇÍöÝö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ Úóäú ãõÌóÇáöÏò Úóäö ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö ÞóÇáó: ÓóÃóáúäóÇ ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ãöäú Ãóíúäó ÊóÚóáøóãúÊõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÊóÚóáøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍöíÑóÉö¡ æóÓóÃóáúäóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáúÍöíÑóÉö: ãöäú Ãóíúäó ÊóÚóáøóãúÊõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóäúÈóÇÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÝóÇÑöÓò: æóÇáøóÐöí äóÞõæáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÎóØøó ÊóæúÞöíÝöíøñ¡ æóÐóáößó áöÙóÇåöÑö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö Úóáøóãó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãóÇ áóãú íóÚúáóãú.
æóÞóæúáöåö: ä æóÇáúÞóáóãö æóãóÇ íóÓúØõÑõæäó [68 \ 1] .
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÈóÚöíÏò¡ Ãóäú íõæÞöÝó Çááøóåõ ÂÏóãó Ãóæú ÛóíúÑóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãõÎúÊóÑóÚðÇ ÇÎúÊóÑóÚóåõ ãöäú ÊöáúÞóÇÁö äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÔóíúÁñ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ ÕöÍøóÊóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÎóÈóÑò ÕóÍöíÍò.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ: ÞõáúÊõ íõÄóíøöÏõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóæúÞöíÝö¡ ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÔõÞøóÉó ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: «Ãóæøóáõ ßöÊóÇÈò ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÃóÈóÇ ÌóÇÏò» .
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ãõÓúäóÏöåö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÐóÑøò¡ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ÎóØøó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö ÅöÏúÑöíÓõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ» . ÇåÜ.õõ(9/24)
æóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇáó ÇáäøõÞõæáó Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöíåö äóÞúáñ ÕóÍöíÍñ íõÞúØóÚõ Èöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáäøõÈúÐóÉó ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÝóÇÑöÓò¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÊóÚúáöíãó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÃóãúÑñ ÊóæúÞöíÝöíøñ¡ æóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ ãöäú Ãóæøóáö ßöÊóÇÈò ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÅöãúßóÇäö Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáÕøõÍõÝó áöãõæÓóì ãóßúÊõæÈóÉð.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÊóÈó ÇáúÃóáúæóÇÍó áöãõæÓóì ÈöíóÏöåö¡ æóÛóÑóÓó ÌóäøóÉó ÚóÏúäò ÈöíóÏöåö» .
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõæÓóì ÊóáóÞøóì ÃóáúæóÇÍðÇ ãóßúÊõæÈóÉð¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ ãóÚúáõæãóÉð áóåõ ÞóÈúáó ÅöäúÒóÇáöåóÇ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ áóãóÇ ÚóÑóÝóåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúÑõÝö ÇáøóÊöí äóßúÊõÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÂäó¡ ÝóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÒúåöÑö¡ æóäóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãóØóÇáöÚö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúßóáúÈöíøö Úóäú ÚóæóÇäóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ßóÊóÈó ÈöÎóØøöäóÇ åóÐóÇ. æóåõæó ÇáúÌóÒúãõ ãõÑóÇãöÑõ Èúäõ ãõÑøóÉó¡ æóÃóÓúáóãõ Èúäõ ÓöÏúÑóÉó¡ æóÚóÇãöÑõ Èúäõ ÍóÏúÑóÉó. ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÇãõæÓö. æóåõãú ãöäú ÚóÑóÈö ØóíøöÆò ÊóÚóáøóãõæåõ ãöäú ßõÊøóÇÈö ÇáúæóÍúíö áöÓóíøöÏöäóÇ åõæÏò Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ Ëõãøó Úóáøóãõæåõ Ãóåúáó ÇáúÃóäúÈóÇÑö¡ æóãöäúåõãõ ÇäúÊóÔóÑóÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö æóÇáúÍöíÑóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÚóáøóãóåóÇ ÈöÔúÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö ÃóÎõæ ÃõßóíúÏöÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö ÕóÇÍöÈö ÏóæúãóÉö ÇáúÌóäúÏóáö¡ æóßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÕõÍúÈóÉñ ÈöÍóÑúÈö Èúäö ÃõãóíøóÉó ÝóÊóÚóáøóãó ÍóÑúÈñ ãöäúåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÓóÇÝóÑó ãóÚóåõ ÈöÔúÑñ Åöáóì ãóßøóÉó ÝóÊóÒóæøóÌó ÇáÕøóåúÈóÇÁó ÈóäúÊó ÍóÑúÈò ÃõÎúÊó ÃóÈöí ÓõÝúíóÇäó. ÝóÊóÚóáøóãó ãöäúåõ ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ãóßøóÉó.
ÝóÈöåóÐóÇ ßóËõÑó ãóäú íóßúÊõÈõ ÈöãóßøóÉó ãöäú ÞõÑóíúÔò ÞõÈóíúáó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÑóÌõáñ ßöäúÏöíøñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÏóæúãóÉö ÇáúÌóäúÏóáö¡ íóãõäøõ Úóáóì ÞõÑóíúÔò ÈöÐóáößó:
áóÇ ÊóÌúÍóÏõæÇ äóÚúãóÇÁó ÈöÔúÑò Úóáóíúßõãõ ... ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ãóíúãõæäó ÇáäøóÞöíÈóÉö ÃóÒúåóÑóÇ
ÃóÊóÇßõãú ÈöÎóØøö ÇáúÌóÒúãö ÍóÊøóì ÍóÝöÙúÊõãõæ ... ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö ãóÇ ÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÔóÊøóì ãõÈóÚúËóÑðÇ
æóÃóÊúÞóäúÊõãõæ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöÇáúãóÇáö ãõåúãóáðÇ ... æóØóãúÃóäúÊõãõæ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ ãõÈóÞøóÑðÇ
ÝóÃóÌúÑóíúÊõãõ ÇáúÃóÞúáóÇãó ÚóæúÏðÇ æóÈóÏúÃóÉð ... æóÖóÇåóíúÊõãú ßõÊøóÇÈó ßöÓúÑóì æóÞóíúÕóÑðÇ
æóÃóÛúäóíúÊõãõ Úóäú ãõÓúäóÏò Åöáóì ÍöãúíóÑóÇ ... æóãóÇ ÒóÈóÑóÊú Ýöí ÇáÕøõÍúÝö ÃóÞúáóÇãõ ÍöãúíóÑóÇ
ÞóÇáó: æóßóÐóáößó ÐóßóÑó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò äóÞóáó Úóäö ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÊóÈõæÇ ÇáÑøöÈóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÈöÇáúæóÇæö ; áöÃóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÒö ÊóÚóáøóãõæÇ ÇáúÎóØøó ãóäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍöíÑóÉö¡ æóáõÛóÊõåõãõ ÇáÑøöÈóæÇ¡ ÝóÚóáøóãõæåõãú ÕõæÑóÉó ÇáúÎóØøö Úóáóì áõÛóÊöåöãú. ÇåÜ.õõ(9/25)
ßóáøóÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóíóØúÛóì (6) Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì (7)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö¡ áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÊóÚúáöíãóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúÞóáóãö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ãóÚó ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóæóÌóÏóÇ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ æóÚóáøóãúäóÇåõ ãöäú áóÏõäøóÇ ÚöáúãðÇ [18 \ 65] .
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «äóÝóËó Ýöí ÑõæÚöí Ãóäøóåõ áóäú ÊóãõæÊó äóÝúÓñ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÓúÊóßúãöáó ÑöÒúÞóåóÇ æóÃóÌóáóåóÇ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáÑøõÞúíóÉö ÈöÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö áöãóäú áóÏúÛóÊúåõ ÇáúÚóÞúÑóÈõ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáÓøóÑöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÑõÞúíóÉñ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÔóíúÁñ äóÝóËó Ýöí ÑõæÚöí» .
æóÍóÏöíËö Úóáöíøò áóãøóÇ ÓõÆöáó «åóáú ÎóÕøóßõãú ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÚöáúãò¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóåúãðÇ íõÄúÊöíåö Çááøóåõ ãóäú ÔóÇÁó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö. æóãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøóÍöíÝóÉö» .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóíõÚóáøöãõßõãõ Çááøóåõ [2 \ 282] . äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó Úöáúãó ãóÇ áóãú äóÚúáóãú¡ æóÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöãóÇ äóÚúáóãõ. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóíóØúÛóì Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì. ÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúäóÇÁó ãõæÌöÈñ áöáØøõÛúíóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóáóÝúÙõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö åõäóÇ ÚóÇãøñ¡ æóáóßöäú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö íóÓúÊóÛúäóì æóáóÇ íóØúÛóì¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÇáúãóÎúÕõæÕö¡ æóãõÎóÕøöÕõåõ ÅöãøóÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóæú ãöäú ÎóÇÑöÌò ÚóäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÝöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ¡ Ãóíú: Åöäú ÑóÃóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ äóÝúÓóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÑóÃúíðÇ æóÇåöãðÇ æóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÎöáóÇÝó Ðóáößó¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó íóØúÛóì¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúäóÇÁõ åõæó ÓóÈóÈõ ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö.
æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Ðóãøõ ÇáúÚóÇÆöáö ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÚó ÝóÞúÑöåö íóÑóì äóÝúÓóåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì¡ Ýóåõæó ãóÚúäöíøñ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö áóÇ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÛöäóÇåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ãöäú ÎóÇÑöÌö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Ïóáøó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ØóÛóì æóÂËóÑó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÌóÍöíãó åöíó ÇáúãóÃúæóì [79 \ 37 - 39] ¡ ÝóÅöíËóÇÑõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ åõæó ãõæÌöÈõ ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö¡ æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóãóÚó ãóÇáðÇ æóÚóÏøóÏóåõ íóÍúÓóÈõ Ãóäøó ãóÇáóåõ ÃóÎúáóÏóåõ ßóáøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [104 \ 2 - 4] .(9/26)
æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ: Ãóäøó ãóäú áóãú íõÄúËöÑö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÍúÓóÈú Ãóäøó ãóÇáóåõ ÃóÎúáóÏóåõ¡ Ýóáóäú íõØúÛöíóåõ ãóÇáõåõ æóáóÇ ÛöäóÇåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáäøóÝóÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÃóÈúÑóÕö æóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÚö ãöäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÃóæúÓóÚö Ûöäðì Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ ÂÊóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ãõáúßðÇ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöÃóÍóÏò ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøöí ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊõ ÍõÈøó ÇáúÎóíúÑö Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÑóÈøöí ÍóÊøóì ÊóæóÇÑóÊú ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö ÑõÏøõæåóÇ Úóáóíøó ÇáúÂíóÉó [38 \ 32] .
æóÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö: áóãøóÇ ÔõÛöáó ÈöÈõÓúÊóÇäöåö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íöíäó ÑóÃóì ÇáØøóÇÆöÑó áóÇ íóÌöÏõ ÝõÑúÌóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÃóÛúÕóÇäö¡ íóäúÝõÐõ ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÞóÇáó: «íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Åöäøöí ÝõÊöäúÊõ ÈöÈõÓúÊóÇäöí Ýöí ÕóáóÇÊöí¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö» ÝóÚóÑóÝúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÛöäóì æóÍúÏóåõ áóíúÓó ãõæÌöÈðÇ áöáØøõÛúíóÇäö¡ æóáóßöäú ÅöÐóÇ ÕóÍöÈóåõ ÅöíËóÇÑõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ØõÛúíóÇäõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö ãöäú áóæóÇÒöãöåóÇ áóæú áóãú íóßõäú Ûöäðì Åöäøó ÇáäøóÝúÓó áóÃóãøóÇÑóÉñ ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö [12 \ 53] . æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞöí ãöäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÊøóåúÐöíÈõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÈóÓóØó Çááøóåõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö áóÈóÛóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóßöäú íõäóÒøöáõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 27] .
æóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑó Úóäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÊóÍúÞöíÞõ Ðóáößó Íöíäó ÞóÇáó: ÃóáóíúÓó áöí ãõáúßõ ãöÕúÑó æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöí ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó [43 \ 51] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÑõæäõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõæÊöíÊõåõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò ÚöäúÏöí [28 \ 78] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ËóÇáöËõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ãöäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó: «ÅöäøóãóÇ æóÑöËúÊõåõ ßóÇÈöÑðÇ Úóäú ßóÇÈöÑò» ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö. ÝóáóÇ íóÒöíÏõåõ ÛöäóÇåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÊóæóÇÖõÚðÇ æóÔõßúÑðÇ áöáäøöÚúãóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ: ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáö ÑóÈøöí áöíóÈúáõæóäöí ÃóÃóÔúßõÑõ Ãóãú ÃóßúÝõÑõ æóãóäú ÔóßóÑó ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÔúßõÑõ áöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÝóÅöäøó ÑóÈøöí Ûóäöíøñ ßóÑöíãñ [27 \ 78] ¡ æóÞóÏú äóÕøó Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÔóßóÑó Çááøóåó: ÝóÊóÈóÓøóãó ÖóÇÍößðÇ ãöäú ÞóæúáöåóÇ æóÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÃóæúÒöÚúäöí Ãóäú ÃóÔúßõÑó äöÚúãóÊóßó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÚóãúÊó Úóáóíøó æóÚóáóì æóÇáöÏóíøó æóÃóäú ÃóÚúãóáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÊóÑúÖóÇåõ æóÃóÏúÎöáúäöí ÈöÑóÍúãóÊößó Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏößó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó [27 \ 19] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÚõãõæãö Þóæúáõåõ: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÃóÔõÏøóåõ æóÈóáóÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÃóæúÒöÚúäöí Ãóäú ÃóÔúßõÑó äöÚúãóÊóßó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÚóãúÊó Úóáóíøó æóÚóáóì æóÇáöÏóíøó æóÃóäú ÃóÚúãóáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÊóÑúÖóÇåõ æóÃóÕúáöÍú áöí Ýöí ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí Åöäøöí ÊõÈúÊõ Åöáóíúßó æóÅöäøöí ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó [46 \ 15] .
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáúæóÝöíÑö Ýóáóãú íóÒöÏúåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÞõÑúÈðÇ áöáøóåö¡ ßóÚõËúãóÇäó Èúäö ÚóÝøóÇäó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÚóæúÝò¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö(9/27)
ßóáøóÇ áóÆöäú áóãú íóäúÊóåö áóäóÓúÝóÚðÇ ÈöÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö (15) äóÇÕöíóÉò ßóÇÐöÈóÉò ÎóÇØöÆóÉò (16)
ÑóÈúØñ áóØöíÝñ ÈöÃóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÚóáóÞò¡ æóåöíó ÃóÍúæóÌõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Åöáóì áõØúÝö Çááøóåö æóÚöäóÇíóÊöåö æóÑóÍúãóÊöåö Ýöí ÑóÍöãö Ãõãøöåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈöåóÇ ãõÖúÛóÉñ Ëõãøó ÚöÙóÇãñ¡ Ëõãøó ÊõßúÓóì áóÍúãðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÊõäúÔóÃõ ÎóáúÞðÇ ÂÎóÑó¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí Åöáóì ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ØöÝúáðÇ ÑóÖöíÚðÇ áóÇ íóãúáößõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÈõßóÇÁó¡ ÝóíõÌúÑöí Çááøóåõ áóåõ äóåúÑóíúäö ãöäú áóÈóäö Ãõãøöåö¡ Ëõãøó íõäúÈöÊõ áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúäóÇäó¡ æóíóÝúÊöÞõ áóåõ ÇáúÃóãúÚóÇÁó¡ Ëõãøó íóÔöÈøõ æóíóÕöíÑõ ÛõáóÇãðÇ íóÇÝöÚðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÇÈúÊóáóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö Ãóæö ÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó íóäúÓóì ßõáøó ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóíóäúÓóì ÍóÊøóì ÑóÈøóåõ æóíóØúÛóì æóíóÊóÌóÇæóÒõ ÍóÏøóåõ ÍóÊøóì ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÎóÇáöÞöåö æóÑóÇÒöÞöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÑóÏøó Úóáóíúåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 77 - 79] .
æóãöãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú áõØúÝö ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì¡ Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí æóÞóÚó Ýöíåö Úóäú æóåúãò¡ ÊóÑóÇÁóì áóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì ÓóæóÇÁñ ÈöãóÇáöåö Ãóæú ÈöÞõæøóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúãóÇáö æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÌöÈóÇáðÇ¡ áóíúÓó áóåõ ãöäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ Ãóßóáó æóáóÈöÓó æóÃóäúÝóÞó.
æóåóáú íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ Ãóäú íóÃúßõáó áõÞúãóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÑöÖó ÝóãóÇÐóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõ ãóÇáõåõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóßóáóåóÇ æóåóáú íóÓúÊóÝöíÏõ ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöäöÚúãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö.
æóãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóÎóÐó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÛóäöíøó ÇáÔøóÇßöÑó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÞöíÑö ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÛöäóì ãõæÌöÈñ áöáØøõÛúíóÇäö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö: ÇáÕøóÈúÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö¡ ÃóÔóÏøõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÈúÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÆöäú áóãú íóäúÊóåö áóäóÓúÝóÚðÇ ÈöÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö äóÇÕöíóÉò ßóÇÐöÈóÉò ÎóÇØöÆóÉò
. ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö: ÃóÓúäóÏó ÇáúßóÐöÈó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö¡ æóÝöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎúÑóì ÃóÓúäóÏóåõ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÝúÊóÑöí ÇáúßóÐöÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúßóÇÐöÈõæäó [16 \ 105] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉó æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÕóÇÍöÈóåóÇ Úóáóì ÃõÓúáõæÈò áöÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÈóÚúÖö æóÅöíÑóÇÏö Çáúßõáøö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò æóÊóÈøó [111 \ 1] .
æóÇáøóÐöí íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóÚúÖó ÇáøóÐöí íõØúáóÞõ æóíõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö Çáúßõáøõ¡ áóÇ(9/28)
ßóáøóÇ áóÇ ÊõØöÚúåõ æóÇÓúÌõÏú æóÇÞúÊóÑöÈú (19)
ÈõÏøó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÚúÖö ãöäú ãóÒöíÏö ãóÒöíøóÉò áöáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÓóÇÞö Ýöíåö ÇáúßóáóÇãõ.
ÝóãóËóáðÇ åõäóÇ Ðóãøó ÇáúßóÐöÈó æóÃóÎóÐó ÇáúßóÇÐöÈó ÈößóÐöÈöåö¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÐößúÑõ ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö æóåöíó ãõÞóÏøóãõ ÔóÚúÑö ÇáÑøóÃúÓö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÔóÏøõ äóßóÇÑóÉð Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ æóäóßóÇáðÇ Èöåö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÕøöÏúÞõ íóÑúÝóÚõ ÇáÑøóÃúÓó æóÇáúßóÐöÈõ íõäóßøöÓõåõ ÐöáøóÉð æóÎöÒúíðÇ.
ÝóßóÇäóÊú åöíó åõäóÇ ÃóäúÓóÈõ ãöäó ÇáúíóÏö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ Ýöí ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò ÊóØóÇæõáó ÈöãóÇáöåö¡ æóÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãóÐóãøóÉõ ãóÇáöåö æóßóÓúÈöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóØóÇæóáó Èöåö¡ æóÇáúíóÏõ åöíó ÌóÇÑöÍóÉõ ÇáúßóÓúÈö æóÂáóÉõ ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúíóÏõ Ãóæúáóì Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó: ÈóËøó ÇáúÃóãöíÑõ Úõíõæäóåõ: íõÑöíÏõæäó ÌóæóÇÓöíÓó áóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóíúäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ãóåóãøõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö áöãõåöãøóÊöåö Êöáúßó. æóáóãú íóÞõæáõæÇ: ÈóËøó ÃóÑúÌõáóåõ æóáóÇ ÑõÁõæÓðÇ æóáóÇ ÃóíúÏò¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ßóÇáúÚóíúäö Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö ÞõáõæÈñ íóæúãóÆöÐò æóÇÌöÝóÉñ [79 \ 8] ¡ íóÇ ÃóíøóÊõåóÇ ÇáäøóÝúÓõ ÇáúãõØúãóÆöäøóÉõ [89 \ 27] .
áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóáúÈó åõæó ãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇáúÎóæúÝö æóÇáäøóÝúÓó åöíó ãóÍóØøõ ÇáØøõãóÃúäöíäóÉö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÂÊöí: æóÇÓúÌõÏú æóÇÞúÊóÑöÈú [96 \ 19] ¡ ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏó æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏó ÃóÎóÕøõ ÕöÝóÇÊöåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúÌõÏú æóÇÞúÊóÑöÈú [96 \ 19] .
ÑóÈóØó Èóíúäó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö æóÇáöÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈö ãöäó Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÇÓúÌõÏú áóåõ æóÓóÈøöÍúåõ áóíúáðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ [76 \ 26] æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí æóÕúÝö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú: ÊóÑóÇåõãú ÑõßøóÚðÇ ÓõÌøóÏðÇ íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ [48 \ 29] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ¡ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì íóÊóÞóÑøóÈõæäó Åöáóíúåö íõÈóíøöäõ Þóæúáóåõ: æóÇÓúÌõÏú æóÇÞúÊóÑöÈú.
æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöÃóæøóáö æóåúáóÉò Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÞõÑúÈóÉò Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ ÍóíúËõ æóÌøóåó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇÓúÊóÚöíäõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö [2 \ 45] .
æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóåõæó ÓóÇÌöÏñ» .(9/29)
ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö.
ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ áöáúÞõÑúÂäö ÞóØúÚðÇ.
æóÍóßóì ÇáúÃóáõæÓöíøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó¡ æóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ Ãóäøó åõäóÇßó ÞóæúáðÇ ÖóÚöíÝðÇ áóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áöÌöÈúÑöíáó.
æóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ Úóäö ÇáÖøóÚúÝö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ ÝöíåóÇ [97 \ 4] .
æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõæÍõ åõäóÇ åõæó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ áöÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÌöíÁó ÈöÖóãöíÑö ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö¡ ÊóÚúÙöíãðÇ áöÔóÃúäö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÅöÔúÚóÇÑðÇ ÈöÚõáõæøö ÞóÏúÑöåö.
æóÞóÏú íõÞóÇáõ: ÐößúÑõ ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ãõÔúÚöÑóÉñ Èöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁóÊú: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúãóÞúÑõæÁó¡ æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáõ Ýöí ÅöäøóÇ¡ æóäóÇ Ýöí ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãõÓúÊóÚúãóáñ áöáúÌóãúÚö æóáöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö¡ æóãöËúáõåóÇ äóÍúäõ¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äóÒøóáúäóÇ ÇáÐøößúÑó [15 \ 9] ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåöãóÇ åõäóÇ ÇáÊøóÚúÙöíãõ ÞóØúÚðÇ áöÇÓúÊöÍóÇáóÉö ÇáÊøóÚóÏøõÏö Ãóæú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌóãúÚö.
ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÈöÇááøóÝúÙö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ äóÒøóáó ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåðÇ ãóËóÇäöíó [39 \ 23] ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÖøóãóÇÆöÑö ÊóÚúÙöíãõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúãóÚúäóì æóÈöÇáöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáö ÅöäøóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ ãóÞóÇãõ ÊóÚúÙöíãò æóÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕò áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ æóãöËúáõåõ: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó [108 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ äõæÍðÇ [71 \ 1] ¡ ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äõÍúíöí æóäõãöíÊõ [50 \ 43] ¡ æóÅöäúÒóÇáõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäøóÉñ ÚõÙúãóì.(9/30)
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó Úóáóì ÊóÚúÙöíãö ÇáúãöäøóÉö æóÊóÚúÙöíãö Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Åöáóíúßó ãõÈóÇÑóßñ áöíóÏøóÈøóÑõæÇ ÂíóÇÊöåö [38 \ 29] ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ÈöÖóãöíÑö ÇáÊøóÚúÙöíãö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó Ýöí æóÕúÝö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö: ãõÈóÇÑóßñ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáÊøóäúÕöíÕõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÂíóÉö Õ åóÐöåö: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Åöáóíúßó ãõÈóÇÑóßñ.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÖøóãóÇÆöÑõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÕöíóÛö ÇáúÌóãúÚö áöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö æóÈöÕöíóÛö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö¡ Ýóãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÌóãúÚö ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøöí ÌóÇÚöáñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÎóáöíÝóÉð [2 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøöí ÎóÇáöÞñ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöäú Øöíäò [38 \ 71] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøöí ÃóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 30] .
æóíõáóÇÍóÙõ Ýöí ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö: ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚö ÇáÊøóÚúÙöíãö æóÇáúÅöÌúáóÇáö¡ ßóÇáúÃóæøóáö Ýöí ãóÞóÇãö ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ãöäú Øöíäò¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýöí ãóÞóÇãö Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ ÝóÓóæóÇÁñ ÌöíÁó ÈöÖóãöíÑò ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ãóæö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö¡ ÝóÝöíåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ ÊóÚúÙöíãñ áöáøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÓóæóÇÁñ ÈöäóÕøöåóÇ æóÃóÕúáö ÇáúæóÖúÚö Ãóæú ÈöÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉö Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö.
Ëõãøó ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõäúÒóáö áóíúáóÉó ÇáúÞóÏúÑö¡ åóáú åõæó Çáúßõáøõ Ãóæö ÇáúÈóÚúÖõ¿
ÝóÞöíáó: æóåõæó ÑóÃúíõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Ãóäøóåõ ÃóæóÇÆöáõ Êöáúßó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÝóÞóØú Ãóíú: ÈöÏóÇíóÉõ ÇáúæóÍúíö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ ÞóÇáó: «Ëõãøó ÊóÊóÇáóì äõÒõæáõ ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó æóßóÇäó Èóíúäó Ãóæøóáöåö æóÂÎöÑöåö ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÓóäóÉð» .
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúãõäúÒóáõ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇááøóíúáóÉö¡ åõæó ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÌõãúáóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ æóßõáøõåõ Åöáóì ÓóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÕóÇÑó íóäúÒöáõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõäóÌøóãðÇ ÍóÓóÈó ÇáúæóÞóÇÆöÚö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ åõæó ÑóÃúíõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ [2 \ 185] ¡ æóÍóßøóÇåõ ÇáúÃóáõæÓöíøõ æóÍóßóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó.
æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí¡ æóáöÔóíúÎö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Þóæúáñ íóÌúãóÚõ Ýöíåö Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑóíúäö¡(9/31)
æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö¡ æóíõãúßöäõ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ÈöÃóäú íóßõæäó äóÒóáó ÌõãúáóÉð Åöáóì ÓóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö¡ æóÈóÏúÁö äõÒõæáö Ãóæøóáöåö: ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó [96 \ 1] ¡ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÃõËöíÑó Íóæúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÌöÏóÇáñ æóäöÞóÇÔñ ßóáóÇãöíøñ Íóæúáó ßóíúÝöíøóÉö äõÒõæáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃóÏúÎóáõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÎóáúÞö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃóäøó ÌöÈúÑöíáó äóÞóáóåõ ãöäó ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙö¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íóÊóßóáøóãú Èöåö ÚöäúÏó äõÒõæáöåö Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÞóÏú ÓõÆöáó ÓóãóÇÍóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ æóßõÊöÈó ÌóæóÇÈõåõ æóØõÈöÚó¡ ÝóßóÇäó ßóÇÝöíðÇ. æóÞóÏú äóÞóáó Ýöíåö ßóáóÇãó ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì Êóßóáøóãó Èöåö ÚöäúÏó æóÍúíöåö¡ æóÑóÏøó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔõÈúåóÉò Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ Èóíúäó ßóæúäöåö Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙö æóäõÒõæáöåö Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÌõãúáóÉð¡ æóäõÒõæáöåö Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõäóÌøóãðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ßóæúäóåõ Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇááøóæúÍó Ýöíåö ßõáøõ ãóÇ åõæó ßóÇÆöäñ æóãóÇ Óóíóßõæäõ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö Ðóáößó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóíõäúÒöáõåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóäõÒõæáõåõ ÌõãúáóÉð Åöáóì ÓóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö äóÞúáö ÌõÒúÁò ãöãøóÇ Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö æóåõæó ÌõãúáóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäó ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙö ßóÛóíúÑöåö ãöãøóÇ åõæó Ýöíåö¡ æóãóæúÌõæÏðÇ Ýöí ÓóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ëõãøó íóäúÒöáõ Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõäóÌøóãðÇ.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÂäó åõæó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙö¡ áóãú íóÎúáõ ãöäúåõ ÇááøóæúÍõ¡ æóÞóÏú íõÓúÊóÏóáøõ áöÅöäúÒóÇáöåö ÌõãúáóÉð Ëõãøó ÊóäúÒöíáöåö ãõäóÌøóãðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äóÒøóáúäóÇ ÇáÐøößúÑó æóÅöäøóÇ áóåõ áóÍóÇÝöÙõæäó [15 \ 9] ; áöÃóäøó äóÒøóáó ÈöÇáÊøóÖúÚöíÝö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑö ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ [97 \ 4] ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ßõáøö áóíúáóÉö ÞóÏúÑò.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ¡ ÝóÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÊóÝúÕöíáó ÊóäúÒöíáöåö ãõÝóÑøóÞðÇ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó æóÛóíúÑöåö Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÖóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÖóÑóÈóÊö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈöÃóÌúäöÍóÊöåóÇ ÎõÖúÚóÇäðÇ áöÞóæúáöåö: ßóÃóäøóåõ ÓöáúÓöáóÉñ Úóáóì ÕóÝúæóÇäò íóäúÝõÐõåõãú Ðóáößó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÝõÒøöÚó Úóäú ÞõáõæÈöåöãú. ÞóÇáõæÇ: ãóÇÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßõãú¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÍóÞøó¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóáöíøõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö.(9/32)
áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò (3)
æóÝöí ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÛóíúÑöåö: «ÅöÐóÇ Êóßóáøóãó Çááøóåõ ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö ÓóãöÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÕóáúÕóáóÉð ßóÌóÑøö ÇáÓøöáúÓöáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÝúæóÇäö» .
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙö ÍöíäóãóÇ ÌóÑóì ÇáúÞóáóãõ ÈöãóÇ åõæó ßóÇÆöäñ æóãóÇ Óóíóßõæäõ¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÑóì äóÞúáõåõ Åöáóì ÓóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÌõãúáóÉð Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö¡ Ëõãøó äóÒóáó ãõäóÌøóãðÇ Ýöí ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÓóäóÉð. æóßõáøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÅöäúÒóÇáó ÔóíúÁò ãöäúåõ Êóßóáøóãó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íõäúÒöáóåõ¡ ÝóíóÓúãóÚõåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóäö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. æóáóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Èóíúäó Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáËøóáóÇËö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÕõæóÑö ßóíúÝöíøóÉö äõÒõæáö ÇáúæóÍúíö æóÊóáóÞøöí ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöáúæóÍúíö.
æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóì ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö Ãóíú: ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ýöí ÔóÃúäö áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÊóÚúÙöíãðÇ áóåóÇ¡ Ýóáóãú Êóßõäú ÙóÑúÝðÇ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ãõãúßöäðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÅöÚúÙóÇãó áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö æóÈóíóÇäó ãóäúÒöáóÊöåóÇ ÞóÏú äóÒóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÞõÑúÂäñ ÝöÚúáðÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò [97 \ 2 - 3] ¡ Åöáóì ÂÎóÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
æóÚóáóíúåö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÔóÃúäö ÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÈóíóÇäö ÙóÑúÝö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ æóÂÎöÑõ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö æóÈóíóÇäö ãóäúÒöáóÊöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑóÊú áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ãõÈúåóãóÉð¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Ýöíåö¡ æóåõæó ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ [2 \ 185] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÏøõÎóÇäö ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÇááøóíúáóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ íõÈúÑóãõ ßõáøõ ÃóãúÑò Íóßöíãò¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú áóíúáóÉó ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÔóÚúÈóÇäó ßóãóÇ íóÒúÚõãõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÍößúãóÉö ãöäú ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö ãõÝóÑøóÞðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Åöáóíúßó ãõÈóÇÑóßñ áöíóÏøóÈøóÑõæÇ ÂíóÇÊöåö æóáöíóÊóÐóßøóÑó Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö [38 \ 29] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò.
ÇáúÞóÏúÑõ: ÇáÑøöÝúÚóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÞóÏúÑõ: ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãöÞúÏóÇÑö.(9/33)
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÅöãúáóÇÁö æóæóÌúåö ÊóÓúãöíóÊöåóÇ áóíúáóÉó ÇáúÞóÏúÑö Ýöíåö æóÌúåóÇäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáÔøóÑóÝõ æóÇáÑøöÝúÚóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ: ÝõáóÇäñ Ðõæ ÞóÏúÑò¡ Ãóíú: ÑöÝúÚóÉò æóÔóÑóÝò.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÓõãøöíóÊú áóíúáóÉó ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì íõÞóÏøöÑõ ÝöíåóÇ æóÞóÇÆöÚó ÇáÓøóäóÉö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉò ãõÈóÇÑóßóÉò ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõäúÐöÑöíäó ÝöíåóÇ íõÝúÑóÞõ ßõáøõ ÃóãúÑò Íóßöíãò ÃóãúÑðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ [44 \ 3 - 5] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÏøõÎóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöáúæóÌúåö ÇáúÃóæøóáö æóåõæó ÇáúÞóÏúÑõ æóÇáÑøöÝúÚóÉõ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò.
ÝóÇáÊøóÓóÇÄõáõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö áöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ [101 \ 1 - 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò¡ Ýöíåö ÇáäøóÕøõ ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð Úóáóì Úõáõæøö ÞóÏúÑöåóÇ æóÑöÝúÚóÊöåóÇ¡ ÅöÐú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÚúÏöáõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóãóäö ÝóæúÞó ËóáóÇËò æóËóãóÇäöíäó ÓóäóÉð¡ Ãóíú ÝóæúÞó ãõÊóæóÓøöØö ÃóÚúãóÇÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö.
æóÃóíúÖðÇ ßóæúäõåóÇ ÇÎúÊóÕøóÊú ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÈöÊóäóÒøõáö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö æóÇáÑøõæÍö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÈößóæúäöåóÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ åöíó ÍóÊøóì ãóØúáóÚö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ áóÝöíåö ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉõ ÈöãóÇ áóãú ÊóÎúÊóÕøó æóÊõÔóÇÑößúåóÇ Ýöíåö áóíúáóÉñ ãöäú áóíóÇáöí ÇáÓøóäóÉö.
æóÚóáóíúåö: ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÓõãøöíóÊú ÈöáóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö¡ áößóæúäöåóÇ ãóÍóáøðÇ áöÊóÞúÏöíÑö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóäóÉò¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ æóÈöÛóíúÑöåö ÚóáóÇ ÞóÏúÑõåóÇ æóÚóÙõãó ÔóÃúäõåóÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÊóÐúßöíÑñ ÈöäöÚúãóÉò ßõÈúÑóì: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ÊóÊóÖóÇÚóÝõ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇááøóíúáóÉö¡ ÍóÊøóì Êóßõæäó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÕøö ÇáúßóÑöíãö. ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÕóÇÏóÝóåóÇ ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö íõÕóáøöí¡ æóÕóáóÇÉñ Ýöíåö ÈöÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò¡ Ýóßóãú Êóßõæäõ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉõ æóÚöÙóãõ ÇáúãöäøóÉö¡ ãöäó ÇáúãõäúÚöãö ÇáúãõÊóÝóÖøöáö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ Åöäøóåõ áóãöãøóÇ íõÚúáöí ÇáúåöãøóÉó æóíõÚóÙøöãõ ÇáÑøóÛúÈóÉó.
æóÞóÏö ÇÞúÊóÕóÑúÊõ Úóáóì ÐößúÑö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö Ïõæäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ ãóÚó ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö(9/34)
Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÞóÇáó ÈöãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö Ýöíåö.
ßóÐóáößó Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉó Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ßóÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉö Ýöí ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò¡ æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ íõÍóÇÓóÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Úóáóì ãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÎóØóÑõ ÃóÚúÙóãó¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÃóÓúáóãó.
æóáóÚóáøó ãóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó áóíóÇáöíó ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ßõáøóåóÇ¡ ßóÇäóÊú áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóËúÈóÊóåóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ßóÇÝøóÉð¡ æóÇÏøóÚóÊö ÇáÔøöíÚóÉõ äóÓúÎóåóÇ æóÑóÝúÚóåóÇ ßõáøöíøóÉð¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íõáúÊóÝóÊõ Åöáóíúåö áöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÔöÈúåö ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑóÉö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
áóãú íóÃúÊö ÊóÍúÏöíÏñ áöÊöáúßó ÇááøóíúáóÉö ãöäú Ãóíøö ÑóãóÖóÇäó Êóßõæäõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÅöíÑóÇÏö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö.
ÝóÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáõ ãöäúåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÚóãøö ãóÇ íóßõæäõ¡ ãöäú ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú Úõãõæãö ÇáÓøóäóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóãú íóÃúÊö ÈöÌóÏöíÏò¡ æóåõæó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏó.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÍóÓóÈõ Úõãõæãö äóÕøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö ãöäúåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÈúáóåõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæöÊúÑö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÈúáóåõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÂÍóÇÏö ÇáúæöÊúÑö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö.
ÝóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóì æóÚöÔúÑöíäó.
æóÞöíáó: ËóáóÇËò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó.
æóÞöíáó: ÎóãúÓò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó.
æóÞöíáó: ÓóÈúÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó.
æóÞöíáó: ÊöÓúÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó.
æóÞöíáó: ÂÎöÑõ áóíúáóÉò ãöäú ÑóãóÖóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÚúíöíäö¡ æóÝöí ßõáøò ãöäú Ðóáößó äõÕõæÕñ.
æóáóßöäøó ÃóÔúåóÑóåóÇ æóÃóßúËóÑóåóÇ æóÃóÕóÍøóåóÇ¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈúÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ æóÅöÍúÏóì(9/35)
æóÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ æóáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó Åöáóì ÓóÑúÏö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Ýöí ßõáøö Ðóáößó¡ Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó ßöÊóÇÈñ ãöäú ßõÊõÈö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÅöáøóÇ ÐóßóÑóåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ßõáøõ ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáøóÊöí æóÑóÏóÊú Ýöí ÇáúæöÊúÑö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö ÕóÍöíÍóÉð¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÏóÇÆöÑóÉð ÈóíúäóåóÇ¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú ÈöáóÇÒöãóÉò Ýöí áóíúáóÉò ãöäúåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ÚóäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ Ýöí ÓóäóÉò åöíó áóíúáóÉõ ÅöÍúÏóì æóÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ Ýöí ÓóäóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì áóíúáóÉõ ÎóãúÓò Ãóæú ÓóÈúÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ æóÝöí ÃõÎúÑóì áóíúáóÉõ ËóáóÇËò Ãóæú ÊöÓúÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÏú Íóßóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäú ãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÍúãóÏó æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÔúÈóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÏú Þöíáó: Åöäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÏú ÃõäúÓöíóåóÇ¡ áöÊóÌúÊóåöÏó ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáÔøóåúÑö ßõáøöåö Ãóæú Ýöí ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö ÇÚúÊößóÇÝõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÇáúÊöãóÇÓðÇ áöáóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÝóÖúáöåóÇ ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÝóÇÖóÊú Èöåö ßõÊõÈõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ æóíóßúÝöí ÝöíåóÇ äóÕøõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇááøóíúáóÉö ãóÈóÇÍöËõ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ íóØõæáõ ÊóÊóÈøõÚõåóÇ¡ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõ ãöäú ÃóãóÇÑóÇÊöåóÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ãõÍóÇæóáóÉõ ÇáúÈóÚúÖö ÇÓúÊöÎúÑóÇÌóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÚóáóÇÞóÊõåóÇ ÈöÍõßúãö Èóäöí ÃõãóíøóÉó¡ æóáóíúÓó Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó äóÕøñ íõãúßöäõ ÇáÊøóÚúæöíáõ Úóáóíúåö¡ áöÐóÇ áóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó Åöáóì ÅöíÑóÇÏöåö¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÃóãóÇÑóÇÊö äóåóÇÑöåóÇ ÕóÈöíÍóÊóåóÇ¡ ÍóíúËõ ÌóÇÁó ÇáÊøóäúæöíåõ Úóäú ÔóíúÁò ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «æóÑóÃóíúÊõäöí ÃóÓúÌõÏõ ÕóÈöíÍóÊóåóÇ Ýöí ãóÇÁò æóØöíäò» .
ÝóÐóßóÑõæÇ ãöäú ÚóáóÇãóÇÊö íóæúãöåóÇ Ãóäú ÊóØúáõÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÈóíúÖóÇÁó¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: áöÃóäøó ÃóäúæóÇÑó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÕõÚõæÏöåóÇ¡ ÊóÊóáóÇÞóì ãóÚó ÃóÔöÚøóÉö ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÝóÊõÍúÏöËõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈóíóÇÖó ÇáÖøóæúÁö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÃõÈóíøò Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇÚúÊöÏóÇáõ åóæóÇÆöåóÇ æóÌóæøöåóÇ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóãöãøóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ ÕöáóÉñ ÈöÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÐóÇÊöåóÇ¡ ãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÓøóáóÝö¡ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇÓúÊöÎúÑóÇÌóåóÇ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ßóáöãóÉó «åöíó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÓóáóÇãñ åöíó [97 \ 5] ¡ ÊóÞóÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚóÉó(9/36)
ÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö ÑóÈøöåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóãúÑò (4)
æóÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöäú ÚóÏøö ßóáöãóÇÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ áóíúáóÉó ÓóÈúÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó.
æóÞöíáó ÃóíúÖðÇ: Åöäøó ÍõÑõæÝó ßóáöãóÉö áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÊöÓúÚóÉõ ÃóÍúÑõÝò¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóßóÑøóÑóÊú ËóáóÇËó ãóÑøóÇÊò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÌúãõæÚõåóÇ ÓóÈúÚóÉð æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÍóÑúÝðÇ¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ áóíúáóÉó ÓóÈúÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó.
æóáóÚóáøó ÃóÕúæóÈó ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÊøóÕöáõ Ýöí áóíóÇáöí ÇáúæöÊúÑö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ÚóäúåóÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ ÝöíåóÇ.
Þöíáó: ÇáÑøõæÍõ åõæó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóäóÝóÎúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÑõæÍöäóÇ [21 \ 91] ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÝöíåóÇ Ãóíú Ýöí ÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ Ãóæú ãóÚúØõæÝñ Úóáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ãöäú ÚóØúÝö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáÑøõæÍó äóæúÚñ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ãõÓúÊóÞöáøñ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÝöíåóÇ ÙóÑúÝñ áöáäøõÒõæáö Ãóíú Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇááøóíúáóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóãúÑò.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ íóßõæäõ æóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑö æóæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøóåõ ÔóÇãöáñ áóåõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóãúÑò ãöäó ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [36 \ 82] .
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÔóÃúäöåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÏøõÎóÇäö: ÝöíåóÇ íõÝúÑóÞõ ßõáøõ ÃóãúÑò Íóßöíãò ÃóãúÑðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ [44 \ 4 - 5] .
æóÇáøóÐöí íõÝúÑóÞõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ åõæó ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑö. ÍóíúËõ íõÝúÕóáõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáÔøóÑøö æóÇáÖøõÑøö æóÇáäøóÝúÚö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÃóãúÑðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ [44 \ 8] ¡ Ýóßõáøõ ÃóãúÑò ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö íóÞúÊóÖöí ÃóãúÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑóßóÉö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚúãóáóÉö Ýöí ãóÚúäóíóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(9/37)
ÓóáóÇãñ åöíó ÍóÊøóì ãóØúáóÚö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö (5)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóáóÇãñ åöíó ÍóÊøóì ãóØúáóÚö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö.
Þöíáó: ÓóáóÇãñ åöíó Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÊõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÄúãöäò áóÞöíóÊúåõ.
æóÞöíáó: ÓóáóÇãñ åöíó Ãóíú ßõáøõ ÃóãúÑò ÝöíåóÇ Ýóåõæó ÓóáóÇãñ¡ æóáóÇ íõÕóÇÈõ ÃóÍóÏñ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÓõæÁò¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøò ÝóáóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö¡ ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäó ÇáËøóÇäöí ; áöÃóäøó ÇáËøóÇäöíó íóÌúÚóáõåóÇ ÙóÑúÝðÇ áößõáøö ÎóíúÑò¡ æóíóäúÝöí ÚóäúåóÇ ßõáøó ÔóÑøò¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ÓóáóÇãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó.
áóØöíÝóÉñ
ßóæúäõ ÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö åõäóÇ Ýöí Çááøóíúáö Ïõæäó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ ãõÔúÚöÑñ ÈöÝóÖúáö ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö Çááøóíúáö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ Åöáóì äóÙóÇÆöÑöåö¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÓúÑóì ÈöÚóÈúÏöåö áóíúáðÇ [17 \ 1] ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ: æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÊóåóÌøóÏú Èöåö äóÇÝöáóÉð áóßó [17 \ 79] ¡ æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÓóÈøöÍúåõ æóÃóÏúÈóÇÑó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö [50 \ 40] ¡ Åöäøó äóÇÔöÆóÉó Çááøóíúáö åöíó ÃóÔóÏøõ æóØúÆðÇ æóÃóÞúæóãõ ÞöíáðÇ [73 \ 6] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: ßóÇäõæÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóíúáö ãóÇ íóåúÌóÚõæäó [51 \ 17] .
æóãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ËõáõËõ Çááøóíúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö íóäúÒöáõ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Åöáóì ÓóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóíúáó ÃóÎóÕøõ ÈöÇáäøóÝóÍóÇÊö ÇáúÅöáóåöíøóÉö¡ æóÈöÊóÌóáøöíóÇÊö ÇáÑøóÈøö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ æóÐóáößó áöÎõáõæøö ÇáúÞóáúÈö æóÇäúÞöØóÇÚö ÇáÔøóæóÇÛöáö æóÓõßõæäö Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÑóåúÈóÊõåõ ÃóÞúæóì Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöÍúÖóÇÑö ÇáúÞóáúÈö æóÕóÝóÇÆöåö.(9/38)
áóãú íóßõäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉ
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóáõæÓöíøõ: æóÊõÓóãøóì ÓõæÑóÉó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÓõæÑóÉó ÇáúÈóáóÏö¡ æóÓõæÑóÉó ÇáúãõäúÝóßøöíäó¡ æóÓõæÑóÉó ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö¡ æóÓõæÑóÉó áóãú íóßõäú.
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóãú íóßõäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö íóÊúáõæ ÕõÍõÝðÇ ãõØóåøóÑóÉð ÝöíåóÇ ßõÊõÈñ ÞóíøöãóÉñ æóãóÇ ÊóÝóÑøóÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ.
ÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁóÊú ãöäú¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó æóÕúÝó ÇáúßõÝúÑö íóÔúãóáõ ßõáøðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó áóíúÓõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáúÚóØúÝö¡ æóÃóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóíúÓõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãöíäó æóÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ æóÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö åõãõ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó åõãú ÚóÈóÏóÉõ ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö¡ æóÇáúßõÝúÑó íóÌúãóÚõ ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö.
æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãõÎúÊóÕøñ ÈöÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó åóáö ÇáÔøöÑúßõ íóÌúãóÚõåõãóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ãóãú áóÇ¿
ÝóÈóíúäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö Úõãõæãñ æóÎõÕõæÕñ¡ Úõãõæãñ Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÎõÕõæÕñ Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áöáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ æóÎõÕõæÕñ Ýöí ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó áöÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö.
æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãõÓóãøóì ÇáÔøöÑúßö íóÔúãóáõ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÚõÒóíúÑñ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö æóÞóÇáóÊö ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÇáúãóÓöíÍõ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõãú ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú íõÖóÇåöÆõæäó Þóæúáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÞóÇÊóáóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäøóì íõÄúÝóßõæäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÃóÍúÈóÇÑóåõãú æóÑõåúÈóÇäóåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóÇáúãóÓöíÍó ÇÈúäó ãóÑúíóãó æóãóÇ ÃõãöÑõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó [9 \ 30 - 31] .(9/39)
ÝóÌóÚóáó ãóÞóÇáóÉó ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÅöÔúÑóÇßðÇ.
æóÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó ãóäúÚõ äößóÇÍö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøóÉö æóÞóÇáó: " æóåóáú ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÅöÔúÑóÇßðÇ ãöäú ÞóæúáöåóÇ: ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ [2 \ 116] ¡ Ýóåõæó æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõÎóÇáöÝðÇ áöáúÌõãúåõæÑö Ýöí ãóäúÚö ÇáÒøóæóÇÌö ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøóÇÊö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÇÚúÊóÈóÑóåõäøó ãõÔúÑößóÇÊò.
æóáöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö æóÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö æóÞóÚó ÇáäøöÒóÇÚõ Ýöí ãõÓóãøóì ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ åóáú íóÔúãóáõ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóãú áóÇ¿ ãóÚó ÃóäøóäóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÝóÑúÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö Ýöí ãõÚóÇãóáóÉö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóãõÚóÇãóáóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ ÝóÃóÍóáøó ÐóÈóÇÆöÍó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóáóãú íõÍöáøóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ æóÃóÍóáøó äößóÇÍó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøóÇÊö æóáóãú íõÍöáøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóäúßöÍõæÇ ÇáúãõÔúÑößóÇÊö ÍóÊøóì íõÄúãöäøó [2 \ 221] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ ÊõãúÓößõæÇ ÈöÚöÕóãö ÇáúßóæóÇÝöÑö [60 \ 10] .
æóÞóÇáó: áóÇ åõäøó Íöáøñ áóåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍöáøõæäó áóåõäøó [60 \ 10] ¡ Èóíøóäó ãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøóÇÊö ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúãõÍúÕóäóÇÊõ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõãõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó [5 \ 5] ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãõÛóÇíóÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó æóÇáöÏõäóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Èóíúäó Êöáúßó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÚõÒóíúÑñ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÐößúÑõåóÇ ÌóãúÚðÇ ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ ãóÝóÇÏõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøöÑúßó ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑó ÇáúãõÎúÑöÌó ãöäó ÇáúãöáøóÉö ÃóäúæóÇÚñ¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãõÊøóÕöÝõæäó ÈöÈóÚúÖò Ïõæäó ÈóÚúÖò¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ãóÇ ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö.
æóáóÚóáøó Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÂíóÉö æóÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÚõÒóíúÑñ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö¡ ÝöíåóÇ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÖóÇåöÆõæäó Þóæúáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóíú íõÔóÇÈöåõæäóåõãú Ýöí ãóÞóÇáóÊöåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÏúÑõ ÇÊøóÕóÝó Èöåö ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøöÑúßö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÊóÐúíöíáõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó ÈóíúäóãóÇ æóÕóÝó ÚóÈóÏóÉó ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉö ÈöÇáöÇÓúãö " æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ".(9/40)
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÕöíÛóÉó ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÌóÏøõÏö æóÇáúÍõÏõæËö¡ æóÕöíÛóÉó ÇáöÇÓúãö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøóæóÇãö æóÇáËøõÈõæÊö¡ ÝóãõÔúÑößõæ ãóßøóÉó æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ÏóÇÆöãõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßö æóÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö íóÞóÚõ ãöäúåõãú ÍöíäðÇ æóÍöíäðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝúÑó ãöáøóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ ÝóæóÑøóËó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó ãöäú ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóãóäóÚó ÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóÓóÇÓö ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉö æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÈóÞöíó ÇáúãóÌõæÓõ æóÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ Ãóäøóåõãú íõÚóÇãóáõæäó ãõÚóÇãóáóÉó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áöÍóÏöíËö: «ÓõäøõæÇ Èöåöãú ÓõäøóÉó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ¡ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí «ãõäúÝóßøöíäó» ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏöíøõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÈóÓöíØö: åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäú ÃóÕúÚóÈö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö äóÙúãðÇ æóÊóÝúÓöíÑðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÎóÈøóØó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúßöÈóÇÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ áóãú íõáóÎøöÕú ßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ÝöíåóÇ.
æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ æóÌúåó ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö: Ãóäøó ÊóÞúÏöíÑó ÇáúÂíóÉö: áóãú íóßõäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ áóãú íóÐúßõÑú Ãóäøóåõãú ãõäúÝóßøõæäó Úóäú ãóÇÐóÇ¡ áóßöäøóåõ ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ åõæó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäõæÇ Úóáóíúåö.
ÝóÕóÇÑó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: áóãú íóßõäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãõäúÝóßøöíäó Úóäú ßõÝúÑöåöãú ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó æóãóÇ ÊóÝóÑøóÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøó ßõÝúÑóåõãú ÞóÏö ÇÒúÏóÇÏó ÚöäúÏó ãóÌöíÁö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ ÝóÍöíäóÆöÐò íóÍúÕõáõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÊóäóÇÞõÖñ Ýöí ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö¡ åóÐóÇ ãõäúÊóåóì ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ. ÇåÜ. ÍóÑúÝöíðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÓõÞúÊõ ßóáóÇãóåõ áöÈóíóÇäö ãóÏóì ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö¡ æóåõæó ãóÈúäöíøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÊóÇÑößöíäó: æóÚóáóíúåö ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó.
æóÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: Ãóäøó ãõäúÝóßøöíäó Ãóíú:(9/41)
ãõÑúÊóÏöÚöíäó Úóäö ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÊóÊúåõãú.
æóáóßöäú Ýöí ãõäúÝóßøöíäó¡ æóÌúåñ íóÑúÝóÚõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáó¡ æóåõæó Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÊúÑõæßöíäó áóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÊóÇÑößöíäó¡ Ãóíú: áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ãóÊúÑõæßöíäó Úóáóì ãóÇ åõãú Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáÔøöÑúßö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ãóäú íõÊúÑóßó ÓõÏðì [75 \ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Çáã ÃóÍóÓöÈó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ãóäú íõÊúÑóßõæÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ æóåõãú áóÇ íõÝúÊóäõæäó [29 \ 1 - 2] ¡ Ãóíú: áóäú íõÊúÑóßõæÇ æóÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇåõæÏõ ãóÇ ÌöÆúÊóäóÇ ÈöÈóíøöäóÉò æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöÊóÇÑößöí ÂáöåóÊöäóÇ Úóäú Þóæúáößó [11 \ 53] .
æóÞóÏú Íóßóì ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÞóæúáðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóØöíøóÉó Þóæúáõåõ: æóíóÊøóÌöåõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Þóæúáñ ËóÇáöËñ ÈóÇÑöÚõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ: áóãú íóßõäú åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÞóæúãõ ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóäóÙóÑöåö áóåõãú¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÈúÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöáóíúåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãõäúÐöÑðÇ¡ ÊóÞõæãõ Úóáóíúåöãú Èöåö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ¡ æóíõÊöãøõ Úóáóì ãóäú Âãóäó ÇáäøöÚúãóÉó¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ áöíõÊúÑóßõæÇ ÓõÏðì¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ äóÙóÇÆöÑõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇåÜ.
ÝóÞóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÚóØöíøóÉó íóÊøóÝöÞõ ãóÚó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ¡ æóíõÒöíáõ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáó ÇáúßóÈöíÑó Úóäö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ.
æóáöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Þóæúáñ Ýöí Ðóáößó äóÓõæÞõåõ áöÔõãõæáöåö¡ æóåõæó Ööãúäõ ßóáóÇãöåö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö ãõÌóáøóÏö 61 Õ 594 ÞóÇáó:
æóÝöí ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóãú íóßõäú åóÄõáóÇÁö æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ãõäúÝóßøöíäó.
ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÞúæóÇáò ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó.
åóáö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ: áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ãõäúÝóßøöíäó Úóäö ÇáúßõÝúÑö¿
Ãóæú åóáú áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ãõßóÐøöÈöíäó ÈöãõÍóãøóÏò ÍóÊøóì ÈõÚöËó¡ Ýóáóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ãöäú ãõÍóãøóÏò æóÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö ÈöäõÈõæøóÊöåö ÍóÊøóì ÈõÚöËó.
Ãóæö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ: Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ãóÊúÑõæßöíäó ÍóÊøóì íõÑúÓóáó Åöáóíúåöãú ÑóÓõæáñ.
æóäóÇÞóÔó Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáó æóÑóÏøóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: áóãú íóßõäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãõäúÝóßøöíäó¡ Ãóíú: áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ãóÊúÑõæßöíäó ÈöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú íóÝúÚóáõæäó ãóÇ íóåúæóæúäóåõ(9/42)
áóÇ ÍóÌúÑó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõäúÝóßøó áóÇ ÍóÌúÑó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó áóãú íóÞõáú ãóÝúßõæßöíäó¡ Èóáú ÞóÇáó: ãõäúÝóßøöíäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ãóÊúÑõæßöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãóÑõæäó æóáóÇ íõäúåóæúäó æóáóÇ ÊõÑúÓóáõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÑõÓõáñ.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÎóáøöíåöãú æóáóÇ íóÊúÑõßõåõãú¡ Ýóåõæó áóÇ íóÝõßøõåõãú ÍóÊøóì íóÈúÚóËó Åöáóíúåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ãóäú íõÊúÑóßó ÓõÏðì¡ áóÇ íõÄúãóÑõ¡ æóáóÇ íõäúåóì¡ Ãóíú: ÃóíóÙõäøõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ¿ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó¡ Èóáú áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íõÄúãóÑó æóíõäúåóì.
æóÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó æóÅöäøóåõ Ýöí Ãõãøö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÏóíúäóÇ áóÚóáöíøñ Íóßöíãñ ÃóÝóäóÖúÑöÈõ Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÐøößúÑó ÕóÝúÍðÇ Ãóäú ßõäúÊõãú ÞóæúãðÇ ãõÓúÑöÝöíäó [43 \ 3 - 5] . æóåóÐóÇ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ ÅöäúßóÇÑò Ãóíú: áöÃóÌúáö ÅöÓúÑóÇÝößõãú äóÊúÑõßõ ÅöäúÒóÇáó ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ æóäõÚúÑöÖõ Úóäú ÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÇáÑøõÓõáö.
ÊóÈóíøóäó ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕóÍøó Ýöí «ãõäúÝóßøöíäó» ãóÚúäóì «ãóÊúÑõæßöíäó» æóÈöåö íóÒõæáõ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ¡ æóíóÓúÊóÞöíãõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ¡ æóíóÊøóÖöÍõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö íóÊúáõæ ÕõÍõÝðÇ ãõØóåøóÑóÉð.
ÃóÌúãóáó ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉó Ëõãøó ÝóÕøóáóåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö íóÊúáõæ ÕõÍõÝðÇ.
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉó åöíó äóÝúÓõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Ýöí ÔóÎúÕöåö¡ áöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåõ ÞóÈúáó ãóÌöíÆöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãõÈóÔøöÑðÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáò íóÃúÊöí ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöí ÇÓúãõåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ [61 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåõ ßóãóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÃóÈúäóÇÁóåõãú [2 \ 146] .
ÝóßóÃóäøó æõÌõæÏóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÐóÇÊöåö ÈóíøöäóÉñ áóåõãú.
æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÂËóÇÑö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö Ãóäøóåõãú ÚóÑóÝõæÇ íóæúãó ãóæúáöÏöåö ÈöÙõåõæÑö äóÌúãö äóÈöíøö ÇáúÎöÊóÇäö Åöáóì ÂÎóÑö ÃóÎúÈóÇÑöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÓúÊóÝúÊöÍõæäó Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåõ Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóÈöãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÊøóÕöÝðÇ Èöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóãöäú Ìóãöíáö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ ÎóÏöíÌóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÈóÏúÁö ÇáúæóÍúíö áóåõ æóÝóÒóÚöåö ãöäúåõ: «ßóáøóÇ æóÇááøóåö áóäú íõÎúÒöíóßó Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåö Åöäøóßó áóÊóÍúãöáõ Çáúßóáøó æóÊõÚöíäõ Úóáóì äóæóÇÆöÈö ÇáÏøóåúÑö» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö.
æóÞóæúáö Úóãøöåö ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò: «æóÇááøóåö ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõåõ áóÚöÈó ãóÚó ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäö æóáóÇ ÚóáöãúÊõ Úóáóíúåö ßöÐúÈóÉð» ÅöáóÎú. æóÞóÏú áóÞøóÈõæåõ ÈöÇáúÃóãöíäö.(9/43)
æóÍóÇÏöËóÉõ ÔóÞøö ÇáÕøóÏúÑö Ýöí ÑöÖóÇÚöåö¡ Èóáú æóÞöíáó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÃóÈöíåö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ áóãøóÇ ÊóÚóÑøóÖóÊú áóåõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÊõÑöíÏõåõ áöäóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÈóì. æóáóãøóÇ ÊóÒóæøóÌó æóÏóÎóáó ÈöÂãöäóÉó Ãõãøö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóÞöíóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ: áóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó áöí Èößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóßóíúÝó ßõäúÊö ÊóÊóÚóÑøóÖöíäó áöí¿ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: ÑóÃóíúÊõ äõæÑðÇ Ýöí æóÌúåößó¡ ÝóÃóÍúÈóÈúÊõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó áöí¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóÒóæøóÌúÊó æóÖóÚúÊóåõ Ýöí ÂãöäóÉó æóáóãú ÃóÑóåõ Ýöíßó ÇáúÂäó¡ ÝóáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó áöí Ýöíßó.
ÝóßõáøõåóÇ ÏóáóÇÆöáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßóÇäó Ýöí ÔóÎúÕöåö ÈóíøöäóÉñ áóåõãú¡ Ëõãøó ÃóßúÑóãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÑóÓõæáðÇ íóÊúáõæ ÕõÍõÝðÇ ãõØóåøóÑóÉð¡ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÈóÇØöíáö æóÇáÒøóíúÛö æóãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊõÏöáøó Èöåö áöÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõ: æóÏóÇÚöíðÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÈöÅöÐúäöåö æóÓöÑóÇÌðÇ ãõäöíÑðÇ [33 \ 49] ÝóÚóáóíúåö íóßõæäõ «ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö» ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó «ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉö» ãóÑúÝõæÚñ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÏóáöíøóÉö¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉó ãóÇ íóÃúÊöíåöãú Èöåö ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ãöãøóÇ íóÊúáõæåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúãõØóåøóÑóÉö ÝöíåóÇ ßõÊõÈñ ÞóíøöãóÉñ.
ÝóÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ ÇáøóÐöí ÝöíåóÇ æóÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúáóäóåõ Êóßõæäõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ. æóÚóáóì ßõáøò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉó ÊóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÝóßøõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÑóÓõæáó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÑöÓóÇáóÉò ÊõÊúáóì¡ æóáóÇ ÑöÓóÇáóÉó ÊõÊúáóì ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáò íóÊúáõæåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÚõÑøöÝó áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉö¡ áöáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì æõÌõæÏö Úöáúãò ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÓúÈóÞò ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ Þöíáó: ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝóÉõ áóåõãú Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåöãú¡ æóíõÔöíÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÚöíÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÂÎóÑö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÊúÍö: Ðóáößó ãóËóáõåõãú Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö æóãóËóáõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÌöíáö ßóÒóÑúÚò ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÔóØúÃóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [48 \ 29] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝöíåóÇ ßõÊõÈñ.
ÌóãúÚõ ßöÊóÇÈò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: ßõÊõÈñ: ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóßúÊõæÈóÇÊò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: Ýöí ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúãõØóåøóÑóÉö ßõÊõÈñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÞóíøöãóÉñ. íóÐúßõÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ æóíõËúäöí Úóáóíúåö ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáËøóäóÇÁö.
æóÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇÞúÊóÕóÑó Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Åöäøó ÇáúßõÊõÈó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö¡ ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ ÈöãöËúáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáÕøöíóÇãõ [2 \ 183] æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ áóÃóÛúáöÈóäøó ÃóäóÇ æóÑõÓõáöí [58 \ 21] .(9/44)
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúßõÊõÈõ ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉõ: åöíó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáóåõ ßõÊõÈðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÃóÈúæóÇÈò ãöäó ÇáúÈóíóÇäö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: Ãóäøóåõ íõÍúÊóãóáõ Ýöí ßõÊõÈò Ãóíö: ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö¡ æóåõæó ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäú Þóæúáö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ: ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãõ ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈóÉõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÕóÍöíÍóÉð¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó ÇááøóÝúÙö ÃóÏóáøõ Úóáóì ÊóÖóãøõäö ãóÚúäóì ßõÊõÈò ãöäúåõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÃóÍúßóÇãò.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ãóÏúáõæáó «ßõÊõÈñ» Úóáóì ÙóÇåöÑöåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÊóÖóãøõäõ Êöáúßó ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúãõØóåøóÑóÉö áößõÊõÈò ÓóÇÈöÞóÉò ÞóíøöãóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ íóäõÕøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ÊõÄúËöÑõæäó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÈúÞóì [87 \ 16 - 17] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÝöí ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÕõÍõÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì [87 \ 19] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÞóæúãóäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãõæÓóì ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö [46 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: äóÒøóáó Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö æóÃóäúÒóáó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó æóÇáúÅöäúÌöíáó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ [3 \ 3 - 4] .
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÒøóáñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö [6 \ 114] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ßõÊõÈöåöãõ ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÅöäúÒóÇáõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßõãú ÂíóÇÊò ãõÈóíøöäóÇÊò æóãóËóáðÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóáóæúÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú [24 \ 34] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóÞõÕøõ Úóáóì Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáøóÐöí åõãú Ýöíåö íóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó [27 \ 76] .
æóÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãõÈóÇÑóßñ ãõÕóÏøöÞõ ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö [6 \ 92] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Âíó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãõÊóÖóãøöäóÉñ ßõÊõÈðÇ ÞóíøöãóÉð ãöãøóÇ ÃõäúÒöáóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÚóãóáöíøðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóßóÊóÈúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÝöíåóÇ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö æóÇáúÚóíúäó ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóáóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÍóíóÇÉñ [2 \ 179] .
æóáóÚóáøó åóÐóÇ Èóíøóäó æóÌúåó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÝöíãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó áöÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò: «ÃõãöÑúÊõ Ãóäú ÃóÞúÑóÃó Úóáóíúßó ÓõæÑóÉó ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóæóÐõßöÑúÊõ Ëóãøó¿» .(9/45)
æóãóÇ ÃõãöÑõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÍõäóÝóÇÁó æóíõÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóíõÄúÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÐóáößó Ïöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉö (5)
æóÈóßóì ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÒöíóÇÏóÉó ØõãóÃúäöíäóÉò áóåõ Úóáóì ÅöíãóÇäöåö ÈöÃóäøóåõ Âãóäó ÈößöÊóÇÈò ÊóÖóãøóäó ÇáúßõÊõÈó ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉó¡ æóÇáøóÊöí íóÚúÑöÝõåóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÓóáóÇãò Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌúãó Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö áóãøóÇ ÛóØøóÇåóÇ ÇáúÂÊöí ÈöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÊóÝóÑøóÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ.
íõáóÇÍóÙõ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó Ýöí ÃóæøóáöåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÚõãõæãðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãóÚðÇ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÐóáößó ãöãøóÇ íóÎõÕøõåõãú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö Ïõæäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõãú áöÃóäøóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ßõÊøóÇÈò¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõãú Úöáúãñ Èöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÈöãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Èöåö¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ íóÓúÊóÝúÊöÍõæäó Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãóÇ ÚóÑóÝõæÇ ßóÝóÑõæÇ Èöåö [2 \ 89] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð: æóãóÇ ÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÈóÛúíðÇ Èóíúäóåõãú [42 \ 14] ¡ ÝóáöãóÚúÑöÝóÊöåöãú Èöåö ÞóÈúáó ãóÌöíÆöåö¡ æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú Ýöíåö ÈóÚúÏó ãóÌöíÆöåö¡ æóÎóÕøóåõãú åõäóÇ ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÊóÝóÑøóÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ãóÚúäóì «ßõÊõÈñ ÞóíøöãóÉñ» ¡ ÃóãúÑóÇäö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåóÇ: ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö åõäóÇ ÈöÚóÏóãö Úõãõæãö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú äõÕõæÕò.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó íóÊúáõæ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÞóÇáó: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚóËó Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö [62 \ 2] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö¡ æóáóßöäú ÞóÇáó: «ÂíóÇÊöåö» ; áöÃóäøóåõãú áóãú íóßõäú áóåõãú Úöáúãñ ÈöÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóÇÞúÊóÕóÑó Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃõãöÑõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÍõäóÝóÇÁó.
æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÇáÊøóÝóÑøõÞó Ýöí ÃóãúÑöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóáóßöäøó åõäóÇ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú ãóæúÖöÚó ÇáúÃóãúÑö Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó¡ åóáú åõæó Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåöãõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö¡ Ãóãú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáøóÐöí íõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÕõÍõÝò ãõØóåøóÑóÉò¿
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäú ßõÊõÈöåöãú æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö¡(9/46)
ÝóãöãøóÇ Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåöãú Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÈóÚóËúäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÑóÓõæáðÇ Ãóäö ÇõÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó [16 \ 36] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÔóÑóÚó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ æóÕøóì Èöåö äõæÍðÇ æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ æóÕøóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì Ãóäú ÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÏøöíäó æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Ýöíåö [42 \ 13] .
ÝóÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáÏøöíäö æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáÊøóÝúÑöÞóÉö Ýöíåö¡ åõæó Úóíúäõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó.
æóãöãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÈóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÇÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÊöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÚóãúÊõ Úóáóíúßõãú æóÃóæúÝõæÇ ÈöÚóåúÏöí ÃõæÝö ÈöÚóåúÏößõãú æóÅöíøóÇíó ÝóÇÑúåóÈõæäö æóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúÊõ ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ ãóÚóßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ Ãóæøóáó ßóÇÝöÑò Èöåö æóáóÇ ÊóÔúÊóÑõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöí ËóãóäðÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ æóÅöíøóÇíó ÝóÇÊøóÞõæäö æóáóÇ ÊóáúÈöÓõæÇ ÇáúÍóÞøó ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö æóÊóßúÊõãõæÇ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÇÑúßóÚõæÇ ãóÚó ÇáÑøóÇßöÚöíäó [2 \ 40 - 43] .
ÝóÞóÏú äóÕøó Úóáóì ßóÇãöáö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö åõäóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÊõÈó ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáúãõØóåøóÑóÉö åöíó ßõÊõÈõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúÊõ ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ ãóÚóßõãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ÃõãöÑõæÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÅöÞóÇãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÅöíÊóÇÁö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö äóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ æóÅöÞóÇãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉó Çááøóåö ÈöÅöÎúáóÇÕò.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑõ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåöãú Ãóæú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóÝóÑøõÞó¡ Èóáú ÊóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚó æóÇáúæóÍúÏóÉó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÐóáößó Ïöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉö.
ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉõ: ÝóíúÚöáóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæóÇãóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÛóÇíóÉõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÝöíåóÇ ßõÊõÈñ ÞóíøöãóÉñ [98 \ 3] ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÓúÊóÞöíãóÉñ ÈöÊóÚóÇáöíãöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÃóÞúæóãõåóÇ æóÃóÚúÏóáõåóÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ ÞóíøöãðÇ [18 \ 1 - 2] ¡ ÝóäóÝóì Úóäúåõ ÇáúÚöæóÌó¡ æóÃóËúÈóÊó áóåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóæóÇãóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÇäúÍöäóÇÁñ ßóÇáØøóÑöíÞö ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÏö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö Úóäö ÇáúãõÑúÊóÝóÚóÇÊö æóÇáúãõäúÎóÝóÖóÇÊö¡ áóßöäøóåõ íóäúÍóÑöÝõ ÊóÇÑóÉð íóãöíäðÇ æóÔöãóÇáðÇ(9/47)
ãóÚó ÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÊöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ãóÚó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉö áóãú íóÎúáõ ãöäó ÇáúÚöæóÌö.
æóáóßöäú ãóÇ íóäúÊóÝöí Úóäúåõ ÇáúÚöæóÌõ æóÊóËúÈõÊõ áóåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉõ¡ åõæó ÇáØøóÑöíÞõ ÇáøóÐöí íóãúÊóÏøõ Ýöí ÇÊøöÌóÇåò æóÇÍöÏò ÈöÏõæäö Ãóíøö ÇÚúæöÌóÇÌò Åöáóì Ãóíøö ÇáúÌóÇäöÈóíúäö¡ ãóÚó ÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÊöåö Ýöí ÓóØúÍöåö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÐóáößó Ïöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉö [98 \ 5] ÇáúãöáøóÉõ ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉõ¡ ÞóíøöãóÉñ Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåóÇ¡ æóÞóíøöãóÉñ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ: æóãõåóíúãöäóÉñ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãõ [12 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú Åöäøóäöí åóÏóÇäöí ÑóÈøöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò ÏöíäðÇ ÞöíóãðÇ ãöáøóÉó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÍóäöíÝðÇ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Þõáú Åöäøó ÕóáóÇÊöí æóäõÓõßöí æóãóÍúíóÇíó æóãóãóÇÊöí áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ æóÈöÐóáößó ÃõãöÑúÊõ æóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó [6 \ 161 - 163] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Åöäøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÑóÏøðÇ ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Úóáóì ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõäóÇÏõæäó ÈöÏõæäö Úöáúãò Åöáóì ÏóÚúæóÉò áóÇ ÊóÎúáõæ ãöäú ÊóÔúßöíßò¡ ÍóíúËõ áóãú ÊóÓúáóãú ãöäú áóÈúÓò¡ æóåöíó ÏóÚúæóÉõ æóÍúÏóÉö ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö¡ æóãóÍóáøõ ÇááøóÈúÓö ÝöíåóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ãöäúåõ ÍóÞøñ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÈóÇØöáñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøõ Ýóåõæó æóÍúÏóÉõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃõãöÑõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÍõäóÝóÇÁó æóíõÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóíõÄúÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó [98 \ 5] ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ Ýóåõæó ÇáúÅöÈúåóÇãõ¡ ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ íóäúÌóÑøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö ãóÚó ÇáúÌóÒúãö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ ÈöÃóäøó ÝõÑõæÚó ßõáøö Ïöíäò ÞóÏú áóÇ ÊóÊøóÝöÞõ ßõáøõåóÇ ãóÚó ÝõÑõæÚö ÇáÏøöíäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ Ýóáóãú ÊóÊøóÍöÏö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö æóáóÇ ÇáÕøöíóÇãõ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ÊóÝúÕöíáò áöáúÝõÑõæÚö¡ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ Êõßúãöáõ ÊóÝúÕöíáó ãóÇ ÃóÌúãóáó.
æóåõäóÇ ÇáäøóÕøõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍõ ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ åõæó Ïöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ¡ æóåöíó ÃóÝúÚóáõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò¡ ÝóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÚóÇÏöáó æóíõÓóÇæöíó ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ ãóÚó äõÕõæÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÎóÐó ÇáúÚóåúÏó Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö áóÆöäú ÃóÏúÑóßõæÇ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóíõÄúãöäõäøó Èöåö¡ æóáóíóäúÕõÑõäøóåõ æóáóíóÊøóÈöÚõäøóåõ¡ æóÃóÎóÐó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÚóåúÏó ÈöÐóáößó. æóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑó ÇáÑøõÓõáõ Ãõãóãóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó. Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó ãóÌóÇáñ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÞúÊö æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑöåö áöÏóÚúæóÉö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÈöÚõäúæóÇäò ãõÌóæøóÝò æóÍúÏóÉö ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö¡ Èóáö ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøõ æóÍúÏóåõ: Åöäøó ÇáÏøöíäó ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ [3 \ 19] ¡ æóãóäú íóÈúÊóÛö ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÏöíäðÇ Ýóáóäú íõÞúÈóáó ãöäúåõ [3 \ 85](9/48)
Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýöí äóÇÑö Ìóåóäøóãó ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃõæáóÆößó åõãú ÔóÑøõ ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö (6)
æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýöí äóÇÑö Ìóåóäøóãó ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃõæáóÆößó åõãú ÔóÑøõ ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö.
ÞõÑöÆóÊö ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉõ ÈöÇáúåóãúÒóÉö æóÈöÇáúíóÇÁö¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃó ÈöÇáúåóãúÒö: äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ÐóßúæóÇäó æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÇáúíóÇÁö¡ ÝóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÃóÎúÐöåóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ: Åöäú ÃõÎöÐóÊö ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁóÉö ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÁö æóÇáÑøóÇÁö: Ãóíö ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö. ÝóÃóÕúáõåõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóåúãõæÒò ÈöÞóæúáöåö ãöäúåõ: ÈóÑóÇåõ Çááøóåõ íóÈúÑõæåõ ÈóÑúæðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÎóáóÞóåõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉõ ãóäú ÈóÑóíúÊõ ÇáúÞóáóãó Ãóíú ÞóÏóÑúÊõåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÖóãøóäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãóÓúÃóáóÊóíúäö: ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäúåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÃõæáóÆößó Ýöí äóÇÑö Ìóåóäøóãó ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóãóÈúÍóËõ ÎõáõæÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö æóÇÝöíðÇ.
æóÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÔóÑøõ ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉõ ÃóÕúáõåóÇ ÇáúÈóÑöíÆóÉõ¡ ÞõáöÈóÊö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ íóÇÁð ÊóÓúåöíáðÇ¡ æóÃõÏúÛöãóÊö ÇáúíóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúÈóÑöíÆóÉõ ÇáúÎóáöíÞóÉõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáäøóÓóãö¡ åõæó ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøõ æóÇáØøõíõæÑõ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÇáäøóÕøõ Úóáóì Úõãõæãöåö¡ ÝóÃóÝúåóãó Ãóäøó ÃõæáóÆößó ÔóÑøñ ãöäó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö æóÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÔóÑøó ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÇáÕøõãøõ ÇáúÈõßúãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó [8 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåöãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÚóäóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÃóÕóãøóåõãú æóÃóÚúãóì ÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú [47 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Úóäúåõãú: ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáÕøõãøó Ãóæú ÊóåúÏöí ÇáúÚõãúíó æóãóäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò [43 \ 40] ¡ Ýóåõãú áöÕóãóãöåöãú æóÚóãóÇåõãú Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò.
æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøó áóíúÓóÊú Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ æóÊõÄúãöäõ ÈöæóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí åõÏúåõÏö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ ÃóäúßóÑó Úóáóì ÈöáúÞöíÓó æóÞóæúãöåóÇ ÓõÌõæÏóåõãú áöáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö.
æóäóÕøõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö Ýöí ÝóÖúáö íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö: «Ãóäøóåõ æóãóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÊõÕöíÎõ ÈöÃõÐõäöåóÇ ãöäú(9/49)
Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÃõæáóÆößó åõãú ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö (7)
ÝóÌúÑö íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Åöáóì ØõáõæÚö ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ áóíúÓó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ¡ Ëõãøó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö áóãøóÇ íóÌúãóÚõ Çááøóåõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö æóíóÞúÊóÕøõ áöáúÚóÌúãóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúäóÇÁö¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ áóåóÇ: ßõæäöí ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ¡ ÝóíóÊóãóäøóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ áóæú ßóÇäó ãöËúáóåóÇ Ýóáóãú íóÍúÕõáú áóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: íóæúãó íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí ßõäúÊõ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 40] .
æóÐóáößó æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøó áóãú ÊóÚúãóáú ÎóíúÑðÇ ÝóÊóÈúÞóì áöÊõÌóÇÒóì Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóãú ÊóÚúãóáú ÔóÑøðÇ áöÊõÚóÇÞóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÝóßóÇäóÊú áóÇ áóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÝöíãóÇ ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇÞúÊõÕøó áóåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÇäúÊóåóì ÃóãúÑõåóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú äöåóÇíóÊõåóÇ ÚóæúÏóÊóåóÇ Åöáóì ãóäúÈóÊöåóÇ æóåõæó ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈõ. ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÝóÅöäøó Úóáóíúåö ÍöÓóÇÈó ÇáÊøóßóÇáöíÝö æóÚöÞóÇÈó ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö ÝóíõÚóÇÞóÈõ ÈöÇáúÎõáõæÏö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÔóÑøó ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÃõæáóÆößó åõãú ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö.
ÇáúÍõßúãõ åõäóÇ ÈöÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ ßóÇáúÍõßúãö åõäóÇßó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ åõäóÇ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑöíøóÉö æóÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÌöäúÓö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÃóÝúÖóáõ ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö æóáóÞóÏú ßóÑøóãúäóÇ Èóäöí ÂÏóãó [17 \ 70] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÕóÇáöÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö.
æóáóÚóáøó ãöãøóÇ íõÞóæøöí åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó¡ åõæó Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÌöäúÓö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäú Úõãõæãö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÌöäúÓö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÝõÖøöáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÌöäúÓö áóÇ íõãúäóÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóáóßöäú åóáú ÈóÚúÖõ ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäú Úõãõæãö Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¿ åóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÍóáøó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö.
æóáöáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö ãóÈúÍóËñ Ýöí Ðóáößó: ãóÈúäóÇåõ Úóáóì ÃóÕúáö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö æóæõÑõæÏö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÃóÕúáö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö Åöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉõ ãóÃúÎõæÐóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÈóÑúíö æóåõæó ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÊóÍúÊó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÊóÏúÎõáõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó íóÇÂÏóãõ ÃóäúÈöÆúåõãú ÈöÃóÓúãóÇÆöåöãú [2 \ 33] ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÃóíøõåõãóÇ ÃóÝúÖóáõ¡ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Ãóæú Èóäõæ ÂÏóãó¿ Úóáóì Þóæúáóíúäö: ÝóÐóåóÈó Þóæúáñ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäó ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö.(9/50)
æóÐóåóÈó ÂÎóÑõæäó Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÃó ÇáúÃóÚúáóì ÃóÝúÖóáõ¡ æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóäú ÝóÖøóáó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÚöÈóÇÏñ ãõßúÑóãõæäó áóÇ íóÓúÈöÞõæäóåõ ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö æóåõãú ÈöÃóãúÑöåö íóÚúãóáõæäó.
æóÞóæúáöåö: áóÇ íóÚúÕõæäó Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãú æóíóÝúÚóáõæäó ãóÇ íõÄúãóÑõæäó [66 \ 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú áóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú ÚöäúÏöí ÎóÒóÇÆöäõ Çááøóåö æóáóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈó æóáóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú Åöäøöí ãóáóßñ [6 \ 50] .
æóÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö íóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ: «ãóäú ÐóßóÑóäöí Ýöí ãóáóÃò ÐóßóÑúÊõåõ Ýöí ãóáóÃò ÎóíúÑò ãöäúåõ» æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÃó ÇáúÃóÚúáóì ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ãóáóÃö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóäú ÝóÖøóáó Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÃõæáóÆößó åõãú ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö [98 \ 7] ¡ ÈöÇáúåóãúÒö ãöäú ÈóÑóÃó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó áóÊóÖóÚõ ÃóÌúäöÍóÊóåóÇ ÑöÖðÇ áöØóÇáöÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö» ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íõÈóÇåöí ÈöÃóåúáö ÚóÑóÝóÇÊò ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó¡ æóáóÇ íõÈóÇåöí ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÝúÖóáö æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: æóáóÇ ØóÑöíÞó Åöáóì ÇáúÞóØúÚö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ØóÑöíÞó Ðóáößó ÎóÈóÑõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÎóÈóÑõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ãóæú ÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö.
æóáóíúÓó åóÇåõäóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö æóÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò¡ ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÃóÝúÖóáõ. ÞóÇáó: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöäóÇ æóÇáÔøöíÚóÉö: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó ÃóÝúÖóáõ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóãóÑó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÈöÇáÓøõÌõæÏö áöÂÏóãó¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö.
Ëõãøó ÑóÏøó åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó.
æóÞóÏú ÓõÞúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËó áöÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÊóãöáö ÚóáóíúåóÇ áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö¡ æóÃóÚúÊóÞöÏõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÝóÇÖóáóÉó ÌõÒúÆöíøóÉñ áóÇ ßõáøöíøóÉñ¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÌöäúÓó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÎöáóÇÝõ ÌöäúÓö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Ýöíåöãõ ÇáäøóÕøõ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú: ÚöÈóÇÏñ ãõßúÑóãõæäó [21 \ 26] ¡ æóÇáúÈóÔóÑõ Ýöíåöãõ ÇáäøóÕøõ æóáóÞóÏú ßóÑøóãúäóÇ Èóäöí ÂÏóãó [17 \ 70] ¡ æóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ßóÇáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó ÇáöÇÓúãö æóÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö.
ÝóÝöí ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÈöÇáöÇÓúãö: ãõßúÑóãõæäó¡ æóåõæó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøóæóÇãö æóÇáËøõÈõæÊö¡ æóÝöí Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ßóÑøóãúäóÇ¡ æóåõæó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÌóÏøõÏö æóÇáúÍõÏõæËö.
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ¡ ÝóÇáÊøóßúÑöíãõ ËóÇÈöÊñ æóáóÇÒöãñ æóÏóÇÆöãñ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÈöÎöáóÇÝöåö Ýöí Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ÅöÐú Ýöíåöãú(9/51)
ÌóÒóÇÄõåõãú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú æóÑóÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ Ðóáößó áöãóäú ÎóÔöíó ÑóÈøóåõ (8)
æóÝöíåöãú¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÕõÏõæÑöåóÇ ãöäú Èóäöí ÂÏóãó æóãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÊóÕúÏõÑõ Úóäúåõãú ÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÌöÈöáøóÉð Ãóæú ÈöÏõæäö äóæóÇÒöÚö ÔóÑøò¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Èóäöí ÂÏóãó¡ æóÅöäøó ÃóÚúãóÇáó ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÊóÕúÏõÑõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöãóÌúåõæÏò ãõÒúÏóæóÌò¡ ÍóíúËõ ÑõßøöÈóÊú Ýöíåöãõ ÇáäøóÝúÓõ ÇááøóæøóÇãóÉõ æóÇáúÃóãøóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö. æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäöíøö.
æóÇÒúÏöæóÇÌöíøóÉõ ÇáúãóÌúåõæÏö¡ åõæó Ãóäøóåõ íõäóÇÒöÚõ ÚóæóÇãöáó ÇáÔøóÑøö ÍóÊøóì íóÊóÛóáøóÈó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóíóÈúÐõáó ÇáúÌõåúÏó Ýöí ÝöÚúáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ Ýóåõæó íõÌóÇåöÏõ áöáÊøóÎúáöíÕö ãöäú äóæóÇÒöÚö ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ Ëõãøó åõæó íõÌóÇåöÏõ áöáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöÝöÚúáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÌúåõæÏñ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÌúåõæÏö ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈò æóÇÍöÏò.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó¡ áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö Ýöí ÍóÞøö ãóäú íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåõãú ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇãöáó ãöäúåõãú áóåõ ÃóÌúÑõ ÎóãúÓöíäó¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÎóãúÓöíäó ãöäøóÇ Ãóæú ãöäúåõãú íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö ÞóÇáó: «Èóáú ÎóãúÓöíäó ãöäúßõãú¡ áöÃóäøóßõãú ÊóÌöÏõæäó ÃóÚúæóÇäðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóåõãú áóÇ íóÌöÏõæäó» .
æóÍóÏöíËõ: «ÓóÈóÞó ÏöÑúåóãñ ãöÇÆóÉó ÃóáúÝö ÏöÑúåóãò» æóÈóíøóäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöÑúåóãó ÓóÈóÞó ÇáúÃóÖúÚóÇÝó ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉó ; áöÃóäøóåõ ËóÇäöí ÇËúäóíúäö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÇáúãöÇÆóÉó ÃóáúÝò ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚò ßóËöíÑò.
ÝóÇáäøóÝúÓõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÌõæÏõ ÈöäöÕúÝö ãóÇ Êóãúáößõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóÈóÞøóì áóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÏöÑúåóãñ¡ ÎóíúÑñ ÈößóËöíÑò ãöãøóäú ÊõäúÝöÞõ ÌõÒúÁðÇ ÖóÆöíáðÇ ãöãøóÇ Êóãúáößõ æóíóÊóÈóÞøóì áóåóÇ ÇáúãóÇáõ ÇáúßóËöíÑõ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÚóæóÇãöáõ ÇáÊøóÕóÏøõÞö æóÏóæóÇÝöÚõåõ ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉð ãõäóÒøóáóÉð Ýöí ÇáäøóÝúÓö ãõÊóÖóÇÏøóÉð ; ÝóÇáÏøöÑúåóãõ Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö æóãóÇåöíøóÊöåö ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ áóãú ÊóÊóÝóÇæóÊö ÇáúãóÇåöíøóÉõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÌöäúÓõ¡ æóáóßöäú ÊóÝóÇæóÊóÊö ÇáÏøóæóÇÝöÚõ æóÇáúÚóæóÇãöáõ áöÅöäúÝóÇÞöåö¡ æóáóÚóáøó ÇáúãõÝóÇÖóáóÉó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏóÉó Êóßõæäõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö Ãóæúáóì. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóÒóÇÄõåõãú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ.
Ýöíåö ÃóÑúÈóÚõ ãóÓóÇÆöáó ; ËóáóÇËóÉñ ãõÌúãóáóÉñ ÌóÇÁó ÈóíóÇäõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö. æóÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ ãõÝóÕøóáóÉñ æóáóåóÇ ÔóæóÇåöÏõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ÇáúãõÌúãóáóÉõ ÝóÃóæøóáõåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: ÌóÒóÇÄõåõãú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈöáö ÔóíúÁò íóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõåõ¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú ÊõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÝóÖøõáñ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ áóÞóÇáó: ÌóÒóÇÄõåõãú Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó ÕóÑöíÍõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ãóÝóÇÒðÇ ÍóÏóÇÆöÞó æóÃóÚúäóÇÈðÇ æóßóæóÇÚöÈó ÃóÊúÑóÇÈðÇ æóßóÃúÓðÇ ÏöåóÇÞðÇ áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÝöíåóÇ áóÛúæðÇ æóáóÇ ßöÐøóÇÈðÇ ÌóÒóÇÁð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÚóØóÇÁð ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 31 - 36] ¡ ÝóäóÕøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ßõáøóåõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú ÚóØóÇÁñ áóåõãú ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö.(9/52)
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ Þóæúáõåõ: ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ¡ ÝóÃóÌúãóáó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÇÊö¡ æóäóÕøó Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ¡ ãóÚó ÅöÌúãóÇáö Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáóÊú ÂíóÉõ: Úóãøó íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó [78 \ 1] ãóÇ ÃõÚöÏøó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ãöäú ÍóÏóÇÆöÞó æóÃóÚúäóÇÈò æóßóæóÇÚöÈó æóÔóÑóÇÈò æóØõãóÃúäöíäóÉò¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÓóãóÇÚö ÇááøóÛúæö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö. ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÊóÝúÕöíáõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí æõÚöÏó ÇáúãõÊøóÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÛóíúÑö ÂÓöäò æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú áóÈóäò áóãú íóÊóÛóíøóÑú ØóÚúãõåõ æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú ÎóãúÑò áóÐøóÉò áöáÔøóÇÑöÈöíäó æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú ÚóÓóáò ãõÕóÝøðì æóáóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö æóãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú [47 \ 15] ¡ æóÇáúÎõáõæÏõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÚöíãö åõæó ÊóãóÇãõ ÇáäøóÚöíãö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú æóÑóÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ.
íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÑöÖúæóÇäö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÎóÇÕøö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Çááøóíúáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóíõÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÊúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íõÄúÊöí ãóÇáóåõ íóÊóÒóßøóì Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö æóáóÓóæúÝó íóÑúÖóì [92 \ 17 - 21] ¡ æóÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøöÏöíÞö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáøóÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÓõæÑóÉö æóÇáÖøõÍóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì [93 \ 5] ¡ Ãóíú: áöáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóåõäóÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãò: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÃõæáóÆößó åõãú ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö¡ Ýóåöíó ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó åóÐöåö ÕöÝóÇÊõåõãú¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ ÓóÈóÈó ÑöÖúæóÇäö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú æóåõæó ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÅöÐú íõÈóÇíöÚõæäóßó ÊóÍúÊó ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö [48 \ 1] ÝóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãõÈóÇíóÚóÉõ ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöáÑøöÖúæóÇäö.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÑóÖöíó Úóäúåõãú æóÑóÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú Òóãóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøöÖúæóÇäö Ãóåúæó ÓóÇÈöÞñ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóãú ÍóÇÕöáñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÉñ ÊõÈóíøöäõ Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÇÈöÞñ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõæäó ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõãú ÈöÅöÍúÓóÇäò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú æóÑóÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ æóÃóÚóÏøó áóåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊò ÊóÌúÑöí ÊóÍúÊóåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ [9 \ 100] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú æóÑóÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóÃóÚóÏøó áóåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊò.(9/53)
Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÞõæøóÉö ÇáúæóÚúÏö Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ ÈöÇáÑøöÖóì ãõÓúÈóÞðÇ Úóáóíúåö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÂíóÉõ ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÊúÍö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÚóÉö ÊóÍúÊó ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö ÅöÐú ÝöíåóÇ: áóÞóÏú ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [48 \ 18] ¡ æóåõæó ÅöÎúÈóÇÑñ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóÞóÏú ÓõãøöíóÊú «ÈóíúÚóÉõ ÇáÑøöÖúæóÇäö» .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÓõÄóÇáñ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ÍóÞøðÇ Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì Ãóäú íóÚúáóãó ÑöÖúæóÇäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÛóÇíóÉõ ÃóãóÇäöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ Úóäú ÑöÖóì ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Úóäö Çááøóåö¡ Ýóåóáú ãöäú ÍóÞøö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Ãóäú íõÓúÃóáó ÚóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åõæó ÑóÇÖöíðÇ Úóäö Çááøóåö Ãóãú áóÇ¿ Åöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäú ÍóÞøöåö Ðóáößó ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ÈöáóÇÒöãö ÇáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøóåõãú Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉò ãöäó ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö æóÇáÑøöÖóì ÝöíãóÇ åõãú Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáäøóÚöíãö Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÏøö ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÖõæÇ æóÊóÌóÇæóÒó ÑöÖóÇåõãú ÍóÏøó ÇáäøóÚöíãö Åöáóì ÇáÑøöÖóì Úóäö ÇáúãõäúÚöãö.
ßóãóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó ÂÎöÑó ÂíóÉö ÇáäøóÈóÃö: ÚóØóÇÁð ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 36] ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõãú íõÚúØóæúäó ÍóÊøóì íóÞõæáõæÇ: ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ßóÇÝöíäóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó áöãóäú ÎóÔöíó ÑóÈøóåõ.
ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ãóÌúãõæÚö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøóåõ áöáøóÐöíäö ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö¡ æóåõäóÇ íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøóåõ áöãóäú ÎóÔöíó ÑóÈøóåõ¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÝöíÏõ Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáó ÊóÕúÏõÑõ ãöäúåõãú Úóäú ÑóÛúÈóÉò æóÑóåúÈóÉò. ÑóÛúÈóÉò ÝöíãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ æóÑóåúÈóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöãóäú ÎóÇÝó ãóÞóÇãó ÑóÈøöåö ÌóäøóÊóÇäö [55 \ 46] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÎóÇÝó ãóÞóÇãó ÑóÈøöåö æóäóåóì ÇáäøóÝúÓó Úóäö Çáúåóæóì ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó åöíó ÇáúãóÃúæóì.
[79 \ 40 - 41]
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÕöÝóÉó ÇáúÎóæúÝö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì åöíó ÃóÌúãóÚõ ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÎóíúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÕöÝóÉñ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÈöíäó.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: íóÎóÇÝõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú æóíóÝúÚóáõæäó ãóÇ íõÄúãóÑõæäó [16 \ 50] .(9/54)
æóÞóÏú Úóãøó ÇáúÍõßúãõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö áóåõãú ãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ æóÃóÌúÑñ ßóÈöíÑñ [67 \ 12] .
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÓøöÑøõ ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãõ¡ æóåõæó ßóæúäõ ÇáúÎóÔúíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÚúáóì ãóÑóÇÊöÈö ÇáúãõÑóÇÞóÈóÉö áöáøóåö¡ æóÇáúÎóÔúíóÉõ ÃóÔóÏøõ ÇáúÎóæúÝö.(9/55)
ÅöÐóÇ ÒõáúÒöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÒöáúÒóÇáóåóÇ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÒøóáúÒóáóÉ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÒõáúÒöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÒöáúÒóÇáóåóÇ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÃóËúÞóÇáóåóÇ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ áóåóÇ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊõÍóÏøöËõ ÃóÎúÈóÇÑóåóÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÑóÈøóßó ÃóæúÍóì áóåóÇ íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÕúÏõÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ áöíõÑóæúÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú
ÇáÒøóáúÒóáóÉõ: ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏóÉõ ÈöÓõÑúÚóÉò¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÝöÞúåõ ÇááøõÛóÉö ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÊóßúÑóÇÑõ ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö¡ Ãóæú ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ ÊóßúÑóÇÑõ ÇáúãóÞúØóÚö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ ãöËúáõ ÕóáúÕóáó æóÞóáúÞóáó æóÒóÞúÒóÞó¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: æóÒúäõ ÝóÚøóáó ÈöÇáÊøóÖúÚöíÝö ßóÛóáøóÞó æóßóÓøóÑó æóÝóÊøóÍó¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÌúÊóãóÚó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúßóáöãóÉö ÊóßúÑóÇÑõ ÇáúãóÞúØóÚö æóÊóÖúÚöíÝõ ÇáúæóÒúäö.
æóáöÐóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÒøöáúÒóÇáó ÃóÔóÏøõ ãóÇ ÔóåöÏó ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ ãöäú ÍóÑóßóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú ÔõæåöÏóÊú ÍóÑóßóÇÊõ ÒöáúÒóÇáò Ýöí ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú ÑõÈõÚö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ ÝóÏóãøóÑó ãõÏõäðÇ æóÍóØøóãó ÞõÕõæÑðÇ.
æóáöÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏó ÌóÇÁó æóÕúÝõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÒøöáúÒóÇáö Èößóæúäöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÒóáúÒóáóÉó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÔóíúÁñ ÚóÙöíãñ [22 \ 1] ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÔøöÏøóÉö ÊóßúÑóÇÑõ ÇáúßóáöãóÉö Ýöí «ÒõáúÒöáóÊú» æóÝöí «ÒöáúÒóÇáóåóÇ» ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊõÔúÚöÑõ Èöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÅöíÑóÇÏõ ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉö áöÐóáößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÌøö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍõãöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóÏõßøóÊóÇ ÏóßøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð [69 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöÐóÇ ÑõÌøóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÑóÌøðÇ æóÈõÓøóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÈóÓøðÇ [56 \ 4 - 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó ÊóÑúÌõÝõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÝóÉõ ÊóÊúÈóÚõåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÏöÝóÉõ [79 \ 6 - 7] ¡ æóÓóÇÞó Þóæúáóåõ: æóÃóÎúÑóÌóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÃóËúÞóÇáóåóÇ [99 \ 2] .
æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúÃóËúÞóÇáö ãóÇ åöíó Úóáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáò:(9/56)
ÝóÞöíáó: ãóæúÊóÇåóÇ. æóÞöíáó: ßõäõæÒõåóÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáÊøóÍóÏøõËõ ÈöãóÇ Úóãöáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ. æóáóÚóáøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÃóÑúÌóÍõ åóÐöåö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÅöÎúÑóÇÌó ßõäõæÒöåóÇ Óóíóßõæäõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáäøóÝúÎóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøóÍóÏøõËõ ÈöÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ãóäúÕõæÕñ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÐóÇÊöåö¡ ÝóáóíúÓó åõæó ÇáúÃóËúÞóÇáõ. æóÑóÌøóÍõæÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ßöÝóÇÊðÇ ÃóÍúíóÇÁð æóÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ [77 \ 25 - 26] .
æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÅöäúÓõ æóÇáúÌöäøõ ËöÞóáóÇäö Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóåõãóÇ ËöÞóáñ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÈóØúäöåóÇ Ýóåõãú ËöÞóáñ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÓõãøöíóÇ ÈöÇáËøóÞóáóíúäö. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: Ãóäøóåõ ãóæúÊóÇåóÇ.
æóÔóÈöíåñ ÈöÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãõÏøóÊú æóÃóáúÞóÊú ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÊóÎóáøóÊú [48 \ 3 - 4] ¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÇÚóíúäóÇ ÕöíÛóÉó ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÃóËúÞóÇáóåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú ËöÞóáóåóÇ¡ æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö ãóÑúæöíøóÉñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò. ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÃóáõæÓöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäúåõ æóÚóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò.
æóÍóßóì ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: Ãóíú ãóæúÊóÇåóÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: ßõäõæÒõåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ áóåóÇ¡ áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö åõäóÇ ÚóÇãøñ æóÙóÇåöÑõåõ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò íóÞõæáõ Ðóáößó¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞõæáõ Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ ÝóíóÞõæáõ: åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÕóÏóÞó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóäúÓöáõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇæóíúáóäóÇ ãóäú ÈóÚóËóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÑúÞóÏöäóÇ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÕóÏóÞó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó [36 \ 51 - 52] .
ÝóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ íóÏúÚõæ ÈöÇáúæóíúáö æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõ íóØúãóÆöäøõ áöáúæóÚúÏö¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ áóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ÌóãöíÚñ Ãóíú: ßöáóÇ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö áóÏóíúäóÇ ãõÍúÖóÑõæäó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóÇ áóåóÇ ÓõÄóÇáõ ÇÓúÊöíÖóÇÍò æóÐõåõæáò ãöäú åóæúáö ãóÇ íõÔóÇåöÏõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊõÍóÏøöËõ ÃóÎúÈóÇÑóåóÇ¡ ÇáÊøóÍúÏöíËõ åõäóÇ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóåõæó Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ÊóÊóÛóíøóÑõ ÃóæúÖóÇÚõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóÊóÙúåóÑõ ÍóÞóÇÆöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ æóßóãóÇ ÃóäúØóÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÌõáõæÏó íõäúØöÞõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó¡ ÝóÊõÍóÏøöËõ ÈöÃóÎúÈóÇÑöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ áöÌõáõæÏöåöãú áöãó ÔóåöÏúÊõãú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóäúØóÞóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúØóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò [41 \ 21](9/57)
Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ (7)
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÊóÝúÕöíáõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÔúÑö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóæúÏóÚó Ýöí ÇáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö æóÇáäøõØúÞö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÅöÎúÈóÇÑöåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÎúÈöÑõ Úóäú ÃóÚúãóÇáö ßõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÍóíóÇÊöåö.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö «áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõ ÕóæúÊóåõ ÍóÌóÑñ æóáóÇ ãóÏóÑñ ÅöáøóÇ æóÔóåöÏó áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÌúåðÇ ÂÎóÑó¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÅöÎúÈóÇÑóåóÇ åõæó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóÊúåõ ãöäú ÃóËúÞóÇáöåóÇ ÈöæóÍúíö Çááøóåö áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ áöÃóäøóåõ íõËúÈöÊõ ãóÚúäðì ÌóÏöíÏðÇ. æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ æóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÔóÑøðÇ íóÑóåõ.
Ýöí åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ãóÈúÍóËóÇäö ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ãóäú áöÚõãõæãöåö¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ Ýöí ÕöíÛóÉö «íóÚúãóáú» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ýóåõæó ãóØúÑõæÞñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ßõÊõÈö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåöãú: ãóäú áöáúÚõãõæãö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó áóÇ íóÑóì ãöäú Úóãóáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÏöãúäóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ãöäú Úóãóáò ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ åóÈóÇÁð ãóäúËõæÑðÇ [25 \ 23] ¡ æóÝöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ ÞóÏú áóÇ íóÑóì ßõáøó ãóÇ Úóãöáó ãöäú ÔóÑøò¡ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÛúÝöÑõ Ãóäú íõÔúÑóßó Èöåö æóíóÛúÝöÑõ ãóÇ Ïõæäó Ðóáößó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [4 \ 48] .
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÈöÊóæóÓøõÚò Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÈöãóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäú ÅöíÑóÇÏöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýóáóãú ÃóÑó ãóäú ÊóäóÇæóáóåõ ÈöÇáúÈóÍúËö¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÕöíÛóÉö «íóÚúãóáú» ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÕöíÛóÉõ ãõÖóÇÑöÚò¡ æóåöíó áöáúÍóÇáö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáö.
æóÇáúãóÞóÇãõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÕúÏõÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ¡ æóåõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóáóíúÓó åõäóÇßó ãóÌóÇáñ áöáúÚóãóáö¡ æóßóÇäó ãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Ýóãóäú Úóãöáó ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ. æóáóßöäøó ÇáÕøöíÛóÉó åõäóÇ ÕöíÛóÉõ ãõÖóÇÑöÚò¡ æóÇáúãóÞóÇãó áóíúÓó ãóÞóÇãó Úóãóáò¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó «íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò» Ãóíú ãöäó ÇáÕøöäúÝóíúäö ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú Ðóáößó ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÕúÏõÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ áöíõÑóæúÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú¡ Ýóåõãú ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑóæúÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí ÚóãöáõæåóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö åõäóÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáöÇáúÊöÝóÇÊö¡ ÍóíúËõ ßóÇäó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ãöäú Ãóæøóáö(9/58)
ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö Úóäö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö: ÅöÐóÇ ÒõáúÒöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÒöáúÒóÇáóåóÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÃóËúÞóÇáóåóÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ áóåóÇ. Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÊöí ÊõÍóÏøöËõ ÃóÎúÈóÇÑóåóÇ¡ æóÝöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö íóÕúÏõÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ áöíõÑóæúÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí ÚóãöáõæåóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóæúãó íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ [78 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ [18 \ 49] .
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÇáöÇáúÊöÝóÇÊõ ÈöãõÎóÇØóÈóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö æóÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö¡ Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáö ÇáúÂäó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ¡ æóãóäú íóÚúãóáö ÇáúÂäó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÔóÑøðÇ íóÑóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóãöËúÞóÇáõ ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö¡ Þöíáó: åöíó ÇáäøóãúáóÉõ ÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉõ¡ áöÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊö ÇáØøóÑúÝó áóæú ÏóÈøó ãõÍúæöáñ ... ãöäó ÇáÐøóÑøö ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÅöÊúÈö ãöäúåóÇ áóÃóËøóÑóÇ
æóÇáúÅöÊúÈõ: ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÇãõæÓö: ÇáúÅöÊúÈõ ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö¡ æóÇáúãöÆúÊóÈóÉõ ßóãößúäóÓóÉò ÈõÑúÏñ íõÔóÞøõ¡ ÝóÊóáúÈóÓõåõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÌóíúÈò æóáóÇ ßõãøóíúäö¡ æóÞöíáó: åöíó ÇáúåóÈóÇÁõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÑóì Ýöí ÃóÔöÚøóÉö ÇáÔøóãúÓö¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ.
æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò áößóíúÝöíøóÉö ÇáúæóÒúäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóáóÚóáøó ÐößúÑó ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö åõäóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãöËóÇáö áöãóÚúÑöÝóÊöåöãú áöÕöÛóÑöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóãøóãó ÇáúÚóãóáó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóæúãó íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ [78 \ 40] ¡ ÃóíøðÇ ßóÇäó åõæó ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò Ãóæú ãóËóÇÞöíáó ÇáúÞóäóÇØöíÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ ÕóÑöíÍðÇ ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäú ÑóÈøößó ãöäú ãöËúÞóÇáö ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò [10 \ 61] .
æóåõäóÇ ÊóäúÈöíåóÇäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÕøó Úóáóì ãöËúÞóÇáö ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö ÈöÇáúÃóÏúäóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúáóì¡ ÝóáóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÑõÄúíóÉó ãóËóÇÞöíáö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ Èóáú åöíó Ãóæúáóì æóÃóÍúÑóì.
æóåóÐóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÇáúÅöáúÍóÇÞõ ÈöäóÝúíö ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞö¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáúãóÓúßõæÊõ Úóäúåõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáúÍõßúãö ãöäó ÇáúãóäúØõæÞö Èöåö¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ãõÓóÇæöíðÇ áóåõ¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ [17 \ 23] ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÇæöí Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÃúßõáõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì ÙõáúãðÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÃúßõáõæäó Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåöãú äóÇÑðÇ [4 \ 10] ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÅöÍúÑóÇÞó ãóÇáöåö æóÅöÛúÑóÇÞóåõõõ(9/59)
ãõáúÍóÞñ ÈöÃóßúáöåö¡ ÈöäóÝúíö ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞö æóåõæó ãõÓóÇæò áöÃóßúáöåö Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúÅöÊúáóÇÝö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö¡ Ãóíö ÇáäøóÕøö.
ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäú ÑóÈøößó ãöäú ãöËúÞóÇáö ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó.
ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö¡ æóÇáúãõÓóãøóì ÈöÚóÕúÑö ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö¡ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÞóÏö ÇÚúÊóÈóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáÐøóÑøóÉó ÃóÕúÛóÑó ÔóíúÁò¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÞúÈóáõ ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãó¡ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáúãóäóÇØöÞóÉõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÇáúÌóæúåóÑõ ÇáúÝóÑúÏõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÞúÈóáõ ÇáöÇäúÞöÓóÇãó.
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÝóÝóÊøóÊó ÇáÐøóÑøóÉó æóÌóÚóáó áóåóÇ ÃóÌúÒóÇÁð. æóæóÌúåõ ÇáÑøóÏøö Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÞóÇáóÉö ÇáúÌóÏöíÏóÉö¡ Úóáóì ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö åõæó ÇáäøóÕøõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍõ ãöäú ãöËúÞóÇáö ÐóÑøóÉò æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò.
ÝóãóÚúáõæãñ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö æóãõËúÈóÊñ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÕúÛóÑõ ãöäó ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÍóÏøó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÕúÛóÑö ÈöÃóíøö äöÓúÈóÉò ßóÇäóÊú¡ Ýóåõæó ÔóÇãöáñ áöÊóÝúÌöíÑö ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö æóáöÃóÌúÒóÇÆöåóÇ ãóåúãóÇ ÕóÛõÑóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÌúÒóÇÁõ.
ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÙóãó ÔóÃúäõßó¡ æóÃóÚúÙóãó ßöÊóÇÈõßó¡ æóÕóÏóÞó Çááøóåõ ÅöÐú íóÞõæáõ: ãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò [6 \ 38] .(9/60)
æóÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö ÖóÈúÍðÇ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö ÖóÈúÍðÇ ÝóÇáúãõæÑöíóÇÊö ÞóÏúÍðÇ ÝóÇáúãõÛöíÑóÇÊö ÕõÈúÍðÇ ÝóÃóËóÑúäó Èöåö äóÞúÚðÇ ÝóæóÓóØúäó Èöåö ÌóãúÚðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö:
ÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊõ: ÌõãóÚõ ÚóÇÏöíóÉò¡ æóÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊõ: ÇáúãõÓúÑöÚóÇÊõ Ýöí ãóÓöíÑöåóÇ.
ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö: ÃóÞúÓóãó ÈöÇáúãõÓúÑöÚóÇÊö Ýöí ÓóíúÑöåóÇ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÇáúÎóíúáõ¡ ÊóÚúÏõæ Ýöí ÇáúÛóÒúæö¡ æóÇáúÞóÕúÏõ ÊóÚúÙöíãõ ÔóÃúäö ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö: ÇáúÅöÈöáõ ÊóÚúÏõæ ÈöÇáúÍóÌöíÌö ãöäú ÚóÑóÝóÇÊò Åöáóì ãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉó æóãöäðì.
æóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÖóÈúÍðÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÖúÈóÍõ ÖóÈúÍðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ãóÝúÚõæáñ ãõØúáóÞñ¡ æóÇáÖøóÈúÍõ: ÕóæúÊõ ÃóÌúæóÇÝö ÇáúÎóíúáö ÚöäúÏó ÌóÑúíöåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞõæáõ åöíó ÇáúÅöÈöáõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÇáÖøóÈúÍõ ÈöÇáúÎóíúáö.
ÝóÇáúãõæÑöíóÇÊö ÞóÏúÍðÇ: Ãóíö ÇáúÎóíúáõ ÊõæÑöí ÇáäøóÇÑó ÈöÍóæóÇÝöÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÓóÇÑóÊú áóíúáðÇ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊõ: ÇáúÅöÈöáõ. ÞóÇáó: ÈöÑóÝúÚöåóÇ ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉó ÝóíóÖúÑöÈõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÊóäúÝöí íóÏóÇåóÇ ÇáúÍóÕóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö åóÇÌöÑóÉò ... äóÝúíó ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãö ÊóäúÞóÇÏõ ÇáÕøóíóÇÑöíÝöõõ(9/61)
ÝóÇáúãõÛöíÑóÇÊö ÕõÈúÍðÇ ÇáúÎóíúáõ ÊõÛöíÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÏõæøö æóÞúÊó ÇáÕøõÈúÍö.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÝóÇáúÅöÈöáõ ÊõÛöíÑõ ÈöÇáúÍõÌøóÇÌö ÕõÈúÍðÇ ãöäú ãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉó Åöáóì ãöäðì íóæúãó ÇáäøóÍúÑö.
ÝóÃóËóÑúäó Èöåö äóÞúÚðÇ: Ãóíú ÛõÈóÇÑðÇ. ÞóÇáó Èöåö. Ãóíú: ÈöÇáÕøõÈúÍö Ãóæú Èöåö. Ãóíú ÈöÇáúÚóÏõæøö.
æóÇáúãóÝúåõæãõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö: ÊóæóÓøóØúäó Èöåö ÌóãúÚðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÏóÎóáúäó Ýöí æóÓóØö ÌóãúÚò Ãóíú ÎóáúÞò ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóäóÙöíÑõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÈöÔúÑö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÒöãò:
ÝóæóÓóØúäó ÌóãúÚóåõãú æóÃóÝúáóÊó ÍóÇÌöÈñ ... ÊóÍúÊó ÇáúÚóÌóÇÌóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÛõÈóÇÑö ÇáúÃóÞúÊóã
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí ÇáøóÐöí íóÞõæáõ: ÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊõ ÇáúÅöÈöáõ ÊóÍúãöáõ ÇáúÍóÌöíÌó.
ÝóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóæóÓóØúäó Èöåö ÌóãúÚðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÕöÑúäó ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÏõæøö æóÓúØó ÌóãúÚò. æóåöíó ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉõ¡ æóÌóãúÚñ ÇÓúãñ ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÕóÝöíøóÉó ÈöäúÊö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúãóØøóáöÈö¡ ÚóãøóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÃõãøö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö Èúäö ÇáúÚóæøóÇãö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ:
ÝóáóÇ æóÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊõ ãõÛúÈöÑóÇÊõ ÌóãúÚò ... ÈöÃóíúÏöíåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÓóØóÚó ÇáúÛõÈóÇÑõ
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÇÞóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÓõÞúÊõåõ ÈöÍõÑõæÝöåö áöÈóíóÇäöåö áöáúãóÚúäóì ßóÇãöáðÇ.
æóáóßöäú ãöãøóÇ ÞóÏøóãóåõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö: Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Ýöí ãóÚúäðì æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÊóÑõÏøõ ÃóÍóÏó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö Ãóæú ÊõÄóíøöÏõ ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏú æóÌóÏúÊõ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí äõÞúØóÉò ÃóÓóÇÓöíøóÉò ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãóÚó ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö¡ æóãóÚóÇäöíåóÇ æóÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö æóÊóÑóÇßöíÈöåö.
æóäõÞúØóÉõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö åöíó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóæóÓøóØúäó Èöåö¡ Ãóåõæó ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉõ áöÃóäøó ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåóÇ ÌóãúÚðÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «æóÞóÝúÊõ åóÇåõäóÇ æóÌóãúÚñ ßõáøõåóÇ ãóæúÞöÝñ» .
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ Ýöí äöÞóÇÔò Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò. ÓóÇÞóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò.õõ(9/62)
Ãóãú ÈöÇáúÌóãúÚö ÌóãúÚö ÇáúÌóíúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÛóíúÑöåö. ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÞóÏú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÞóÑóÇÆöäó ÚóÏöíÏóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóãúäóÚõ ãöäú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÌóãúÚò¡ æóåöíó ßóÇáúÂÊöí: ÃóæøóáðÇ æóÕúÝõ ÇáúÎóíúáö Ãóæö ÇáúÅöÈöáö Úóáóì ÍóÏøò ÓóæóÇÁò ÈöÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÍóÏøö ÇáÖøóÈúÍö æóæóÑúíö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÈöÇáúÍóæóÇÝöÑö æóÈöÇáúÍóÕóÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóæúÕóÇÝñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóÑúíö ÇáÓøóÑöíÚö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÝóÇÖóÉó ãöäú ÚóÑóÝóÇÊò Ëõãøó ãöäó ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉö áóÇ ÊóÍúÊóãöáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÏúæó¡ æóáóíúÓó åõæó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöãóÍúãõæÏò ; áöÃóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßóÇäó íõäóÇÏöí: «ÇáÓøóßöíäóÉó ÇáÓøóßöíäóÉó» Ýóáóæú æõÌöÏó áóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóæúÖöÚó ÊóÚúÙöíãò æóÊóÝúÎöíãò.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑó Ãóäøó ÅöËóÇÑóÉó ÇáäøóÞúÚö ãöäú áóæóÇÒöãö ÇáúÍóÑúÈö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÈóÔøóÇÑñ:
ßóÃóäøó ãóËóÇÑó ÇáäøóÞúÚö ÝóæúÞó ÑõÁõæÓöäóÇ ... æóÃóÓúíóÇÝóäóÇ áóíúáñ ÊóåóÇæóì ßóæóÇßöÈõåõ
Ãóíú: áöÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúßóÑøö æóÇáúÝóÑøö.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇáúãõÛöíÑóÇÊö ÕõÈúÍðÇ ÝóÃóËóÑúäó Èöåö äóÞúÚðÇ ÝóæóÓóØúäó Èöåö ÌóãúÚðÇ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõÑóÊøóÈðÇ ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö¡ æóåöíó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö æóÇáÊøóÚúÞöíÈö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÇÊö ÕõÈúÍðÇ¡ æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÝóæóÓóØúäó Èöåö ÌóãúÚðÇ.
æóÌóãúÚñ åöíó ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÄúÊóì ÅöáóíúåóÇ áóíúáðÇ. ÝóßóíúÝó íóÞúÑöäõ ÕõÈúÍðÇ¡ æóíóÊóæóÓøóØúäó ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉó áóíúáðÇ.
æóÚóáóì ãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú íõÛöíÑõæäó ÕõÈúÍðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉö Åöáóì ãöäðì¡ Êóßõæäõ Êöáúßó ÇáúÅöÛóÇÑóÉõ ÕõÈúÍðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóæóÓøõØö ÈöÌóãúÚò¡ æóÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ íõÄóÎøöÑõåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÛóÇÑóÉö æóáóãú íõÞóÏøöãúåóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
ÝóÊóÈóíøóäó ÈöÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÅöÑóÇÏóÉó ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉö ÛóíúÑõ ãõÊóÃóÊøöíóÉò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö.
æóíóÈúÞóì ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÕóÍøõ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóáóæú ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì äóÙóÑöíøóÉö ÊóÑóÇÈõØö ÇáÓøõæÑö áóßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ÊóÑúÌöíÍðÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö¡ ÐõßöÑóÊö ÇáÒøóáúÒóáóÉõ æóÕõÏõæÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ áöíõÑõæÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú.õõ(9/63)
Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áöÑóÈøöåö áóßóäõæÏñ (6)
æóåõäóÇ ÍóËøó Úóáóì ÃóÝúÖóáö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõæÑöËõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáúÃóÈóÏöíøóÉó æóÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉó ÇáÏøóÇÆöãóÉó Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉò ãõãóÇËöáóÉò¡ æóåöíó ÚóÏúæõåõãú ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö áöÊóÍúÕöíáö ÐóÇßó ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáøóÐöí íõÍöÈøõæäó ÑõÄúíóÊóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ æóåõæó äõÕúÑóÉõ Ïöíäö Çááøóåö Ãóæö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áöÑóÈøöåö áóßóäõæÏñ æóÅöäøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó áóÔóåöíÏñ æóÅöäøóåõ áöÍõÈøö ÇáúÎóíúÑö áóÔóÏöíÏñ.
åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÇáúßóäõæÏõ: ÇáúßóÝõæÑõ ÇáúÌõÍõæÏõ áöäöÚóãö Çááøóåö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ: íóÐúßõÑõ ÇáúãóÕóÇÆöÈó æóíóäúÓóì ÇáäøöÚóãó¡ ÃóÎóÐóåõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ ÝóäóÙóãóåõ:
ÃóíóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõ Ýöí ÝöÚúáöåö ... æóÇáÙøõáúãõ ãóÑúÏõæÏñ Úóáóì ãóäú Ùóáóãú
Åöáóì ãóÊóì ÃóäúÊó æóÍóÊøóì ãóÊóì ... ÊóÔúßõæ ÇáúãõÕöíÈóÇÊö æóÊóäúÓóì ÇáäøöÚóãú
æóÑóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÃõãóÇãóÉó ÇáúÈóÇåöáöíøõ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇáúßóäõæÏõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÃúßõáõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóíóãúäóÚõ ÑöÝúÏóåõ¡ æóíóÖúÑöÈõ ÚóÈúÏóåõ» .
æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃóáóÇ ÃõÈóÔøöÑõßõãú ÈöÔöÑóÇÑößõãú¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Èóáóì íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÞóÇáó: ãóäú äóÒóáó æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóãóäóÚó ÑöÝúÏóåõ¡ æóÌóáóÏó ÚóÈúÏóåõ» ÎóÑøóÌóåõãóÇ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ Ýöí äóæóÇÏöÑö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö.
æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÃóíúÖðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÇáúßóäõæÏõ ÈöáöÓóÇäö ßöäúÏóÉó æóÍóÖúÑóãóæúÊó: ÇáúÚóÇÕöí¡ æóÈöáöÓóÇäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó æóãõÖóÑó: ÇáúßóÝõæÑõ¡ æóÈöáöÓóÇäö ßöäóÇäóÉó: ÇáúÈóÎöíáõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆõ ÇáúãóáóßóÉö» .
æóÞóÇáó ãõÞóÇÊöáñ: æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
ßóäõæÏñ áöäóÚúãóÇÁö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö æóãóäú íóßõäú ... ßóäõæÏðÇ áöäóÚúãóÇÁö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö íõÈúÚóÏõ
Ãóíú: ßóÝõæÑñ.
Ëõãøó Þöíáó: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóßúÝõÑõ ÇáúíóÓöíÑó¡ æóáóÇ íóÔúßõÑõ ÇáúßóËöíÑó.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÌóÇÍöÏõ áöáúÍóÞøö.
æóÞöíáó: ÓõãøöíóÊú ßöäúÏóÉõ ßöäúÏóÉð ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÌóÍóÏóÊú ÃóÈóÇåóÇ.õõ(9/64)
æóÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Èúäõ åóÑúãóÉó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
ÏóÚö ÇáúÈõÎóáóÇÁó Åöäú ÔóãóÎõæÇ æóÕóÏøõæÇ ... æóÐößúÑóì ÈõÎúáö ËóãóÇäöíóÉò ßóäõæÏ
Ýöí äõÞõæáò ßóËöíÑóÉò æóÔóæóÇåöÏó.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúßóäõæÏõ ÇáøóÐöí íõäúÝöÞõ äöÚóãó Çááøóåö Ýöí ãóÚúÕöíóÉö Çááøóåö.
æóÚóäú Ðöí Çáäøõæäö: ÇáúåóáõæÚõ æóÇáúßóäõæÏõ: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÌóÒõæÚðÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ãóäõæÚðÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÍóÓõæÏõ ÇáúÍóÞõæÏõ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÈóÍúËö:
ÞõáúÊõ: åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáõ ßõáøõåóÇ ÊóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúßõÝúÑóÇäö æóÇáúÌõÍõæÏö.
æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúßóäõæÏö ÈöÎöÕóÇáò ãóÐúãõæãóÉò¡ æóÃóÍúæóÇáò ÛóíúÑö ãóÍúãõæÏóÉò¡ ÝóÅöäú ÕóÍøó Ýóåõæó ÃóÚúáóì ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÞóì áöÃóÍóÏò ãóÚóåõ ãóÞóÇáñ. ÇåÜ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: Åöäú ÕóÍøó ÇáúÃóËóÑõ ÝóáóÇ Þóæúáó áöÃóÍóÏò¡ æóáóßöäú ßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáÊøóäóæøõÚö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Ööãúäó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌõÍõæÏö áöáúÍóÞøö Ãóæú áöáäøöÚóãö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Ðõæ Çáäøõæäö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóåöíó ãõÝóÓøöÑóÉñ áöáúßóäõæÏö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúåóáõæÚõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÌóÒõæÚðÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ãóäõæÚðÇ.
æóãöËúáõåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÇÈúÊóáóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÃóßúÑóãóåõ æóäóÚøóãóåõ ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÑóÈøöí ÃóßúÑóãóäöí æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÇÈúÊóáóÇåõ ÝóÞóÏóÑó Úóáóíúåö ÑöÒúÞóåõ ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÑóÈøöí ÃóåóÇäóäöí [89 \ 15 - 16] .
æóÞóÏú ÚóÞøóÈó Úóáóíúåö åõäóÇßó ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÚóÞøóÈó Úóáóíúåö åõäóÇ.
ÝóåõäóÇßó ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ Èóá áóÇ ÊõßúÑöãõæäó ÇáúíóÊöíãó æóáóÇ ÊóÍóÇÖøõæäó Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö æóÊóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáÊøõÑóÇËó ÃóßúáðÇ áóãøðÇ æóÊõÍöÈøõæäó ÇáúãóÇáó ÍõÈøðÇ ÌóãøðÇ [89 \ 17 - 20] .
æóåõäóÇ ÚóÞøóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøóåõ áöÍõÈøö ÇáúÎóíúÑö áóÔóÏöíÏñ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö áóíúÓó ßóÐóáößó¡õõ(9/65)
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÚúØóì æóÇÊøóÞóì æóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì [92 \ 5¡ 6] ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÇáúãóÎúÕõæÕö.
æóÃóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ãöäú ØóÈöíÚóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ åóÐøóÈóåõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõÍúÖöÑóÊö ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓõ ÇáÔøõÍøó [4 \ 128] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú íõæÞó ÔõÍøó äóÝúÓöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÍõæäó [59 \ 9] .
æóäóÕøó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó áóÔóåöíÏñ.
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÑúÌöÚö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Ýöí: æóÅöäøóåõ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÑóÌøóÍóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóÅöäøóåõ áöÍõÈøö ÇáúÎóíúÑö áóÔóÏöíÏñ.
æóÞöíáó: ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö.
æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÞóÏøóãóåõ.
æóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó íóÐúßõÑõæäó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúÊó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÚóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöÑóÈøö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÝóÝöíåö ÅöÔúßóÇáñ ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö æóÃóÌóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö.
æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁóÊú äõÕõæÕñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ íõäúßöÑõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõÍöÈøõ Ãóäøóåõ íõÍúÓöäõ ÕõäúÚðÇ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó.
æóãöäó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö Úóáóíúåö: Ãóäøó ÔóåóÇÏóÊóåõ ÈöáöÓóÇäö ÇáúÍóÇáö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÔóåóÇÏóÊóåõãú ÈöáöÓóÇäö ÇáúãóÞóÇáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Ãóäú íóÚúãõÑõæÇ ãóÓóÇÌöÏó Çááøóåö ÔóÇåöÏöíäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö [9 \ 17] ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉó ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö åöíó ÇáÔøöÑúßõ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóåõ áöÍõÈøö ÇáúÎóíúÑö áóÔóÏöíÏñ.
ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ÚóÇãøñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ.
æóáóßöäøóåõ åõäóÇ ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõÑöíÏó Èöåö ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ ãöäú ÞóÕúÑö ÇáúÚóÇãøö Úóáóì(9/66)
ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÅöÐóÇ ÈõÚúËöÑó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö (9)
ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÇáó ÝóÑúÏñ ãöäú ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊóÑóßó ÎóíúÑðÇ [2 \ 180] ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇáðÇ ; áöÃóäøó Úóãóáó ÇáúÎóíúÑö íóÕúÍóÈõåõ ãóÚóåõ æóáóÇ íóÊúÑõßõåõ.
æóÝöí ãóÚúäóì åóÐóÇ æóÌúåóÇäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ æóÅöäøóåõ áöÍõÈøö ÇáúÎóíúÑö Ãóíú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÍõÈøöåö ÇáúÎóíúÑó áöÔóÏöíÏñ ÈóÎöíáñ¡ ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÈõÎúáö.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
ÃóÑóì ÇáúãóæúÊó íóÚúÊóÇãõ ÇáúßöÑóÇãó æóíóÕúØóÝöí ... ÚóÞöíáóÉó ãóÇáö ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔö ÇáúãõÊóÔóÏøöÏ
Ãóíú: ÔóÏöíÏö ÇáúÈõÎúáö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö.
æóÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÔóÏöíÏõ ÍõÈøö ÇáúãóÇáö. ÞóÇáóåõãóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò.
æóÞóÇáó: ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáËøóÇäöíó íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáó.
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöáúæóÌúåö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáÊøõÑóÇËó ÃóßúáðÇ áóãøðÇ æóÊõÍöÈøõæäó ÇáúãóÇáó ÍõÈøðÇ ÌóãøðÇ.
æóÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáËøóÇäöíó íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáó ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÃóÍóÈøó ÇáúãóÇáó ÍõÈøðÇ ÌóãøðÇ ÓóíóÍúãöáõåõ ÍõÈøõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈõÎúáö.
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÕøö ãóÐóãøóÉõ ÍõÈøö ÇáúãóÇáö æóåõæó ÌöÈöáøóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú åóÐøóÈóåõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÐøóãøó íóäúÕóÈøõ Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÍõÈøö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÍúãöáõ ÕóÇÍöÈóåóÇ Úóáóì ÖóíóÇÚö ÇáúÍõÞõæÞö Ãóæú ÊóÚóÏøöí ÇáúÍõÏõæÏö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ æóãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ äóÇÒöáóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ßóáóÇãó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÅöÐóÇ ÈõÚúËöÑó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö.
ÇáúÈóÚúËóÑóÉõ: ÇáöÇäúÊöËóÇÑõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúßóáöãóÉó ãóÃúÎõæÐóÉñ ãöäú ÃóÕúáóíúäö: ÇáúÈóÚúËõ æóÇáäøóËúÑõ.
ÝóÇáúÈóÚúËõ: ÎõÑõæÌõåõãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁð.
æóÇáäøóËúÑõ: ÇáöÇäúÊöÔóÇÑõ ßóäóËúÑö ÇáúÍóÈøö¡ Ýóåöíó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÈóÚúËöåöãú ãõäúÊóÔöÑöíäó.õõ(9/67)
æóÍõÕøöáó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö (10)
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÈõæÑõ ÈõÚúËöÑóÊú [82 \ 4] ¡ Ãóíú ÈõÚúËöÑó ãöäú ÝöíåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö ÓöÑóÇÚðÇ [70 \ 43] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÌóÑóÇÏñ ãõäúÊóÔöÑñ [54 \ 7] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö [101 \ 4] . .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍõÕøöáó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö.
Þöíáó: ÍõÕøöáó Ãóíú ÃõÈúÑöÒó. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
æóÞöíáó: ãóíøóÒó ÇáúÎóíúÑó ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑøö.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãóÇ ÈóÞöíó.
ÞóÇáó áóÈöíóÏñ:
æóßõáøõ ÇãúÑöÆò íóæúãðÇ ÓóíóÚúáóãõ ÓóÚúíóåõ ... ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÕóáóÊú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöáóåö ÇáúÍóÕóÇÆöáõ
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó ÊõÈúáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ [86 \ 9] .
æóäóÕøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö åõäóÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ãõäóÇØõ ÇáúÚóãóáö æóãóÚúÞöÏõ ÇáäøöíøóÉö.
æóÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉõ æóÕöÍøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ßõáøõåóÇ ãóÏóÇÑõåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøöíøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÈöÇáäøöíøóÇÊö» æóÍóÏöíËö: «ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáúÌóÓóÏö ãõÖúÛóÉð¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÕóáóÍóÊú ÕóáóÍó ÇáúÌóÓóÏõ ßõáøõåõ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: ÎóÕøóÕó ÇáúÞóáúÈó ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÍóáøñ áöÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö.
æóáöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÐøóãøö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÂËöãñ ÞóáúÈõåõ [2 \ 283] ¡ æóÝöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáúãóÏúÍö: æóÌöáóÊú ÞõáõæÈõåõãú [8 \ 2] .
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ Þóæúáõåõ: ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÊóì Çááøóåó ÈöÞóáúÈò Óóáöíãò [26 \ 89] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ëõãøó ÞóÓóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãú [2 \ 74] .õõ(9/68)
Åöäøó ÑóÈøóåõãú Èöåöãú íóæúãóÆöÐò áóÎóÈöíÑñ (11)
æóÞóÇáó: Ëõãøó Êóáöíäõ ÌõáõæÏõåõãú æóÞõáõæÈõåõãú [39 \ 23] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóáóÇ ÈöÐößúÑö Çááøóåö ÊóØúãóÆöäøõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ [13 \ 28] ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÕøõÏõæÑö ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ åõæó ÇáúÞóáúÈõ.
Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ æóáóßöäú ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [22 \ 46] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: äóÕøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö áöíóÔúãóáó ÇáúÎóíúÑó æóÇáÔøóÑøó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóáúÈó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö.
æóÇáÕøóÏúÑõ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí íõæóÓúæöÓõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö [114 \ 5] .
æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó æóÌöíåðÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÍóáøó ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ åõæó ÇáúÞóáúÈõ¡ ÝóíóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóåõãú Èöåöãú íóæúãóÆöÐò áóÎóÈöíÑñ.
ÐößúÑõ ÇáÙøóÑúÝö åõäóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÞóÕúÑö ÇáúæóÕúÝö Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÎóÈöíÑñ Èöåöãú Ýöí ßõáøö æóÞúÊò Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö¡ æóÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö íõÙúåöÑõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÎóÝöíøðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÇáÓøöÑøó æóÃóÎúÝóì¡ æóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóÇ ÊóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ÎóÇÝöíóÉñ.
æóáóßöäøó ÐößúÑó ÇáÙøóÑúÝö åõäóÇ áöáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ãóÚó ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÈöÎóÈöíÑò¡ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäú Úóáöíãò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó äóÈøóÃóäöíó ÇáúÚóáöíãõ ÇáúÎóÈöíÑõ [66 \ 3] .(9/69)
ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ßóÇáØøóÇãøóÉö æóÇáÕøóÇÎøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÂÒöÝóÉö¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉö. ÇåÜ. Ãóíú æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÕøóÇÎøóÉõ æóÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÙõãó ÎóØóÑõåõ ßóËõÑóÊú ÃóÓúãóÇÄõåõ.
Ãóæú ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáöíøò: ßóËúÑóÉõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚöÙóãö ÇáúãõÓóãøóì.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áóíúÓó ãöäó ÇáúãõÊóÑóÇÏöÝóÇÊö¡ ÝóÅöäøó áößõáøö ÇÓúãò ÏóáóÇáóÉð Úóáóì ãóÚúäðì ÎóÇÕøò Èöåö.
ÝóÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉõ áöÕöÏúÞö æõÞõæÚöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ áöÊóÍóÞøõÞö æõÞõæÚöåóÇ¡ æóÇáØøóÇãøóÉõ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóØöãõ æóÊóÚõãøõ ÈöÃóÍúæóÇáöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÂÒöÝóÉõ ãöäú ÞõÑúÈö æõÞõæÚöåóÇ «ÃóÒöÝóÊö ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉõ» ãöËúáõ «ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ» ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ: ãöäú ÞóÑúÚö ÇáÕøóæúÊö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö áöÔöÏøóÉö ÃóåúæóÇáöåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ ÇÓúãñ áöáÔøöÏøóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÊóÞõæáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ: ÞóÑøóÚóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ æóÝóÞøóÑóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÞöÑóÉõ¡ ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚó Èöåöãú ÃóãúÑñ ÝóÙöíÚñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò:
æóÞóÇÑöÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö áóæúáóÇ ... ÓóÈöíáõåõãú áóÒóÇÍóÊú Úóäúßó ÍöíäðÇ
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÊõÕöíÈõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÕóäóÚõæÇ ÞóÇÑöÚóÉñ [13 \ 31] ¡ æóåöíó ÇáÔøóÏöíÏóÉõ ãöäú ÔóÏóÇÆöÏö ÇáÏøóåúÑö.õõ(9/70)
íóæúãó íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö (4)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ¡ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Þóæúáõåõãú: Åöäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó «æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó» Ãóäøóåõ íõÏúÑöíåö¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó «æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó» áóÇ íõÏúÑöíåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÏúÑóÇåõ åõäóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ßóÇáúÚöåúäö ÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö [101 \ 4 - 5] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÍóÇáñ ãöäú ÃóÍúæóÇáöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÎóÇÝöÖóÉñ ÑóÇÝöÚóÉñ [56 \ 3] ¡ æóÝöí ÇáØøóÇãøóÉö æóÇáÕøóÇÎøóÉö: íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ [78 \ 40] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóæúãó íóÝöÑøõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãöäú ÃóÎöíåö æóÃõãøöåö æóÃóÈöíåö [80 \ 34 - 35] .
æóÃóíúÖðÇ ÝóÅöäøó ßõáøó ÍóÇáóÉò íóÐúßõÑõ ãóÚóåóÇ ÇáúÍóÇáó ÇáøóÐöí íõäóÇÓöÈõåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúÚö æóåõæó ÇáÖøóÑúÈõ¡ äóÇÓóÈó Ãóäú íóÐúßõÑó ãóÚóåóÇ ãóÇ íõæåöäõ Þõæóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Åöáóì ÖöÚúÝö ÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö¡ æóíõÝóßøößõ ÊóÑóÇÈõØó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö Åöáóì åóÈóÇÁö ÇáúÚöåúäö ÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö.
ÇáúÝóÑóÇÔõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÝóÑóÇÔóÉò.
æóÞöíáó: åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóØöíÑõ æóÊóÊóåóÇÝóÊõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÞöíáó: ØóíúÑñ ÑóÞöíÞñ íóÞúÕöÏõ ÇáäøóÇÑó æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõ íóÊóÞóÍøóãõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöÕúÈóÇÍö æóäóÍúæöåö ÍóÊøóì íóÍúÊóÑöÞó.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö Þóæúáó ÌóÑöíÑò:
Åöäøó ÇáúÝóÑóÒúÏóÞó ãóÇ ÚóáöãúÊõ æóÞóæúãóåõ ... ãöËúáó ÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÛóÔóíúäó äóÇÑó ÇáúãõÕúØóáóì
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ: åõæó ÛóæúÛóÇÁõ ÇáúÌóÑóÇÏö ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÊóÔöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóíóÑúßóÈõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÈóÚúÖðÇ ãöäó Çáúåóæúáö.
æóäóÞóáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäö ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúåóãóÌõ ÇáØøóÇÆöÑõ ãöäú ÈóÚõæÖò æóÛóíúÑöåö.
æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÌóÑóÇÏõ. æóíõÞóÇáõ: åõæó ÃóØúíóÔõ ãöäú ÝóÑóÇÔóÉò ÞóÇáó:
ØõæóíúÔñ ãöäú äóÝóÑö ÃóØúíóÇÔö ... ÃóØúíóÔõ ãöäú ØóÇÆöÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÑóÇÔ
æóÝöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóËóáöí æóãóËóáõßõãú ßóãóËóáö ÑóÌõáòõõ(9/71)
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ËóÞõáóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ (6) Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÚöíÔóÉò ÑóÇÖöíóÉò (7)
ÃóæúÞóÏó äóÇÑðÇ ÝóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÌóäóÇÏöÈõ æóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔõ íóÞóÚúäó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóåõæó íóÐõÈøõåõäøó ÚóäúåóÇ. æóÃóäóÇ ÂÎöÐñ ÈöÍõÌõÒößõãú Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÝóáøóÊõæäó ãöäú íóÏöí» .
æóÇáúãóÈúËõæËõ: ÇáúãõäúÊóÔöÑõ.
æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ: íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÌóÑóÇÏñ ãõäúÊóÔöÑñ [54 \ 7] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóíóÇäõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ» ¡ æóÓõæÑóÉö «Þ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö» ¡ æóÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÍóßöíãö» . ÈöãóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ.
æóÞóÏú Þöíáó: Åöäøó æóÕúÝóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÍóÇáöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö æóÇáúÍóíúÑóÉö.
æóæóÕúÝóåõãú ßóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö æóæóÍúÏóÉö ÇáöÇÊøöÌóÇåö: ãõåúØöÚöíäó Åöáóì ÇáÏøóÇÚöí [54 \ 8] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ßóÇáúÚöåúäö ÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö ÈóíóÇäõ ÃóÍúæóÇáö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãöäú ÈóÏúÆöåóÇ ÈößóËöíÈò ãóåöíáò¡ Ëõãøó ßóÇáúÚöåúäö ÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÓöíÑõ ßóÇáÓøóÑóÇÈö.
æóÃóÍóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÍúÓóÈõåóÇ ÌóÇãöÏóÉð æóåöíó ÊóãõÑøõ ãóÑøó ÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö [27 \ 88] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÓóÃóáó ÓóÇÆöáñ» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ËóÞõáóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÚöíÔóÉò ÑóÇÖöíóÉò.
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ËóÞõáóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ ÏóáóÇáóÉñ Úóáóì æóÞúÚö ÇáúæóÒúäö áößõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò.
æóÇáúãóæóÇÒöíäõ: íõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúãóæúÒõæäõ¡ æóíõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÂáóÉõ ÇáúæóÒúäö¡ ßóÇáúãóÚóÇíöíÑö¡ æóåõãóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÇäö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚóÇíöíÑó ÈöÇáÐøóÑøóÉö æóÃóÞóáøó ãöäúåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó äõÕõæÕñ Úóáóì æóÖúÚö ÇáúãóæóÇÒöíäö æóÅöÞóÇãóÊöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇáúÞöÓúØö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÖóÚõ ÇáúãóæóÇÒöíäó ÇáúÞöÓúØó áöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÝóáóÇ ÊõÙúáóãõ äóÝúÓñ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöËúÞóÇáó ÍóÈøóÉò ãöäú ÎóÑúÏóáò ÃóÊóíúäóÇ ÈöåóÇ æóßóÝóì ÈöäóÇ ÍóÇÓöÈöíäó [21 \ 47] .(9/72)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÚöíÔóÉò ÑóÇÖöíóÉò¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÈöãóÚúäóì ãõÑúÖöíøóÉò¡ æóÑóÇÖöíóÉñ ÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãõÑúÖöíøóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò äóÇÚöãóÉñ áöÓóÚúíöåóÇ ÑóÇÖöíóÉñ [88 \ 8 - 9] ¡ ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÇáÑøöÖóì áöáúÚöíÔóÉö¡ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÝóÇÚöáóÉõ ÇáÑøöÖóì ; áöÃóäøó ßóáöãóÉó ÇáúÚöíÔóÉö ÌóÇãöÚóÉñ áöäóÚöíãö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáäøóÚöíãö¡ ÑóÇÖöíóÉñ ØóÇÆöÚóÉñ áóíøöäóÉñ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÝóÊõÝóÌøóÑõ áóåõãõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ØóæóÇÚöíóÉð¡ æóÊóÏúäõæ ÇáËøöãóÇÑõ ØóæóÇÚöíóÉð¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞõØõæÝõåóÇ ÏóÇäöíóÉñ [69 \ 23] .
ÝóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö ÈöÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúãóÍóáøö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÍóÇáøö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóÏúÚõ äóÇÏöíóåõ [96 \ 17] .
æóÇáäøóÇÏöí: ãóßóÇäõ ãõäúÊóÏóì ÇáúÞóæúãö¡ Ãóíú íõäóÇÏöí ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ áöáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö Ýöíåö.
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ: ãóäú íóÍõáøõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÇÏöí¡ æóíóßõæäõ åõäóÇ ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáúãóÍóáøó æóåõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÚöíÔóÉö¡ æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúÍóÇáøó ÝöíåóÇ.
æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýóåõæó ÅöÓúäóÇÏñ ÍóÞöíÞöíøñ ãöäú ÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇáÑøöÖóì áöãóäú æóÞóÚó ãöäúåõ Ãóæú ÞóÇãó Èöåö. æóãöãøóÇ åõæó ÌóÏöíÑñ ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö Ãóäøó Íóãúáóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúÈóíóÇäöíøö áóíúÓó ãõÊøóÌóåðÇ ßóÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚöíÔóÉó áóíúÓóÊú ãóÍóáøðÇ áöÛóíúÑöåóÇ Èóáú åöíó ÍóÇáøóÉñ¡ æóÇáúãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøõ åõæó ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ æóÇáúÚöíÔóÉõ ÍóÇáøóÉñ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÇÓúãñ áöãóÚóÇäöí ÇáäøóÚöíãö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Íóãúáõ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÃóÕóÍøõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÊõÍöÓøõ ÈöÃóåúáöåóÇ æóÊóÝúÑóÍõ ÈöÚóãóáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÊóÒóíøóäõ æóÊóÈúÊóåöÌõ Ýöí ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóäóÇÙóÑóÊú ãóÚó ÇáäøóÇÑö. æóßõáøñ íõÏúáöí ÈöÃóåúáöåö æóÝóÑóÍöåö Èöåöãú¡ ÍóÊøóì æóÚóÏó Çááøóåõ ßõáøðÇ ÈöãöáúÆöåóÇ.
æóäõÕõæÕõ ÊóáóÞøöí ÇáúÍõæÑö æóÇáúæöáúÏóÇäö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÈöÇáÑøöÖóì æóÇáÊøóÍöíøóÉö ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÇßöåóÉñ æóáóåõãú ãóÇ íóÏøóÚõæäó [36 \ 57] ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÊóÃóÎøóÑõ Úóäúåõãú ÔóíúÁñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúßõãú ØöÈúÊõãú ÝóÇÏúÎõáõæåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó [39 \ 73] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ýöíåöäøó ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö áóãú íóØúãöËúåõäøó ÅöäúÓñ ÞóÈúáóåõãú æóáóÇ ÌóÇäøñ [55 \ 56] .
æóÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö Úóäú ÑöÖðì ÈöÃóåúáöåöäøó. æóãöäúåõ ÍõæÑñ ãóÞúÕõæÑóÇÊñ Ýöí ÇáúÎöíóÇãö [55 \ 72] ¡ Ãóíú Úóáóì ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöäøó.(9/73)
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÎóÝøóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ (8) ÝóÃõãøõåõ åóÇæöíóÉñ (9)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÏóÇäöíóÉð Úóáóíúåöãú ÙöáóÇáõåóÇ æóÐõáøöáóÊú ÞõØõæÝõåóÇ ÊóÐúáöíáðÇ [76 \ 14] ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó äóÚöíãó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÈöäóÝúÓöåö ÑóÇÖò ÈöÃóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÎóÝøóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ ÝóÃõãøõåõ åóÇæöíóÉñ.
æóÞóÚó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃõãøõåõ åóÇæöíóÉñ¡ åóáö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÃõãøöåö ãóÃúæóÇåõ æóåöíó ÇáäøóÇÑõ¡ æóÃóäøó åóÇæöíóÉð ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåóÇ¡ Ãóãö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÃõãøöåö ÑóÃúÓõåõ æóÃóäøó åóÇæöíóÉð ãöäó Çáúåõæöíøö¡ ÝóíõáúÞóì Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ãõäóßøöÓðÇ ÑóÃúÓóåõ íóåúæöí Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ ãóäú íóÞõæáõ Åöäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö.
ÝóÊóßõæäõ «Ãõãøõåõ åóÇæöíóÉñ» ¡ æóåöíó ÇáäøóÇÑõ æóíõáúÞóì ÝöíåóÇ ãõäóßøóÓðÇ Êóåúæöí ÑóÃúÓõåõ æóÇáúÚöíóÇÐõ ÈöÇááøóåö.
æóÍóßóì ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃõãøó ÈöãóÚúäóì Þóæúáö áóÈöíóÏò:
ÝóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãóÚúÞöáõäóÇ æóßóÇäóÊú ÃõãøóäóÇ ... ÝöíåóÇ ãóÞóÇÈöÑõäóÇ æóÝöíåóÇ äõæóáóÏõ
æóÚóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúåóÇæöíóÉö ÇáúÈóÚöíÏóÉö æóÇáÏøóÇåöíóÉö¡ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
íóÇ ÚóãúÑõæ áóæú äóÇáóÊúßó ÑöãóÇÍõäóÇ ... ßõäúÊó ßóãóäú Êóåúæöí Èöåö ÇáúåóÇæöíóåú
æóÇáúåóÇæöíóÉõ: ãóßóÇäõ Çáúåóæöíøö.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
ÃóßóáúÊõ ÏóãðÇ Åöäú áóãú ÃóÑúÚóßö ÈöÖóÑøóÉò ... ÈóÚöíÏóÉö ãóåúæóì ÇáúÞõÑúØö ãóíøóÇÓóÉó ÇáúÞóÏø
Ãóæú ØóíøöÈóÉó ÇáäøóÔúÑö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «Åöäøó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú áóíóÊóßóáøóãõ ÈöÇáúßóáöãóÉö áóÇ íóÑóì ÈöåóÇ ÈóÃúÓðÇ íóåúæöí ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÓóÈúÚöíäó ÎóÑöíÝðÇ» .
äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáÓøóáóÇãó.
æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑó ÇáúåóÇæöíóÉó ÈöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ åöíóåú äóÇÑñ ÍóÇãöíóÉñ [101 \ 10 - 11] .õõ(9/74)
æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑó ÇáúåóÇæöíóÉó ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÓúÝóáõ ÏóÑóßóÇÊö ÇáäøóÇÑö. ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ áóíõäúÈóÐóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÍõØóãóÉö æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÍõØóãóÉõ äóÇÑõ Çááøóåö ÇáúãõæÞóÏóÉõ [104 \ 4 - 6] .
æóÇáäøóÈúÐõ: ÇáØøóÑúÍõ¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÑóÌøöÍõ ãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÅöãúßóÇäö ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ßóæúäõ Ãõãøöåö åöíó ÇáúåóÇæöíóÉõ Ãóíö ÇáäøóÇÑõ¡ íóåúæöí ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì Ãõãøö ÑóÃúÓöåö¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÇáäøóÈúÐö Ýöí ÇáúåóÇæöíóÉö ÈóÚöíÏóÉö Çáúãóåúæóì¡ æóÚóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÌöÓúãö ÅöÐóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ãöäú ÔóÇåöÞò ÈóÚöíÏðÇ íõÓúÈöÞõåõ Åöáóì ÃóÓúÝóáó ÃóËúÞóáõåõ¡ æóÃóËúÞóáõ ÌöÓúãö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÑóÃúÓõåõ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(9/75)
ÃóáúåóÇßõãõ ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑõ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáúåóÇßõãõ ÇáÊøóßøóÇËõÑõ ÍóÊøóì ÒõÑúÊõãõ ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑó.
ÃóáúåóÇßõãú: Ãóíú: ÔóÛóáóßõãú¡ æóáóåóÇåõ: Êõáúåöíåö¡ Ãóíú Úóáøóáóåõ.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
ÝóãöËúáõßö ÍõÈúáóì ÞóÏú ØóÑóÞúÊõ æóãõÑúÖöÚñ ... ÝóÃóáúåóíúÊõåóÇ Úóäú Ðöí ÊóãóÇÆöãó ãõÍúæóáö
Ãóíú: ÔóÛóáúÊõåóÇ.
æóÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑõ: ÇáúãõßóÇËóÑóÉõ. æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú åõäóÇ Ýöí Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãõßóÇËóÑóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóáúåóÊúåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö: ÊóÑóßó ÐößúÑóåõ¡ ÅöãøóÇ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÐúãõæãó åõæó äóÝúÓõ ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö ÈöÇáÔøóíúÁö áóÇ ÇáúãõÊóßóÇËóÑõ Èöåö¡ æóÅöãøóÇ ÅöÑóÇÏóÉó ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö. ÇåÜ.
æóíóÚúäöí ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÇáúÃóæøóáö: Ðóãøó ÇáúåóáóÚö¡ æóÇáäøóåóãö.
æóÈöÇáËøóÇäöí: áöíóÚõãøó ßõáøó ãóÇ åõæó ÕóÇáöÍñ áöáÊøóßóÇËõÑö Èöåö¡ ãóÇáñ æóæóáóÏñ æóÌóÇåñ¡ æóÈöäóÇÁñ æóÛöÑóÇÓñ.
æóáóãú ÃóÌöÏú áöÃóÍóÏò ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÐößúÑó äóÙöíÑò áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóáóßöäøóåõãõ ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì ÐößúÑö ÓóÈóÈö äõÒõæáöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó Íóíøóíúäö ÊóÝóÇÎóÑóÇ ÈöÇáúÂÈóÇÁö æóÃóãúÌóÇÏö ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇÏö¡ ÝóÚóÏøóÏõæÇ ÇáúÃóÍúíóÇÁó¡ Ëõãøó ÐóåóÈõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑö¡ æóÚóÏøóÏó ßõáøõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊóì íóÝúÎóÑõæäó Èöåöãú¡ æóíóÊóßóÇËóÑõæäó ÈöÊóÚúÏóÇÏöåöãú.
æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÞõÑóíúÔò Èóíúäó Èóäöí ÚóÈúÏö ãõäóÇÝò æóÈóäöí Óóåúãò.
æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö.
æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑó ßóÇäó Ýöí ãóÝóÇÎöÑö ÇáúÂÈóÇÁö.õõ(9/76)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÚõãøõ ÌóãöíÚó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó æóÛóíúÑóåõ.
æóÓöíóÇÞõ ÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: «áóæú Ãóäøó áöÇÈúäö ÂÏóãó æóÇÏöíðÇ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò¡ áóÃóÍóÈøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ æóÇÏöíóÇäö¡ æóáóäú íóãúáóÃó ÝóÇåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈõ¡ æóíóÊõæÈõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ãóäú ÊóÇÈó» .
ÞóÇáó ËóÇÈöÊñ: Úóäú ÃóäóÓò Úóäú ÃõÈóíøò: ßõäøóÇ äóÑóì åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÍóÊøóì äóÒóáóÊú: ÃóáúåóÇßõãõ ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑõ.
æóßóÃóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøó íõÔöíÑõ ÈöÐóáößó Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑó ÈöÇáúãóÇáö ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú äõÕõæÕñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóáúåóÇåõãú¡ æóÇáøóÐöí Ðóãøóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö Ãóæú ÍóÐøóÑóåõãú ãöäúåõ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Ýöí ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóÚöÈñ æóáóåúæñ æóÒöíäóÉñ æóÊóÝóÇÎõÑñ Èóíúäóßõãú æóÊóßóÇËõÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö ßóãóËóáö ÛóíúËò ÃóÚúÌóÈó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó äóÈóÇÊõåõ Ëõãøó íóåöíÌõ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ãõÕúÝóÑøðÇ Ëõãøó íóßõæäõ ÍõØóÇãðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö æóãóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÛõÑõæÑö [57 \ 20] .
ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÝóÇÎõÑó æóÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑó Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö.
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁóÊú äõÕõæÕñ ÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áóÚöÈñ æóáóåúæñ æóáóáÏøóÇÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áöáøóÐöíäó íóÊøóÞõæäó [6 \ 32] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áóåúæñ æóáóÚöÈñ æóÅöäøó ÇáÏøóÇÑó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó áóåöíó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäõ áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [29 \ 64] .
æóáößóæúäö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóËóÇÈóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑõ ãöäúåóÇ æóÇáäøóåúíõ Úóäú Ãóäú Êõáúåöåöãú¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ Êõáúåößõãú ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóãóäú íóÝúÚóáú Ðóáößó ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑõæäó [63 \ 9] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð Ãóæú áóåúæðÇ ÇäúÝóÖøõæÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóÊóÑóßõæßó ÞóÇÆöãðÇ Þõáú ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çááøóåúæö æóãöäó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÇááøóåõ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöÞöíäó [62 \ 9] .
æóãöãøóÇ íõÑóÌøöÍõ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂÎöÑöåóÇ ãöäú(9/77)
Þóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó áóÊõÓúÃóáõäøó íóæúãóÆöÐò Úóäö ÇáäøóÚöíãö [102 \ 8] ¡ áöãõäóÇÓóÈóÊöåóÇ áöÃóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
ßóãóÇ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ ÈöÔõãõæáö ÇáäøóÚöíãö áöáúãóÇáö ÔõãõæáðÇ ÃóæøóáöíøðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÍóÊøóì ÒõÑúÊõãõ ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑó.
ÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÊóÝóÇÎõÑóåõãú Íóãóáóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáÐøóåóÇÈö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑö áöíóÊóßóÇËóÑõæÇ ÈöÃóãúæóÇÊöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú Ýöí ÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö.
æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ýöí «ÒõÑúÊõãõ ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑó» : íóÚúäöí ãõÊøõãú ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóíøöÊó íóÃúÊöí Åöáóì ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ßóÇáÒøóÇÆöÑö áöÃóäøó æõÌõæÏóåõ Ýöíåö ãõÄóÞøóÊðÇ.
æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó: Ãóäøó ÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøðÇ ÓóãöÚó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÈõÚöËõæÇ æóÑóÈøö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: áöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóÇÆöÑó áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóÑúÊóÍöáó.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö åõäóÇ áöÍóÏöíËö: «ßõäúÊõ äóåóíúÊõßõãú Úóäú ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö¡ ÃóáóÇ ÝóÒõæÑõæåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊõÒóåøöÏõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÊõÐóßøöÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó» .
æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúãóäúÚó ßóÇäó ÚóÇãøðÇ ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÐößúÑö ãóÂËöÑö ÇáúÂÈóÇÁö æóÇáúãóæúÊóì¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÑóÎøóÕó Ýöí ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíãóäú ÑõÎøöÕó áóåõ. ÝóÞöíáó: áöáÑøöÌóÇáö Ïõæäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö áöÚóÏóãö ÏõÎõæáöåöäøó Ýöí æóÇæö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÝóÒõæÑõæåóÇ» .
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÚóÇãøñ áöáÑøöÌóÇáö æóáöáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ßõáøõ ÝóÑöíÞò ÈöÃóÏöáøóÉò íóØõæáõ ÅöíÑóÇÏõåóÇ.
æóáóßöäú Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö áöÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÃóÑúÌóÍö¡ äõæÑöÏõ äõÈúÐóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÈóÍúËö.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÇäöÚõæäó áöáäøöÓóÇÁö: Åöäøóåõäøó Úóáóì ÃóÕúáö ÇáúãóäúÚö¡ æóáóãú ÊóÔúãóáúåõäøó ÇáÑøõÎúÕóÉõ¡ æóãóÌöíÁõ ÇááøóÚúäö ÈöÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö Ýöíåöäøó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÌöíÒõæäó: Åöäøóåõäøó íóÏúÎõáúäó ÖöãúäðÇ Ýöí ÎöØóÇÈö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ ßóÏõÎõæáöåöäøó Ýöí ãöËúáö Þóæúáöåö: æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó [2 \ 43] ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõäøó íóÏúÎõáúäó ÞóØúÚðÇ.
æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇááøóÚúäó Çáúãõäóæøóåó Úóäúåõ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöÑöæóÇíóÊóíúäö ÑöæóÇíóÉö: «áóÚóäó Çááøóåõ ÒóÇÆöÑóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö» .
æóÌóÇÁó: «áóÚóäó Çááøóåõ ÒóæøóÇÑóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö æóÇáúãõÊøóÎöÐóÇÊö Úóáóíúåöäøó ÇáÓøõÑõÌó» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö.(9/78)
ÝóÚóáóì ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö: ÒóæøóÇÑóÇÊñ áóÇ ÊóÔúãóáõ ãõØúáóÞó ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÎúÊóÕøõ áöáúãõßúËöÑóÇÊö ; áöÃóäøóåõäøó ÈöÇáúÅößúËóÇÑö áóÇ íóÓúáóãúäó ãöäú ÚóÇÏóÇÊö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ãöäú ÊóÚúÏóÇÏö ãóÂËöÑö ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÇáúãóÍúÙõæÑö Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãõÌóÑøóÏõ ÒöíóÇÑóÉò ÈöÏõæäö ÅößúËóÇÑò æóáóÇ ãõßúËò¡ ÝóáóÇ.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöÐóáößó ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó áóåóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÇáÓøóáóÇãó Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÞöíÚö¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: «æóãóÇÐóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Åöäú ÃóäóÇ ÒõÑúÊõ ÇáúÞõÈõæÑó¿ ÞóÇáó: Þõæáöí: ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúßõãú Âáó ÏóÇÑö Þóæúãò ãõÄúãöäöíäó» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
ÝóÃóÞóÑøóåóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÒõæÑõ ÇáúÞõÈõæÑó æóÚóáøóãóåóÇ ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ Åöäú åöíó ÒóÇÑóÊú.
æóßóÐóáößó ÈöÞöÕøóÉö ãõÑõæÑöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÈúßöí ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ÝóßóáøóãóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: Åöáóíúßó Úóäøöí¡ æóåöíó áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ ãóäú åõæó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÐóåóÈó ÚóäúåóÇ Þöíáó áóåóÇ: Åöäøóåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÌóÇÁóÊú ÊóÚúÊóÐöÑõ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáÕøóÈúÑõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÕøóÏúãóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì» .
æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú áóåóÇ ÇáúãóäúÚó ãöäú ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÂåóÇ ÊóÈúßöí.
æóåóÐöåö ÃóÏöáøóÉñ ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÍö ÈöÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö. æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉó ãöäó ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö áöáÑøöÌóÇáö ãóäú Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò ÅöáóíúåóÇ ßóÐóáößó¡ æóåöíó ßóæúäõ ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ÊõÒóåøöÏõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÊõÑóÛøöÈõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóáóíúÓóÊú åóÐöåö ÈöÎóÇÕøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö Ïõæäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ Èóáú ÞóÏú íóßõäøõ ÃóÍúæóÌó Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö.
æóÚóáóì ßõáøò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ åõæó ÇáúÌóæóÇÒõ áöãóäú áóãú íõßúËöÑúäó æóáóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãúäó ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ¡ ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöáúãóäúÚö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ
ãöäú áóØóÇÆöÝö ÇáúÞóæúáö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Úóäö ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÍóÊøóì ÒõÑúÊõãõ ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑó¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóÞöíáó åóÐóÇ ÊóÃúäöíÈñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅößúËóÇÑö ãöäú ÒöíóÇÑóÉò¡ ÊóßúËöíÑðÇ Èöãóäú ÓóáóÝó æóÅöÔóÇÏóÉð ÈöÐößúÑöåö¡ æóßóÇäó(9/79)
ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó äóåóì Úóäú ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: " ÝóÒõæÑõæåóÇ " ÃóãúÑõ ÅöÈóÇÍóÉò áöáöÇÊøöÚóÇÙö ÈöåóÇ¡ áóÇ áöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÈóÇåóÇÉö æóÇáÊøóÝóÇÎõÑö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó: ßóãóÇ íóÕúäóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ãõáóÇÒóãóÊöåóÇ æóÊóÓúäöíãöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÇáÑøõÎóÇãö æóÊóáúæöíäöåóÇ ÔóÑóÝðÇ¡ æóÈóíóÇäö ÇáäøóæóÇæöíÓö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÝóæóÇäöíÓö¡ æóåöíó ÇáÓøõÑõÌõ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó: áóãú íóÑó ÅöáøóÇ ÞõÈõæÑó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóäúÏóáõÓö¡ ÝóßóíúÝó áóæú ÑóÃóì ãóÇ íóÊóÈóÇåóì Èöåö Ãóåúáõ ãöÕúÑó Ýöí ãóÏóÇÝöäöåöãú ÈöÇáúÞóÑóÇÝóÉö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì æóÇáúÞóÑóÇÝóÉö ÇáÕøõÛúÑóì¡ æóÈóÇÈö ÇáäøóÕúÑö æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó. æóãóÇ íóÖöíÚõ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö¡ áóÊóÚóÌøóÈó ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÑóÃóì ãóÇ áóãú íóÎúØõÑú ÈöÈóÇáò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóÈóÇåöí ÈöÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö: ÝóÝöí åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãõäúÊóãöíäó Åöáóì ÇáÕøõæÝöíøóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇãñ áóíúÓó áóåõãú ÔõÛúáñ ÅöáøóÇ ÒöíóÇÑóÉõ ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö: ÒõÑúÊõ ÞóÈúÑó ÓóíøöÏöí ÝõáóÇäò ÈößóÐóÇ¡ æóÞóÈóÑó ÝõáóÇäò ÈößóÐóÇ¡ æóÇáÔøóíúÎó ÝõáóÇäò ÈößóÐóÇ¡ æóÇáÔøóíúÎó ÝõáóÇäò ÈößóÐóÇ¡ ÝóíóÐúßõÑõæäó ÃóÞóÇáöíãó ØóÇÝõæåóÇ Úóáóì ÞóÏóãö ÇáÊøóÌúÑöíÏö.
æóÞóÏú ÍóÝöÙõæÇ ÍößóÇíóÇÊò Úóäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö Êöáúßó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö æóÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãóÔóÇíöÎö¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ áóæú ßõÊöÈóÊú áóÌóÇÁóÊú ÃóÓúÝóÇÑðÇ. æóåõãú ãóÚó Ðóáößó áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÝõÑõæÖó ÇáúæõÖõæÁö æóáóÇ Óõäóäóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÓóÎøóÑó áóåõãõ Çáúãõáõæßõ æóÚóæóÇãøõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÊóÍúÓöíäö ÇáÙøóäøö Èöåöãú æóÈóÐúáö ÇáúãóÇáö áóåõãú¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÔóÐøó ãöäúåõãú áöÃóäøóåõ íóÊóßóáøóãõ áöáúÚóÇãøóÉö ÝóíóÃúÊöí ÈöÚóÌóÇÆöÈó¡ íóÞõæáõæäó: åóÐóÇ ÝóÊúÍñ ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇááøóÏõäøöíøö Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÖöÑö.
ÍóÊøóì Åöäøó ãóäú íóäúÊóãöí Åöáóì ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÑóæóÇÌó åóÐöåö ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÉö Óóáóßó ãóÓúáóßóåõãú¡ æóäóÞóáó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäú ÍößóÇíóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóãóÒóÌó Ðóáößó ÈöíóÓöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ØóáóÈðÇ áöáúãóÇáö æóÇáúÌóÇåö æóÊóÞúÈöíáö ÇáúíóÏö.
æóäóÍúäõ äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó Ãóäú íõæóÝøöÞóäóÇ áöØóÇÚóÊöåö. ÇåÜ. ÈöÍõÑõæÝöåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ãóÇ ÇÝúÊóÊóäó Èöåö ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Ýöí Ïöíäöåöãú æóÏõäúíóÇåõãú ãóÚðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí Ïöíäöåöãú: Ýóåõæó ÇáúÛõáõæøõ ÇáøóÐöí äóåóì Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÕöíóÇäóÉð áöáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ãöäú ÓõÄóÇáö ÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúßóËöíÑó ãöäú åóÄõáóÇÁö íóÊúÑõßõæäó ãóÕóÇáöÍó ÏõäúíóÇåõãú ãöäú ÒöÑóÇÚóÉò Ãóæú ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò Ãóæú ÕöäóÇÚóÉò¡ æóíóØõæÝõ ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö ÊóÇÑößðÇ æóãõÖóíøöÚðÇ ãóäú íóßõæäõ ÇáÓøóÚúíõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäú äóæóÇÝöáö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö.
ãöãøóÇ íóáúÒóãõ Úóáóì ØóáóÈóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò æóÒóãóÇäò¡ Ãóäú íõÑúÔöÏõæÇ ÇáúÌóåóáóÉó ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÃóäú íõÈóíøöäõæÇ(9/80)
ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó (3) Ëõãøó ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó (4)
áöáäøóÇÓö ÚóÇãøóÉð ÎóØóÃó æóÌóåúáó ÃõæáóÆößó¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÍöíáó áöÊöáúßó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö áóíúÓó ãöäú ÓõäøóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö "¡ æóáóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú Úóãóáö ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏöíäó¡ æóáóÇ ãöäú ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö æóáóÇ ÇáÊøóÇÈöÚöíäó¡ æóáóÇ ãóäú Úóãóáö ÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóãóáõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÒöíóÇÑóÉó ãóÇ ÌóÇæóÑóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑö áöáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåöãú æóÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö áóåõãú¡ æóÇáöÇÊøöÚóÇÙö ÈöÍóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúÏóÇÏö áöãóÇ ÕóÇÑõæÇ Åöáóíúåö.
äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉó æóÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞó áöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÇáöÇÞúÊöÝóÇÁö ÈöÂËóÇÑö ÓóáóÝö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ Âãöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ëõãøó ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó.
ßóáøóÇ: ÒóÌúÑñ Úóäö ÇáÊøóáóåøöí æóÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æó «ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó» : Ãóíú ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóãóÛóÈøóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóáóåøöí¡ «Ëõãøó ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó» ÊóßúÑóÇÑñ áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóßúÑóÇÑó¡ áöãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÃõæáóì Ýöí ÇáúÞóÈúÑö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö. æóåõæó ãóÚúÞõæáñ.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ ÕöÍøóÉõ ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö: «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÞóÈúÑõ ÑóæúÖóÉñ ãöäú ÑöíóÇÖö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ Ãóæú ÍõÝúÑóÉñ ãöäú ÍõÝóÑö ÇáäøóÇÑö» .
æóÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ Ýöíåö ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóáóßöäú ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ ãóÃúÎóÐóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÓõæÑóÉö ÛóÇÝöÑò¡ ÚöäúÏó: æóÍóÇÞó ÈöÂáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÓõæÁõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö [40 \ 45] ¡ ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÕúÝóÍú Úóäúåõãú æóÞõáú ÓóáóÇãñ ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÚúáóãõæäó [43 \ 89] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÒøóÌúÑõ åõäóÇ æóÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑõ áóåõãú ÑóÏøðÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
æóáóÓúÊó ÈöÇáúÃóßúËóÑö ãöäúåõãú ÍóÕðì ... æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ áöáúßóÇËöÑöõõ(9/81)
ßóáøóÇ áóæú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Úöáúãó ÇáúíóÞöíäö (5)
æóÃóÕúÑóÍõ Ïóáöíáò áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ åõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáäøóÇÑõ íõÚúÑóÖõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÛõÏõæøðÇ æóÚóÔöíøðÇ æóíóæúãó ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÃóÏúÎöáõæÇ Âáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ áóæú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Úöáúãó ÇáúíóÞöíäö áóÊóÑóæõäøó ÇáúÌóÍöíãó Ëõãøó áóÊóÑóæõäøóåóÇ Úóíúäó ÇáúíóÞöíäö.
áóæú: åõäóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ ÌóæóÇÈõåóÇ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞò ÞóÏøóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ãóíú áóæú ÚóáöãúÊõãú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ áóãóÇ ÃóáúåóÇßõãõ ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑõ Úóäú ØóáóÈö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÕöÑúÊõãú Åöáóì ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑö¡ æóÚöáúãõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö: ÃóÌóÇÒó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÅöÖóÇÝóÉó ÇáÔøóíúÁö áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ Ãóíú: áöãõÛóÇíöÑóÉö ÇáúæóÕúÝö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÚöáúãõ åõæó ÇáúíóÞöíäõ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÂßóÏõ ãöäúåõ.
æóÚóäú ÍóÓøóÇäó Þóæúáõåõ:
ÓöÑúäóÇ æóÓóÇÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÈóÏúÑò áöÍóÊúÝöåöãõ ... áóæú íóÚúáóãõæäó íóÞöíäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ãóÇ ÓóÇÑõæÇ
æó «áóÊóÑóæõäøó ÇáúÌóÍöíãó» : ÌóæóÇÈñ áöÞóÓóãò ãóÍúÐõæÝò.
æóÞóÇáó: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÑõÄúíóÊöåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ Ãóæú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúæõÑõæÏö¡ Ãóæú ÚöäúÏó ãóÇ íóÊóßóÔøóÝõ ÇáúÍóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÈúÑö.
«Ëõãøó áóÊóÑóæõäøóåóÇ Úóíúäó ÇáúíóÞöíäö» : Þöíáó: åóÐóÇ áöáúßóÇÝöÑö ÚöäúÏó ÏõÎõæáöåóÇ¡ åóÐóÇ ÍóÇÕöáõ ßóáóÇãö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ áóíúÓó áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö ÈöÑõÄúíóÊöåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú æóÚöíÏñ ÔóÏöíÏñ æóÊóÎúæöíÝñ ÈöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ãõÌóÑøóÏó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö ãóÚúáõæãñ: «æóÅöäú ãöäúßõãú ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÑöÏõåóÇ» [19 \ 71] ¡ æóáóßöäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉó ÃóÎóÕøõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÑóÃóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ÇáäøóÇÑó ÝóÙóäøõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõæóÇÞöÚõæåóÇ [18 \ 53] ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóíúÞóäõæÇ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãú íóÌöÏõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ãóÕúÑöÝðÇ [18 \ 53] .
æóÞóÏú íóÈúÏõæ æóÌúåñ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉó åõäóÇ áöáäøóÇÑö äóæúÚóÇäö:
ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÑõÄúíóÉõ Úöáúãò æóÊóíóÞøõäò¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóæú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Úöáúãó ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ ÚöáúãðÇ ÊóÓúÊóíúÞöäõæäó Èöåö ÍóÞöíÞóÉó íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõãú ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ãóäú íõÔóÇåöÏõ ÃóåúæóÇáóåõ æóíóÔúåóÏõ ÈöÃóÍúæóÇáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö: «Ãóäú ÊóÚúÈõÏó Çááøóåó ßóÃóäøóßó ÊóÑóÇåõ» .õõ(9/82)
Ëõãøó áóÊõÓúÃóáõäøó íóæúãóÆöÐò Úóäö ÇáäøóÚöíãö (8)
æóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ãöËúáõåõ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáÕøöÏöíÞö áóãøóÇ ÃõÎúÈöÑó äóÈóÃó ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÕóÏóÞó ãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÊõÕóÏøöÞõåõ æóÃóäúÊó áóãú ÊóÓúãóÚú ãöäúåõ¿ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøöí áóÃõÕóÏøöÞõåõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó» .
ÝóáöÚöáúãöåö Úöáúãó ÇáúíóÞöíäö ÈöÕöÏúÞöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝöíãóÇ íõÎúÈöÑõ¡ ÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö ßóÃóäøóåõ íóÑóÇåõ.
æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÑõÄúíóÉó Úóíúäò æóãõÔóÇåóÏóÉò¡ Ýóåõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÑóÇÊöÈó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇáËøóáóÇËó: Úöáúãõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ æóÚóíúäõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ æóÍóÞøõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö.
ÝóÇáúÚöáúãõ: ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóäú ÏóáóÇÆöáó.
æóÚóíúäõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö: ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóäú ãõÔóÇåóÏóÉò.
æóÍóÞøõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö: ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóäú ãõáóÇÈóÓóÉò æóãõÎóÇáóØóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÈöÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ æóÌöåóÊöåóÇ Ýóåõæó Úöáúãõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÂåóÇ Ýóåõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö ÈöæõÌõæÏöåóÇ. ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáóåóÇ æóßóÇäó Ýöí ÌóæúÝöåóÇ Ýóåõæó ÍóÞøõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö ÈöæõÌõæÏöåóÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó áóÊõÓúÃóáõäøó íóæúãóÆöÐò Úóäö ÇáäøóÚöíãö.
ÃóÕúáõ ÇáäøóÚöíãö ßõáøõ ÍóÇáò äóÇÚöãóÉò ãöäó ÇáäøõÚõæãóÉö æóÇááøõíõæäóÉõ¡ ÖöÏøõ ÇáúÎõÔõæäóÉö æóÇáúíõÈõæÓóÉö¡ æóÇáÔøóÏóÇÆöÏö¡ ßóãóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ Èößõãú ãöäú äöÚúãóÉò Ýóãöäó Çááøóåö [16 \ 53] .
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóßõãõ ÇáÖøõÑøõ ÝóÅöáóíúåö ÊóÌúÃóÑõæäó [16 \ 53] ¡ ÝóÞóÇÈóáó ÇáäøöÚúãóÉó ÈöÇáÖøõÑøö.
æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÆöäú ÃóÐóÞúäóÇåõ äóÚúãóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó ÖóÑøóÇÁó ãóÓøóÊúåõ áóíóÞõæáóäøó ÐóåóÈó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊõ Úóäøöí [11 \ 10] .
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøó äöÚóãó Çááøóåö ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóÅöäú ÊóÚõÏøõæÇ äöÚúãóÉó Çááøóåö áóÇ ÊõÍúÕõæåóÇ [16 \ 18] .
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóãúËöíáö áóÇ ÇáúÍóÕúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊõÍúÕõæåóÇ.
æóÃõÕõæáõ åóÐöåö ÇáäøöÚóãõ ÃóæøõáõåóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ: Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúãóáúÊõ áóßõãú Ïöíäóßõãú æóÃóÊúãóãúÊõ Úóáóíúßõãú äöÚúãóÊöí æóÑóÖöíÊõ áóßõãõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó ÏöíäðÇ [5 \ 3] .
æóíóÏúÎõáõ ÝöíåóÇ äöÚóãõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö æóÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö¡ ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö.(9/83)
ßóãóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ ÝöíåóÇ äöÚúãóÉõ ÇáúÅöÎóÇÁö Ýöí Çááøóåö: æóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÉó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú ÅöÐú ßõäúÊõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð ÝóÃóáøóÝó Èóíúäó ÞõáõæÈößõãú ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõãú ÈöäöÚúãóÊöåö ÅöÎúæóÇäðÇ [3 \ 103] ¡ æóÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑñ.
æóËóÇäöíåóÇ: ÇáÕøöÍøóÉõ¡ æóßóãóÇáõ ÇáúÎöáúÞóÉö æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö¡ Ýóãöäú ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÎöáúÞóÉö ÇáúÍóæóÇÓøõ Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáú áóåõ Úóíúäóíúäö æóáöÓóÇäðÇ æóÔóÝóÊóíúäö [90 \ 8 - 9] .
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÈóÕóÑó æóÇáúÝõÄóÇÏó ßõáøõ ÃõæáóÆößó ßóÇäó Úóäúåõ ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ [17 \ 36] .
æóËóÇáöËõåóÇ: ÇáúãóÇáõ Ýöí ßóÓúÈöåö æóÅöäúÝóÇÞöåö ÓóæóÇÁñ¡ ÝóÝöí ßóÓúÈöåö ãöäú Íöáøöåö äöÚúãóÉñ¡ æóÝöí ÅöäúÝóÇÞöåö Ýöí ÃóæúÌõåöåö äöÚúãóÉñ.
åóÐöåö ÃõÕõæáõ ÇáäøöÚóãö¡ ÝóãóÇÐóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäúåõ¡ ãöäúåóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÓóíõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ßõáøö Ðóáößó ÌõãúáóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ Úóäö ÇáÏøöíäö æóÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáÕøöÍøóÉö¡ ÝóÝöí ãõÌúãóáö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: " ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ áóÇ ÊóÒõæáõ ÞóÏóãõ ÚóÈúÏò ÍóÊøóì íõÓúÃóáó Úóäú ÎóãúÓò: Úóäú ÚõãõÑöåö Ýöíãó ÃóÈúáóÇåõ¡ æóÚóäú Úöáúãöåö Ýöíãó Úóãóáñ Èöåö¡ æóÚóäú ãóÇáöåö ãöäú Ãóíúäó ÇßúÊóÓóÈóåõ æóÝöíãó ÃóäúÝóÞóåõ¡ æóÚóäú ÔóÈóÇÈöåö Ýöíãó ÃóÝúäóÇåõ ".
æóáöÚöÙóãö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÔõãõæáöåöÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ãóÖúÑöÈó ÇáúãóËóáö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÌõÒúÆöíøóÇÊö ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÎúØõÑõ ÈöÈóÇáö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: ÎóÑóÌó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÐóÇÊó íóæúãò Ãóæú áóíúáóÉò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÈöÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò æóÚõãóÑó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: " ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóßõãóÇ ãöäú ÈõíõæÊößõãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó¿ " ÞóÇáóÇ: ÇáúÌõæÚõ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö! ÞóÇáó: " æóÃóäóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåóÇ áóÃóÎúÑóÌóäöí ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÑóÌóßõãóÇ¡ ÞõæãõæÇ " ÝóÞóÇãõæÇ ãóÚóåõ¡ ÝóÃóÊóì ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó áóíúÓó Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóÊúåõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÞóÇáóÊú: ãóÑúÍóÈðÇ! æóÃóåúáðÇ! ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " Ãóíúäó ÝõáóÇäñ¿ " ÞóÇáóÊú: ÐóåóÈó íóÓúÊóÚúÐöÈõ áóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇÁö Ãóíú íóØúáõÈõ ãóÇÁð ÚóÐúÈðÇ. ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ¡ ÝóäóÙóÑó Åöáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÕóÇÍöÈóíúåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö¡ ãóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúÑóãõ ÃóÖúíóÇÝðÇ ãöäøöí. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÇäúØóáóÞó ÝóÌóÇÁóåõãú ÈöÚóÐúÞò Ýöíåö ÈõÓúÑñ æóÊóãúÑñ æóÑõØóÈñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ßõáøõæÇ ãöäú åóÐöåö¡ æóÃóÎóÐó ÇáúãõÏúíóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " ÅöíøóÇßó æóÇáúÍóáõæÈó¡ ÝóÐóÈóÍó áóåõãú. ÝóÃóßóáõæÇ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇÉö¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÚöÐúÞö¡ æóÔóÑöÈõæÇ¡(9/84)
ÝóáóãøóÇ Ãóäú ÔóÈöÚõæÇ æóÑóæõæÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò æóÚõãóÑó: " æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö áóÊõÓúÃóáõäøó Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÚöíãö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÃóÎúÑóÌóßõãú ãöäú ÈõíõæÊößõãõ ÇáúÌõæÚõ¡ Ëõãøó áóãú ÊóÑúÌöÚõæÇ ÍóÊøóì ÃóÕóÇÈóßõãú åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÚöíãõ " æóÎóÑøóÌóåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: " åóÐóÇ æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö¡ ãöäó ÇáäøóÚöíãö ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÓúÃóáõæäó Úóäúåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ Ùöáøñ ÈóÇÑöÏñ æóÑóØúÈñ ØóíøöÈñ¡ æóãóÇÁñ ÈóÇÑöÏñ " æóßóäøóì ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇáøóÐöí ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÈõæ ÇáúåóíúËóãö Èúäõ ÇáÊøóíøöåóÇäö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÞõáúÊõ: ÇÓúãõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÌõáö ãóÇáößõ Èúäõ ÇáÊøóíøöåóÇäö¡ æóíõßóäøóì ÃóÈóÇ ÇáúåóíúËóãö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉó ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö ØõÑõÞò.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÃóÎóÐó ÈöÇáúÝóÑóÞö æóÖóÑóÈó Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó¡ æóÞóÇáó: " ÅöäøóÇ áóãóÓúÆõæáõæäó Úóäú åóÐóÇ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉò: ÎöÑúÞóÉò áóÝøó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÈöåóÇ ÚóæúÑóÊóåõ¡ Ãóæú ßöÓúÑóÉò ÓóÏøó ÈöåóÇ ÌóæúÚóÊóåõ¡ Ãóæú ÌõÍúÑò íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÑøö æóÇáúÞóÑøö ".
æóÞóÇáó ÓõÝúíóÇäõ Èúäõ ÚõíóíúäóÉó: Åöäøó ãóÇ ÓóÏøó ÇáúÌõæÚó¡ æóÓóÊóÑó ÇáúÚóæúÑóÉó ãöäú ÎóÔöäö ÇáØøóÚóÇãö¡ áóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäúåõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÚöíãö¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÓúßóäó ÂÏóãó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: Åöäøó áóßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÌõæÚó ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÑóì æóÃóäøóßó áóÇ ÊóÙúãóÃõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÖúÍóì [20 \ 119] .
ÝóßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ãóÇ íõÓóÏøõ Èöåö ÇáúÌõæÚõ¡ æóãóÇ íõÏúÝóÚõ Èöåö ÇáúÚóØóÔõ¡ æóãóÇ íõÓúßóäõ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÑøö æóíõÓúÊóÑõ Èöåö ÚóæúÑóÊõåõ¡ áöÂÏóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÈöÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö¡ áóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö ÝöíåóÇ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó áóåõ ãöäúåóÇ.
æóÐõßöÑó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÓóäóÏöåö " Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÌõáõæÓðÇ ÝóØóáóÚó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÚóáóì ÑóÃúÓöåö ÃóËóÑõ ãóÇÁò¡ ÝóÞõáúäóÇ:
íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ äóÑóÇßó ØóíøöÈó ÇáäøóÝúÓö¿
ÞóÇáó: ÃóÌóáú¡ ÞóÇáó: ÎóÇÖó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÇáúÛöäóì¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó ÈöÇáúÛöäóì áöãóäö ÇÊøóÞóì Çááøóåó¡ æóÇáÕøöÍøóÉõ áöãóäö ÇÊøóÞóì Çááøóåó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÛöäóì¡ æóØöíÈõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö ãöäó ÇáäøöÚóãö ".
ÞóÇáó: æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÚöíãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö(9/85)
ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ íóÊóäóÚøóãõ Èöåö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÍöÓøðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ãóÚúäðì.
ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáõæÇ: Çáäøóæúãõ ãóÚó ÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáÓøõÄóÇáó ÚóÇãøñ áöáúßóÇÝöÑö æóÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ Ýóåõæó áöáúßóÇÝöÑö ÊóæúÈöíÎñ æóÊóÞúÑöíÚñ æóÍöÓóÇÈñ¡ æóáöáúãõÄúãöäö ÊóÞúÑöíÑñ ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÔõßúÑö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö æóÌõÍõæÏöåóÇ æóßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÊóÕúÑöíÝöåóÇ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó íõÑóÇÏõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÍóËøõ Úóáóì ÔõßúÑö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö¡ æóÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑö áöáúãõäúÚöãö æóÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöÍóÞøöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö: ÑóÈøö ÃóæúÒöÚúäöí Ãóäú ÃóÔúßõÑó äöÚúãóÊóßó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÚóãúÊó Úóáóíøó æóÚóáóì æóÇáöÏóíøó æóÃóäú ÃóÚúãóáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÊóÑúÖóÇåõ æóÃóÕúáöÍú áöí Ýöí ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí Åöäøöí ÊõÈúÊõ Åöáóíúßó æóÅöäøöí ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó [46 \ 15] .
Çááøóåõãøó ÃóæúÒöÚúäóÇ ÔõßúÑó äöÚúãóÊößó¡ æóÇÌúÚóáú ãóÇ ÃóäúÚóãúÊó Èöåö ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÚóæúäðÇ áóäóÇ Úóáóì ØóÇÚóÊößó.(9/86)
æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÚóÕúÑ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÝöí ÎõÓúÑò.
ÇáúÚóÕúÑõ: ÇÓúãñ áöáÒøóãóäö ßõáøöåö Ãóæú ÌõÒúÁò ãöäúåõ.
æóáöÐóÇ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ãöäúåõ¡ ÍóíúËõ áóãú íõÈóíøóäú åõäóÇ.
ÝóÞöíáó: åõæó ÇáÏøóåúÑõ ßõáøõåõ¡ ÃóÞúÓóãó Çááøóåõ Èöåö áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÌóÇÆöÈö¡ ÃõãøóÉñ ÊóÐúåóÈõ æóÃõãøóÉñ ÊóÃúÊöí¡ æóÞóÏóÑñ íóäúÝõÐõ¡ æóÂíóÉñ ÊóÙúåóÑõ¡ æóåõæó åõæó áóÇ íóÊóÛóíøóÑõ¡ áóíúáñ íóÚúÞõÈõåõ äóåóÇÑñ¡ æóäóåóÇÑñ íóØúÑõÏõåõ áóíúáñ¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö ÚóÌóÈñ.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
ãóæúÌõæÏñ ÔóÈöíåõ ÇáúãóÚúÏõæãö¡ æóãõÊóÍóÑøößñ íõÖóÇåöí ÇáÓøóÇßöäó.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
æóÃóÑóì ÇáÒøóãóÇäó ÓóÝöíäóÉð ÊóÌúÑöí ÈöäóÇ ... äóÍúæó Çáúãóäõæäö æóáóÇ äóÑóì ÍóÑóßóÇÊöå
Ýóåõæó Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö ÂíóÉñ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ãóÇÖöíåö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÊóì ßóÇäó¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ÍóÇÖöÑöåö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ßóíúÝó íóäúÞóÖöí¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáöåö.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ Úóáóì Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ ãöäú ÞöÑóÇÁóÉò ÔóÇÐøóÉò: «æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö æóäóæóÇÆöÈö ÇáÏøóåúÑö» . æóÍõãöáó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Åöäú áóãú íóÕöÍøó ÞõÑúÂäðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÓóÈöíáõ Çáúåóæóì æóÚúÑñ¡ æóÈóÍúÑõ Çáúåóæóì ÛóãúÑñ ... æóíóæúãõ Çáúåóæóì ÔóåúÑñ¡ æóÔóåúÑõ Çáúåóæóì ÏóåúÑñ
æóÞöíáó ÇáúÚóÕúÑõ: Çááøóíúáõ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ.õõ(9/87)
ÞóÇáó ÍõãóíúÏõ Èúäõ ËóæúÑò:
æóáóãú íóáúÈóËö ÇáúÚóÕúÑóÇäö íóæúãó áóíúáóÉò ... ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÈóÇ Ãóäú íõÏúÑößóÇ ãóÇ íõÊóãøöãóÇ
æóÇáúÚóÕúÑóÇäö ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÇáúÛóÏóÇÉõ æóÇáúÚóÔöíøõ.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
æóÃóãúØõáõåõ ÇáúÚóÕúÑóíúäö ÍóÊøóì íóãóáøóäöí ... æóíóÑúÖóì ÈöäöÕúÝö ÇáÏøóíúäö æóÇáúÃóäúÝõ ÑóÇÛöãõ
æóÇáúãóØúáõ: ÇáÊøóÓúæöíÝõ æóÊóÃúÎöíÑõ ÇáÏøóíúäö.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
ÞóÖóì ßõáøõ Ðöí Ïóíúäò ÝóæóÝøóì ÛóÑöíãóåõ ... æóÚóÒøóåõ ãóãúØõæáñ ãõÚóäøðì ÛóÑöíãõåóÇ
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÔöíøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÒóæóÇáö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Åöáóì ÛõÑõæÈöåóÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÊóÑõæÍõ ÈöäóÇ íóÇ ÚóãúÑõæ ÞóÏú ÞóÕõÑó ÇáúÚóÕúÑõ ... æóÝöí ÇáÑøóæúÍóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉõ æóÇáúÃóÌúÑõ
æóÚóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó ÃóíúÖðÇ: åõæó ÂÎöÑõ ÓóÇÚóÉò ãöäú ÓóÇÚóÇÊö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ áöÊóÚúÙöíãö Çáúíóãöíäö Ýöíåö¡ æóáöáúÞóÓóãö ÈöÇáúÝóÌúÑö æóÇáÖøõÍóì.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúÚóÕúÑö áößóæúäöåóÇ ÇáúæõÓúØóì.
æóÞöíáó: ÚóÕúÑõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóæú Òóãóäõ ÃõãøóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íõÔúÈöåõ ÚóÕúÑó ÚõãõÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÃóÞúÑóÈó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ßõáøöåóÇ ÞóæúáóÇäö: ÅöãøóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÏøóåúÑö áöáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÔøóÇÐøóÉö¡ ÅöÐú ÃóÞóáøõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊöåóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑõ¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ íóÔúãóáõ ÈöÚõãõæãöåö ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
æóÅöãøóÇ ÚóÕúÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ãóíú ÚõãõÑõåõ æóãõÏøóÉõ ÍóíóÇÊöåö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúßóÓúÈö æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö áöÅöÔúÚóÇÑö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ íóÎõÕøõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏó Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö ãóæúÚöÙóÉð æóÇäúÊöÝóÇÚðÇ.
æóíõÑóÌøöÍõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÇ íóßúÊóäöÝõ åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ãöäú ÓõæÑö ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúåõãóÒóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÊóÐõãøõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóáóåøöíó æóÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑó ÈöÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúæóáóÏö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑö ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóãóÍóáøõ Ðóáößó åõæó ÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö.õõ(9/88)
æóÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúåõãóÒóÉö Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ¡ Ýöí «ÇáøóÐöí ÌóãóÚó ãóÇáðÇ æóÚóÏøóÏóåõ¡ íóÍúÓóÈõ Ãóäøó ãóÇáóåõ ÃóÎúáóÏóåõ» . [104 \ 2 - 3]
ÝóÌóãúÚõ ÇáúãóÇáö æóÊóÚúÏóÇÏõåõ Ýöí ÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÍóíóÇÊõåõ ãóÍúÏõæÏóÉñ¡ æóáóíúÓó ãõÎóáøóÏðÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó æóÚóãóáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ãõÑúÊóÈöØñ ÈöÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö.
æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÚóÕúÑö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúÚõãõæãõ áöÔõãõæáöåö ÇáúÌóãöíÚó æóáöáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÔøóÇÐøóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇåóÇ.
æóÅöãøóÇ ÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóáúÒóãõ áóåõ Ýöí Úóãóáöåö¡ æóÊóßõæäõ ßõáøõ ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö Çáúßõáøö¡ æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÈóÚúÖö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÝöí ÎõÓúÑò.
áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõÝúÑóÏðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ãóáú Ýöíåö ÌóÚóáóÊúåõ áöáúÌöäúÓö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóíúåö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúãõÓúáöãö æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäö ÇÓúÊóËúäóì Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞöíáó: ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÑúÌóÍõ áöáúÚõãõæãö.
æó «Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÝöí ÎõÓúÑò» ÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóÇáúÎõÓúÑõ: Þöíáó: åõæó ÇáúÛóÈúäõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáäøóÞúÕõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáúåóáóßóÉõ¡ æóÇáúßõáøõ ãõÊóÞóÇÑöÈñ.
æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÎõÓúÑö æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö ßóÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúßõÝúÑóÇäö¡ ÇáäøóÞúÕõ ãöäú ÑóÃúÓö ÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ äóæúÚó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö Ýöí Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò¡ Èóáú ÃóØúáóÞó áöíóÚõãøó¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÈöÍóÑúÝö ÇáÙøóÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ áöíõÔúÚöÑó Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãõÓúÊóÛúÑöÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö¡ æóåõæó ãõÍöíØñ Èöåö ãöäú ßõáøö ÌöåóÉò.
æóáóæú äóÙóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì ÃóãúÑóíúäö æóåõãóÇ ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì æóÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ áóÇÊøóÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãõ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÝúåõæãó ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì íóÔúãóáõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃõãõæÑò: ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóåõæó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö æóåõæó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÏõ¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóåõæó ÇäúÚöÏóÇãõ ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ßõáøöíøóÉð Ãóæö ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ æóåõæó ÅöãøóÇ ÇäúÚöÏóÇãõ ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ßõáøöíøóÉð Ãóæö ÇáúåóáóÚõ æóÇáúÌóÒóÚõ.
æóÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ Êóáóåøöí ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúæóáóÏö¡ ÈõÛúíóÉó ÇáúÛöäóì æóÇáÊøóßóËøõÑö Ýöíåö¡ æóÖöÏøõåõ ÖóíóÇÚõ ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúæóáóÏö æóåõæó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ.(9/89)
ÝöÚúáóíúåö íóßõæäõ ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóåõæó ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó íóÔúãóáõåõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáöÇÕúØöáóÇÍö æóÇáÊøóáóåøöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇØöáö æóÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÍóÞøó¡ æóÝöí ÇáúåóáóÚö æóÇáúÝóÒóÚö.
æóãöäú Ëóãøó ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóÇáäøóåúíö ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãóÕúáóÍóÉõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏö æóÝóáóÇÍõåõ æóÕóáóÇÍõ Ïöíäöåö æóÏõäúíóÇåõ¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö äõÌúãöáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö. ÝóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. áóÆöäú ÃóÔúÑóßúÊó áóíóÍúÈóØóäøó Úóãóáõßó æóáóÊóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó [39 \ 65] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÎóÓöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöáöÞóÇÁö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÚúãóáõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇááøöÞóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÕóÑõæÇ ÃóãúÑóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝóÖóíøóÚõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú¡ æóÍóÙøóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÎóÝøóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóÓöÑõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú [7 \ 9] ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóæóÇÒöíäó åöíó ãóÚóÇíöíÑõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ [99 \ 7] .
æóãöËúáõåõ: æóãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó æóáöíøðÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú ÎóÓöÑó ÎõÓúÑóÇäðÇ ãõÈöíäðÇ [4 \ 119] ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ Óóíóßõæäõ ãöäú ÍöÒúÈö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÍöÒúÈó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑõæäó [58 \ 19] ¡ Ãóíú ÈöØóÇÚóÊöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõ Ýöí ãóÚúÕöíóÉö Çááøóåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóáóíúÓó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóÞøö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÖøóáóÇáõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ åõæó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ ÈößóÇãöáöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÈúÊóÛö ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÏöíäðÇ Ýóáóäú íõÞúÈóáó ãöäúåõ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó [3 \ 85] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáúæõÞõæÚö Ýöí ÇáúåóáóÚö æóÇáúÝóÒóÚö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏõ Çááøóåó Úóáóì ÍóÑúÝò ÝóÅöäú ÃóÕóÇÈóåõ ÎóíúÑñ ÇØúãóÃóäøó Èöåö æóÅöäú ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúåõ ÝöÊúäóÉñ ÇäúÞóáóÈó Úóáóì æóÌúåöåö ÎóÓöÑó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ [22 \ 11] .
ÊóÍúÞöíÞõ ÇáúãóäóÇØö Ýöí ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÎõÓúÑóÇäö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇä
ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÑóÃúÓó ãóÇáö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö åõæó ÚõãõÑõåõ ; ßõáøöÝó ÈöÅöÚúãóÇáöåö Ýöí ÝóÊúÑóÉö æõÌõæÏöåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ Ýóåöíó áóåõ ßóÇáÓøõæÞö. ÝóÅöäú ÃóÚúãóáóåõ Ýöí ÎóíúÑò ÑóÈöÍó¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÚúãóáóåõ Ýöí ÔóÑøò ÎóÓöÑó.(9/90)
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÔúÊóÑóì ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÈöÃóäøó áóåõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 111] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: åóáú ÃóÏõáøõßõãú Úóáóì ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò ÊõäúÌöíßõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò ÊõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [61 \ 10 - 11] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò: «ÇáØøõåõæÑõ ÔóØúÑõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö» .
æóÝöí ÂÎöÑöåö «ßõáøõ ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÛúÏõæ¡ ÝóÈóÇÆöÚñ äóÝúÓóåõ ÝóãõÚúÊöÞõåóÇ Ãóæú ãõæÈöÞõåóÇ» ãöãøóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ Ãóäøó ÑóÃúÓó ãóÇáö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÚõãõÑõåõ.
æóáöÃóåóãøöíøóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõÑö ÌóÇÁó ÞóÓöíãó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáäøóÐóÇÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóæóáóãú äõÚóãøöÑúßõãú ãóÇ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ Ýöíåö ãóäú ÊóÐóßøóÑó æóÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáäøóÐöíÑõ [35 \ 37] .
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÑúÓóáó ÑóÓõæáóåõ ÈöÇáúåõÏóì.
æóåóÏóì ßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÇáäøóÌúÏóíúäö¡ æóÌóÚóáó áößõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ãóäúÒöáóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóãóäúÒöáóÉð Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
Ýóãóäú Âãóäó æóÚóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ßóÇäó ãóÂáõåõ Åöáóì ãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÓóáöãó ãöäú ãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóãóäú ßóÝóÑó ßóÇäó ãóÂáõåõ Åöáóì ãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÊóÑúßö ãóäúÒöáóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö: «Ãóæøóáõ ãóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÞóÈúÑöåö Åöäú ßóÇäó ãõÄúãöäðÇ íõÝúÊóÍõ áóåõ ÈóÇÈñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: ÐóÇßó ãóÞúÚóÏõßõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö áóæú áóãú ÊõÄúãöäú Ëõãøó íõÞúÝóáõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóíõÝúÊóÍõ áóåõ ÈóÇÈñ Åöáóì ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: åóÐóÇ ãóäúÒöáõßó íóæúãó ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ: ÑóÈøö¡ ÃóÞöãö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó» .
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ßóÇÝöÑðÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáúÚóßúÓö ÊóãóÇãðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáúÌóäøóÉó¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇáäøóÇÑó¡ ÝóíóÃúÎõÐõ ßõáøñ ãóäúÒöáóÊóåõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÊóÈúÞóì ãóäóÇÒöáõ Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÎóÇáöíóÉð ÝóíóÊóæóÇÑóËõåóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÊóÈúÞóì ãóäóÇÒöáõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÎóÇáöíóÉð¡ ÝóÊõæóÒøóÚõ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóåõäóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÊóÑóßó ãóäúÒöáóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÐóåóÈó Åöáóì ãóäúÒöáóÉò Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò ÎóÇÓöÑñ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóßó ãóäúÒöáóÊóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áöÛóíúÑöåö æóÃóÎóÐó åõæó ÈóÏóáðÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÛóíúÑöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóÇäó åõæó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ¡ ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö.
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö æóÝöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÑöíØö ÈöÍóíúËõ áóæú ÏóÎóáó(9/91)
ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóáóãú íóäóáú ÃóÚúáóì ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÇÊö íõÍöÓøõ ÈöÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÑøóØó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóãú íõäóÇÝöÓú ÝöÚúáó ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ áöíóäóÇáó ÃóÚúáóì ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÇÊö.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ÝöÚúáðÇ ÏóÇÝöÚñ áößõáøö ÝóÑúÏò Åöáóì ÇáúÌöÏøö æóÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáúãõÑúÈöÍö¡ æóÏóÑóÌóÇÊõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÑóÝöíÚóÉñ¡ æóãóäóÇÒöáõåóÇ ÚóÇáöíóÉñ ãóåúãóÇ ÈóÐóáó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ãöäú ÌõåúÏò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÃóãóÇãóåõ ãóÌóÇáñ áöáúßóÓúÈö æóÇáÑøöÈúÍö¡ äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞó æóÇáúÝóáóÇÍó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ÅöäúÓóÇäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÍóÒöíäðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõÓöíÆðÇ ÝóÚóáóì ÅöÓóÇÁóÊöåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõÍúÓöäðÇ ÝóáöÊóÞúÕöíÑöåö¡ æóÞóÏú íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ ÊóÊóäóÒøóáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäõæÇ æóÃóÈúÔöÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßõäúÊõãú ÊõæÚóÏõæäó [41] .
ÝóÇáúÎóæúÝõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö ÃóãóÇãóåõãú¡ æóÇáúÍõÒúäõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÇÖöí ÎóáúÝóåõãú¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóíõÈóíøöäõ ÎóØóÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÚõãõÑöåö¡ æóÔóÚõÑó ÈöÃóíøóÇãöåö ÇáúãóÚúÏõæÏóÉö æóÓóÇÚóÇÊöåö ÇáúãóÍúÏõæÏóÉö¡ æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÒöíóÇÏóÉó íóæúãò ÝöíåóÇ¡ íóÊóÒóæøóÏõ ãöäúåóÇ Ãóæú ÓóÇÚóÉò æóÌöíÒóÉò íóÓúÊóÏúÑößõ ÈóÚúÖðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÝóÇÊóåõ¡ áóãú íóÓúÊóØöÚú áöÐóáößó ÓóÈöíáðÇ¡ ÝóíóÔúÚõÑõ ÈöÇáúÃóÓóì æóÇáúÍõÒúäö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö æóÇááøóíóÇáöí æóÇáÔøõåõæÑö æóÇáÓøöäöíäó ÇáøóÊöí ÖóÇÚóÊú Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ßóÓúÈò æóáóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉò¡ ßóÇäó ãöäó Çáúãõãúßöäö Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ãõÑúÈöÍóÉð áóåõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: «äöÚúãóÊóÇäö ãóÛúÈõæäñ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ: ÇáÕøöÍøóÉõ æóÇáúÝóÑóÇÛõ» .
Ãóíú: ÃóäøóåõãóÇ íóãúÖöíóÇäö áóÇ íóÓúÊóÛöáøõåõãóÇ Ýöí ÃóæúÌöåö ÇáúßóÓúÈö ÇáúãõßúÊóãöáóÉö¡ ÝóíõÝóæøóÊóÇäö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÏõæäö ÚöæóÖò íõÐúßóÑõ¡ Ëõãøó íóäúÏóãõ æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ãóäúÏóãò.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí Ðóáößó:
ÈóÏøóáóÊú ÈöÇáúÌõãøóÉö ÑóÃúÓðÇ ÃóÒúÚóÑóÇ ... æóÈöÇáËøóäóÇíóÇ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÇÊö ÇáÏøõÑøö ÏõÑóÑóÇ
ßóãóÇ ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ ÅöÐú ÊóäóÕøóÑóÇ
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö ÊóÞúÈöíÍõ ÇáÊøóáóåøöí ÈöÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö ÈöÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúæóáóÏö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúÅöÔúÚóÇÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÓóÈóÈóåõ ÇáúÌóåúáõ ; áöÃóäøóåõãú áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó Úöáúãó ÇáúíóÞöíäö áóãóÇ ÃóáúåóÇåõãú Ðóáößó ÍóÊøóì ÈóÇÛóÊóåõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ.
æóåõäóÇ ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÓóÈóÈó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí íóÞóÚõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¡ åõæó ÇáúÌóåúáõ ÇáøóÐöíõõ(9/92)
ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö (3)
íóÌõÑøõ Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáÊøóãóÇÏöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóíõÓóÇÚöÏõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÞóÓúæóÉõ ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ æóØõæáõ ÇáúÃóãóáö. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú íóÃúäö áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Ãóäú ÊóÎúÔóÚó ÞõáõæÈõåõãú áöÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ äóÒóáó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóáóÇ íóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóØóÇáó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÃóãóÏõ ÝóÞóÓóÊú ÞõáõæÈõåõãú æóßóËöíÑñ ãöäúåõãú ÝóÇÓöÞõæäó [57 \ 16] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ
Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÝöí ÎõÓúÑò¡ äóÕøó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÌöäøó ßóÇáúÅöäúÓö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Ýöí Ãõãóãò ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÎóÇÓöÑöíäó [46 \ 18] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ ÊóßúáöíÝö ÇáúÌöäøö ÈöÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö æóÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÊöåöãú áóåóÇ æóÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö.
åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö¡ ãöãøóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ áõÛóÉð ÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞõ æóÔóÑúÚðÇ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏõ ÇáúÌóÇÒöãõ ÈöÃóÑúßóÇäö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÇáÓøöÊøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÌöÈúÑöíáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãóÚó ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö.
" æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ": ÇáúÚóØúÝõ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉó.
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáó áóíúÓóÊú ÏóÇÎöáóÉð Ýöí ÊóÚúÑöíÝö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóãóÞóÇáóÇÊõåõãú ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ.
æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏñ ÈöÇáúÌóäóÇäö¡ æóäõØúÞñ ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö¡ æóÚóãóáñ ÈöÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍö.
ÝóÇáúÚóãóáõ ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöíåö æóíóÒöíÏõ æóíóäúÞõÕõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÔóÑúØñ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãöäú Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÌõÒúÁðÇ¡ Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó íóÕúÏõÞõ ÈöÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóæóÞøóÝõ æõÌõæÏõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÔóÑúØñ Ýöí ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ÅöÐóÇ Êóãóßøóäó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ áößóæúäö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÍóÏøõ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö æóÇáäøõØúÞö¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóÊóãóßøóäö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÓúáóãó ÚöäúÏó ÈóÏúÁö ÇáúãóÚúÑóßóÉö¡ æóÞóÇÊóáó¡ æóÇÓúÊóÔúåóÏó æóáóãú íõÕóáøö áöáøóåö ÑóßúÚóÉð¡ ÝóÏóÎóáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó.
æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãõÌóÑøóÏó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÚúÊóÞöÏõ Úóãøõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÕöÍøóÉó ÑöÓóÇáóÊöåö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ áóãú íóÞõáú ßóáöãóÉð íõÍóÇÌøõ áóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó áóæö ÇÚúÊóÞóÏó æóäóØóÞó ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö¡ æóáóãú íóÚúãóáú ßóÇäó ãõäóÇÞöÖðÇ áöÞóæúáöåö.(9/93)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ãõÝóÕøóáóÉð.
æóÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÕóÇáöÍóÉò¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÊóÚúÑöíÝõåõ æóÔõÑõæØõ ßóæúäö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåö ãöäú ßóæúäöåö ãõæóÇÝöÞðÇ áößöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóÚóãóáóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ ÎóÇáöÕðÇ áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö æóßóæúäöåö ÕóÇÏöÑðÇ ãöäú ãõÄúãöäò ÈöÇááøóåö¡ ÅöáóÎú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö.
íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÕøö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚóÇãøö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöí Úóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöíó Ãóäú íõæÕöíó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÍóÞøõ ßõáøõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÖöÏøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ÝóíóÔúãóáõ Úóãóáó ÇáØøóÇÚóÇÊö¡ æóÊóÑúßó ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí.
æóÇÚúÊóÈóÑó åóÐóÇ ÃóÓóÇÓðÇ ãöäú ÃõÓõÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö¡ ÈöÞóÑöíäóÉö ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ Ãóíú Úóáóì ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóÇáäøóåúíö¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÍóÞøõ åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ; áöÔõãõæáöåö ßõáøó ÃóãúÑò æóßõáøó äóåúíò¡ æóßõáøó ÎóíúÑò¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: æóÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ æóÈöÇáúÍóÞøö äóÒóáó [17 \ 105] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóÇÚúÈõÏö Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó [39 \ 2] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÕöíøóÉó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÊóÔúãóáõ ÇáÔøóÑöíÚóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ¡ ÃõÕõæáóåóÇ æóÝõÑõæÚóåóÇ¡ ãóÇÖöíóåóÇ æóÍóÇÖöÑóåóÇ¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ æóÕøóì Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó æóÚõãõæãðÇ¡ ãöäú äõæÍò æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÔóÑóÚó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ æóÕøóì Èöåö äõæÍðÇ æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ æóÕøóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì Ãóäú ÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÏøöíäó æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Ýöíåö [42 \ 13] .
æóÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáÏøöíäö ÇáúÞöíóÇãõ ÈößõáøöíøóÊöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúæóÕöíøóÉõ Úóãóáó ÇáÑøõÓõáö áöÃõãóãöåöãú æóãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõãú¡ ÝóäóÝøóÐóåóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÕøóì ÈöåóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Èóäöíåö æóíóÚúÞõæÈõ íóÇÈóäöíøó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÕúØóÝóì áóßõãõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÝóáóÇ ÊóãõæÊõäøó ÅöáøóÇ æóÃóäúÊõãú ãõÓúáöãõæäó [2 \ 132] .
æóãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó íóÚúÞõæÈõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ßõäúÊõãú ÔõåóÏóÇÁó ÅöÐú ÍóÖóÑó íóÚúÞõæÈó ÇáúãóæúÊõ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÈóäöíåö ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöí ÞóÇáõæÇ äóÚúÈõÏõ Åöáóåóßó æóÅöáóåó ÂÈóÇÆößó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ æóäóÍúäõ áóåõ ãõÓúáöãõæäó [2 \ 133] .(9/94)
ÝóåóÐóÇ ÊóæóÇÕöí ÇáúÃõãóãö ÈöÃóÕúáö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÚõãõæãö ÇáÔøóÑöíÚóÉö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ãöäú ÕóáóÇÉò æóÒóßóÇÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÚöíÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: æóÃóæúÕóÇäöí ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãóÇ ÏõãúÊõ ÍóíøðÇ æóÈóÑøðÇ ÈöæóÇáöÏóÊöí [19 \ 31 - 32] .
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÍóÇáóÉõ ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøóÉõ ãóÇËöáóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúæóÕöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö¡ áöÊóÑóÇÈõØö ÇáúÃõÓúÑóÉö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÕøóíúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÈöæóÇáöÏóíúåö ÍóãóáóÊúåõ Ãõãøõåõ æóåúäðÇ Úóáóì æóåúäò æóÝöÕóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÚóÇãóíúäö Ãóäö ÇÔúßõÑú áöí æóáöæóÇáöÏóíúßó Åöáóíøó ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ æóÅöäú ÌóÇåóÏóÇßó Úóáì Ãóäú ÊõÔúÑößó Èöí ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßó Èöåö Úöáúãñ ÝóáóÇ ÊõØöÚúåõãóÇ æóÕóÇÍöÈúåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ [31 \ 14 - 15] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÞóÇáó: íõæÕöíßõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÃóæúáóÇÏößõãú áöáÐøóßóÑö ãöËúáõ ÍóÙøö ÇáúÃõäúËóíóíúäö [4 \ 11] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍõÞõæÞö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö ÃóæóÇãöÑñ æóäóæóÇåöí¡ ÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊñ æóãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊñ¡ ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúæóÕóÇíóÇ ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÇáó ÚóäúåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: " ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóäúÙõÑó Åöáóì æóÕöíøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáøóÊöí ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÎóÇÊóãóåõ ÝóáúíóÞúÑóÃú: Þõáú ÊóÚóÇáóæúÇ ÃóÊúáõ ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó ÑóÈøõßõãú Úóáóíúßõãú ÃóáøóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæÇ Èöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏóßõãú ãöäú ÅöãúáóÇÞò äóÍúäõ äóÑúÒõÞõßõãú æóÅöíøóÇåõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæÇ ÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ ÈóØóäó æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ðóáößõãú æóÕøóÇßõãú Èöåö áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæÇ ãóÇáó ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÃóÔõÏøóåõ æóÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö áóÇ äõßóáøöÝõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ÞõáúÊõãú ÝóÇÚúÏöáõæÇ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÐóÇ ÞõÑúÈóì æóÈöÚóåúÏö Çááøóåö ÃóæúÝõæÇ Ðóáößõãú æóÕøóÇßõãú Èöåö áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØöí ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ÇáÓøõÈõáó ÝóÊóÝóÑøóÞó Èößõãú Úóäú ÓóÈöíáöåö Ðóáößõãú æóÕøóÇßõãú Èöåö áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó [6 \ 151 - 153] .
Êöáúßó ÇáúæóÕóÇíóÇ ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉõ ÃóÈúæóÇÈó ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáúãõæóÕøöÏóÉõ ÃóÈúæóÇÈó ÇáÔøóÑøö æóÇáúãõÐóíøóáóÉõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÈúíöíäö æóÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö " æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØöí ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ÇáÓøõÈõáó ".
æóáóæú ÃóÑóÏúäóÇ Ãóäú äóÑúÈöØó Èóíúäó åóÐóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÝóÇÊöÍóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ áóßóÇäóÊö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉõ ßóÇáúÂÊöí Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ ÅöÍóÇáóÉð Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúæóÕóÇíóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÔóÇãöáóÉñ ÌóÇãöÚóÉñ æóãõÚóäúæóäñ áóåóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÕöÑóÇØõ Çááøóåö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ.(9/95)
ÝóßóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ ãõÓóÇæöíðÇ áöÞóæúáöåö: æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáÕøöÑóÇØö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö. æóÇÓúÊóÞöíãõæÇ Úóáóíúåö.
Ëõãøó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö: ÇåúÏöäóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó [1 \ 6] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØõ Çááøóåö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæåõ.
ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ãõÔúÊóãöáóÉð Úóáóì ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉö Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØö Çááøóåö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåö¡ æóíóÃúÊöí ÚóÞöÈóåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö [103 \ 3] ¡ ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáÊøóËúÈöíÊö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö ÅöÐö ÇáÕøóÈúÑõ áóÇÒöãñ Úóáóì Úóãóáö ÇáØøóÇÚóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó áóÇÒöãñ áöÊóÑúßö ÇáúãõäúßóÑóÇÊö.
æóÊöáúßó ÇáúæóÕóÇíóÇ ÇáúÚóÔúÑõ ÌóãóÚóÊú ÃóãúÑðÇ æóäóåúíðÇ ÝöÚúáðÇ æóÊóÑúßðÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó Ýöíåö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì ãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÏõÚóÇÉõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍó æóÇáÏøóÚúæóÉó Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí Èöåö¡ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö¡ æóÛóÇáöÈðÇ ãóäú íóÞõæãõ Èöåö íóÊóÚóÑøóÖõ áöÃóÐóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóáóÒöãóåõãõ ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó áõÞúãóÇäõ áöÇÈúäöåö íõæÕöíåö æóÌóÇãöÚðÇ Ýöí æóÕöíøóÊöåö æóÕöíøóÉó ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó: íóÇÈõäóíøó ÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÃúãõÑú ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇäúåó Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóÇÕúÈöÑú Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóßó Åöäøó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÚóÒúãö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö [31 \ 17] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóíóÇäõ ÞóæóÇÚöÏö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö ÈöÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú áóÇ íóÖõÑøõßõãú ãóäú Öóáøó [5 \ 105] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö.
ÝóÕóÇÑóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ÈöÍóÞøò ÌóÇãöÚóÉð áöÃõÕõæáö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö.
ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: áóæú ÊóÃóãøóáó ÇáäøóÇÓõ åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó áóßóÝóÊúåõãú.
Þóæúáõåõ: æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóËøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÚó ÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ ÈöÇáúãóÑúÍóãóÉö [90 \ 17] .
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúæóÕóÇíóÇ ÇáËøóáóÇËö: ÈöÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúãóÑúÍóãóÉö¡ ÊóßúÊóãöáõ ãõÞóæøöãóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö ÇáúãõÊóßóÇãöáö ÞöæóÇãõåõ ÇáúÝóÖóÇÆöáõ ÇáúãõËúáóì¡ æóÇáúÞöíóãõ ÇáúÝõÖúáóì.
áöÃóäøó ÈöÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÅöÞóÇãóÉó ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉó Úóáóì ÇáØøóÑöíÞö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö.(9/96)
æóÈöÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ãõæóÇÕóáóÉó ÓóíúÑöåöãú Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö¡ æóíóÊóÎóØøóæúäó ßõáøó ÚóÞóÈóÇÊò ÊõæóÇÌöåõåõãú.
æóÈöÇáÊøóæóÇÕöí ÈöÇáúãóÑúÍóãóÉö: íóßõæäõæäó ãõÑúÊóÈöØöíäó ßóÇáúÌóÓóÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ æóÊöáúßó ÃõÚúØöíóÇÊñ áóãú íõÚúØöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ æóÃóÚúØóÇåóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõæÌóÒóÉö. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì áóãøóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Úóäú åóÄõáóÇÁö ÈöÇáäøóÌóÇÉö ãöäó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö¡ æóÝóæúÒöåöãú ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Úóäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóßúÊóÝõæÇ ÈöãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåöãú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú Èóáú ÊóÚóÏøóæúÇ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ÝóÏóÚóæúåõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ ÝóÇÒõæÇ Èöåö Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÍöÈøó áöÃóÎöíßó ãóÇ ÊõÍöÈøõ áöäóÝúÓößó» ÇåÜ. ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ ÊóÊóäóÒøóáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö æóãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÞóæúáðÇ ãöãøóäú ÏóÚóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÚóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóÞóÇáó Åöäøóäöí ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉõ æóáóÇ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉõ ÇÏúÝóÚú ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäóåõ ÚóÏóÇæóÉñ ßóÃóäøóåõ æóáöíøñ Íóãöíãñ æóãóÇ íõáóÞøóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÕóÈóÑõæÇ æóãóÇ íõáóÞøóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ðõæ ÍóÙøò ÚóÙöíãò [41 - 35] .
ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóÞúÓóÇãñ ËóáóÇËóÉñ ÅöÒóÇÁó ÏóÚúæóÉö ÇáÑøõÓõáö.
Þóæúãñ ÂãóäõæÇ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö.
æóÞóæúãñ ÇÑúÊóÝóÚóÊú åöãøóÊõåõãú Åöáóì ÏóÚúæóÉö ÛóíúÑöåöãú æóåõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÞóæúáðÇ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò.
æóÞóæúãñ ÚóÇÏõæÇ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÉó æóÃóÓóÇÁõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú.
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ãóæúÞöÝó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÉö ãöäú ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãõÓöíÆöíäó Ýöí ÛõÖõæäö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉõ æóáóÇ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉõ ÇÏúÝóÚú¡ Ãóíú: ÅöÓóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúãõÓöíÆöíäó ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ¡ ÝóíõÕúÈöÍõæÇ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó áóßó¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóäúÒöáóÉó æóãóÇ íõáóÞøóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÕóÈóÑõæÇ¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãóäö ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóÓóáóßó ãóÓúáóßóåóÇ Åöäøóåõ áóÐõæ ÍóÙøò ÚóÙöíãò.(9/97)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ßõäúÊõ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáóåõ áöáÏøõÚóÇÉö ÚóÏõæøóÇäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓö. æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÔóÏóäóÇ Çááøóåõ áößóíúÝöíøóÉö ÇáÊøóÛóáøõÈö ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ æóÇßúÊöÝóÇÁö ÔóÑøöåöãóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÚóÏóÇæóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓö ÝóÈöãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉö ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö¡ ÝóíõÕúÈöÍõ æóáöíøðÇ ÍóãöíãðÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÚóÏõæøõ ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö ãöäúåõ: æóÅöãøóÇ íóäúÒóÛóäøóßó ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö äóÒúÛñ ÝóÇÓúÊóÚöÐú ÈöÇááøóåö Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ [41 \ 36] .
äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉó æóÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúÎó ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÞóÏøóãó ãóÈúÍóËó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú áóÇ íóÖõÑøõßõãú ãóäú Öóáøó ÅöÐóÇ ÇåúÊóÏóíúÊõãú [5 \ 105] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÓõæÑóÉó ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ÚöäúÏóåóÇ¡ æóÚóÞóÏó ãóÓóÇÆöáó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉð Ýöí ãóäúåóÌö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö¡ ÈöãóÇ áóÇ Ûöäóì Úóäúåõ.(9/98)
æóíúáñ áößõáøö åõãóÒóÉò áõãóÒóÉò (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúåõãóÒóÉö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíúáñ áößõáøö åõãóÒóÉò áõãóÒóÉò.
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ßóáöãóÉö «æóíúáñ» .
ÝóÞöíáó: åõæó æóÇÏò Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó.
æóÞöíáó: åöíó ßóáöãóÉõ ÚóÐóÇÈò æóåóáóÇßò.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÐößúÑõ åóÐóíúäö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÌóÇËöíóÉö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíúáñ áößõáøö ÃóÝøóÇßò ÃóËöíãò [45 \ 7] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑñ áóÇ áóÝúÙó áóåõ ãöäú ÝöÚúáöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÓóæøöÛó áöáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö ÈöåóÇ ãóÚó ÃóäøóåóÇ äóßöÑóÉñ ßóæúäõåóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúåóáóÇßö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ßóÇáÕøóÑöíãö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑõÄúíóÊöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåóÇ: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇæóíúáóäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÙóÇáöãöíäó [21 \ 14] ¡ Ýóåöíó ßóáöãóÉñ ÊõÞóÇáõ ÚöäúÏó äõÒõæáö ÇáúãóÕóÇÆöÈö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøóÞúÈöíÍö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: ÃóÕúáõ Çáúæóíúáö áóÝúÙóÉõ ÇáÓøõÎúØö æóÇáÐøóãö¡ æóÃóÕúáõåóÇ æóíøñ áöÝõáóÇäò¡ Ëõãøó ßóËõÑóÊú Ýöí ßóáóÇãöåöãú ÝóæõÕöáóÊú ÈöÇááøóÇãö¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ: æóíúÍñ ÈöÇáúÍóÇÁö áöáÊøóÑóÍøõãö ÇåÜ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöÞóæúáö ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøö ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõ ÞóÇÑõæäó: æóíúßóÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóíóÞúÏöÑõ [28 \ 82] .
æóãöËúáõåõ áöáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáóÊú íóÇ æóíúáóÊóÇ ÃóÃóáöÏõ æóÃóäóÇ ÚóÌõæÒñ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÚúáöí ÔóíúÎðÇ [11 \ 72] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó íóÇæóíúáóÊóÇ ÃóÚóÌóÒúÊõ Ãóäú Ãóßõæäó ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÛõÑóÇÈö ÝóÃõæóÇÑöíó ÓóæúÃóÉó ÃóÎöí [5 \ 31] .(9/99)
ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉñ ÊõÞóÇáõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøöÏøóÉö æóÇáúåóáóßóÉö¡ Ãóæú ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÈúÚóÏó.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ: åõæó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÓóÈóÈõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÞóÏú íóÑúÌöÚõ áöãóÌöíÆöåóÇ ÊóÇÑóÉð ãõØúáóÞóÉð ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóíúáñ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó [77 \ 15] ¡ æóåõäóÇ æóíúáñ áößõáøö åõãóÒóÉò áõãóÒóÉò.
æóíóÌöíÁõ ãóÚó ÐößúÑö ãóÇ íóÊóæóÚøóÏõ Èöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö [38 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö íóæúãò Ãóáöíãò [43 \ 65] ¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó ÇáäøóÇÑó æóÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó.
æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú ãóÔúåóÏö íóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò [19 \ 37] ¡ Ýóåöíó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö áöáúæóÚöíÏö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö¡ ãöãøóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãóÚóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÃóáöíãö æóãóÔúåóÏö íóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú ãóÞúÕõæÏóÉð ÈöÐóÇÊöåóÇ Ïõæäó ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãóÚóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: åõãóÒóÉò áõãóÒóÉò¡ Þöíáó: åõãóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÛöíÈóÉõ.
æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Þóæúáó ÒöíóÇÏò ÇáúÃóÚúÌóãö:
ÊõÏúáöí ÈöæõÏøöí ÅöÐóÇ áóÇÞóíúÊóäöí ßóÐöÈðÇ ... æóÅöäú ÃóÛöíÈõ ÝóÃóäúÊó ÇáúåóÇãöÒõ ÇáúåõãóÒóåú
æóÚóÒóÇ åóÐóÇ áöÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÕöíÈõ ÇáäøóÇÓó æóíóØúÚóäõ Ýöíåöãú.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõ ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúßóáöãóÊóíúäö ãõÝúÑóÏóÉð Úóäö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÈöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉö.
ÝóÝöí ÇáúåõãóÒóÉö Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ßõáøó ÍóáøóÇÝò ãóåöíäò åóãøóÇÒò ãóÔøóÇÁò Èöäóãöíãò [68 \ 11] ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÐöÈö æóÇáäøóãöíãóÉö.
æóÝöí ÇáúåõãóÒóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóáúãöÒõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóäóÇÈóÒõæÇ ÈöÇáúÃóáúÞóÇÈö [49 \ 11] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóáúãöÒõßó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö [9 \ 58] ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáÊøóäóÞøõÕö æóÇáúÚóíúÈö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÖõæÑö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÛöíÈóÉö¡ ÝóÊóÛóÇíõÑõ ÇáúåóãúÒö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÝöí ÇáÕøöÝóÉö¡ æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÌóãúÚñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóÈöíÍóíúäö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãõÓúÊóÍöÞøðÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö ÈößóáöãóÉö «æóíúáñ» .
æóÞóÏú Þöíáó: ÇáúåóãúÒõ ÈöÇáúíóÏö: æóÞöíáó: ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÖúÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúåóãúÒõ Ýöí ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö.õõ(9/100)
ßóáøóÇ áóíõäúÈóÐóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÍõØóãóÉö (4)
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúåóãúÒõ ÈöÇáúíóÏö¡ æóÇááøóãúÒõ ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÛóãúÒõ ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ãóÚóÇäò ãõÊóÞóÇÑöÈóÉñ ÊóÔúÊóÑößõ Ýöí ÊóäóÞøõÕö ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóãóÚó ãóÇáðÇ æóÚóÏøóÏóåõ
. åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝõ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÚöáøóÉñ ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúãóæúÕõæáõ åõäóÇ íóÏõáøõ ãöäú ßõáøò ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó ÇáúÚóíúÈõ Ýöí ÌóãóÚó ãóÇáðÇ Èóáú Ýöí «ÚóÏøóÏóåõ íóÍúÓóÈõ Ãóäøó ãóÇáóåõ ÃóÎúáóÏóåõ» . æóÝöí «ÚóÏøóÏóåõ» ÚöÏøóÉõ ãóÚóÇäò:
Þöíáó: ÚóÏøóåõ ßõáøó æóÞúÊò æóÂÎóÑó¡ ÊóÍóÝøõÙðÇ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞöíáó: ÚóÏøóÏóåõ ßóäóÒóåõ.
æóÞöíáó: ÚóÏøóÏóåõ ÃóÚóÏøóåõ áöáúÍóÇÌóÉö.
æóÞõÑöÆó: «ÌóãøóÚó æóÚóÏøóÏó» ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö æóÈöÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö. æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ãóäú áóãú íõÄóÏøö ÍóÞøó Çááøóåö Ýöíåö ÔõÍøðÇ æóÈõÎúáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÃóáúåóÇßõãõ ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÍúÓóÈõ Ãóäøó ãóÇáóåõ ÃóÎúáóÏóåõ
. åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõÓúÈóÇäõ åõæó ÇáúãóÐúãõæãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúãõäúÕóÈøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÝóÑó ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö: æóÏóÎóáó ÌóäøóÊóåõ æóåõæó ÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö ÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ Ãóäú ÊóÈöíÏó åóÐöåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð [18 \ 35 - 36] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ áóíõäúÈóÐóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÍõØóãóÉö. ßóáøóÇ: ÑóÏúÚñ æóÒóÌúÑñ áóåõ Úóáóì ÍõÓúÈóÇäöåö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóáóíõäúÈóÐóäøó Ýöí ÌóæóÇÈö ÞóÓóãò ãóÍúÐõæÝò Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ: ßóáøóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃõãøõåõ åóÇæöíóÉñ [101 \ 9] ¡ Ãóíú: íõäúÈóÐõ äóÈúÐðÇ¡ Ýóíóåúæöí Úóáóì Ãõãøö ÑóÃúÓöåö. ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö.
æóÇáúÍõØóãóÉõ: ÝõÚóáóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÍóØúãö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúßóÓúÑõ¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúÃóßúáõ ÇáúßóËöíÑõ.
æóÞóÏú ÝõÓøöÑóÊú ÈöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ äóÇÑõ Çááøóåö ÇáúãõæÞóÏóÉõ [104 \ 6] ¡ æóÓõãøöíóÊú ÍõØóãóÉð áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÍóØøöãõ ßõáøó ãóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÊóÞõæáõ: åóáú ãöäú ãóÒöíÏò.(9/101)
ÅöäøóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÄúÕóÏóÉñ (8) Ýöí ÚóãóÏò ãõãóÏøóÏóÉò (9)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÄúÕóÏóÉñ Ýöí ÚóãóÏò ãõãóÏøóÏóÉò.
Þöíáó: ãõÄúÕóÏóÉñ Ýöí ÚóãóÏò. ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóãóÏó ÕóÇÑóÊú æóÕúÏðÇ áöáúÈóÇÈö ßóÇáúÞõÝúáö¡ æóÇáúÛóáúÞö áóåõ.
æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÚóãóÏò: Ãóäøóåõãú íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí ÚóãóÏò ßóÇáúÞóÕóÈóÉö¡ ãõÌóæøóÝóÉö ÇáÏøóÇÎöáö.
æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÚóãóÏò: Ãóíú ÊõæÖóÚõ ÃóÑúÌõáõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóÏö Úóáóì ÕõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞóíúÏö Ýöí ÇáúÎóÔóÈóÉö ÇáúãõãúÊóÏøóÉö¡ íõÔóÏøõ ÝöíåóÇ ÚóÏóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÔúÎóÇÕö Ýöí ÃóÑúÌõáöåöãú.
æóßõäúÊõ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí Ðóáößó: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóÏó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóÕóÈóÉö ÇáúãõÌóæøóÝóÉö ÊõÖóíøóÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÃõáúÞõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãóßóÇäðÇ ÖóíøöÞðÇ ãõÞóÑøóäöíäó ÏóÚóæúÇ åõäóÇáößó ËõÈõæÑðÇ [25 \ 13] .
Ýóíóßõæäõ ÃóÑúÌóÍõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö.(9/102)
æóÃóÑúÓóáó Úóáóíúåöãú ØóíúÑðÇ ÃóÈóÇÈöíáó (3) ÊóÑúãöíåöãú ÈöÍöÌóÇÑóÉò ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò (4)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÝöíá
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÑúÓóáó Úóáóíúåöãú ØóíúÑðÇ ÃóÈóÇÈöíáó ÊóÑúãöíåöãú ÈöÍöÌóÇÑóÉò ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò.
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáÓøöÌøöíáö åõäóÇ.
ÝóÞóÇáó Þóæúãñ: åõæó ÇáÓøöÌøöíäõ¡ ÃóÈõÏöáóÊö Çáäøõæäõ áóÇãðÇ¡ æóÇáÓøöÌøöíäõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáÓøöÌøöíáó ãöäó ÇáÓøöÌøöáøö¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ Úóáóãñ áöáÏøöíæóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí ßõÊöÈó Ýöíåö ÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÓöÌøöíäðÇ áöÏöíæóÇäö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú æóÇÔúÊöÞóÇÞöåö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÓúÌóÇáö æóåõæó ÇáúÅöÑúÓóÇáõ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáÓøöÌøöáøõ ÇáÏøóáúæõ ÇáúãóãúáõæÁõ ãóÇÁð¡ æóåöíó ÍöÌóÇÑóÉñ ãõÑúÓóáóÉñ áöÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÑúÓóáó Úóáóíúåöãú ØóíúÑðÇ ÃóÈóÇÈöíáó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÓöÌøöíäðÇ¡ Úóäö ÇáÏøöíæóÇäö ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú¡ íóÚúäöí Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ Åöäøó ßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö áóÝöí ÓöÌøöíäò [83 \ 7] .
æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóì ÓöÌøöíáò ÓöÊúßñ æóØöíäñ¡ íóÚúäöí ÈóÚúÖó ÍóÌóÑò æóÈóÚúÖó Øöíäò.
æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏõ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáÓøöÌøöíáõ ÇÓúãñ áöÓóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøöíÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÊóÑúÌöíÍõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú Øöíäò ÔóÏöíÏö ÇáúÞõæøóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ áöãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúäóÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãò ãõÌúÑöãöíäó áöäõÑúÓöáó Úóáóíúåöãú ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäú Øöíäò ãõÓóæøóãóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó áöáúãõÓúÑöÝöíäó [51 \ 32 - 34] ÝóäóÕøó Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú Øöíäò.
æóÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉõ ãöäó ÇáØøöíäö: åöíó ÇáúÂÌõÑøõ æóåõæó ÇáØøöíäõ ÇáúãóØúÈõæÎõ ÍóÊøóì íóÊóÍóÌøóÑó.
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò ãóäúÖõæÖò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõäóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò ãóäúÖõæÏò [11 \ 82](9/103)
æóÞöíáó ÝöíåóÇ: ßóÇáúÍöãøöÕóÉö æóÇáúÚóÏóÓóÉö¡ æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÝöíáö¡ æóÞöÕøóÊõåõãú ØóæöíáóÉñ ãóÔúåõæÑóÉñ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ äõÕõæÕó ãóÚúäóì ÓöÌøöíáò¡ æóÊóÑúÌöíÍó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÍöÌóÇÑóÉñ ãöäú Øöíäò ÔóÏöíÏö ÇáúÞõæøóÉö ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ Þöíáó ãöäö ÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏö Ðóáößó¡ æóÑóÏøðÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ÕóÑóÝó ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÓóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú ÃóäúßóÑó Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÇáõæÇ: áóæú ÌóæøóÒúäóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí Êóßõæäõ ãöËúáó ÇáúÚóÏóÓóÉö ãöäó ÇáËøöÞúáö ãóÇ íóÞúæóì Èöåö Úóáóì Ãóäú íóäúÝõÐó ãöäú ÑóÃúÓö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóíóÎúÑõÌó ãöäú ÃóÓúÝóáöåö¡ áóÌóæøóÒúäóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÌóÈóáõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÎóÇáöíðÇ Úóäö ÇáËøöÞóáö¡ æóÃóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí æóÒúäö ÇáÊøóÈöäóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó íóÑúÝóÚõ ÇáúÃóãóÇäó Úóäö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÇÊö.
ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãóÊóì ÌóÇÒó Ðóáößó ÝóáúíóÌõÒú Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÈöÍóÖúÑóÊöäóÇ ÔõãõæÓñ æóÃóÞúãóÇÑñ¡ æóáóÇ äóÑóÇåóÇ¡ æóÃóäú íóÍúÕõáó ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßõ Ýöí Úóíúäö ÇáÖøóÑöíÑö¡ ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäó åõæó ÈöÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö¡ æóíóÑóì ÞöØúÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÇáúÃóäúÏóáõÓö¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãõÍóÇáñ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÌóÇÆöÒñ Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈöäóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉó ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÞóÚõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ íóÍúßöíåö ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÝøóì ÓóäóÉó 606 ÓöÊøöãöÇÆóÉò æóÓöÊøò¡ ÝóäóÑóì ÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ãóÈúäöíøñ Úóáóì ÊóÍúßöíãö ÇáúÚóÞúáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÇØöáñ ; áöÃóäøó ÎóæóÇÑöÞó ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö ÏóÇÆöãðÇ ÝóæúÞó ÞóÇäõæäö ÇáúÚóÞúáö¡ Èóáú Åöäøó ÊóÕóæøõÑóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÞúáö äóÝúÓöåö ãóäúÔóÄõåóÇ ãöäú ÊóÕóæøõÑóÇÊöäóÇ áöãóÇ äõÔóÇåöÏõåõ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÍõÏøöËó ÇáúÚóÞúáõ ÈöãóÇ áóãú íóÔúåóÏúåõ Ãóæú íóÚúáóãú ßõäúåó æõÌõæÏöåö áóÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏóåõ ßóãóÇ åõæó Ýöí æóÇÞöÚöäóÇ Çáúíóæúãó¡ áóæú ÍõÏøöËóÊú Èöåö ÇáúÚõÞõæáõ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ ãöäú äóÞúáö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÇáÕøõæÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóËöíÑö¡ æóÊóæúÌöíåö ÇáØøóÇÆöÑóÇÊö æóÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ¡ áóãóÇ Þóæöíó Úóáóì ÊóÕóæøõÑöåóÇ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÝóæúÞó äöØóÇÞö ãóÍúÓõæÓóÇÊöåö æóãõÔóÇåóÏóÇÊöåö.
æóÍóÊøóì äóÍúäõ áóæú áóãú íõÓóÇíöÑúåóÇ ãóäú Úóáöãó ÈöãóÇ íóÍúãöáõåõ ÇáúÃóËöíÑõ ãöäú ÊóíøóÇÑò ßóåúÑóÈóÇÆöíøò¡ æóãóÇ áóåõ ãóäú ÏóæúÑò ÝóÚøóÇáò Ýöí Ðóáößó áóãóÇ ÃóãúßóäóäóÇ ÊóÕóæøõÑõåõ.
Ëõãøó ãóäú íóãúäóÚõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÓóíóÃúÊöí íóæúãñ Êóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ßóÇáúÚöåúäö ÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö ÃóÎóÝøó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÈöäóÉö¡(9/104)
ÇáøóÊöí ãóËøóáõæÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ Èóáú ÓóÊóßõæäõ ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓõíøöÑóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÓóÑóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 20] ¡ ÝóÙóåóÑó ÈõØúáóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏóåóÇ áöÚóÏóãö ÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáúÚóÞúáö áóåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóäú íõÄóæøöáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Åöáóì ãóÚúäðì ÂÎóÑó¡ Ýóåõæó ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúãóÈúÏóÃö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóËúÈóÊó ÇáúÃóÕúáó æóÝóÓøóÑóåõ ÈöãóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ æóÇáúÚóÞúáó.
æóåõæó ãóÍúßöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ãõÍóãøóÏú ÚóÈúÏõåú æóÊöáúãöíÐöåö ÇáÓøóíøöÏö ÑóÔöíÏú ÑöÖóÇ¡ ÅöÐú ÝóÓøóÑó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉó ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõ æóÈóÇÁõ ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøö.
æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí: ÝóÇáØøóíúÑõ ÇáúÃóÈóÇÈöíáõ: åöíó ÇáúÈóÚõæÖõ æóãóÇ ÃóÔúÈóåóåõ.
æóÞóÏö ÇÚúÊóÐóÑó áóåõ ÇáÓøóíøöÏú ÞõØúÈú: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÏøóÇÝöÚó áöÐóáößó åõæó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÔóÇÆöÚðÇ Ýöí ÚóÕúÑöåö ãöäú ãóæúÌóÇÊò ãõÊóÖóÇÑöÈóÉò¡ ãóæúÌóÉö ÇäúÍöÑóÇÝò Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúßöíÑö äóÍúæó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÇÓúÊöÛúáóÇáö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÇÊö¡ ßóãöËóÇáò Úóáóì ãóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ ÇáúÃóÈóÇØöíáó Ýöí ÊóÔúæöíåö ÍóÞóÇÆöÞö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì ØõæÝóÇäñ Úöáúãöíøñ ÍóÏöíËñ¡ ãöäú ÅöäúÊóÇÌö ÇáúÚóÞúáö ÇáúÈóÔóÑöíøö ÝóÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú Ãóäú ÊõËúÈöÊó ÍóÇÏöËóÉð ßóåóÐöåö ÕõÑöÝóÊú Åöáóì ãóÇ íóÃúáóÝõåõ ÇáúÚóÞúáõ ãöäú ÅöíÞóÇÚö ãóíúßõÑõæÈö ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøö ÈöÌóíúÔö ÃóÈúÑóåóÉó ÍóÊøóì Ãóåúáóßóåõ¡ áößóíú áóÇ íóÊóÕóÇÏóãó Ýöí ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÇÏöËóÉö Úóáóì ãóÇ äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöæóÇÞöÚö ÇáúÚóÞúáöíøóÉö ÇáúÚóáúãóÇäöíøóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉö.
åóÐóÇ ãõáóÎøóÕõ ãóÇ ÇÚúÊóÐóÑó Èöåö ÇáÓøóíøöÏú ÞõØúÈú Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö.
æóáóßöäú ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö æóÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó: Ãóäøó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ÎóÇÕøóÉð ÈöåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÞóæúãö¡ Èóáú ÃõáúÞöíóÊú Úóáóì Þóæúãö áõæØò¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÌóÚóáó ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ¡ ÝóãóÇ ãóæúÞöÚõ ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøö ãöäúåõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöåúáóÇßöåöãú ÈöÅöÝúßöåóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¿
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóäú Øöíäò¡ ÝóÃóíúäó ÇáØøöíäõ ãöäó ÇáúÌóÑóÇËöíãö ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøóÉö¿
æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö: ãöäú Ãóíúäó ÌöíÁó ÈöãóßúÑõæÈö ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøö¿ æóÃóíúäó ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíó Èöåö ÇáØøóíúÑõ ÇáúÃóÈóÇÈöíáõ¿
æóãóÊóì ßóÇäó ãóíúßõÑõæÈõ ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõåõ íõãóíøöÒõ Èóíúäó ÞõÑóÔöíøò æóÍóÈóÔöíøò¿
æóãóÊóì ßóÇäó Ãóíøõ ãóíúßõÑõæÈò íóÝúÊößõ ÈöÞóæúãò æóÈöÓõÑúÚóÉò¡ ÝóÌóÚóáóåõãú ßóÚóÕúÝò ãóÃúßõæáò¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó: ÝóÌóÚóáóåõãú¡ ÊõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÇáÓøõÑúÚóÉö Ýöí ÅöåúáóÇßöåöãú¡ æóÇáúÚóÕúÝö ÇáúíóÇÈöÓö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÚúÕöÝõ Èöåö ÇáÑøöíÍõ áöÎöÝøóÊöåö.(9/105)
æóãóÊóì ßóÇäó æõÌõæÏõ ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøö ØóÝúÑóÉð æóÝõÌóÇÁóÉð¡ Åöäøóåõ íóÙúåóÑõ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÇÊò ÝóÑúÏöíøóÉò¡ Ëõãøó íóäúÊóÔöÑõ åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö¡ æóÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáúÚóÞúáö¡ áöãóÇ ÚõÑöÝó ãöäú ãóíúßõÑõæÈö ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøö.
æóáóßöäøó ãõáóÇÈóÓóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÇÏöËóÉö ÊóãúäóÚõ ãöäú ÊóÕóæøõÑö Ðóáößó ÚóÞúáðÇ áöÚóÏóãö ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑöåö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúãöäúØóÞóÉö¡ æóáöÚóÏóãö ÊóÃúËöíÑöåö ÝöÚúáðÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö¡ æóáöÚóÏóãö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÊóÕóæøõÑö ãóÌöíÆöåö ÝõÌóÇÁóÉð¡ ÝóÏóáøó ÇáúÚóÞúáõ äóÝúÓõåõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÕöÍøóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö.
Ëõãøó ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÏóÏúäóÇ ÎóæóÇÑöÞó ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö áöÚóÏóãö ÊóÕóæøõÑö ÇáúÚóÞúáö áóåóÇ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó äõËúÈöÊõ ãóËóáó Íóäöíäö ÇáúÌöÐúÚö¡ æóäóÈúÚö ÇáúãóÇÁö ãöäú Èóíúäö ÃóÕóÇÈöÚöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóÊóÓúÈöíÍö ÇáúÍóÕóì Ýöí ßóÝøöåö ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö¿
æóÞóÏú ÔóÇåóÏó ÇáúÚóÞúáõ ÇáÕøõæÑóÉó¡ æóåöíó ÎõÑõæÌõ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉö ãöäó ÇáÕøóÎúÑóÉö áöÞóæúãö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ Èóáú ÅöäøóäóÇ ÇáúÂäó ÈöÇáúÍöÓøö æóÇáúÚóÞúáö äõÔóÇåöÏõ ãóÇ áóÇ äõÏúÑößõ ßõäúåóåõ Ýöí æóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãö¡ æóäóÓúãóÚõ ÇáÕøóæúÊó ãöäó ÇáúÌóãóÇÏö ãõÓóÌøóáðÇ Úóáóì ÔóÑöíØò ÈóÓöíØò ÌöÏøðÇ.
Ýóåóáú íóäúÝöí ÇáúÈóÇÞöí¿ Èóáú ßóíúÝó ÃóËúÈóÊó ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì áöÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäö ãóÑúíóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÅöÈúÑóÇÁó ÇáúÃóßúãóåö æóÇáúÃóÈúÑóÕö. æóÅöÍúíóÇÁó ÇáúãóæúÊóì¡ æóÚóãóáó ÇáØøóíúÑö ãöäó ÇáØøöíäö¡ Ëõãøó íóäúÝõÎõ Ýöíåö Ýóíóßõæäõ ØóíúÑðÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö.
æóßóíúÝó ÃóËúÈóÊó ÇáúíóåõæÏõ áöãõæÓóì ÃóãúÑó ÇáúÚóÕóÇ æóÔóÞøó ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¿ æóÃóíúäó ÇáúÚóÞúáõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö¿
ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ ÃóäøóäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÒóãóÇäò æóãóÚó ßõáøö ÞóÖöíøóÉò¡ íóÌöÈõ Ãóäú äóáúÊóÒöãó ÌóÇäöÈó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇáö¡ áóÇ åõæó ÌóÑúíñ æóÑóÇÁó ßõáøö ÎóÈóÑò¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøðÇ æóáóÇ åõæó ÑóÏøñ áößõáøö äóÕøò æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ ÞõÑúÂäöíøðÇ¡ Èóáú ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøóíøöÏú ÞõØúÈú Ýöí Ðóáößó:
íóÌöÈõ Ãóäú äóÓúÊóãöÏøó ÝößúÑóäóÇ ãöäú äõÕõæÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ íõÞóÑøöÑõåõ äóÚúÊóÞöÏõåõ æóäóÞõæáõ Èöåö.
æóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔúäóÇ åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúÝößúÑóÊóíúäö ÇáúÞóÏöíãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏóÊú Ðóáößó ßõáøöíøóÉð¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæøóáóÊúåóÇ.
æóäõÖöíÝõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÂÎóÑó Ýöí ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúÝößúÑóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ æóåöíó áóÚóáøó ãöãøóÇ ÍóÏóÇ ÈöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåóÇ Åöáóì Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøóåõ áóãú íõÑó ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøõ ÈöÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãöËúáó Êöáúßó ÇáÓøóäóÉö.
æóÞöíáó ÃóíúÖðÇ: áóãú íõÑó ÔóÌóÑõ ÇáúÍóäúÙóáö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö.
ÝóíõÞóÇáõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÞúáó áóÇ íóÓúÊóÈúÚöÏõ åõäóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÅöåúáóÇßõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóíúÔö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö ÈöÊöáúßó(9/106)
ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö Ýöí ãóßóÇäö ãõÚóÓúßóÑöåö Ýöí ÈóØúäö ÇáúæóÇÏöí¡ æóæõÞõæÚó ÇáúÌõËóËö ãõÕóÇÈóÉð ÈöåóÇ¡ áóÇ íõãúäóÚõ Ãóäú ÊóÊóÚóÝøóäó Ëõãøó íóÊóæóáøóÏõ ãöäúåóÇ ãóßúÑõæÈó ÇáúÌóÏóÑöíøö¡ æóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú Ðóáößó. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ
ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóíúÔö äóÕóÇÑóì æóåõãú Ãóåúáõ Ïöíäò æóßöÊóÇÈò¡ æóÃóåúáõ ãóßøóÉó æóËóäöíøõæäó áóÇ Ïöíäó áóåõãú¡ æóÇáúßóÚúÈóÉõ ãõãúÊóáöÆóÉñ ÈöÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö¡ ÝóßóíúÝó Ãóåúáóßó Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÓóáøöØúåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúæóËóäöíøöíäó¿
æóÃõÌöíÈó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÈöÚöÏøóÉö ÃóÌúæöÈóÉò.
ãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóíúÔó ÙóÇáöãñ ÈóÇÛò¡ æóÇáúÈóÛúíõ ãóÑúÊóÚõåõ æóÎöíóãñ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÙúáõæãõ ÃóÞóáøó ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãö¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ «Ýöí äõÕúÑóÉö ÇáúãóÙúáõæãö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉö ÏóÚúæóÊöåö æóáóæú ßóÇäó ßóÇÝöÑðÇ» .
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúæóËóäöíøóÉó ÇÚúÊöÏóÇÁñ Úóáóì ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÛóÒúæó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóíúÔö ÇÚúÊöÏóÇÁñ Úóáóì ÍõÞõæÞö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÑúåóÇÕñ áöãóæúáöÏö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÅöÐú æõáöÏó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÇãö äóÝúÓöåö.
æóßõáøõåóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú áóåóÇ æóÌúåñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íóÈúÏõæ áöí æóÌúåñ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ýöí äóÔúÃóÉö ÇáúÈóíúÊö æóÅöÞóÇãóÊöåö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÑóÝóÚó ÞóæóÇÚöÏóåõ æóÃóÞóÇãó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýöí ÑöÍóÇÈöåö¡ æóßóÇäó ØóÇåöÑðÇ ãõØóåøóÑðÇ áöáúÚóÇßöÝöíäó Ýöíåö æóÇáÑøõßøóÚö ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúæóËóäöíøóÉõ ØóÇÑöÆóÉñ Úóáóíúåö æóÅöáóì ÃóãóÏò ÞóÕöíÑò ãóÏóÇåõ æóÏóäóÇ ãõäúÊóåóÇåõ áöÏöíäò ÌóÏöíÏò.
æóÇáúãóÓöíÍöíøóÉõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ðóáößó æóÊóäõÕøõ Úóáóíúåö æóÊõÈóÔøöÑõ Èöåö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ãõÚúÊóÏöíóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞøóíúäö ãóÚðÇ¡ ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÊóÚúáóãõ ÍõÑúãóÊóåõ æóãóÇ áóåõ¡ æóÍóÞøö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó Íóæúáóåõ.
æóßóÇäóÊú áóæú ÓõáøöØóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáúãõäúÊóÕöÑö Úóáóì ãóÈúÏóÃò ÕóÍöíÍò ãóÚó ÝóÓóÇÏöåóÇ¡ ãóÈúÏóÃö ÕöÍøóÉö æóÓóáóÇãóÉö ÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ æóæóÖúÚöåö¡ ÇáúÈóíúÊõ ÇáøóÐöí ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕöåö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóËóÇÈóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö æóÃóãúäðÇ.
ÝóßóíúÝó áóÇ íóÃúãóäõ åõæó äóÝúÓõåõ ãöäú ÛóÒúæö ÇáúÛõÒóÇÉö æóØõÛúíóÇäö ÇáØøõÛóÇÉö¡ ÝóÕóÇäóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÕöíóÇäóÉð áöãóÈúÏóÃö æõÌõæÏöåö¡ æóÍöÝóÇÙðÇ Úóáóì ÃóÕúáö æóÖúÚöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóíóßúÝöí äöÓúÈóÊõåõ áöáøóåö «ÈóíúÊõ Çááøóåö» .
æóÞóÏú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÃóÈõæ ØóÇáöÈò åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÚóíúäöåö ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈúÑóåóÉó:(9/107)
ÃóäóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÅöÈöáö æóáöáúÈóíúÊö ÑóÈøñ íóÍúãöíåö. æóÃóÊóì ÈóÇÈó ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö ÝóÊóÚóáøóÞó ÈöåóÇ æóÞóÇáó:
áóÇåõãøó Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó íóãúÜ ... äóÚõ ÑóÍúáóåõ ÝóÇãúäóÚú ÍöáóÇáóßú
áóÇ íóÛúáöÈóäøó ÕóáöíÈõåõãú ... æóãöÍóÇáõåõãú ÚóÏóÏðÇ íõæóÇáößú
Åöäú íóÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏó ÇáúÍóÑóÇ ... ãó ÝóÃúãõÑú ãóÇ ÈóÏóÇ áóßú
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ÞóÇáó:
íóÇ ÑóÈøö áóÇ ÃóÑúÌõæ áóåõãú ÓöæóÇßóÇ ... íóÇ ÑóÈøö ÝóÇãúäóÚú ãöäúåõãú ÍöãóÇßóÇ
Åöäøó ÚóÏõæøó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãóäú ÚóÇÏóÇßóÇ ... Åöäøóåõãú áóäú íóÞúåóÑõæÇ ÞõæóÇßóÇõõ(9/108)
áöÅöíáóÇÝö ÞõÑóíúÔò (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÞõÑóíúÔò
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöÅöíáóÇÝö ÞõÑóíúÔò ÅöíáóÇÝöåöãú ÑöÍúáóÉó ÇáÔøöÊóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóíúÝö.
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇááøóÇãö Ýöí «áöÅöíáóÇÝö ÞõÑóíúÔò» ¡ åóáú åöíó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóíøö ãóÚúäðì. Ãóãú ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóíøö ãóÚúäðì.
Ýóãóäú ÞóÇáó: ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöÌóÚóáó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÌóÚóáóåõãú ßóÚóÕúÝò ãóÃúßõæáò [105 \ 5] .
æóÊóßõæäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì áöÃóÌúáö ÅöíáóÇÝö ÞõÑóíúÔò íóÏõæãõ áóåõãú æóíóÈúÞóì ÊóÚúÙöíãõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÅöíøóÇåõãú ; áöÃóäøóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÍóÑóãö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóæú ÈöãóÚúäóì Åöáóì Ãóíú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáúÚóÏõæøó ßóÚóÕúÝò ãóÃúßõæáò¡ åóÒöíãóÉð áóåõ æóäõÕúÑóÉð áöÞõÑóíúÔò äöÚúãóÉð Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Åöáóì äöÚúãóÉö ÅöíáóÇÝöåöãú ÑöÍúáóÉó ÇáÔøöÊóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóíúÝö.
æóãóäú ÞóÇáó: ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó «áöÅöíáóÇÝö ÞõÑóíúÔò ÅöíáóÇÝöåöãú» ÇáøóÐöí ÃóáöÝõæåõ Ãóíú ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑö áóåõ¡ æóÑóÊøóÈó Úóáóíúåö¡ «ÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö» . Ãóíú ÃóËúÈóÊóåõ Åöáóíúåöãú æóÍóÝöÙóåõ áóåõãú.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ åõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÑóÏó ÌóæóÇÒó ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÝóÕúáõ ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö Úóäú ÈóÚúÖò.
æóÞöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ áöáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö¡ Ãóíö ÇÚúÌóÈõæÇ áöÅöíáóÇÝö ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäö ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö æóÇáúÃóÎúÝóÔö¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ áöÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÑõæöíó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ ÈöÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö ãóÚðÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÑóßúÚóÉò ÞóÑóÃó ÈöåöãóÇ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ æóÈöÃóäøó ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò ãõÊøóÕöáóÊóÇäö¡ æóáóÇ ÝóÕúáó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ.
æóÍóßóì ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö¡ æóáóãú íõÑóÌøöÍú ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõ ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÚóÇÑöÖõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ.(9/109)
æóãóÇ ÇÚúÊóÑóÖó Èöåö ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÈöÃóäøóåõ íõáúÒöãõ Úóáóíúåö ÇÊøöÕóÇáó ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöáóÇÒöãò ; áöÃóäøóåõ Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇÊøöÕóÇáóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÝóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßõáøõåõ ãõÊøóÕöáóÉñ ÓõæóÑõåõ ãóÚúäðì.
ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÑóì Åöáóì ÝóÇÊöÍóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÝöíåóÇ ÇåúÏöäóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó [1 \ 6] ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁóÊú ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö [2 \ 2] ¡ æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÃóæúÕóÇÝóåõãú æóÞóÇáó: ÃõæáóÆößó Úóáóì åõÏðì ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú [2 \ 5] ¡ ÝóÃóíøõ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØò ÃóÞúæóì ãöäú åóÐóÇ¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáøóÐöí ÊóØúáõÈõæäóåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ýóåõæó åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇÊøöÕóÇáðÇ ÍóÓðÇ ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇáúÈóÓúãóáóÉö¡ ÝóäóÙöíÑõåóÇ ÓõæÑóÉõ ÈóÑóÇÁóÉñ ãóÚó ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ÅöÌúãóÇÚó ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö Úóáóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÓúãóáóÉö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÅöáøóÇ ãõÕúÍóÝó ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí åóÐóíúäö ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö æóÌúåñ ÃóÑúÌóÍó ãöäú æóÌúåò.
æóáöÐóÇ áóãú íõÑóÌøöÍú ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ Óöæóì ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ:
æóÕöÍøóÉõ ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö ÃóÞúæóì æóÃóÚóãøõ Ýöí ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇäö æóÊóÚúÏóÇÏö ÇáäøöÚóãö.
æóÇáúÅöíáóÇÝõ: Þöíáó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÃúáöíÝö¡ ÅöÐú ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöí ÑöÍúáóÊóíúåöãú íóÃúáóÝõæäó Çáúãõáõæßó Ýöí ÇáÔøóÇãö æóÇáúíóãóäö¡ Ãóæú ßóÇäõæÇ åõãú Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãõÄóáøóÝöíäó æóãõÌóãøóÚöíäó¡ æóåõæó ÇãúÊöäóÇäñ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÌóãøõÚö æóÇáÊøóÃóáøõÝö¡ æóáóæú ÓóáøóØó Úóáóíúåöãú áóÝóÑøóÞóåõãú æóÔóÊøóÊóåõãú¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏõæÇ:
ÃóÈõæäóÇ ÞõÕóíøñ ßóÇäó íõÏúÚóì ãõÌóãøöÚðÇ ... Èöåö ÌóãóÚó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÞóÈóÇÆöáó ãöäú ÝöåúÑ
æóÞöíáó: ãöäó ÇáúÅöáúÝö æóÇáÊøóÚóæøõÏö¡ Ãóíú: ÃóáöÝõæÇ ÇáÑøöÍúáóÊóíúäö.
ÝóáöáúÅöÈúÞóÇÁö áóåõãú Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóáöÝõæåõ.
æóÞõÑóíúÔñ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: Úóáóãñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö.
æóÞöíáó: ÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÞúÑóÔö¡ æóåõæó ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚõ Ãóæö ÇáÊøóßóÓøõÈõ æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ.
æóÞöíáó: ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉö ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÓóãøóÇÉö ÈöÇáúÞöÑúÔö æóåöíó ÃóÎúØóÑõ ÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊöåö¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ýöí ÌóæóÇÈöåö áöãõÚóÇæöíóÉó.
æóÃóäúÔóÏó Þóæúáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
æóÞõÑóíúÔñ åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÓúßõäõ ÇáúÈóÍúÜ ... ÜÑó ÈöåóÇ ÓõãøöíóÊú ÞõÑóíúÔñ ÞõÑóíúÔóÇõõ(9/110)
ÇáøóÐöí ÃóØúÚóãóåõãú ãöäú ÌõæÚò æóÂãóäóåõãú ãöäú ÎóæúÝò (4)
ÊóÃúßõáõ ÇáÑøóËøó æóÇáÓøóãöíäó æóáóÇ ... ÊóÊúÑõßõ ÝöíåóÇ áöÐöí ÌóäóÇÍóíúäö ÑöíÔðÇ
åóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö Íóíøõ ÞõÑóíúÔò ... íóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏó ÃóßúáðÇ ßóãöíÔóÇ
æóáóåõãú ÂÎöÑõ ÇáÒøóãóÇäö äóÈöíøñ ... íõßúËöÑõ ÇáúÞóÊúáó Ýöíåöãú æóÇáúÎõãõæÔóÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑöÍúáóÉó ÇáÔøöÊóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóíúÝö¡ åõæó ÊóÝúÓöíÑñ «áöÅöíáóÇÝö» ÓóæóÇÁñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íõÄóÇáöÝõæäó Èóíúäó Çáúãõáõæßö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÑøóÍóáóÇÊö¡ Ãóæú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÃúáóÝõæäóåõ ÝöíåöãóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö.
ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÈóíúÊö: ÇáúÈóíúÊõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÏóÚúæóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: ÑóÈøóäóÇ Åöäøöí ÃóÓúßóäúÊõ ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí ÈöæóÇÏò ÛóíúÑö Ðöí ÒóÑúÚò ÚöäúÏó ÈóíúÊößó ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÃóØúÚóãóåõãú ãöäú ÌõæÚò æóÂãóäóåõãú ãöäú ÎóæúÝò.
ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö áöãõæÌöÈö ÃóãúÑöåöãú ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÇáøóÐöí åóíøóÃó áóåõãú åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáÑøöÍúáóÊóíúäö ÇááøóÊóíúäö ßóÇäóÊóÇ ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáäøöÚóãö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãöäú æóÇÌöÈöåöãú Ãóäú íóÔúßõÑõæåõ Úóáóì äöÚóãöåö æóíóÚúÈõÏõæåõ æóÍúÏóåõ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ÃóäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÍóÑóãðÇ ÂãöäðÇ æóíõÊóÎóØøóÝõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöäú Íóæúáöåöãú [29 \ 67] æóÓóÇÞó ÇáäøõÕõæÕó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóØúÚóãóåõãú ãöäú ÌõæÚò æóÂãóäóåõãú ãöäú ÎóæúÝò¡ ÑõÈöØó Èóíúäó ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö æóãõæÌöÈöåóÇ¡ ßóÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóÈóÈö æóÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈö.
ÝóÝöíåö ÈóíóÇäñ áöãõæÌöÈö ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÍóÞøöåö Ýöí Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÎóÇÕøðÇ ÈöÞõÑóíúÔò.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÞóÑøóÑóåõ Ãóæøóáõ áóÝúÙò Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃóæøóáõ äöÏóÇÁò Ýöí ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö¡ ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [1 \ 2] ¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ åõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãõÓúÊóÍöÞøñ áöáúÍóãúÏö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ Ãóíú ÎóÇáöÞõåõãú æóÑóÇÒöÞõåõãú¡ æóÑóÇÍöãõåõãú Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö.õõ(9/111)
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ [2 \ 21] .
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúãõæÌöÈó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó [2 \ 21] .
Ëõãøó ÚóÏøóÏó Úóáóíúåöãú äöÚóãóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú [2 \ 22] .
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáäøöÚóãõ ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãó ãöäú ÌõæÚò¡ æóÇáúÃóãúäó ãöäú ÎóæúÝò¡ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó ÝóÕóáøö áöÑóÈøößó æóÇäúÍóÑú [108 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøõßúÑó íóÒöíÏõ ÇáäøöÚóãó æóÇáúßõÝúÑó íõÐúåöÈõåóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇÓúÊöÏúÑóÇÌðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÔõßúÑö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö: áóÆöäú ÔóßóÑúÊõãú áóÃóÒöíÏóäøóßõãú [14 \ 7] .
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑóÇäö æóÚóæóÇÞöÈöåö: æóÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ãóËóáðÇ ÞóÑúíóÉð ßóÇäóÊú ÂãöäóÉð ãõØúãóÆöäøóÉð íóÃúÊöíåóÇ ÑöÒúÞõåóÇ ÑóÛóÏðÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò ÝóßóÝóÑóÊú ÈöÃóäúÚõãö Çááøóåö ÝóÃóÐóÇÞóåóÇ Çááøóåõ áöÈóÇÓó ÇáúÌõæÚö æóÇáúÎóæúÝö ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÕúäóÚõæäó [16 \ 112] .
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö Åöäøó Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÓúáöãò ÃóÝúÑóÇÏðÇ æóÌóãóÇÚóÇÊò¡ Ãóäú íõÞóÇÈöáõæÇ äöÚóãó Çááøóåö ÈöÇáÔøõßúÑö¡ æóÃóäú íóÔúßõÑõæåóÇ ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áöáøóåö¡ æóÃóäú íóÍúÐóÑõæÇ ßõÝúÑóÇäó ÇáäøöÚóãö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ
Ýöí ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÅöØúÚóÇãöåöãú ãöäú ÌõæÚò æóÃóãúäöåöãú ãöäú ÎóæúÝò¡ äöÚúãóÉñ ÚõÙúãóì áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÇ íóäúÚóãõ æóáóÇ íóÓúÚóÏõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÊóÍúÕöíáö ÇáäøöÚúãóÊóíúäö åóÇÊóíúäö ãóÚðÇ¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ÚóíúÔó ãóÚó ÇáúÌõæÚö¡ æóáóÇ Ãóãúäó ãóÚó ÇáúÎóæúÝö¡ æóÊóßúãõáõ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉõ ÈöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöåöãóÇ.
æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: «ãóäú ÃóÕúÈóÍó ãõÚóÇÝðì Ýöí ÈóÏóäöåö ÂãöäðÇ Ýöí ÓöÑúÈöåö ÚöäúÏóåõ ÞõæÊõ íóæúãöåö¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÍóÐóÇÝöíÑöåóÇ» .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ
Åöäøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÏóÚúæóÉó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ãõÓúÊóÌóÇÈóÉñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóáöíáó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÏóÚóÇ áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÍóÑóãö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÌúÚóáú ÃóÝúÆöÏóÉð ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Êóåúæöí Åöáóíúåöãú æóÇÑúÒõÞúåõãú ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö [14 \ 37] .(9/112)
æóÞóÇáó: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÇÈúÚóËú Ýöíåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊößó [2 \ 129] ¡ ÝóÃóØúÚóãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÌõæÚò æóÂãóäõåõãú ãöäú ÎóæúÝò¡ æóÈóÚóËó Ýöíåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö.(9/113)
ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáøóÐöí íõßóÐøöÈõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãóÇÚõæä
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáøóÐöí íõßóÐøöÈõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö ÝóÐóáößó ÇáøóÐöí íóÏõÚøõ ÇáúíóÊöíãó æóáóÇ íóÍõÖøõ Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö.
ÇáøóÐöí íõßóÐøöÈõ ÈöÇáÏøöíäö¡ Ýöíåö ÇÓúãõ ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ãõÈúåóãñ Èóíøóäóåõ ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÏõÚøõ ÇáúíóÊöíãó¡ æóáóÇ íóÍõÖøõ Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö íóÍúãöáõ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ Úóáóì ÅöØúÚóÇãö ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÇáúãöÓúßöíäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ [76 \ 8] .
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÇáÏøóÇÝöÚó Úóáóì ÅöØúÚóÇãöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõãú: ÅöäøóãóÇ äõØúÚöãõßõãú áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö áóÇ äõÑöíÏõ ãöäúßõãú ÌóÒóÇÁð æóáóÇ ÔõßõæÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ äóÎóÇÝõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöäóÇ íóæúãðÇ ÚóÈõæÓðÇ ÞóãúØóÑöíÑðÇ [76 \ 9 - 10] .
æóåõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ: æóåõæó áöãó ÎóÕøó ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö Úóãøóäú íóÑúÊóßöÈõ åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÏóÚøó ÇáúíóÊöíãó¡ æóåõæó ÏóÝúÚõåõ æóÒóÌúÑõåõ¡ æóÚóÏóãó ÇáúÍóÖøö Úóáóì ÅöØúÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí ÚóÏóãó ÅöØúÚóÇãöåö åõæó ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö¿
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: ÃóäøóåõãóÇ äóãõæÐóÌóÇäö¡ æóãöËóÇáóÇäö ÝóÞóØú.
æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: ãöËóÇáñ áöáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúÞóÈöíÍö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ãöËóÇáñ áöáÊøóÑúßö ÇáúãóÐúãõæãö.
æóáöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÚóãóáóÇäö Åöäú áóãú íóßõæäóÇ ÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóíúäö ÝóåõãóÇ ÅöäúÓóÇäöíøóÇäö ÞóÈúáó ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò.
æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÊóæúÌöíåñ áöáúÌóæóÇÈö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó íóÎóÇÝõ ãöäó Çááøóåö íóæúãðÇ ÚóÈõæÓðÇ¡ æóÚóÈøóÑó ÈöÇáúÚóÈõæÓö Ýöí ÍóÞøö íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ áöÆóáøóÇ íóÚúÈóÓó åõæó Ýöí æóÌúåö ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÇáúãöÓúßöíäö áöÖóÚúÝöåöãóÇ.
æóãöäú ÌóÇäöÈò ÂÎóÑó ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö íóÍúãöáõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÇáúãõæÈöÞóÇÊö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ(9/114)
Ýóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÕóáøöíäó (4) ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÓóÇåõæäó (5)
ÞóÏú ÊóÌöÏõ ãóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ ßóÇáúÞóÊúáö æóÇáÒøöäóÇ æóÇáúÎóãúÑö áöÊóÚóáøõÞö ÍóÞøö ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉõ æóÇáäøóåúÈõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÅöíÐóÇÁõ ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÖóíóÇÚõ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ ÝóáóíúÓó åõäóÇßó ãóäú íóÏúÝóÚõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÅöíÐóÇÁó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÚóäúåõãóÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó áóÏóíúåöãóÇ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÊóÙöÑõåõ ÃõæáóÆößó ãöäúåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóíúåöãú.
æóÌõÈöáóÊö ÇáäøõÝõæÓõ Úóáóì ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÈúÐõáó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÚöæóÖò¡ æóáóÇ ÊóßõÝøó ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ÎóæúÝò¡ ÝóÇáúÎóæúÝõ ãóÃúãõæäñ ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈóíö ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÃúãõæáò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó ÏóÇÝöÚñ áöáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö ÅöáóíúåöãóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÑóÇÏöÚñ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉö áóåõãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ ÝóíõÍóÇÓóÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Úóáóì ãöËúÞóÇáö ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÏóÚøó ÇáúíóÊöíãö: åõæó ØóÑúÏõåõ Úóäú ÍóÞøöåö¡ æóÚóÏóãó ÇáúÍóÖøö Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö: ÚóÏóãõ ÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö.
æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íóãúäóÚõ Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÅöäøóãóÇ íõØóÇáóÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ¡ æóÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ Ýöíãóäú íõßóÐøöÈõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÕóáøöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÓóÇåõæäó.
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóæóÌøóåó Åöáóíúåöãõ ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ ÈöÇáúæóíúáö åõäóÇ.
æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúåóæúäó Úóäú ÃóÏóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóíóÊóÓóÇåóáõæäó Ýöí ÃóãúÑö ÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: Úóäö ÇáúÎõÔõæÚö ÝöíåóÇ æóÊóÏóÈøõÑö ãóÚóÇäöíóåóÇ.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁò æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÇáóÇ: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáó Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú Ýöí ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóåúæó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö áóãú íóÓúáóãú ãöäúåõ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ ÍóÊøóì Ãóäøóåõ æóÞóÚó ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãøóÇ Óóáøóãó ãöäú ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÇáÙøõåúÑö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö Ðöí ÇáúíóÏóíúäö¡ æóÞóÇáó: «Åöäøöí áóÇ ÃóäúÓóì¡ æóáóßöäøöí ÃõäóÓøóì áöÃóÓõäøó» ÝóßóíúÝó íõäúÓöíåö Çááøóåõ áöíóÓõäøó áöáäøóÇÓö ÃóÍúßóÇãó ÇáÓøóåúæö¡ æóíóÞóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóåúæö ÈöÏõæäö ÚóãúÏò ãöäúåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÑõÝöÚó Úóäú ÃõãøóÊöí ÇáúÎóØóÃõ æóÇáäøöÓúíóÇäõ¡ æóãóÇ ÇÓúÊõßúÑöåõæÇ Úóáóíúåö»(9/115)
æóÞóÏú ÚóÞóÏó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ ÈóÇÈó ÓõÌõæÏö ÇáÓøóåúæö ÊóÕúÍöíÍðÇ áöÐóáößó.
áöÐóáößó ÈóÞöíó ãóäö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÜ «ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÓóÇåõæäó» .
Þöíáó: äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÃóÔúÎóÇÕò ÈöÃóÚúíóÇäöåöãú.
æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ßõáøö ãóäú ÃóÎøóÑó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Úóäú Ãóæøóáö æóÞúÊöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú Úóäú æóÞúÊöåóÇ ßõáøöåö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ Ãóæú Úóäú ÃóÏóÇÆöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö æóÝöí ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö.
æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó.
æóÝöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÊóÝúÓöíÑñ ÕóÑöíÍñ áöåóÄõáóÇÁö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú íõÑóÇÁõæäó æóíóãúäóÚõæäó ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó [107 \ 6 - 7] .
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÆöí Ýöí ÕöáóÇÊöåö ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ãõäóÇÝöÞðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÛóíúÑó ãõäóÇÝöÞò.
ÝóÇáÑøöíóÇÁõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú ÌöåóÉò¡ æóÇáäøöÝóÇÞõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú ÌöåóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ Ãóíú ÞóÏú íõÑóÇÆöí Ýöí Úóãóáò ãóÇ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ãõÄúãöäðÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÈößõáøö ÃóÑúßóÇäö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóáóÇ íõÑóÇÆöí Ýöí Úóãóáò ÂÎóÑó¡ Èóáú íóßõæäõ ãõÎúáöÕðÇ Ýöíåö ßõáøó ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö.
æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõ ÏóÇÆöãðÇ ÙóÇåöÑõåõ ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÈóÇØöäöåö Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ áóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÞóØú.
æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÁóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú ÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó.
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ. ÈöÃóäøó ãóäúÚó ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö ãöäú ØóÈöíÚóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÎõáöÞó åóáõæÚðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÌóÒõæÚðÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ãóäõæÚðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó [70 \ 19 - 22] .
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáÓøóåúæö ÚóäúåóÇ æóÅöÖóÇÚóÊöåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÎóáóÝó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú ÎóáúÝñ ÃóÖóÇÚõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ÇáÔøóåóæóÇÊö ÝóÓóæúÝó íóáúÞóæúäó ÛóíøðÇ [19 \ 59 - 60] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö ÊóÍúÊó ÚõäúæóÇäö: ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ Ýöí Íõßúãö ÊóÇÑößöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÌóÍúÏðÇ Ãóæú ßóÓóáðÇ. æóÒóÇÏóåõ ÈóíóÇäðÇ¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóáóì ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú íõÍóÇÝöÙõæäó [70 \ 34] Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö áöáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÂíóÉö ãóÇ Óóáóßóßõãú Ýöí ÓóÞóÑó [74 \ 42] .(9/116)
æóÐóßóÑó Þóæúáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÏóÚö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó áöáúÚõÈøóÇÏö ÊóÓúßõäõåóÇ
Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóäóÐúßõÑõåõ ÈóÚúÏõ¡ Ëõãøó äóÈøóåó ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ Úóãøóäú íóÓúåõæ ÚóäúåóÇ ÝóßóíúÝó Èöãóäú íóÊúÑõßõåóÇ¿ ! ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÓóÇÁóáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóäú ãõæÌöÈö ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ.
æóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ: ÈöÃóäøó Çáúßõáøó ãöäú ÏóæóÇÝöÚö ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóãöäú ãõæÌöÈóÇÊö ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ Ýóåöíó ãóÚó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ Ýöí ÞõæøóÉò¡ ÝóÐóáößó ÇáøóÐöí íóÏõÚøõ ÇáúíóÊöíãó æóáóÇ íóÍõÖøõ Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ æóÚóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÓóÇåõæäó Ýóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÕóáøöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÓóÇåõæäó.
ÝóÌóãóÚóåõãú ãóÚó ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóäóÕøó Úóáóì æóÚöíÏöåö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö¡ æóÈóíøóäó æóÕúÝðÇ áóåõãú¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõãú íóãúäóÚõæäó ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÂíóÉö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóáóì ÕóáóæóÇÊöåöãú íõÍóÇÝöÙõæäó [23 \ 9] ¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãõÚóÇÏóáóÉñ ßóÈöíÑóÉñ.
ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ: Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÊóÇÑößöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ãóæú ãõÖóíøöÚöíåóÇ.
æóÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúãõÍóÇÝöÙöíäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó åöíó ÇáúãöÞúíóÇÓõ æóÇáúÍóÏøõ ÇáúÝóÇÕöáõ.
æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇáúÚóåúÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäóåõãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ Ýóãóäú ÊóÑóßó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÝóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑó» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÃóËóÑõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÏö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ Ýóåöíó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ãóäú ÊõÐúßóÑó.
æóÞóÏú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÂËóÇÑöåóÇ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÁóÇÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ Ãóíö ÇÒúÏöæóÇÌõ ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉö æóÇáöÇäúÚöÒóÇáõ Ýöí ãóäúÚö ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö¡ Ãóíú áóÇ íóãõÏøõ íóÏó ÇáúÚóæúäö æóáóæú ÈöÇáúíóÓöíÑö áöãõÌúÊóãóÚöåö ÇáøóÐöí íóÚöíÔõ Ýöíåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú äõÕõæÕñ ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Ýöí ãõåöãøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÚóÇÌöáöåö æóÂÌöáöåö.
ÝóÝöí ÇáúÚóÇÌöáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Êóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö æóÇáúãõäúßóÑö [29 \ 45] ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö: ÏóÚøõ ÇáúíóÊöíãó æóÚóÏóãõ ÅöØúÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ Ýöí ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì.(9/117)
æóãöäúåóÇ: ßõáøõ ÑóÐöíáóÉò ãõäúßóÑóÉò¡ Ýóåöíó ÅöÐóäú ÓöíóÇÌñ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö íóÕõæäõåõ Úóäú ßõáøö ÑóÐöíáóÉò. æóåöíó Úóæúäñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóÏöíÏóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúÊóÚöíäõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö [2 \ 45] ÝóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÞóÑöíäóÉó ÇáÕøóÈúÑö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÛóáøõÈö Úóáóì ÇáÕøöÚóÇÈö¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö äõæÑñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö íóÓúÚóì äõæÑõåõãú Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÈöÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [57 \ 12] ¡ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ÃõãøóÊöí íóÃúÊõæäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÛõÑøðÇ ãõÍóÌøóáöíäó ãöäú ÃóËóÑö ÇáúæõÖõæÁö» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóíóãúäóÚõæäó ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó¡ Þöíáó: Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ áöÞöáøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÇÚõæäõ: ÇáúÞóáöíáõ¡ æóÇáúãóÇÚõæäõ: ÇáúãóÇáõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÞõÑóíúÔò.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ãóÇ íõÚöíäõ Úóáóì Ãóíøö Úóãóáò¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáÏøóáúæõ æóÇáúÝóÃúÓõ æóÇáúÅöÈúÑóÉõ æóÇáúÞöÏúÑõ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÓøóåúæõ Úóäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö íóÍúãöáõ Úóáóì ãóäúÚö ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóäú íóãúäóÚõ ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó æóåõæó ÇáúÂáóÉõ Ãóæö ÇáúÅöäóÇÁõ íóÞúÖöí Èöåö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉó Ëõãøó íõÑóÏøõ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÏõæäö äõÞúÕóÇäò¡ ÝóáöÃóäú íóãúäóÚó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉó Ãóæö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ãöäú ÈóÇÈò Ãóæúáóì.
æóãöäú åõäóÇ: áóãú íóßõäö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõ áöíõÒóßøöíó ãóÇáóåõ æóáóÇ íóÊóÕóÏøóÞó Úóáóì ãõÍúÊóÇÌò¡ Èóáú æóáóÇ íõÞúÑöÖó ÂÎóÑó ÞóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ. æóáöÐóÇ äóÌöÏõ ÊóÝóÔøöí ÇáÑøöÈóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÃóÔóÏøó æóÃóßúËóÑó.
æóåõäóÇ íóÃúÊöí ãóÈúÍóËóÇäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: Íõßúãõ ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö æóãóÇ ÍóÏøóåõ¿
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Íõßúãõ ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÑøöíóÇÁõ: ÝóÞöíáó åõæó ãõÔúÊóÞøñ ãöäó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÅöÙúåóÇÑõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áöÞóÕúÏö ÑõÄúíóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö áóåóÇ ÝóíõÍúãóÏõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÊóÓúãöíóÊõåõ ÇáÔøöÑúßó ÇáúÎóÝöíøó: «Åöäøó ÃóÎúæóÝó ãóÇ ÃóÎóÇÝõ Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáÔøöÑúßõ ÇáúÎóÝöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãóÇ ÇáÔøöÑúßõ ÇáúÎóÝöíøõ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÞóÇáó: ÇáÑøöíóÇÁõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóÎúÝóì Ýöí äõÝõæÓößõãú ãöäú ÏóÈöíÈö Çáäøóãúáö» .
æóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 110] .
æóÈóíóÇäõ ÇáÔøöÑúßö Ýöíåö Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúãóáõ ÇáúÚóãóáó ãöãøóÇ åõæó ÃóÕúáðÇ áöáøóåö¡ ßóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ãóæö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ íõÙúåöÑõåõ áöÞóÕúÏö Ãóäú íóÍúãóÏóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Úóáóíúåö.(9/118)
ÝóßóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌõÒúÁó ãöäúåõ ãõÔóÇÑóßóÉñ ãóÚó Çááøóåö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÃóÕúÈóÍó ãöäú Úóãóáöåö ÌõÒúÁñ áöØóáóÈö ÇáËøóäóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò: íóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: «ÃóäóÇ ÃóÛúäóì ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁö Úóäö ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ Ýóãóäú Úóãöáó ÚóãóáðÇ ÃóÔúÑóßó ãóÚöí ÛóíúÑöí ÊóÑóßúÊõåõ æóÔöÑúßóåõ» .
ÃóãøóÇ Íõßúãõ ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÝóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÕøö ÏóáóÇáóÉñ Úóáóì ÑóÏøö ÇáúÚóãóáö Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåö¡ æóÊóÑúßöåö áóåõ.
ÝóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ íóßõæäõ áóÇ áóåõ Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ Úóáóíúåö ãöäúåõ.
ÝóÞöíáó: áóÇ íóÎúáõæ ãöäú Ðóãøò¡ ßóãóÇ ÍóÐøóÑó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäúåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóÑóÌõæÇ ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ÈóØóÑðÇ æóÑöÆóÇÁó ÇáäøóÇÓö [8 \ 47] .
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÑóÇÁóì ÑóÇÁóì Çááøóåõ Èöåö¡ æóãóäú ÓóãøóÚó ÓóãøóÚó Çááøóåõ Èöåö» ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ.
æóÇáÊøóÓúãöíÚõ: åõæó ÇáúÚóãóáõ áöíóÓúãóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Èöåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúæóáöíãóÉö «Ýöí Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúÃóæøóáö æóÇáËøóÇäöí æóÇáËøóÇáöËö ÓõãúÚóÉñ. æóãóäú ÓóãøóÚó ÓóãøóÚó Èöåö» .
ÝóÇáÑøöíóÇÁõ ãóÑúÌöÚõåõ Åöáóì ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøóÓúãöíÚõ ãóÑúÌöÚõåõ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÚö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÞõÑóíúÔò íóæúãó ÈóÏúÑò¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÍúÈóØó Çááøóåõ Úóãóáóåõãú¡ æóÑóÏøóåõãú Úóáóì ÃóÚúÞóÇÈöåöãú.
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ãõÍúÈöØñ áöáúÃóÚúãóÇáö áöãõÓóãøóì ÇáÔøöÑúßö áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÛúÝöÑõ Ãóäú íõÔúÑóßó Èöåö [4 \ 48] .
æóÃõÌöíÈó: ÈöÃóäøóåõ íõÍúÈöØõ ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Ýöíåö ÝóÞóØú¡ ÝóÅöäú ÑóÇÁóì Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÃóÍúÈóØóåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÊóÚóÏøóì Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÅöäú ÑóÇÁóì Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö äóÇÝöáóÉò áóÇ íóÊóÚóÏøóì ÅöÍúÈóÇØóåóÇ Åöáóì ÕóáóÇÉö ÝóÑöíÖóÉò¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ¡ ÞóÏú íóÈúÏóÃõ ÚóãóáðÇ ÎóÇáöÕðÇ áöáøóåö¡ Ëõãøó íóØúÑóÃõ Úóáóíúåö ÔóÈóÍõ ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö¡ Ýóåóáú íóÓúáóãõ áóåõ Úóãóáõåõ Ãóæú íõÍúÈöØõåõ ãóÇ ØóÑóÃó Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö¿
ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÎóÇØöÑðÇ æóÏóÝóÚóåõ Úóäúåõ ÝóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõåõ¡ æóÅöäö ÇÓúÊóÑúÓóáó ãóÚóåõ. ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÃóÍúãóÏõ(9/119)
æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÚóÏóãó ÈõØúáóÇäö ÇáúÚóãóáö äóÙóÑðÇ áöÓóáóÇãóÉö ÇáúÞóÕúÏö ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð.
æóÏóáöíáõåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó: ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÓöíáöåö Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁò ÇáúÎõÑóÇÓóÇäöíøö Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Åöäøó Èóäöí ÓóáóãóÉó ßõáøõåõãú íõÞóÇÊöáõ¡ Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íõÞóÇÊöáõ áöáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íõÞóÇÊöáõ äóÌúÏóÉð¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íõÞóÇÊöáõ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó æóÌúåö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: «ßõáøõåõãú ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóÕúáõ ÃóãúÑöåö Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ßóáöãóÉõ Çááøóåö åöíó ÇáúÚõáúíóÇ» .
æóÐõßöÑó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÊóÈöØõ ÂÎöÑõåõ ÈöÃóæøóáöåö¡ ßóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÕøöíóÇãö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöËúáó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö æóÇáúÚöáúãö. ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÊóÌúÏöíÏõ ÇáäøöíøóÉö ÇáúÎóÇáöÕóÉö áöáøóåö¡ Ãóíú áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÌõÒúÁò ãöäó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö¡ æóßõáøó ÌõÒúÁò ãöäú ØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãõÓúÊóÞöáøñ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÑúÊóÈöØõ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ.
æóåõäóÇßó ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: æóåöíó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó íóÚúãóáõ ÇáúÚóãóáó áöáøóåö ÎóÇáöÕðÇ¡ Ëõãøó íóØøóáöÚõ Úóáóíúåö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóíõÍúÓöäõæäó ÇáËøóäóÇÁó Úóáóíúåö ÝóíõÚúÌöÈõåõ Ðóáößó. ÝóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäó ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö Ýöí ÔóíúÁò áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÐóÑøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÓõÆöáó Úóäö ÇáÑøóÌõáö íóÚúãóáõ ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö íóÍúãóÏõåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «ÚóÇÌöáõ ÈõÔúÑóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãö» ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Ãóäøó ãóäú ßóÇäó íóÚúãóáõ ÚóãóáðÇ ÎóÝöíøðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÍóÖóÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóÊóÑóßóåõ ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåöãú ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö¡ Ãóäøóåõ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÖúÚõÝõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö Ãóäøó íõÎúáöÕó ÇáäøöíøóÉó áöáøóåö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÈõÚúÏñ æóãóÔóÞøóÉñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóäúÚõ ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö æóÅöÚúØóÇÄõåõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
ÝóÅöäøó ãóÈúÍóËó ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉö Ýöí äóÇÍöíóÊóíúäö: ãóÇ åöíó ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÍõßúãõåóÇ ÃóæóÇÌöÈñ Ãóãú ãõÈóÇÍñ¡ æóÍõßúãõ ÖóãóÇäöåóÇ ãóÖúãõæäóÉñ Ãóãú áóÇ¿
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÚúÑöíÝõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö: åöíó ÅöÈóÇÍóÉõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ÈöÚóíúäò ãöäú ÃóÚúíóÇäö ÇáúãóÇáö¡ ãóÚó ÈóÞóÇÁö Úóíúäöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõãú ãóÚó ÈóÞóÇÁö Úóíúäöåö: ßóÇáúÞöÏúÑö æóÇáúÝóÃúÓö æóÇáúÅöÈúÑóÉö æóÇáúãõäúÎöáö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöÊúáóÇÝõåõ Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåö¡ ßóÇáÔøóãúÚö áöáúÅöÖóÇÁóÉö¡ æóÇáÒøóíúÊö áöáÏøõåúäö¡ æóÇáúßõÍúáö áöáöÇßúÊöÍóÇáö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ãöãøóÇ ÊóäúÝóÏõ Úóíúäõåõ ÈöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÚóÇÑöíóÉð¡ æóáóßöäú íóßõæäõ ÞóÑúÖðÇ¡ æóÇáúÞóÑúÖõ íóßõæäõ ãõÚóÇæóÖóÊõåõ ÈöãöËúáöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ Íõßúãõ ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉö. ÝóÞöíáó: ÌóÇÆöÒñ.(9/120)
æóÞöíáó: Èóáú æóÇÌöÈñ.
æóÞöíáó: ãõÓúÊóÍóÈøñ.
æóÍóßóì ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöÍúÈóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóÏóáöíáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÇáúæõÌõæÈö ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóíóãúäóÚõæäó ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó¡ æóáöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÅöÈöáö áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó «æóÃóäøó ÍóÞøóåóÇ ÅöÚóÇÑóÉõ ÏóáúæöåóÇ¡ æóÅöØúÑóÇÞõ ÝóÍúáöåóÇ¡ æóãóäúÍõåõ áóÈóäóåóÇ íóæúãó æõÑõæÏöåóÇ» .
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÐõßöÑó Ýöíåö ãóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÚóÇÑöíóÉò ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ ãöËúáó ØóÑúÞö ÇáúÝóÍúáö æóãóäúÍö ÇááøóÈóäö¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÖúÚöÝõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó Èöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÇáúãóÌúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì ÈöÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÍúãóÏó æóáóåõãú.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: åõæó ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáËøóáóÇËö: ÇáÓøóåúæö Úóäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÇáÑøöíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóãóäúÚö ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ æóãóäö ÇÊøóÕóÝó ÈöæóÇÍöÏóÉò Ýóáóåõ ÞóÏúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÈöÍóÓóÈöåö.
æóÃóÞóáøõ ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÚóÇæóäõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈöÑøö æóÇáÊøóÞúæóì [5 \ 2] ¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáÐøóåóÈó æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉó æóÇáúÅöÈöáó æóÇáúÈóÞóÑó æóÇáúÎóíúáó¡ æóÞóÇáó: «æóáóÇ íóäúÓóì ÍóÞøó Çááøóåö Ýöí ÙóåúÑöåóÇ» .
Ëõãøó ÓõÆöáó Úóäö ÇáúÍõãõÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «áóãú ÃóÌöÏú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáÔøóÇÐøóÉó ÇáúÝóÇÐøóÉó: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ» [99 \ 7] .
æóÅöÚóÇÑóÉõ ÇáúãóÊóÇÚö ÅöÈóÇÍóÉõ ÇáúãóäúÝóÚóÉö æóåöíó ÎóíúÑñ ßóËöíÑñ.
æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ: «áóÇ íóÍöáøõ ãóÇáõ ÇãúÑöÆò ãõÓúáöãò ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ØöíÈö äóÝúÓò» .
æóäóÞóáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Úóäö ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö ÞóæúáðÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ Êóßõæäõ æóÇÌöÈóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÈöíÍñ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö ãõÑõæÁóÉñ. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉõ: ãöËúáó ÇáÏøóáúæö ÅöÐóÇ æóÑóÏúÊó ÇáúãóÇÁó æóáóÇ Ïóáúæó ãóÚóßó¡ æóÝöí ÇÖúØöÑóÇÑò Åöáóì ÇáúãóÇÁö.
æóÞöíóÇÓõ ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö: Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÊóáöÝó ÔóíúÁñ ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó áóÖóãöäó ÇáúãóÇäöÚõ.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇÚö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøõæóÑö: åóáú åõæó ÝöÚúáñ Ãóæú ÊóÑúßñ¿ ãöËúáó ãóäú ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏóåõ(9/121)
ÎóíúØñ¡ æóÇÍúÊöíÌó Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÎöíóÇØóÉö ÌõÑúÍö ÅöäúÓóÇäò¡ Ãóæú ÞõØúäóÉò ÝóãóÇÊó¡ Ýóåóáú íõÚóÏøõ ÊóÑúßõ ÅöÚúØóÇÁö ÇáúÎóíúØö ãõÌóÑøóÏó ÊóÑúßò áóÇ íõÄóÇÎóÐõ Úóáóíúåö¡ Ãóæú íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÝöÚúáðÇ áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÓóÈøóÈó Úóäúåõ ãóæúÊõ ÅöäúÓóÇäò. æóãöËúáõåõ ãóäúÚõ ÇáÏøóáúæö áöíóÑúæöíó Ãóæú íóÓúÞöíó ÅöÈöáóåõ Ãóæú íóÔúÑóÈó åõæó¿
æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÑúßó Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö íõÄóÇÎóÐõ Úóáóíúåö ãõÄóÇÎóÐóÉó ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö.
æóÇáÊøóÑúßõ ÝöÚúáñ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúãóÐúåóÈ
æóåõäóÇ ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ¡ ßóãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí ÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö:
áóÆöäú ÞóÚóÏúäóÇ æóÇáäøóÈöíøõ íóÚúãóáõ ... áóÐóÇßó ãöäøóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúãõÖóáøöáõ
ÝóÓõãøöí ÇáúÞõÚõæÏõ Úóäö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÚóãóáðÇ ãõÖóáøöáðÇ¡ ÝóÊóÍóÕøóáó ãöäú åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉó ãõÓúÊóÍóÈøóÉñ ÔóÑúÚðÇ æóãõÑõæÁóÉð æóÚõÑúÝðÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö¡ æóæóÇÌöÈóÉñ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÑö¡ ãóÚó ãõáóÇÍóÙóÉö Ãóäøó ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉö ÃóÛúáóÈõåóÇ ÇÖúØöÑóÇÑñ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÑö ÊóÊóÝóÇæóÊõ ÙõÑõæÝõåóÇ.
æóÞóÏö ÇãúÊóÏóÍó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú íõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ [59 \ 9] ¡ ÝóÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö Ãóæúáóì¡ áöÃóäøóåõ íõäúÊóÝóÚõ ÈöåóÇ æóÊõÑóÏøõ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏö ÇãúÊóÏóÍó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ ÇáúÞóæúãó ÈöÚóÏóãö ãóäúÚöåöãõ ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
Þóæúãñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóáóãøóÇ íóãúäóÚõæÇ ... ãóÇÚõæäóåõãú æóíõÖóíøöÚõ ÇáÊøóåúáöíáóÇ
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Íóãóáó ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó åõäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó Þóæúáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö: Þóæúãñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÅöÎúÑóÇÌóåõãõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó Ööãúäó ÅöÓúáóÇãöåöãú¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÈóÇÞöí ÇãúÊöÏóÇÏó ÍóÇáöåöãú Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö.
ÈóÞöíó ãóÈúÍóËõ ÖóãóÇäöåóÇ: ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáõ Ýöí ÖóãóÇäö ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉö¡ ÝóÈóÚúÖõåõãú íóÚúÊóÈöÑõåóÇ ÃóãóÇäóÉð¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäõ ãóÖúãõæäóÉð æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö æóÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö¡ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóÍúÕõáú ãöäúåõ ÊóÚóÏøò.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÍúãóÏó: ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÖúãõæäóÉñ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúãóÃúÐõæäö Ýöíåö.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóíúÝö: íóÓúÊóÚöíÑõåõ ÝóíóäúßóÓöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö ÝóáóÇ ÖóãóÇäó Ýöíåö.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÖóãóÇäöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÚóÇãøö: «Úóáóì ÇáúíóÏö ãóÇ ÃóÎóÐóÊú¡ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÄóÏøöíóåõ» ÑóæóÇåõõõ(9/122)
ÇáúãóÌúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ.
æóÈöÍóÏöíËö ÕóÝúæóÇäó Èúäö ÃõãóíøóÉó¡ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇÓúÊóÚóÇÑó ãöäúåõ íóæúãó Íõäóíúäò ÃóÐúÑõÚðÇ Þöíáó ËóáóÇËöíäó¡ æóÞöíáó ËóãóÇäöíäó¡ æóÞöíáó ãöÇÆóÉð. ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÛóÕúÈðÇ íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ¿ ÞóÇáó: «Èóáú ÚóÇÑöíóÉñ ãóÖúãõæäóÉñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÝóÖóÇÚó ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ¡ ÝóÚóÑóÖó Úóáóíúåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóÖúãóäóåóÇ áóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóäóÇ Çáúíóæúãó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÃóÑúÛóÈõ» ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóäóÕøó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ Ãóäøó ÖóãóÇäóåóÇ ÈöÞöíãóÊöåóÇ íóæúãó ÊóáöÝóÊú Ãóæú ÈöãöËúáöåóÇ¡ Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ãöËúáöíøóÉð¡ æóíõÓúÊóÏóáøõ áóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞóÕúÚóÉö ÍóÝúÕóÉó áóãøóÇ ÖóÑóÈóÊúåóÇ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÝóÓóÞóØóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÇäúßóÓóÑóÊú¡ æóÇäúÊóËóÑó ÇáØøóÚóÇãõ¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÕúÚóÉó ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó æóÑóÏøóåóÇ Åöáóì ÍóÝúÕóÉó¡ æóÞóÇáó: «ÞóÕúÚóÉñ ÈöÞóÕúÚóÉò¡ æóØóÚóÇãñ ÈöØóÚóÇãò» Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãóÇäó ÅöãøóÇ ÈöÇáúãöËúáö Åöäú ßóÇäó ãöËúáöíøðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö Åöäú ßóÇäó ãõÞóæøóãðÇ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉõ ãóÖúãõæäóÉð æóÍõßúãõåóÇ ÇáúÌóæóÇÒõ¡ ÝóáöáúãõÓúÊóÚöíÑö ØóáóÈõ ÑóÏøöåóÇ ãóÊóì ÔóÇÁó¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÚóáøóÞóÊú ÈöåóÇ ãóÕúáóÍóÉõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚöíÑö¡ æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÑóÏøõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÖóÑøóÉò Úóáóíúåö.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: ßóãóäú ÃóÚóÇÑó ÓóÝöíäóÉð æóÊóæóÓøóØó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚöíÑõ ÚõÑúÖó ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóãúáößõ ÇáúãõÚöíÑõ ÑóÏøóåóÇ áöÊóÚóÐøõÑö Ðóáößó æóÓúØó ÇáúÈóÍúÑö.
æóÞöíáó: áóåõ ØóáóÈõåóÇ¡ æóÊóßõæäõ ÈöÇáúÃõÌúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÑúÌóÍõ.
æóßóÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚóÇÑó ÃóÑúÖðÇ áöáÒøóÑúÚö¡ æóÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÓúÊóÍúÕóÏó ÇáÒøóÑúÚõ íóØúáõÈõåóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Íõßúãõ ãóäú ÌóÍóÏó ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉó
Åöäøó ÍóÏöíËó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáúãóÎúÒõæãöíøóÉö ãóÔúåõæÑñ¡ æóåõæó ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÓúÊóÚöíÑõ ÇáúãóÊóÇÚó æóÊóÌúÍóÏõåõ¡ ÝóÇÔúÊõåöÑóÊú ÈöÐóáößó¡ Ëõãøó ÅöäøóåóÇ ÓóÑóÞóÊú ÝóÞõØöÚóÊú Ýöí ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉö¡ áóÇ Ýöí ÌóÍúÏö ÇáúãóÊóÇÚö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÃóÕóÍøõ. áöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉó áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáÊøóÎóÝøöí æóãöäú ÍöÑúÒò.
æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉõ ÎöáóÇÝõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúãõÑõßõãú Ãóäú ÊõÄóÏøõæÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÇÊö Åöáóì ÃóåúáöåóÇ [4 \ 58] .
æóÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Úóáóì ÇáúíóÏö ãóÇ ÃóÎóÐóÊú ÍóÊøóì ÊõÄóÏøöíóåõ» .(9/123)
æóÍóÏöíËö «ÃóÏøö ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó áöãóäö ÇÆúÊóãóäóßó¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÎõäú ãóäú ÎóÇäóßó» ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÍóÏöíËñ ÍóÓóäñ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãõÌúãóáõ ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉö¡ æóÊóÝúÕöíáõ ÝõÑõæÚöåóÇ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáúÝöÞúåö ÃóæúÌóÒúäóÇ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöãóäúÚö ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö æóÚóÏóãö ÌóæóÇÒö ãóäúÚöåö¡ æóãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÈóÐúáöåö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóíóÇäõ ãóäúåóÌò Úöáúãöíøò íóáúÒóãõ ßõáøó ÈóÇÍöËò¡ æóåõæó ÌóãúÚõ ÃóØúÑóÇÝö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÑö Úóáóì ÌõÒúÁò ãöäúåõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÕóáøöíäó [107 \ 4] ¡ æóåöíó ÂíóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉñ¡ æóáóæú ÃõÎöÐóÊú æóÍúÏóåóÇ áóßóÇäóÊú æóÚöíÏðÇ áöáúãõÕóáøöíäó.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ ÇáúãóÇÌöäõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:
ÏóÚö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó áöáúÚõÈøóÇÏö ÊóÓúßõäõåóÇ ... æóÓöÑú Åöáóì ÎóÇäóÉö ÇáúÎóãøóÇÑö íóÓúÞöíäóÇ
ãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßó æóíúáñ áöáúÃõáóì ÓóßöÑõæÇ ... æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞóÇáó æóíúáñ áöáúãõÕóáøöíäóÇ
æóáöÐóÇ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÖóãöíãóÉö ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ áöáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö æóÇáúÈóíóÇäö¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÓóÇåõæäó¡ Ëõãøó ÝõÓøöÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú íõÑóÇÁõæäó æóíóãúäóÚõæäó ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó.
æóãöËúáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÚöäúÏó ÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ ÈöÓóäóÏöåö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÞóÇáó: Þöíáó áöáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ãóíúÓóÑóÉó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÊóÚóØøóáóÊú: ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ãóäú ÚóãøóÑó ãóíúÓóÑóÉó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ßõÊöÈó áóåõ ßöÝúáóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÑö» .
åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÒøóæóÇÆöÏö¡ ÞóÇáó Úóäúåõ: Ýöí ÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö áóíúËõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí Óõáóíúãò ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ äóÕøñ ÝöíãóÇ ÊóãóËøóáó áóåõ áöÃóäøó ãóäö ÇÞúÊóÕóÑó Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÈöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇÚúÊõÈöÑó ãóíúÓóÑóÉó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÃóÝúÖóáõ¡ æóãóäú ÌóãóÚó ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÚóÑóÝó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏó ãöäúåõ.
æóíóÊóÝóÑøóÚõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÎóÐóåõ ãóÇáößñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÎúÕó áóÇ íóÍöÞøõ áóåõ Ãóäú íóÔúåóÏó Úóáóì ãõÌóÑøóÏö Þóæúáò ÓóãöÚóåõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóÔúåóÏõæåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇÔúåóÏú Úóáóíúåö¡ Ãóæú ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ãöäú Ãóæøóáöåö ãóÎóÇÝóÉó Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö ãóÇ åõæó ãõÑúÊóÈöØñ ÈöÂÎöÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãõ áöáúÂÎóÑö: áöí ÚöäúÏóßó ÝóÑóÓñ¡ æóáóßó ÚöäúÏöí ãöÇÆóÉõ ÏöÑúåóãò¡ ÝóíóÓúãóÚõ Þóæúáóåõ: áóßó ÚöäúÏöí ãöÇÆóÉõ ÏöÑúåóãò¡õõ(9/124)
æóáóãú íóÓúãóÚú ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÔóåöÏó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóãöÚó ßóÇäó ÅöÖúÑóÇÑðÇ ÈöÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÃúÎóÐö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(9/125)
ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúßóæúËóÑ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó.
ÇáúßóæúËóÑõ ÝóæúÚóáõ ãöäó ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö¡ æóÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÞõÑöÆó: ÃóäúØóíúäóÇßó¡ ÈöÅöÈúÏóÇáö ÇáúÚóíúäö äõæäðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓóÊö Çáäøõæäõ ãõÈúÏóáóÉð Úóäö ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ ßóÅöÈúÏóÇáö ÇáúÃóáöÝö ãöäó ÇáúæóÇæö Ãóæö ÇáúÚóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÌúæóÝö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ æóáóßöäøó ßõáøóÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÃóÕúáñ ÈöÐóÇÊöåö¡ æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉñ. ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó.
æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúßóæúËóÑö.
ÝóÞöíáó: Úóáóãñ.
æóÞöíáó: æóÕúÝñ.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÚóáóãöíøóÉö ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõ Úóáóãñ Úóáóì äóåúÑò Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ÇáúßóËöíÑõ.
æóãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊõÏöáøó Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóáóãöíøóÉö¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍö¡ ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÝöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Úóäú ÃóäóÓò ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ ÚõÑöÌó ÈöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÞóÇáó: «ÃóÊóíúÊõ äóåúÑðÇ ÍóÇÝøóÊóÇåõ ÞöÈóÇÈõ ÇááøõÄúáõÄö ãõÌóæøóÝðÇ. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ãóÇ åóÐóÇ íóÇ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ¿ ÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóæúËóÑõ» .
æóÈöÓóäóÏöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ «ÓõÆöáóÊú Úóäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: åõæó äóåúÑñ ÃõÚúØöíóåõ äóÈöíøõßõãú Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÔóÇØöÆóÇåõ ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÏõÑøñ ãõÌóæøóÝñ¡ ÂäöíóÊõåõ ßóÚóÏóÏö ÇáäøõÌõæãö» .
æóÈöÓóäóÏöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúßóæúËóÑö: åõæó ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúØóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈöÔúÑò: ÞõáúÊõ áöÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò: ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ äóåúÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏñ: ÇáäøóåúÑõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúØóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËó æóÛóíúÑóåóÇ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóãöäúåóÇ ÈöÓóäóÏö ÃóÍúãóÏó Åöáóì(9/126)
ÃóäóÓö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÞóÇáó: «ÃóÛúÝóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÅöÛúÝóÇÁóÉð¡ ÝóÑóÝóÚó ÑóÃúÓóåõ ãõÊóÈóÓøöãðÇ ÅöãøóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõãú¡ æóÅöãøóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ: áöãó ÖóÍößúÊó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: Åöäøóåõ äóÒóáóÊú Úóáöíøó ÂäöÝðÇ ÓõæÑóÉñ¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃó ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö¡ ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÎóÊóãóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: åóáú ÊóÏúÑõæäó ãóÇ ÇáúßóæúËóÑõ¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. ÞóÇáó: äóåóÑó ÃóÚúØóÇäöíåö ÑóÈøöí ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ Úóáóíúåö ÎóíúÑñ ßóËöíÑñ¡ ÊóÑöÏõ Úóáóíúåö ÃõãøóÊöí íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÂäöíóÊõåõ ÚóÏóÏõ ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö íóÎúÊóáöÌõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ãöäúåõãú¡ ÝóÃóÞõæáõ: íóÇ ÑóÈøö Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöí¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËõæÇ ÈóÚúÏóßó» .
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÕöÝóÉö ÇáúÍóæúÖö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó äóåóÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ Çááøóåõ áöÑóÓõæáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó Þóæúáõåõ: «Úóáóíúåö ÎóíúÑñ ßóËöíÑñ» íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÕúÝöíøóÉö ãóæúÌõæÏñ.
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: Åöäøóåõ ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ÇáúßóËöíÑõ.
æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Ðóáößó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Úóäúåõ.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö ÇáúßõãóíúÊö:
æóÃóäúÊó ßóËöíÑñ íóÇ ÇÈúäó ãóÑúæóÇäó ØóíøöÈñ ... æóßóÇäó ÃóÈõæßó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÝóÕóÇÆöá
æóÇáøóÐöí ÊóØúãóÆöäøõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáäøóÝúÓõ Ãóäøó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó¡ åõæó ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ÇáúßóËöíÑõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÍóæúÖó Ãóæö ÇáäøóåóÑó ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÊóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÅöÚúØóÇÁö Çááøóåö áöÑóÓõæáöåö ÇáúÎóíúÑó ÇáúßóËöíÑó¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇßó ÓóÈúÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóËóÇäöí æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó [15 \ 87] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÞóÑöíÈö ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÖøõÍóì æóÝöíåóÇ: æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì [93 \ 5] ¡ ÃóÚúÞóÈóåóÇ ÈöäöÚóãò ÌóáöíáóÉò ãöäú ÔóÑúÍö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö¡ æóæóÖúÚö ÇáúæöÒúÑö¡ æóÑóÝúÚö ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ æóÇáúíõÓúÑö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚõÓúÑö.
æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÊøöíäö ÌóÚóáó ÈóáóÏóåõ ÇáúÃóãöíäó¡ æóÃóÚúØóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóãúäõæäò.
æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÓõæÑóÉõ «ÇÞúÑóÃú» ÇãúÊóäøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó¡ æóÚóáøóãóåõ ãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú íóÚúáóãõ.õõ(9/127)
æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö: ÃóÚúØóÇåõ áóíúáóÉð ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò.
æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉö: ÌóÚóáó ÃõãøóÊóåõ ÎóíúÑó ÇáúÈóÑöíøóÉö¡ æóãóäóÍóåõãú ÑöÖóÇåõ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÃóÑúÖóÇåõãú Úóäúåõ.
æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÒøóáúÒóáóÉö: ÍóÝöÙó áóåõãú ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú¡ Ýóáóãú íõÖóíøöÚú Úóáóíúåöãú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö.
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö: ÃóßúÈóÑõ Úóãóáò ÇáúÌöåóÇÏõ¡ ÝóÃóÞúÓóãó ÈöÇáúÚóÇÏöíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáäøóÕúÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö.
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö: ÊóÑúÈöíóÊõåõãú Úóáóì äöÚóãöåö áöíóÔúßõÑõæåóÇ¡ ÝóíóÒöíÏóåõãú ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö.
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÚóÕúÑö: ÌóÚóáó ÃõãøóÊóåõ ÎóíúÑó ÃõãøóÉò ÃõÎúÑöÌóÊú áöáäøóÇÓö¡ ÊõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÊóÚúãóáõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö¡ æóÊóÊóæóÇÕóì ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÊóÏúÚõæ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÊóÊóæóÇÕóì ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ æóÊóÕúÈöÑõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÞõÑóíúÔò: ÃóßúÑóãó Çááøóåõ Þóæúãóåõ¡ ÝóÂãóäóåõãú æóÃóÚúØóÇåõãú ÑöÍúáóÊóíúåöãú.
æóÝöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð¡ æóåöíó ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãóÇÚõæäö: íõãúßöäõ Úóãóáõ ãõÞóÇÑóäóÉò ÊóÇãøóÉò ÃóæøóáðÇ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ áóÆöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó íóãúäóÚõæäó ÇáúãóÇÚõæäó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúÎóíúÑó ÇáúßóËöíÑó¡ ËóÇäöíðÇ.
æóÚóáóì ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ÝóÝöí ÇáúÃõæáóì: æóÕóÝó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó ÈöÏóÚøö ÇáúíóÊöíãö¡ æóÝöí ÇáÖøõÍóì ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó áóåõ ÍóÞøó ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúíóÊöíãó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúåóÑú [93 \ 9] ¡ ÝóßóÇäó åõæó ÎóíúÑõ ãõæóßøóáò¡ æóÎóíúÑõ ßóÇÝöáò¡ æóæóÕóÝóåõãú åõäóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÍõÖøõæäó Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáÖøõÍóì¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÆöáó ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑú¡ ÝóßóÇäó íõÄúËöÑõ ÇáÓøóÇÆöáó Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÓóÇåõæäó Úóäú ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú íõÑóÇÁõæäó ÈöÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÝóÕóáøö áöÑóÈøößó [108 \ 2] ¡ ÃóÏóÇÁõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÎóÇáöÕóÉñ áöÑóÈøöåö¡ æóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö ÈöäóÍúÑö ÇáúåóÏúíö æóÇáÖøóÍöíøóÉö æóÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÎóíúÑñ ßóËöíÑñ¡ íõÖóÇÝõ Åöáóíúåö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú Èöåö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «ÃõÚúØöíÊõ ÎóãúÓðÇ áóãú íõÚúØóåõäøó ÃóÍóÏñ ÞóÈúáöí: äõÕöÑúÊõ ÈöÇáÑøõÚúÈö ãóÓöíÑóÉó ÔóåúÑò¡ æóÃõÚúØöíÊõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉó¡ æóÍóáøóÊú áöíó ÇáúÛóäóÇÆöãõ¡ æóáóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÍõáøõ áöÃóÍóÏò ÞóÈúáöí. æóßóÇäó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ íõÈúÚóËõ áöÞóæúãöåö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ ÝóÈõÚöËúÊõ áöáäøóÇÓö ßóÇÝøóÉð¡ æóÌõÚöáóÊú áöíó ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ æóØóåõæÑðÇ¡ ÝóÃóíøõãóÇ ÑóÌõáñ ÃóÏúÑóßóÊúåõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÝóáúíõÕóáøö» .(9/128)
ÝóÕóáøö áöÑóÈøößó æóÇäúÍóÑú (2)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÑõÝöÚó áöí Úóäú ÃõãøóÊöí ÇáúÎóØóÃõ æóÇáäøöÓúíóÇäõ¡ æóãóÇ ÇÓúÊõßúÑöåõæÇ Úóáóíúåö» .
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÄóÇÎöÐúäóÇ Åöäú äóÓöíäóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÎúØóÃúäóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúãöáú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÅöÕúÑðÇ ßóãóÇ ÍóãóáúÊóåõ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöäóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóáóÇ ÊõÍóãøöáúäóÇ ãóÇ áóÇ ØóÇÞóÉó áóäóÇ Èöåö æóÇÚúÝõ ÚóäøóÇ æóÇÛúÝöÑú áóäóÇ æóÇÑúÍóãúäóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãóæúáóÇäóÇ ÝóÇäúÕõÑúäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [2 \ 286] .
ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: ÞóÏú ÝóÚóáúÊõ¡ ÞóÏú ÝóÚóáúÊõ» .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÊóåóÌøóÏú Èöåö äóÇÝöáóÉð áóßó ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËóßó ÑóÈøõßó ãóÞóÇãðÇ ãóÍúãõæÏðÇ [17 \ 79] ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÛúÈöØõåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó æóÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó.
Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö¡ ÈöãóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ Þóæúáó ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö: Åöäøó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó: ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ÇáúßóËöíÑõ.
æóÃóäøó ÇáäøóåúÑó Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóæúËóÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõÚúØöíóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÕóáøö áöÑóÈøößó æóÇäúÍóÑú.
Ýöí åóÐóÇ ãóÚó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ ÑóÈúØñ Èóíúäó ÇáäøöÚóãö æóÔõßúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö æóãõæÌöÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóßóãóÇ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÇáúßóæúËóÑó ÝóáúíõÕóáøö áöÑóÈøöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóáúíóäúÍóÑú áóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö áöÅöíáóÇÝö ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóØúÚóãóåõãú ãöäú ÌõæÚò æóÂãóäóåõãú ãöäú ÎóæúÝò [106 \ 3 - 4] .
æóåõäóÇßó ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó¡ æóåõæó ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÑöÍúáóÊóíúåöãú æóÃóãúäöåöãú¡ ÝóÕóáøö áöÑóÈøößó ãõÞóÇÈöáó ÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ÍóÇáö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó Ýöí ÇáÓøóåúæö Úóäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÑøöíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÌóÇÁó åõäóÇ ÈöÇáúÞõÏúæóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö ÝóÕóáøö áöÑóÈøößó ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 110] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÊóÚúáöíãö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÎöØóÇÈö ÔóÎúÕöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóÆöäú ÃóÔúÑóßúÊó áóíóÍúÈóØóäøó Úóãóáõßó [39 \ 65] ¡ ãóÚó ÚöÕúãóÊöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÚóÇãøóÉð æóÇáúÝóÑöíÖóÉõ ÃóÎõÕøõåóÇ.(9/129)
Åöäøó ÔóÇäöÆóßó åõæó ÇáúÃóÈúÊóÑõ (3)
æóÞöíáó: ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúÚöíÏö¡ æóÇáäøóÍúÑõ: Þöíáó Ýöíåö ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ:
ÃóæøóáõåóÇ: Ýöí äóÍúÑö ÇáúåóÏúíö Ãóæú äóÍúÑö ÇáÖøóÍöíøóÉö: æóåöíó ãõÑúÊóÈöØóÉñ ÈöÞóæúáö ãóäú Íóãóáó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Úóáóì ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÚöíÏö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáäøóÍúÑó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁö Èúäö ÚóÇÒöÈò «áóãøóÇ ÖóÍøóì ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó¡ æóÓóãöÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÍõËøõ Úóáóì ÇáÖøóÍöíøóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøöí ÚóáöãúÊõ Çáúíóæúãó íóæúãó áóÍúãò ÝóÚóÌøóáúÊõ ÈöÖóÍöíøóÊöí¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÔóÇÊõßó ÔóÇÉõ áóÍúãò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÚöäúÏóäóÇ áóÚóäóÇÞðÇ ÃóÍóÈøõ ÅöáóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÔóÇÉò¡ ÃóÝóÊõÌúÒöÆõ Úóäøöí¿ ÞóÇáó: ÇÐúÈóÍúåóÇ¡ æóáóäú ÊõÌúÒöÆó Úóäú ÃóÍóÏò ÛóíúÑóßó» .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáÖøóÍöíøóÉö æóÇÝöíðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßõáõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóÃóØúÚöãõæÇ ÇáúÈóÇÆöÓó ÇáúÝóÞöíÑó [22 \ 28] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑõæÇ Ýöí ãóÚóÇäöí: æóÇäúÍóÑú: Ãóíú ÖóÚú íóÏóßó Çáúíõãúäóì Úóáóì ÇáúíõÓúÑóì Úóáóì äóÍúÑößó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ.
æóÃóÞúæóÇáñ ÃõÎúÑóì áóíúÓó ÚóáóíúåóÇ äóÕøñ.
æóÇáäøóÍúÑõ: åõæó ØóÚúäõ ÇáúÅöÈöáö Ýöí ÇááøóÈøóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóäúÍóÑö ãõáúÊóÞóì ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö ÈöÇáÕøóÏúÑö.
æóÃóÕóÍøõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÝöí ÇáäøóÍúÑö åõæó ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú Úõãõæãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÚõãõæãö ÇáäøóÍúÑö Ãóæö ÇáÐøóÈúÍö áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöäøó ÕóáóÇÊöí æóäõÓõßöí æóãóÍúíóÇíó æóãóãóÇÊöí áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [6 \ 162] .
æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÍúÑó áöáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóÇáÐøóÈúÍó áöáúÛóäóãö¡ æóÇáúÈóÞóÑó ãõÊóÑóÏøóÏñ Ýöíåö Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÍúÑö æóÇáÐøóÈúÍö¡ æóÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÃóÝúÖóáõ¡ æóáóæú Úóãøóãó ÇáäøóÍúÑó Ýöí ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ Ãóæú Úóãøóãó ÇáÐøóÈúÍó Ýöí ÇáúÌóãöíÚö áóßóÇäó ÌóÇÆöÒðÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉö.
æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýöí ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÈöÇáäøóÍúÑö¡ åõæó Øõæáõ ÇáúÚõäõÞö¡ ÅöÐú áóæú ÐõÈöÍóÊú áóßóÇäó ãóÌúÑóì ÇáÏøóãö ãöäó ÇáúÞóáúÈö Åöáóì ãóÍóáøö ÇáÐøóÈúÍö ÈóÚöíÏðÇ ÝóáóÇ íõÓóÇÚöÏõ Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÏøóãö ÈöíõÓúÑò¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáäøóÍúÑö Ýöí ÇáúãóäúÍóÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÞóÑøöÈõ ÇáúãóÓóÇÝóÉó æóíõÓóÇÚöÏõ ÇáúÞóáúÈó Úóáóì ÏóÝúÚö ÇáÏøóãö ßõáøöåö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÛóäóãõ ÝóÇáÐøóÈúÍõ ãõäóÇÓöÈñ áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÔóÇäöÆóßó åõæó ÇáúÃóÈúÊóÑõ [3] . ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ: «ÔóÇäöÆóßó» : ÚóÏõæøóßó ÇåÜ.(9/130)
æóÇáúÃóÈúÊóÑõ: åõæó ÇáúÃóÞúØóÚõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÚóÞöÈó áóåõ.
æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ Þóæúáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
áóÆöíãñ ÈóÏóÊú Ýöí ÃóäúÝöåö ÎõäúÒõæóÇäóÉñ ... Úóáóì ÞóØúÚö Ðöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì ÃóÌõÐøõ ÃóÈóÇÊöÑó
æóÞóÇáó: «ÔóÇäöÆóßó» : ãõÈúÛöÖóßó.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö íõÎúÈöÑõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäøó ãõÈúÛöÖó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó åõæó ÇáúÃóÞúØóÚõ.
ÝóÞöíáó: äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇÕö Èúäö æóÇÆöáò.
ÞóÇáó áöÞõÑóíúÔò: ÏóÚõæåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóÈúÊóÑõ áóÇ ÚóÞöÈó áóåõ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇÊó ÇÓúÊóÑóÍúÊõãú¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÑóÏøðÇ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãöÕúÏóÇÞõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö ÈóÏúÑò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íõÍöÞøó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÈößóáöãóÇÊöåö æóíóÞúØóÚó ÏóÇÈöÑó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [8 \ 7] ÝóÞóÊóáó ÕóäóÇÏöíÏó ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ æóÕóÏóÞó ÇáúæóÚöíÏó Ýöíåöãú.
æóãöËúáõåõ Úõãõæãõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞõØöÚó ÏóÇÈöÑõ ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [6 \ 45] .
æóÌóÇÁó: ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò æóÊóÈøó [111 \ 1] .
Ýóåöíó Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÈóÞöíó ÐößúÑõ ÑóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÚóÞöÈöåö ãöäú Âáö ÈóíúÊöåö¡ æóÝöí ÃõãøóÊöåö ßõáøöåóÇ.
ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ áóßó ÐößúÑóßó [94 \ 4] .õõ(9/131)
áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó (2) æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ (3) æóáóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÚóÇÈöÏñ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúÊõãú (4) æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ (5)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [1] . äöÏóÇÁñ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÈöãóßøóÉó¡ áóãøóÇ ÚóÑóÖõæÇ Úóáóíúåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóÊúÑõßó ÏóÚúæóÊóåõ æóíõãóáøößõæåõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ãóæú íõÚúØõæåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö ãóÇ íõÑúÖöíåö æóäóÍúæöåö ÝóÑóÝóÖó¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÊóÞúÈóáõ ãöäøóÇ ãóÇ äóÚúÑöÖõåõ Úóáóíúßó: ÊóÚúÈõÏõ ÂáöåóÊóäóÇ ÓóäóÉð æóäóÚúÈõÏõ Åöáóåóßó ÓóäóÉð¡ ÝóÓóßóÊó Úóäúåõãú ÝóäóÒóáóÊú¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ: Åöäú íóßõäö ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ãóÚóäóÇ ÃóÕóÈúÊóåõ¡ æóÅöäú íóßõäú ãóÚóßó ÃóÕóÈúäóÇåõ.
æóÝöí ãóÌöíÁö: Þõáú¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ãóÞõæáó ÇáúÞóæúáö ßóÇäó ÞóÏú íóßúÝöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóáóÇÛö¡ æóáóßöäøó ãóÌöíÆóåóÇ áöÛóÇíóÉò ÝóãóÇ åöíó¿
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: ÅöãøóÇ áöÃóäøóåõãú ÚóÇÈõæåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåöãú: Åöäøóåõ ÃóÈúÊóÑõ ÝóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ: Þõáú¡ ÅöÔúÚóÇÑðÇ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÑõÏøõ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáöåö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö¡ ÇáøóÐöí íõäóÇÏöí Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí äóÇÏöíåöãú ÈöÃóËúÞóáö ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó.
Ãóæú Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ Ýöíåö ãõÛóÇíóÑóÉõ ÇáúãóÃúáõæÝö ãöäú ÊóÎóÇØõÈöåö ãóÚóåõãú ãöäú ÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóÇáúãóæúÚöÙóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÚö áóåõãú æóãõÌóÇÈóåóÊöåöãú¡ ÞóÇáó áóåõ: Þõáú: ÅöÔúÚóÇÑðÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãõÈóáøöÛñ Úóäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó Èöåö¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú íóÇ¡ æóåöíó áöäöÏóÇÁö ÇáúÈóÚöíÏö¡ áöÈõÚúÏöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúÚöäóÇÏö ãóÚó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ æóáóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÚóÇÈöÏñ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúÊõãú æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ. Þöíáó: ÊóßúÑóÇÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊö áöáÊøóæúßöíÏö¡ ßóÊóßúÑóÇÑö æóíúáñ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó [77 \ 15] ¡ æóÊóßúÑóÇÑö: ÝóÈöÃóíøö ÂáóÇÁö ÑóÈøößõãóÇ ÊõßóÐøöÈóÇäö [55 \ 13] .
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáÔøöÚúÑö ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú Ãóäú íõÍúÕóÑó¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ:(9/132)
åóáøóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊó ÌõãõæÚó ßöäúÏóÉó ... íóæúãó æóáøóæú Ãóíúäó ÃóíúäóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
íóÇ ÚóáúÞóãóÉõ íóÇ ÚóáúÞóãóÉõ íóÇ ÚóáúÞóãóåú ... ÎóíúÑó Êóãöíãò ßõáøöåóÇ æóÃóßúÑóãóåú
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
íóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÚõ Èúäó ÍóÇÈöÓò íóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÚõ ... Åöäøóßó Åöäú íõÕúÑóÚú ÃóÎõæßó ÊõÕúÑóÚõ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÃóáóÇ íóÇ Óóáúãóì Ëõãøó ÇÓúáóãöí ËõãøóÊó ÇÓúáóãöí ... ËóáóÇËõ ÊóÍöíøóÇÊò æóÅöäú áóãú Êóßóáøóã
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú Ýöí ÃóÈúíóÇÊò áöÈóÚúÖö ÊóáóÇãöíÐö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ööãúäó ãõÓóÇÌóáóÉò áóåõ ãóÚóåõ ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ:
ÊóÇááøóåö Åöäøóßó ÞóÏú ãóáóÃúÊó ãóÓóÇãöÚöí ... ÏõÑøðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÞóÏö ÇäúØóæóÊú ÃóÍúÔóÇÆöí
ÒöÏúäöí æóÒöÏúäöí Ëõãøó ÒöÏúäöí æóáúÊóßõäú ... ãöäúßó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ ÔóÇÝöíðÇ áöáÏøóÇÁ
ÝóßóÑøóÑó Þóæúáóåõ: ÒöÏúäöí ËóáóÇËó ãóÑøóÇÊò
æóÞöíáó: áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÊóßúÑóÇÑñ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãúáóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì Úóäö ÇáúãóÇÖöí æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÃõæáóì Úóäö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Úóäö ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö.
æóÞöíáó ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö äóÕøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÚúÈõæÏóåõãú¡ æóáóÇ åõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÚúÈõæÏóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞõáú áöí Úóãóáöí æóáóßõãú Úóãóáõßõãú ÃóäúÊõãú ÈóÑöíÆõæäó ãöãøóÇ ÃóÚúãóáõ æóÃóäóÇ ÈóÑöíÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [10 \ 41] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÚöäúÏó ÂíóÉö íõæäõÓó Êöáúßó¡ æóÐóßóÑó åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó åõäóÇßó.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÌóæóÇÈðÇ Úóáóì ÅöÔúßóÇáò Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ¡ äóÝúíñ áöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÚúÈõæÏóõõ(9/133)
ÇáúÂÎóÑö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú Âãóäó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ æóÚóÈóÏó ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÃóÌóÇÈó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÈöÃóÍóÏö ÃóãúÑóíúäö: ãõæÌóÒõåõãóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÓúáóãõæÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ Ýóåõæó ÎöØóÇÈñ áóåõãú ãóÇ ÏóÇãõæÇ ßõÝøóÇÑðÇ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö¡ Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÇáúãóÎúÕõæÕö¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ãóäú ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ßóáöãóÇÊõ ÑóÈøößó. ÇåÜ. ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó æóÌúåðÇ Úóäö ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö: Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáóÊú Úóáóì ÇÓúãö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ÊõÚóíøöäõåõ áöáúÍóÇÖöÑö.
æóäóÇÞóÔóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó Ýöí ãõÛóÇáöÈò áóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÞóØúÚö.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ ãöäú ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÏú íóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ÊóÊóßóáøóãõ Úóäö ÇáúÌóÇäöÈóíúäö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÌöåóÉõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÌöåóÉõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÚúÈõæÏó ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
æóáóßöäøóåóÇ áóãú ÊõÓóÇæö Ýöí ÇááøóÝúÙö Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö¡ Ýóãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì: áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÚóÈøóÑó Úóäú ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö ÇáÏøóÇáøö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáö Ãóíú: áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ÇáúÂäó ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÇáúÂäó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö. Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ÝóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõãú ÈöÇáöÇÓúãöíøóÉö æóÚóäúåõ åõæó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáöíøóÉö¡ Ãóíú: æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ãõÊøóÕöÝõæäó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ÇáúÂäó.
æóÝöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÚóÇÈöÏñ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúÊõãú æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ. ÝóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãõÊøóÕöÝðÇ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó æóáóÇ åõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó æóÕúÝõåõ åõæó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÊóíúäö ÈöæóÕúÝóíúäö ãõÎúÊóáöÝóíúäö ÈöÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáúÝöÚúáöíøóÉö ÊóÇÑóÉð æóÈöÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáöÇÓúãöíøóÉö ÊóÇÑóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ áöäóÝúíö ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊö¡ æóÇáúÃõÎúÑóì áöäóÝúíö ÍõÏõæËöåö ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ.
ÃóãøóÇ åõãú Ýóáóãú íõæÕóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÊóíúäö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáöÇÓúãöíøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊö¡ Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú ÝöíãóÇ æõÕöÝõæÇ Èöåö ÌõãúáóÉñ ÝöÚúáöíøóÉñ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕöåóÇ ÇáÊøóÌóÏøõÏõ æóÇáúÍõÏõæËõ¡ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ íóÊóÚóÑøóÖõ áöáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö Ýóáóãú íóßõäú ÅöÔúßóÇáñ¡ æóÇááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúæóÕúÝó ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö íóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáúÍóÇáó æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáó¡ ÝóíóÈúÞóì ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáõ ãõÍúÊóãóáðÇ.
Þöíáó: ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÏõÎõæáó ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÊõÚóíøöäõåõ áöáúÍóÇáö¡ íóßúÝöí Ýöí äóÝúíö åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö¡ ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó.
æóÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÃóÛúáóÈöíøóÉñ æóáóíúÓóÊú ÞóØúÚöíøóÉð.(9/134)
áóßõãú Ïöíäõßõãú æóáöíó Ïöíäö (6)
ÞõáúäóÇ: íóßúÝöí Ýöí Ðóáößó Íõßúãõ ÇáúÃóÛúáóÈö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ íõÕóÏøöÞõåõ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ¡ ÅöÐú Âãóäó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú æóÚóÈóÏó ãóÚúÈõæÏóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ¡ æóÇÞöÚóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðöí Úöáúãò¡ æóåöíó ÃóÕúäóÇãõåõãú æóåõæó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøõ.
æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö: Ýöí ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóåõæó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõåóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåóÇ ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊõÚúãöáóÊú Ýöíãóäú íóÚúáóãõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇäúßöÍõæÇ ãóÇ ØóÇÈó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö [4 \ 3] ; áöÃóäøóåõäøó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚö Èöåöäøó¡ ÝóáöáúÞóÑöíäóÉö ÌóÇÒó Ðóáößó.
æóÞöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãóÚó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÊößõãõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæöíøñ¡ æóÅöäú ÊóÚóÇÑóÖó ãóÚó ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãöäú ÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó áóåõ ÔóÇåöÏðÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóíóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÏóáöíáõåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: áóßõãú Ïöíäõßõãú æóáöíó Ïöíäö [109 \ 6] ¡ ÝóÃóÍóÇáóåõãú Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú¡ æóáóãú íõÍöáúåõãú Úóáóì ãóÚúÈõæÏöåöãú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóßõãú Ïöíäõßõãú æóáöíó Ïöíäö.
åõæó äóÙöíÑõ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó ÃóäúÊõãú ÈóÑöíÆõæäó ãöãøóÇ ÃóÚúãóáõ æóÃóäóÇ ÈóÑöíÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [10 \ 41] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: áóäóÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáõäóÇ æóáóßõãú ÃóÚúãóÇáõßõãú [28 \ 55] .
æóáóíúÓó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÊóÞúÑöíÑõåõãú Úóáóì Ïöíäöåöãõ ÇáøóÐöí åõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóßöäú ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏö æóÇáúæóÚöíÏö ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíõÄúãöäú æóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíóßúÝõÑú ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó äóÇÑðÇ ÃóÍóÇØó Èöåöãú ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõåóÇ [18 \ 29] .
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Þóæúáõåõ: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó æóÕúÝñ íóßúÝöí ÈöÃóäøó ÚöÈóÇÏóÊóåõãú æóÏöíóÇäóÊóåõãú ßõÝúÑñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó áóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ: áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉñ ÈóÇØöáóÉñ¡ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Åöäú ÃóÈóíúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ åöíó Ýóáóßõãú Ïöíäõßõãú æóáöí Ïöíäö.(9/135)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãóäúåóÌñ ÅöÕúáóÇÍöíøñ¡ æóåõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÞóÈõæáö æóáóÇ ÕóáóÇÍöíóÉö ÃóäúÕóÇÝö ÇáúÍõáõæáö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÚóÑóÖõæåõ Úóáóíúåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäó ÇáúãõÔóÇÑóßóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ýöí ãöÞúíóÇÓö ÇáúãóäúØöÞö ÍóáøðÇ æóÓóØðÇ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö ÅöÕóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÍóÞøö Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÌóÇäöÈóíúäö¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÏøõ ÍóÇÓöãðÇ æóÒóÇÌöÑðÇ æóÈöÔöÏøóÉò ; áöÃóäøó Ýöíåö Ãóíú ÝöíãóÇ ÚóÑóÖõæåõ ãõÓóÇæóÇÉð áöáúÈóÇØöáö ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÝöíåö ÊóÚúáöíÞó ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉö¡ æóÝöíåö ÊóÞúÑöíÑó ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ Åöäú åõæó æóÇÝóÞóåõãú æóáóæú áóÍúÙóÉð.
æóÞóÏú ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ãõãóíøöÒóÉð æóÝóÇÕöáóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö¡ æóäöåóÇíóÉó ÇáúãõåóÇÏóäóÉö¡ æóÈöÏóÇíóÉó ÇáúãõÌóÇÈóåóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó Ðóáößó ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÇáúßóæúËóÑó [108 \ 1] ¡ Ãóíú æóÅöäú ßõäúÊó æóÕóÍúÈõßó ÞöáøóÉð¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóÚóßó ÇáúÎóíúÑó ÇáúßóËöíÑó¡ æóáöãóÌöíÁö «Þõáú» áöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÅöÔúÚóÇÑò ÈöÃóäøóßó ãõÈóáøöÛñ Úóäö Çááøóåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÕõÑõßó¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÍóÇáðÇ ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáäøóÕúÑö æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøóÕúÑö: ÊóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÏõæøö.
æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúæõÖõæÍö¡ æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ.(9/136)
ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáäøóÕúÑ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ.
Ýöíåö ÐößúÑõ ÇáäøóÕúÑö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ ãõÑúÊóÈöØñ ÈöÇáúÂÎóÑö: ÝóãóÚó ßõáøö äóÕúÑò ÝóÊúÍñ¡ æóãóÚó ßõáøö ÝóÊúÍò äóÕúÑñ.
Ýóåóáú åõãóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÇäö Ãóãú áóÇ¿
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕúÑõ ãõÖóÇÝðÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ.
ÃóæúáðÇ: ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì äõÒõæáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÈóÞó ÝóÊúÍó ãóßøóÉó ÚöÏøóÉõ ÝõÊõæÍóÇÊò.
ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÊúÍõ ÎóíúÈóÑó¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÕõáúÍõ ÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö¡ ÓóãøóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóÊúÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÚóáöãó ãóÇ áóãú ÊóÚúáóãõæÇ ÝóÌóÚóáó ãöäú Ïõæäö Ðóáößó ÝóÊúÍðÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ [48 \ 27] .
æóÇáäøóÕúÑõ íóßõæäõ Ýöí ãóÚóÇÑößö ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö æóíóßõæäõ ÈöÇáúÍõÌøóÉö æóÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÈößóÝøö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö. æóÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÛóíúÙöåöãú áóãú íóäóÇáõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ æóßóÝóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÞóæöíøðÇ ÚóÒöíÒðÇ [33 \ 25] .
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúíóåõæÏö Þóæúáõåõ: æóÃóäúÒóáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóÇåóÑõæåõãú ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ÕóíóÇÕöíåöãú æóÞóÐóÝó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáÑøõÚúÈó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæäó æóÊóÃúÓöÑõæäó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ æóÃóæúÑóËóßõãú ÃóÑúÖóåõãú æóÏöíóÇÑóåõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú æóÃóÑúÖðÇ áóãú ÊóØóÆõæåóÇ æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑðÇ [33 \ 26 - 27] .
ÝóÇáäøóÕúÑõ ÍóÞøñ ãöäó Çááøóåö: æóãóÇ ÇáäøóÕúÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö [3 \ 126] .
æóÞóÏú Úóáöãó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Ðóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÓøóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÈóÃúÓóÇÁõ æóÇáÖøóÑøóÇÁõ æóÒõáúÒöáõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÞõæáó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãóÚóåõ ãóÊóì äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö [2 \ 214] ¡ Ýóåõãú íóÊóØóáøóÚõæäó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÕúÑö.(9/137)
æóÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáäøóÇÓó íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí Ïöíäö Çááøóåö ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ (2)
æóíóÃúÊöíåöãõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó äóÕúÑó Çááøóåö ÞóÑöíÈñ [2 \ 214] .
æóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «äõÕöÑúÊõ ÈöÇáÑøõÚúÈö ãóÓöíÑóÉó ÔóåúÑò» .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì áöãõæÓóì æóÃóÎöíåö: áóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝóÇ Åöäøóäöí ãóÚóßõãóÇ ÃóÓúãóÚõ æóÃóÑóì [20 \ 46] ¡ Ýóåõæó äóÕúÑõ ãóÚöíøóÉò æóÊóÃúíöíÏò¡ ÝóÇáäøóÕúÑõ åõäóÇ ÚóÇãøñ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÝóÊúÍõ Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ÈöÇäúÊöÔóÇÑö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÝóÊúÍóÇäö: ÝóÊúÍõ ÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö¡ æóÝóÊúÍõ ãóßøóÉó.
ÅöÐö ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÊóãúåöíÏñ áöáËøóÇäöí¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí ÞóÖóÇÁñ Úóáóì ÏóæúáóÉö ÇáÔøöÑúßö Ýöí ÇáúÌóÒöíÑóÉö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚõãõæãö Ýöí ÇáäøóÕúÑö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáäøóÇÓó íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí Ïöíäö Çááøóåö ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ. ÝóßóÃóäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó íóÃúÊõæäó ãöäú ßõáøö ÌöåóÉò ÍóÊøóì ãöäó Çáúíóãóäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö æóäóÌóÇÍö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ãóÌöíÁõ ÂíóÉö: Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúãóáúÊõ áóßõãú Ïöíäóßõãú æóÃóÊúãóãúÊõ Úóáóíúßõãú äöÚúãóÊöí æóÑóÖöíÊõ áóßõãõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó ÏöíäðÇ [5 \ 3] ¡ æóßóÇäó äõÒõæáõåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÌøö Êöáúßó ÇáÓøóäóÉö.
æóíõáóÇÍóÙõ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÕúÑó åõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈöáóÝúÙö äóÕúÑö Çááøóåö¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö¡ æóãóÇ ÇáäøóÕúÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö [8 \ 10] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉó åõäóÇ áóåóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÊóãóÇãò æóßóãóÇáò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÈóíúÊö Çááøóåö. ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó ßõáøóåóÇ ÈõíõæÊñ áöáøóåö¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÔúÚöÑñ ÈöÇáäøóÕúÑö ßõáøó ÇáäøóÕúÑö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÊóãóÇãö ÇáäøóÕúÑö ßõáøöåö áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ¡ åõäóÇ Þöíáó: åõæó ÝóÊúÍõ ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÞöíáó ÝóÊúÍõ ÇáúãóÏóÇÆöäö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì ÝõÊõæÍóÇÊò ÚóÏöíÏóÉò ÞóÈúáó ãóßøóÉó.
æóåõäóÇßó ÝõÊõæÍóÇÊñ ãóæúÚõæÏñ ÈöåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó äóÕøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö æóåõãú íóÍúÝöÑõæäó ÇáúÎóäúÏóÞó¡ áóãøóÇ ÇÚúÊóÑóÖóÊúåõãú ßõÏúíóÉñ æóÃóÚúÌóÒóÊúåõãú¡ æóÏõÚöíó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ÝóÃóÎúÐó ãóÇÁð æóÊóãóÖúãóÖó æóÏóÚóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÏúÚõæó Ëõãøó ÖóÑóÈó¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ßóÇáúßóËöíÈö.(9/138)
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÈöÚöÏøóÉö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊò æóØõÑõÞò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÊóÐúßõÑõ Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÖóÑóÈó ËóáóÇËó ÖóÑóÈóÇÊò¡ ÝóÃóÈúÑóÞóÊú ÊóÍúÊó ßõáøö ÖóÑúÈóÉò ÈóÑúÞóÉð¡ æóßóÈøóÑó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÚöäúÏó ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÓóÃóáõæåõ ÝóÞóÇáó " Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÃõÚúØöíÊõ ãóÝóÇÊöíÍó ÝóÇÑöÓó " æóÐóßóÑó Çáúíóãóäó æóÇáÔøóÇãó¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÑöæóÇíóÇÊñ áóÇ ÊóÎúáõæ ãöäú äöÞóÇÔò¡ æóáóßöäú áößóËúÑóÊöåóÇ íõÞóæøöí ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ.
æóÃóÞúæóÇåóÇ ÑöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö ÈöÓóäóÏöåö ÞóÇáó: " áóãøóÇ ÃóãóÑó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÍóÝúÑö ÇáúÎóäúÏóÞö¡ ÚóÑóÖóÊú áóåõãú ÕóÎúÑóÉñ ÍóÇáóÊú Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÍóÝúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇãó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÃóÎóÐó ÇáúãöÚúæóáó æóæóÖóÚó ÑöÏóÇÁóåõ äóÇÍöíóÉó ÇáúÎóäúÏóÞö¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ áóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊöåö æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ [6 \ 115] ¡ ÝóäóÏóÑó ËõáõËõ ÇáúÍóÌóÑö æóÓóáúãóÇäõ ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøõ ÞóÇÆöãñ íóäúÙõÑõ¡ ÝóÈóÑóÞó ãóÚó ÖóÑúÈóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈóÑúÞóÉñ Ëõãøó ÖóÑóÈó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ãóÇ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóÈóÑóÞóÊú ÃóíúÖðÇ. Ëõãøó ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉó¡ æóÎóÑóÌó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÞóÏú ÊóßóÓøóÑóÊú¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÑöÏóÇÁóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÌóáóÓó¡ ÝóÓóÃóáóåõ ÓóáúãóÇäõ áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ãöäó ÇáúÈöÑúÞóÇÊö ÇáËøóáóÇËö: ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó Ðóáößó¿ ÞóÇáó: Ãöí æóÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚóËóßó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑóåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ÑõÝöÚóÊú áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì ãóÏóÇÆöäõ ßöÓúÑóì æóãóÇ ÍóæúáóåóÇ æóãóÏóÇÆöäõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÍóÊøóì ÑóÂåóÇ ÈöÚóíúäöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇÏúÚõ Çááøóåó áóäóÇ Ãóäú íóÝúÊóÍó ÚóáóíúäóÇ. ÝóÏóÚóÇ áóåõãú¡ æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö: ÑõÝöÚóÊú áóåõ ãóÏóÇÆöäõ ÞóíúÕóÑó æóãóÇ ÍóæúáóåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö ãóÏóÇÆöäõ ÇáúÍóÈóÔóÉö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ íóØúáõÈõæäó ãöäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóÏúÚõæó áóåõãú ÝóÊõÝúÊóÍó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÏóÚóÇ áóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÈóÔóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " ÏóÚõæÇ ÇáúÍóÈóÔóÉó ãóÇ æóÏóÚõæßõãú¡ æóÇÊúÑõßõæÇ ÇáÊøõÑúßó ãóÇ ÊóÑóßõæßõãú " ÇäúÊóåóì ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÑóæóÇåõ ßõáøñ ãöäö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö ãõØóæøóáðÇ¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊõ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÍúÊóãöáõ ãóÞóÇáðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÍúÊóãöáõ ãóÞóÇáðÇ¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí ÕöÍøóÊöåö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÏóáóÇáóÊöåö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ãóÇáößñ Úóäú åöÔóÇãò Úóäú ÚõÑúæóÉó Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö Úóäú ÓõÝúíóÇäó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÒõåóíúÑò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÞõæáõ: " íõÝúÊóÍõ Çáúíóãóäõ ÝóíóÃúÊöí Þóæúãñ íóÈõÓøõæäó ÝóíóÊóÍóãøóáõæäó ÈöÃóåúáöíåöãú æóãóäú ÃóØóÇÚóåõãú¡ æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóåõãú áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó¡ æóÊõÝúÊóÍõ ÇáÔøóÇãõ¡ ÝóíóÃúÊöí Þóæúãñ íóÈõÓøõæäó ÝóíóÊóÍóãøóáõæäó ÈöÃóåúáöíåöãú æóãóäú ÃóØóÇÚóåõãú¡ æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóåõãú áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó¡ æóíõÝúÊóÍõ ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞõ ÝóíóÃúÊöí Þóæúãñ íóÈõÓøõæäó ÝóíóÊóÍóãøóáõæäó ÈöÃóåúáöíåöãú æóãóäú ÃóØóÇÚóåõãú¡ æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóåõãú áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó ".
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ÕóÑöíÍñ ãöäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáúíóãóäö æóÇáÔøóÇãö æóÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö¡ æóãóÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú ßõáøõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÅöáøóÇ Çáúíóãóäõ.(9/139)
ÝóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøößó æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑúåõ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÊóæøóÇÈðÇ (3)
æóíõÄóíøöÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: " ÈóíúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÌóÇÁó äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ¡ ÌóÇÁó Ãóåúáõ Çáúíóãóäö¡ Þöíáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ æóãóÇ Ãóåúáõ Çáúíóãóäö¿ ÞóÇáó: Þóæúãñ ÑóÞöíÞóÉñ ÞõáõæÈõåõãú¡ áóíøöäóÉñ ØöÈóÇÚõåõãú¡ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ íóãóÇäò¡ æóÇáúÝöÞúåõ íóãóÇäò¡ æóÇáúÍößúãóÉõ íóãóÇäöíóÉñ " ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÝóÊúÍõ ãóßøóÉó ÚóÇãó ËóãóÇäò ãöäó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáúæõÝõæÏõ Ýöí Ïöíäö Çááøóåö ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ ÚóÇãó ÊöÓúÚò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÌóÇÁó æóÝúÏõ Çáúíóãóäö æóÃóÑúÓóáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÚõãøóÇáóåõ Åöáóì Çáúíóãóäö ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÞöÏóãö Úóáóíúåö Úóáöíøñ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãöäó Çáúíóãóäö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇãö ÇáúÚóÇÔöÑö Ýöí ãóæúÓöãö ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ ÝóÝõÊöÍóÊö Çáúíóãóäõ ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÚóáóíúåö: Êóßõæäõ ÝõÊõæÍóÇÊñ ÞóÏú æóÞóÚóÊú ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó¡ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÔúãóáóåóÇ åõäóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ¡ æóáóíúÓó ãóÞúÕõæÑðÇ Úóáóì ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ.
æóÞóÏú íõÄúÎóÐõ ÈöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö: ÇáúæóÚúÏõ ÈöÝõÊõæÍóÇÊò ÔóÇãöáóÉò¡ áöãóäóÇØöÞó ÔóÇÓöÚóÉò ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÐøöäú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÌøö íóÃúÊõæßó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÖóÇãöÑò íóÃúÊöíäó ãöäú ßõáøö ÝóÌøò ÚóãöíÞò [22 \ 27] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäó ãöäú ßõáøö ÝóÌøò ÚóãöíÞò¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäö Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÌøö ãöäú ÈóÚöíÏò¡ æóÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäó Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÌøö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóÌöíÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäú ÈóÚöíÏò¡ æóåõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøößó æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑúåõ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÊóæøóÇÈðÇ. ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö æóãõÊóÚóáøöÞöåö æóÊóÕúÑöíÝöåö.
æóåõäóÇ ÞóÑóäó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍó ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÝöíåö ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØñ áóØöíÝñ ÈöÃóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóãóæúÖõæÚöåóÇ¡ ÅöÐú åöíó Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ãõåöãøóÉö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö ÈöãóÌöíÁö äóÕúÑö Çááøóåö áöäóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóáöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóáöÏöíäöåö. æóãóÌöíÁö ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÚóÇãøö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó áöÈöáóÇÏö Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö Ãóæú ÈöÇáúæóÚúÏö ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóåöíó äöÚúãóÉñ ÊóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÇáÔøõßúÑó æóíóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ãõæáöíåóÇ ÇáúÍóãúÏó.
ÝóßóÇäó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍõ ãõÞúÊóÑöäðÇ ÈöÇáúÍóãúÏö Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈöáö Ðóáößó æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøößó¡ áöíõÔúÚöÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Çáúãõæáöí áöáäøöÚóãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÖøõÍóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó æóãóÇ Þóáóì [93 \ 3] .(9/140)
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇÞúÑóÃú: ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó [96 \ 1] ¡ æóÊóßúÑóÇÑõåóÇ ÇÞúÑóÃú æóÑóÈøõßó ÇáúÃóßúÑóãõ [96 \ 3] ; áöÃóäøó ÕöÝóÉó ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö ãõÔúÚöÑóÉñ ÈöÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑúåõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑó Úóäú ÐóäúÈò ÝóãóÇ åõæó. æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÚöÕúãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÖóÚúäóÇ Úóäúßó æöÒúÑóßó [94 \ 2] .
æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÌúÏõÑõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉó ÏóÚúæóÉõ ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ æóáóæú ÈóÏóÃúäóÇ ãóÚó ÂÏóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãóÚó ÞöÕøóÊöåö ÝóÝöíåóÇ: ÝóÊóáóÞøóì ÂÏóãõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö ßóáöãóÇÊò ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö [2 \ 37] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ ãõæÌöÈõ Êöáúßó ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö.
Ëõãøó äõæÍñ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ íóÞõæáõ: ÑóÈøö ÇÛúÝöÑú áöí æóáöæóÇáöÏóíøó æóáöãóäú ÏóÎóáó ÈóíúÊöíó ãõÄúãöäðÇ æóáöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [71 \ 28] .
æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ íóÞõæáõ: æóÃóÑöäóÇ ãóäóÇÓößóäóÇ æóÊõÈú ÚóáóíúäóÇ Åöäøóßó ÃóäúÊó ÇáÊøóæøóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [2 \ 128] .
æóÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóíúåö ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑó äóÝúÓóåõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉñ ßóÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ãöäúåõ æõÌõæÏõ ÐóäúÈò.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÊóÚúáöíãñ áöÃõãøóÊöåö.
æóÞöíáó: ÑóÝúÚñ áöÏóÑóÌóÇÊöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöäøöí ÃóÊõæÈõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö Ýöí Çáúíóæúãö ãöÇÆóÉó ãóÑøóÉò» ¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáöÇÓúÊößúËóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóÇáúÅöäóÇÈóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõäúÐõ Ãóäú äóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ æóåõæó áóãú íóßõäú íóÏóÚõ Þóæúáóåõ: «ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó Çááøóåõãøó æóÈöÍóãúÏößó» ÊóÞõæáõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ: «íóÊóÃóæøóáõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó» Ãóíú: íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ¡ æóíóÚúãóáõ Èöåö.
æóäóÞóáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Úóäö ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö Êóßúãöíáñ áöáúÃóãúÑö(9/141)
ÈöãóÇ åõæó ÞöæóÇãõ ÃóãúÑö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ ãöäó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö æóÇáöÇÍúÊöÑóÇÒö ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉö¡ æóáöíóßõæäó ÃóãúÑõåõ ÈöÐóáößó ãóÚó ÚöÕúãóÊöåö áõØúÝðÇ áöÃõãøóÊöåö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑó ãöäó ÇáÊøóæóÇÖõÚö æóåóÖúãö ÇáäøóÝúÓö Ýóåõæó ÚöÈóÇÏóÉñ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö.
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ áóÝúÊõ äóÙóÑò áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÃóÐúßóÇÑö æóÇáúÃóæúÑóÇÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÍúÑöÕõæäó Úóáóì ÏóæóÇãö ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÍóíúËõ åóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãóäú ÃóßúËóÑö ãóÇ íõÏóÇæöãõ Úóáóíúåö ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ãóÚó ãóÇ æóÑóÏó Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÃóÐúßóÇÑö ÇáÕøóÈóÇÍö æóÇáúãóÓóÇÁö Ïõæäó ÇáúãõáóÇÒóãóÉö Úóáóì ÐößúÑö ÇÓúãò ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ ãöãøóÇ áóãú íóÑöÏú Èöåö äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ æóáóÇ ÕóÑöíÍñ.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóíúÑó ßõáøó ÇáúÎóíúÑö Ýöí ÇáöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÚö¡ æóÃóíøõ ÎóíúÑò ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöãøóÇ ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ Çááøóåõ áöäóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÍóíóÇÊöåö¡ æóíóÃúãõÑõåõ Èöåö¡ æóíõáóÇÒöãõ åõæó Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞõáúäóÇ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÍóíóÇÊöåö: áöÃóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÊõæõÝøöíó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÈöãõÏøóÉò íóÓöíÑóÉò.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáöÇáúÊöÒóÇãö ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãóÚó ßöÈóÇÑö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÓúãóÍõ áóåõ ÈöÇáúÌõáõæÓö ãóÚóåõãú¡ æóíóÑóì Ýöí æõÌõæåöåöãú¡ æóÓóÃóáõæåõ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó áóäóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏðÇ Ýöí Óöäøöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÚóáöãúÊõãú.
æóÝöí íóæúãò ÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÝóÏóÚóÇåõ ÚõãóÑõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÝóÚóáöãúÊõ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ ÏóÚóÇäöí ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóãúÑò¡ ÝóÓóÃóáóåõãú Úóäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ¡ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó.
ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÈõÔúÑóì ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö æóÈöÇáäøóÕúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ ÃóäúÊó íóÇ ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò¿
ÞóÇáó: ÝóÞõáúÊõ¡ áóÇ æóÇááøóåö¡ ÅöäøóåóÇ äóÚóÊú ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóåõæó Èóíúäó ÃóÙúåõÑöäóÇ.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: æóÃóäóÇ áóÇ ÃóÚúÑöÝõ ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞõáúÊó¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÌóÇÁó áöãõåöãøóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóãøóÊú ÈöãóÌöíÁö ÇáäøóÕúÑö æóÇáúÝóÊúÍö æóÇáÏøõÎõæáö Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ.
æóÚóáóíúåö íóßõæäõ ÞóÏú ÃóÏøóì ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó æóÈóáøóÛó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉó. ÝóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÊóÃóåøóÈó áöãõáóÇÞóÇÉö ÑóÈøöåö áöíóáúÞóì ÌóÒóÇÁó Úóãóáöåö¡ æóåõæó ãóÃúÎóÐñ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáÏøöÞøóÉö¡ æóÈóíóÇäñ áöÞóæúáö Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóæú Ýóåúãñ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ãóäú ÔóÇÁó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö.(9/142)
ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò æóÊóÈøó (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãóÓóÏ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò æóÊóÈøó. ÇáÊøóÈøõ: ÇáúÞóØúÚõ.
æóãöäó ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö: ÈóÊøó ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ Ýóåöíó ÊóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóØúÚö¡ ßóãóÇ íõÝöíÏõåõ ÝöÞúåõ ÇááøõÛóÉö Ýöí ÏóæóÑóÇäö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö Úóáóì ãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò.
æóÞóÇáó: ÇáÊøóÈøõ¡ æóÇáÊøóÈóÈõ¡ æóÇáÊøöÈóÇÈõ¡ æóÇáÊøóÈöíÈõ¡ æóÇáÊøóÊúÈöíÈõ: ÇáäøóÞúÕõ æóÇáúÎóÓóÇÑõ¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇåõ: ÖóáøóÊóÇ æóÎóÓöÑóÊóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: ÇáÊøóÈóÇÊõ: ÇáúåóáóÇßõ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóíúÏõ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÊóÈóÇÈò [40 \ 37] ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí åóáóÇßò.
æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÃóÈóÇ áóåóÈò Ãóåúáóßó äóÝúÓóåõ ÈöÝóÓóÇÏö ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏöåö æóÓõæÁö ÝöÚóÇáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøö: åóáóßúÊõ æóÃóåúáóßúÊõ: Ãóíú ÈöæöÞóÇÚöåö Ãóåúáóåõ Ýöí ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ æóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ ÃóÛúäóÊú Úóäúåõãú ÂáöåóÊõåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò áóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõ ÑóÈøößó æóãóÇ ÒóÇÏõæåõãú ÛóíúÑó ÊóÊúÈöíÈò [11 \ 101] .
ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÛóíúÑó ÎõÓúÑóÇäò¡ æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ íõÄóÏøöí Åöáóì ÇáúåóáóÇßö¡ æóÇáúÞóØúÚö.
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÕóÇáöÍò Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ. Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íóäúÕõÑõäöí ãöäó Çááøóåö Åöäú ÚóÕóíúÊõåõ ÝóãóÇ ÊóÒöíÏõæäóäöí ÛóíúÑó ÊóÎúÓöíÑò [11 \ 63] ¡ ÝóÙóåóÑó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì: ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò¡ ÏóÇÆöÑñ Èóíúäó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóØúÚö æóÇáúåóáóÇßö æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÞóØúÚõåóÇ Ýóáóãú íõÞóÏøöÑú Úóáóíúåö ÞóØúÚó íóÏóíúåö ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúåóáóÇßõ æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ: ÝóÞóÏú åóáóßó ÈöÇáúÛõÏøóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ: ÝóãóÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ÎõÓúÑóÇäöåö ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãö Úóáóíúåö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(9/143)
ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ æóãóÇ ßóÓóÈó (2)
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÞóÏú ÊóÚóíøóäó ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÇáúåóáóÇßö æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö¡ ÝóãóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇáÊøóÈøö áöáúíóÏóíúäö¿
ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÈóÚúÖö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉö Çáúßõáøö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÇÕöíóÉò ßóÇÐöÈóÉò [96 \ 16] ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÇÐöÈó åõæó ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕò áöáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáúãóäúØõæÞö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö.
ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúßóÐöÈõ íõÓóæøöÏõ ÇáúæóÌúåó æóíõÐöáøõ ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉó¡ æóÚóßúÓõåõ ÇáÕøöÏúÞõ íõÈóíøöÖõ ÇáúæóÌúåó æóíõÚöÒøõ ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉó¡ ÃóÓúäóÏó åõäóÇßó ÇáúßóÐöÈó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕöåóÇ ÈöÇáúßóÐöÈö Úóäö ÇáúíóÏö ãóËóáðÇ.
æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúåóáóÇßõ æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ ÈöãóÇ ÊóßúÓöÈõåõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍõ¡ æóÇáúíóÏõ ÃóÔóÏøõ ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃõÓúäöÏó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÈóÊøõ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÑóÏøó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúíóÏóíúäö¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÈøó¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÈõæ áóåóÈò äóÝúÓõåõ.
æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò¡ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÅöäúÔóÇÁö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãõÍúÊóãóáñ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇááøóÝúÙö.
æóáóßöäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóÊóÈøó¡ Ýóåõæó ÅöÎúÈóÇÑñ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ áöáúÅöäúÔóÇÁö ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ [80 \ 17] .
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÇáËøóÇäöí ÊóÕúÏöíÞðÇ áóåõ¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò «æóÞóÏú ÊóÈøó» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ æóãóÇ ßóÓóÈó. ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäóÊú ãóÇ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãöíøóÉð Ýóåõæó ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ ÅöäúßóÇÑò¡ Ãóæú ßóÇäóÊú äóÇÝöíóÉð ÝóÅöäøóåõ äóÕøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇáóåõ áóãú íõÛúäö Úóäúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ ßóÓóÈó.
ÝóÞöíáó: Ãóíú ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ãóÇ æóÑöËóåõ Ãóæú ãóÇ ßóÓóÈó ãöäú Úóãóáò ÌóÑøó Úóáóíúåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúåóáóÇßó¡ æóåõæó ÚóÏóÇÄõåõ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóäóÙöíÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö: æóãóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóÏøóì [92 \ 11] .(9/144)
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö åõäóÇßó.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÚúäóì ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ æóãóÇ ßóÓóÈó¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöåöãú Ìóåóäøóãõ æóáóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ ãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÚóÙöíãñ [45 \ 10] .
æóÓóÇÞó ßõáøó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÊóãóÇãöåóÇ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÓõÄóÇáóÇäö åõãóÇ:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÚó Þóæúãöåö Ýöí ãóßøóÉó ãõáóÇØöÝðÇ ÍóáöíãðÇ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÌóÇÈóåó Úóãøóåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö: ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò¿ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõáóÇØöÝõåõãú ãóÇ ÏóÇãó íóØúãóÚõ Ýöí ÅöÓúáóÇãöåöãú¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ íóÆöÓó ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁõ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö¡ ßóãóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ ßóÇäó íõáóÇØöÝõ ÃóÈóÇåõ: íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó [19 \ 44] . íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö Åöäøöí ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóäöí ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ãóÇ áóãú íóÃúÊößó ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚúäöí ÃóåúÏößó ÕöÑóÇØðÇ ÓóæöíøðÇ [19 \ 43] ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ íóÆöÓó ãöäúåõ ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÏõæøñ áöáøóåö ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõ Åöäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóÃóæøóÇåñ Íóáöíãñ [9 \ 114] .
æóÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóåõæó ãóÌöíÁõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÈøó¡ ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò¡ ãóÚó ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇÝöíóÉñ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäóÊú ÅöäúÔóÇÁð áöáÏøõÚóÇÁö Úóáóíúåö Ãóæú ÅöÎúÈóÇÑðÇ ÈöæõÞõæÚö Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ.
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÍúÊóãöáðÇ ÇáúÎóÈóÑó¡ æóÞóÏú íóãúÍõæ Çááøóåõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ æóíõËúÈöÊõ¡ Ãóæú ÅöäúÔóÇÁð æóÞóÏú áóÇ íõäóÝøóÐõ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ [80 \ 17] ¡ Ãóæú íóÍúãöáõ Úóáóì ÇáÐøóãøö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÈöíÍö ÝóÌóÇÁó «æóÊóÈøó» áöÈóíóÇäö Ãóäøóåõ æóÇÞöÚñ Èöåö áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãöãøóäú ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ßóáöãóÇÊõ ÑóÈøößó áöíóíúÃóÓó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ãöäú ÅöÓúáóÇãöåö. æóÊóäúÞóØöÚõ ÇáúãõáóÇØóÝóÉõ ãóÚóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÏú æóÞúÚó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Çááøóåõ Èöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÅöÚúÌóÇÒö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóäú æóÞóÚó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Èöåö ßóãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó æóáóãú íóÊóÎóáøóÝú.
æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ [6 \ 115] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ßóÐóáößó ÍóÞøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝóÓóÞõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [10 \ 33] .(9/145)
äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉó¡ Åöäøóåõ ÓóãöíÚñ ãõÌöíÈñ.(9/146)
Þõáú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ. ÇáúÃóÍóÏõ: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Ãóíö: ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúæöÊúÑõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÔóÈöíåó áóåõ æóáóÇ äóÙöíÑó¡ æóáóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóÉó¡ æóáóÇ æóáóÏó¡ æóáóÇ ÔóÑöíßó. ÇåÜ.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ßõáøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÃóÕúáõ ÃóÍóÏò: æóÍóÏò¡ ÞõáöÈóÊö ÇáúæóÇæõ åóãúÒóÉð.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáäøóÇÈöÚóÉö:
ßóÃóäøó ÑóÍúáöí æóÞóÏú ÒóÇáó ÇáäøóåóÇÑõ ÈöäóÇ ... ÈöÐöí ÇáúÌóáöíáö Úóáóì ãõÓúÊóÃúäöÓò æóÍóÏ
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ Ýöí ÃóÍóÏò æóÌúåóÇäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì æóÇÍöÏò.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÎóáöíáõ: íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÃóÍóÏõ ÇËúäóÇäö ËóáóÇËóÉñ¡ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÃóÕúáóåóÇ æóÍóÏñ¡ æóÞõáöÈóÊö ÇáúæóÇæõ åóãúÒóÉð áöáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏó æóÇáúÃóÍóÏó áóíúÓóÇ ÇÓúãóíúäö ãõÊóÑóÇÏöÝóíúäö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóÒúåóÑöíøõ: áóÇ íõæÕóÝõ ÔóíúÁñ ÈöÇáúÃóÍóÏöíøóÉö ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ áóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: ÑóÌõáñ ÃóÍóÏñ æóáóÇ ÏöÑúåóãñ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ ßóãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: ÑóÌõáñ æóÇÍöÏñ Ãóíú ÝóÑúÏñ Èöåö¡ Èóáú ÃóÍóÏñ ÕöÝóÉñ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇÓúÊóÃúËóÑó ÈöåóÇ ÝóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÐóßóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö æóÇáúÃóÍóÏö æõÌõæåðÇ:
ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏó íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍóÏö¡ æóÇáúÃóÍóÏõ áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö.
æóËóÇäöíåóÇ: Ãóäøóßó áóæú ÞõáúÊó: ÝõáóÇäñ áóÇ íõÞóÇæöãõåõ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ ÌóÇÒó Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: áóßöäøóåõ íõÞóÇæöãõåõ ÇËúäóÇäö ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÃóÍóÏö.õõ(9/147)
ÝóÅöäøóßó áóæú ÞõáúÊó: ÝõáóÇäñ áóÇ íõÞóÇæöãõåõ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: áóßöäøóåõ íõÞóÇæöãõåõ ÇËúäóÇäö.
æóËóÇáöËõåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏó íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÃóÍóÏó íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÝúíö.
ÊóÞõæáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÑóÌõáðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ.
æóÊóÞõæáõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÝúíö: ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ¡ ÝóíõÝöíÏõ ÇáúÚõãõæãó.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÎóáöíáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÍóßóÇåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÞóÇãõæÓö ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÑóÌõáñ æóÇÍöÏñ æóÃóÍóÏñ¡ Ãóíú: ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÃóÒúåóÑöíøõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÝúíö ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ßóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóæú ÌóÇÁó ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäúßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÆöØö [4 \ 43] .
ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÃóÛúáóÈöíøóÉð Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåóÇ æóÏóáóÇáóÊöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚõãõæãö æóÇÖöÍóÉð.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ãõÚúÌóãö ãóÞóÇíöíÓö ÇááøõÛóÉö Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉö æóÇáúÍóÇÁö æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: ÃóÍóÏñ¡ ÅöäøóåóÇ ÝóÑúÚñ æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ ÇáúæóÇæõ æóÍóÏñ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ýöí ÇáúæóÇæö æóÝöí ãóÇÏøóÉö æóÍóÏó. ÞóÇáó: ÇáúæóÇæõ æóÇáúÍóÇÁõ æóÇáÏøóÇáõ ÃóÕúáñ æóÇÍöÏñ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏö ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÍúÏóÉö ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúæóÇæö æóåõæó æóÇÍöÏõ ÞóÈöíáóÊöåö¡ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöíåöãú ãöËúáõåõ ÞóÇáó:
íóÇ æóÇÍöÏó ÇáúÚõÑúÈö ÇáøóÐöí ... ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóäóÇãö áóåõ äóÙöíÑõ
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊó áóÈóÔøóÇÑò íóãúÏóÍõ ÚõÞúÈóÉó Èúäó ãõÓúáöãò¡ Ãóæú áöÇÈúäö Çáúãóæúáóì íóÒöíÏó Èúäö ÍóÇÊöãò¡ äóÞúáðÇ Úóäö ÇáúÃóÛóÇäöí.
Ýóíóßõæäõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó ÈöÇáúæóÇæö æóÇáúåóãúÒóÉó ÝóÑúÚñ Úóäúåõ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ÏóáóÇáóÊóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÃóæúÖóÍõ Ãóíú ÃóÍóÏñ.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÍóÏñ¡ Ãóíú Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö áóÇ ÔóÈöíåó æóáóÇ ÔóÑöíßó¡ æóáóÇ äóÙöíÑó æóáóÇ äöÏøó áóåõ¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑóåõ ÖöãúäðÇ Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ßõÝõæðÇ ÃóÍóÏñ [112 \ 4] .õõ(9/148)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÇãøõ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ßõáøóåõ¡ æóÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉó ÇáúãõÍóãøóÏöíøóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ¡ Èóáú æóÌóãöíÚó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÇÊö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú áöÊóÞúÑöíÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÇÍöÏñ ÃóÍóÏñ. Èóáú ßõáøõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæõÌõæÏö ÔóÇåöÏñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
æóÝöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò áóåõ ÂíóÉñ ... ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ
ÃóãøóÇ äõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýóåöíó ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú Ãóäú ÊõÍúÕóì ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö æóÝöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö æóÅöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [2 \ 163] .
æóÝöí ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö: æóãóÇ ÃõãöÑõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó [9 \ 31] ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ãóÞúÑõæäðÇ ÈöáóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóÝöí Õ Þóæúáõåõ: Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ãõäúÐöÑñ æóãóÇ ãöäú Åöáóåò ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ [38 \ 65] .
æóßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú áöÊóÞúÑöíÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åóÐóÇ ÈóáóÇÛñ áöáäøóÇÓö æóáöíõäúÐóÑõæÇ Èöåö æóáöíóÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ åõæó Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ [14 \ 52] ¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ìóáøó ÌóáóÇáõåõ æóÊóÞóÏøóÓóÊú ÃóÓúãóÇÄõåõ¡ æóÊóäóÒøóåóÊú ÕöÝóÇÊõåõ¡ Ýóåõæó æóÇÍöÏñ ÃóÍóÏñ Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö æóÝöí ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö æóÝöí ÕöÝóÇÊöåö æóÝöí ÃóÝúÚóÇáöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÊóÞúÑöíÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÚóÞúáðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÑøóÑóåõ äóÞúáðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ÂáöåóÉñ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó ÅöÐðÇ áóÇÈúÊóÛóæúÇ Åöáóì Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÓóÈöíáðÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [17 \ 42 - 43] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: áóæú ßóÇäó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÂáöåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÝóÓóÏóÊóÇ [21 \ 22] .
ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÝóÓóÇÏöåöãóÇ ÈöÚóÏóãö ÊóÚóÏøõÏöåöãóÇ¡ æóÌóãóÚó ÇáúÚóÞúáó æóÇáäøóÞúáó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ãöäú æóáóÏò æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ãöäú Åöáóåò ÅöÐðÇ áóÐóåóÈó ßõáøõ Åöáóåò ÈöãóÇ ÎóáóÞó æóáóÚóáóÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäó [23 \ 91] .õõ(9/149)
áóãú íóáöÏú æóáóãú íõæáóÏú (3)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáÕøóãóÏõ.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ áóãú íóáöÏú æóáóãú íõæáóÏú [112 \ 3] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúäðì ÍóÓóäñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: åõæó ÇáúãõÊóäóÇåöí Ýöí ÇáÓøõÄúÏõÏö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúßóãóÇáö ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò.
æóÞöíáó: ãóäú íóÕúãõÏõ ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ åõæó Åöáóì ÃóÍóÏò.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÕøóãóÏö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó íõØúÚöãõ æóáóÇ íõØúÚóãõ [6 \ 14] ÝóÐóßóÑó ÔóæóÇåöÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ßõáøöåóÇ.
æóÈöÅöãúÚóÇäö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Ýöí ãóÈúÏóÃò íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ íóÊøóÖöÍõ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ ÊóÝúÓöíÑñ áöÃóæøóáöåóÇ Þõáú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÍóÏöíøóÉó åöíó ÊóÝóÑøõÏõåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÈöÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÌóáóÇáö æóÇáúßóãóÇáö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúãóæúáõæÏó áóíúÓó ÈöÃóÍóÏò¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäú æóÇáöÏöåö.
æóÇáúæóÇáöÏõ áóíúÓó ÈöÃóÍóÏò ; áöÃóäøó ÌõÒúÁðÇ ãöäúåõ Ýöí æóáóÏöåö.
æóßóÐóáößó ãóäú íóßõæäõ áóåõ ßõÝúÁñ¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÃóÍóÏò áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáúßõÝúÁö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ßõáøõåóÇ áöÊóÞúÑöíÑö Þõáú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóãú íóáöÏú æóáóãú íõæáóÏú.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÈóíóÇäõ ÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 2] ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÝóÝöí ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúæóáóÏö áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ äóÝúíó ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐó ÇáúæóáóÏö ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÈöÏõæäö æöáóÇÏóÉò ßóÇáÊøóÈóäøöí Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö íõæÓõÝó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÚóÒöíÒö ãöÕúÑó: ÃóßúÑöãöí ãóËúæóÇåõ ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóäúÝóÚóäóÇ Ãóæú äóÊøóÎöÐóåõ æóáóÏðÇ [12 \ 21] .
ÝóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö äóÝúíñ ÃóÎóÕøõ¡ ÝóáóÒöãó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóåöíó ÓõæÑóÉõ(9/150)
ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö. æóÇáøóÊöí ÊóÚúÏöáõ ËõáõËó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕöåóÇ ÈöÍóÞøö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö æóÇáÕøóãóÏöíøóÉö¡ æóäóÝúíö ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö æóÇáúæóáóÏö¡ æóäóÝúíö ÇáúßõÝúÁö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÕöÝóÇÊõ ÇäúÝöÑóÇÏò áöáøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáäøóÕøõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍõ ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì áóãú íóáöÏú æóáóãú íõæáóÏú¡ Ýóåöíó ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäú Êöáúßó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóáøóãóÇÊö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÈöÏõæäö Ôóßøò æóáóÇ äöÒóÇÚò æóáóãú íõÄóËøöÑú ÝöíåóÇ Ãóíøõ ÎöáóÇÝò.
æóáóßöäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó áóãú íõÓóáøöãõæÇ ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÝóÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÚõÒóíúÑñ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúãóÓöíÍõ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóäóÇÊõ Çááøóåö.
ÝóÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì ÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÇáúæóáóÏö áöáøóåö¡ æóáóãú íóÏøóÚö ÃóÍóÏñ Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãóæúáõæÏñ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍóÉõ Ýöí äóÝúíö ÇáúæóáóÏö Úóäö Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ãõÌóÑøóÏó ÇáäøóÕøö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íõÄúãöäú Èöåö ÇáúÎóÕúãõ áóÇ íóßúÝöí áöÅöÞúäóÇÚöåö¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóåöíó ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøóÉõ ÈöÕöÝóÇÊö Çááøóåö¡ áóãú íóÃúÊö ÇáÊøóäúæöíåõ ÝöíåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúãóÇäöÚö ãöäö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö Çááøóåö áöáúæóáóÏö¡ æóãöäú ßóæúäöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóãú íõæáóÏú.
æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúãóÇäöÚö Ãóæö ÇáúãõæÌöÈö ãöäú ãóäúåóÌö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó íõæÌóÏõ áöáúÍõßúãö ãõæÌöÈñ Ãóæú ãóÇäöÚñ æóáóãú ÊóÊóÞóÏøóãö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì Ðóáößó¡ ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ÞóÏú Êóßóáøóãó Úóáóì ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁö æóÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÌõãúáóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ¡ ÈöãóÇ íóßúÝöí æóíóÔúÝöí.
æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÐößúÑõ ÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÇáúæóáóÏö áöáøóåö¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ.
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÏøõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúãóÇäöÚö ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÔúÚóÇÑö ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö ÇáúÚóÞúáöíøö¡ æóáöÐóÇ áóÒöãó ÇáÊøóäúæöíåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Èóáú áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßõáøñ áóåõ ÞóÇäöÊõæäó ÈóÏöíÚõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÖóì ÃóãúÑðÇ ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [2 \ 116 - 117] .
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÇáõæåõ: ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ.(9/151)
æóäóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÊóäúÒöíåö Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÓúÈöíÍöåö ÚóãøóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ.
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÍóÑúÝõ ÇáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈö Úóäú Þóæúáöåöãú: Èóáú áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßõáøñ áóåõ ÞóÇäöÊõæäó¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúãóÇäöÚö ÚóÞúáðÇ ãöäö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúæóáóÏö ÈöãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÇáúÎóÕúãó¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÛóÇíóÉó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúæóáóÏö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÈóÇÑøðÇ ÈöæóÇáöÏöåö¡ æóÃóäú íóäúÊóÝöÚó ÇáúæóÇáöÏõ ÈöæóáóÏöåö. ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúãóÇáõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ [18 \ 46] ¡ Ãóæú íóßõæäõ ÇáúæóáóÏõ æóÇÑöËðÇ áöÃóÈöíåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: ÝóåóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó æóáöíøðÇ íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 5 - 6] .
æóÇááøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Íóíøñ ÈóÇÞò íóÑöËõ æóáóÇ íõæÑóËõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøõ ãóäú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÝóÇäò æóíóÈúÞóì æóÌúåõ ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [55 \ 26 - 27] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáöáøóåö ãöíÑóÇËõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö [3 \ 180] .
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó áöáøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ßõáøõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýöí ÞõäõæÊò æóÇãúÊöËóÇáò ØóæúÚðÇ Ãóæú ßóÑúåðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÑøóÍúãóäö Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ Åöäú ßõáøõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÂÊöí ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÚóÈúÏðÇ [19 \ 92 - 93] .
Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì áóíúÓó Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ÇáúæóáóÏö áöÛöäóÇåõ Úóäúåõ.
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÞõÏúÑóÊóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö æóÇáúÅöÈúÏóÇÚö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈóÏöíÚõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÖóì ÃóãúÑðÇ ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [2 \ 117] .
æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí äóÝúíö ÇáúæóáóÏö Úóäúåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÊóãóÏøóÍó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ æóáöíøñ ãöäó ÇáÐøõáøö æóßóÈøöÑúåõ ÊóßúÈöíÑðÇ [17 \ 111] .
ÃóãøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõæáóÏú. Ýóáóãú íóÏøóÚö ÃóÍóÏñ Úóáóíúåö Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõãúÊóäöÚñ ÚóÞúáðÇ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúãõãóÇäóÚóÉö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóåõæó ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
áóæú ÊóæóÞøóÝó æõÌõæÏõåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Úóáóì Ãóäú íõæáóÏó áóßóÇäó Ýöí æõÌõæÏöåö ãõÍúÊóÇÌðÇ Åöáóì ãóäú íõæÌöÏõåõ¡ Ëõãøó íóßõæäõ ãóäú íóáöÏõåõ Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì æóÇáöÏò¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÇáÏøóæúÑõ æóÇáÊøóÓóáúÓõáõ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÇØöáñ.(9/152)
æóßóÐóáößó ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉó Åöáóì ÇáúæóáóÏö ÈöäóÝúíöåóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÕøóãóÏöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÐößúÑõåõ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó áóåõ æóÇáöÏñ áóßóÇäó ÇáúæóÇáöÏõ ÃóÓúÈóÞó æóÃóÍóÞøó¡ ÊóÚóÇáóì Çááøóåõ Úóäú Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú íõÞóÇáõ: ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúãõãóÇäóÚóÉö ÇáúÚóÞúáöíøóÉö áóæö ÇÝúÊõÑöÖó Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó [43 \ 81] .
ÝóäóÞõæáõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÝúÊöÑóÇÖö: áóæú ßóÇäó áóåõ æóáóÏñ ÝóãóÇ ãóÈúÏóÃõ æõÌõæÏö åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóáóÏö æóãóÇ ãóÕöíÑõåõ¿ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÍóÇÏöËðÇ ÝóãóÊóì ÍõÏõæËõåõ¿ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÞóÏöíãðÇ ÊóÚóÏøóÏó ÇáúÞöÏóãõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóãúäõæÚñ.
Ëõãøó Åöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÇÞöíðÇ ÊóÚóÏøóÏó ÇáúÈóÞóÇÁõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõäúÊóåöíðÇ ÝóãóÊóì ÇäúÊöåóÇÄõåõ¿
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÂáõåõ Åöáóì ÇáöÇäúÊöåóÇÁö ÝóãóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ Åöáóì ÅöíÌóÇÏöåö ãóÚó ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóÇäúÊóÝóì ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõ ÇáúæóáóÏö ÚóÞúáðÇ æóäóÞúáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÇäúÊóÝóÊö ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉõ ßóÐóáößó ÚóÞúáðÇ æóäóÞúáðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÓõÄóÇáðÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóåõæó áöãóÇÐóÇ ÞóÏøóãó äóÝúíó ÇáúæóáóÏö Úóáóì äóÝúíö ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö¿ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ýöí ÇáúãóÔóÇåóÏö Ãóäú íõæáóÏó Ëõãøó íóáöÏõ¿
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÃóåóãøö áöÃóäøóåõ ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúíóåõæÏö Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: ÚõÒóíúÑñ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÚóáóì Þóæúáö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóäóÇÊõ Çááøóåö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÏøóÚö ÃóÍóÏñ Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãóæúáõæÏñ áöÃóÍóÏò¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÏóÚúæóÇåõãõ ÇáúæóáóÏó áöáøóåö ÝöÑúíóÉñ ÚõÙúãóì. ÇåÜ.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú Åöäú íóÞõæáõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐöÈðÇ [18 \ 5] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöÏøðÇ ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäúåõ æóÊóäúÔóÞøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÊóÎöÑøõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ åóÏøðÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÇ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏðÇ [19 \ 88 - 91] .
ÝóáöÔóäóÇÚóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáúÝöÑúíóÉö ÞóÏøóãó ÐößúÑóåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÇáÑøóÏøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÅöãúßóÇäöåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÑøóÍúãóäö Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ Åöäú ßõáøõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÂÊöí ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÚóÈúÏðÇ [19 \ 92 - 93] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ïóáöíáó ÇáúãóäúÚö ÚóÞúáðÇ æóäóÞúáðÇ.(9/153)
æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ßõÝõæðÇ ÃóÍóÏñ (4)
æóåõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ ÇáúæóáóÏö ÞóÏú æóÞóÚó¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÏøõ Úóáóíúåö: ÝóÅöäøó ÇÏøöÚóÇÁó ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö áóãú íóÞóÚú¡ ÝóáöãóÇÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó äóÝúíóåõ ãóÚó ÚóÏóãö ÇÏøöÚóÇÆöåö¿
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ãóäú ÌóæøóÒó ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉó áóåõ æóÃóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ æóáóÏñ¡ ÝóÞóÏú íõÌóæøöÒõ ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäú íóßõæäó ãóæúáõæÏðÇ ÝóÌóÇÁó äóÝúíõåóÇ ÊóÊöãøóÉð áöáäøóÝúíö æóÇáÊøóäúÒöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ ßóÇäó ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ Úóäö ÇáúæõÖõæÁö ãöäú ãóÇÆöåö ÝóÞóØú¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäú ãóÇÆöåö æóãóíúÊóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÇÍúÊóãóáó ÇáÓøõÄóÇáó Ýöí ãóÇÆöåö íóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáöÇÔúÊöÈóÇåó Ýöí ãóíúÊóÊöåö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ßõÝõæðÇ ÃóÍóÏñ. ÞóÇáõæÇ: ßõÝõÄðÇ æóßõÝõæðÇ æóßóÝóÇÁð¡ ÈöãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãöËúáõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÚóÏøóÏóÊú ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÊóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì äóÝúíö ÇáúãõãóÇËóáóÉö.
ÝóÚóäú ßóÚúÈò æóÚóØóÇÁò: áóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ãöËúáñ æóáóÇ ÚóÏöíáñ.
æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: Ãóäøóåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ.
æóÚóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò: Ãóíú áóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóÉó áóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó äóÝúíõ ÇáúßõÝúÁö æóÇáúãöËúáö æóÇáäøöÏøö æóÇáúÚóÏúáö¡ ÝóÇáúßõÝúÁõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóÇáúãöËúáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÖúÑöÈõæÇ áöáøóåö ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáó [16 \ 74] .
æóÇáäøöÏøõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 22] .
æóÇáúÚöÏúáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú íóÚúÏöáõæäó [6 \ 1] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó ÂíóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÈóíóÇäñ áöÐóáößó¡ Ãóíú íõÓóÇæõæäóåõ ÈöÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÚöÏúáö ÈößóÓúÑö Ãóæøóáöåö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÍóÏõ ÔöÞøóíú Íóãúáö ÇáúÈóÚöíÑö Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÚõÏõæáö Úóäúåõ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãóÈúÍóËóÇäö íõæÑöÏõåõãóÇ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó. ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ÃóÓúÈóÇÈõ äõÒõæáöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ: ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÝóÖúáöåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú ãöäú ãóæúÖõæÚö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÊóÊóÈøõÚõ Ðóáößó¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåõ ÏóæóÇÝöÚõ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì.(9/154)
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÝóÖúáöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: áóÞóÏú ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó ÅöíÑóÇÏó ÇáúÂËóÇÑö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ãóÍóáøõåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ æóÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÅöÕóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö ãõÚóÇÐö Èúäö ÌóÈóáò æóÛóíúÑõåõãú¡ æóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ãóÍóáøõ ÅöíÑóÇÏöåóÇ¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: Ãóäøó ÊöáóÇæóÊóåóÇ ÊóÚúÏöáõ ËõáõËó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöÊóÚóáøõÞö ãóæúÖõæÚöåóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ æóåõæó ÓóÈóÈõ äõÒõæáöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞöíáó Ýöíåö. Åöäøó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ØóáóÈõæÇ ãöäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóäúÓõÈó áóåõãú ÑóÈøóåõ¡ ÝóäóÒóáóÊú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÝöíåóÇ: áóãú íóáöÏú æóáóãú íõæáóÏú¡ ÑõÏøñ Úóáóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáäøóÓóÈö áóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÍöíäóãóÇ ÓóÃóáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ãõæÓóì Úóäú ÑóÈøöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [26 \ 23] .
ÝóÌóÇÁó ÌóæóÇÈõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõæÞöäöíäó ÞóÇáó áöãóäú Íóæúáóåõ ÃóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßõãú æóÑóÈøõ ÂÈóÇÆößõãõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ÞóÇáó Åöäøó ÑóÓõæáóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃõÑúÓöáó Åöáóíúßõãú áóãóÌúäõæäñ [26 \ 24 - 27] .
æóßõäúÊõ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ Ãóäøó ãõæÌöÈó Þóæúáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Úóäú ãõæÓóì «áóãóÌúäõæäñ» ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÓóÃóáóåõ ÈöãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ æóãóÇ íóÓúÃóáõ ÈöåóÇ Úóäú ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãóÇåöíøóÉö ÝóßóÇäó ãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö ÈöåóÇ Ãóäú íõÈóíøöäó ãóÇåöíøóÉó ÇáÑøóÈøö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò åõæó¡ ßóãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Ýöí ÌóæóÇÈò: ãóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¿ Åöäøóåõ ÍóíóæóÇäñ äóÇØöÞñ.
æóáóßöäøó ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäú ÓõÄóÇáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó áöÌóåúáöåö Úóäú ÍóÞöíÞóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóæú áöÊóÌóÇåõáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÍóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóÇÓúÊóíúÞóäóÊúåóÇ ÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú [27 \ 14] ¡ æóÃóÌóÇÈóåõ ÚóãøóÇ íóÎõÕøõåõ æóíóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝõ Èöåö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ áóÇ ÑõÈõæÈöíøóÉó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÇáúßóÇÐöÈóÉó.
æóãöËúáõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ áóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúÃóåöáøóÉö¡ ãóÇ ÈóÇáõåóÇ ÊóÈúÏõæ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ÊóßúÈõÑõ¿ Ýóåõæó ÓõÄóÇáñ Úóäú ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÊóÛóíøõÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÑóßó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÌóæóÇÈóåõãú Úóáóì ÓõÄóÇáöåöãú æóÃóÌóÇÈóåõãú ÈöãóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõãú æóíóäúÝóÚõåõãú.
æóßóÐóáößó ÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáúÎóáöíáö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ áöáäøõãúÑõæÐö ÍöíäóãóÇ ÍóÇÌøóåõ Ýöí ÑóÈøöåö: ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÑóÈøöíó ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ [2 \ 258] .(9/155)
ÝóÐóßóÑóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÈöÕöÝóÇÊöåö¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö áóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáõæÇ Úóäú ÍóÞöíÞóÉö Çááøóåö æóäóÓóÈöåö ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÈöÕöÝóÇÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ íóÓúÃóáõæäó Úóäúåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ æóÝöí Çáúãõãúßöäö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö ÇáúæõÌõæÏö áöÐóÇÊöåö¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ãóäú áóÇ íõÏúÑößõ ßõäúåóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóÕóÏóÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ [42 \ 11] ¡ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú æóáóÇ íõÍöíØõæäó Èöåö ÚöáúãðÇ [20 \ 110] .(9/156)
ÇáúãõÚóæøöÐóÊóÇäö ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÝóáóÞö æóÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáäøóÇÓ
íóÐúßõÑõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÑóÇåõãóÇ ãõÚóæøöÐóÊóíúäö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóáóßöäú ÃõÈóíøõ Èúäõ ßóÚúÈò ÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí Ãóäøó ÌöÈúÑöíáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÞóÇáó áóåõ: Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÝóáóÞö [113 \ 1] ÝóÞõáúÊõåóÇ æóÞóÇáó Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö [114 \ 1] ÝóÞõáúÊõåóÇ ÝóäóÍúäõ äóÞõæáõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó. æóÐóßóÑó äóÍúæóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Ëõãøó ÞóÏú ÑóÌóÚó Úóäú Þóæúáöåö Åöáóì Þóæúáö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú ÃóËúÈóÊõæåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÕóÇÍöÝö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö¡ æóäóÝøóÐõæåóÇ Åöáóì ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÂÝóÇÞö. æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÑóÃó ÈöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÓóÇÞó ÚöÏøóÉó ØõÑõÞò Ýöí ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞõÑúÂäñ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóäúÝöí Ãóíøó ÎöáóÇÝò ÈóÚúÏö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÅöËúÈóÇÊöåöãóÇ. æóÞóÏö ÇÚúÊóÐóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞõÑúÂäñ æóÓóãöÚóåõãóÇ ÝóÙóäøóåõãóÇ ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÏõÚóÇÁñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏúÚöíóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «ÃõÚõæÐõ ÈößóáöãóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÇáÊøóÇãøóÇÊö ãöäú ÔóÑøö ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó» . æóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛóåõ ÅöËúÈóÇÊõåõãóÇ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì Þóæúáö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö. æóãöäó ÇáúÌóÏöíÑö ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö ÇáÊøóäúæöíåõ Úóäö ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØöåöãóÇ ÈöÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö ÞóÈúáóåõãóÇ. æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÃóÍóÏõ¡ ÇáúÝóÑúÏõ ÇáÕøóãóÏõ¡ æóÇáÕøóãóÏõ ãöäú ãóÚóÇäöíåö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÕúãõÏõ ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÇÊöåöãú¡ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö ÊóæúÌöíåõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö Åöáóì ãóäú íóÓúÊóÚöíÐõæäó æóíóáõæÐõæäó Èöåö¡ æóåõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáÕøóãóÏõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ Ýóåõæó æóÍúÏóåõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÚöíÐõåõãú æóíóÍúÝóÙõåõãú æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóáúÌóÆõæäó Åöáóíúåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ. æóÞõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÝóáóÞö: ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉó ÈöÇáúÎóÇáöÞö ãöãøóÇ ÎóáóÞó ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ãõäúÛóáöÞò Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóáöÏõ æóáóãú íõæáóÏú. ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö. æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÊóäúÈöíåñ Úóáóì ãóÇ íõÚúØöíåö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ ãöäú ÎóÊúãö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö ÈöåóÇÊóíúäö ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÊóíúäö¡ æóÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ áöÈóíóÇäö ÚöÙóãö ãóäúÒöáóÊöåöãóÇ. ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúÎó ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÞóÏú ÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö áöÅöÊúãóÇãö ãóÈúÍóËö ÅöÝúÑóÇÏö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÓóäõæóÖøöÍõåõ ßõáøóåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.(9/157)
Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÝóáóÞö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÝóáóÞ
Þöíáó: Åöäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÎóÇáöÕö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö¡ æóåöíó ãóÚúÑóßóÉõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ æóãóËóÇÑõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö æóÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÃóÚúÏóÇÆöåö¡ ÃõãöÑó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóÊóÚóæøóÐó ãöäú ÔõÑõæÑö ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÝóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõæåõ. ÅöáóÎú.
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÝóáóÞö
. ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó æóÛóíúÑõåõ: ÇáúÝóáóÞõ ÝóÚóáñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÝúÚõæáò Ãóíú ãóÝúáõæÞò¡ æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÐóáößó.
ÝóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ÇáÕøõÈúÍõ íóÊóÝóáøóÞõ Úóäúåõ Çááøóíúáõ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÍöÓøõ æóÇáäøóæóì.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÌõÈøñ Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÝóáóÞóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ßóÇááøóíúáö Úóäö ÇáÕøõÈúÍö¡ æóÇáúÍóÈøö æóÇáäøóæóì Úóäö ÇáäøóÈúÊö¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö Úóäö ÇáúÚóæúäö¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö Úóäö ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö¡ æóÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö Úóäö ÇáúãóØóÑö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÃóØúáóÞó æóáóãú íõÞóíøöÏú¡ ÝóÊõØúáóÞõ ßóÐóáößó ßóãóÇ ÃóØúáóÞó.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÌõÈøñ Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáÊøóäóæøõÚö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ãõÍúÊóãóáóÉñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÌõÈøñ Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó¡ Ýóáóãú íóËúÈõÊú Ýöíåö äóÕøñ¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú Ýöíåö ÃóíøóÉõ ãõÔóÇåóÏóÉò íõÍóÇáõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ áöáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÉö.(9/158)
æóãöäú ÔóÑøö ÛóÇÓöÞò ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÈó (3)
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ åõæó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍõ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÈúÍö æóÇáúÍóÈøö æóÇáäøóæóì¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÝóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÍóÈøö æóÇáäøóæóì íõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúÍóíøó ãöäó ÇáúãóíøöÊö æóãõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúãóíøöÊö ãöäó ÇáúÍóíøö Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÃóäøóì ÊõÄúÝóßõæäó ÝóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÅöÕúÈóÇÍö æóÌóÚóáó Çááøóíúáó ÓóßóäðÇ æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ÍõÓúÈóÇäðÇ Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö [6 \ 95 - 96] .
æóßõáøõåóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ Ýöí ÈóÏúÁö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÑóì ÑõÄúíóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú ßóÝóáóÞö ÇáÕøõÈúÍö.
æóÇáúÝóáóÞõ: ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÕøõÈúÍö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö.
æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
íóÇ áóíúáóÉð áóãú ÃóäóãúåóÇ ÈöÊøõ ãõÑöÊóÞöÈðÇ ... ÃóÑúÚóì ÇáäøõÌõæãó Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÏøóÑó ÇáúÝóáóÞõ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö ãöËúáõåõ æóÝöíåö: Åöáóì Ãóäú äóæøóÑó ÇáúÝóáóÞõ ÈóÏóáó ÞóÏøóÑó¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÞõæøóÉö ÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãö ÈöÑóÈøö Çáúßóæúäö ßõáøöåö íóÊóÝóáøóÞõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ÔóÑøö ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó. æóåóÐóÇ ÚóÇãøñ æóåõæó Úóáóì Úõãõæãöåö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ: Åöäøó ÅöÈúáöíÓó æóÌóåóäøóãó ãöãøóÇ ÎóáóÞó.
æóáöáúãõÚúÊóÒöáóÉö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ßóáóÇãñ Íóæúáó ÎóáúÞö ÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÇáÔøóÑøó¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ßóíúÝó íóÎúáõÞõåõ æóíõÞóÏøöÑõåõ¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö Èöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãöãøóÇ ÎóáóÞóåõ æóÞóÏøóÑóåõ¿
æóÃõÌöíÈó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö: ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóÃõÚõæÐõ Èößó ãöäúßó» .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò [13 \ 16] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÆíãõäóÇÞóÔóÉõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúÝóÑóÇíöíäíøö ãóÚó ÇáúÌöÈóÇÆöíøö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏóÑö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞó áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ ÞóØøõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÔóÑøö ÛóÇÓöÞò ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÈó.õõ(9/159)
ÇáúÛóÇÓöÞõ: Þöíáó Çááøóíúáõ¡ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó áöÏõáõæßö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Åöáóì ÛóÓóÞö Çááøóíúáö [17 \ 78] .
æóæóÞóÈó: Ãóíú ÏóÎóáó.
æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Åöäøó åóÐóÇ Çááøóíúáó ÞóÏú ÛóÓóÞóÇ ... æóÇÔúÊóßóíúÊõ Çáúåóãøó æóÇáúÃóÑóÞóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
íóÇ ØóíúÝõ åöäúÏó ÞóÏú ÃóÈúÞóíúÊó áöí ÃóÑóÞóÇ ... ÅöÐú ÌöÆúÊóäóÇ ØóÇÑöÞðÇ æóÇááøóíúáõ ÞóÏú ÛóÓóÞóÇ
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÛóÇÓöÞõ: ÇáúÞóãóÑõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÔøóåúÑö¡ áöÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö «Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: ÊóÚóæøóÐöí ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÇáúÛóÇÓöÞõ ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÈó» . Ãóíö ÇáúÞóãóÑõ.
æóÞóÇÆöáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøóåõ ÃóäúÓóÈõ áöãóÇ íóÌöíÁõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøöÍúÑö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóßúËóÑõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÔøóåúÑö.
æóäóÞóáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ËóÚúáóÈò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøö¡ Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáÑøóíúÈö íóÊóÍóíøóäõæäó æóÌúÈóÉó ÇáúÞóãóÑö¡ Ãóíú ÓõÞõæØóåõ æóÛõíõæÈóÊóåõ.
æóÃóäúÔóÏó Þóæúáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÃóÑóÇÍóäöí Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ÃóßúÑóåõåóÇ ... ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÚóÌõæÒõ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúßóáúÈõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ
åóÐóÇ íóÈõæÍõ æóåóÐóÇ íõÓúÊóÖóÇÁõ Èöåö ... æóåóÐöåö ÖóãúÑóÒñ ÞóæøóÇãóÉõ ÇáÓøöÍúÑ
æóÇáÖøóãúÑóÒõ: ÇáäøóÇÞóÉõ ÇáúãõÓöäøóÉõ¡ æóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÇáúÛóáöíÙóÉõ.
æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Çááøóíúáõ ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÊóÇÈöÚñ áóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóãóÑó Ýöí ÙõåõæÑöåö æóÇÎúÊöÝóÇÆöåö ãõÑúÊóÈöØñ ÈöÇááøóíúáö¡ Ýóåõæó ÈóÚúÖõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöí Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÝöí Çááøóíúáö ÊóäúÊóÔöÑõ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäõ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÝóÓóÇÏö¡ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö æóíóÞöáøõ Ýöíåö ÇáúãõÛöíËõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.õõ(9/160)
æóãöäú ÔóÑøö ÇáäøóÝøóÇËóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÚõÞóÏö (4)
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÃóØúÝöÆõæÇ ÇáÓøõÑõÌó ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÝõæóíúÓöÞóÉó ÊõÖúÑöãõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈõíõæÊóåõãú áóíúáóÇ» . Ãóíö: ÇáúÝóÃúÑóÉõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÔóÑøö ÇáäøóÝøóÇËóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÚõÞóÏö
. ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáÓøóÍóÑóÉõ ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÝúËõ ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ßóãóÇ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇááøóÝúÙö¡ Ãóæú ãöäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÇÊö¡ Ãóæö ÇáäøõÝõæÓö ÇáÔøöÑøöíÑóÉö ÝóÊóÔúãóáõ ÇáäøóæúÚóíúäö.
æóÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó: ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí áóÈöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúÃóÚúÕóãö¡ áóãøóÇ ÓóÍóÑó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÊóÇåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ æóÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáÓøöÍúÑö æóÃóÞúÓóÇãõåõ æóÃóÍúßóÇãõåõ æóßõáøõ ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÝúáöÍõ ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑõ ÍóíúËõ ÃóÊóì [20 \ 69] ¡ ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö Øå¡ ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ãóÓúÃóáóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ æóåöíó Íõßúãõ ãóÇ áóæú ÞóÊóáó Ãóæú ÃóÊúáóÝó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÈöÓöÍúÑöåö¡ ÝóãóÇ íóßõæäõ Íõßúãõåõ¡ æóäõæÑöÏõåóÇ ãõæÌóÒóÉð.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóæúÚó ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÞóÊúáö: Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáóåõ ÈöÓöÍúÑò íóÞúÊõáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ ÝóíóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáúÞóæóÏõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÞúÊõáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ÇåÜ.
æóÐóßóÑó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãöäúåóÇÌö ÔóÑúÍö ãõÛúäöí ÇáúãõÍúÊóÇÌö áöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö: ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ íõÞúÊóáõ ßóÐóáößó.
æóÐóßóÑó ãöËúáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö: Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑó íõÞúÊóáõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÊóáó ÈöÓöÍúÑöåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
íóÞóÚõ ÊóÃúËöíÑõ ÇáÓøöÍúÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö ßóãóÇ íóÞóÚõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ãóäú ÑóÃóì Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøóÍúÑóÇÁö ÚöäúÏó ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÎóíúØðÇ ÃóÍúãóÑó¡ ÞóÏú ÚõÞöÏóÊú Ýöíåö ÚõÞóÏñ Úóáóì ÝõÕúáóÇäò¡ Ãóíú ÌóãúÚõ ÝóÕöíáó¡ ÝóãõäöÚóÊú ãöäú ÑóÖóÇÚö ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåóÇ ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ Íóáøó ÚõÞúÏóÉð ÌóÑóì Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóÕöíáõ Åöáóì Ãõãøöåö Ýöí ÇáúÍöíäö ÝóÑóÖóÚó. ÇåÜ.
ßóãóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö¡ Èóáú æóÚóáóì ÇáúÌóãóÇÏö Ãóíú Úóíúäõ ÇáúÚóÇÆöäö ÊõÄóËøöÑõ Ýöí(9/161)
æóãöäú ÔóÑøö ÍóÇÓöÏò ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÓóÏó (5)
ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÏö æóÇáäøóÈóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊõÄóËøöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÔóÑøö ÍóÇÓöÏò ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÓóÏó.
ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏö ÈöÇáÓøöÍúÑö åõäóÇ¡ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì æõÌõæÏö ÚóáóÇÞóÉò Èóíúäó ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáÓøöÍúÑö æóÇáúÍóÓóÏö¡ æóÃóÞóáøõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ åõæó ÇáÊøóÃúËöíÑõ ÇáúÎóÝöíøõ ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö ÈöÇáÓøöÍúÑö¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏö ÈöÇáúÍóÓóÏö ãóÚó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáÖøóÑóÑö¡ ÝóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÅöíÞóÇÚõ ÖóÑóÑò Ýöí ÎóÝóÇÁò¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ãóäúåöíøñ Úóäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÃóäúæóÇÚó ÇáÓøöÍúÑö æóÃóÍúßóÇãóåõ æóÃóæúÑóÏó Ýöíåö ßóáóÇãðÇ æóÇÝöíðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÙóåóÑó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÓóÏó áóåõ ÚóáóÇÞóÉñ ÈöÇáÓøöÍúÑö äóæúÚðÇ ãóÇ¡ ÝóáóÒöãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ æóÈóíóÇäõ ÃóãúÑöåö ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóØóÇÚö¡ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÃóæúáðÇ: ÊóÚúÑöíÝõåõ: ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÍóÓóÏó åõæó Êóãóäøöí ÒóæóÇáö äöÚúãóÉö ÇáúÛóíúÑö¡ Ãóæú ÚóÏóãö ÍõÕõæáö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö áöáúÛóíúÑö ÔõÍøðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞõíøöÏóÊö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉõ ãöäú ÔóÑøö ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏö ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÓóÏó¡ Ãóíú ÚöäúÏó ÅöíÞóÇÚöåö ÇáúÍóÓóÏó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóáóãú íõÞóíøöÏúåóÇ ãöäú ÔóÑøö ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÓóÍóÑó.
æóÐóáößó æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÝúËó Ýöí ÇáúÚõÞóÏö åõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáÓøöÍúÑö¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉõ æóÇÞöÚóÉð ãóæúÞöÚóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÓöÍúÑöåö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ãöäúåõ ÈöäóÝúËöåö ÇáúÍóÇÕöáö ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÚõÞóÏö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏõ Ýóáóãú íóÓúÊóÚöÐú ãöäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÅöíÞóÇÚöåö ÇáúÍóÓóÏó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ Ãóíú: ÚöäúÏó ÊóæóÌøõåöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÈúáó ÊóæóÌøõåöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö ÈöÇáúÍóÓóÏö áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ãöäúåõ ÔóÑøñ¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÍóáøó áöáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö ãöäúåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏö: ÝóíóÊóÚóÐøóÑõ ÊóÚúÑöíÝõåõ ãóäúØöÞöíøðÇ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÓøöÍúÑö: áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÊóÚúÑöíÝõåõ áöÎóÝóÇÆöåö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÓóÏó ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóÝóÇÁð ; áöÃóäøóåõ Úóãóáñ äóÝúÓöíøñ æóÃóËóÑñ ÞóáúÈöíøñ¡ æóÞóÏú Þöíáó Ýöíåö: Åöäøóåõ ßóÅöÔúÚóÇÚò ÛóíúÑö ãóÑúÆöíøò¡ íóäúÊóÞöáõ ãöäú ÞóáúÈö ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö¡ ÚöäúÏó ÊóÍóÑøõÞöåö ÈöÞóáúÈöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö¡ æóÞóÏú ÔõÈøöåó ÍóÓóÏõ ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏö ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú:(9/162)
ÇÕúÈöÑú Úóáóì ãóÖóÖö ÇáúÍóÓõæÏö ... ÝóÅöäøó ÕóÈúÑóßó ÞóÇÊöáõåú
ßóÇáäøóÇÑö ÊóÃúßõáõ ÈóÚúÖóåóÇ ... Åöäú áóãú ÊóÌöÏú ãóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõåõ
æóÞóÏú ÃóäúßóÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÝóáóÇÓöÝóÉö æõÞõæÚó ÇáúÍóÓóÏö¡ ÍóíúËõ Åöäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ãõÔóÇåóÏò æóåõãú ãóÍúÌõæÌõæäó Èößõáøö ãóæúÌõæÏò ÛóíúÑö ãõÔóÇåóÏò¡ ßóÇáäøóÝúÓö æóÇáÑøõæÍö æóÇáúÚóÞúáö.
æóÞóÏú ÔõæåöÏóÊö Çáúíóæúãó ÃóÔöÚøóÉõ ÅößúÓ æóåöíó ÛóíúÑõ ãóÑúÆöíøóÉò¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ ÊóäúÝõÐõ Åöáóì ÏóÇÎöáö ÇáúÌöÓúãö ãöäú ÅöäúÓóÇäò æóÍóíóæóÇäò¡ Èóáú æóÎóÔóÈò æóäóÍúæöåö. æóáóÇ íóÑõÏøõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇÏøóÉõ ÇáÑøóÕóÇÕö áößóËóÇÝóÉö ãóÚúÏöäöåö¡ ÝóÊóÕóæøóÑú ÏóÇÎöáó ÌöÓúãö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú ÚöÙóÇãò æóÃóãúÚóÇÁò æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÚúäóì áöÑóÏøö ÔóíúÁò áöÚóÏóãö ÑõÄúíóÊöåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÞóÏú ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáúÍóÓóÏó åõäóÇ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäö ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏó Úóáóíúåö¡ ãóÇ åõæó ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÒóæóÇáõ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö Úóäö ÇáúÛóíúÑö.
æóÞóÏú äóÈøóåó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ Úóáóì ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÍõÓöÏó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ÚóÇãøóÉð¡ æóÇáÑøóÓõæáõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóåöíó äöÚúãóÉõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóäöÚúãóÉõ ÇáúæóÍúíö æóÊóÍúÕöíáö ÇáúÛóäóÇÆöãö.
ÝóÃóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÍóÓóÏõæÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÏøó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóæú íóÑõÏøõæäóßõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÅöíãóÇäößõãú ßõÝøóÇÑðÇ ÍóÓóÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ [2 \ 109] .
æóÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÍóÓóÏõæÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóáóì äöÚúãóÉö ÇáúæóÍúíö Åöáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú íóÍúÓõÏõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÂÊóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö [4 \ 54] .
æóÇáäøóÇÓõ åõäóÇ ÚóÇãøñ ÃõÑöíÏó Èöåö ÇáúÎõÕõæÕõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáó áóåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÞóÏú ÌóãóÚõæÇ áóßõãú [3 \ 173] .
ÝóÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ÚóÇãøñ ÃõÑöíÏó Èöåö ÎõÕõæÕõ ÑóÌõáò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó äõÚóíúãõ Èúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÚöíøõ.
æóãöãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöíåö ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ Úóäú äöÚúãóÉò ãõÊóæóÞøóÚóÉò. Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóíóÞõæáõ ÇáúãõÎóáøóÝõæäó ÅöÐóÇ ÇäúØóáóÞúÊõãú Åöáóì ãóÛóÇäöãó áöÊóÃúÎõÐõæåóÇ ÐóÑõæäóÇ äóÊøóÈöÚúßõãú íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íõÈóÏøöáõæÇ ßóáóÇãó Çááøóåö Þõáú áóäú ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæäóÇ ßóÐóáößõãú ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóÓóíóÞõæáõæäó Èóáú ÊóÍúÓõÏõæäóäóÇ Èóáú ßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ [48 \ 15] .õõ(9/163)
ÝóÊóÈóíøóäó ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÓóÏó íóßõæäõ Ýöí äöÚúãóÉò ãóæúÌõæÏóÉò¡ æóíóßõæäõ Ýöí äöÚúãóÉò ãõÊóæóÞøóÚñ æõÌõæÏõåóÇ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ
ÊõæÌóÏõ ÇáúÚóíúäõ ßóãóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ¡ æóáóãú ÃóÌöÏú ãóäú ÝóÑøóÞó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãóÚó æõÌõæÏö ÇáúÝóÑúÞö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: «Åöäøó ÇáúÚóíúäó áóÍóÞøñ» .
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö: «áóæú Ãóäøó ÔóíúÆðÇ íóÓúÈöÞõ ÇáúÞóÏóÑó áóÓóÈóÞóÊúåõ ÇáúÚóíúäõ» .
æóíõÞóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÓóÏö: ÍóÇÓöÏñ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÚóíúäö: ÚóÇÆöäñ¡ æóíóÔúÊóÑößóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÃóËóÑö¡ æóíóÎúÊóáöÝóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉö æóÇáúãõäúØóáóÞö.
ÝóÇáúÍóÇÓöÏõ: ÞóÏú íóÍúÓõÏõ ãóÇ áóãú íóÑóåõ¡ æóíóÍúÓõÏú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúãõÊóæóÞøóÚö ÞóÈúáó æõÞõæÚöåö¡ æóãóÕúÏóÑõåõ ÊóÍóÑøõÞõ ÇáúÞóáúÈö æóÇÓúÊößúËóÇÑõ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö¡ æóÈöÊóãóäøöí ÒóæóÇáöåóÇ Úóäúåõ Ãóæú ÚóÏóãö ÍõÕõæáöåóÇ áóåõ æóåõæó ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÍöØøóÉö ÇáäøóÝúÓö.
æóÇáúÚóÇÆöäõ: áóÇ íóÚöíäõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íóÑóÇåõ æóÇáúãóæúÌõæÏó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóãóÕúÏóÑõåõ ÇäúÞöÏóÇÍõ äóÙúÑóÉö ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóÞóÏú íóÚöíäõ ãóÇ íóßúÑóåõ Ãóäú íõÕóÇÈó ÈöÃóÐðì ãöäúåõ ßóæóáóÏöåö æóãóÇáöåö.
æóÞóÏú íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ¡ æóÞóÏú íõØúáóÞõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ æóíõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáúÛöÈúØóÉõ¡ æóåõæó Êóãóäøöí ãóÇ íóÑóÇåõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÒóæóÇáöåö Úóäúåõãú.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: «áóÇ ÍóÓóÏó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇËúäóÊóíúäö: ÑóÌõáñ ÂÊóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ãóÇáðÇ ÝóÓóáøóØóåõ Úóáóì åóáóßóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóÑóÌõáñ ÂÊóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýóåõæó íóÞúÖöí ÈöåóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö» .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Ñõæöíó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ «ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ íóÛúÈöØõ¡ æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõ íóÍúÓõÏõ» .
æóÞóÇáó: ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ Ãóæøóáõ ÐóäúÈò ÚõÕöíó Çááøóåõ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÃóæøóáõ ÐóäúÈò ÚõÕöíó Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóÍóÓóÏó ÅöÈúáöíÓõ ÂÏóãó æóÍóÓóÏó ÞóÇÈöíáõ åóÇÈöíáõ ÇåÜ.
ÊóÍúÐöíÑñ
ßõäúÊõ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó Ãóæøóáó ãóÚúÕöíóÉò æóÞóÚóÊú åöíó ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ¡ æóÌóÑøó ÔõÄúãõåóÇ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó áóãøóÇ ÍóÓóÏó ÅöÈúáöíÓõ ÃóÈóÇäóÇ ÂÏóãó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÂÊóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäó(9/164)
ÇáúßóÑóÇãóÇÊö ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö ÈöíóÏóíúåö¡ æóÃóãúÑö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÈöÇáÓøõÌõæÏö áóåõ¡ ÝóÍóãóáóåõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóßóÈøõÑö¡ æóãóäóÚóåõ ÇáÊøóßóÈøõÑõ ãöäö ÇãúÊöËóÇáö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáÓøõÌõæÏö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉõ ØóÑúÏóåõ¡ ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö.
ÃóÓúÈóÇÈõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏ
æóÈöÊóÃóãøõáö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö¡ íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÇãöáó Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÓóÏö ÃóÕúáõåõ ÃóãúÑóÇäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇÒúÏöÑóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÅöÚúÌóÇÈõ ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏö ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúáöíÓõ ãõÚóáøöáðÇ áöÇãúÊöäóÇÚöåö ãöäó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö: ÃóäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ [7 \ 12] .
Ëõãøó ÝóÕøóáó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÎóíúÑöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÎóáóÞúÊóäöí ãöäú äóÇÑò æóÎóáóÞúÊóåõ ãöäú Øöíäò [7 \ 12] ¡ æóíóáúÍóÞõ ÈöÐóáößó ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáÊøóÚóÒøõÒõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÑöíÏõ áöÃóÍóÏò Ãóäú íóÑúÊóÝöÚó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈõ ÈöÃóäú íóÚúÌóÈó ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÑóì ÃóÍóÏðÇ Ãóæúáóì ãöäúåõ¡ æóÇáúÎóæúÝõ ãöäú ÝóæóÇÊö ÇáúãóÞóÇÕöÏö ÚöäúÏó ÔóÎúÕò ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÂåõ ÓóíóÓúÊóÛúäöí Úóäúåõ¡ æóÍõÈøõ ÇáÑøöÆóÇÓóÉö ãöãøóäú áóÇ íõÑöíÏõ áöÃóÍóÏò Ãóäú íóÊóÞóÏøóãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Ãóíøö Ýóäøò Ãóæú ãóÌóÇáò.
æóÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ äóÞúáðÇ Úóäö ÇáúÛóÒóÇáöíøö.
æóãöäú åõäóÇ áóÇ äóÑóì ãõÚúÌóÈðÇ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö ÞóØøõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ æóíóÒúÏóÑöí ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó æóíóÍúÓõÏõåõãú Úóáóì ÃóÏúäóì äöÚúãóÉò ÃóäúÚóãóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú. ÚóÇÝóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæøóáõ ãóÚúÕöíóÉò æóÞóÚóÊú åöíó ÍóÓóÏõ ÅöÈúáöíÓó áöÃóÈöíäóÇ ÂÏóãó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúÚóãó Çááøóåõ Èöåö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÍóÓóÏõ ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóáóì äöÚúãóÉö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ æóÍóÓóÏõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì äöÚúãóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ Ýöí ÃóæóÇÎöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú Ýöí ÃóÚúÞóÇÈö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöÊõÐóßøöÑó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈöÚöÙóãö äöÚúãóÊöåö Úóáóíúåöãú æóÔóÏøóÉö ÍóÓóÏöåöãú Úóáóíúåö¡ áöíóÍúÐóÑõæÇ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóßöíÏõæäó áóåõãú Ýöí Ïöíäöåöãú¡ ãöäú ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ æóÇáúÃóÎöíÑóÉö¡ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.(9/165)
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ Ýöí Íõßúãö ãóäú ÞóÊóáó Ãóæú ßóÓóÑó Ãóæú ÃóÊúáóÝó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÈöÇáúÚóíúä
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÓøöÍúÑö¡ ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáØøöÈøö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÌóÑóíóÇäö ÇáúÞóÕóÇÕö ÈöÐóáößó¡ íóÚúäöí ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: áóæú ÃóÊúáóÝó ÇáúÚóÇÆöäõ ÔóíúÆðÇ Öóãöäóåõ áóæú ÞóÊóáó ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ Ãóæö ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóßóÑøóÑó Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ íóÕöíÑõ ÚóÇÏóÉð æóåõæó Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö ÚöäúÏó ãóäú áóÇ íóÞúÊõáõåõ ßõÝúÑðÇ. ÇåÜ.
æóáóãú íóÊóÚóÑøóÖö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉõ áöáúÞöÕóÇÕö Ýöí Ðóáößó Èóáú ãóäóÚõæåõ¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÊõáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ æóáóÇ íõÚóÏøõ ãõåúáößðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö: æóáóÇ ÏöíóÉó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍõßúãó ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóì ãõäúÖóÈöØò ÚóÇãøò Ïõæäó ãóÇ íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö¡ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ÇäúÖöÈóÇØó áóåõ¡ ßóíúÝó æóáóãú íóÞóÚú ãöäúåõ ÝöÚúáñ ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÛóÇíóÊõåõ ÍóÓóÏñ æóÊóãóäøò áöÒóæóÇáö äöÚúãóÉò.
æóÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÝóÇáøóÐöí íóäúÔóÃõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÕóÇÈóÉö ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö ÍõÕõæáõ ãóßúÑõæåò áöÐóáößó ÇáÔøóÎúÕö¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ Ðóáößó ÇáúãóßúÑõæåõ Ýöí ÒóæóÇáö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóÍúÕõáõ áóåõ ãóßúÑõæåñ ÈöÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóËóÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö. ÇåÜ.
æóáóÇ íõÚóßøöÑõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÞóÊúáö ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõ¡ æóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÚóÓöíÑñ.
æóäóÞóáó ÇÈúäõ ÈóØøóÇáò Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Ãóäøóåõ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáúÅöãóÇãö ãóäúÚõ ÇáúÚóÇÆöäö ÅöÐóÇ ÚõÑöÝó ÈöÐóáößó ãöäú ãõÏóÇÎóáóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íõáúÒöãõåõ ÈóíúÊóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÝóÞöíÑðÇ ÑóÒóÞóåõ ãóÇ íóÞõæãõ Èöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÖóÑóÑóåõ ÃóÔóÏøõ ãöäú ÖóÑóÑö ÇáúãóÌúÐõæãö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóãóÑó ÚõãóÑõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÈöãóäúÚöåö ãöäú ãõÎóÇáóØóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÃóÔóÏøõ ãöäú ÖóÑóÑö ÇáËøõæãö ÇáøóÐöí ãóäóÚó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ Âßöáóåõ ãöäú ÍõÖõæÑö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö.
ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÕóÍöíÍñ ãõÊóÚóíøöäñ¡ áóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö ÊóÕúÑöíÍñ ÈöÎöáóÇÝöåö. ÇåÜ. ãöäú ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí.
æóÈöÊóÃóãøõáö Þóæúáö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö æóÇáäøóæóæöíøö ÈöÏöÞøóÉò áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÎöáóÇÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ íõÞóíøöÏõ ßóáóÇãóåõ ÈöãóÇ íóÊóßóÑøóÑõ ãöäúåõ ÈöÍóíúËõ íóÕöíÑõ ÚóÇÏóÉð áóåõ.
æóÇáäøóæóæöíøõ íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÊõáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóáóæú ËóÈóÊó Ãóäøóåõ íóÞúÊõáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ æóÊóßóÑøóÑó Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ¡(9/166)
ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÊøóÝöÞõ ãóÚó ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö ÊóãóÇãðÇ Ýöí Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÊúáóÝó ÈöÚóíúäöåö æóßóÇäó ãõÚúÊóÇÏðÇ ãöäúåõ Ðóáößó Ýóåõæó ÖóÇãöäñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúÞõæáõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö Ýöí ßóÔøóÇÝö ÇáúÞöäóÇÚö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÇáúãöÚúíóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊõáõ ÈöÚóíúäöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ äóÕúÑö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÍóæóÇÔöí ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö: íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõáúÍóÞó ÈöÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊõáõ ÈöÓöÍúÑöåö ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Úóíúäõåõ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÇáúÞóÊúáó ÈöåóÇ æóíóÝúÚóáõåõ ÈöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåö æóÌóÈó Èöåö ÇáúÞóÕóÇÕõ ÇåÜ.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÇ ÊõÚóÇáóÌõ Èöåö ÇáúÚóíúäõ
áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ ÃóÖóÑøó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÅöÕóÇÈóÉõ ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö ÍóÞøñ áóÇ Ôóßøó ÝöíåóÇ æóÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ: «áóæú Ãóäøó ÔóíúÆðÇ íóÓúÈöÞõ ÇáúÞóÏóÑó áóÓóÈóÞóÊúåõ ÇáúÚóíúäõ» .
æóÍóÏöíËõ: «Åöäøó ÇáúÚóíúäó áóÍóÞøñ» ÝóÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÇÊøöÞóÇÆöåóÇ ÞóÈúáó æõÞõæÚöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáóÇÌó ãöäúåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚóÊú.
æóÐóáößó ÝöíãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö æóÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍö¡ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö Óóåúáö Èúäö ÍõäóíúÝò¡ æóÈóæøóÈó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö ÈóÇÈó ÑõÞúíóÉö ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÍóÏöíËó ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú: «ÃóãóÑóäöí ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ãóæú ÃóãóÑó Ãóäú íõÓúÊóÑúÞóì ãöäó ÇáúÚóíúäö» .
æóÚóÞóÏó ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ÈóÇÈðÇ ÈöÚõäúæóÇäö ÇáúæõÖõæÁö ãöäó ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóÈóÇÈðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÈöÚõäúæóÇäö ÇáÑøõÞúíóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÍóÏöíËó Óóåúáò ÈöÊóãóÇãöåö æóÝöíåö ÈóíóÇäõ ßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÇÊøöÞóÇÆöåóÇ æóÚöáóÇÌöåóÇ¡ æóáöÐóÇ äóßúÊóÝöí ÈöÅöíÑóÇÏöåö áöÔõãõæáöåö.
ÞóÇáó: Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÃõÓóÇãóÉó Èúäö Óóåúáö Èúäö ÍõäóíúÝò Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÃóÈóÇåõ íóÞõæáõ: ÇÛúÊóÓóáó ÃóÈöí Óóåúáõ Èúäõ ÍõäóíúÝò ÈöÇáúÍöÑóÇÑö ÝóäóÒóÚó ÌõÈøóÉð ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÚóÇãöÑõ Èúäõ ÑóÈöíÚóÉó íóäúÙõÑõ¡ ÞóÇáó: æóßóÇäó Óóåúáõ ÑóÌõáðÇ ÃóÈúíóÖó ÍóÓóäó ÇáúÌöáúÏö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÚóÇãöÑõ Èúäõ ÑóÈöíÚóÉó: ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ßóÇáúíóæúãö æóáóÇ ÌöáúÏó ÚóÐúÑóÇÁó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóæõÚößó Óóåúáñ ãóßóÇäóåõ æóÇÔúÊóÏøó æóÚúßõåõ¡ ÝóÃõÊöíó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑõæåõ Ãóäøó ÓóåúáðÇ æõÚößó æóÃóäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ÑóÇÆöÍò ãóÚóßó íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÃóÊóÇåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ Óóåúáñ ÈöÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑö ÚóÇãöÑò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÚóáóÇãó íóÞúÊõáõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ÃóÎóÇåõ¡ ÃóáóÇ ÈóÑøóßúÊó¿ Åöäøó ÇáúÚóíúäó ÍóÞøñ¡ ÊóæóÖøóÃú áóåõ¡ ÝóÊóæóÖøóÃó áóåõ ÚóÇãöÑñ¡ ÝóÑóÇÍó Óóåúáñ ãóÚó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóíúÓó Èöåö ÈóÃúÓñ» .(9/167)
æóÓóÇÞó ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì æóÝöíåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «åóáú ÊóÊøóåöãõæäó áóåõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: äóÊøóåöãõ ÚóÇãöÑó Èúäó ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÏóÚóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÚóÇãöÑðÇ ÝóÊóÛóíøóÙó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÚóáóÇãó íóÞúÊõáõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ÃóÎóÇåõ¡ ÃóáóÇ ÈóÑøóßúÊó¡ ÇÛúÊóÓöáú áóåõ¡ ÝóÛóÓóáó ÚóÇãöÑñ æóÌúåóåõ æóíóÏóíúåö æóãöÑúÝóÞóíúåö æóÑõßúÈóÊóíúåö æóÃóØúÑóÇÝó ÑöÌúáóíúåö¡ æóÏóÇÎöáó ÅöÒóÇÑöåö Ýöí ÞóÏóÍò Ëõãøó ÕóÈøó Úóáóíúåö ÝóÑóÇÍó Óóåúáñ ãóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ áóíúÓó Èöåö ÈóÃúÓñ» .
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉõ ÊõËúÈöÊõ ÞóØúÚðÇ æõÞõæÚó ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ãõÌúãóÚñ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÓóáóÝö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÑúÔöÏõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú ÈóÑøóßó¡ Ãóíú ÞóÇáó: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó Çááøóåõ.
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö áöÛóíúÑö ãóÇáößò: åóáøóÇ ßóÈøóÑúÊó¡ Ãóíú íóÞõæáõ: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ËóáóÇËðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ðóáößó íóÑõÏøõ Úóíúäó ÇáúÚóÇÆöäö.
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö «Ãóäøó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó íóÑõÏøõ ÇáúÈóáóÇÁó» ÝóÅöÐóÇ áóãú ÊõÏúÝóÚú ÚöäúÏó ÕõÏõæÑöåóÇ æóÃóÕóÇÈóÊú¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÚöáóÇÌó ãöäúåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó åõäóÇ «ÊóæóÖøóÃú áóåõ» ¡ æóÇááøóÝúÙõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ: «ÇÛúÊóÓöáú áóåõ» .
æóÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÛóÓúáö áóåõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÛóÓúáõ ÇáúæóÌúåö æóÇáúíóÏóíúäö Ãóíö: ÇáúßóÝøóíúäö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÇáúãöÑúÝóÞóíúäö æóÇáÑøõßúÈóÊóíúäö æóÇáúÞóÏóãóíúäö æóØóÑóÝö ÇáúÅöÒóÇÑö ÇáÏøóÇÎöáöíøö¡ æóíóßõæäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÅöäóÇÁò áóÇ íõÓúÞöØõ ÇáúãóÇÁó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóíõÝúÑóÛõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÕóÇÈö ãöäó ÇáúÎóáúÝö æóíõßúÝóÃõ ÇáúÅöäóÇÁõ ÎóáúÝóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ãõÝóÕøóáóÉð ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÇáúÈóÇÌöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÑõæöíó Úóäú íóÍúíóì Èúäö íóÍúíóì Úóäö ÇÈúäö äóÇÝöÚò Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúæõÖõæÁö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóãóÑó Èöåö ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáó:
íóÛúÓöáõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÊøóåóãõ ÈöÇáÑøóÌõáö æóÌúåóåõ æóíóÏóíúåö æóãöÑúÝóÞóíúåö æóÑõßúÈóÊóíúåö æóÑöÌúáóíúåö æóÏóÇÎöáóÉó ÅöÒóÇÑöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ íóÛúÓöáõ ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúíóÏö æóÇáúãöÑúÝóÞö¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÛúÓöáõ ÇáÓøóÇÚöÏó ãöäó ÇáúíóÏö.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÛóÓúáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÏúÑóßúäóÇ ÚõáóãóÇÁóäóÇ íóÕöÝõæäóåõ: Ãóíú íõÄúÊóì ÇáúÚóÇÆöäõ ÈöÞóÏóÍò Ýöíåö ãóÇÁñ¡ ÝóíõãúÓößõ ãõÑúÊóÝöÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíõÏúÎöáõ Ýöíåö ßóÝøóåõ ÝóíõãóÖúãöÖõ¡ Ëõãøó íóãõÌøõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏóÍö¡ Ëõãøó íóÛúÓöáõ æóÌúåóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏóÍö ÕóÈøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ íóÏóåõ ÇáúíõÓúÑóì ÝóíóÕõÈøõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ßóÝøöåö Çáúíõãúäóì¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ íóÏóåõ Çáúíõãúäóì ÝóíóÕõÈøõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ßóÝøöåö ÇáúíõÓúÑóì ÕóÈøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ íóÏóåõ ÇáúíõÓúÑóì ÝóíóÕõÈøõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ãöÑúÝóÞöåö ÇáúÃóíúãóäö¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ íóÏóåõ Çáúíõãúäóì ÝóíóÕõÈøõ Úóáóì ãöÑúÝóÞöåö ÇáúÃóíúÓóÑö¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ íóÏóåõ ÇáúíõÓúÑóì ÝóíóÕõÈøõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÞóÏóãöåö Çáúíõãúäóì¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ íóÏóåõ Çáúíõãúäóì ÝóíóÕõÈøõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÞóÏóãöåö ÇáúÃóíúÓóÑö¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ íóÏóåõ ÇáúíõÓúÑóì ÝóíóÕõÈøõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÑõßúÈóÊöåö Çáúíõãúäóì¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ íóÏóåõ Çáúíõãúäóì ÝóíóÕõÈøõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÑõßúÈóÊöåö ÇáúíõÓúÑóì¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÞóÏóÍò Ëõãøó íõÏúÎöáõ ÏóÇÎöáóÉó ÅöÒóÇÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏóÍö æóáóÇ íõæÖóÚõ ÇáúÞóÏóÍõ(9/168)
Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóíõÕóÈøõ Úóáóì ÑóÃúÓö ÇáúãóÚöíäö ãöäú ÎóáúÝöåö ÕóÈøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ æóÞöíáó: íõÛúÊóÝóáõ æóíõÕóÈøõ Úóáóíúåö¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÛóÝúáóÊöåö¡ Ëõãøó íõßúÝóÃõ ÇáúÞóÏóÍõ Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÑóÇÁóåõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÏóÇÎöáóÉõ ÅöÒóÇÑöåö: Ýóåõæó ÇáØøóÑóÝõ ÇáúãõÊóÏóáøöí ÇáøóÐöí íõÝúÖöí ãöäú ãóÃúÒóÑöåö Åöáóì ÌöáúÏöåö ãóßóÇäóåõ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóãõÑøõ ÈöÇáØøóÑóÝö ÇáúÃóíúãóäö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóíúÓóÑö¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÔõÏøóåõ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáØøóÑóÝö ÇáúãõÊóÏóáøöí ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ ãöäú ÏóÇÎöáò. ÇåÜ.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÑúÔöÏõ Åöáóíúåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÊóÛóíøõÙõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóáóì ÚóÇãöÑö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÚóáóÇãó íóÞúÊõáõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ÃóÎóÇåõ» ãöãøóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ ÔóäóÇÚóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú íóÞúÊõáõ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ãõÑóÇÚóÇÊõåõ ãöäú ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö ãóäö ÇÈúÊõáöíó ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö¡ ÝóáúíõÈóÇÑößú ÚöäúÏó ÑõÄúíóÊöåö ãóÇ íõÚúÌöÈõåõ áöÆóáøóÇ íõÕöíÈó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÈöÚóíúäöåö¡ æóáöÆóáøóÇ ÊóÓúÈöÞóåõ Úóíúäõåõ.
æóßóÐóáößó ãóäö ÇÊøóåóãó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö¡ ÝóáúíõßóÈøöÑú ËóáóÇËðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÊóÎóæøõÝöåö ãöäúåõ. ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íóÏúÝóÚõ ÇáúÚóíúäó ÈöÐóáößó. æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑõæÇ áöáúÍóÓóÏö ÏóæóÇÁð ßóÐóáößó¡ Ãóíú íõÏóÇæöí Èöåö ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏõ äóÝúÓóåõ áöíóÓúÊóÑöíÍó ãöäú ÚóäóÇÁö ÇáúÍóÓóÏö ÇáúãõÊóæóÞøöÏö Ýöí ÞóáúÈöåö ÇáúãõäóÛøöÕö Úóáóíúåö ÚóíúÔóåõ ÇáúÌóÇáöÈö Úóáóíúåö ÍõÒúäóåõ¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö Ýöí ÃóãúÑóíúäö. ÇáúÚöáúãõ Ëõãøó ÇáúÚóãóáõ.
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÚöáúãö åõæó Ãóäú íóÚúáóãó íóÞöíäðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÚúãóÉó ÇáøóÊöí íóÑóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÚóØóÇÁñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÈöÞóÏóÑò ÓóÇÈöÞò æóÞóÖóÇÁò áóÇÒöãò¡ æóÃóäøó ÍóÓóÏóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ áóÇ íõÛóíøöÑõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóíóÚúáóãó Ãóäøó ÖóÑóÑó ÇáúÍóÓóÏö íóÚõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏö æóÍúÏóåõ Ýöí Ïöíäöåö áöÚóÏóãö ÑöÖóÇÆöåö ÈöÞóÏóÑö Çááøóåö æóÞöÓúãóÊöåö áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÍóÓóÏöåö ßóÇáúãõÚúÊóÑöÖö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÍúäõ ÞóÓóãúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóÚöíÔóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ [43 \ 32] ¡ æóÝöí ÏõäúíóÇåõ áöÃóäøóåõ íõæÑöËõ ÇáÓøöÞóÇãó æóÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇäó æóÇáúßóÂÈóÉó æóäóÝúÑóÉó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäúåõ æóãóÞúÊóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ¡ æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö åóÐóÇ æóÐóÇßó ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ Ýóåõæó ãõÌóÇåóÏóÉõ äóÝúÓöåö ÖöÏøó äóæóÇÒöÚö ÇáúÍóÓóÏö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóì ÐóÇ äöÚúãóÉò ÝóÇÒúÏóÑóÊúåõ Úóíúäõåõ¡ ÝóáúíõÍóÇæöáú Ãóäú íõÞóÏøöÑóåõ æóíóÎúÏöãóåõ.
æóÅöäú ÑóÇæóÏóÊúåõ äóÝúÓõåõ ÈöÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÈö ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ÑóÏøóåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÊøóæóÇÖõÚö æóÅöÙúåóÇÑö ÇáúÚóÌúÒö æóÇáöÇÝúÊöÞóÇÑö.
æóÅöäú ÓóæøóáóÊú áóåõ äóÝúÓõåõ Êóãóäøöí ÒóæóÇáö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÕóÑóÝó Ðóáößó Åöáóì Êóãóäøöí ãöËúáöåóÇ áöäóÝúÓöåö. æóÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö ÚóÙöíãñ.(9/169)
æóÅöäú ÏóÚóÇåõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö¡ ÓóÚóì Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÝóíóÓúáóãõ ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóÏö¡ æóíóÓúáóãõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäú ÔóÑøöåö.
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóËóÑö: «ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ íóÛúÈöØõ¡ æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõ íóÍúÓõÏõ» .
äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉó æóÇáúãõÚóÇÝóÇÉó.(9/170)
Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíã
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáäøóÇÓ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÚöäúÏó ßóáóÇãöåö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó Åöäøóäöí áóßõãú ãöäúåõ äóÐöíÑñ æóÈóÔöíÑñ [11 \ 2] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÍößúãóÉó ÇáúÚõÙúãóì ÇáøóÊöí ÃõäúÒöáó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåóÇ åöíó Ãóäú íõÚúÈóÏó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑóßó Èöåö Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö ÔóíúÁñ.
æóÓóÇÞó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõãóÇËöáóÉó áóåóÇ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö¡ æóÓóäóÊóÞóÕøóì ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ áöÊóßõæäó ÎóÇÊöãóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ÍõÓúäóì ÇåÜ.
æóÅöäøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉö ãöäúåõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö áóÊóäúÈöíåðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÇáøóÊöí ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊúåóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ æóÊóæúÌöíåðÇ áöãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö Êöáúßó ÇáúÎóÇÊöãóÉö.
ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉö ÊóÍúãöíáó ãóÓúÆõæáöíøóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÕóÇÁö ÍóíúËõ áóãú íóßúÊóÝö ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÕóÇÁó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÕóÇÁö: ÇáöÇÓúÊöíÚóÇÈõ Åöáóì ÃóÞúÕóì ÍóÏøò.
æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÇÓúÊöÞúÕóÇÁó ãóÇ íõÑöíÏõåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõåõ åõæó.
æóáóßöäú Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöÏóÇíóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÌõåúÏõ ÇáúãõÞöáøö æóæõÓúÚõ ÇáØøóÇÞóÉö. ÝóäóÓúÊóÚöíäõ Çááøóåó æóäóÓúÊóåúÏöíåö ãõÓúÊóÑúÔöÏöíäó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÊóíö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö æóåõæÏò¡ Ëõãøó äõæÑöÏõ æõÌúåóÉó äóÙóÑò Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö ãóÚðÇ ÇáúÝóáóÞö æóÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Ëõãøó ãöäúåõãóÇ æóÝöí äóÓóÞö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö¡ Âãöáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÑóÇÌò ÊóæúÝöíÞóåõ æóãóÚõæäóÊóåõ.(9/171)
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉõ ÝóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ãõæÌöÈóåóÇ åõæó Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÊú ËóáóÇËõ ÕöÝóÇÊò áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö æóÇáúßóãóÇáö: " ÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö "¡ ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö "¡ æóáóßóÃóäøóåóÇ áöÃóæøóáö æóåúáóÉò ÊõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÈøö Çáúãóáößö åõæó ÇáúÅöáóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõÚúÈóÏó æóÍúÏóåõ.
æóáóÚóáøóåõ ãóÇ íõÑúÔöÏõ Åöáóíúåö ãóÖúãõæäõ ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ Çááøóåõ ÇáÕøóãóÏõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóäúØöÞõ ÇáúÚóÞúáö æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ; áöÃóäøó ãõÞúÊóÖóì Çáúãõáúßö íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáúÚõÈõæÏöíøóÉó¡ æóÇáúÚõÈõæÏöíøóÉó ÊóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáÊøóÃúáöíåó æóÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏó Ýöí ÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó Çáúãóãúáõæßó ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáØøóÇÚóÉõ æóÇáÓøóãúÚõ áöãóÇáößöåö ÈöãõÌóÑøóÏö Çáúãõáúßö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãóÇáößõåõ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ãöËúáóåõ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÈöÇáúÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóãúáõæßö áöÑóÈøöåö æóÅöáóåöåö¡ æóßóíúÝó ÈöÇáúãóÇáößö ÇáúÅöáóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÝóÑúÏö ÇáÕøóãóÏö¿
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ ÇáËøóáóÇËõ: ÇáÑøóÈøõ Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÅöáóåõ¡ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇÝúÊöÊóÇÍöíøóÉö Ãóæøóáö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö ãóÇáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö [1 \ 2 - 4] ¡ æóÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì: " ãóáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö " [1 \ 4] .
æóÝöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö Ãóæøóáõ äöÏóÇÁò íõæóÌøóåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÑóÈøõåõãú ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúãõæÌöÈóÇÊö áöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ [2 \ 21] .
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúãõæÌöÈó áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú [2 \ 21] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú [2 \ 22] .
æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ãõæÌöÈó ÅöÝúÑóÇÏöåö æóÍúÏóåõ ÈöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 22] .
Ãóíú: ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ äöÏøó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøöÒúÞö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÉò¡ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó Ðóáößó.
æóÚöÈóÇÏóÊõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ æóäóÝúíõ ÇáúÃóäúÏóÇÏö¡ åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóäúåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö: ãóÚúäóì áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ äóÝúíðÇ æóÅöËúÈóÇÊðÇ.
ÝóÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó [5 \ 72] .(9/172)
æóÇáäøóÝúíõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ.
æóßóæúäõ ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö ÊóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó¡ ÌóÇÁó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóØúÚóãóåõãú ãöäú ÌõæÚò æóÂãóäóåõãú ãöäú ÎóæúÝò [106 \ 3 - 4] .
ÝóÇáúãóæúÕõæáõ æóÕöáóÊõåõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö áöãõæÌöÈö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí áöÐóáößó ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó åõäóÇ áóÝúÙõ: ÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÈöÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáÑøóÈøö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÈöãóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÇáöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó æóÑóÈøõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÃóÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ÃóÈúÛöí ÑóÈøðÇ æóåõæó ÑóÈøõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò [6 \ 164] .
ÝóÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ åõäóÇ Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÚóÇãøö.
æóÞóÏú ÃõÖöíÝó Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏò ÃõÎúÑóì ßóÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú ãóäú ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Þõáö Çááøóåõ [13 \ 16] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÝóÇÊøóÎöÐúåõ æóßöíáðÇ [73 \ 9] .
æóÅöáóì ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö [106 \ 3] .
æóÅöáóì ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõãöÑúÊõ Ãóäú ÃóÚúÈõÏó ÑóÈøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÈóáúÏóÉö [27 \ 91] .
æóÅöáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö: ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÇáúßóÑöíãö [23 \ 116] .
æóÅöáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö: ÇÊøóÈöÚú ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó ãöäú ÑóÈøößó [6 \ 106] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÑóÈøóßó ÝóßóÈøöÑú [47 \ 3] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóáóßöäú íõáóÇÍóÙõ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÚó ßõáøö ÅöÖóÇÝóÉò ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ ÇáúÚõãõæãó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãóÚó ÅöÖóÇÝóÊöåö áöÝóÑúÏò ãöäú ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ Ýóåõæó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ æóÑóÈøõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóÝöí ÅöÖóÇÝóÊöåö Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóÇÁó ãóÚóåóÇ Þõáö Çááøóåõ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö ÌóÇÁó áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÝóÇÊøóÎöÐúåõ æóßöíáðÇ [73 \ 9] .(9/173)
æóÝöí ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÌóÇÁó: ÇáøóÐöí ÃóØúÚóãóåõãú ãöäú ÌõæÚò æóÂãóäóåõãú ãöäú ÎóæúÝò.
æóÝöí ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÈóáúÏóÉö ÌóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöí ÍóÑøóãóåóÇ [27 \ 91] ¡ æóåõæó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÝöí ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÊóÚóÇáóì Çááøóåõ Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö [23 \ 116] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ: ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó [93 \ 3] ¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Åöáóì Ãóíøö ÝóÑúÏò ãöäú ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÚõãõæãö íóÃúÊöí ãóÚóåóÇ ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ ÇáúÚõãõæãó¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
æóåõäóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÌóÇÁó ãóÚóåóÇ: ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ áöíõÝöíÏó ÇáúÚõãõæãó ÃóíúÖðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáÑøóÈøö ÞóÏú íõÔóÇÑößõ Ýöíåö ÇáÓøóíøöÏõ ÇáúãõØóÇÚõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÃóÍúÈóÇÑóåõãú æóÑõåúÈóÇäóåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö [9 \ 31] .
æóÞóæúáö íõæÓõÝó áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÇÐúßõÑúäöí ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó [12 \ 42] ¡ Ãóíö: Çáúãóáößö Úóáóì ÃóÙúåóÑö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇÑúÌöÚú Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÝóÇÓúÃóáúåõ ãóÇ ÈóÇáõ ÇáäøöÓúæóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [12 \ 50] .
ÝóÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúãóáößö æóÇáúÅöáóåö áöáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó æóÑóÈøõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ æóáóßöäøó ÅöÖóÇÝóÊóåõ åõäóÇ Åöáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöãóÒöíÏö ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕò¡ æóÑöÚóÇíóÉõ ÇáÑøóÈøö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áöÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÏóÚóÇåõ Åöáóíúåö áöíóÓúÊóÚöíÐó Èöåö ãöäú ÚóÏõæøöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ÊóÞúæöíóÉó ÑóÌóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Ýöí ÑóÈøöåö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÈöÑõÈõæÈöíøóÊöåö ÓóíóÍúãöí ÚóÈúÏóåõ áöÚõÈõæÏöíøóÊöåö æóíõÚöíÐõåõ ãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóÚóÇÐó Èöåö ãöäúåõ.
æóíõÞóæøöí åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕó ÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ ÇáÑøóÈøö áöáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóØúæóÇÑöåö ãõäúÐõ ÇáúÈóÏúÃóíúäö: ÈóÏúÁõ ÇáúÎöáúÞóÉö æóÈóÏúÁõ ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÚóáóÞò [96 \ 1 - 2] ¡ Ëõãøó Ýöí äóÔúÃóÊöåö ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó æóãóÇ Þóáóì Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó íóÊöíãðÇ ÝóÂæóì æóæóÌóÏóßó ÖóÇáøðÇ ÝóåóÏóì æóæóÌóÏóßó ÚóÇÆöáðÇ ÝóÃóÛúäóì [93 \ 3 - 8] .
æóÌóÚóáó ÇáÑøóÛúÈóÉó Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ æóÅöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÝóÇÑúÛóÈú [94 \ 8] ¡ ÊóÚúÏóÇÏó ÇáäøöÚóãö Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÔóÑúÍö ÇáÕøóÏúÑö¡ æóæóÖúÚö ÇáúæöÒúÑö¡ æóÑóÝúÚö ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ Ëõãøó Ýöí ÇáúãõäúÊóåóì Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÇáÑøõÌúÚóì [96 \ 8] .(9/174)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Ýöí ãóÌöíÁö ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈóÚúÏó ÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÊóÏóÑøõÌñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãö¡ æóÇäúÊöÞóÇáñ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ãöäú ãóÈúÏóÃö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇáÑøóÈøö áöãóÇ ÔóÇåóÏõæåõ ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáÑøöÒúÞö¡ æóÌóãöíÚö Êöáúßó ÇáúßóÇÆöäóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö äöÏóÇÁò æõÌøöåó Åöáóíúåöãú: ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú [2 \ 21 - 22] .
ßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂËóÇÑö ÇáøóÊöí áóãóÓõæåóÇ æóÃóÞóÑøõæÇ ÈöãõæÌöÈöåóÇ¡ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÌóÏóåóÇ åõæó ÑóÈøõåõãú¡ æóãöäú Ëóãøó íóäúÊóÞöáõæäó Åöáóì ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøó ÑóÈøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí åóÐöåö ÃóÝúÚóÇáõåõ åõæó ãóáößõåõ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÊóÕóÑøöÝõ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÚóæóÇáöãö¡ æóãóáößñ áöÃóãúÑöåö æóÌóãöíÚö ÔõÆõæäöåö¡ æóãóáößñ áöÃóãúÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÌóãöíÚðÇ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóÕóáó ÈöÅöÞúÑóÇÑöåö Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö¡ ÃóÞóÑøó áóåõ ÖóÑõæÑóÉð ÈöÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö æóåöíó ÇáúãóÑúÊóÈóÉõ ÇáäøöåóÇíóÉõ
«Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö» Ãóíú: ãóÃúáõæåöåöãú æóãóÚúÈõæÏöåöãú æóåõæó ãóÇ ÎóáóÞóåõãú Åöáóíúåö¡ æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæäö [51 \ 56] .
æóÝöí ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Çáúãóáößö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÅöÔúÚóÇÑö ÇáöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãóáößõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ Ýöíåö ãóÇ Ýöí ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáÑøóÈøö áöáäøóÇÓö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÈóÍúËõåõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãóÇáößõ Çáúãõáúßö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Þõáö Çááøóåõãøó ãóÇáößó Çáúãõáúßö ÊõÄúÊöí Çáúãõáúßó ãóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ æóÊóäúÒöÚõ Çáúãõáúßó ãöãøóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ æóÊõÚöÒøõ ãóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ [3 \ 26] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ æóáóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ [64 \ 1] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö [2 \ 107] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ [59 \ 23] .
Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúãõÊóÝóÑøöÏõ ÈöÇáúãõáúßö áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ Ýöí ãõáúßöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö [17 \ 111] ÝóÈóÏóÃó ÈöÇáúÍóãúÏö ÃóæúáðÇ.
æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö ãóáóßõæÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò [36 \ 83] ¡ ÈóÏóÃó ÈöÊóÓúÈöíÍö äóÝúÓöåö æóÊóäúÒöíåöåö áöÚõãõæãö Çáúãõáúßö æóãõØúáóÞö ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö æóäóÝúíö ÇáÔøóÑöíßö ; áöÃóäøó ãõáúßóåõ ãõáúßõ ÊóÕóÑøõÝò æóÊóÏúÈöíÑò ãóÚó ÇáúßóãóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÍóãúÏö æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÓö.(9/175)
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [67 \ 1] .
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö íõÚúáóãõ ßóãóÇáõ ãõáúßöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóäóÞúÕõ ãõáúßö ãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõ ãöäú ãõáõæßö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóäóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãõáúßóåõãú ÈöÊóãúáöíßö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÅöíøóÇåõãú ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ íõÄúÊöí ãõáúßóåõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [3 \ 26] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáö Çááøóåõãøó ãóÇáößó Çáúãõáúßö ÊõÄúÊöí Çáúãõáúßó ãóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ æóÊóäúÒöÚõ Çáúãõáúßó ãöãøóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ [3 \ 26] .
æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ãõáõæßó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãõáúßõåõãú ãõáúßõ ÓöíóÇÓóÉò æóÑöÚóÇíóÉò¡ áóÇ ãõáúßõ Êóãóáøõßò æóÊóÕóÑøõÝò¡ æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú äóÈöíøõåõãú Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏú ÈóÚóËó áóßõãú ØóÇáõæÊó ãóáößðÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóäóÍúäõ ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöÇáúãõáúßö ãöäúåõ æóáóãú íõÄúÊó ÓóÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö ÞóÇáó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÕúØóÝóÇåõ Úóáóíúßõãú æóÒóÇÏóåõ ÈóÓúØóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáúÌöÓúãö æóÇááøóåõ íõÄúÊöí ãõáúßóåõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóÇááøóåõ æóÇÓöÚñ Úóáöíãñ [2 \ 247] .
æóÇáúÌóÏöíÑõ ÈöÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö Úóáóíúåö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö Ãóäøó «ÈöÑöíØóÇäúíóÇ» ÊóÍúÊóÑöãõ äöÙóÇãó ÇáúãöáúßöíøóÉö Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö¡ ÈöÏóÇÝöÚò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÚúÊóÞóÏö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ãóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÊóãúáöíßö Çááøóåö ÅöíøóÇåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ãõáõæßó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÇÕúØöÝóÇÁò ãöäó Çááøóåö.
æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì ãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏö ÈóíóÇäöåö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ãõáõæßó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ÃóãúÑó ÇáÑøóÚöíøóÉö áöÃóäøó ØóÇáõæÊó ãóáößðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó ãóÇáößðÇ áöÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú.
ÈóíúäóãóÇ ãõáúßõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõáúßõ ÎóáúÞò æóÅöíÌóÇÏò æóÊóÕóÑøõÝò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáøóåö ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÎúáõÞõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ íóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÇáÐøõßõæÑó Ãóæú íõÒóæøöÌõåõãú ÐõßúÑóÇäðÇ æóÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóÌúÚóáõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÚóÞöíãðÇ Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÞóÏöíÑñ [42 \ 49 - 50] .
æóÚóáöíãñ ÞóÏöíÑñ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóíóÊóÕóÑøóÝõ Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ÈöÚöáúãò æóÚóäú ÞõÏúÑóÉò ßóÇãöáóíúäö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [57 \ 2] .
æóÊóÙúåóÑõ ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ Ðóáößó ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Çáúíóæúãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ ÝóíóÊóáóÇÔóì ßõáøõ ãõáúßò Þóáøó Ãóæú ßóËõÑó¡ æóíõÐóáøõ ßõáøõ ãóáößò ßóÈõÑó Ãóæú ÕóÛõÑó¡ æóáóãú íóÈúÞó ÅöáøóÇ ãõáúßõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íóæúãó åõãú ÈóÇÑöÒõæäó áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ãöäúåõãú ÔóíúÁñ áöãóäö Çáúãõáúßõ Çáúíóæúãó áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö [40 \ 16] .(9/176)
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö: ãóÇáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö [1 \ 4] .
æóÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì: «ãóáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö» [1 \ 4] .
Ýöí ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö ãóÚðÇ ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó ãõáúßö Çááøóåö æóãõáúßö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ ßóÇáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó Çáúãóáößö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö æóÇáúãóáößö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøö¡ ÅöÐö Çáúãóáößõ ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøõ áóÇ íóãúáößõ¡ æóÇáúãóáößõ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ¡ Ýóåõæó Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö ãóáóßõæÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóÅöáóíúåö ÊóÑúÌöÚõ ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞõ ßõáøõåõãú.
æóãóäú ßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÕöÝóÇÊõåõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ áöÃóäú íõÚúÈóÏó æóÍúÏóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑóßó ãóÚóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÔöÚóÇÑõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Ýöí ÇáÑøõßúäö ÇáúÎóÇãöÓö ãöäú ÃóÑúßóÇäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ Íöíäó íõåöáøõ ÈöÇáÊøóáúÈöíóÉö: Åöäøó ÇáúÍóãúÏó æóÇáäøöÚúãóÉó áóßó æóÇáúãõáúßó áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö
. åóÐöåö åöíó ÇáúãóÑúÊóÈóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ Ýöí ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÚõÈõæÏöíøóÉö¡ æóÅöÝúÑóÇÏö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉö¡ ÇáøóÊöí ÚóäóÇåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝöíãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÞóÑøó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÑóÈøõåõ æóÎóÇáöÞõåõ¡ æóãõäúÚöãñ Úóáóíúåö ÃóæúÌóÏóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ æóÑóÈøóÇåõ ÈöÇáäøöÚóãö¡ áóÇ ÑóÈøó áóåõ ÓöæóÇåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÏóÑøóÌó ÈöÚöáúãöåö æóíóÞöíäöåö Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑö ÈöÃóäøó ÑóÈøóåõ åõæó ãóáöíßõåõ æóÇáúãõÊóÕóÑøöÝõ Ýöí ÃóãúÑöåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóãúáößõ åõæó äóÝúÓõåõ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóãúáößõ áóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ.
æóÃóäøó ßõáøó ÊóÕóÑøõÝóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ßõáøöåö ÈöÃóãúÑöåö ÝóáóÇ íóÕöáõ Åöáóíúåö ÎóíúÑñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÕúÑöÝõ Úóäúåõ ÖóÑóÑñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóãúÑöåö.
æóÚõÑöÝó Ýöí íóÞöíäò: Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÈúÏñ ãóãúáõæßñ áöãóäú ÈöíóÏöåö ãóáóßõæÊõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÊóæóÕøóáó ÈöÚöáúãöåö åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÕöÝóÇÊõåõ¡ ßóÇäó åõæó æóÍúÏóåõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ áöÅöÝúÑóÇÏöåö ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÈöÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö¡ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó.
Ýóíóßõæäõ Ýöí ÎóÇÊöãóÉö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö ÇäúÊöÒóÇÚõ ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö áöáøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÈöØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÅöáúÒóÇãö¡ ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÑúÓóáó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÑõÓõáóåõ¡ æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåö ßõÊõÈóåõ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäú íõÚúÈóÏó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ÞóÏú äóÈøóåó Úóáóì ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÎóÇÊöãóÉö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö¡ ÝóÅöäøóÇ áóæú ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì Ãóæøóáö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö æóÂÎöÑöåö áóæóÌóÏúäóÇ ÑóÈúØðÇ ÈóÏöíÚðÇ¡ ÅöÐú Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ ÇáËøóáóÇËõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö(9/177)
ÇáøóÐöí íõæóÓúæöÓõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö (5)
ãóæúÌõæÏóÉñ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö¡ ÝóÇÊøóÝóÞóÊö ÇáúÎóÇÊöãóÉõ ãóÚó ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ÅöÐú Ýöí ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ æóãóáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ ÝóÌóÇÁóÊú ÕöÝóÉõ ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö æóÇáúãõáúßö æóÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÇáúÌóáóÇáóÉö.
æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÎóÇÊöãóÉõ ÇáÔøóÑöíÝóÉõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÚóæúÏò Úóáóì ÈóÏúÁò¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ßõáøóåõ ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäõ Ðóáößó ÔóÑúÍñ æóÈóíóÇäñ áöÊóÞúÏöíÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúßóÈöíÑö.
æóÓóíóÃúÊöí áöÐóáößó ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí ÇáäøöåóÇíóÉö¡ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ÔóÑøö ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö
. ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÕöíÛóÉõ ãõÈóÇáóÛóÉò ãöäó ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö æóÇáúÎóäúÓö¡ ÈöÓõßõæäö Çáäøõæäö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö æóÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö áõÛóÉð æóÔóÑúÚðÇ¡ Ãóíö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÚöäúÏó ßóáóÇãöåö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóæóÓúæóÓó Åöáóíúåö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÞóÇáó íóÇÂÏóãõ åóáú ÃóÏõáøõßó Úóáóì ÔóÌóÑóÉö ÇáúÎõáúÏö ÇáúÂíóÉó [20 \ 120] .
æóÈóíøóäó ãõÔúÊóÞøóÇÊöåöãóÇ æóÃóÕúáó ÇÔúÊöÞóÇÞöåöãóÇ¡ æóåõæó íóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉó: ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÎóÝöíøõ. æóÇáúÎóäúÓó: ÇáÊøóÃóÎøõÑõ¡ ßóãóÇ Êóßóáøóãó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÇÌúÊóãóÚó ÇáúãóÚúäóíóÇäö ÇáúãõÊóäóÇÝöíóÇäö.
áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓó: ßóËöíÑõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö¡ áöíõÖöáøó ÈöåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó. æóÇáúÎóäøóÇÓõ: ßóËöíÑõ ÇáÊøóÃóÎøõÑö æóÇáÑøõÌõæÚö Úóäú ÅöÖúáóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøó áößõáøö ãóÞóÇãò ãóÞóÇáðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó íõæóÓúæöÓõ ÚöäúÏó ÛóÝúáóÉö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÑóÈøöåö¡ ÎóÇäöÓñ ÚöäúÏó ÐößúÑö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ÑóÈøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ßóãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö äõÞóíøöÖú áóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõ ÞóÑöíäñ [43 \ 36] ¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö. ÇåÜ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí íõæóÓúæöÓõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö
. ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáÙøóÑúÝö åõäóÇ¡ åóáú åõæó ÙóÑúÝñ áöáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÍöíäóãóÇ íõæóÓúæöÓõ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö¡ æóíõæóÓúæöÓõ áöáúÞóáúÈö¡ Ãóæú åõæó ÙóÑúÝñ áöáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö. æóíóßõæäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÕøõÏõæÑö ÇáúÞõáõæÈó ; áößóæúäöåóÇ ÍóÇáóÉð Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúãóÍóáøö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÍóÇáøö Úóáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÌóÇÑò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøóÉö.(9/178)
æóÚóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóÏúÚõ äóÇÏöíóåõ [96 \ 17] ¡ ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáäøóÇÏöíó¡ æóÃóÑóÇÏó ãóäú íóÍöáøõ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúãö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÈóÍúËõ ÊóÚúÏöíóÉö ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö ÊóÇÑóÉð ÈöÅöáóì æóÊóÇÑóÉð ÈöÇááøóÇãö¡ ÝóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö: ÝóæóÓúæóÓó áóåõãóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ [7 \ 20] ¡ æóÝöí Øå: ÝóæóÓúæóÓó Åöáóíúåö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ [20 \ 120] .
æóÍóÇÕöáõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÃóÍóÏõ ÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäøó ÍõÑõæÝó ÇáúÌóÑøö íóäõæÈõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÔóæóÇåöÏóåõ¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó æóÓúæóÓó¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóÌúáöåö æóæóÓúæóÓó Åöáóíúåö Ãóíú Ãóäúåóì Åöáóíúåö ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉó¡ æóáóßöäú åõäóÇ ÞóÇáó: Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú: Åöáóì ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Ýóåóáú åõæó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö äöíóÇÈóÉö ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúÌóÑøö ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖò ÃóíúÖðÇ¿ Ãóãú åöíó ÙóÑúÝñ ãóÍúÖñ¿
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÙóÑúÝñ¡ æóáóßöäú åóáú ãöäó ÇáÙøóÑúÝö áöáúæóÓúæóÇÓö¡ Ãóæú ÙóÑúÝñ áöáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö äóÝúÓöåóÇ¿
æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ßóáóÇãö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ßóáóÇãó ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò íóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑó ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ÈöÏõæäö ÊóÚúíöíäò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóáõæÓöíøõ¡ ÝóÕóÑøóÍóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÙóåóÑó áóåõãóÇ æóæóÕóáóÇ Åöáóíúåö.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÞóÇÊöáñ: Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉö ÎöäúÒöíÑò íóÌúÑöí ãöäú ãóÌúÑóì ÇáÏøóãö Ýöí ÇáúÚõÑõæÞö¡ ÓóáøóØóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó: «Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó áóíóÌúÑöí ãöäö ÇÈúäö ÂÏóãó ãóÌúÑóì ÇáÏøóãö ÝóÖóíøöÞõæÇ ãóÌóÇÑöíóåõ» .
æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÃóÈóÇ ËóÚúáóÈóÉó ÇáúÎõÔóäöíøó ÞóÇáó: ÓóÃóáúÊõ ÑóÈøöí Ãóäú íõÑöíóäöí ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó¡ æóãóßóÇäóåõ ãöäö ÇÈúäö ÂÏóãó¡ ÝóÑóÃóíúÊõåõ íóÏóÇåõ Ýöí íóÏóíúåö¡ æóÑöÌúáóÇåõ Ýöí ÑöÌúáóíúåö¡ æóãóÔóÇÚöíåö Ýöí ÌóÓóÏöåö¡ ÛóíúÑó Ãóäú áóåõ ÎóØúãðÇ ßóÎóØúãö ÇáúßóáúÈö¿ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåó ÎóäóÓó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóßóÊó Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö ÃóÎóÐó ÈöÞóáúÈöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóáõæÓöíøõ ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇáøóÐöí íõæóÓúæöÓõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö. Þöíáó: ÃõÑöíÏó ÞõáõæÈõåõãú ãóÌóÇÒðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó íóÏúÎõáõ ÇáÕøóÏúÑó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáÏøöåúáöíÒö¡ ÝóíõáúÞöí ãöäúåõ ãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ ÅöáúÞóÇÁóåõ Åöáóì ÇáúÞóáúÈö æóíõæóÕøöáõåõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ÚóÞúáðÇ ãöäú ÏõÎõæáöåö Ýöí ÌóæúÝö ÅöäúÓóÇäò. æóÓóÇÞó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÃóíúÖðÇ: «Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó íóÌúÑöí» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö.(9/179)
æóãõÑóÇÏõåõ ÈöÇáúãóÌóÇÒö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúãóÍóáøö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÍóÇáøö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãõÌóÇåöÏò Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ÌóÇËöãñ Úóáóì ÞóáúÈö ÇÈúäö ÂÏóãó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÓóåóÇ æóÛóÝóáó æóÓúæóÓó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåó ÎóäóÓó.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÏúÑó ÙóÑúÝñ áöáúæóÓúæóÇÓö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íõæÞöÚõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞóáúÈö. Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãõÌóÇåöÏò ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÝöí áóÝúÙö ÇáäøóÇÓö åõäóÇ ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö Åöáóíúåö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑõ: ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝñ Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÇáúÅöäúÓõ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáËøóÞóáóÇäö: ÇáúÅöäúÓõ æóÇáúÌöäøõ.
æóÅöäøó ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì ÇáúÌöäúÓö ãóÓúãõæÚñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ. ÞóÇáó Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõÍóÏøöËõ ÝóÌóÇÁó Þóæúãñ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóæóÞóÝõæÇ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ãóäú ÃóäúÊõãú: ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: äóÇÓñ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáö ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÕóÇÍöÈõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÈöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö áóÝúÙóíú ÑöÌóÇáò æóäóÝóÑò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÑöÌóÇáñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓö íóÚõæÐõæäó ÈöÑöÌóÇáò ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö [72 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐú ÕóÑóÝúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó äóÝóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö.
æóÚóáóíúåö íóßõæäõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐõ ãöäúåõ íõæóÓúæöÓõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÔóíúÎõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíøóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó: æóáóßöäøóåõ ÑóÏøóåõ æóÖóÚøóÝóåõ ; áöÃóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÙúåóÑõ æóÃóÔúåóÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÓö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÞóÓóãó ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÞöÓúãðÇ ãöäúåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÞóÓöíãó ÇáúÌöäøö¡ æóíóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúÌöäøó äóæúÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÇåÜ. ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóÚóáóì ßõáøò ÝóÅöäøó ãóäúåóÌó ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö Ãóäøó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÍúÊóãóáðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöÃóÍóÏö ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáóíúäö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ßóËúÑóÉó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåö ÅöíøóÇåõ Êóßõæäõ ãõÑóÌøóÍðÇ¡ æóÌóãöíÚõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáóÝúÙö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÅöäúÓö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóáóãú ÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáú æóáóÇ ãóÑøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÌöäøö ãóÚó ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóÍúÏóåóÇ ÎóãúÓó ãóÑøóÇÊò¡ ÍóÊøóì ÓõãøöíóÊú ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáäøóÇÓö.(9/180)
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Úóáóì áóÝúÙóÊóíú ÑóÌõáò æóäóÝóÑò¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÏøóåõ ÔóíúÎõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíøóÉó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõãóÇ æóÑóÏóÇ ãõÞóíøóÏóíúäö «ÑöÌóÇáò ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö» ¡ «äóÝóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö» .
ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö Ýóáóãú íóÑöÏóÇ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ áóÝúÙõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåö ãõÞóíøóÏðÇ äóÇÓñ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö. ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ÝóáóÇ.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÍóíúËõ æóÑóÏó áóÝúÙõ ÇáäøóÇÓö åõäóÇ ãõØúáóÞðÇ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Íóãúáõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö ãóÚðÇ¡ Èóáú íóßõæäõ ÎóÇÕøðÇ ÈöÇáúÅöäúÓö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóíóßõæäõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö Ãóíú: Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ãóÚúäðì ÂÎóÑó Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÇáäøóÇÓö: æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÓöíó Úóäö ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ ÍõÐöÝóÊö ÇáúíóÇÁõ ÊóÎúÝöíÝðÇ áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓó áóÇ íõæóÓúæöÓõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí Íöíäö ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö æóÇáúÛóÝúáóÉö.
æóÚóáóíúåö íóßõæäõ ÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúíóÇÁö ßóÍóÐúÝöåóÇ ãöäó «ÇáÏøóÇÚö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóæúãó íóÏúÚõæ ÇáÏøóÇÚöí [54 \ 6] æóäóÍúæöåö.
æóáóßöäú íóÈúÞóì Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈóíóÇäõ ãóäö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáäøóÇÓöí¡ Ãóåõæó ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓö Ãóãú ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÎúÑõÌú Úóäö ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáóíúäö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóíúäö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ãöäú áóæóÇÒöãö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö.
æóíóÑöÏõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÌóãúÚõ ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö æóÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ áóÇ íõÖóÇÝõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÌóãúÚò¡ Ãóíú ÌóãúÚõ ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÏó áóíúÓó áóåõ ÌóãúÚñ ãöäó ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö¡ ÝóíõÞóÇÈöáõ ÇáúÌóãúÚó ÈöÌóãúÚò¡ Ãóæú íóßúÊóÝöí ÈöÇáúãõÝúÑóÏö ÈöãõÝúÑóÏò.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Åöáóì ÇáúãõËóäøóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÛóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãóÇ [66 \ 4] .
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: æóÍõÓúäõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõËóäøóì ÌóãúÚñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõËóäøóì¡ æóÇáÊøóËúäöíóÉõ Ïõæäó ÇáúÌóãúÚö.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
ÝóÊóÎóÇáóÓóÇ äóÝúÓóíúåöãóÇ ÈöäóæóÇÝöÐó ... ßóäóæóÇÝöÐö ÇáúÚõÈõØö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊõÑúÝóÚõõõ(9/181)
æóåóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓó æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÚóÈøöÑó Úóäö ÇáúãõËóäøóì ÈöÇáúãõËóäøóì¡ áóßöäú ßóÑöåõæÇ ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚó ÊóËúäöíóÊóíúäö ÝóÚóÏóáõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóËúäöíóÉó ÌóãúÚñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì æóÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö¡ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøöÚúÑö.
ßóÞóæúáöåö:
ÍóãóÇãóÉó ÈóØúäö ÇáúæóÇÏöíóíúäö ÊóÑóäøóãöí
íõÑöíÏõ ÈóØúäóíö¡ æóÛóáöØó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáÊøóÓúåöíáö ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó: æóäóÎúÊóÇÑõ ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏó Úóáóì áóÝúÙö ÇáÊøóËúäöíóÉö¡ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ÛóáøóØó ÇÈúäó ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåö ÌóæóÇÒó ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Åöáóì ÇáúãõÝúÑóÏö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøöÚúÑö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãóÚó ÇáúãõËóäøóì áößóÑóÇåöíóÉö ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáÊøóËúäöíóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÙóåóÑó ÈõØúáóÇäõ Þóæúáö ÃóÈöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ Ýöí ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÐößúÑõåõãóÇ. Ýóåõæó ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõãõ ÇáúÅöäúÓõ¡ æóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö [114 \ 6] ¡ ÈóíóÇäñ áöãóäú íóÞõæãõ ÈöÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö¡ Ãóíú: ÈóíóÇäñ áöáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö æóÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ßõáøò ãöäú æóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóíóÙúåóÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃõãõæÑò: ãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó áöáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóáöÃõãøóÊöåö ÊóÈóÚðÇ áóåõ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÙúåóÑõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóäóÇ áóæú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÇáúÃõæáóì ÚóÇãøóÉð áöãóäú íõæóÓúæöÓõ Åöáóíúåö ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓõ ãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãöäú æóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íõæóÓúæöÓõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáúÌöäøö. æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÚöíÏñ.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó áóÝúÙõ ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÔúãóáõ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó¡ áóãóÇ ÇÍúÊöíÌó Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö «ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö» ¡ æóÇßúÊóÝóì Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÈöãóÇ ÇßúÊóÝóì Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóßóÇäó íóßõæäõ ÇáøóÐöí íõæóÓúæöÓõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÍóáøö ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö «ÕõÏõæÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö» ¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö «ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö» ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ãõÞóÇÑóäóÉð áóØöíÝóÉð Èóíúäó ÓõæÑóÊóíö ÇáúãõÚóæøöÐóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãóÖóÑøóÉõ ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóåöíó ÂÝóÉõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú ãóÖóÑøóÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÅöäú ÚóÙõãóÊú¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÈöäóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö ãöäúåóÇ ÈöÕöÝóÇÊò ËóáóÇËò: ÇáÑøóÈøö¡ æóÇáúãóáößö¡ æóÇáúÅöáóåö¡ æóÅöäö ÇÊøóÍóÏó ÇáúãóØúáõæÈõ.(9/182)
æóÝöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö ãöäú ËóáóÇËò: ÇáúÛóÇÓöÞö¡ æóÇáäøóÝøóÇËóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÓöÏö¡ ÈöÕöÝóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò æóåöíó ÇáÑøóÈøõ¡ æóÅöäú ÊóßóËøóÑó ÇáøóÐöí íõÓúÊóÚóÇÐõ ãöäúåõ.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì áóÝúÊóÉñ ßóÑöíãóÉñ¡ ØóÇáóãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ÊóØóáøóÚúÊõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ýöí æõÌúåóÊóíú äóÙóÑò¡ ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ: Èóíúäó ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö¡ æóÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Èóíúäó ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóäóÓóÞö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö¡ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÅöíÑóÇÏõåõãóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì æõÌúåóÉö äóÙóÑö ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóáóÞö ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö ÈöÕöÝóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò æóåöíó «ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÝóáóÞö» .
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö ÈöËóáóÇËö ÕöÝóÇÊò¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐó ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃõãõæÑò¡ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐó ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÃóãúÑñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ ÝóáöÎóØóÑö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ ÇáËøóáóÇËõ.
æóíõÞóÇáõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐó ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÃõãõæÑñ ÊóÃúÊöí ãöäú ÎóÇÑöÌö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÊóÃúÊöíåö ÇÚúÊöÏóÇÁð Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ÔõÑõæÑðÇ ÙóÇåöÑóÉð¡ æóãöËúáõ Ðóáößó ÞóÏú íõãúßöäõ ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒõ ãöäúåõ Ãóæö ÇÊøöÞóÇÄõåõ ÞóÈúáó æõÞõæÚöåö¡ æóÊóÌóäøõÈõåõ ÅöÐóÇ Úõáöãó Èöåö. ÈóíúäóãóÇ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö íóÃúÊöíåö ãöäú ÏóÇÎöáöíøóÊöåö æóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ åóæóÇÌöÓõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö æóãóÇ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÏóÝúÚöåö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ íóÑóÇäóÇ æóáóÇ äóÑóÇåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ íóÑóÇßõãú åõæó æóÞóÈöíáõåõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóÇ ÊóÑóæúäóåõãú [7 \ 27] .
æóÞóÏú íõËöíÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÎóáóÌóÇÊö äóÝúÓöåö æóäóæóÇÒöÚó ÝößúÑöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌöÏõ áóåõ ÎóáóÇÕðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö æóÇááøõÌõæÁö Åöáóì ÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæõÌúåóÊóÇäö ÇááøóÊóÇäö äóæøóåúäóÇ ÚóäúåõãóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÃõæáóì Èóíúäó ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö æóåöíó ãöãøóÇ ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÅöÐú Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóáóÞö ÞóÇáó: Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÝóáóÞö [113 \ 1] ¡ æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúÝóáóÞö ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ Þóæúáóåõ: ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇ ãöäú ãóæúÌõæÏò Ýöí åóÐóÇ Çáúßóæúäö ÅöáøóÇ æóåõæó ãóÝúáõæÞñ Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö.
ÝóÝöí ÇáÒøóÑúÚö: ÝóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÍóÈøö æóÇáäøóæóì [6 \ 95] .
æóÝöí ÇáÒøóãóäö ÝóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÅöÕúÈóÇÍö [6 \ 96] .(9/183)
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò æóÎóáóÞó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ æóÈóËøó ãöäúåõãóÇ ÑöÌóÇáðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ æóäöÓóÇÁð [4 \ 1] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ßóÇäóÊóÇ ÑóÊúÞðÇ ÝóÝóÊóÞúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇÁö ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò Íóíøò ÃóÝóáóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÑóæóÇÓöíó Ãóäú ÊóãöíÏó Èöåöãú [21 \ 30 - 31] .
ÝóÑóÈøõ ÇáúÝóáóÞö ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÑóÈøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ ÝóÞóÇÈóáóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐö ãöäúåõ¡ ãöäú ÔóÑøö ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó.
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÐößúÑõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚóÇãøö áöáöÇåúÊöãóÇãö Èöåö¡ æóåõæó «ãöäú ÔóÑøö ÛóÇÓöÞò ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÈó» ¡ æó «ÇáäøóÝøóÇËóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÚõÞóÏö» ¡ «æóÍóÇÓöÏò ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÓóÏó» .
ÝóÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐõ Èöåö ÕöÝóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐõ ãöäúåõ Úõãõæãõ ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÌõãúáóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐö Èöåö ËóáóÇËõ ÕöÝóÇÊò åöíó ÕöÝóÇÊõ ÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáÑøóÈøõ æóÇáúãóáößõ æóÇáúÅöáóåõ.
ÝóÞóÇÈóáó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐó ãöäúåõ æóåõæó ÔóíúÁñ æóÇÍöÏñ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóåõæó ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓõ ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÎõØõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇÐö ãöäúåõ.
æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó ; áöÃóäøóäóÇ áóæú äóÙóÑúäóÇ Ýöí æóÇÞöÚö ÇáúÃóãúÑö áóæóÌóÏúäóÇ ãóÈúÚóËó ßõáøö ÝöÊúäóÉò æóãõäúØóáóÞó ßõáøö ÔóÑøò ÚóÇÌöáðÇ Ãóæú ÂÌöáðÇ¡ áóæóÌóÏúäóÇåõ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö. æóåõæó ãõÑúÊóÈöØñ ÈöÊóÇÑöíÎö æõÌõæÏö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö.
æóÃóæøóáõ ÌöäóÇíóÉò æóÞóÚóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì áóãøóÇ ßóÑøóãó ÂÏóãó¡ ÝóÎóáóÞóåõ ÈöíóÏöåö æóÃóÓúÌóÏó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó áóåõ æóÃóÓúßóäóåõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó åõæó æóÒóæúÌóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÚõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÚúÑóì¡ æóáóÇ íóÙúãóÃõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÖúÍóì¡ íóÃúßõáóÇäö ãöäúåóÇ ÑóÛóÏðÇ ÍóíúËõ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö ÇáúãóãúäõæÚóÉö¡ ÝóæóÓúæóÓó ÅöáóíúåöãóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÍóÊøóì ÃóßóáóÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóÏóáøóÇåõãóÇ ÈöÛõÑõæÑò¡ ÍóÊøóì ÃõåúÈöØõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú áöÈóÚúÖò ÚóÏõæøñ.
æóÈóÚúÏó ÓõßúäóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÃóÊóì ÇÈúäóíúåöãóÇ ÞóÇÈöíáó æóåóÇÈöíáó ÝóáóÇÍóÞóåõãóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö¡ ÍóÊøóì ØóæøóÚóÊú äóÝúÓõ ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÞóÊúáó ÃóÎöíåö ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÏöãöíäó.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÈöÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö ÈöÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö ÍóÊøóì íõÑúÈößóåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóíõåúáößóåõ Ýöí(9/184)
ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóáóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöäó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÌöÓúÑðÇ áößõáøö ãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ. æóåóÇ åõæó íõÚöíÏõ ÇáúßóÑøóÉó Ýöí äóÒúÚö ÇááøöÈóÇÓö Úóäú ÃóÈóæóíúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÝóíóäúÊóÒöÚõåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ Ýöí Ùöáøö ÈóíúÊö Çááøóåö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö Ýöí ØóæóÇÝöåöãú ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõ íõÛúæöíåö¡ æóÚóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Ýöí ßõáøö ÒóãóÇäò æóãóßóÇäò áöíõÎúÑöÌóåõ Úóäö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉö ßóãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÃóÈóæóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõ íóÌúáöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÎóíúáöåö æóÑóÌúáöåö ÈóÇÑøðÇ ÈöÞóÓóãöåö Èóíúäó íóÏóíö Çááøóåö ÈöÚöÒøóÊöåö áóíõÛúæöíäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó.
æóÅöäøó ÃóÎúØóÑó ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúÝóÓóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚóÇÊö áóåöíó Úóäö ÇáúãóÇáö Ãóæö ÇáÏøóãö Ãóæö ÇáúÚöÑúÖö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÍóÌøóÉö ÇáúæóÏóÇÚö: «ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÏöãóÇÁóßõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóßõãú æóÃóÚúÑóÇÖóßõãú Úóáóíúßõãú ÍóÑóÇãñ ßóÍõÑúãóÉö íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö.
æóåóáú æõÌöÏóÊú ÌöäóÇíóÉñ Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö¿ Çááøóåõãøó áóÇ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúãóæúÞöÝó ÌóáöíøðÇ Ýöí ãóÞóÇáóÉö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÇáúÈóáöíÛóÉö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍóÉö: æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áóãøóÇ ÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó æóÚóÏóßõãú æóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóæóÚóÏúÊõßõãú ÝóÃóÎúáóÝúÊõßõãú æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöí Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäú ÓõáúØóÇäò ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÊõßõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúÊõãú áöí ÝóáóÇ Êóáõæãõæäöí æóáõæãõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈöãõÕúÑöÎößõãú æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÈöãõÕúÑöÎöíøó Åöäøöí ßóÝóÑúÊõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßúÊõãõæäöí ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 22] .
æóáöÞóÏú Úóáöãó ÚóÏõæøõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ãóäøó ÃóÎúØóÑó ÓöáóÇÍò Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö åõæó ÇáÔøóßøõ æóáóÇ ØóÑöíÞó Åöáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó Úóäú ÅöÈúáöíÓó ãõåöãøóÊóåõ æóÑóÇÍó íõæóÓúæöÓõ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí Ïöíäöåöãú æóÝöí ÏõäúíóÇåõãú¡ æóíõÔóßøößõåõãú Ýöí ÞõÏúÑóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãõÓúÊóÞöáøöíäó Úóäúåõ¡ æóíõÔóßøößõåõãú Ýöí ÞõÏúÑóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞóÏøõãö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúáóÇáö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøö¡ Èóáú æóÝöí ÇÓúÊöØóÇÚóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÈúÏóÇÚö æóÇáöÇÎúÊöÑóÇÚö¡ áöíóÙóáøõæÇ Ýöí Ýóáóßöåö æóÏóÇÆöÑóÉö äõÝõæÐöåö¡ ÝóíóÈúÞóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó íóÏõæÑõæäó Ýöí ÍóáúÞóÉò ãõÝúÑóÛóÉò¡ íõÞóÏøöãõæäó ÑöÌúáðÇ æóíõÄóÎøöÑõæäó ÃõÎúÑóì.
æóÇáúãõÊóÔóßøößõ Ýöí äóÊöíÌóÉö Úóãóáò áóÇ íõÞúÏöãõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ Èóáú ãóÇ íóÈúäöíåö Çáúíóæúãó íóåúÏöãõåõ ÛóÏðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÚúáóäó Úóäú åóÐöåö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉö ÇáúÎóØöíÑóÉö ÑóÆöíÓõ ãõÄúÊóãóÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÔúÑöÞöíäó Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÞö ÇáúÃóæúÓóØö¡ ãõäúÐõ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ËóáóÇËöíäó ÚóÇãðÇ¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ ÇäúÚóÞóÏó ÇáúãõÄúÊóãóÑõ Ýöí (ÈóíúÑõæÊó) áöÚóÑúÖö äóÊóÇÆöÌö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú æóÏöÑóÇÓóÉö ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÊóÈúÔöíÑöåöãú.(9/185)
ÝóÊóÔóßøóì ÇáúãõÄúÊóãöÑõæäó ãöäú Ãóäøó áóåõãú ÒõåóÇÁó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð ãöäú Úóãóáöåöãõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÕöáö¡ áóãú íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæÇ Ãóäú íõäóÕøöÑõæÇ ãõÓúáöãðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÆöíÓõ ÇáúãõÄúÊóãóÑö: ÅöÐóÇ áóãú äóÓúÊóØöÚú Ãóäú äõäóÕøöÑó ãõÓúáöãðÇ¡ æóáóßöäö ÇÓúÊóØóÚúäóÇ Ãóäú äõæÌöÏó ÐóÈúÐóÈóÉð Ýöí ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ ÝóÞóÏú äóÌóÍúäóÇ Ýöí ÚóãóáöäóÇ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ãóäúåóÌõ ÇáúÚóÏõæøö¡ ÊóÔúßöíßñ Ýöí ÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áöíõæÌöÏó ÐóÈúÐóÈóÉð Ýöí ÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÝóÚóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö ÊóÇÑóÉð¡ æóÚóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÚóäú ÏóæóÇÝöÚö ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ æóÚóäö ÇÓúÊöÑúÞóÇÞö ÇáÑøóÞöíÞö¡ æóÚóäú æóÚóäú.
ÍóÊøóì æõÌöÏó ãöäú ÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãóäú íóÊóÎóØøóì ÍõÏõæÏó ÇáÔøóßøö Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö¡ æóÃóÎóÐó íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóì ãóÇ íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÚóÏõæøõ¡ æóãóÇ ÐóÇßó ßõáøõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÍóÕóÇÏõ æóäóÊóÇÆöÌõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö.
ÝóáóÇ ÛóÑúæó ÅöÐðÇ Ãóäú ÊõÌúãóÚó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ ÇáúÌóáöíáóÉõ ÇáËøóáóÇËõ: ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö 30 ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö 30 Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö.
åóÐöåö æõÌúåóÉõ ÇáäøóÙóÑö ÇáúÃõæáóì Èóíúäó ÓõæÑóÊóíö ÇáúÝóáóÞö æóÇáäøóÇÓö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæõÌúåóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ æóåöíó Èóíúäó ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóäóÓóÞö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö ãóÇáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö ÅöíøóÇßó äóÚúÈõÏõ æóÅöíøóÇßó äóÓúÊóÚöíäõ ÇåúÏöäóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó ÕöÑóÇØó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóäúÚóãúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú [1 \ 2 - 7] .
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÈöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈóËøõ ÇáØøõãóÃúäöíäóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞóáúÈö ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑö ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóãúÏö¡ ÚõäúæóÇäö ÇáÑøöÖóì æóÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö æóÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑö áöáøóåö ÈöÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑö áöáøóåö Èöãõáúßö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ Ëõãøó ÇáöÇáúÊöÒóÇãõ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóÇáöÇáúÊöÌóÇÁõ Åöáóíúåö ãõÓúÊóÚöíäðÇ Èöåö¡ ãõÓúÊóåúÏöíðÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó¡ ÓóÇÆöáðÇ ÕõÍúÈóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóíúåöãú.
Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [2 \ 2] Ãóíú: Åöäøó ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáøóÐöí ÊóäúÔõÏõåõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóäúÚóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóíõÞöíãõæäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú íõäúÝöÞõæäó æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó æóÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö åõãú íõæÞöäõæäó [2 \ 3 - 4] .
æóãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö: ÃõæáóÆößó áóÇ ÓöæóÇåõãú Úóáóì åõÏðì ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÍõæäó [2 \ 5] .(9/186)
Ëõãøó ÊóÊóÑóÓøóáõ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ Ýöí ÊóÞúÓöíãö ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÞúÓóÇãö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö: ãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóãõÐóÈúÐóÈöíäó Èóíúäó Èóíúäó¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó.
Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍõ æóåõæó Ãóæøóáõ äöÏóÇÁò Ýöí ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö áöÚõãõæãö ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ [2 \ 21] ¡ æóíõÞöíãõ ÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäó Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö áöáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÚóáóì ÅöãúßóÇäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 21 - 22] .
æóÈóÚúÏó ÊóÞúÑöíÑö ÇáúÃóÕúáö æóåöíó ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉõ¡ ÊóãúÖöí ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÝõÑõæÚö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÝóÊóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÃóÑúßóÇäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ßõáøöåóÇ æóÚóáóì ßóËöíÑò ãöäú ãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊö æóÇáúÌöåóÇÏö¡ æóÞóáøó ÈóÇÈñ ãöäú ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúÝöÞúåö ÅöáøóÇ æóáóåõ ÐößúÑñ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóíóÃúÊöí ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãõÈóíøöäðÇ áöãóÇ ÃõÌúãöáó ÝöíåóÇ Ãóæú áöãóÇ íõÐúßóÑõ ÖöãúäóåóÇ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÍóÊøóì íóäúÊóåöíó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈößóãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑöíÚóÉö æóÊóãóÇãö ÇáÏøöíäö.
æóáöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí æóÕúÝö ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏöíäó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö æóãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÍöÓóÇÈò æóÚöÞóÇÈò æóËóæóÇÈò - ÃõãõæÑõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÊóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáúíóÞöíäó - áöÊõÑóÊøöÈó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó Úóáóíúåö ËóæóÇÈðÇ Ãóæú ÚöÞóÇÈðÇ.
æóÇáËøóæóÇÈõ æóÇáúÚöÞóÇÈõ åõãóÇ äóÊöíÌóÉõ ÇáúÝöÚúáö æóÇáÊøóÑúßö.
æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ æóÇáÊøóÑúßõ: åõãóÇ ãóäóÇØõ ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó íóãúÊóËöáõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÑóÌóÇÁó ÇáËøóæóÇÈö¡ æóíóßõÝøõ Úóäú ãõÊóÚóáøöÞö Çáäøóåúíö ãóÎóÇÝóÉó ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö.
ÝóáóßóÃóäøó äóÓóÞó ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì ÖóÑõæÑóÉö ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÈóÇåõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÈóÏóÃó ÈöÇáúÍóãúÏö ËóäóÇÁð Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ æóÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÕóÇÍöÈöåö Èöåö¡ Ëõãøó äóÞóáóåõ ãöäú ÚóÇáóãö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Åöáóì ÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãõ ÞóÏúÑðÇ æóÎóØóÑðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÓóãó áóåõ ÇáØøóÑöíÞó ÇáøóÐöí Óóáóßóåõ ÇáúãõåúÊóÏõæäó Ãõåúáõ ÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãö æóÇáÑøöÖóì¡ Ëõãøó ÃóæúÞóÝóåõ Úóáóíúåö áöíóÓúáõßó ÓóÈöíáóåõãú.
æóåóßóÐóÇ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÈóÚúÏó ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÑúÔóÇÏö æóÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö Åöáóì äöåóÇíóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóæúÞóÝóåõ áöíóÞõæáó áóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÇØúãóÃúäóäúÊó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóÂãóäúÊó ÈöÇááøóåö ÑóÈøö(9/187)
ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ æóÇÚúÊóÞóÏúÊó ãóÌöíÁó íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóÚóÑóÝúÊó ØóÑöíÞó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏöíäó æóÑóÃóíúÊó ÃóÞúÓóÇãó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÇáËøóáóÇËö ãõÄúãöäöíäó æóßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó¡ æóäöåóÇíóÉó ßõáøò ãöäúåõãú¡ ÝóÇáúÒóãú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó¡ æóÓöÑú Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö æóÑóÇÝöÞú Ãóåúáó ÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãö¡ æóÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúãóÛúÖõæÈó Úóáóíúåöãú æóÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó¡ æóÇÍúÐóÑú ãöäú ãóÓúáóßö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÇáúãõÊóÔóßøößöíäó¡ æóÍóÇÐöÑú ßõáøó ÇáúÍóÐóÑö ãöäú ãõæÌöÈö Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓõ ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓõ¡ Ãóäú íõÔóßøößóßó Ýöí ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÇÊö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö ØóÑöíÞößó æóÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÊöåö Ãóæú Ýöí ÚöÕúãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈößó æóßóãóÇáöåö¡ æóßõäú Úóáóì íóÞöíäò ãöãøóÇ ÃóäúÊó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóäúÓó ÎóØóÑóåõ Úóáóì ÃóÈóæóíúßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ ÅöÐú åõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÏóÇÑö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö æóáóãú íóÓúáóãóÇ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÏóáøóÇåõãóÇ ÈöÛõÑõæÑò ÝóÍóÇÐöÑú ãöäúåõ æóáõÐú Èöí ßõáøóãóÇ Ãóáóãøó Èößó Ãóæú ãóÓøóßó ØóÇÆöÝñ ãöäúåõ¡ æóßõäú ßóÓóáóÝößó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö ÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõãú ØóÇÆöÝñ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÊóÐóßøóÑõæÇ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãõÈúÕöÑõæäó [8 \ 201] .
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ÚóÏóÇæóÊóåõ áóßó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏõ¡ æóÚóÏóÇæóÊõåõ äóÇÔöÆóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóÏö.
æóáóßóÃóäøó ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØó ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö áóíõÔöíÑó Åöáóì ãóäúÔóÃö Êöáúßó ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö æóÇÑúÊöÈóÇØöåóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö¡ ÅöÐú Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì: æóãöäú ÔóÑøö ÍóÇÓöÏò ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÓóÏó¡ ÝóÍóÓóÏó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÂÏóãó Úóáóì ÅößúÑóÇãö Çááøóåö ÅöíøóÇåõ ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ.
æóÇáúÚóÏõæøõ ÇáúÍóÇÓöÏõ áóÇ íõÑúÖöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ÒóæóÇáõ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö Úóäö ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö¡ æóáóÆöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÊóæúÈóÉõ ÂÏóãó åöíó ÓóÈöíáõ äóÌóÇÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÊóáóÞøóì ÂÏóãõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö ßóáöãóÇÊò ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö [2 \ 37] .
ÝóäóÌóÇÊõßó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ßóáöãóÇÊò ÊóÓúÊóÚöíÐõ ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÚóÏõæøößó: ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÈøó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÍóãõ ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ¡ æóãóáößó ÇáäøóÇÓö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÍúãöíåöãú æóíóÍúÝóÙõåõãú æóíóÍúÑõÓõåõãú. æóÅöáóåó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÃóáøóåõæäó Åöáóíúåö æóíóÊóÖóÑøóÚõæäó æóíóáõæÐõæäó Èöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ÎóØóÑó ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóåõãóÇ ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÔúÊóÑóßñ æóãõÊóÑóÈøöÕñ ÍóÇÞöÏñ ÍóÇÓöÏñ¡ ÝóãóÇ ØóÑöíÞõ ÇáäøóÌóÇÉö ãöäúåõ¿
ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ØóÑöíÞó ÇáäøóÌóÇÉö ÊóÚúÊóãöÏõ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú ÚõãõæãóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö.(9/188)
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÓóãöÚúÊõåõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ýóåõæó: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãõåöãøóÉõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö ÇáÊøóÔúßöíßó æóÇáÐøóÈúÐóÈóÉó æóÇáÊøóÑóÏøõÏó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÚõãõæãóÇÊö ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ÊõáúÒöãõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãó ÈöÇáúÚóÒúãö æóÇáúíóÞöíäö æóÇáúãõÖöíøö Ïõæäó ÊóÑóÏøõÏò ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÒóãúÊó ÝóÊóæóßøóáú Úóáóì Çááøóåö [3 \ 159] ¡ æóÇãúÊóÏóÍó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÈöÇáúÚóÒúãö æóÃóãóÑó ÈöÇáöÇÞúÊöÏóÇÁö Èöåöãú: ÝóÇÕúÈöÑú ßóãóÇ ÕóÈóÑó Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÚóÒúãö ãöäó ÇáÑøõÓõáö [46 \ 35] .
æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÏóÚú ãóÇ íóÑöíÈõßó Åöáóì ãóÇ áóÇ íóÑöíÈõßó» .
æóÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉõ ÇáúÝöÞúåöíøóÉõ «ÇáúíóÞöíäõ áóÇ íõÑúÝóÚõ ÈöÔóßøò» .
æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: «íóÃúÊöí ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áöÃóÍóÏößõãú æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóíóäúÝõÎõ Ýöí ãóÞúÚóÏóÊöåö¡ ÝóíõÎóíøóáõ Åöáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÍúÏóËó æóáóãú íõÍúÏöËú¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÕóÑöÝú ÍóÊøóì íóÓúãóÚó ÕóæúÊðÇ¡ Ãóæú íóÌöÏó ÑöíÍðÇ» .
æóãöäú åóäóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÊøóßóÇáöíÝõ ßõáøõåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ ÝóÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúíóÞöíäö.
æóÇáúÝõÑõæÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö áóÇ ÈõÏøó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøöíøóÉö «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÈöÇáäøöíøóÇÊö» .
æóÇáÔøóÑúØõ Ýöí ÇáäøöíøóÉö ÇáúÌóÒúãõ æóÇáúíóÞöíäõ¡ Ýóáóæú äóæóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÍóÖóÑó ÝõáóÇäñ ÊóÑóßóåóÇ¡ áóÇ ÊóäúÚóÞöÏõ äöíøóÊõåõ¡ æóáóæú äóæóì ÕóæúãðÇ Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó ÃóÝúØóÑó¡ áóÇ íóäúÚóÞöÏõ Õóæúãõåõ.
æóäóÕøó ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú äóæóì áöíóæúãö ÇáÔøóßøö Ýöí áóíúáóÊöåö ÇáÕøóæúãó ÛóÏðÇ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÕóÍøó ãöäú ÑóãóÖóÇäó Ýóåõæó áöÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ æóÅöáøóÇ Ýóåõæó äóÇÝöáóÉñ¡ áóÇ íóäúÚóÞöÏõ Õóæúãõåõ áóÇ ÝóÑúÖðÇ æóáóÇ äóÝúáðÇ ÍóÊøóì áóæú ÌóÇÁó ÑóãóÖóÇäõ áóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ áóåõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÞóÖóÇÄõåõ áöÚóÏóãö ÇáúÌóÒúãö ÈöÇáäøöíøóÉö.
æóÇáúÍóÌøõ: áóæú äóæóÇåõ áóÒöãóåõ æóáóÒöãóåõ ÇáúãõÖöíøõ Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ íóãúáößõ ÇáúÎõÑõæÌó ãöäúåõ ÈöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÚõÞõæÏö ãóÈúäóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóÒúãö ÍóÊøóì Ýöí ÇáúãóÒúÍö æóÇááøóÚöÈö¡ íõÄóÇÎóÐõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÚúÖö ßóÇáäøößóÇÍö æóÇáØøóáóÇÞö æóÇáúÚóÊóÇÞö.
Ýóãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ßóÇäóÊú ÏóæóÇÝöÚõ ÇáúÚóÒöíãóÉö ãõÓúÊóÞóÇÉñ ãöäó ÇáÊøóßóÇáöíÝö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÞúÖöí Úóáóì äóæóÇÒöÚö ÇáÔøóßøö æóÇáÊøóÑóÏøõÏö¡ æóáóãú íóÈúÞó Ýöí ÞóáúÈö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ãóÌóÇáñ áöÔóßøò æóáóÇ ãóÍóáøñ áöæóÓúæóÓóÉò.
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ íóÝöÑøõ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ.(9/189)
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ßõäúÊõ ÓóãöÚúÊõåõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÞóÏú ÚóáøóãóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÇÊøöÞóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓö æóãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóÏõæøõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓö ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉõ æóáóÇ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉõ ÇÏúÝóÚú ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäóåõ ÚóÏóÇæóÉñ ßóÃóäøóåõ æóáöíøñ Íóãöíãñ [41 \ 34] .
ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉó ÅöÓóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóíúåö ÊõÐúåöÈõ ÚóÏóÇæóÊóåõ¡ æóÊõßúÓöÈõ ÕóÏóÇÞóÊóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÏúÝóÚú ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÚóÏõæøõ ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöãøóÇ íóäúÒóÛóäøóßó ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö äóÒúÛñ ÝóÇÓúÊóÚöÐú ÈöÇááøóåö Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ [41 \ 36] .
æóåõæó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÂËóÇÑö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó íóÎúäóÓõ ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÐößúÑó Çááøóåö.
æóÚóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ÝóÅöäøó ÔóíúØóÇäó ÇáúÌöäøö íóäúÏóÝöÚõ ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÐóÉö ãöäúåõ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóíóßúÝöíåö Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ßóíúÏó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ßóÇäó ÖóÚöíÝðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäõ ÇáúÅöäúÓö Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ãõÕóÇäóÚóÉò æóãõÏóÇÝóÚóÉò æóÇáÕøóÈúÑö Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ íõÑúÔöÏõ Åöáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íõáóÞøóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÕóÈóÑõæÇ æóãóÇ íõáóÞøóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ðõæ ÍóÙøò ÚóÙöíãò [41 \ 35] .
ÑóÒóÞóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÌóãöíÚó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÍóÙøðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ Åöäøóåõ ÇáúãóÓúÆõæáõ¡ æóÎóíúÑõ ãóÃúãõæáò.
Ñóæóì ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÍóÏöíËó ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «ßóÇäó íóÊóÚóæøóÐõ ãöäú ÃóÚúíõäö ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊö ÇáúãõÚóæøöÐóÊóÇäö ÃóÎóÐó ÈöåöãóÇ æóÊóÑóßó ãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõãóÇ» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ: ÍóÓóäñ ÕóÍöíÍñ.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÃóÓúáóãöíøö¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÖóÚó íóÏóåõ Úóáóì ÕóÏúÑöåö Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: «Þõáú» : Ýóáóãú ÃóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ. Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áöí: «Þõáú» . ÝóÞõáúÊõ: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áöí: Þõáú. ÞõáúÊõ: ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÝóáóÞö ãöäú ÔóÑøö ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÍóÊøóì ÝóÑóÛúÊõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áöí Þõáú. ÞõáúÊõ: ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÍóÊøóì ÝóÑóÛúÊõ ãöäúåóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «åóßóÐóÇ ÝóÊóÚóæøóÐú ; æóãóÇ ÊóÚóæøóÐó ÇáúãõÊóÚóæøöÐõæäó ÈöãóËóáöåöäøó ÞóØøõ» .(9/190)
æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÃóæøóáðÇ æóÂÎöÑðÇ æóÕóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÃóÝúÖóáö ÎóáúÞöåö æóÃóßúÑóãöåöãú Úóáóíúåö¡ ãóäö ÇÕúØóÝóÇåõ áöÑöÓóÇáóÊöåö æóÔóÑøóÝóäóÇ ÈöÈóÚúËóÊöåö¡ æóÎóÊóãó Èöåö ÑõÓõáóåõ æóßóÑøóãóäóÇ Èöåö æóåóÏóÇäóÇ áöÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåö¡ æóÚóáóì Âáöåö æóÕóÍúÈöåö ÇáØøóíøöÈöíäó ÇáØøóÇåöÑöíäó¡ æóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóåõãú ÈöÅöÍúÓóÇäò Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóÚóáóíúäóÇ ãóÚóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó¡ Åöäøóåõ ÓóãöíÚñ ãõÌöíÈñ.(9/191)
ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáäøóÇÓöÎö æóÇáúãóäúÓõæÎö ãöäú Âíö ÇáÐøößúÑö ÇáúÍóßöíãö
ßóÊóÈóåóÇ ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáúæóÇáöÏö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÇáúÃóãöíäö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÃóÈúíóÇÊò áöáÓøõíõæØöíøö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÊúÞóÇäö æóäóÞóáúÊõåóÇ Úóäú ÎóØøöåö æóÞóÑóÃúÊõåóÇ Úóáóíúåö
äóÕøõ ÇáúÃóÈúíóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÊúÞóÇäö:
ÞóÏú ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöäó ÇáúãóäúÓõæÎö ãöäú ÚóÏóÏò ... æóÃóÏúÎóáõæÇ Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÇáöíÓó ÊóäúÍóÕöÑõ
æóåóÇßó ÊóÍúÑöíÑõ Âíò áóÇ ãóÒöíÏó áóåóÇ ... ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÍóÑøóÑóåóÇ ÇáúÍõÐøóÇÞõ æóÇáúßõÈóÑõ
(Âíõ ÇáÊøóæóÌøõåö 1) ÍóíúËõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ßóÇäó (æóÃóäú ... íõæÕóì áöÃóåúáöíåö 2) ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö ãõÎúÊóÕóÑõ
(æóÍõÑúãóÉõ ÇáúÃóßúáö ÈóÚúÏó Çáäøóæúãö ãóÚú ÑóÝóËò 3) ... (æóÝöÏúíóÉñ áöãõØöíÞö 4) ÇáÕøóæúãö ãõÔúÊóåöÑõ
(æóÍóÞøõ ÊóÞúæóÇåõ 5) ÝöíãóÇ ÕóÍøó ãöäú ÃóËóÑò ... (æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÞöÊóÇáñ 6) áöáúÃõæáóì ßóÝóÑõæÇ
(æóÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÏõ ÈöÍóæúáò ãóÚó æóÕöíøóÊöåóÇ 7) ... (æóÃóäú íõÏóÇäó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö æóÇáúÝößóÑõ 8)
(æóÇáúÍöáúÝõ 9) (æóÇáúÍóÈúÓõ áöáÒøóÇäöí 10) (æóÊóÑúßõ Ãõæáóì ... ßõÝúÑò 11) (æóÅöÔúåóÇÏõåõãú 12) (æóÇáÕøóÈúÑõ
13)
(æóÇáäøóÝóÑõ 14) (æóãóäúÚõ ÚóÞúÏò áöÒóÇäò Ãóæú áöÒóÇäöíóÉò 15) ... (æóãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÕúØóÝóì Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞúÏö ãõÍúÊóÙóÑõ 16)
(æóÏóÝúÚõ ãóåúÑò áöãóäú ÌóÇÁóÊú 17) (æóÂíóÉõ äóÌúÜ ... ÜæóÇåõ 18) (ßóÐóáößó ÞöíóÇãõ Çááøóíúáö 19) ãõÓúÊóØóÑ(9/195)
(æóÒóíúÏõ ÂíóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúÐóÇäö ãóäú ãóáóßóÊú 20) ... (æóÂíÉõ ÇáúÞöÓúãóÉö 21) ÇáúÝõÖúáóì áöãóäú ÍóÖóÑõæÇ
ÔóÑóÍóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
1 - Þóæúáõåõ: «Âíõ ÇáÊøóæóÌøõåö» ¡ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóíúäóãóÇ ÊõæóáøõæÇ ÝóËóãøó æóÌúåõ Çááøóåö ãóäúÓõæÎóÉñ Úóáóì ÑóÃúíö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóæóáøö æóÌúåóßó ÔóØúÑó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö.
2 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÃóäú íõæÕóì áöÃóåúáöíåö» : ÃóÔóÇÑó Èöåö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúßõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑó ÃóÍóÏóßõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ Åöäú ÊóÑóßó ÎóíúÑðÇ ÇáúæóÕöíøóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉó. ãóäúÓõæÎóÉñ¡ Þöíáó ÈöÂíóÉö ÇáúãóæóÇÑöíËö¡ æóÞöíáó ÈöÍóÏöíËö: «áóÇ æóÕöíøóÉó áöæóÇÑöËò» ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö. ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö.
3 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÍõÑúãóÉõ ÇáúÃóßúáö ÈóÚúÏó Çáäøóæúãö ãóÚú ÑóÝóËò» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó: ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáÕøöíóÇãõ ÇáúãõÊóÖóãøöäóÉó ÍõÑúãóÉó ÇáúÃóßúáö æóÇáúÌöãóÇÚö ÈóÚúÏó Çáäøóæúãö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Õóæúãö ãóäú ÞóÈúáóäóÇ ãóäúÓõæÎóÉñ ÈóÂíóÉö ÃõÍöáøó áóßõãú áóíúáóÉó ÇáÕøöíóÇãö ÇáÑøóÝóËõ Åöáóì äöÓóÇÆößõãú.
4 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÝöÏúíóÉñ áöãõØöíÞò» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó æóÚóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íõØöíÞõæäóåõ ÝöÏúíóÉñ ØóÚóÇãõ ãöÓúßöíäò ãóäúÓõæÎóÉñ ÈöÂíóÉö Ýóãóäú ÔóåöÏó ãöäúßõãõ ÇáÔøóåúÑó ÝóáúíóÕõãúåõ¡ æóÞöíáó ãõÍúßóãóÉñ æó «áóÇ» ãõÞóÏøóÑóÉñ¡ íóÚúäöí: æóÚóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõØöíÞõæäóåõ.
5 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÍóÞøõ ÊóÞúæóÇåõ» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ÍóÞøó ÊõÞóÇÊöåö ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú æóÞöíáó ãõÍúßóãóÉñ.
6 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÞöÊóÇáñ» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÞöÊóÇáò Ýöíåö æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÇáÔøóåúÑó ÇáúÍóÑóÇãó ãóäúÓõæÎóÇäö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇÊöáõæÇ ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ßóÇÝøóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁö Èúäö ãóíúÓóÑóÉó.
7 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÏõ ÈöÍóæúáò ãóÚó æóÕöíøóÊöåóÇ» íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÊóæóÝøóæúäó ãöäúßõãú æóíóÐóÑõæäó ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ æóÕöíøóÉð áöÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÊóæóÝøóæúäó ãöäúßõãú æóíóÐóÑõæäó ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ íóÊóÑóÈøóÕúäó ÈöÃóäúÝõÓöåöäøó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÔúåõÑò æóÚóÔúÑðÇ.õõ(9/196)
8 - Þóæúáõåõ: «æóÃóäú íõÏóÇäó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö æóÇáúÝößóÑõ» ¡ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊõÈúÏõæÇ ãóÇ Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú Ãóæú ÊõÎúÝõæåõ íõÍóÇÓöÈúßõãú Èöåö Çááøóåõ¡ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõßóáøöÝõ Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ.
9 - Þóæúáõåõ: «æóÇáúÍöáúÝõ» Ãóíö ÇáúãõÍóÇáóÝóÉõ¡ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÞóÏóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõßõãú ÝóÂÊõæåõãú äóÕöíÈóåõãú ãóäúÓõæÎóÉñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõæáõæ ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóæúáóì ÈöÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
10 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÇáúÍóÈúÓõ áöáÒøóÇäöí» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãúÓößõæåõäøó Ýöí ÇáúÈõíõæÊö ÍóÊøóì íóÊóæóÝøóÇåõäøó ÇáúãóæúÊõ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÌúáöÏõæÇ ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãöÇÆóÉó ÌóáúÏóÉò.
11 - Þóæúáõåõ: «æóÊóÑúßõ Ãõæáóì ßõÝúÑò» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäóåõãú Ãóæú ÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäúåõãú ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäö ÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ.
12 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÅöÔúåóÇÏõåõãú» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæú ÂÎóÑóÇäö ãöäú ÛóíúÑößõãú ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÔúåöÏõæÇ Ðóæóíú ÚóÏúáò ãöäúßõãú.
13 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóÇáÕøóÈúÑõ» íõÔöíÑõ Èöåö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóßõäú ãöäúßõãú ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÕóÇÈöÑõæäó íóÛúáöÈõæÇ ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö¡ ÇáúÂíóÉó. ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÂäó ÎóÝøóÝó Çááøóåõ Úóäúßõãú æóÚóáöãó Ãóäøó Ýöíßõãú ÖóÚúÝðÇ ÝóÅöäú íóßõäú ãöäúßõãú ãöÇÆóÉñ ÕóÇÈöÑóÉñ íóÛúáöÈõæÇ ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö æóÅöäú íóßõäú ãöäúßõãú ÃóáúÝñ íóÛúáöÈõæÇ ÃóáúÝóíúäö ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ ãóÚó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó.
14 - Þóæúáõåõ «æóÇáäøóÝóÑõ» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇäúÝöÑõæÇ ÎöÝóÇÝðÇ æóËöÞóÇáðÇ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁö æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑúÖóì Ãóæú áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúãóì ÍóÑóÌñ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ Ãóæú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó áöíóäúÝöÑõæÇ ßóÇÝøóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó.
15 - Þóæúáõåõ: «æóãóäúÚõ ÚóÞúÏò áöÒóÇäò Ãóæú áöÒóÇäöíóÉò» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáÒøóÇäöí áóÇ íóäúßöÍõ ÅáøóÇ ÒóÇäöíóÉð Ãóæú ãõÔúÑößóÉð æóÇáÒøóÇäöíóÉõ áóÇ íóäúßöÍõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÒóÇäò Ãóæú ãõÔúÑößñ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúßöÍõæÇ ÇáúÃóíóÇãóì ãöäúßõãú.
16 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «æóãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÕúØóÝóì Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞúÏö ãõÍúÊóÙóÑõ» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÍöáøõ áóßó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏõ. . . ÇáúÂíóÉó. ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÍúáóáúäóÇ áóßó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó.(9/197)
17 - Þóæúáõåõ: «æóÏóÝúÚõ ãóåúÑò áöãóäú ÌóÇÁóÊú» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÂÊõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÐóåóÈóÊú ÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõãú ãöËúáó ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ ãóäúÓõæÎñ¡ Þöíáó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÇáÓøóíúÝö¡ æóÞöíáó: ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉö.
18 - æóÞóæúáõåõ «æóÂíóÉõ äóÌúæóÇåõ» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞóÏøöãõæÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíú äóÌúæóÇßõãú ÕóÏóÞóÉð ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÌöÏõæÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ æóÈöÞóæúáöåö ÝóÅöÐú áóãú ÊóÝúÚóáõæÇ æóÊóÇÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßõãú.
19 - æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ßóÐóáößó ÞöíóÇãõ Çááøóíúáö» íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÒøóãøöáõ Þõãö Çááøóíúáó ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Úóáöãó Ãóäú áóäú ÊõÍúÕõæåõ ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúßõãú ÝóÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó ãöäúåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓöÎõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö.
20 - Þóæúáõåõ: «æóÒóíúÏõ ÂíóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúÐóÇäö ãóäú ãóáóßóÊú» . ÂíóÉõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúÐóÇäö áöíóÓúÊóÃúÐöäúßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãóáóßóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõßõãú æóÇáúÃóÕóÍøõ ÝöíåóÇ ÚóÏóãõ ÇáäøóÓúÎö¡ áóßöäú ÊóÓóÇåóáó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÈöåóÇ.
21 - «æóÂíóÉõ ÇáúÞöÓúãóÉö» æóÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑó ÇáúÞöÓúãóÉó Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäõ ÝóÇÑúÒõÞõæåõãú ãöäúåõ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÚóÏóãõ ÇáäøóÓúÎö.
æóãöËóÇáõ äóÓúÎö ÇáäøóÇÓöÎö ÂÎöÑõ ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÒøóãøöáö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÝóÑúÖö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÇäúÝöÑõæÇ ÎöÝóÇÝðÇ æóËöÞóÇáðÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ äóÇÓöÎñ áöÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÝøö¡ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÂíóÉö ÇáúÚõÐúÑö.
ÊóãøóÊú ÈöÍóæúáö Çááøóåö ÑöÓóÇáóÉõ ÝóÖöíáóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúÃóãöíäö ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕóÑóÉõ Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÃóÈöíøóÇÊö ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøö ÇáÑøóãúÒöíøóÉö ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóäøö. æóåöíó Úóáóì ÅöíÌóÇÒöåóÇ æóÇÎúÊöÕóÇÑöåóÇ ßóÇÝöíóÉñ ÔóÇÝöíóÉñ áöáØøóÇáöÈö ÇáÏøóÇÑöÓö ÃóãóáóÇåóÇ Úóáóíøó ÝóÖöíáóÊõåõ Ýöí Ðöí ÇáúÍöÌøóÉö ÓóäóÉó 1373 åÜ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÏóÑøöÓõ æóÇáúÈóÇÍöËõ ÇáúãõÏóÞøöÞõ æóÇáúãõäóÇÞöÔõ áöáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÝóÅöäøó åõäóÇßó ÇáúãõØóæøóáóÇÊö áöÊóÊöãøóÉö ÇáúÈóÍúËö áöÈóíóÇäö ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáäøóÓúÎö Úóáóì ãõäúßöÑöíåö¡ æóÈóíóÇäö ÍößúãóÉö ÇáäøóÓúÎö æóÈóíóÇäö ÃóÞúÓóÇãöåö¡ æóÞõæøóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓöÎö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉò¡ æóãóÑóÇÊöÈöåö ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉò Åöáóì ÖóÚúÝö æóÇáúÚóßúÓö. Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.(9/198)
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(*) ÞÇá ãõÚöÏø ÇáßÊÇÈ ááÔÇãáÉ: ÇáãÍÊæì ãä [ÕÝÍÉ 199 - 468] ãä åÐÇ ÇáÌÒÁ (ÇáÊÇÓÚ) Ýí Êáß ÇáØÈÚÉ (Ø: ÏÇÑ ÇáÝßÑ ááØÈÇÚÉ æÇáäÔÑ¡ ÈíÑæÊ¡ 1415åÜ - 1995ã) ¡ åæ ßÊÇÈ "ÏÝÚ ÅíåÇã ÇáÇÖØÑÇÈ Úä ÂíÇÊ ÇáßÊÇÈ"¡ ááãÄáÝ.. æÞÏ Êã ÍÐÝå ãä åÐå ÇáäÓÎÉ ÇáÅáßÊÑæäíÉ (ãäÚÇ ááÊßÑÇÑ) ¡ áÃäå ãÊæÝÑ ßßÊÇÈ ãÓÊÞá Öãä ßÊÈ åÐÇ ÇáÈÑäÇãÌ "ÇáãßÊÈÉ ÇáÔÇãáÉ"(9/199)
ÊóÑúÌóãóÉñ áöáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ
Ýöí ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÉò ÃõáúÞöíóÊú ãóæúÓöãó ËóÞóÇÝóÇÊö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö
ÃóáúÞóÇåóÇ æóÃóÚóÏøóåóÇ ÊöáúãöíÐõåõ ÚóØöíøóÉ ãõÍóãøóÏ ÓóÇáöã
Úóäú ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÉö æóÇáöÏöäóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúÃóãöíäö ÇáÔøöäúÞöíØöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ
ÈöÞóáóãö: ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóØöíøóÉ ãõÍóãøóÏ ÓóÇáöã ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÈöÇáúãóÍúßóãóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö(9/469)
ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøö áöÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÌóáóÇáö æóßóãóÇáö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁö¡ ÇáúãõÊóÝóÑøöÏö ÈöÇáÏøóæóÇãö æóÈöÇáúÈóÞóÇÁö. ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÎóáúÞó ãöäú ÚóÏóãò æóÞóÖóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö æóÇáúÝóäóÇÁö. æóÌóÚóáó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãóÒúÑóÚóÉó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÍóÕóÇÏóåóÇ ÇáËøóæóÇÈó æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÑõÓõáðÇ íõÈóáøöÛõæäó Úóäúåõ¡ Ýóåõãú Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÎóáúÞöåö æõÓóØóÇÁõ¡ æóÇÕúØóÝóì - ÎóÇÊóãóåõãú ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýóåõæó ÕóÝúæóÉõ ÇáúÃóÕúÝöíóÇÁö¡ ÈóÚóËóåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúÍóäöíÝöíøóÉö ÇáÓøóãúÍóÇÁö¡ ÃóØóáøó ÝóÌúÑõåóÇ ÈöãóßøóÉó ãöäú ÞöãøóÉö ÍöÑóÇÁò.
æóÃóÔúÑóÞóÊú ÔóãúÓõ äóåóÇÑöåóÇ ÈöØóíøöÈóÉö ÇáúÝóíúÍóÇÁö. ÙóáøóÊú ãõåóÇÌóÑó ÕóÍúÈöåö Ýöí ÃõáúÝóÉò æóæóÝóÇÁò¡ ÝóÊóÍóãøóáó ÇáÕøóÍúÈõ ÇáúßöÑóÇãõ ÊõÑóÇËóåõ - ãóÇ æóÑöËõæåõ ãöäúåõ åöÏóÇíóÉð æóÖöíóÇÁð - æóæóÑøóËõæåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú ÊóæúÑöíËó ÇáúÂÈóÇÁö áöáúÃóÈúäóÇÁö. æóÛóÏóÊö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉõ ãõÔúÑöÞóÉð ÃóäúæóÇÑõåóÇ íõÔöÚøõ ãöäúåóÇ áöáúÚóÇáóãö äõæÑñ æóÓóäóÇÁñ. æóÊóæóÇáóÊö ÇáúÃóÌúíóÇáõ Êöáúæó ÃóÌúíóÇáò ÅöäúÊóÇÌõåóÇ áöáúÚóÇáóãö ÕóÝúæóÉõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãöãøóäú ÞóÇãõæÇ áöáøóåö ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóÃóÎúáóÕõæÇ áöáøóåö ÕöÏúÞðÇ¡ æóäóÔóÑõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó Ýöí ÚöÝøóÉò æóÅöÈóÇÁò¡ äóåóáõæÇ ãöäó Çáúãóäúåóáö ÇáÕøóÇÝöí ãöäú ãóäúÈóÚöåö¡ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÎóÇáöØóåõ ÇáÊøõÑúÈõ Ãóæú ÊõßóÏøöÑóåõ ÇáÏøöáóÇÁõ¡ Ýöí ãóåúÈöØö ÇáúæóÍúíö ãóÍóØøõ ÑöÍóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÝöí ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö ÛõÏõæøõåõãú æóÑóæóÇÍõåõãú Ýöí ÛöÈúØóÉò æóåóäóÇÁò.
ÏóÑóÓõæÇ ßöÊóÇÈó Çááøóåö ÍõßúãðÇ æóÍößúãóÉð¡ ÍóÊøóì ÛóÏóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ áöãóÑúÖóì ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö ÔöÝóÇÁð¡ æóÊóßóÔøóÝóÊú ÍõÌõÈõ ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÝóÇäúÌóáóÊú ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÃóÔúãõÓñ æóÖöíóÇÁñ.
æóÊóÑóÓøóãõæÇ Óõäóäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ æóßóÐóÇßó ÓõäøóÉó ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö¡ æóßóÐóÇ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉõ æóÇáÊøóÇÈöÚõæäó ÝóÅöäøóåõãú áóåõãú Èöåöãú ÃõÓúæóÉñ æóÇÞúÊöÏóÇÁñ¡ Ýóåõãõ ÇáäøõÌõæãõ Ýöí áóíúáö ÇáÓøõÑóì¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóÇÉõ áöØóÇáöÈö ÇáúåõÏóì æóÃóÏöáøóÇÁõ¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ ÞõÏúæóÉõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö æóÚóáóì ÇáÏøöíäö ÃõãóäóÇÁõ.
æóäóÍúäõ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌöæóÇÑö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÃóÔóÏøõ ÅöÍúÓóÇÓðÇ ÈöãóßóÇäóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóÃóÓúÑóÚõ ÝóÑóÍðÇ Èöåöãú æóÃóÔóÏøõ ÍõÒúäðÇ Úóáóì ãóæúÊöåöãú¡ æóÃóáóãðÇ áöÝöÑóÇÞöåöãú¡ Åöäøó Ýöí ãóæúÊö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö áóÛõÑúÈóÉñ áöáúÛõÑóÈóÇÁö.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂáóÇãó ÊóÒúÏóÇÏõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõÒúäó íóÔúÊóÏøõ ÃóßúËóÑó æóÃóßúËóÑó ÍöíäóãóÇ äóßõæäõ ÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÇáöãó Ãóæú ÚóÇÕóÑúäóÇåõ¡ æóáóãóÓúäóÇ ÝóÖúáóåõ æóÇÓúÊóÝóÏúäóÇ Úöáúãóåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÏúÑõ ßõäøóÇ Ýöíåö ÓóæóÇÁð äóÍúæó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÚóÇãøóÉð¡ æóÔóíúÎöäóÇ ÇáúÃóãöíäö ÎóÇÕøóÉð.
æóÅöäøöí ßóÃóÍóÏö ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåö æóãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ÊóáóÇãöíÐöåö ÃóÞöÝõ Çáúíóæúãó ãõÚóÒøöíðÇ ãõÊóÚóÒøöíðÇ¡ æóãõÊóÑúÌöãðÇ ãõÊóÑóÍøöãðÇ¡(9/471)
æóÞóÏú ÚóÙõãó ÇáúãõÕóÇÈõ æóÚóÒøó Ýöíåö ÇáúÚóÒóÇÁõ¡ æóÃóÞõæáõ ãóÇ ÞóÏú ÞõáúÊõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÏöíåóÉö¡ ÚöäúÏóãóÇ ÓóÃóáóäöí ÓóÇÆöáñ ãöäú åóÐóÇ äõÚóÒøöíåö Ýöí ÇáÔøóíúÎö¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÈúíóÇÊó:
ÃóÞõæáõ áöáÓøóÇÆöáö áóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáó ... ãóäú ÐóÇ äõÚóÒøöí ÝöíãóÇ äóÒóáó
ßõáøõ ãóäú áóÇÞóíúÊó ÝóÚóÒøöåö ... æóÇÈúÏóÃú ÈöäóÝúÓößó Ýöí ÇáúÃõæóáö
ÚóÒøö ÇáúÌóãöíÚó ÈöãóæúÊöåö ... æóÃóÚúáöãúåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóØúÈó Ìóáóáñ
ãóæúÊõ ÇáúÚóÇáöãö ÑõÒúÁõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ... Ýöí ãóæúÊöåö íóÃúÊöí ÇáúÎóáóáõ
áóæú äóÒóáó ÇáÑøõÒúÁõ ÈöÞöãøóÉò ... ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö áóåóÏøó ÇáúÌóÈóáó
ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÊøóÚóÇÒöí Ýöí ÃóäøóäóÇ ... äõÑóÏøõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó
æóáóæö ÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó ÃóÍóÏñ ÇáúÚöÒøöíøóÉó áöÔóÎúÕöåö áóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøóåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÔúÎóÇÕò: ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ÈóÇÒò áöÒóãóÇáóÊöåö 21 ÓóäóÉð æóãóÇ áóåõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäú ãóäúÒöáóÉò¡ æóÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ÕóÇáöÍò Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ÚóÑóÝóåõ æóÊóÓóÈøóÈó Ýöí ÌõáõæÓöåö¡ æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÓøõãõæøö Çáúãóáóßöíøö ÇáúÃóãöíÑõ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö áöãóÍóÈøóÊöåö æóÊóÞúÏöíÑöåö.
äóÚóãú ÃóÞöÝõ ãõÚóÒøöíðÇ ãõÊóÚóÒøöíðÇ ãõÊóÑúÌöãðÇ ãõÊóÑóÍøöãðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÚöíóÇÖñ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ãóÔóÇíöÎöåö: " ãóÇ áóßõãú ÊóÃúÎõÐõæäó ÇáúÚöáúãó ÚóäøóÇ æóÊóÓúÊóÝöíÏõæäó ãöäøóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÐúßõÑõæäóäóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÊóÑóÍøóãõæäó ÚóáóíúäóÇ "¡ Åöäøóåõ ÑóÈúØñ ÃóÕöíáñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáúÚóÇáöãö¡ æóÊóäúÈöíåñ ÃóßöíÏñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝó ÈöÝóÖúáö ÇáúÚóÇáöãö ÔõßúÑñ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑñ áöäóÝúÓö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
ÑóÍöãó Çááøóåõ ÔóíúÎóäóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð æóÇÓöÚóÉð¡ æóÑóÍöãó Çááøóåõ ÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí ßõáøö ÒóãóÇäò æóãóßóÇäò.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇãó ÇáúÎóáóÝõ ÈöÍóÞøö ÇáÓøóáóÝö Ýöí ÍöÝúÙö ÊóÇÑöíÎöåöãú ÈöÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö áóåõãú ÎöÏúãóÉð áöÊõÑóÇËöåöãú æóÅöÍúíóÇÁð áöÐößúÑóÇåõãú æóãóÇ ÃõËöÑó Úóäö ÇáÓøóÎóÇæöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: " ãóäú æóÑøóÎó ãõÄúãöäðÇ ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÃóÍúíóÇåõ ". Ãóíú ãóäú ÊóÑúÌóãó áóåõ æóÃóÑøóÎóåõ. æóåóÇ åõãú ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö íõÚóÇíöÔõæäó ßõáøó Ìöíáò ÈöÓöíÑóÊöåöãú æóÊóÇÑöíÎöåöãú Ýöí ÃõãøóåóÇÊö ÇáúßõÊõÈö.
æóÅöäøöí áóÃóÚúÊóÞöÏõ ÍóÞøðÇ Ãóäøó ÊóÑóÇÌöãó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ãóÏóÇÑöÓõ ÇáúÃóÌúíóÇáö¡ Ãóíú Ýöí Úõáõæãöåöãú æóãóÚóÇáöãö ÍóíóÇÊöåöãú.
æóÅöäøó ãöËúáó ÔóíúÎöäóÇ ÇáúÃóãöíäö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ áóÍóÞöíÞñ ÈöÊóÑúÌóãóÊöåö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÝóÇÏóÉö ãöäú ãóäúåóÌö ÍóíóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÊóÚóáøõãöåö æóÊóÚúáöíãöåö.(9/472)
æóÅöäøöí áóÃóÓúÊóÚöíäõ Çááøóåó ÝöíãóÇ ÃõÞóÏøöãõ æóÃóÓúÊóáúåöãõåõ ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ:
Åöáóì ÑóÍúãóÉö Çááøóåö æóÍõÓúäö ÌöæóÇÑöåö
ÝóÞöíÏó ÇáúÚöáúãö íóÇ Úóáóãó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ... äóÚóÇßó ÇáúÚöáúãõ Ýöí ÍöáóÞö ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö
äóÚóãú ÝóÞóíúÏó ÇáÏøóÑúÓö íóÇ Úóáóãó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ... ¡ äóÚóÇßó ÇáÏøóÑúÓõ Ýöí ÝóÕúáö ÇáúãóÞóÇáö
ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åöáóì ÑóÍúãóÉö Çááøóåö æóÍõÓúäö ÌöæóÇÑöåö ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÉö æóÚóáóãõ ÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÇáúÌóáöíáõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÇáúåõãóÇãõ¡ Òößóíøõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ ÑóÝöíÚõ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ ßóÑöíãõ ÇáÓøóÌóÇíóÇ¡ Ðõæ ÇáúÎõáõÞö ÇáÑøóÒöíäö¡ ÚóÝøõ ÇáúãóÞóÇáö¡ ÍóãöíÏõ ÇáúÎöÕóÇáö¡ ÇáÊøóÞöíøõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ¡ æóÇáöÏõäóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ ÇáÔøöäúÞöíØöíøõ. ÊõæõÝøöíó ÖõÍóì íóæúãö ÇáúÎóãöíÓö 17 \ 12 \ 93 åÜ æóßóÇäóÊú æóÝóÇÊõåõ ÈöãóßøóÉó ÇáúãõßóÑøóãóÉö ãóÑúÌöÚóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ æóÏõÝöäó ÈöãóÞúÈóÑóÉö ÇáúãóÚúáóÇÉö¡ æóÕóáøóì Úóáóíúåö ÓóãóÇÍóÉõ ÑóÆöíÓö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÈóÇÒò Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóãö Çáúãóßøöíøö¡ ãóÚó ãóäú ÍóÖóÑó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈóÚúÏó ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáÙøõåúÑö ãöäú Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö.
æóÝöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÃóÍóÏö 20 \ 12 ÃõÞöíãóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈö ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö æóÕóáøóì Úóáóíúåö ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ÕóÇáöÍò Âáö ÕóÇáöÍò ÅöãóÇãõ æóÎóØöíÈõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö æóÑóÆöíÓõ ÇáÏøóÇÆöÑóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóãóÍóÇßöãö ãöäúØóÞóÉö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð¡ æóÕóáøóì Úóáóíúåö ãóäú ÍóÖóÑó ãöäó ÇáúÍõÌøóÇÌö ãóÇ áðÇ íõÍúÕóì ÚóÏóÏðÇ.
æóãöäú ÛóÑöíÈö ÇáÕøõÏóÝö æóÍõÓúäö ÇáÊøóÝóÇÄõáö Ãóäú íóÞúÑóÃó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßóÇäóÊú áóåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÇáúÝöÑúÏóæúÓö äõÒõáðÇ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ áóÇ íóÈúÛõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ ÍöæóáðÇ¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
æóÝöí ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÓóíóÌúÚóáõ áóåõãõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æõÏøðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÓóÃóáúÊõ ÝóÖöíáóÊóåõ Úóäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö Ãóåõæó ÞóÇÕöÏñ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóãõÎúÊóÇÑñ áóåóÇ¡ Ãóãú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÚóÝúæðÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÍóÝöÙóåõ Çááøóåõ: Èóáú ÚóÝúæðÇ¡ áöãõáóÇÍóÙóÉò ÚóáóíúåóÇ¿ ÞõáúÊõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÛúÑóÈö ÇáÕøõÏóÝö¡ áöÃóäøóßó ÕóáøóíúÊó Úóáóì ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÇáúÃóãöíäö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÝóÙóäóäúÊõ Ãóäøóßó ÞóÕóÏúÊó ÅöáóíúåóÇ. æóáóßöäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö¡ ÊóÛóãøóÏó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÝóÞöíÏó ÈöÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóÃóÓúßóäóåõ ÝóÓöíÍó ÌóäøóÊöåö Åöäøóåõ ÌóæøóÇÏñ ßóÑöíãñ ÑóÁõæÝñ ÑóÍöíãñ¡ ßóãóÇ Õõáøöíó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö æóÝöí ãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáÏøóæóÇÏöãöíøö.(9/473)
ãóÇÊó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÃóÍúíóÇ ÚõáõæãðÇ ÏóÑóÓóÊú¡ æóÎóáøóÝó ÊõÑóÇËðÇ ÈóÇÞöíðÇ¡ æóÑóÈøóì ÃóÝóæúÌðÇ ãõÊóáóÇÍöÞóÉð ÊõÚóÏøõ ÈöÇáúÂáóÇÝö ãöäú ÎöÑøöíÌöí ßõáøöíøóÇÊö æóãóÚóÇåöÏö ÇáúÅöÏóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö ÈöÇáÑøöíóÇÖö¡ æóÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö.
ãóÇ ãóÇÊó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÃóÕúÈóÍó áóåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÏóÇÆöÑóÉò ãöäú ÏóæóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÍõßõæãóÉö Ýöí ÃóäúÍóÇÁö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÇÈúäðÇ ãöäú ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåö¡ æóÝöí ÞõØúÑò ÅöÓúáóÇãöíøò ÈóÚúËóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚóËóÇÊö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö áöãöäóÍö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ÇáÊøóÚúáöãöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö.
ãóÇ ãóÇÊó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊóÑóßó Ýöí ßõáøö ãóßúÊóÈóÉò æóÝöí ßõáøö ãóäúÒöáò (ÃóÖúæóÇÁó ÇáúÈóíóÇäö) ÊõÈóÏøöÏõ ÇáÙøóáóÇãó æóÊóåúÏöí ÇáÓøóÈöíáó.
ÝóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ æóáóÇ íõÚóÇáöí ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: ãóÇ ãóÇÊó ãóäú ÎóáøóÝó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøõÑóÇËö¡ æóÃóÏøóì Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉó Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö¡ íõÈúÞöí ÃóËóÑðÇ ÎóÇáöÏðÇ Úóáóì ãóÑøö ÇáúÃóÌúíóÇáö æóÇáúÞõÑõæäö.
áóÞóÏú ÃóÏøóì ÑöÓóÇáóÉð ÚõÙúãóì¡ æóÇäúÊóÞóáó Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÝöíÞö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì áöíóÍúÕõÏó ãóÇ ÒóÑóÚó æóíóÌúäöíó ËöãóÇÑó ãóÇ ÛóÑóÓó¡ æóíóäúÚóãó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð æóÇÓöÚóÉð.
áóÞóÏú ÚóÇÔó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ãõäúÐõ Óöäöíäó Íöíäó ÞóÏöãó áöÃóÏóÇÁö ÝóÑöíÖóÉö ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ Ëõãøó ÇÚúÊóÒóãó ÇáúãõÞóÇãó æóÚóãöáó Ýöí ßõÈúÑóíóÇÊö ãóÚóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÌóÇãöÚóÇÊöåö¡ æóÃóáøóÝó æóÍóÇÖóÑó¡ æóáóãú ÊõßúÊóÈú Úóäúåõ ßóáöãóÉñ æóáóãú íóßõäú íóÑúÖóì ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Úóäúåõ. áóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõ ÊõÊóÑúÌöãõ Úóäúåõ æóãõÄóáøóÝóÇÊõåõ ÊõÚóÑøöÝõ Èöåö ÍóÊøóì ÚóÑóÝóåõ ÇáÕøóÛöíÑõ æóÇáúßóÈöíÑõ æóÇáúÞóÇÕöí æóÇáÏøóÇäöí¡ æóÇáúÚóÇáöãõ æóÇáúÚóÇãøöíøõ¡ Ýóáóãú Êóßõäú æóÝóÇÊõåõ ÑõÒúÁðÇ Úóáóì ÝóÑúÏò Ãóæú ÃõÓúÑóÉò Ãóæú ÌóãóÇÚóÉò Ãóæú ÞõØúÑò¡ æóáóßöäú Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ßõáøöåö.
æóãóÇ ßóÊóÈúÊõ Úóäúåõ Óöæóì ßóáöãóÉò ãõæÌóÒóÉò ÇÓúÊóÞóíúÊõåóÇ ãöäúåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÚöäúÏó ØóÈúÚö Ãóæøóáö ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÉò áóåõ ÈöÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö æóØõÈöÚóÊú Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÊöåóÇ.
æóãóÇÊó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóáóãú íõßúÊóÈú Úóäúåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÚúÑöíÝñ ãõæÌóÒñ ÈöÇáäøóÔúÃóÉö æóÇáúãóæúáöÏö æóãóÇ Åöáóì Ðóáößó.
æóÇáúÂäó æóÞóÏú ÊóÍóÊøóãóÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ Úóäúåõ áóÇ ÊóÚúÑöíÝðÇ Èöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÚúÑóÝõ ãöäú Ãóäú íõÚúÑóÝó¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáúÚóáóãõ ÇáúÎóÝøóÇÞõ¡ æóÇáØøóæúÏõ ÇáúÃóÔóãøõ¡ æóÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÇáúãõÔúÑöÞóÉõ ÝóáóíúÓóÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ áöáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö¡ æóáóßöäú áöÑóÓúãö ÎõØóÇåõ æóÈóíóÇäö ãóäúåóÌöåö¡ ãöãøóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäúåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóáóãóÓúÊõåõ ãöäú ÍóíóÇÊöí ãóÚóåõ ÇáúãõÏøóÉó ÇáØøóæöíáóÉó. æóÅöäøöí(9/474)
áóÃõÓóÌøöáõ åóÐóÇ Úóäúåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ áöáúÞóÑöíÈö æóÇáúÈóÚöíÏö¡ áößõáøö ãóäú ÚóÑóÝóåõ ÚóÇáöãðÇ æóáóãú íóÚúÑöÝúåõ ØóÇáöÈðÇ Ãóæú ÚóÑóÝóåõ åõäóÇ æóáóãú íóÚúÑöÝúåõ åõäóÇßó Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåö¡ ÝóÃóÞõæáõ ÃóæøóáðÇ: Åöäøöí áóÇ ÃóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÅöíÝóÇÁó ÇáúãóÞóÇãö ÍóÞøóåõ áöÚöÙóãö ãóÞóÇãöåö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóßóÈöíÑö ãóäúÒöáóÊöåö¡ æóÅöäøó ßõáøó ßöÊóÇÈóÉò Úóäú Ãóíøö ÔóÎúÕò ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÐóÇÊó ÌóÇäöÈóíúäö:
ÌóÇäöÈõ ÊóÑúÌóãóÉò áóåõ æóÈóíóÇäò áöÍóÞöíÞóÊöåö æóÊóÚúÑöíÝò ÈöÔóÎúÕöåö æóãóäúÒöáóÊöåö¡ æóÌóÇäöÈõ ÓöíÑóÊöåö æóãóäúåóÌöåö. ÈöãóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó äóåúÌðÇ íõÓóÇÑõ Úóáóíúåö æóãóäúåóÌðÇ íõÞúÊóÏóì Èöåö æóãõÄóËøöÑðÇ íõÄóËøöÑõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ãöãøóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáÓøóíúÑó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáöåö æóÇáäøóÓúÌó Úóáóì ãöäúæóÇáöåö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÝóÇÏóÉó ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇáöåö æóÃóÝúÚóÇáöåö.
æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ Úóäú Ãóíøö ÔóÎúÕò ãöäú åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÌóÇäöÈóíúäö ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÔóÎúÕöíøóÊöåö Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇÒö ÕõæÑóÊöåö æóÈóíóÇäö ãóßóÇäóÊöåö æóÝöíåóÇ ÊóÞúíöíãõåõ Ýöí ÚóÙóãóÊöåö Ãóæú ÊóæóÓøõØöåö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóíøõ ÚóÇáöãò Ãóæú ØóÇáöÈö Úöáúãò ÝóÅöäøó áóåõ ÔóÎúÕöíøóÉð ãõÒúÏóæöÌóÉð¡ Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÓõáõæßöåö ÇáúÚóÇãøö. æóÍóíóÇÊöåö ÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö Ýöí ØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóãóäúåóÌöåö Ýöí ÊóÍúÕöíáöåö æóäóÔúÑöåö¡ æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö Êóßõæäõ Úóäö ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáÓøöíÑóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ãóËøóáóÊö ÇáúãóßúÊóÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉõ ÈöÊóÑóÇÌöãö æóÓöíóÑö ÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãö ãöäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ãöäú ÚóÕúÑö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú Åöáóì ÚõÕõæÑö ÇáÊøóÏúæöíäö æóÇãúÊóÏøóÊú Åöáóì Çáúíóæúãö¡ ÍöÝúÙðÇ áöáÊøõÑóÇËö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö¡ æóÊóÓúÌöíáðÇ áöáÑøóÚöíáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóáóãú Êóßõäö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ Úóäú Ãóíøö ÔóÎúÕò æóÇÝöíóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúßõÊøóÇÈö Úóäúåõ æóÊõÓúÊóÎúáóÕõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚö ãóÇ ßõÊöÈó Úóäúåõ¡ áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ßóÇÊöÈò Úóäú Ãóíøö ÔóÎúÕò áóäú íóÎúáõæó ãöäú ÃóÍóÏö ÃõãõæÑò ËóáóÇËóÉò:
1 - ÅöãøóÇ ãõæóÇáò ãõÊóÃóËøöÑñ: ÝóÞóÏú íóÞóÚõ ÊóÍúÊó ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúÚóÇØöÝóÉö¡ ÝóíóäúÙõÑõ ãöäú ÒóÇæöíóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò. ÝóíõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö
æóÚóíúäõ ÇáÑøöÖóÇ Úóäú ßõáøö ÚóíúÈò ßóáöíáóÉñ
".
2 - æóÅöãøóÇ ÒóÇæöíóÉõ ãõÚóÇÏò ãõäúÝóÚöáò: ÝóíóÞóÚõ ÊóÍúÊó ØóÇÆöáóÉö ÇáöÇäúÝöÚóÇáö ÝóíóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÊóÊöãøóÉõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö: "
ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Úóíúäó ÇáÓøõÎúØö ÊõÈúÏöí ÇáúãóÓóÇæöíóÇ
".
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ÈöÇáúÅöÛúÖóÇÁö¡ Ãóæú íóÊóÑóÏøóÏõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáÊøóÞúÕöíÑö. æóáöåóÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉõ ÇáúÝóÐøóÉõ Ïõæäó ßöÊóÇÈóÉò ÚóäúåóÇ ÝóíóÝúÊóÞöÏõåõ ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑõæäó æóíóÝúÞöÏõ ÓöíÑóÊóåõ ÇáúÞóÇÏöãõæäó. ÚöáúãðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÓöíÑóÉó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ãóÏúÑóÓóÉõ ÇáúÃóÌúíóÇáö.
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æóÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÃóÍóÞøó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Úóäúåõ åõãú ÊóáóÇãöÐóÊõåõ æóÃóÈúäóÇÄõåõ¡ æóÅöäøöí æóÅöäú ßõäúÊõ ÞóÏú ÃóßúÑóãóäöí Çááøóåõ ÈöÕõÍúÈóÊöåö æóØõæáö ãõáóÇÒóãóÊöåö áóíúáó äóåóÇÑò¡ æóßóËúÑóÉö ãõÑóÇÝóÞóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáÙøóÚúäö æóÇáúÃóÓúÝóÇÑö. ÏóÇÎöáó æóÎóÇÑöÌó ÇáúãóãúáóßóÉö. æóÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäúåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÇáúßóËöíÑó æóÇáúßóËöíÑó ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøöí áóÃóÌöÏõäöí ÊóÊóÌóÇÐóÈõäöí ÚóæóÇãöáõ ÇáúÅöÞúÏóÇãö æóÇáúÅöÍúÌóÇãö. ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóÍúÖóÑúÊõ ßõáøó ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõåõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÊóÕóæøóÑúÊõ ßõáøó ãóÇ áóãóÓúÊõåõ Ýöíåö ÃóÌöÏõäöí ÃóÍóÞøó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Úóäúåõ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑúÊõ ãóßóÇäóÊóåõ æóÊóÑóÇÁóÊú áöí ãõäúÒöáóÊõåõ æóÃóÍúÓóÓúÊõ ÊóÃúËöíÑóåõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöí ÊóáóÇÔóÊú ãöäú Ðöåúäöí ßõáøõ ãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ÃóãóÇãó Êöáúßó ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉö ÇáúãöËóÇáöíøóÉö æóÊóÑóÇÌóÚóÊú ÈóÚöíÏðÇ Úóäú ãóíóÇÏöíäö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Úóäúåõ.
æóáóßöäú ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ßõáøõ ßóÇÊöÈò áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÊóÞúíöíãó ßõáøö ÔóÎúÕöíøóÉò ÊóÞúíöíãðÇ ÍóÞöíÞöíøðÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÎúÕö ÏóáóÇáóÉð ãõØóÇÈöÞóÉð¡ æóÝöí ÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉö. áóÇ ãõæÌöÒðÇ æóáóÇ ãõØúäöÈðÇ. ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÍóÇáõ ßõáøö ßóÇÊöÈò ãóÚó ßõáøö ÔóÎúÕò.
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ßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉõ Úóáóíúåö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ åöíó ÑóÃúÓõ ãóÇáöí Ýöí Ìõáøö ÊóÍúÕöíáöí¡ æóÚóáóíúåóÇ ÃóÓóÇÓõ ÏöÑóÇÓóÊöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøóÉö ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑóÇÊö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ. áöÃóäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãöíÚó ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúÝöÞúåö. æóÚóáóì ãóÈóÇÍöËöåóÇ ÊóäúØóÈöÞõ Ìõáøõ ÞóæóÇÚöÏö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö. æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ ãóäú íóÞõæáõ Åöäøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøõæóÑö íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÊóÝúÓöíÑðÇ áóåóÇ¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÊúÞóäó ÊóÝúÓöíÑóåóÇ Óóåõáó Úóáóíúåö ÊóÝúÓöíÑõ ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ. æóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú ÏöÑóÇÓóÊõåóÇ ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ÊóÃúáöíÝö ßöÊóÇÈöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ æóÃóÖúæóÇÁö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö. æóßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÅöËúÑó ÓõÄóÇáò æóÌóæóÇÈò.
ãóÚó ãóÇ ÏóÑóÓúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúÃõÕõæáö æóãóÈóÇÏöÆò Ýöí ÇáúãóäúØöÞö æóÏóÞóÇÆöÞó Ýöí ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
áóÞóÏú æóÌóÏúÊõ ãöäúåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ãóÇ áóãú ÃóÌöÏúåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö¡ ßóãóÇ æóÃóÙõäøõ Ãóäøó ÃóÍóÏðÇ áóãú íóÌöÏú ãöäúåõ ãóÇ æóÌóÏúÊõåõ ÃóäóÇ ãöäúåõ. ÝóáóÆöäú ÔóÑõÝúÊõ ÈöÎöÏúãóÊöåö ÝóáóÞóÏú ÍóÙöíÊõ ÈöÕõÍúÈóÊöåö. ÝóÌóÒóÇåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäøöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö.
æóÅöäøó ÕóÇÍöÈó ãöËúáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÚóáóÇÞóÉö ãóÚó ãöËúáö åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉö áóíõÍöÓøõ ÈöËöÞóáö Ïõíõæäöåö Úóáóì ßóÇåöáöåö¡ æóíóáúãöÓõ ÚöÙóãó ÇáúãöäøóÉö ÊõØóæøöÞõ ÚõäõÞóåõ. Ýóåóáú ÃóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÊóæúÝöíóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÇäöÈö ÝóÍóÓúÈõ¡ ÝóÖúáðÇ Úóäö ÇáúÌóæóÇäöÈö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãóæúÖõæÚõ ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö æóÇáÓøöíÑóÉö¡ æóåóáú íóÊóÃóÊøóì ãöäøöí ÇáúÅöÍúÌóÇãõ Úóäö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö æóÃóäóÇ ãóÏöíäñ ÈöãöËúáö Êöáúßó ÇáÏøõíõæäö¡ ãõßóÈøóáñ ÈöÊöáúßó Çáúãöäóäö ãöãøóÇ íóÌúÚóáõäöí ÃóÍóÞøó ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáö:
ßóáöíäöí áöåóãøò íóÇ ÃõãóíúãóÉõ äóÇÕöÈö ... æóáóíúáò ÃõÞóÇÓöíåö ÈóØöíÁö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö
ÊóØóÇæóáó ÍóÊøóì ÞõáúÊõ áóíúÓó ÈöãõäúÞóÖò ... æóáóíúÓó ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÚóì ÇáäøõÌõæãó ÈöÂíöÈö
æóÕóÏúÑò ÃóÑóÇÍó Çááøóíúáõ ÚóÇÒöÈõ åóãøöåö ... ÊóÖóÇÚóÝó Ýöíåö ÇáúÍõÒúäó ãöäú ßõáøö ÌóÇäöÈö(9/477)
Úóáóíøó áöÚóãúÑòæ äöÚúãóÉñ ÈóÚúÏó äöÚúãóÉò ... áöæóÇáöÏöåö áóíúÓóÊú ÈöÐóÇÊö ÚóÞóÇÑöÈö
æóáóÆöäú Þöíáó:
æóÊóÌóáøõÏöí áöáÔøóÇãöÊöíäó ÃõÑöíåõãõæ ... Ãóäøöí áöÑóíúÈö ÇáÏøóåúÑö áóÇ ÃóÊóÖóÚúÖóÚõ
ÝóÅöäøöí áóÃóÞõæáõ:
æóÊóÌóáøõÏöí áöáÓøóÇãöÚöíäó ÃõÑöíåõãõæ ... ÔóãúÓó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãöäú ÓóäóÇÁò ÊóØúáõÚõ
æóÅöäøöí ãõáúÒóãñ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö áóæú ÊóÃóËøóÑúÊõ ÈöÇáúÚóÇØöÝóÉö ÝóÅöäøöí ãóÚúÐõæÑñ.
æóÅöäøó ÞóÕøóÑúÊõ Úóäú ÍóÞøöåö ÝóáóÇ ÚõÐúÑó áöí Ýöí ÇáÊøóÞúÕöíÑö.
æóÅöäøöí áóÃóÚúÊóÈöÑõ ãóÇ ÃõÞóÏøöãõåõ ÈöÏóÇíóÉð áóÇ äöåóÇíóÉð æóÊóÐúßöÑóÉð áöáúÂÎóÑöíäó ãöäú ÍóÇÖöÑöíäó æóÛóÇÆöÈöíäó¡ áóÚóáøóåõãú íõÊöãøõæäó ãóÇ ÈóÞöíó¡ æóíõßúãöáõæäó ãóÇ äóÞóÕó.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÊøóÑóÇÌöãõ æóÇáÓøöíóÑõ ÊóäúÞóÓöãõ Åöáóì ÐóÇÊöíøóÉò æóÛóíúÑö ÐóÇÊöíøóÉò. æóÇáÐøóÇÊöíøóÉõ åöíó ãóÇ íóßúÊõÈõåóÇ ÇáÔøóÎúÕõ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö ãöäú ØõÝõæáóÊöåö Åöáóì ÑõÌõæáóÊöåö. æóíõÓóÌøöáõ ãóÇ ÌóÑóì áóåõ æóÚóáóíúåö. æóåöíó ÃóÕúÏóÞõ ãóÇ Êóßõæäõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ ãõÚúÊóÏöáðÇ ÃóãöíäðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÑúÌóãó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÝóáóÇÓöÝóÉö áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãöäúåõãõ:
1 - ÇÈúäõ ÓöíäóÇ ÇáúãõÊóæóÝøóì ÓóäóÉó 428 ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÑúÌóãóÊõåõ áöäóÝúÓöåö ãóÑúÌöÚðÇ áößõáøö ãóäú ßóÊóÈó Úóäúåõ ãöäú ÊóáóÇãöíÐöåö.
2 - æóÇáúÚöãóÇÏõ ÇáúÃóÕúÝóåóÇäöíøõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÝøóì ÓóäóÉó 597 Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈöåö " ÇáúÈóÑúÞö ÇáÔøóÇãöíøö ".
3 - æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúÎóØöíÈö ÇáúãõÊóæóÝøóì ÓóäóÉó 776.
4 - æóÇÈúäõ ÎóáúÏõæäó ÇáúãõÊóæóÝøóì ÓóäóÉó 805¡ æóÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú.
æóÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáÐøóÇÊöíøóÉö ãóÇ íóßúÊõÈõ ÛóíúÑõåõ Úóäúåõ.
æóÅöäøó ãóÇ ÃõÞóÏøöãõåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÌóÇáö áóíóÌúãóÚõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö ÇáÐøóÇÊöíøö¡ æóÛóíúÑö ÇáÐøóÇÊöíøö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ íóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ åõæó Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö æóÓóãöÚúÊõåõ ãöäúåõ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð. ßóãóÇ ÊóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊõåõ æóáóãóÓúÊõåõ ãöäú ÍóíóÇÊöåö ãõÏøóÉó ÕõÍúÈóÊöí áóåõ.(9/478)
æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÓúÃóáõ Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáó ãöäú ÓöíÑóÊöåö ÎóíúÑó ÞõÏúæóÉò áöÊóáóÇãöÐóÊöåö¡ æóÃóäú íóÌúÚóáó Ýöí æóáóÏóíúåö ÎóíúÑó ÎóáóÝò áöÎóíúÑö ÓóáóÝò. æóÃóäú íóÃúÌõÑóäóÇ Ýöí ãõÕöíÈóÊöäóÇ æóíóÎúáõÝóäóÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóäóÓúÃóáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäú íóÊóÛóãøóÏóåõ ÈöæóÇÝöÑö ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóíõÓúßöäóåõ ÝóÓöíÍóåõ ÌóäøóÊóåõ¡ æóÃóäú íõÌúÒöáó áóåõ ÇáúÚóØóÇÁó æóíóÌúÒöíóåõ ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö ÚóãøóÇ ÈóÐóáóåõ ãöäú ÌóåúÏò¡ æóÎóáøóÝóåõ ãöäú Úöáúãò. Åöäøóåõ ÌóæøóÇÏñ ßóÑöíãñ (Åöäøó Ãóæøóáó ãóÇ íõÈúÏóÃõ Èöåö Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö áóåõæó ÇáöÇÓúãõ æóÇááøóÞóÈõ æóÇáäøóÓóÈõ æóÇáäøóÔúÃóÉõ æóÇáúãóæúØöäõ) . . ÅáÎ.
æóåóÐöåö ÊóÑúÌóãóÊõåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ßóãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõåóÇ ãöäúåõ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð:
ÇáöÇÓúãõ: åõæó ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ æóåõæó Úóáóãñ ãõÑóßøóÈñ ãöäö ÇÓúãóíúäö¡ æóÐößúÑõ ãõÍóãøóÏò ÊóÈóÑøõßñ.
æóÇááøóÞóÈõ: ÂÈøóÇ ÈöãóÏøö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉö æóÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáúÈóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈóÇÁö.
æóÇÓúãõ ÃóÈöíåö: ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÃóÍúãóÏó äõæÍö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÓóíøöÏöí ÃóÍúãóÏó Èúäö ÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑö ãöäú ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáØøóÇáöÈö Ãóæú Èöß æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÃóæúáóÇÏö ßóÑóíúÑö Èúäö ÇáúãõæóÇÝöí Èúäö íóÚúÞõæÈó Èúäö ÌóÇßäó ÇáúÃóÈóÑøö¡ ÌóÏøö ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉö ÈöÇáúÌößúäöíøöíäó. æóíóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÈöÊÌßóÇäúÊ.
äóÓóÈõ ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö: æóíóÑúÌöÚõ äóÓóÈõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö Åöáóì ÍöãúíóÑó. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ ÇáúãõæÑöíÊóÇäöíøõ ãõÍóãøóÏ ÝóÇá æóáóÏõ ÇáúÚóíúäóíúäö ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ ÈöÝóÕóÇÍóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÚõÑõæÈóÊöåöãú:
ÅöäøóÇ Èóäõæ ÍóÓóäò ÏóáøóÊú ÝóÕóÇÍóÊõäóÇ ... ÃóäøóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáúÃóÞúÍóÇÍö äóäúÊóÓöÈõ
Åöäú áóãú ÊóÞõãú ÈóíøöäóÇÊñ ÃóäøóäóÇ ÚóÑóÈñ ... ÝóÝöí «ÇááøöÓóÇäö» ÈóíóÇäñ ÃóäøóäóÇ ÚóÑóÈõ
ÇäúÙõÑú Åöáóì ãóÇ áóäóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÞóÇÝöíóÉò ... áóåóÇ Êóäõãøõ ÔõÐõæÑõ ÇáÒøöÈúÑöÌö ÇáúÞóÔöÈõ
æóÈóíøóäó ÔóÇÚöÑñ ÂÎóÑõ ãóÑúÌöÚó Êöáúßó ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö Åöáóì ÍöãúíóÑó ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
íóÇ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ ØóÇÚöäðÇ Ýöí ÃóäøóäóÇ ÚóÑóÈñ ... ÞóÏú ßóÐøóÈóÊúßó áóäóÇ áõÓúäñ æóÃóáúæóÇäõ
æóÓúãõ ÇáúÚõÑõæÈóÉö ÈóÇÏò Ýöí ÔóãóÇÆöáöäóÇ ... æóÝöí ÃóæóÇÆöáöäóÇ ÚöÒøñ æóÅöíãóÇäõ
ÂÓóÇÏõ ÍöãúíóÑó æóÇáúÃóÈúØóÇáõ ãöäú ãõÖóÑò ... ÍõãúÑõ ÇáÓøõíõæÝö ÝóãóÇ ÐóáøõæÇ æóáóÇ åóÇäõæÇ
áóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕõ ÇáúÚõÑõæÈóÉö æóãõãóíøöÒóÇÊõåóÇ ãóæúÝõæÑóÉð áóÏóì ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóáóÏóì Ãóåúáöåö æóÐóæöíöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÙúãö æóÇáäøóËúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóæóÝøóÑóÊö ÇáúÚõáõæãõ æóÇáúÝõäõæäõ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö æóÞóÈöíáóÊöåö. æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÃóÍóÏõ(9/479)
ÔõÚóÑóÇÆöåöãú ÃóÕóÇáóÉó ÇáúÚõÑõæÈóÉö Ýöíåöãú æóÇÑúÊöÖóÇÚóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ãöäú ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö íõÎóÇØöÈõ ãóäú íõäúßöÑõåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú:
áóäóÇ ÇáúÚõÑõæÈóÉõ ÇáúÝõÕúÍóì æóÅöäøóÇ ... ÃóÍóÞøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÈöåóÇ ÇÖúØöáóÇÚðÇ
Úóäö ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇÞúÊóÈóÓúÊõãõæåóÇ ÇäúÊöÝóÇÚðÇ ... ÈöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóäóÑúÖóÚõåóÇ ÇÑúÊöÖóÇÚðÇ
ÇáúãóæúáöÏõ: æõáöÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÚóÇãö 1305 åÜ.
ÇáúãóæúØöäõ: ßóÇäó ãóÓúÞóØõ ÑóÃúÓöåö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÚöäúÏó ãóÇÁò íõÓóãøóì (ÊóäúÈåó) ãöäú ÃóÚúãóÇáö ãõÏöíÑöíøóÉö (ßöíÝóÇ) ãöäó ÇáúÞõØúÑö ÇáúãõÓóãøóì ÈöÔöäúÞöíØó æóåõæó ÏóæúáóÉõ ãõæÑöíÊóÇäúíóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉõ ÇáúÂäó.
ÚöáúãðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ßóáöãóÉó ÔöäúÞöíØó ßóÇäóÊú æóáóÇ ÊóÒóÇáõ ÇÓúãðÇ áöÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú ÃóÚúãóÇáö ãõÏöíÑöíøóÉò ÃÕóÇÑó Ýöí ÃóÞúÕóì ãõæÑöíÊóÇäúíóÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøóãóÇáö ÇáúÛóÑúÈöíøö.
äóÔúÃóÊõåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóÞóÈúáó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóäú äóÔúÃóÊöåö íóÍúÓõäõ ÅöíÌóÇÒõ äõÈúÐóÉò Úóäö ÇáúÈöíÆóÉö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö.
ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøóÉõ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúãõæóÇØöäöíäó ÞöÓúãóíúäö: ÚóÑóÈñ æóÚóÌóãñ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉõ áõÛóÉõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ: ÝóÇáúÚóÌóãõ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãõ ÇáÒøöÑóÇÚóÉõ æóÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉõ æóÓõáóÇáóÊõåõãú ãöäó ÇáÒøõäõæÌö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÝóÞöÓúãóÇäö: ØóáóÈóÉñ æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáØøóáóÈóÉö. æóÇáØøóáóÈóÉõ ãóäú íóÛúáöÈõ Úóáóíúåöãú ØóáóÈõ ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ãóäú íóÛúáöÈõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉõ æóÇáúÅöÛóÇÑóÉõ. æóåõãú ÞóÈóÇÆöáõ ÚöÏøóÉñ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÞóÈóÇÆöáö ãóäú íóÛúáöÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáØøóáóÈõ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ãóäú íóÛúáöÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÅöÛóÇÑóÉõ æóÇáúÞöÊóÇáõ.
æóÞóÈöíáóÉñ ÇáúÌßäöíøöíäó ÎóÇÕøóÉð ÞóÏú ÌóãóÚóÊú Èóíúäó ØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÝõÑõæÓöíøóÉö ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö. ãóÚó ÚöÝøóÉò Úóäú ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóæøö ßóÇäó ØóáóÈõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì ÞóÏóãò æóÓóÇÞò ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí Íóáøöåöãú Ãóæú ÊöÑúÍóÇáöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ãóÔóÇíöÎöåöãõ ÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑõ Èúäõ ÈõæäóÇ:
æóäóÍúäõ ÑóßúÈñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÔúÑóÇÝö ãõäúÊóÙóãõ ... ÃóÌóáøõ ÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ÞóÏúÑðÇ Ïõæäó ÃóÏúäóÇäóÇ
ÞóÏö ÇÊøóÎóÐúäóÇ ÙõåõæÑó ÇáúÚöíÓö ãóÏúÑóÓóÉð ... ÈöåóÇ äõÈóíøöäõ Ïöíäó Çááøóåö ÊöÈúíóÇäðÇ
ÃóãøóÇ ßóÑóãõ ÇáØøóÈúÚö ÝóåóÐóÇ ÓóÌöíøóÉñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚöåöãú æóÃóãúÑñ íóÔöÈøõ Ýöíåö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑõ¡ æóíóÔöíÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ æóÞóÏú ÃóáöÝõæÇ ÇáÖøóíúÝó áöäõÌúÚóÉö ãóäóÇÒöáöåöãú¡ æóãöäú ÚóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÅöÐóÇ äóÒóáó æóÝúÏñ Úóáóì ÈóíúÊò¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ãóåúáó åóÐóÇ(9/480)
ÇáúãóäúÒöáö íõÑúÓöáõæäó áöÃóåúáö ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãõÖöíÝö ãöãøóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú Þóáøó Ãóæú ßóËõÑó ãõÔóÇÑóßóÉð Ýöí ÞöÑóì ÇáÖøóíúÝö æóÊóÚóÇæõäðÇ ãóÚó ÇáúãõÖöíÝö ÍóÊøóì áóæú ßóÇäó ãõÚúÏóãðÇ ÛóÏóÇ æóÇÌöÏðÇ¡ æóíóÑúÍóáõ ÇáúæóÝúÏõ æóåõæó Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáÑøöÖóÇ. æóåóßóÐóÇ áöíóßõ.
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóæøö æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÈöíÆóÉö äóÔóÃó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ßóãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõåõ íóÞõæáõ: ÊõæõÝøöíó æóÇáöÏöí æóÃóäóÇ ÕóÛöíÑñ ÃóÞúÑóÃõ Ýöí ÌõÒúÁö Úóãøó¡ æóÊóÑóßó áöí ËóÑúæóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö æóÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÓõßúäóÇíó Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÃóÎúæóÇáöí æóÃõãøöí ÇÈúäóÉõ Úóãøö ÃóÈöí¡ æóÍóÝöÙúÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäó Úóáóì ÎóÇáöí ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑö Èúäö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Èúäö ÃóÍúãóÏó äõæÍò ÌóÏøö ÇáúÃóÈö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö.
ØóáóÈõåõ áöáúÚöáúãö: ÍóÝöÙó ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö Úóáóì ÎóÇáöåö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÚõãõÑõåõ ÚóÔúÑõ ÓóäóæóÇÊò.
ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Ëõãøó ÊóÚóáøóãúÊõ ÑóÓúãó ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÇáúÚõËúãóÇäöíøö (ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö ÇáúÃõãøö) Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÎóÇáöí ÓóíøöÏöí ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÃóÍúãóÏó Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÑóÃúÊõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÊøóÌúæöíÏó Ýöí ãóÞúÑóÃö äóÇÝöÚò ÈöÑöæóÇíóÉö æóÑúÔò ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÃóÈöí íóÚúÞõæÈó ÇáúÃóÒúÑóÞö æóÞóÇáõæäó ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí äóÔöíØò¡ æóÃóÎóÐúÊõ Úóäúåõ ÓóäóÏðÇ ÈöÐóáößó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÐóáößó æóÚõãõÑöí ÓöÊøóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÓóäóÉð.
ÃóäúæóÇÚõ ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö: ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉõ Ýöí Úõáõæãö ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ãóäúåóÌðÇ ãõÊóßóÇãöáðÇ áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÕöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍöÝúÙö æóÇáúÃóÏóÇÁö¡ Èóáú ÊóÊóäóÇæóáõ ãóÚúÑöÝóÉó ÑóÓúãö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö Ãóíú äóæúÚó ßöÊóÇÈóÊöåö ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóæúÕõæáðÇ Ãóæú ãóÝúÕõæáðÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÑõÓöãó Ýöíåö ÇáúãóÏøõ Ãóæú ßóÇäó íõãóÏøõ ÈöÏõæäö æõÌõæÏö ÍóÑúÝö ÇáúãóÏøö¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÍóÑúÝðÇ ÕóÛöíÑðÇ Ãóæú äóÍúæó Ðóáößó.
Ëõãøó ÖóÈúØõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ãóäúÔóÃóíúåö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÓúãö Ãóæö ÇáÊøöáóÇæóÉö. æóãöäó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÑóÌóÒõ (ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÈõæÌóåú) ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÈöÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ ÊóÚóÑøóÖó Ýöíåö áößõáøö ßóáöãóÉò ÌóÇÁóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ãóÑøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð Ãóæú ãóÑøóÊóíúäö Ãóæú ËóáóÇËó ãóÑøóÇÊò Åöáóì ÓóÈúÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ãóÑøóÉð Ãóíú ãöäó ÇáúßóáöãóÇÊö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÈöåóÉö¡ æóÃóÝúÑóÏó ßõáøó ÚóÏóÏò ÈöÝóÕúáò ÝóãóËóáðÇ: ßóáöãóÉõ (ÃóÚúíõäõåõãú) ÈöÇáÑøóÝúÚö ÌóÇÁóÊú ËóáóÇËó ãóÑøóÇÊò ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ:
ÃóÚúíõäõåõãú ÈöÇáÑøóÝúÚö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÍõÖõæÑú ... ãöäú ÈóÚúÏõ ßóÇäóÊú æóÊóæóáøóÊú æóÊóÏõæÑú
æóãöäó ÇáËøõäóÇÆöíøö: ßóáöãóÉõ (ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÚö) ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö:
ÃóÔúíóÇÚõ ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö Ýóåóáú ãöäú ãõÏøóßöÑú ... Ýöí ÓóÈóÅò ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÐõßöÑú(9/481)
æóÞóÏú ÏóÑóÓó åóÐóÇ ßõáøóåõ Ýöí ØõÝõæáóÊöåö¡ æóßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ äóÙúãò Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÊóÐúíöíáðÇ áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: Úóáóì ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÍóÑóßóÇÊöåö æóÅöÚúÑóÇÈóåõ:
Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞóãóÑö ÎóÇØöÈú æóÇäúÕöÈóÇ ... æóÌóáøöåö æóÛóíúÈóÊõåõ Ýöí ÓóÈóÃò
Ãóíú Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞóãóÑö Êóßõæäõ ÊöáóÇæóÊõåóÇ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ æóÇáäøóÕúÈõ æóáóÞóÏú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÃóÔúíóÇÚóßõãú Ýóåóáú ãöäú ãõÏøóßöÑò.
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÓóÈóÃò Êóßõæäõ ÊöáóÇæóÊõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö æóÇáúÌóÑøö ßóãóÇ ÝõÚöáó ÈöÃóÔúíóÇÚöåöãú æóåóÐöåö ÏöÑóÇÓóÉñ áóÇ ÊóßóÇÏõ ÊõæÌóÏõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ æóåöíó ãöäó ÇáúãóåóÇãøö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö áöÍöÝúÙöåóÇ ÑóÓúãó ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÛúíöíÑö æóÇáÊøóÈúÏöíáö æóåöíó ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ÊóÚóåøõÏö Çááøóåö ÈöÍöÝúÙö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ÇáúãõäóÒøóáö ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóÝöí ÃóËúäóÇÁö åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÏóÑóÓúÊõ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕóÑóÇÊö Ýöí ÝöÞúåö ãóÇáößò ßóÑóÌóÒö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇÔöÑò¡ æóÝöí ÃóËúäóÇÆöåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÏóÑóÓúÊõ ÏöÑóÇÓóÉð æóÇÓöÚóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÃóÏóÈö Úóáóì ÒóæúÌóÉö ÎóÇáöí Ãõãøö æóáóÏö ÇáúÎóÇáö Ãóíú Ãóäøó æóáóÏó ÎóÇáöåö íõÚóáøöãõåõ ÇáúÚõáõæãó ÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉó ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃõãøõåõ ÊõÚóáøöãõåõ ÇáúÃóÏóÈó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÎóÐúÊõ ÚóäúåóÇ ãóÈóÇÏöÆó ÇáäøóÍúæö ßóÇáúÃõÌúÑõæãöíøóÉö æóÊóãúÑöíäóÇÊò æóÏõÑõæÓò æóÇÓöÚóÉò Ýöí ÃóäúÓóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö æóÃóíøóÇãöåöãú¡ æóÇáÓøöíÑóÉó ÇáäøóÈóæöíøóÉó¡ æóäóÙúãó ÇáúÛóÒóæóÇÊö áöÃóÍúãóÏó ÇáúÈóÏóæöíøö ÇáÔøöäúÞöíØöíøö æóåõæó íóÒöíÏõ Úóáóì 500 ÈóíúÊò æóÔõÑõæÍóåõ áöÇÈúäö ÃõÎúÊö ÇáúãõÄóáøöÝö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö ÈöÍóãøóÇÏò¡ æóäóÙóÑó ÚóãõæÏö ÇáäøóÓóÈö áöáúãõÄóáøöÝö æóåõæó íõÚóÏøõ ÈöÇáúÂáóÇÝö¡ æóÔóÑúÍóåõ áöÇÈúäö ÃõÎúÊöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÚóÏúäóÇäöíøöíäó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇÊó ÞóÈúáó ÔóÑúÍö ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÞóÍúØóÇäöíøöíäó.
åóÐöåö ÏöÑóÇÓóÉñ Ýöí Úõáõæãö ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö æóÇáúÃóÏóÈö æóÇáÓøöíóÑö æóÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö Úóáóì ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö æóÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö æóÒóæúÌóÇÊö ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö¡ Ãóíú ßóÇäó ÈóíúÊõ ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö ÇáúãóÏúÑóÓóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì Åöáóíúåö. ÃóãøóÇ ÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáúÝõäõæäö ÝóÞóÇáó:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÇáúÝöÞúåõ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÓøóÇÆöÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÏóÑóÓúÊõ ãõÎúÊóÕóÑó Îóáöíáò - ÈóÏóÃó ÏöÑóÇÓóÊóåõ Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáÔøóíúÎö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÕóÇáöÍò Åöáóì ÞöÓúãö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö - Ëõãøó ÏóÑóÓó Úóáóíúåö ÇáäøöÕúÝó ãöäú ÃóáúÝöíøóÉö ÇÈúäö ãóÇáößò. Ëõãøó ÃóÎóÐó ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÇáúÝõäõæäö Úóáóì ãóÔóÇíöÎó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ Ýöí Ýõäõæäò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò¡ æóßõáøõåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÌßäöíøöíäó æóãöäúåõãú ãóÔóÇåöíÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ãöäúåõãõ:(9/482)
1 - ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÕóÇáöÍò ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÈöÇÈúäö ÃóÍúãóÏó ÇáúÃóÝúÑóãö.
2 - æóÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÇáúÃóÝúÑóãõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑö.
3 - æóÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÚõãóÑó.
4 - æóÇáúÝóÞöíåõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏóÇäó.
5 - æóÇáúÝóÞöíåõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ãõæÏú.
6 - æóÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóÈóÍøöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÝõäõæäö ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÝóÇá Èúäõ ÂÏõåú.
æóÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÔóÇíöÎö ÇáúÌßäöíøöíäó.
ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ Úóäú åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãóÔóÇíöÎö ßõáøó ÇáúÝõäõæäö: ÇáäøóÍúæó¡ æóÇáÕøóÑúÝó¡ æóÇáúÃõÕõæáó¡ æóÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉó. æóÈóÚúÖó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö æóÇáúÍóÏöíËö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóäúØöÞõ æóÂÏóÇÈõ ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö ÝóÞóÏú ÍóÕøóáúäóÇåõ ÈöÇáúãõØóÇáóÚóÉö.
åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÃóãúáóÇåõ Úóáóíøó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÓóÌøóáúÊõåõ Úóäúåõ.
ÚöáúãðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÝóäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÏóÑóÓóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÔóÇíöÎö Ãóæú ãõØóÇáóÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáúßõÊõÈö¡ áóãú íóÞúÊóÕöÑú Ýöí ÊóÍúÕöíáöåö Úóáóì ÏöÑóÇÓóÊöåö¡ Èóáú ßóÇäó ÏóÇÆöãðÇ íõÏöíãõ ÇáäøóÙóÑó æóíõæóÇÕöáõ ÇáÊøóÍúÕöíáó ÍóÊøóì ÛóÏóÇ Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäúåõ ßóÃóäøóåõ ãõÊóÎóÕøöÕñ Ýöíåö¡ Èóáú æóáóåõ Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäúåõ ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏóÇÊñ æóãóÈóÇÍöËõ ãõÈúÊóßóÑóÉñ¡ Óóäõáöãøõ ÈöåóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÅöíÑóÇÏö ÇáúãóäúåóÌö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøö áöÏöÑóÇÓóÊöåö æóÂËóÇÑöåö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö.
ãóäúåóÌõåõ ÇáúÚöáúãöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö:
æóÞóÈúáó ÅöíÑóÇÏö ÇáúãóäúåóÌö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøö áóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÏöÑóÇÓóÊöåö¡ äõáöãøõ ÈöÇáúãóäúåóÌö ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÇáÓøóÇÆöÏö Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåö áößóÇÝøóÉö ØóáóÈóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóØóÑöíÞóÉö ÊóÍúÕöíáöåö.
ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ØóÑöíÞóÉõ ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÌõÒúÁðÇ ãöäú ÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúÈóæóÇÏöí ÍöáøðÇ æóÇÑúÊöÍóÇáðÇ. æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÞóÇãó ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúãóÔóÇíöÎö Ýöí ãóßóÇäò ÊóæóÇÝóÏó Úóáóíúåö ÇáØøõáøóÇÈõ áöáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö Úóáóíúåö æóãóßóËó ÍóÊøóì íóÃúÎõÐõæÇ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÞóÏú íõÞöíãõ ÈöÕöÝóÉò ÏóÇÆöãóÉò áöÏóæóÇãö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõ «ÇáúãõÑóÇÈöØõ» äóÙóÑðÇ áöÅöÞóÇãóÊöåö ÇáÏøóÇÆöãóÉö áöäóÔúÑö ÇáúÚöáúãö.(9/483)
æóáóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÈöØõ ãöäú ØõáøóÇÈöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÐóÇ íóÓóÇÑò ÓóÇÚóÏó ÇáúãõÍúÊóÇÌöíäó ãöäú ØõáøóÇÈöåö¡ æóÞóÏú íõÓóÇÚöÏõ Ãóåúáó ÐóÇßó ÇáúãóßóÇäö ÇáúÛõÑóÈóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáØøõáøóÇÈö.
ÝóíóäúÒöáõæäó Íóæúáó ÈóíúÊöåö æóíóÈúäõæäó áóåõãú ÎöíóÇãðÇ Ãóæú ãóÓóÇßöäó ãõÄóÞøóÊóÉð. æóíóßõæäõ áóåõãú ãóÌúáöÓõ Úöáúãò áöáÏøóÑúÓö æóÇáúãõäóÇÞóÔóÉö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÐúßóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÈöØõ ãõÎúÊóÕøðÇ ÈöÝóäøò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÞóÏú íóÏúÑõÓõ ÚöÏøóÉó Ýõäõæäò. ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÎúÊóÕøðÇ ÈöÝóäøò æóÇÍöÏò ÝóÅöäøó ÏõÑõæÓóåõ Êóßõæäõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóäøö ãõæóÒøóÚóÉð Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ÃóãóÇßöäó ãöäúåõ ÈöÍóÓóÈö ãóÌúãõæÚóÇÊö ÇáØøõáøóÇÈö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ãóÌúãõæÚóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÈöÏóÇíóÉö ãöäúåõ¡ æóãóÌúãõæÚóÉñ Ýöí ÇáäøöåóÇíóÉö æóÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ÃóËúäóÇÆöåö æóåóßóÐóÇ. ÝóÊóÊóÞóÏøóãõ ßõáøõ ãóÌúãõæÚóÉò Úóáóì ÍöÏóÉò ÝóÊóÏúÑõÓõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóíúÎö¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÃúÊöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚóÉõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì æóåóßóÐóÇ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó íóÏúÑõÓõ ÚöÏøóÉó Ýõäõæäò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÞóÓøöãõ ØõáøóÇÈó ßõáøö Ýóäøò Úóáóì ÇáäøóÍúæö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö.
ÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ ÇáúÝõäõæäö: æóáóÇ íóÍöÞøõ áöØóÇáöÈò Ãóäú íóÌúãóÚó Èóíúäó Ýóäøóíúäö Ýöí æóÞúÊò æóÇÍöÏò¡ Èóáú íóÏúÑõÓõ ÝóäøðÇ ÍóÊøóì íõßúãöáóåõ ßóÇáäøóÍúæö ãóËóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó íóÈúÏóÃõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö ÍóÊøóì íõßúáöãóåóÇ. æóåóßóÐóÇ íóÈúÏóÃõ ãóËóáðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝöÞúåö ÍóÊøóì íóÝúÑõÛó ãöäúåõ Ëõãøó íóÈúÏóÃõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÍóÊøóì íõßúãöáóåõ. ÓóæóÇÁñ ÏóÑóÓóåóÇ Úóáóì ÚöÏøóÉö ãóÔóÇíöÎó Ãóæú Úóáóì ÔóíúÎò æóÇÍöÏò.
ØóÑöíÞóÉõ ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö ÇáúíóæúãöíøóÉö: íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáØøóÇáöÈõ ÈößöÊóÇÈóÉö ÇáúãóÊúäö Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúÎóÔóÈöíøö ÝóíóßúÊõÈõ ÞóÏúÑó ãóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÍöÝúÙóåõ¡ Ëõãøó íóãúÍõæåõ¡ Ëõãøó íóßúÊõÈõ ÞóÏúÑðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÍóÊøóì íóÍúÝóÙó ãóÞúÑóÃð ãöäó ÇáúÝóäøö ÍóÓóÈó ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö ÇáúãóÚúåõæÏö. ÝóãóËóáðÇ ÇáäøóÍúæõ¡ ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáúÃóáúÝöíøóÉõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ãóÞóÇÑöÆò¡ æóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ãóÊúäõ Îóáöíáò Ýöí ÇáúÝöÞúåö äóÍúæðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÍóÝöÙó ÇáØøóÇáöÈõ ãóÞúÑóÃð ãöäó ÇáúÝóäøö ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö ÝóíóÔúÑóÍõåõ áóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÔóÑúÍðÇ æóÇÝöíðÇ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäú ÊóÍúÕöíáò¡ Ïõæäó Ãóäú íóÝúÊóÍó ßöÊóÇÈðÇ¡ Ãóæú íóÍúÖõÑó Ýöí ãóÑúÌöÚò Ëõãøó íóÞõæãõ åóÄõáóÇÁö áöáöÇÓúÊöÐúßóÇÑö ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú æóãõäóÇÞóÔóÉö ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ¡ æóÞóÏú íóÃúÎõÐõæäó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÔøõÑøóÇÍö áöãõÞóÇÈóáóÊöåö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóãöÚõæåõ Ãóæú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÍóæóÇÔöí¡ æóáóÇ íóÌúÊóÇÒõæäó ÐóÇßó ÇáúãóßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáÏøóÑúÓö ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæúÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÏú ÍóÕøóáõæÇ ßõáøó ãóÇ Ýöíåö. æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÓõÑúÚóÉò Ãóæú ÅöäúåóÇÁö ßöÊóÇÈò ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú Ýóåúãö æóÊóÍúÕöíáö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÈö¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑõæÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáØøõáøóÇÈö ãöãøóäú ÚõÑöÝõæÇ ÈöÇáÐøóßóÇÁö æóÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÕöíáö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó áóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Ýöí ãóÊúäö Îóáöíáò Úóáóì ÓóØúÑóíúäö ÝóÞóØú. ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ áöãó áóÇ ÊóÒöíÏõ æóÃóäúÊó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì(9/484)
ÇáÊøóÍúÕöíáö ÝóÞóÇáó: áöÃóäøóäöí ÚóÌúáóÇäõ áöÃóÚõæÏó Åöáóì Ãóåúáöí¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÌúáóÇäó íóÒöíÏõ Ýöí ÍöÕøóÊöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú ÃõÊúÞöäó ãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÃõ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ ÃóÍúÊóÇÌó Åöáóì ÅöÚóÇÏóÉö ÏöÑóÇÓóÊöåö ÝóÃóÊóÃóÎøóÑõ.
ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓöíøóÉõ:
ÏöÑóÇÓóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóäúåóÌö ßóÇäóÊú ÏöÑóÇÓóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóãóíøóÒó ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö¡ Þóáøó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú áöÛóíúÑöåö¡ äõæÌöÒõ ãöäúåóÇ ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
1 - Ýöí ãóÈúÏóÃö ÏöÑóÇÓóÊöåö: ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÃõÊöíÍó áóåõ Ýöí ÈóÇÏöÆö ÏöÑóÇÓóÊöåö ãóÇ áóãú íõÊóÍú áöÛóíúÑöåö ÍóíúËõ ßóÇäó ÈóíúÊõ ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö ãóÏúÑóÓóÊóåõ ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ Ýóáóãú íóÑúÍóáú Ýöí ÈóÇÏöÆö ÃóãúÑöåö áöáØøóáóÈö¡ æóßóÇäó æóÍöíÏó æóÇáöÏóíúåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó Ýöí ãóßóÇäö ÇáÊøóÏóáøõáö æóÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö.
2 - ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ßõäúÊõ Ãóãöíáõ Åöáóì ÇááøóÚöÈö ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäó ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö ÍóÊøóì ÍóÝöÙúÊõ ÇáúÍõÑõæÝó ÇáúåöÌóÇÆöíøóÉó æóÈóÏóÃõæÇ íõÞúÑöÆõæäóäöí ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÑóßóÇÊö¡ ÈóÇ ÝõÊúÍóÉõ ÈóÇ¡ Èöí ßóÓúÑóÉõ Èöí¡ Èõæ ÖóãøóÉõ Èõæ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ Ê Ï Ë. ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõãú Ãóæó ßõáøõ ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö åóßóÐóÇ¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: äóÚóãú. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ßóÝóì Åöäøöí ÃóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö ßóíú íóÊúÑõßõæäóäöí ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇÞúÑóÃúåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃúÊõ ÈöËóáóÇËóÉö ÍõÑõæÝò Ãóæú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò æóÊóäóÞøóáúÊõ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåóÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáØøóÑöíÞóÉö¡ ÝóÚóÑóÝõæÇ Ãóäøöí ÝóåöãúÊõ ÞóÇÚöÏóÊóåóÇ æóÇßúÊóÝóæúÇ ãöäøöí ÈöÐóáößó æóÊóÑóßõæäöí. æóãöäú Ëóãøó ÍõÈøöÈóÊú Åöáóíøó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ.
3 - æóÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóáóãøóÇ ÍóÝöÙúÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäó¡ æóÃóÎóÐúÊõ ÇáÑøóÓúãó ÇáúÚõËúãóÇäöíøó¡ æóÊóÝóæøóÞúÊõ Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÇäö ÚõäöíóÊú Èöí æóÇáöÏóÊöí æóÃóÎúæóÇáöí ÃóÔóÏøó ÚöäóÇíóÉò¡ æóÚóÒóãõæÇ Úóáóì ÊóæúÌöíåöí áöáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö Ýöí ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúÝõäõæäö. ÝóÌóåøóÒóÊúäöí æóÇáöÏóÊöí ÈöÌóãóáóíúäö ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ãóÑúßóÈöí æóßõÊõÈöí¡ æóÇáúÂÎöÑõ Úóáóíúåö äóÝóÞóÊöí æóÒóÇÏöí¡ æóÕóÍöÈóäöí ÎóÇÏöãñ æóãóÚóåõ ÚöÏøóÉõ ÈóÞóÑóÇÊò¡ æóÞóÏú åóíøóÃóÊú áöí ãóÑúßóÈöí ßóÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäú ãóÑúßóÈò æóãóáóÇÈöÓó ßóÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÝóÑóÍðÇ Èöí æóÊóÑúÛöíÈðÇ áöí Ýöí ØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóåóßóÐóÇ ÓóáóßúÊõ ÓóÈöíáó ÇáØøóáóÈö æóÇáÊøóÍúÕöíáö.
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æóáóßöäøóåõ áóãú íóÔúÝö ãóÇ Ýöí äóÝúÓöí Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÚóæøóÏúÊõ¡ æóáóãú íóÑúæö áöí ÙóãóÆöí. æóÞõãúÊõ ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÌöÏõäöí Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÈóÚúÖö ÇááøóÈúÓö æóÅöíÖóÇÍö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõÔúßöáö æóßóÇäó ÇáúæóÞúÊõ ÙõåúÑðÇ ÝóÃóÎóÐúÊõ ÇáúßõÊõÈó æóÇáúãóÑóÇÌöÚó ÝóØóÇáóÚúÊõ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÚóÕúÑö¡ Ýóáóãú ÃóÝúÑóÛú ãöäú ÍóÇÌóÊöí ÝóÚóÇæóÏúÊõ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö Ýóáóãú ÃóäúÊóåö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÝóÃóæúÞóÏó áöí ÎóÇÏöãöí ÃóÚúæóÇÏðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóØóÈö ÃóÞúÑóÃõ Úóáóì ÖóæúÆöåóÇ ßóÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáØøõáøóÇÈö¡ æóæóÇÕóáúÊõ ÇáúãõØóÇáóÚóÉó æóÃóÊóäóÇæóáõ ÇáÔøóÇåöíó ÇáúÃóÎúÖóÑó ßõáøóãóÇ ãóáöáúÊõ Ãóæú ßóÓöáúÊõ æóÇáúÎóÇÏöãõ ÈöÌöæóÇÑöí íõæÞöÏõ ÇáÖøóæúÁó ÍóÊøóì ÇäúÈóËóÞó ÇáúÝóÌúÑõ æóÃóäóÇ Ýöí ãóÌúáöÓöí áóãú ÃóÞõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöÕóáóÇÉö ÝóÑúÖò Ãóæú ÊóäóÇæõáö ØóÚóÇãò æóÅöáóì Ãóäö ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó ÇáäøóåóÇÑõ æóÞóÏú ÝóÑóÛúÊõ ãöäú ÏóÑúÓöí æóÒóÇáó Úóäøöí áóÈúÓöí¡ æóæóÌóÏúÊõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÍóáøó ãöäó ÇáÏøóÑúÓö ßóÛóíúÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúæõÖõæÍö æóÇáúÝóåúãö ÝóÊóÑóßúÊõ ÇáúãõØóÇáóÚóÉó æóäöãúÊõ¡ æóÃóæúÕóíúÊõ ÎóÇÏöãöí Ãóäú áóÇ íõæÞöÙóäöí áöÏóÑúÓöí Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ÇßúÊöÝóÇÁð ÈöãóÇ ÍóÕóáúÊõ Úóáóíúåö æóÇÓúÊöÑóÇÍóÉð ãöäú ÚóäóÇÁö ÓóåóÑö ÇáúÈóÇÑöÍóÉö.
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áóÇ ÊóÕúØóÈöíäöí ÚóÇÊöÞñ Ýöí ÏóáøöåóÇ ... ÑóÞøóÊú ÝóÑóÇÞóÊú Ýöí ÑöÞóÇÞö ÒõÌóÇÌö
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áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑó íóÞõæáõ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÌóÇáò. æóÇáÔøöÚúÑõ ÃóßúÐóÈõåõ ÃóÚúÐóÈõåõ Ýóáóãú ÃõßúËöÑú ãöäúåõ áöÐóáößó.
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ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö: ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ßóÚóãóáö ÃóãúËóÇáöåö ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáÏøóÑúÓó æóÇáúÝõÊúíóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÞóÏö ÇÔúÊõåöÑó ÈöÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö æóÈöÇáúÝöÑóÇÓóÉö Ýöíåö¡ æóÑóÛúãó æõÌõæÏö ÇáúÍóÇßöãö ÇáúÝóÑóäúÓöíøö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõæóÇØöäöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóÙöíãöí ÇáËøöÞóÉö Ýöíåö ÝóíóÃúÊõæäóåõ áöáúÞóÖóÇÁö Èóíúäóåõãú æóíóÝöÏõæäó Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÃóãóÇßöäó ÈóÚöíÏóÉò Ãóæú ÍóíúËõ íóßõæäõ äóÇÒöáðÇ.
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æóÈóÚúÏó æõÕõæáöåö Åöáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÊóÌóÏøóÏóÊú äöíøóÉõ ÈóÞóÇÆöåö. æóáóÚóáøó ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÈóíóÇäö ÇáúæöÞóÇÚö ÐößúÑõ ÓóÈóÈö ÈóÞóÇÆöåö: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåö ßóÛóíúÑöåö íóÓúãóÚõ ÇáÏøöÚóÇíóÉó ÖöÏøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúæóåøóÇÈöíøóÉö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö ÞóÏú ÊóÛóíøóÑó ãöäú æöÌúåóÇÊö ÇáäøóÙóÑö «æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÃóãúÑðÇ åóíøóÃó áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈó» æóãöäú ÚóÌöíÈö ÇáÕøõÏóÝö Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ãóäóÇÒöáö ÇáúÍóÌøö ÈöÌöæóÇÑö ÎóíúãóÉö ÇáúÃóãöíÑö ÎóÇáöÏö ÇáÓøÏíÑöíøö Ïõæäó Ãóäú íóÚúÑöÝó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑó¡ æóßóÇäó ÇáúÃóãöíÑõ ÎóÇáöÏñ íóÈúÍóËõ ãóÚó ÌõáóÓóÇÆöåö ÈóíúÊðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÏóÈö æóåõæó ÐóæøóÇÞóÉñ ÃóÏöíÈñ æóÇãúÊóÏøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÓóÃóáõæÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎó áóÚóáøóåõ íõÔóÇÑößõåõãú ÝóæóÌóÏõæÇ ÈóÍúÑðÇ áóÇ ÓóÇÍöáó áóåõ¡ æóãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÌöáúÓóÉö æóÐóÇßó ÇáúãóäúÒöáö ÊóÚóÏøóáóÊö ÇáúÝößúÑóÉõ Èóáú ßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÎóíúãóÉõ ÈöÏóÇíóÉó ãõäúØóáóÞò áöÝößúÑóÉò ÌóÏöíÏóÉò¡ æóÃóæúÕóÇåõ ÇáúÃóãöíÑõ Åöäú åõæó ÞóÏöãó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó Ãóäú íóáúÊóÞöíó ÈöÇáÔøóíúÎóíúäö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáÒøóÇÍöãö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäö ÕóÇáöÍò ÍóÝöÙóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÝöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúÊóÞóì ÈöåöãóÇ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ. æóßóÇäó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ ãóÚóåõãóÇ ÝöíãóÇ íóÓúãóÚõ Úóäö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö æóßóÇäóÇ Íóßöíãóíúäö ÝöíãóÇ íóÚúÑöÖóÇäö Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö Ãóåúáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ãöäú ãóÐúåóÈò Ýöí ÇáúÝöÞúåö æóãóäúåóÌò Ýöí ÇáöÚóÞöíÏóÉö.
æóßóÇäó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãóÇ ãõÈóÇÍóËóÉð ãóÚóåõ ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ÕóÇáöÍò. æóÃóÎöíÑðÇ ÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúãõÛúäöí ßóÃóÕúáò áöáúãóÐúåóÈö æóÈóÚúÖó ßõÊõÈö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó ßóãóäúåóÌò áöáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ æóÊóÚóÏøóÏóÊö ÇááøöÞóÇÁóÇÊõ æóØóÇáóÊö ÇáúÌöáúÓóÇÊõ ÝóæóÌóÏó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ãóÐúåóÈðÇ ãóÚúáõæãðÇ áöÅöãóÇãò Ìóáöíáò ãöäú ÃóÆöãøóÉö Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÓóáóÝö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÃóÍúãóÏó Èúäö ÍóäúÈóáò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.(9/489)
ßóãóÇ æóÌóÏó ãóäúåóÌðÇ ÓóáöíãðÇ áöÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÇáÓøóáóÝö ÊóÚúÊóãöÏõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáÓøõäøóÉó æóãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÓóáóÝõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÒóíúÝõ ÇáÏøöÚóÇíóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÇØöáóÉö æóÙóåóÑó ãóÚúÏöäõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö¡ æóÊóæóØøóÏóÊö ÇáúÚóáóÇÞóÉõ Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö¡ æóÊóÌóÏøóÏóÊú ÑóÛúÈóÉñ ãõÊóÈóÇÏóáóÉñ Ýöí ÈóÞóÇÆöåö áöÅöÝóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóÑóÛöÈó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌöæóÇÑö ÇáúßóÑöíãö æóßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: áóíúÓó ãöäú Úóãóáò ÃóÚúÙóãó ãöäú ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóÊóãøó Ðóáößó ÈöÃóãúÑò ãöäú ÌóáóÇáóÉö Çáúãóáößö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöáóíúåö æóÏóÑóÓó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ÕóÇáöÍò ÇáÕøóÑúÝó æóÇáúÈóíóÇäó Úóáóíúåö. ÑóÍöãó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóÍóÝöÙó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóÍúíóÇÁó.
æóåõäóÇ ßóáöãóÉñ íóÌöÈõ Ãóäú ÊõÞóÇáó áöáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö æóáöØóáóÈóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÎóÇÕøóÉð äóÖóÚõåóÇ Ýöí ãöíÒóÇäö ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö æóÞóÇäõæäö ÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝö: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áöÌõáõæÓö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉñ ãõÒúÏóæöÌóÉñ ÇÓúÊóÝóÇÏó æóÃóÝóÇÏó.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊöÝóÇÏóÊõåõ ÝóÃóãúÑñ ÍóÊúãöíøñ æóãóäúØöÞõåõ Úöáúãöíøñ áöáúÂÊöí:
æóåõæó Ãóäøó ãóäúåóÌó ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåö ßóÇäó ãõäúÕóÈøðÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝöÞúåö¡ æóÝöí ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò ÝóÞóØú. æóÚóáóì ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ãóÊúäðÇ æóÃõÓúáõæÈðÇ¡ æóÇáúÃõÕõæáö æóÇáÓøöíÑóÉö æóÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö. æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÏóÑóÓó ÇáúãóäúØöÞó ÈöÇáúãõØóÇáóÚóÉö æóáóãú Êóßõäú ÏöÑóÇÓóÉõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÊóÍúÙóì ÈöãóÇ íóÍúÙóì Èöåö ÛóíúÑõåóÇ áöáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÑö Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò. æóßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöãóÇãðÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöãøóÇ åõæó ÔóÇÆöÚñ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö.
æóáóãøóÇ ÚóÒóãó Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÞóÇÁö æóÈóÏóÃó ÇáÊøóÏúÑöíÓó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö æóÎóÇáóØó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉó æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉó æóÌóÏó ãóäú íõãóËøöáõ ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈó ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó¡ æóãóäú íõäóÇÞöÔõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóæóÌóÏó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÏöÑóÇÓóÉð áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÕöÑõ Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò. Èóáú æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóßøóÇäö áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÏöÑóÇÓóÉö ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö ÈöÌóÇäöÈö ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò¡ æóÈöãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó ÇáúãóÐúåóÈöíøó áóÇ íõäúåöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ãóæö ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö¡ ÝóßóÇäó áöÒóÇãðÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóæóÓøõÚö Ýöí ÏöÑóÇÓóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÚóÏó ÇáÔøóíúÎó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóæóÓøõÚö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöíÚóÇÈö æóÞõæøóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö æóÏöÞøóÉö ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÍö ãóÇ åõæó ãõÊóãóßøöäñ Ýöíåö ãöäú Ýóäøö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö æóÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÊóæóÓøõÚöåö Ýöí ÏöÑóÇÓóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÈöÇáúÃóÎóÕøö ÇáúãóÌóÇãöíÚõ ßóäóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÙóåóÑó Ðóáößó Ýöí ãóäúåóÌöåö Ýöí ÃóÖúæóÇÁö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÍöíäóãóÇ íóÚúÑöÖõ áöãóÈúÍóËò ÝöÞúåöíøò ãõÎúÊóáóÝò Ýöíåö ÝóíóÓúÊóæúÝöíó Ýöí ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóíõÑóÌøöÍõ ãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ áóåõ ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáÏøóáöíáö ÚóÞúáðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú äóÞúáðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóäúåóÌõ åõæó ÓóÈöíáõ Ãóåúáö ÇáÊøóÍúÕöíáö¡ ÇáÏøóÃúÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö¡ æóãõæóÇÕóáóÉõ ÇáúãõØóÇáóÚóÉö æóÇáÊøóäúÞöíÍö.(9/490)
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÝóÞóÏú ÈóáúæóÑóåóÇ ãóäúØöÞðÇ æóÏóáöíáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó áóÎøóÕóåóÇ Ýöí ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÉö ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁö æóÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÇÊö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö Ëõãøó ÈóÓóØóåóÇ æóæóÖøóÍóåóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍðÇ ÔóÇÝöíðÇ Ýöí ÃõÎúÑóíóÇÊö ÍóíóÇÊöåö¡ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈóíú ÂÏóÇÈö ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö ÏóáöíáðÇ æóÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáðÇ æóÚóÑúÖðÇ æóÅöÞúäóÇÚðÇ. æóãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ÈóíóÇäöåö áóåóÇ æóÃõÓúáõæÈöåö ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏõ ÇááøóØöíÝö Èúäõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Âáö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÈóíóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö áöÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÇáÓøóáóÝö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÒóì Çááøóåõ ÚóäøóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÇáúÃóãöíäó ÎóíúÑðÇ Úóáóì ÈóíóÇäöåö åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÌóÇåöáõ ÚóÑóÝó ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉó¡ æóÇáúÚóÇáöãõ ÚóÑóÝó ÇáØøóÑöíÞó æóÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈó.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÊóÖóÚõ Èóíúäó íóÏóíú ØóÇáöÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãóäúåóÌó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÒóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúÕöíáö æóØõãõæÍóåõ Ýöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ãóäúåõæãóÇäö áóÇ íóÔúÈóÚóÇäö ÃóÈóÏðÇ: ØóÇáöÈõ Úöáúãò æóØóÇáöÈõ ãóÇáò åóÐóÇ ÌóÇäöÈõ ÇÓúÊöÝóÇÏóÊöåö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÌóÇäöÈõ ÅöÝóÇÏóÊöåö Ýóåõæó ãóÇ ÓóäóÊóÍóÏøóËõ Úóäúåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö: íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáÊøóÏúÑöíÓõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ãöäú Ãóåóãøö ÇáÊøóÏúÑöíÓö Ýöí ßõÈúÑóíóÇÊö ÌóÇãöÚóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö¡ Ýöí äóÔúÑö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì áöáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ãõäúÐõ ÚóåúÏö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö. æóÍöíäó ßóÇäó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ íóÃúÊöí áöÊóÚúáöíãö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ýöí ãóÌóÇáöÓö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóãõäúÐõ ßóÇäóÊú ãóÌóÇáöÓõ ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏöíäó æóÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó. ÅöÐú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇÕöãóÉó ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉó æóÙóáøóÊú ãõÍóÇÝöÙóÉð Úóáóì ãóÑúßóÒöåóÇ ÇáúÚöáúãöíøö¡ æóáóãú ÊóÎúáõ Ýöí Òóãóäò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÒúãóÇäö ãöäú ÚóÇáöãò íóÞõæãõ ÈöÍóÞøö Çááøóåö ÝöíåóÇ.
æóÞóÈúáó ãóÌöíÁö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÇáØøóíøöÈõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ äóÝóÚó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ßóËöíÑðÇ. æóÊõæõÝøöíó ÓóäóÉó 1363 åÜ. ÝóßóÇäó ÌõáõæÓõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ áöáÊøóÏúÑöíÓö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÇãúÊöÏóÇÏðÇ áöãóÇ ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ ãóÚó ãóäú ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÂäóÐóÇßó ãöäú ÊóáóÇãöíÐö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÇáØøóíøöÈö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú. æóßóÇäó ÏóÑúÓõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ ÎóÊóãó ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäó ãóÑøóÊóíúäö.
ãóäúåóÌõåõ Ýöí ÏóÑúÓöåö: ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑó áóÇ íóäúÍóÕöÑõ Ýöí ãóæúÖõæÚò Ýóåõæó ÔóÇãöáñ ÚóÇãøñ ÈöÔõãõæáö ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö æóÚõãõæãöåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúãóäúåóÌõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÈóíóÇäó ÇáúãõÝúÑóÏóÇÊö Ëõãøó ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÈó æóÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÝó Ëõãøó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉó ãóÚó ÅöíÑóÇÏö ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö Úóáóì ãóÇ íõæÑóÏõ.
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ÝóßóÇäó äóÝúÚõåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö áöáúãõÞöíãö æóÇáúÞóÇÏöãö áöáúÞóÇÕöí æóÇáÏøóÇäöí äóÝúÚðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ.
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äóÔúÃóÉõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö: ßóÇäóÊú äóÔúÃóÊõåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÓõãöÚúÊõ ãöäúåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉð áöÑóÛúÈóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÍõæãö ÌóáóÇáóÉö Çáúãóáößö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ. ÞóÇáó áöÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö æóåõãú Ýöí ãóÌúáöÓöåö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÑøöíóÇÖõ ãóáöíÆóÉð ÈöÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÚóÇãöÑóÉð ÈöÇáÏøõÑõæÓö. æóÇäúÊóÞóáó ÇáúßóËöíÑõ ãöäúåõãú Åöáóì ÑóÍúãóÉö Çááøóåö æóáóãú íóÎúáõÝúåõãú ãóäú íõãóÇËöáõåõãú¡ æóÃóÑóÏúÊõ ÊóÚóÇæõäóßõãú ãóÚó ÓóãóÇÍóÉö ÇáúãõÝúÊöí Ýöí ÊóÑúÈöíóÉö Ìöíáò ãöäú ØóáóÈóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóäö ÇáúÚõáõæãö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö æóÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÇáÓøóáöíãóÉö¡ ÝóäóÍúäõ æóÃóäúÊõãú ãõÔúÊóÑößõæäó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÄõæáöíøóÉö. ÝóßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáäøóåúÖóÉõ ÊóÑúÚóÇåóÇ ÚöäóÇíóÉñ ãóáóßöíøóÉñ æóÊóÞõæãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ßóÝóÇÁóÉñ ÚöáúãöíøóÉñ¡ Êóæóáøóì ÅöÏóÇÑóÉó ÇáúãóÚúåóÏö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇááøóØöíÝö Èúäõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÑöÆóÇÓóÊõåõ áöÓóãóÇÍóÉö ÇáúãõÝúÊöí¡ æóÇÝúÊõÊöÍóÊö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉõ Úóáóì ØõáøóÇÈö ÍöáóÞö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáúÃóßúÝóÇÁö æóÝöíåöãú ÎóæóÇÕøõ ØõáøóÇÈö ÝóÖöíáóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÃóÈúäóÇÄõåõ. ÕõäøöÝóÊö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉõ Úóáóì ËóáóÇËö ÓóäóæóÇÊò ËóÇäóæöíøóÉò æóãöäúåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ íõÛóÐøöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãó ÞöÓúãñ ÊóãúåöíÏöíøñ íóÃúÎõÐõ ãöäú ÑóÇÈöÚóÉö ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÆöíøò æóíóÏúÑõÓõ ÎóÇãöÓóÉó æóÓóÇÏöÓóÉó æóãöäú Ëóãøó áöáúãóÚúåóÏö ÇáËøóÇäóæöíøö ÝóÇáúßõáøöíøóÊóíúäö.
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ÇáúãóæóÇÏøö æóÇáúÚõáõæãö. æóßóÇäó ãóÚó ÇáúÊöÒóÇãöåö ÈöÇáúãóäúåóÌö æóÇáúÍöÕóÕö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóäóÇæóáó ÈóÍúËðÇ Ýöí Ãóíøö ãóÇÏøóÉò íóÎóÇáõåõ ÇáÓøóÇãöÚõ ãõÎúÊóÕøðÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóÚóÑóÝó áóåõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ ÞóÏúÑóåõ æóÊóØóáøóÚó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúãõÏóÑøöÓõæäó: æóÞóÏú ÑóÛöÈó ÇáúãõÏóÑøöÓõæäó ÂäóÐóÇßó Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÈóÚúÖö ßõÊõÈö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó æóÇÓúÊöíÚóÇÈö ÏóÞóÇÆöÞöåö Ýóáóãú íóßõäú Ãóæúáóì ÈöÐóáößó ãöäú ÝóÖöíáóÊöåö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ. ÎõÕøöÕó áöÐóáößó ãóÌúáöÓñ ÎóÇÕøñ Ýöí ÕóÍúäö ÇáúãóÚúåóÏö ÈöÏõÎúäöåö Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö.
Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáÔøóíúÎö: æóÝöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈóÏóÃó ÏóÑúÓõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö áößöÈóÇÑö ÇáØøóáóÈóÉö Ýöí ÞóæóÇÚöÏö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ ÍóÖóÑóåõ ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉõ æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉõ æóßóÇäó íóÊóæóÇÝóÏõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÃóØúÑóÇÝö ÇáÑøöíóÇÖö¡ æóßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáúÅöÝúÑöíÞöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ íóÏúÑõÓõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó æóßóÇäó ÏóÑúÓõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÝóÊúÍò ÌóÏöíÏò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóäøö
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æóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÑó Çáúãóáößõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ ãóáößõ ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö ÇáÑøöíóÇÖó ÇÓúÊóÃúÐóäó Ýöí ÕõÍúÈóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎö Åöáóì(9/494)
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ßóãóÇ ÓóÇåóãó Ýöí ÅöäúÊóÇÌöåóÇ æóÊóÚúáöíãöåóÇ.
æóÝöí ÓóäóÉö 86 åÜ ÇÝúÊõÊöÍó ãóÚúåóÏõ ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÇáöí ÈöÇáÑøöíóÇÖö ÈöÑöÂÓóÉö ÝóÖöíáóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö ÚóÝöíÝöí æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉõ Ýöíåö ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð Úóáóì äöÙóÇãö ÇÓúÊöÞúÏóÇãö ÇáúÃóÓóÇÊöÐóÉö ÇáÒøóÇÆöÑöíäó ÝóßóÇäó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöãøóäú íóÐúåóÈõ áöÅöáúÞóÇÁö ÇáúãõÍóÇÖóÑóÇÊö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö æóÇáúÃõÕõæáö.
ÞóÏö ÇãúÊóÏøó äóÔóÇØõåõ ÎóÇÑöÌó ÇáúãóãúáóßóÉö: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉõ ÝóÊóÍóÊú áöáúÈöáóÇÏö äóæóÇÝöÐó ÊõØöáøõ ãöäúåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ßõáøöåö¡ æóÌóÚóáóÊú ãöäú ÍóÞøö ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÃóÈúäóÇÁö ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ ãöäú ÑöÚóÇíóÊöåöãú¡ æóÍóÞøö Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÞúØóÇÑö ãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ãöäú ÊóÞúæöíóÉö ÃóæóÇÕöÑö ÇáÑøóæóÇÈöØö. ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÝößúÑóÉõ ÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÈóÚóËóÇÊò Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÞúØóÇÑö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö æóÎóÇÕøóÉð ÅöÝúÑöíÞúíóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÃúÓö ÈóÚúËóÉö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö Åöáóì ÚóÔúÑö Ïõæóáò ÃóÝúÑöíÞöíøóÉò ÈóÏóÃóÊú ÈöÇáÓøõæÏóÇäö¡ æóÇäúÊóåóÊú ÈöãõæÑöíÊóÇäúíóÇ ãóæúØöäö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ßóÇäó áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáúÃóËóÑö¡ æóÃóÐúßõÑõ Ýöí ãóÌúáöÓò ãöäú ÃóÝóÇÖöáö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÈöãõæÑöíÊóÇäúíóÇ æóÝöí ÍóÝúáö ÊóßúÑöíãò áöáúÈóÚúËóÉö æóßóáó Åöáóíøó ÝóÖöíáóÊõåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ßóáöãóÉó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö ÝóßóÇäó ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÐøößúÑóíóÇÊö áóÊóÊóÍóÏøóËõ æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÓóÇÚóÉñ ÚóÌöíÈóÉñ ÃóÏóÇÑóÊú ÚóÌóáóÉó ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ÍóíúËõ äóÔóÃó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏößõãú Ëõãøó åóÇÌóÑó Åöáóì ÇáúÍöÌóÇÒö Ëõãøó åóÇ åõæó íóÚõæÏõ Åöáóíúßõãú Úóáóì ÑóÃúÓö æóÝúÏò æóÑöÆóÇÓóÉö ÈóÚúËóÉò ÝóÞóÏú äóÈóÊóÊú ÛóÑúÓóÉõ Úöáúãöåö åõäóÇ ÚöäúÏóßõãú ÝóÐóåóÈó Åöáóì ÇáúÍöÌóÇÒö ÝóäóãóÊú æóÊóÑóÚúÑóÚóÊú ÝóÇãúÊóÏøóÊú ÃóÛúÕóÇäõåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÔóãóáóÊú ÈöæóÇÑöÝö ÙöáøöåóÇ ÈöáóÇÏó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÔóÑúÞðÇ æóÛóÑúÈðÇ æóåóÇ äóÍúäõ Ýöí ãóæúØöäöåö äóÌúäöí ËöãóÇÑó ÛóÑúÓöåóÇ æóäóÓúÊóÙöáøõ ÈöæóÇÑöÝö ÙöáøöåóÇ. ÝóßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöÍúáóÉõ ÍóÞøðÇ ÍóáúÞóÉó ÇÊøöÕóÇáò æóÊóÌúÏöíÏó ÚóåúÏò æóÅöÍúíóÇÁó ãóÚóÇáöãò áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóßóÇäó áóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÏöíÏõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÍóÇÖóÑóÇÊö æóÇáúãõÍóÇÏóËóÇÊö ÓõÌøöáóÊú ßõáøõåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÔúÑöØóÉò áóÇ ÊóÒóÇáõ ãóÍúÝõæÙóÉð¡ Âãõáõ Ãóäú ÃõæóÝøóÞó áöäóÞúáöåóÇ æóØóÈúÚöåóÇ ÅöÊúãóÇãðÇ áöáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ. æóäóÖõãøõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãóäúåóÌóåõ æóÓõáõæßóåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÍõßøóÇãö æóÕöÛóÇÑö ÇáØøõáøóÇÈö æóÇáúÚóæóÇãøö ãöãøóÇ íóÑúÓõãõ ÇáØøóÑöíÞó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó áöáÏøóÚúæóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÈóÕöíÑóÉò æóÈöÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóÇáúãóæúÚöÙóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö.
Ýöí åóíúÆóÉö ßöÈóÇÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: æóßóãóÇ ÔõßøöáóÊú åóíúÆóÉõ ßöÈóÇÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏó ÓóãóÇÍóÉö ÇáúãõÝúÊöí ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóåöíó ÃóßúÈóÑõ åóíúÆóÉò ÚöáúãöíøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö. ßóÇäó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏó ÃóÚúÖóÇÆöåóÇ. æóÞóÏú ÊóÑóÃøóÓó ÅöÍúÏóì ÏóæúÑóÇÊöåóÇ ÝóßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÓóÉõ ÇáÑøóÔöíÏóÉõ æóÇáäøóÊóÇÆöÌõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏóÉõ. ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÝóÖöíáóÉó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäó ÕóÇáöÍò ÍóÝöÙóåõ Çááøóåõ æóåõæó ÚõÖúæñ ÝöíåóÇ íóÞõæáõ: ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÞóÈúáóåõ ÃóÍúÓóäó ÅöÏóÇÑóÉð ãöäúåõ ãóÚó ÈõÚúÏö äóÙóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÃõãõæÑö¡ æóÍõÓúäö ÊóÏóÈøõÑò áöáúÚóæóÇÞöÈö.
Ýöí ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉö: æóÝöí ÑóÇÈöØóÉö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ßóÇäó ÚõÖúæó ÇáúãóÌúáöÓö ÇáÊøóÃúÓöíÓöíøö áóãú ÊóÞöáøó(9/496)
ÎöÏúãóÇÊõåõ Ýöíåö Úóäú ÎöÏúãóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ. ÃóÐúßõÑõ áóåõ ãóæúÞöÝðÇ ÍóÏøóËóäöí Èöåö¡ ÌóäøóÈó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ãóÃúÒöÞðÇ ßóÇÏó Ãóäú íõÏúÎöáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÔöÞóÇÞðÇ Ãóæö ÇäúËöáóÇãðÇ.
ÍöíäóãóÇ ÞóÏöãó ãóäúÏõæÈõ ÅöíÑóÇäó æóÞóÏøóãó ØóáóÈðÇ ÈöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝö ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÌóÚúÝóÑöíøö æóãóÚóåõ æóËöíÞóÉñ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÌöåóÇÊö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúæóÒúäö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö ÊõÄóíøöÏõåõ Úóáóì ÏóÚúæóÇåõ æóÊõÌöíÈõåõ Åöáóì ØóáóÈöåö. ÝóÅöäú ÞóÈöáõæÇ ØóáóÈóåõ ÏóÎóáõæÇ ãóÃúÒöÞðÇ æóÅöäú ÑóÝóÖõæåõ æóÇÌóåõæÇ ÍóÑóÌðÇ ÝóÇÞúÊóÑóÍõæÇ Ãóäú íóÊóæóáøóì ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÝóÖöíáóÊõåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÌöáúÓóÉò ÎóÇÕøóÉò. ÝóÃóÌóÇÈó Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúáöÓö ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: áóÞóÏö ÇÌúÊóãóÚúäóÇ áöáúÚóãóáö Úóáóì ÌóãúÚö Ôóãúáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÇáÊøóÃúáöíÝö Èóíúäóåõãú æóÊóÑóÇÈõØöåöãú ÃóãóÇãó ÎóØóÑö ÚóÏõæøöåöãú¡ æóäóÍúäõ ÇáúÂäó ãõÌúÊóãöÚõæäó ãóÚó ÇáÔøöíÚóÉö Ýöí ÃõÕõæáò åöíó:
ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ Ïöíäõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚö æóÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÑóÓõæáõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúßóÚúÈóÉõ ÞöÈúáóÉõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊõ ÇáúÎóãúÓõ æóÕóæúãõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó æóÍóÌøõ ÈóíúÊö Çááøóåö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ æóãõÌúÊóãöÚõæäó Úóáóì ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÇÊö ãöäú ÞóÊúáò æóÔõÑúÈò æóÒöäðÇ æóÓóÑöÞóÉò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÏúÑõ ßóÇÝò áöáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö æóÇáÊøóÑóÇÈõØö. æóåõäóÇßó ÃõãõæÑñ äóÚúáóãõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÃóäøóäóÇ äóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ãóËóÇÑõ ÈóÍúËöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ÑóÛöÈó ÇáúÚõÖúæõ ÇáúÅöíÑóÇäöíøõ ÈóÍúËóåóÇ æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚó ÇáúÍóÞøö ÝöíåóÇ ÝóáúíóÎúÊóÑú ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÆöåöãú ÌóãóÇÚóÉð æóäóÎúÊóÇÑõ áóåõãú ÌóãóÇÚóÉð æóíóÈúÍóËõæäó ãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝúäóÇ Ýöíåö æóíõÚúáóäõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóíõáúÊóÒóãõ Èöåö. Ãóæú íóÓúÍóÈõ ØóáóÈóåõ ÇáúÂäó. ÝóÃóÞóÑøó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ Þóæúáóåõ æóÓóÍóÈó ÇáúÚõÖúæõ ØóáóÈóåõ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÍóßöíãðÇ Ýöí ÊóÚúáöíãöåö ÍóßöíãðÇ Ýöí ÏóÚúæóÊöåö ÍóßöíãðÇ Ýöí ÈóÍúËöåö æóÅöÞúäóÇÚöåö. æóÞóÏú ÙóåóÑó Ðóáößó ßõáøó ÇáúæõÖõæÍö Ýöí ãõÄóáøóÝóÇÊöåö.
ãõÄóáøóÝóÇÊõåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãõÄóáøóÝò íóÍúßöí ÔóÎúÕöíøóÉó ãõÄóáøöÝöåö Ýöí Úöáúãöåö æóÝöí ÚóÞúáöåö Èóáú æóÝöí ÇÊøöÌóÇåöåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ãóäú ÃóáøóÝó ÝóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóåúÏóÝó¡ Ãóíú áöÃóäøóåõ íóÚúÑöÖõ ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ Úóáóì ÃóäúÙóÇÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö. æóáöáÔøóíúÎö ÊóÂáöíÝñ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåö æóãöäúåóÇ åõäóÇ. ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåö åõæó:
1 - Ýöí ÃóäúÓóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö äóÙúãðÇ¡ ÃóáøóÝóåõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈõáõæÛö íóÞõæáõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö:
ÓóãøóíúÊõåõ ÈöÎóÇáöÕö ÇáúÌõãóÇäö Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÃóäúÓóÇÈö Èóäöí ÚóÏúäóÇäó æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÈõáõæÛö ÏóÝóäóåõ ÞóÇáó áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó Úóáóì äöíøóÉö ÇáÊøóÝóæøõÞö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÇäö¡ æóÞóÏú áóÇãóåõ ãóÔóÇíöÎõåõ Úóáóì ÏóÝúäöåö æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ßóÇäó ãöäó Çáúãõãúßöäö ÊóÍúæöíáõ ÇáäøöíøóÉö æóÊóÍúÓöíäõåóÇ.(9/497)
2 - ÑóÌóÒñ Ýöí ÝõÑõæÚö ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÇáúÚõÞõæÏö Ýöí ÇáúÈõíõæÚö æóÇáÑøõåõæäö¡ æóåõæó ÂáóÇÝñ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉñ ÞóÇáó Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö:
ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏú äóÏóÈóÇ ... áöÃóäú äóãöíÒó ÇáúÈóíúÚó Úóäú áóÈúÓö ÇáÑøöÈóÇ
æóãóäøó ÈöÇáúãõÄóáøöÝöíäó ßõÊõÈðÇ ... ÊóÊúÑõßõ ÃóØúæóÇÏó ÇáúÌóåóÇáóÉö åóÈøðÇ
ÊóßúÔöÝõ Úóäú Úóíúäö ÇáúÝõÄóÇÏö ÇáúÍõÌõÈóÇ ... ÅöÐóÇ ÍöÌóÇÈñ Ïõæäó Úöáúãò ÖõÑöÈóÇ
3 - ÃóáúÝöíøóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúãóäúØöÞö - ÃóæøóáõåóÇ:
ÍóãúÏðÇ áöãóäú ÃóÙúåóÑó áöáúÚõÞõæáö ... ÍóÞóÇÆöÞó ÇáúãóäúÞõæáö æóÇáúãóÚúÞõæáö
æóßóÔóÝó ÇáÑøóíúäó Úóäö ÇáúÃóÐúåóÇäö ... ÈöæóÇÖöÍö ÇáÏøóáöíáö æóÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäö
æóÝóÊóÍó ÇáúÃóÈúæóÇÈö áöáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö ... ÍóÊøóì ÇÓúÊóÈóÇäóÊú ãóÇ æóÑóÇÁó ÇáúÈóÇÈö
4 - äóÙúãñ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÑóÇÆöÖö: ÃóæøóáõåóÇ:
ÊöÑúßóÉõ ÇáúãóíøöÊö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÎóÇãöÕö ... ãöäú ÎóãúÓóÉò ãóÍúÕõæÑóÉò Úóäú ÓóÇÏöÓö
æóÍóÕúÑõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉö ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁñ ... æóÇäúÈöÐú áöÍóÕúÑö ÇáúÚóÞúáö ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÇÁö
ÃóæøóáõåóÇ ÇáúÍõÞõæÞõ ÈöÇáúÃóÚúíóÇäö ... ÊóÚóáøóÞóÊú ßóÇáÑøóåúäö Ãóæú ßóÇáúÌóÇäöí
æóßóÒóßóÇÉö ÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáúÍõÈõæÈö ... Åöäú ãóÇÊó ÈóÚúÏó Òóãóäö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö
æóßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÄóáøóÝóÇÊö ãóÎúØõæØóÉñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ãõÄóáøóÝóÇÊõåõ åõäóÇ Ýóåöíó:
1 - ãóäúÚõ ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÒøóáö áöáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö æóÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö. æóãóæúÖõæÚõåóÇ ÅöÈúØóÇáõ ÅöÌúÑóÇÁö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁö æóÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö æóÅöíÝóÇÄõåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö. æóÞóÏú ÒóÇÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ Ýöí ÂÏóÇÈö ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö.
2 - ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú Âíö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ÃóÈóÇäó Ýöíåö ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ ÇáÊøóÚóÇÑõÖó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ßõáøöåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞöÝõæåõãú Åöäøóåõãú ãóÓúÆõæáõæäó¡ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóíóæúãóÆöÐò áóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ÐóäúÈöåö ÅöäúÓñ æóáóÇ ÌóÇäøñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøõÄóÇáó ãõÊóäóæøöÚñ æóÇáúãóæóÇÞöÝó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉñ. æóÞóÏú ØõÈöÚó æóãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ æóäóÝöÏóÇ.(9/498)
3 - ãõÐóßøöÑóÉõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Úóáóì ÑóæúÖóÉö ÇáäøóÇÙöÑö: ÌóãóÚó Ýöí ÔóÑúÍöåóÇ ÃõÕõæáó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö æóÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÈóÇáóÊóÇáöí ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö. ãõÞóÑøóÑóÉñ Úóáóì ßõáøöíøóÊóíö ÇáÔøóÑöíÚóÉö æóÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö.
4 - ÂÏóÇÈõ ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö: ÃóæúÖóÍó Ýöíåö ÂÏóÇÈó ÇáúÈóÍúËö ãöäú ÅöíÑóÇÏö ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö æóÈóíóÇäö ÇáÏøóáöíáö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó. æóåõæó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÞóÑøóÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö æóãöäú ÌõÒúÃóíúäö.
5 - ÃóÖúæóÇÁõ ÇáúÈóíóÇäö áöÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö: æóåõæó ãóÏúÑóÓóÉñ ßóÇãöáóÉñ íóÊóÍóÏøóËõ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö¡ ØõÈöÚó ãöäúåõ ÓöÊøóÉõ ÃóÌúÒóÇÁò ßöÈóÇÑò æóÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ ÊóÍúÊó ÇáØøóÈúÚö¡ æóÕóáó Ýöíåö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Åöáóì äöåóÇíóÉö «ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚó» . æóáóÚóáøó Çááøóåó íõÓóíøöÑõ æóíõæóÝøöÞõ ãóäú íóÚúãóáõ Åöáóì ÅößúãóÇáöåö æóáóæú ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóØóÇÚö. æóãöäú ÚóÌöíÈö ÇáÕøõÏóÝö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóæúÞöÝõåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó ÍöÒúÈõ Çááøóåö ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÍöÒúÈó Çááøóåö åõãõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÍõæäó.
æóåõäóÇ ÇáúÚóÏöíÏõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÍóÇÖóÑóÇÊö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúãóæóÇÖöíÚö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉö ØõÈöÚóÊú ßõáøõåóÇ æóäóÝöÏóÊú æóåöíó:
1 - ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö: ÃóæúÖóÍó ÝöíåóÇ ÊóÍúÞöíÞó ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÕöÝóÇÊö Çááøóåö.
2 - ÍößúãóÉõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö: ÚóÇáóÌó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÚóÏöíÏó ãöäú ÍößúãóÉö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö Ýöí ßóËöíÑò ãöäú ÃóÍúßóÇãöåö.
3 - ÇáúãõËõáõ ÇáúÚõáúíóÇ: Èóíøóäó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúãöËóÇáöíøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö æóÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö æóÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö.
4 - ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÉõ: Èóíøóäó ÝöíåóÇ ÖóÇÈöØó ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇØö æóÇáÊøóÝúÑöíØö.
5 - Íóæúáó ÔõÈúåóÉö ÇáÑøóÞöíÞö: ÑóÝóÚó ÇááøóÈúÓó Úóäö ÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÇÓúÊöÑúÞóÇÞö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áöáúÃóÍúÑóÇÑö.
6 - Úóáóì Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúãóáúÊõ áóßõãú Ïöíäóßõãú æóÃóÊúãóãúÊõ Úóáóíúßõãú äöÚúãóÊöí¡ ÃóáúÞóÇåóÇ ÈöÍóÖúÑóÉö Çáúãóáößö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúÎóÇãöÓö ÚöäúÏó ÒöíóÇÑóÊöåö áöáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÚóÇãøóÉð äóÇÝöÚóÉñ ÌóÏöíÏóÉñ.
æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áöãóäúåóÌöåö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøö Ýöí ÃóÈúÍóÇËöåö æóÊóÏúÑöíÓöåö æóÝöí ãõÄóáøóÝóÇÊöåö ÅöÍúíóÇÁñ áöÚõáõæãò ÏóÑóÓóÊú æóÊóÕúÍöíÍñ áöãóÝóÇåöíãó ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú.
ÝóãöãøóÇ ÃóÍúíóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáõæãö Úöáúãõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÕúáõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöäúÈóÇØö¡ æóÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõ ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÍõ æóÚõãúÏóÉõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóåöÏö æóÚöãóÇÏõåõ¡ æóÈöÌóåúáöåö áóÇ íóÍöÞøõ ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõ æóíóÌöÈõ ÇáÊøóÞúáöíÏõ ÇáúãóÍúÖõ. ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó: ÌóåóáóÉõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÚóæóÇãøõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÝóÝóÊóÍó - ÃóÈúæóÇÈóåõ æóÓóåøóáó ÕöÚóÇÈóåõ æóÃóæúÖóÍó ÞóæóÇÚöÏóåõ¡ æóÞóÑøóÈó ÊóäóÇæõáöåö ÊóÓúåöíáðÇ áöÃóÎúÐö ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ãöäú ãóÕóÇÏöÑöåóÇ æóÑóÏøö ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö Åöáóì ÃõÕõæáöåóÇ.(9/499)
ßóãóÇ ÃóÍúíóÇ ÂÏóÇÈó ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö ÝóæóÖóÚó ãóäúåóÌõåõ æóÃóáøóÝó ãõÞóÑøóÑóåõ ÝóßóÇäó ÎöÏúãóÉð áöáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö Ýöí ÃõÓúáõæÈö ÈóíóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÅöËúÈóÇÊöåóÇ æóÇáÏøöÝóÇÚö ÚóäúåóÇ æóØõÑõÞö ÇáúÅöÞúäóÇÚö ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ.
ßóãóÇ ÝóÊóÍó ÃóÈúæóÇÈðÇ ÌóÏöíÏóÉð æóÃóÍúÏóËó ÝõäõæäðÇ ØóÑöíÝóÉð Ýöí Úõáõæãö ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ãöäú ãöäúÚö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö Úóäö ÇáúãõäóÒøóáö áöáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö æóÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö¡ ÅöËúÈóÇÊðÇ áöãóÚóÇäöí ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåóÇ æóÓóÏøó ÈóÇÈó ÊóÚúØöíáöåóÇ Úóäú ÏóáóÇáóÊöåóÇ ÅöÌúÑóÇÁð áöáäøóÕøö Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåö æóÅöÈúÞóÇÁð Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÏóáóÇáóÊöåö.
æóãöäú ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú Âíö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÈóíóÇäö ÊóÕúÏöíÞö Âíö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÈóÚúÖóåõ ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÈöÏõæäö ÊóÚóÇÑõÖò æóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáò.
æóãöäú ÊóÓúáöíØö ÃóÖúæóÇÁö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö Úóäú ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö ÑóÓóãó Ýöíåö ÇáúãóäúåóÌó ÇáÓøóáöíãó áöÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö¡ ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ßóáóÇãö Çááøóåö ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÈöÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÃóÈóÇäó ÃóÍúßóÇãóåõ æóÍõßúãóåõ æóÝóÊóÍó ßõäõæÒóåõ æóÃóØúáóÚó äóÝóÇÆöíåö æóäóÔóÑó ÏõÑóÑóåõ Úóáóì ØóáóÈóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÝóÊúÍñ ÌóÏöíÏñ Ýöí Úõáõæãö ÇáúÞõÑúÁóÇäö áóãú Êóßõäú ãóæúÌõæÏóÉð Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÓóÞö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ æóáóãú Êóßõäú ÊõÏúÑóÓõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóËóáö.
ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÛõÖõæäöåóÇ ÕóÍøóÍó ãóÝóÇåöíãó ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉð ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóäúØöÞó áóãú íóßõäú íõÚúÑóÝõ Úóäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÚóÞúáö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÞúáö æóãõÕóÇÏóãóÉõ ÇáäøóÕøö ÈöÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóßóÇäó ÝöÚúáðÇ æóÓöíáóÉó ÇáÊøóÔúßöíßö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÈöÇÓúÊöÎúÏóÇãö ÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÚóÞöíãóÉò. ÝóåóÐøóÈó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÈúÍóÇËöåö æóÃóÍúÓóäó ÈöÇÓúÊöÎúÏóÇãöåö ÝóäóÙøóãó ÞóÖóÇíóÇåõ ÇáúãõäúÊöÌóÉó æóÑóÊøóÈó ÃóÔúßóÇáóåõ ÇáÓøóáöíãóÉó æóÇÓúÊóÎúÏóÇãó ÞöíóÇÓóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöáúÒóÇãö. ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö Ãóæú ÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö¡ æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÓúÊóÎúÏóãõ ÖöÏøóåóÇ ÃóÕúÈóÍó íóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÎöÏúãóÊöåóÇ. ßóãóÇ æóÖøóÍó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÂÏóÇÈö ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö.
ãóæóÇÞöÝõåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÍóÞøö: ßóÇäó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÞóæöíøðÇ ÕõáúÈðÇ áóíøöäðÇ ÓóåúáðÇ.
ßóÇäó ÞóæöíøðÇ ÕõáúÈðÇ Ýöí ÈóíóÇäöåö¡ áóíøöäðÇ ÓóåúáðÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøõÌõæÚö Åöáóì ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó Åöáóíúåö ãöäúåõ.
Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÚúæóÇãö ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÌóÌúÊõåóÇ ãóÚóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÞóÏöãúäóÇ ãóßøóÉó íóæúãó ÓóÈúÚò ãöäó ÇáÔøóåúÑö¡ æóßóÇäó ãõÝóÑöÏðÇ ÇáúÍóÌøó¡ æóÝöí íóæúãö ÇáúÚöíÏö ÕóÍöÈúÊõåõ áöáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÓóãóÇÍóÉö ÇáúãõÝúÊöí ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Èöãöäðì¡ ÝóÓóÃóáóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäú äõÓõßöåö ÝóÞóÇáó: ÌöÆúÊõ ãõÝúÑöÏðÇ ÇáúÍóÌøó æóÞóÕúÏðÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõ¡ ÝóÃóÏúÑóßó ÇáúãõÝúÊöí ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäøó æóÑóÇÁó Ðóáößó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóßöäú ÊóáóØøóÝó ãóÚó ÇáÔøóíúÎö æóÞóÇáó: Ãóåúæó ÃóÝúÖóáõ ÚöäúÏóßó ÍóÝöÙóßó Çááøóåõ¿ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈó ÃóíúÖðÇ(9/500)
ÍóÝöÙóßõãõ Çááøóåõ áóÇ áöáúÃóÝúÖóáöíøóÉö ÝóÚóáúÊõ¡ æóáóßöäú ÓóãöÚúÊõ æóÊóÃóßøóÏó ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøó ÃóÔúÎóÇÕðÇ íóäúÊóãõæäó áöØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö íóÞõæáõæäó áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÍóÌøö æóíõáúÒöãõæäó ÇáúãõÝúÑöÏöíäó ÈöÇáÊøóÍóáøõáö ÈöÚõãúÑóÉò. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ áóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ãóÚó ÇáúÚóÏöíÏö ãöäú æõÝõæÏö ÈóíúÊö Çááøóåö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ ßõáøñ ÈöãóÇ ÇÎúÊóÇÑó ãóäú äõÓõßò æóßõáøñ íóÚúãóáõ ÈöãóÐúåóÈò ÕóÍöíÍò¡ æóÌóÑóÊú ãõÍóÇÏóËóÉñ ãöäú ÃóäúÝóÓö ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõ Ýöí ÊóÞúÑöíÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËö ãöäú ãõäóÇÞóÔóÉö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö æóÈóíóÇäö ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍö. æóÃóÎöíÑðÇ ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÚúäöíäöí ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÃóÝúÖóáö ÝóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ãõÎúÊóáóÝò Ýöíåö æóßõáøñ íóÎúÊóÇÑõ ãóÇ íóÊóÑóÌøóÍõ ÚöäúÏóåõ. æóáóßöäú íóÚúäöíäöí ÅöÈúØóÇáõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáúãóäúÚö ãöäú ÕöÍøóÉö ÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÌøö áöÃóäøóåõ Þóæúáñ áóãú íõÓúÈóÞú Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÃõãøóÉõ ãõÌúãöÚóÉñ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÊöåö. ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÓóãóÇÍóÉö ÇáúãõÝúÊöí ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÍúÓóäó Þóæúáóåõ æóÏóÚóÇ áóåõ.
æóáóßóÃóäöíøò ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáö ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÇáúÈóíóÇäó ÚóãóáöíøðÇ ÕõæÑóÉð ãöãøóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÍöíäóãóÇ ÈóáóÛóåõ Úóäú ÚõËúãóÇäó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ íóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö ÝóÏóÎóáó Úóáóíúåö æóÞóÇáó: ßóíúÝó Êóäúåóì Úóäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÚóáúäóÇåõ ãóÚó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÎóÑóÌó ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö æóåõæó íóÞõæáõ: áóÈøóíúßó Çááøóåõãøó ÍóÌøðÇ æóÚõãúÑóÉð.
ÃóãøóÇ áöíäõåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÑõÌõæÚõåõ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó áóåõ ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÝöí ÂÎöÑö ÏõÑõæÓöåö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóãö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö Ýöí ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÇáúãóÇÖöí Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÈóÑóÇÁóÉñ» ÃóÚúáóäó Úóäú ÑõÌõæÚöåö Úóäö ÇáúÞóæúáö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö ÇáúÍõÑõãö ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóäúÓõæÎóÉñ. æóÞóÇáó: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÍúßóãóÉñ æóáóíúÓóÊú ãóäúÓõæÎóÉð. æóßõäøóÇ äóÞõæáõ ÈöäóÓúÎöåóÇ Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ æóáóßöäú ÙóåóÑó áóäóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÍúßóãóÉñ. æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÈóÛöí ÇÚúÊöãóÇÏõåõ æóÇáÊøóÚúæöíáõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóãöãøóÇ æóÞóÚó áöí ãóÚóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÃóßúÈóÑúÊõåõ Ýöíåö ÊóæóÇÖõÚõåõ æóÅöäúÕóÇÝõåõ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäúåõ Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÍõáöíøö Ýöí ÃóÖúæóÇÁö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÓóÑúÏö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö æóãõäóÇÞóÔóÊöåóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúãõæÌöÈöíäó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáúíóãóäöíøóÉö æóãóÚóåóÇ ÇÈúäóÊõåóÇ æóÝöí íóÏö ÇÈúäóÊöåóÇ ãóÓóßóÊóÇäö ÛóáöíÙóÊóÇäö ãöäú ÐóåóÈò¡ ÝóÓóÃóáóåóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóÊõÄóÏøöíäó ÒóßóÇÉó åóÐóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: áóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó: åõãóÇ ÍóÓúÈõßö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö. ÝóÎóáóÚóÊúåõãóÇ æóÃóáúÞóÊú ÈöåöãóÇ.
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúãóÇäöÚõæäó ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÇáÐøóåóÈö áöáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ ÝóÊóÓóÇÁóáúÊõ ãõÓúÊóæúÖöÍðÇ ãöäúåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóãóÇÐóÇ íõÓóãøóì åóÐóÇ ãöäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÓõßõæÊõåõ Úóäú áõÈúÓöåö æóåõæó ãõÍóÑøóãñ æóÓõÄóÇáõåõ Úóäú ÒóßóÇÊöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÚóÌóÈðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ íóÊóÖóãøóäõ æõÌõæÏó ÇááøõÈúÓö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÅöÈóÇÍóÊöåö ÂäóÐóÇßó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóÇ íõÞöÑøõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ Úóáóì ãõÍóÑøóãò æóáóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì Ãóäú íóÓúßõÊó Úóáóì áõÈúÓöåóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ æóåõæó ãóãúäõæÚñ æóíóåúÊóãøõ áöÒóßóÇÊöåö æóáóæú ÃõÚöíÏó ØóÈúÚõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóäóÈøóåúÊõ Úóáóíúåö ÑóÛúãó Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúãóÑóÇÌöÚö áóãú ÊóáúÊóÝöÊú Åöáóíúåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöåóÐóÇ íõáóÞøöäõ ØóáóÈóÉó(9/501)
ÇáúÚöáúãö ÏóÑúÓðÇ Ýöí ãóæúÞöÝöåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóáóßóÃóäöíøò ÈößóáóÇãö ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö áöÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóáóÇ íóãúäóÚóäøóßó ÞóÖóÇÁñ ÞóÖóíúÊóåõ ÈöÇáúÃóãúÓö¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÇÌóÚúÊó Ýöíåö äóÝúÓóßó æóÙóåóÑó áóßó ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÎõÐó Èöåö¡ ÝóÇáúÍóÞøõ ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú íõÊøóÈóÚó. æóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ áöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÇáúÞóÏöíãó æóÇáúÌóÏöíÏó. æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöíåö ÅöäúÕóÇÝõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö æóÃóãóÇäóÉõ ÇáúÚöáúãö.
åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÓöÚóäöí ÐößúÑõåõ Úóäú ÍóíóÇÊöåö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö Ýöí äóÔúÃóÊöåö æóÊóÚóáøõãöåö æóÊóÚúáöíãöåö¡ æóÚóäú ÊõÑóÇËöåö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøö Ýöí ãõÄóáøóÝóÇÊöåö æóÂËóÇÑöåö ÇáÊøóÑúÈóæöíøóÉö Ýöí ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåö æóÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ßõáøöåö¡ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð æóÇÓöÚóÉð.
æóáóÚóáøó ãöäú ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåö ÇáúÍõÖõæÑö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåöãú ãóäú áóÏóíúåö ÇáúãóÒöíÏõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉõ ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉõ: Ýöí ÊóÞúæöíãöåö ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøö áöÓõáõæßöåö¡ æóÃóÎúáóÇÞöåö¡ æóÂÏóÇÈöåö¡ æóßóÑúãöåö¡ æóÚöÝøóÊöåö¡ æóÒõåúÏöåö æóÊóÑóÝøõÚö äóÝúÓöåö æóãóÇ Åöáóì Ðóáößó. ÝóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäøó íõÝúÑóÏó ÈöÍóÏöíËò¡ æóÅöäøöí áóÇ ÃóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÇáúÂäó ÊóÕúæöíÑóåõ æóáóÇ íóÓóÚõäöí Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ. æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ íõÍöÈøõ Ãóäú íõÐúßóÑó Úóäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ Ýöí Ðóáößó æóáóßöäú Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö áóæú Ãóäøó áöáúÝóÖóÇÆöáö æóÇáúãóßúÑõãóÇÊö æóÇáÔøöíóãö æóÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö Ýöí ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ÚõäúæóÇäðÇ íóÌúãóÚõåóÇ áóßóÇäó åõæó ÃóÍóÞøó Èöåö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö íõÚóäúæöäõæäó áöÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö æóÇáúÝóÖóÇÆöáö ÈöÇáúãõÑõæÁóÉö ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõÑõæÁóÉó ßóÇäóÊú ÔöÚóÇÑóåõ æóÏöËóÇÑóåõ. æóßóÇäóÊú åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÍúßõãõåõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÊóÕóÑøõÝóÇÊöåö ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö Ãóæú ãóÚó ÅöÎúæóÇäöåö æóØõáøóÇÈöåö Ãóæú ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ãóäú ÚóÑóÝóåõãú Ãóæú áóãú íóÚúÑöÝúåõãú. æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ ÚóíúÈó Ýöíåö Óöæóì ÚóíúÈò æóÇÍöÏò¡ åõæó ÃóäøóäóÇ äóÝúÞöÏõåõ ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåö.
æóÅöäøó ÊóÝúÕöíáó Ðóáößó áóãóÊúÑõæßñ áöãóäú ÎóÇáóØóåõ Úóäú ÞõÑúÈò. æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÚúÕóì Úóáóíøó ÇáúãõÞóÇáõ Ýöí Ðóáößó æóáößóÃóäöíøò ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáö:
ÃóåóÇÈõßó ÅöÌúáóÇáðÇ æóãóÇ Èößó ÓõáúØóÉñ ... Úóáóíøó æóáóßöäú ãóáúÁõ Úóíúäò ÍóÈöíÈõåóÇ
æóáóßöäú ÞóÏú ÊóßúÝöí ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú ÊõÓúÚöÝö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÉõ. æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÔóíúÁò ÒõåúÏõåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÚöÝøóÊõåõ ÚóãøóÇ Ýöí ÃóíúÏöí ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóßóÑóãõåõ ÈöãóÇ Ýöí íóÏöåö: áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ áóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöãóäú ÎóÇáóØóåõ¡ æóáóíúÓó ßõáøõ ãóäú ÎóÇáóØóåõ íóÚúÑöÝõ Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ Èóáú ãóäú ÏóÇÎóáóåõ æóáóÇÒóãóåõ.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÊõÓóÇæöí ÚöäúÏóåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú íóåúÊóãøõ áóåóÇ. æóãõäúÐõ æõÌõæÏöåö Ýöí ÇáúãóãúáóßóÉö æóÕöáóÊöåö ÈöÇáúÍõßõæãóÉö ÍóÊøóì ÝóÇÑóÞó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóãú íóØúáõÈú ÚóØóÇÁð æóáóÇ ãõÑóÊøóÈðÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÑúÝöíÚðÇ áöãõÑóÊøóÈöåö æóáóÇ ÍõÕõæáðÇ Úóáóì ãõßóÇÝóÃóÉò Ãóæú ÚöáóÇæóÉò æóáóßöäú ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÓõÄóÇáò ÃóÎóÐóåõ¡ æóãóÇ ÍóÕóáó Úóáóíúåö áóãú íóßõäú(9/502)
áöíóÓúÊóÈúÞöíóåõ Èóáú íõæóÒøöÚõ Ýöí Íöíäöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÚúæöÒöíäó ãöäú ÃóÑóÇãöáó æóãõäúÞóØöÚöíäó¡ æóßõäúÊõ ÃóÊóæóáøóì ÊóæúÒöíÚóåõ æóÅöÑúÓóÇáóåõ ãöäó ÇáÑøöíóÇÖö Åöáóì ßõáøò ãöäú ãóßøóÉó æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö. æóãóÇÊó æóáóãú íõÎóáøöÝú ÏöÑúåóãðÇ æóáóÇ ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó ãõÓúÊóÛúäöíðÇ ÈöÚöÝøóÊöåö æóÞóäóÇÚóÊöåö. Èóáú Åöäøó ÍóÞøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøó áóíóÊúÑõßõåõ ÊóÚóÝøõÝðÇ Úóäúåõ ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó Ýöí ãõÄóáóÝøóÇÊöåö æóåöíó ÝóÑöíÏóÉñ Ýöí äóæúÚöåóÇ¡ áóãú íóÞúÈóáö ÇáÊøóßóÓøõÈó ÈöåóÇ æóÊóÑóßóåóÇ áöØóáóÈóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÓóãöÚúÊõåõ íóÞõæáõ: áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõ ãóÚöí ãöäó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÈößóäúÒò ÚóÙöíãò íóßúÝöíäöí ãóÏóì ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóÃóÎúÔóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÖøóíóÇÚó. ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõ: æóãóÇ åõæó¿ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÞóäóÇÚóÉõ. æóßóÇäó ÔöÚóÇÑõåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÇáúÌõæÚõ íõØúÑóÏõ ÈöÇáÑøóÛöíÝö ÇáúíóÇÈöÓóåú ... ÝóÚóáóÇãó ÊóßúËõÑõ ÍóÓúÑóÊöí æóæóÓóÇæöÓöí
æóßóÇäó ÇåúÊöãóÇãõåõ ÈöÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏóåõ ÂáóÉð æóæóÓöíáóÉð¡ æóÚöáúãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÍúÏóåõ ÛóÇíóÉñ. æóßóÇäó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãóÇ íóÊóãóËøóáõ ÈöÃóÈúíóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÏöíÈö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÍóäúÈóáò ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáÔøöäúÞöíØöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:
áóÇ ÊóÓõÄú ÈöÇáúÍöáúãö ÙóäøðÇ íóÇ ÝóÊóì ... Åöäøó ÓõæÁó ÇáÙøóäøö ÈöÇáúÚöáúãö ÚóØóÈú
áóÇ íõÒóåøöÏúßó ÃóÍóÏñ Ýöí ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöäú ... ÛóãóÑó ÇáúÌõåøóÇáõ ÃóÑúÈóÇÈó ÇáúÃóÏóÈú
Åöäú ÊóÑó ÇáúÚóÇáöãó äöÖúæðÇ ãöÑúãóáðÇ ... ÕöÝúÑó ßóÝøò áóãú íõÓóÇÚöÏúåõ ÓóÈóÈú
æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÌóÇåöáó ÞóÏú ÍóÇÒó ÇáúÛöäóì ... ãõÍúÑöÒó ÇáúãóÃúãõæáö ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóÑóÈú
ÞóÏú ÊóÌõæÚõ ÇáúÃõÓúÏõ Ýöí ÂÌóÇãöåóÇ ... æóÇáÐøöÆóÇÈõ ÇáúÛõÈúÔõ ÊóÚúÊóÇãõ ÇáúÞóÊóÈú
ÌóÑøöÚö ÇáäøóÝúÓó Úóáóì ÊóÍúÕöíáöåö ... ãóÖóÖó ÇáúãõÑøóíúäö Ðõáøñ æóÓóÛóÈú
áóÇ äóåóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóæúßó ÞöØóÇÝó ÇáúÌóäóì ... æóÅöÈóÇÑó ÇáäøóÍúáö ãõÔúÊóÇÑó ÇáÖøóÑóÈú
ÍóÞóÇ Åöäøóåõ áöãó íõÓöÆú ÈöÇáúÚöáúãö ÙóäøðÇ¡ æóáóãú íóåóÈú Ýöí ÊóÍúÕöíáöåö Ôóæúßó ÇáäøóÎúáö æóáóÇ ÅöÈóÇÑó ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ ÝóäóÇáó ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó æóÇÞúÊóÍóãó ÇáúÍöãóì Úóáóì ÚóÐóÇÑóì ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí æóÃóÈóÇÍó ÍóÑöíãóåóÇ ÌóÈúÑðÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÍóÑöíãõ ÈöãõÓúÊóÈóÇÍò.
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áóíúÓó ÇáúÛóÈöíøõ ÈöÓóíøöÏò Ýöí Þóæúãöåö ... áóßöäøó ÓóíøöÏó Þóæúãöåö ÇáúãõÊóÛóÇÈöí
æóáóãú íóßõäú íóÛúÊóÇÈõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ Ãóæú íóÓúãóÍõ ÈöÛóíúÈóÉö ÃóÍóÏò Ýöí ãóÌúáöÓöåö¡ æóßóËöíÑðÇ ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ áöÅöÎúæóÇäöåö(9/503)
(ÇÊßÇíÓæÇ) Ãóíú ãöäó ÇáúßöíóÇÓóÉö æóÇáÊøóÍóÝøõÙö ãöäú ÎóØóÑö ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö æóíóÞõæáõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãõ Èöåö íóÃúÊöí Ýöí ÕóÍöíÝóÊöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÁõ ÇáØøóíøöÈõ.
æóãöãøóÇ áõæÍöÙó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓóäóæóÇÊöåö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑóÉö ÊóÈóÇÚõÏõåõ Úóäö ÇáúÝõÊúíóÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÇÖúØõÑøó íóÞõæáõ: áóÇ ÃóÊóÍóãøóáõ Ýöí ÐöãøóÊöí ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ íóÞõæáõæäó: ßóÐóÇ æóßóÐóÇ.
æóÓóÃóáúÊõåõ ãóÑøóÉð Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÚóÇÝöíóÉò ãóÇ áóãú íõÈúÊóáó æóÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ ÇÈúÊöáóÇÁñ¡ áöÃóäøóßó ÊóÞõæáõ Úóäö Çááøóåö æóáóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí ÃóÊõÕöíÈõ Íõßúãó Çááøóåö Ãóãú áóÇ. ÝóãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Úóáóíúåö äóÕøñ ÞóÇØöÚñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÌóÈó ÇáÊøóÍóÝøõÙõ Ýöíåö.
æóíóÊóãóËøóáõ ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÊóáúÊó ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÚöáúãðÇ ÝóÞõáú Èöåö ... æóáóÇ ÊóÞõáö ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÊó ÌóÇåöáõåú
Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóåúæóì Ãóäú íõÑóì ãõÊóÕóÏøöÑðÇ ... æóíóßúÑóåõ áóÇ ÃóÏúÑöí ÃõÕöíÈóÊú ãõÞóÇÊöáõåú
æóÝöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÎóíúÑó ÞõÏúæóÉò æóÃóÍúÓóäóåóÇ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ãóÌóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö: ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÚóÇáöãó ÇáúÚóÇãöáó æóáóÇ ÃõÒóßøöí Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóáøóÝó æóáóÏóíúäö ÝóÇÖöáóíúäö ÃóÏöíÈóíúäö íóÏúÑõÓóÇäö ÈößõáøöíøóÉö ÇáÔøóÑöíÚóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö ÌóÚóáóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ ÎóíúÑó ÎóáóÝò áöÎóíúÑö ÓóáóÝò¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÓúÃóáõ Ãóäú íõÓúßöäóåõ ÝóÓöíÍó ÌóäøóÊöåö æóíõæóÓøöÚó áóåõ Ýöí ÑöÖúæóÇäö ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóÃóäú íõÚúáöíó ãóäúÒöáóÊóåõ æóíóÑúÝóÚó ÏóÑóÌóÊóåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö æóÇáÕøöÏøöíÞöíäó æóÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö¡ æóÍóÓõäó ÃõæáóÆößó ÑóÝöíÞðÇ.
æóäóÝóÚóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ÈöÚöáúãöåö æóÓóáóßó ÈöäóÇ ØóÑöíÞóÉó Úóãóáöåö ÈöãóÇ íõÑúÖöíåö ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóäøóÇ¡ æóÕóáøóì Çááøóåõ æóÓóáøóãó æóÈóÇÑóßó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúßõãú æóÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö æóÈóÑóßóÇÊõåõ. . . .(9/504)