Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÔóÇÞøõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ æóãóäú íõÔóÇÞøö Çááøóåó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö (4)
[8 \ 43 - 44] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ãöãøóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝóÇÏóÉõ ãöäúåõ Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÏõæøö Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÔóÇÞøõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ.
ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉõ: ÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäõ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÔóÞøõ ÇáúÚóÕóÇ¡ æóÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉõ.
æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóæúÞóÚó ãóÇ ÃóæúÞóÚóåõ ÈöÈóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö ãöäú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú æóÊóÎúÑöíÈö ÈõíõæÊöåöãúº ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ãóäøóåõãú ÔóÇÞøõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó åöíó ÚöáøóÉõ ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö ÇáúÍóÇÕöáóÉö Èöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ãõÔóÇÞøóÉó Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúåóáóÇßö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÈúÍóËñ ÃõÕõæáöíøñ ãóÈúäöíøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉó ÞóÏú æóÞóÚóÊú ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ Ýóáóãú ÊóÞóÚú Èöåöãú Êöáúßó ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉõ ßóãóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú íõæÍöí ÑóÈøõßó Åöáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ãóäøöí ãóÚóßõãú ÝóËóÈøöÊõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÓóÃõáúÞöí Ýöí ÞõáõæÈö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáÑøõÚúÈó ÝóÇÖúÑöÈõæÇ ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÃóÚúäóÇÞö æóÇÖúÑöÈõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ßõáøó ÈóäóÇäò [8 \ 12] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÈóÏúÑò ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÔóÇÞøõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ æóãóäú íõÔóÇÞøö Çááøóåó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö [8 \ 13] ¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÞóÏóÑó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ãóßøóÉó áóãú íõæÞöÚú Èöåöãú ãóÇ ÃóæúÞóÚó ÈöÇáúíóåõæÏö ãöäú ÞóÊúáò Èóáú ÞóÇáó: «ÇÐúåóÈõæÇ ÝóÃóäúÊõãõ ÇáØøõáóÞóÇÁõ» ÝóæõÌöÏó ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÚöáøóÉõ ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóáóãú íõæÌóÏö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌõ ãöäó ÇáÏøöíóÇÑö æóÊóÎúÑöíÈõ ÇáúÈõíõæÊö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: áóæú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉõ ÚöáøóÉð áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÎúÑöíÈö áóæóÌóÈó Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÃóíúäóãóÇ ÍóÕóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉõ ÍóÕóáó ÇáÊøóÎúÑöíÈõ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ßóÐóáößó ÞõáúäóÇ: åóÐóÇ ÃóÍóÏõ ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÊóÎúÕöíÕó ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕóÉö áóÇ íóÞúÏóÍõ Ýöí ÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí ÂóÏóÇÈö ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáäøóÞúÖö¡ æóÚóäúæóäó áóåõ Ýöí ÂÏóÇÈö ÇáúÈóÍúËö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÎóáøõÝõ ÇáúÍõßúãö áóíúÓó ÈöäóÞúÖò ÓóæóÇÁð áöæõÌõæÏö ãóÇäöÚò Ãóæú ÊóÎóáøõÝö ÔóÑúØò.
æóãóËøóáó áöÊóÎóáøõÝö ÇáúÍõßúãö ÈöæõÌõæÏö ãóÇäöÚò ÈöÞóÊúáö ÇáúæóÇáöÏö æóáóÏóåõ ÚóãúÏðÇ¡ ãóÚó ÚóÏóãö ÞóÊúáöåö ÞöÕóÇÕðÇ Èöåöº áöÃóäøó ÚöáøóÉó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ãóæúÌõæÏóÉñ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÚóãúÏõ¡ æóÇáúÍõßúãõ æóåõæó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ ãõÊóÎóáøöÝñ.
æóãóËøóáó áöÊóÎóáøõÝö ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÈöÓóÑöÞóÉö ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú äöÕóÇÈò Ãóæú ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÍöÑúÒö.(8/22)
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÇáäøóæúÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÊóÎóáøõÝõ ÍõßúãöåóÇ ÚóäúåóÇ áóÇ áöÓóÈóÈò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóãóËøóáó áóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ßóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÌóáóÇÁó áóÚóÐøóÈóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóáóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö [59 \ 3] ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÚöáøóÉõ¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãõÔóÇÞøóÉõ Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö¡ ÞóÏú ÊõæÌóÏõ Ýöí Þóæúãò íõÔóÇÞøõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ãóÚó ÊóÎóáøõÝö ÍõßúãöåóÇ ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÊõÄóíøöÏõ Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäö ÇáäøóÞúÖó Ýöí Ýóäøö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ áöáúÚöáøóÉö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ áóÇ äóÞúÖñ áóåóÇ¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö áöáúÃóßúËóÑöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÞóæóÇÏöÍö Ýöí ÇáÏøóáöíáö Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö:
ãöäúåóÇ æõÌõæÏõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö Ïõæäó ÇáúÍõßúãö ... ÓóãøóÇåõ ÈöÇáäøóÞúÖö æõÚóÇÉõ ÇáúÚöáúãö
æóÇáúÃóßúËóÑõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõãú áóÇ íóÞúÏóÍõ ... Èóáú åõæó ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ æóÐóÇ ãõÕóÍøöÍñ
Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö:
æóáóÓúÊõ ÝöíãóÇ ÇÓúÊóäúÈóØúÊõ ÈöÖóÇÆöÑò ... Åöäú ÌóÇÁó áöÝóÞúÏö ÔóÑúØò Ãóæú áöãóÇäöÚò
æóÞóÏú ÃóØúáóÚóäöí ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÅöÎúæóÇäö Úóáóì ÔóÑúÍò áöÝóÖöíáóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Úóáóì ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáöåö Úóáóì Þóæúáö ÇáúãõÄóáøöÝö:
Ðõæ ÝóÊúÑóÉò ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÚö æóáóÇ íõÑóÇÚö
æóÊóßóáøóãó Úóáóì Íõßúãö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö¡ Ëõãøó Úóáóì ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóãöäú Ëóãøó Åöáóì ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö.
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÎúØõæØö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÑóÌøóÍó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» Ãóäøó ÊóÎúÕöíÕó ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ßóÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáäøóÕøö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ßóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÌóáóÇÁó ÇáúÂíóÉó [59 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó ÛóíúÑõ Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÝúÚóáú áóåõãú ãöËúáó ãóÇ ÝóÚóáó áóåõãú¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÇåÜ.
ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøöí ØóáóÈúÊõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÍó Ýöí ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ Ýóáóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóíúåö ÝóáúíõÊóÃóãøóáú¡ æóáóÚóáøóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäö ÇáúÈóÚúÖö Ýöí ÂÏóÇÈö ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ: ÞóÏú íóÊóÎóáøóÝõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ Úóäö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö¡ áóÇ áöÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ÝóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÊóÎóáøõÝó ÇáúÍõßúãö Úóäö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó áöÊóÎóáøõÝö ÌõÒúÁò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÚöáøóÉó(8/23)
ãõÑóßøóÈóÉñ¡ Ãóíú åöíó Ýöí ÇáúíóåõæÏö ãõÔóÇÞøóÉñ æóÒöíóÇÏóÉñ¡ Êöáúßó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ áóãú ÊõæÌóÏú Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ ÝóæóÞóÚó ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ãõÔóÇÞøóÉó ÛóíúÑö ÇáúíóåõæÏö ßóÇäóÊúº áöÌóåúáöåöãú æóÔóßøöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÐóáößó Úóäúåõãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÎóáúÞò Úóáöíãñ [36 \ 78 - 79] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ýóåõãú Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÈóíóÇäò¡ æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» : æóÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú æóÞóÇáó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åóÐóÇ ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ ÃóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÂáöåóÉó ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚõÌóÇÈñ æóÇäúØóáóÞó ÇáúãóáóÃõ ãöäúåõãú Ãóäö ÇãúÔõæÇ æóÇÕúÈöÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÂáöåóÊößõãú Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ íõÑóÇÏõ ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãöáøóÉö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö Åöäú åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÞñ ÃóÄõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÐøößúÑõ ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ Èóáú åõãú Ýöí Ôóßøò ãöäú ÐößúÑöí [38 \ 4 - 8] .
Ýóåõãú Ýöí ÚóÌóÈò æóÏóåúÔóÉò¡ æóÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏò Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáÐøößúÑõ ãöäú Èóíúäöåöãú¡ æóåõãú Ýöí Ôóßøö ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåõãú¡ Ýóåõãú Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÇáÔøóßøö æóÇáÊøóËóÈøõÊö ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóáöÐóÇ áóãøóÇ ÒóÇáó Úóäúåõãú Ôóßøõåõãú æóÊóÈóíøóäõæÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåõãú¡ æóÑóÇÍõæÇ íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí Ïöíäö Çááøóåö ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ ßóÇäó ßõÝúÑõ ÇáúíóåõæÏö ÌõÍõæÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóÚúÑöÝóÉò¡ ÝóßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóãóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÃóÈúäóÇÁóåõãú æóÅöäøó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ãöäúåõãú áóíóßúÊõãõæäó ÇáúÍóÞøó æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 146] ¡ æóÞóÏú Óõãøöíó áóåõãú ÝöíãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚöíÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: æóãõÈóÔøöÑðÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáò íóÃúÊöí ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöí ÇÓúãõåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ [61 \ 6] Ýóáóãú íóäúÝóÚúåõãú ÈóíóÇäñ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ æóÇáúÌõÍõæÏõ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóãúÑóåõãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: æóÏøó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóæú íóÑõÏøõæäóßõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÅöíãóÇäößõãú ßõÝøóÇÑðÇ ÍóÓóÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ [2 \ 109] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÏøóÊú ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóæú íõÖöáøõæäóßõãú [3 \ 69] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÝóÑöíÞñ ãöäúåõãú íóÓúãóÚõæäó ßóáóÇãó Çááøóåö Ëõãøó íõÍóÑøöÝõæäóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÚóÞóáõæåõ æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 75] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áöãó ÊóáúÈöÓõæäó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö æóÊóßúÊõãõæäó ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [3 \ 71] .
ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäõæÇ ÌóÈúåóÉó ÊóÖúáöíáò áöáúäóÇÓö¡ æóÊóÍúÑöíÝò áöáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóÊóáúÈöíÓò áöáúÍóÞøö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó Úóäú ÞóÕúÏò æóÚöáúãò¡ ÈöÏóÇÝöÚö ÇáúÍóÓóÏö æóãõäóÇÕóÈóÉö ÇáúÚóÏóÇÁö æóÎóÕúãñ åóÐóÇ ÍóÇáõåõ ÝóáóÇ ÏóæóÇÁó áóåõº áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÏóáøöÓó áóÇ íõÄúãóäõ ÌóÇäöÈõåõ¡ æóÇáúãõÖóáøöáó áóÇ íõÕóÏøóÞõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÓöÏó áóÇ íóÔúÝöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ÒóæóÇáõ ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö Úóäö ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÏö¡ æóãöäú ÌóÇäöÈò ÂÎóÑó ÝóÞóÏú ÞóØóÚó Çááøóåõ ÇáØøóãóÚó Úóäú ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú ÃóÝóÊóØúãóÚõæäó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ áóßõãú æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÝóÑöíÞñ ãöäúåõãú íóÓúãóÚõæäó ßóáóÇãó Çááøóåö Ëõãøó íõÍóÑøöÝõæäóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÚóÞóáõæåõ æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 75] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóíúÃóÓó ãöäú ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÞúÑóÇÑöåöãú Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÈöÊóÛóáøõÝö ÞõáõæÈöåöãú Úóäú ÓóãóÇÚö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÑõÄúíóÉö ÇáäøõæÑö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ ÛõáúÝñ Èóáú áóÚóäóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú ÝóÞóáöíáðÇ ãóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó(8/24)
[2 \ 88] .
æóßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö áóãú Êóßõäú ãóæúÌõæÏóÉð Ýöí ßõáøö ãóäú ÔóÇÞøó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÃóäøóåõãõ ÇÓúÊóÍóÞøõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãó áöáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÎúÊóÕøõæÇ ÈöåóÇ Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöíËóÇÞóßõãú áóÇ ÊóÓúÝößõæäó ÏöãóÇÁóßõãú æóáóÇ ÊõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú Ëõãøó ÃóÞúÑóÑúÊõãú æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÔúåóÏõæäó Ëõãøó ÃóäúÊõãú åóÄõáóÇÁö ÊóÞúÊõáõæäó ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú æóÊõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ÊóÙóÇåóÑõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÚõÏúæóÇäö æóÅöäú íóÃúÊõæßõãú ÃõÓóÇÑóì ÊõÝóÇÏõæåõãú æóåõæó ãõÍóÑøóãñ Úóáóíúßõãú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌõåõãú ÃóÝóÊõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÈóÚúÖò [2 \ 84 - 85] .
Ýóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäú äóÞúÖö ÇáúãöíËóÇÞö¡ æóÇáúÛóÏúÑö Ýöí ÇáÕøõáúÍö¡ æóÓóÝúßö ÇáÏøöãóÇÁö¡ æóÇáÊøóÙóÇåõÑö ÈöÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÚõÏúæóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈöÈóÚúÖöåö¡ ßóÇäó ÎóÇÕøðÇ ÈöÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚöáøóÉõ ãõÑóßøóÈóÉð ãöäó ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉö¡ æóãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÎúÊóÕøõæÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóßóÇäó ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÕóÑöíÍðÇ åõäóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: ÝóãóÇ ÌóÒóÇÁõ ãóäú íóÝúÚóáõ Ðóáößó ãöäúßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÎöÒúíñ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóíóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íõÑóÏøõæäó Åöáóì ÃóÔóÏøö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö [2 \ 85] ¡ æóßóÇäó ÎöÒúíõåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ åõæó ãóÇ æóÞóÚó Èöåöãú ãöäú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌò¡ æóÊóÎúÑöíÈò¡ æóÊóÞúÊöíáò.
æóÅöäøó ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÍóÇáõåõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ áóãú íóßõäú áóåõãõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúÕóÇáõ Çáúßõáøöíøõ ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú Ãóæú ÊóÞúÊöíáöåöãú¡ Ýóáóãú íóÚõÏú íóÕúáõÍõ Ýöíåöãõ ÇÓúÊöÕúáóÇÍñ æóáóÇ íõÊóæóÞøóÚõ ãöäúåõãú ÕóáóÇÍñ¡ æóíóßúÝöí ÔóÇåöÏðÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøó Èóäöí ÞõÑóíúÙóÉó áóãú íóÊøóÚöÙõæÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÓúÊóÝöíÏõæÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÚúÊóÈöÑõæÇ ßóãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãõ Çááøóåõ: ÝóÇÚúÊóÈöÑõæÇ íóÇ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑö [59 \ 2] .
ãóÇ ÇÊøóÚóÙó Èóäõæ ÞõÑóíúÙóÉó ÈöãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÈöÅöÎúæóÇäöåöãú Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö¡ ÝóáóÌóÆõæÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÚóÇãò æóÇÍöÏò Åöáóì ãóÇ æóÞóÚó Ýöíåö Èóäõæ ÇáäøóÖöíÑö ãöäú ÛóÏúÑò æóÎöíóÇäóÉò¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕõ ÇáúíóåõæÏö ÈöÇáúÍõßúãö áöÊöáúßó ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑóßóÉöº áöÃóäøóåõãú æóÅöäú ÔóÇÑóßóåõãú ÛóíúÑõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉö Ýóáóãú íõÔóÇÑößúåõãú ÛóíúÑõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ãöãøóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ÏóæóÇÝöÚö ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉö.
æóáöáÏøóæóÇÝöÚö ÊóÃúËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÂÏóãó æóÅöÈúáöíÓó¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÔúÊóÑóßó ÂÏóãõ æóÅöÈúáöíÓõ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÚöáøóÉö ÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö¡ ÅöÐú äõåöíó ÂÏóãõ Úóäú ÞõÑúÈóÇäö ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö¡ æóÃõãöÑó ÅöÈúáöíÓõ ÈöÇáÓøõÌõæÏö áöÂÏóãó ãóÚó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ ÝóÃóßóáó ÂÏóãõ ãöãøóÇ äõåöíó Úóäúåõ¡ æóÇãúÊóäóÚó ÅöÈúáöíÓõ ÚóãøóÇ ÃõãöÑó Èöåö ÝóÇÔúÊóÑóßóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÂÏóãó: æóÚóÕóì ÂÏóãõ ÑóÈøóåõ ÝóÛóæóì [20 \ 121] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Úóäú ÅöÈúáöíÓó: ãóÇ ãóäóÚóßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÓúÌõÏó ÅöÐú ÃóãóÑúÊõßó [7 \ 12] ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÓøóÈóÈó ßóÇäó ãõÎúÊóáöÝðÇ¡ ÝóÂÏóãõ äóÓöíó æóæóÞóÚó ÊóÍúÊó æóÓúæóÓóÉö(8/25)
ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÝóÎõÏöÚó ÈöÞóÓóãö ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇÓóãóåõãóÇ Åöäøöí áóßõãóÇ áóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÕöÍöíäó [7 \ 21] ¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ãóÚúÕöíóÉñ Úóäú ÅöÛúæóÇÁò æóæóÓúæóÓóÉò: ÝóÃóÒóáøóåõãóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõãóÇ ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäóÇ Ýöíåö [2 \ 36] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÚöÕúíóÇäõåõ Úóäú ÓóÈúÞö ÅöÕúÑóÇÑò¡ æóÚóäú ÍóÓóÏò æóÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑò ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞõáúäóÇ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇÓúÌõÏõæÇ áöÂÏóãó ÝóÓóÌóÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÃóÈóì æóÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑó æóßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [2 \ 34] ¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÎóÇØóÈóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó íóÇÅöÈúáöíÓõ ãóÇ ãóäóÚóßó Ãóäú ÊóÓúÌõÏó áöãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÈöíóÏóíøó ÃóÃóÓúÊóßúÈóÑúÊó Ãóãú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇáöíäó [38 \ 75] ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÅöÕúÑóÇÑöåö æóÍóÓóÏöåö æóÊóßóÈøõÑöåö: ÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ ÎóáóÞúÊóäöí ãöäú äóÇÑò æóÎóáóÞúÊóåõ ãöäú Øöíäò [38 \ 76] .
ÝóÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊö ÇáÏøóæóÇÝöÚõ æóßóÇäó áóÏóì ÅöÈúáöíÓó ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóÏóì ÂÏóãó Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö ÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊö ÇáäøóÊóÇÆöÌõ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉõ ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉð ÊóãóÇãðÇ. ÃóãøóÇ ÂÏóãõ ÝóÍöíäó ÚóÇÊóÈóåõ Úóáóì Ãóßúáöåö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÇÏóÇåõãóÇ ÑóÈøõåõãóÇ Ãóáóãú ÃóäúåóßõãóÇ Úóäú ÊöáúßõãóÇ ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö æóÃóÞõáú áóßõãóÇ Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó áóßõãóÇ ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÈöíäñ [7 \ 22] ÑóÌóÚóÇ ÍóÇáðÇ¡ æóÇÚúÊóÑóÝóÇ ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãóÇ ÞóÇÆöáöíäó: ÞóÇáóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÙóáóãúäóÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóäóÇ æóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÛúÝöÑú áóäóÇ æóÊóÑúÍóãúäóÇ áóäóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó [7 \ 23] ¡ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉõ áóåõãóÇ Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇåúÈöØõæÇ ÈóÚúÖõßõãú áöÈóÚúÖò ÚóÏõæøñ æóáóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøñ æóãóÊóÇÚñ Åöáóì Íöíäò [7 \ 24] .
ÝóßóÇäó åõÈõæØõ ÂÏóãó ãõÄóÞøóÊðÇ¡ æóáóÍöÞóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞõáúäóÇ ÇåúÈöØõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóÅöãøóÇ íóÃúÊöíóäøóßõãú ãöäøöí åõÏðì Ýóãóäú ÊóÈöÚó åõÏóÇíó ÝóáóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó [2 \ 38] ¡ ÝóÃóÏúÑóßóÊúåõ åöÏóÇíóÉõ Çááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÇÌúÊóÈóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö æóåóÏóì: ÝóÊóáóÞøóì ÂÏóãõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö ßóáöãóÇÊò ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÊøóæøóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [2 \ 37] .
ÃóãøóÇ äóÊöíÌóÉõ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÚóÇÊóÈóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóÚúÕöíóÊöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó íóÇÅöÈúáöíÓõ ãóÇ ãóäóÚóßó Ãóäú ÊóÓúÌõÏó áöãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÈöíóÏóíøó ÃóÃóÓúÊóßúÈóÑúÊó Ãóãú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇáöíäó [38 \ 75] ¡ ßóÇäó ÌóæóÇÈõåõ ÇÓúÊöÚúáóÇÁð¡ æóÊóÚóÇÙõãðÇ¡ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÞöíÖö ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÌóæóÇÈö ÂÏóãó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ ÎóáóÞúÊóäöí ãöäú äóÇÑò æóÎóáóÞúÊóåõ ãöäú Øöíäò [38 \ 76] ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÌóæóÇÈõåõ ßóÐóáößó ÚóßúÓó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÌóæóÇÈðÇ Úóáóì ÂÏóãó: ÞóÇáó ÝóÇÎúÑõÌú ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóßó ÑóÌöíãñ æóÅöäøó Úóáóíúßó áóÚúäóÊöí Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö [38 \ 77 - 78] .
æóáóÞóÏú ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÑøó Úóáóì ÅöÈúáöíÓó åóÐóÇ ßõáøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ¡ ÍóÓóÏó ÂÏóãó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóßúÑóãóåõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÝóÇÍúÊóÞóÑóåõ¡ æóÊóßóÈøóÑó Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóæóÞóÚó Ýöí ÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö¡ æóßóÇäóÊú äóÊöíÌóÊõåõ ÇáØøóÑúÏó.(8/26)
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ: Åöäøó ÏóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáÏøóÝöíäó åõæó ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ¡ æóÇáúÚõÌúÈõ ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ ÝóÌóÑøóåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóæóÞóÚõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎöíóÇäóÉö¡ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉõ ÇáúÞóÊúáó¡ æóÇáØøóÑúÏó.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøó ãõÔóÇÞøóÉó ÇáúíóåõæÏö åóÐöåö åöíó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÝúÓóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÐöí äóåóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÚóÇÞóÈóåõãú Úóáóíúåö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÊóåóÏøóÏóåõãú Åöäú åõãú ÚóÇÏõæÇ áöáËøóÇáöËóÉö ÚóÇÏó áöáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö ãöäúåõãú¡ æóåóÇåõãú ÞóÏú ÚóÇÏõæÇ¡ æóÔóÇÞøõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ¡ ÝóÓóáøóØó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
ÞóÇáó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÚõÏúÊõãú ÚõÏúäóÇ [17 \ 8] ¡ áóãøóÇ Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÞõÖöíó Åöáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõãú íõÝúÓöÏõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö - æóÈóíøóäó äóÊóÇÆöÌó åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÑøóÊóíúäö - Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóíúÖðÇ: Ãóäøóåõãú Åöäú ÚóÇÏõæÇ áöáúÅöÝúÓóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúãóÑøóÉö ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íóÚõæÏõ áöáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö ãöäúåõãú ÈöÊóÓúáöíØö ÃóÚúÏóÇÆöåöãú Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöäú ÚõÏúÊõãú ÚõÏúäóÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ åóáú ÚóÇÏõæÇ áöáúÅöÝúÓóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúãóÑøóÉö ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö Ãóãú áóÇ¿ .
æóáóßöäøóåõ ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÚóÇÏõæÇ áöáúÅöÝúÓóÇÏö ÈöÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóßóÊúãö ÕöÝóÇÊöåö¡ æóäóÞóÖö ÚõåõæÏöåö¡ æóãõÙóÇåóÑóÉö ÚóÏøõæåö Úóáóíúåö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóÝúÚóÇáöåöãö ÇáúÞóÈöíÍóÉö¡ ÝóÚóÇÏó Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - áöáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö ãöäúåõãú ÊóÕúÏöíÞðÇ áöÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäú ÚõÏúÊõãú ÚõÏúäóÇ¡ ÝóÓóáøóØó Úóáóíúåöãú äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÌóÑóì Úóáóì Èóäöí ÞõÑóíúÙóÉó¡ æóÈóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö¡ æóÈóäöí ÞóíúäõÞóÇÚó æóÎóíúÈóÑó¡ ãóÇ ÌóÑóì ãöäó ÇáúÞóÊúáö æóÇáÓøóáúÈö æóÇáúÅöÌúáóÇÁö¡ æóÖóÑúÈö ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö Úóáóì ãóäú ÈóÞöíó ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÖóÑúÈö ÇáÐøöáøóÉö æóÇáúãóÓúßóäóÉö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÚóÇÏõæÇ áöáúÅöÝúÓóÇÏö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú ßöÊóÇÈñ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö ãõÕóÏøöÞñ áöãóÇ ãóÚóåõãú æóßóÇäõæÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ íóÓúÊóÝúÊöÍõæäó Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãóÇ ÚóÑóÝõæÇ ßóÝóÑõæÇ Èöåö ÝóáóÚúäóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÈöÆúÓóãóÇ ÇÔúÊóÑóæúÇ Èöåö ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú Ãóäú íóßúÝõÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÈóÛúíðÇ Ãóäú íõäóÒøöáó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÝóÈóÇÁõæÇ ÈöÛóÖóÈò Úóáóì ÛóÖóÈò æóáöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõåöíäñ [2 \ 89 - 90] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞõæäó ÃóæóßõáøóãóÇ ÚóÇåóÏõæÇ ÚóåúÏðÇ äóÈóÐóåõ ÝóÑöíÞñ ãöäúåõãú [2 \ 100] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ ÊóÒóÇáõ ÊóØøóáöÚõ Úóáóì ÎóÇÆöäóÉò ãöäúåõãú [5 \ 13] æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóÇÏó Åöáóì ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö ãöäúåõãú Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú áöÃóæøóáö ÇáúÍóÔúÑö ãóÇ ÙóäóäúÊõãú Ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõæÇ æóÙóäøõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÇäöÚóÊõåõãú ÍõÕõæäõåõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ÝóÃóÊóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóãú íóÍúÊóÓöÈõæÇ æóÞóÐóÝó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáÑøõÚúÈó íõÎúÑöÈõæäó ÈõíõæÊóåõãú ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÃóíúÏöí ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÝóÇÚúÊóÈöÑõæÇ íóÇ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑö æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ßóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÌóáóÇÁó áóÚóÐøóÈóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóáóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÔóÇÞøõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ æóãóäú íõÔóÇÞøö Çááøóåó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö(8/27)
ãóÇ ÞóØóÚúÊõãú ãöäú áöíäóÉò Ãóæú ÊóÑóßúÊõãõæåóÇ ÞóÇÆöãóÉð Úóáóì ÃõÕõæáöåóÇ ÝóÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóáöíõÎúÒöíó ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó (5)
[59 \ 2 - 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóäúÒóáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóÇåóÑõæåõãú ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ÕóíóÇÕöíåöãú æóÞóÐóÝó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáÑøõÚúÈó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæäó æóÊóÃúÓöÑõæäó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ æóÃóæúÑóËóßõãú ÃóÑúÖóåõãú æóÏöíóÇÑóåõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 26 - 27] ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
ÝóåóÐóÇ ãöäúåõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÈóíóÇäñ æóÏóáöíáñ Åöáóì ãõÛóÇíóÑóÉö ÇáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö ãöäó ÇáúíóåõæÏö áöáúãõÔóÇÞøóÉö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÊóÎóáøõÝõ ÇáúÍõßúãö Úóãøóäú ÔóÇÞøõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúíóåõæÏöº áöÊóÎóáøõÝö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÞóØóÚúÊõãú ãöäú áöíäóÉò Ãóæú ÊóÑóßúÊõãõæåóÇ ÞóÇÆöãóÉð Úóáóì ÃõÕõæáöåóÇ ÝóÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóáöíõÎúÒöíó ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó.
ÇáúáöíäóÉõ åõäóÇ¡ Þöíáó: ÇÓúãñ ÚóÇãøñ áöáäøóÎúáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò.
æóÞöíáó: äóæúÚñ ÎóÇÕøñ ãöäúåõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáúÈóÑúäöíøó æóÇáúÚóÌúæóÉó ÝóÞóØú.
æóäóÞóáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÕúÑóÉö íóÞõæáõ: ÇááøöíäóÉõ ãöäó Çááøóæúäö¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõãøöíóÊú áöíäóÉðº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÝöÚúáóÉñ ãöäú ÝóÚóáó æóåõæó Çááøóæúäõ¡ æóåõæó ÖóÑúÈñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÎúáö¡ æóáóßöäú áóãøóÇ ÇäúßóÓóÑó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÇäúÞóáóÈóÊú Åöáóì íóÇÁò ÅöáóÎú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöãøóÇ Úóáóíúåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö Çáúíóæúãó¡ ÍóíúËõ íõØúáöÞõæäó ßóáöãóÉó: áõæäóÉò Úóáóì ãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó áóåõ ÇÓúãðÇ ÎóÇÕøðÇ¡ æóáóÚóáøó ßóáöãóÉó áõæäóÉò ãõÍóÑøóÝóÉñ Úóäú ßóáöãóÉö áöíäóÉò¡ æóíõæÌóÏõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáäøóÎöíáö ãóÇ íóÞúÑõÈõ ãöäú ÓóÈúÚöíäó äóæúÚðÇ.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúáöíäóÉó ßõáøõ ÔóÌóÑóÉò áöáõíõæäóÊöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóíóÇÉö.
æóÞóÏú äóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Ýöí ÊóÞúØöíÚö æóÊóÍúÑöíÞö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÎöíáö áöÈóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö ÚöäúÏó ÍöÕóÇÑöåöãú æóÞóØóÚó ãöäó ÇáúÈõÓúÊóÇäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö ÈöÇáúÈõæóíúÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ñóæóì ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäú ÕóÇÍöÈóíö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÍóÑøóÞó äóÎúáó Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö¡ æóÞóØóÚó¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÈõæóíúÑóÉõ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó: ãóÇ ÞóØóÚúÊõãú ãöäú áöíäóÉò Ãóæú ÊóÑóßúÊõãõæåóÇ ÞóÇÆöãóÉð Úóáóì ÃõÕõæáöåóÇ ÝóÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
æóÞóÇáó ÍóÓøóÇäñ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ:
æóåóÇäó Úóáóì ÓóÑóÇÉö Èóäöí áõÄóíøò ... ÍóÑöíÞñ ÈöÇáúÈõæóíúÑóÉö ãõÓúÊóØöíÑõ
æóÇáúÈõæóíúÑóÉõ ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ Çáúíóæúãó¡ æóåöíó ÈõÓúÊóÇäñ íóÞóÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäõæÈö ÇáúÛóÑúÈöíøö ãöäú ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò.(8/28)
æóÞöíáó Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö äõÒõæáöåóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúíóåõæÏó ÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Åöäøóßó Êóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáúÝóÓóÇÏö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÈóÇáõßó ÊóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÞóØúÚö ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑö¿ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó äóåóì ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ Úóäú ÞóØúÚö ÇáäøóÎöíáö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãóÛóÇäöãõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÝóäóÒóáó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÊóÕúÏöíÞö ãóäú äóåóì Úóäú ÞóØúÚöåö¡ æóÊóÍúáöíáö ãóäú ÞóØóÚó ãöäó ÇáúÅöËúãö¡ æóÃóäøó ÞóØúÚó ãóÇ ÞõØöÚó æóÊóÑúßó ãóÇ ÊõÑößó: ÝóÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóáöíõÎúÒöíó ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó.
æóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö Ãóíú: ÇáúÅöÐúäõ ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøõ æóÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉõ ÇáúÅöáóåöíøóÉõ¡ Ãóíú ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóßõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÊóÞóì ÇáúÌóãúÚóÇäö ÝóÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö [3 \ 166] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÏóÞóßõãõ Çááøóåõ æóÚúÏóåõ ÅöÐú ÊóÍõÓøõæäóåõãú ÈöÅöÐúäöåö [3 \ 152] .
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÐúäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ÅöÐúäñ ÔóÑúÚöíøñ¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú Úõãõæãö ÇáúÅöÐúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõÐöäó áöáøóÐöíäó íõÞóÇÊóáõæäó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÙõáöãõæÇ æóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Úóáóì äóÕúÑöåöãú áóÞóÏöíÑñ [22 \ 39] º áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÐúäó ÈöÇáúÞöÊóÇáö ÅöÐúäñ Èößõáøö ãóÇ íóÊóØóáøóÈõåõ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ÞóÇÚöÏóÉö: ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáÔøóíúÁö ÃóãúÑñ Èöåö æóÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóÊöãøõ ÅöáøóÇ Èöåö.
æóÇáúÍöÕóÇÑõ äóæúÚñ ãöäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ æóáóÚóáøó ãöäú ãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÇáúÍöÕóÇÑö ÞóØúÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÎöíáö áöÊóãóÇãö ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö¡ Ãóæú áöÅöÍúßóÇãö ÇáúÍöÕóÇÑö¡ Ãóæú áöÅöÐúáóÇáö æóÅöÑúåóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö Ýöí ÍöÕóÇÑöåö æóÅöÔúÚóÇÑöåö ÈöÚóÌúÒöåö Úóäú ÍöãóÇíóÉö ÃóãúæóÇáöåö¡ æóãõãúÊóáóßóÇÊöåö¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÅöËóÇÑóÉñ áóåõº áöíóäúÏóÝöÚó Ýöí ÍóãöíøóÉò áöáÏøöÝóÇÚö Úóäú ãõãúÊóáóßóÇÊöåö æóÃóãúæóÇáöåö¡ ÝóíóäúßóÔöÝó Úóäú ÍõÕõæäöåö æóíóÓúåõáó ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁõ Úóáóíúåö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÛúÑóÇÖö ÇáúÍóÑúÈöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáøóÊöí ÃóÔóÇÑó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáöíõÎúÒöíó ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó Ãóíú: ÈöÚóÌúÒöåöãú æóÅöÐúáóÇáöåöãú æóÍóÓúÑóÊöåöãú¡ æóåõãú íóÑóæúäó äóÎöíáóåõãú íõÞúØóÚõ¡ æóíõÍúÑóÞõ ÝóáóÇ íóãúáößõæäó áóåõ ÏóÝúÚðÇ.
æóÚóáóì ßõáøò ÝóÇáøóÐöí ÃóÐöäó ÈöÇáúÞöÊóÇáö æóåõæó ÓóÝúßõ ÇáÏøöãóÇÁö¡ æóÅöÒúåóÇÞõ ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓö¡ æóãóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÓóÈúíò æóÛóäóÇÆöãó áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ Ýöí ãöËúáö ÞóØúÚö ÇáäøóÎöíáö Åöäú áóÒöãó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ¡ æóíõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãóÇ ÃóÐöäó Ýöíåö ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö ÃóÐöäó.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÇÕóÑó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ÚóÏõæøðÇ¡ æóÑóÃóæúÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ãóÕúáóÍóÊöåöãú Ãóæú ãöäú ãóÐóáøóÉö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ÅöÊúáóÇÝó ãõäúÔóÂÊöåö æóÃóãúæóÇáöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÊúáóÇÝõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóÇáö áöáÊøóÛóáøõÈö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÏõæøö æóÃóÎúÐö ÌóãöíÚö ãóÇáöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóåõ(8/29)
äóÙöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö¡ ßóÚóãóáö ÇáúÎöÖúÑö Ýöí ÓóÝöíäóÉö ÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäó áóãøóÇ ÎóÑóÞóåóÇ¡ Ãóíú ÃóÚóÇÈóåóÇ ÈöÅöÊúáóÇÝö ÈóÚúÖöåóǺ áöíóÓúÊóÎúáöÕóåóÇ ãöäö ÇÛúÊöÕóÇÈö Çáúãóáößö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóãóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõåõ Úóäú ÃóãúÑöí [18 \ 82] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÖõ ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí ÞöÊóÇáöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö ÇáúÍõÑõãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÇÚúÊóÑóÖó ÇáúíóåõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí ÞóØúÚö ÇáäøóÎöíáö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÞöÊóÇáò Ýöíåö Þõáú ÞöÊóÇáñ Ýöíåö ßóÈöíÑñ æóÕóÏøñ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö æóßõÝúÑñ Èöåö æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌõ Ãóåúáöåö ãöäúåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö æóÇáúÝöÊúäóÉõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÊúáö [2 \ 217] .
ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÚóÇÙóãó ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÞóÊúáó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó áöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýöí æóÞúÚóÉö äóÎúáóÉò¡ æóáóãú íóÊóÍóÞøóÞõæÇ ÏõÎõæáó ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ æóÇÊøóåóãõæåõãú ÈöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÁò Úóáóì ÍõÑúãóÉö ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö ÇáúÍõÑõãö¡ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöãõæÌöÈö ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ßóÈöíÑñ¡ æóáóßöäú ãóÇ ÇÑúÊóßóÈóåõ ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ãöäú ÕóÏøò Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö æóßõÝúÑò ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÕóÏøò Úóäö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌö Ãóåúáöåö ãöäúåõ æóåõãõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúÝöÊúäóÉõ Úóäö ÇáÏøöíäö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ Ãóíú: ÇáøóÐöí ÇÓúÊóäúßóÑõæåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ áóÆöäú ÊóÚóÇÙóãó ÇáúíóåõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÞóØúÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÎöíáö¡ æóÚóÇÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÅöíÞóÇÚó ÇáúÝóÓóÇÏö ÈöÅöÊúáóÇÝö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóÇáö ÝóßóíúÝó Èöåöãú ÈöÛóÏúÑöåöãú æóÎöíóÇäóÊöåöãú äóÞúÖöåöãö ÇáúÚõåõæÏó¡ æóÊóãóÇáõÆöåöãú Úóáóì ÞóÊúáö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¿ æóÞóÏú ÓóÌøóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóÚúÈõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößò íóÐúßõÑõ ÅöÌúáóÇÁó Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö¡ æóÞóÊúáó ÇÈúäö ÇáúÃóÔúÑóÝö:
áóÞóÏú ÎóÒöíóÊú ÈöÛóÏúÑóÊöåóÇ ÇáúÍõÈõæÑõ ... ßóÐóÇßó ÇáÏøóåúÑõ Ðõæ ÕóÑúÝò íóÏõæÑõ
æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøò ... ÚóÙöíãò ÃóãúÑõåõ ÃóãúÑñ ßóÈöíÑñ
æóÞóÏú ÃõæÊõæÇ ãóÚðÇ ÝóåúãðÇ æóÚöáúãðÇ ... æóÌóÇÁóåõãõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÇáäøóÐöíÑõ
Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃõÔúÑöÈõæÇ ÛóÏúÑðÇ æóßõÝúÑðÇ ... æóÍóÇÏó Èöåöãú Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáäøõÝõæÑõ
ÃóÑóì Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó ÈöÑóÃúíö ÕöÏúÞò ... æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ íóÍúßõãõ áóÇ íóÌõæÑõ
ÝóÃóíøóÏóåõ æóÓóáøóØóåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ... æóßóÇäó äóÕöíÑóåõ äöÚúãó ÇáäøóÕöíÑõ
ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÎöÒúíó Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÛóÏúÑöåöãú æóßõÝúÑöåöãú ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöÐúäõ Ýöí ÞóØúÚö ÇáäøóÎöíáö åõæó ÅöÐúäñ ÔóÑúÚöíøñ¡ æóíõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó Úóäúåõ åõæó Úóãóáñ ÊóÔúÑöíÚöíøñ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÏóÚóÊö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ¡ áöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÏóÚóÊö ÇáúÍóÇÌøóÉõ åóäóÇ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(8/30)
ãóÇ ÃóÝóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì Ýóáöáøóåö æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö æóáöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö ßóíú áóÇ íóßõæäó ÏõæáóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö ãöäúßõãú æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö (7)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÝóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö ãöäúåõãú ÝóãóÇ ÃóæúÌóÝúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö ãöäú Îóíúáò æóáóÇ ÑößóÇÈò.
ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí (ãöäúåõãú) åõäóÇ ÚóÇÆöÏñ Úóáóì Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö.
æóÇáúÝóíúÁõ: ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉõ ÈöÏõæäö ÞöÊóÇáò¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö ÎóÇÕøóÉð.
æóÞóÇáó: ÝóãóÇ ÃóæúÌóÝúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö ãöäú Îóíúáò æóáóÇ ÑößóÇÈò æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íõÓóáøöØõ ÑõÓõáóåõ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [59 \ 6] Ãóíú: áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÅöÎúÑóÇÌõ ÇáúíóåõæÏö ãóÑóÏøóåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöãóÇ ÞóÐóÝó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáÑøõÚúÈó¡ æóÈöãóÇ ÓóáøóØó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÓõæáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóíúÁõ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãú íõÔóÇÑößúåõ Ýöíåö ÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãöÕúÏóÇÞõ Ðóáößó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÇÞóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÊóÛóãøóÏóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÚöäúÏó ÂÎóÑö ßóáóÇãöåö Úóáóì ãóÈóÇÍöËö «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÊøóÇÓöÚóÉõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÃúÎõÐõ äóÝóÞóÉó ÓóäóÊöåö ãöäú ÝóíúÁö Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö áóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÛóÇäöãö¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÍóÏöíËó ÃóäóÓö Èúäö ÃóæúÓò ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ãõØóÇáóÈóÉö Úóáöíøò æóÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö ãöíÑóÇËóåõãóÇ ãöäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó áóåõãóÇ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÎóÕøó ÑóÓõæáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò áóãú íõÚúØöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó: æóãóÇ ÃóÝóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö ãöäúåõãú ÝóãóÇ ÃóæúÌóÝúÊõãú Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÏöíÑñ [59 \ 6] ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÎóÇáöÕóÉð áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇááøóåö ãóÇ ÇÍúÊóÇÒóåóÇ Ïõæäóßõãú æóáóÇ ÇÓúÊóÃúËóÑó ÈöåóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú¡ áóÞóÏú ÃóÚúØóÇßõãõæåõ æóÈóËøóåóÇ Ýöíßõãú¡ ÍóÊøóì ÈóÞöíó ãöäúåóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇáõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íõäúÝöÞõ Úóáóì Ãóåúáöåö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇáö äóÝóÞóÉó ÓóäóÊöåö¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÎõÐõ ãóÇ ÈóÞöíó ÝóíóÌúÚóáõåõ ãóÌúÚóáó ãóÇ áöáøóåö ÅöáóÎú. ÇåÜ.
æóßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÎóÇÕøóÉð ÈöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÝóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì Ãóíú: ÚõãõæãðÇ Ýóáöáøóåö æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö æóáöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö [59 \ 7] .
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ áöÚõãõæãöåóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑðÇ æóãóÕúÑöÝðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú Úóáóì ÃóÍúßóÇãò æóãóÈóÇÍöËó ÚóÏöíÏóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöÝóÖöíáóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÊóÛóãøóÏóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö [8 \ 1] ¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóæúÝóì æóÇÓúÊóÞúÕóì æóÝóÕøóáó æóÈóíøóäó ãóÕóÇÏöÑó æóãóÕóÇÑöÝó ÇáúÝóíúÁö æóÇáúÛóäöíãóÉö æóÇáäøóÝúáö¡ æóãóÇ ÝõÊöÍó ãöäó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÕõáúÍðÇ Ãóæú ÚóäúæóÉð¡ æóãóÓóÇÆöáó ÚóÏöíÏóÉð ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ãóÒöíÏó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ Ûöäóì Úóäúåõ¡ æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóíú áóÇ íóßõæäó ÏõæáóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö ãöäúßõãú.(8/31)
ãóÚúäóì ÇáÏøõæáóÉö æóÇáÏøóæúáóÉö ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÏøóÇáøö Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÝóÊúÍöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö: íóÏõæÑõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóáóì ãóÚúäóíóíúäö:
ÇáÏøóæúáóÉõ ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö: ÇáÙøõÝúÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúÈö æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóåöíó ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ¡ æóÈöÇáÖøóãøö ÇÓúãõ ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÇáøóÐöí íõÊóÏóÇæóáõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: ßóíúáóÇ íóßõæäó ÇáúÝóíúÁõ ÇáøóÐöí ÍóÞøõåõ Ãóäú íõÚúØóì ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó¡ áöíóßõæäó áóåõãú ÈõáúÛóÉð íóÚöíÔõæäó ÈöåóÇ ÌóÏøðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö íóÊóßóÇËóÑõæäó Èöåö¡ Ãóæú ßóíúáóÇ íóßõæäó ÏóæúáóÉð ÌóÇåöáöíøóÉð Èóíúäóåõãú.
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáÏøóæúáóÉö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõÄóÓóÇÁó ãöäúåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÓúÊóÃúËöÑõæäó ÈöÇáúÛóäöíãóÉöº áöÃóäøóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáÑøöÆóÇÓóÉö æóÇáúÛóáóÈóÉö æóÇáÏøóæúáóÉö¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÞõæáõæäó: ãóäú ÚóÒøó ÈóÒøó¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ßóíúáóÇ íóßõæäó ÃóÎúÐõåõ ÛóáóÈóÉð ÃóËóÑóÉð ÌóÇåöáöíøóÉð¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö: ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏó Çááøóåö ÎóæóáðÇ æóãóÇáó Çááøóåö ÏõæóáðÇ¡ íõÑöíÏõ ãóäú ÛóáóÈó ãöäúåõãú ÃóÎóÐóåõ æóÇÓúÊóÃúËóÑó Èöåö¡ ÅöáóÎú.
æóÇáúÌóÏöíÑõ ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö åõäóÇ: Ãóäøó ÏõÚóÇÉó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÓöÏóÉö¡ íóÍúÊóÌøõæäó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈöåöãö ÇáúÝóÇÓöÏö æóíóÞõæáõæäó: íóÌõæÒõ áöáÏøóæúáóÉö Ãóäú ÊóÓúÊóæúáöíó Úóáóì ãóÕóÇÏöÑö ÇáúÅöäúÊóÇÌö æóÑõÁõæÓö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáöº áöÊõÚúØöíóåóÇ Ãóæú ÊõÔúÑößó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó¡ æóãóÇ íõÓóãøõæäóåõãú ØóÈóÞóÉó ÇáúÚõãøóÇáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ßóÓóÇÏò ÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøò¡ æóÝóÓóÇÏò ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøò¡ ÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó ÎóØóÄõåõ¡ æóÙóåóÑó ÈõØúáóÇäõåõ ãõÌóÇäöÈðÇ áöÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö.
áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇáó ÊõÑößó áöãóÑóÇÝöÞö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÌóÇåöÏöíäó¡ æóÊóÃúãöíäö ÇáúÛõÒóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÏõæÏö æóÇáËøõÛõæÑö¡ æóáóíúÓó íõÚúØóì áöáúÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó¡ Ëõãøó åõæó ÃóÓóÇÓðÇ ãóÇáñ ÌóÇÁó ÛóäöíãóÉð áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóáóíúÓó äóÊöíÌóÉó ßóÏúÍö ÇáúÝóÑúÏö æóßóÓúÈöåö.
æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÇáõ ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉö áóíúÓó ãöáúßðÇ áöÔóÎúÕò¡ æóáóÇ åõæó ÃóíúÖðÇ ßóÓúÈñ áöÔóÎúÕò ãõÚóíøóäò¡ ÊóÍóÞøóÞó Ýöíåö ÇáúÚõãõæãõ Ýöí ãóÕúÏóÑöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÚõãõæãõ Ýöí ãóÕúÑöÝöåö¡ æóåõæó Úõãõæãõ ãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÏóÎúáó æóáóÇ æõÌõæÏó áöáúÝóÑúÏö Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÔóÊøóÇäó Èóíúäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÕúáö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÑúÚö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÖúáöíáö.
æóãöäó ÇáúãõÄúÓöÝö Ãóäøóåõãú íõÄóíøöÏõæäó ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú ÈöÅöÞúÍóÇãö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ Ýöí ËóáóÇËóÉò: ÇáúãóÇÁõ æóÇáäøóÇÑõ æóÇáúßóáóÃõ» ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ãóÇ ÏóÇãóÊú Úóáóì ÚõãõæãöåóÇ ÝóÇáúãóÇÁõ ÔóÑößóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ÏóÇãó Ýöí ãóæúÑöÏöåö ãöäó ÇáäøóåúÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÈöÆúÑö ÇáúÚóÇãøö Ãóæö ÇáÓøóíúáö Ãóæö ÇáúÛóÏöíÑö. ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÊóÞóáó ãöäú ãóæúÑöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÇãøö¡ æóÃóÕúÈóÍó Ýöí ÍöíóÇÒóÉò ãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÔóÑößóÉó áöÃóÍóÏò Ýöíåö ãóÚó ãóäú ÍóÇÒóåõ¡ ßóãóäú ãóáóÃó ÅöäóÇÁð ãöäó ÇáäøóåúÑö Ãóæö ÇáÓøóíúáö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÅöäóÇÆöåö Ýóåõæó ÎóÇÕøñ Èöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÃõ(8/32)
ãóÇ ÏóÇãó ÚõÔúÈðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö áóÇ Ýöí ãöáúßö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ãõÚóíøóäò Ýóåõæó ÚóÇãøñ áöãóäú ÓóÈóÞó Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÇÍúÊóÔøóåõ ÅöäúÓóÇäñ æóÍóÇÒóåõ ÝóáóÇ ÔóÑößóÉó áöÃóÍóÏò Ýöíåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ äóÇÈöÊðÇ Ýöí ãöáúßö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÈöÚóíúäöåö Ýóåõæó ÃóÍóÞøõ Èöåö ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö.
æóíóÙúåóÑõ Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÍõæÊö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö æóÇáäøóåúÑö Ýóåõæó ãõÔóÇÚñ áöáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóÇáØøóíúÑö Ýöí ÇáúåóæóÇÁö íõÕóÇÏõ. ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÏúÑñ ãõÔúÊóÑóßñ Èóíúäó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÕøóíøóÇÏöíäó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÕóÇÏóåõ ÅöäúÓóÇäñ ÝóÞóÏú ÍóÇÒóåõ æóÇÎúÊóÕøó Èöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ÊóÚúÊóÑöÝõ Ýöíåö ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáäøõÙõãö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøóÉö¡ æóÊõÚúØóì ÊóÑóÇÎöíÕñ ÑóÓúãöíøóÉñ áöÐóáößó.
æóåõäóÇßó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúÌóÇÑöí Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÏøõæóáö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúÚóáõåõãú íóÊóäóÇÞóÖõæäó Ýöí ÏóÚúæóÇåõãõ ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÁö æóÇáäøóÇÑö æóÇáúßóáóÃö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí ÔóÑößóÇÊö ÇáúãöíóÇåö æóÇáäøõæÑöº ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íóÌúÚóáõæäó Ýöí ßõáøö ÈóíúÊò ÚóÏøóÇÏðÇ íóÚõÏøõ ÌóÇáõæäóÇÊö ÇáúãóÇÁö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÓúÊóåúáóßóåóÇ ÇáúãóäúÒöáõ æóíõÍóÇÓöÈõæäóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÃóÎøóÑó ÞóØóÚõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãóÇÁó æóÍóÑóãõæåõ ãöäú ÔõÑúÈöåö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÊøóíøóÇÑõ ÇáúßóåúÑóÈóÇÆöíøõº ÝóÅöäøóåõ äóÇÑñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáØøóÇÞóÉõ ÇáúÝóÚøóÇáóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÏõäö ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íóÞöíÓõæäóåõ ÈöÚóÏøóÇÏò íóÚõÏøõ ÇáúßöíáõæÇÊú¡ æóíóÈöíÚõæäóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúÊóåúáößö¡ ÝóáöãóÇÐóÇ áóÇ íóÌúÚóáõæäó ÇáúãóÇÁó æóÇáúßóåúÑóÈóÇÁó¡ ÔóÑößóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúãõæóÇØöäöíäó¿ Ãóãö ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ ÝöíãóÇ áóÇ íóÚõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøóæúáóÉö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÍóÞøõ ÇáÏøóæúáóÉö ÝóÎóÇÕøñ áöáúÍõßøóÇãö¿ Åöäøóåõ ÚóßúÓõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúÝóíúÁö ÊóãóÇãðÇ.
ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÇáúÝóíúÁó æóÇáúÛóäöíãóÉó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÍóáóÇáðÇ ãöäú ãóÇáö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö¡ æóåõæó ßóÓúÈñ ÚóÇãøñ ÏóÎóáó Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÈöãóÌúåõæÏö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ ÇáúãóÇËöáö Ýöí ÇáúÌóíúÔö ÇáøóÐöí íõÞóÇÊöáõ ÈöÇÓúãöåóÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóÕóÇÑöÝó ÚóÇãøóÉò Ýöí ãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö (Ýóáöáøóåö æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö æóáöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö) .
(Ýóáöáøóåö) : Ãóíö ÇáúÌöåóÇÏõ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö.
(æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö) : áöÞöíóÇãöåö ÈöÃóãúÑö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÃúÎõÐõ äóÝóÞóÉó Ãóåúáöåö ÚóÇãðÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÈóÞöíó íóÑõÏøõåõ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö.
(æóáöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì) : ãóäú ÊóáúÒóãõåõ äóÝóÞóÊõåõãú.(8/33)
(æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö) : åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóßóÇÝõáõ ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøóÉö.
(æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö) : ÇáúãõäúÞóØöÚõ Ýöí ÓóÝóÑöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÊóÃúãöíäñ áöáúãõæóÇÕóáóÇÊö.
ÝóßóÇäó ãóÕúÑöÝõåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö Ïõæäó ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö ÔóÎúÕò Èöåö Ãóæú ØóÇÆöÝóÉò: ßóíú áóÇ íóßõæäó ÏõæáóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö ãöäúßõãú.
æóÅöäøóåõ áóãöäú ãóæóÇØöäö ÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ÇáúÂíóÉó [59 \ 7] º áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÔúÑöíÚñ Ýöí ÃóãúÑò íóãóÓøõ ÇáúæóÊóÑó ÇáúÍóÓøóÇÓó Ýöí ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ æóåõæó ãóæúØöäõ ÇáÔøõÍøö æóÇáúÍöÑúÕö ÃóáóÇ æóåõæó ßóÓúÈõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Õöäúæõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí Êóæóáøóì Çááøóåõ ÞöÓúãóÊóåõ Ýöí Ãóåóãøö ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö.
ÞóÓøóãóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÝõÑõæÖóåõ¡ æóÍöÕøóÉó ßõáøö æóÇÑöËòº áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÓúÈñ ÈöÏõæäö ãõÞóÇÈöáò¡ æóßóÓúÈñ ÅöÌúÈóÇÑöíøñ. æóÇáäøõÝõæÓõ ãõÊóØóáøöÚóÉñ Åöáóíúåö ÝóÊóæóáøóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÝóíúÁõ æóÇáúÛóäöíãóÉõ¡ æóÍóÑøóãó ÇáúÛõáõæáó Ýöíåö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÞöÓúãóÉö.
æóãóËóáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇáö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóáöÝõæÇ ÞöÓúãóÊóåõ ãóÛúäóãðÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÈóÐóáõæÇ ÇáäøõÝõæÓó æóÇáúãõåóÌó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæõÕõæáö Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ Èöåöãú íõãúäóÚõæäó ãöäúåõ¡ æóíõÍóÇáõ Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäóåõ¡ ÝóíõÞóÓøóãõ ÇáúãóäúÞõæáõ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóáóÇ íõÞóÓøóãõ ÇáúÚóÞóÇÑõ ÇáËøóÇÈöÊõ¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõãú: ÍóÏóËó åóÐóÇ ßóíú áóÇ íóßõæäó ÏõæáóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö ãöäúßõãú ÓóæóÇÁñ ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁõ ÈöÃóÈúÏóÇäöåöãú¡ æóÞõÏúÑóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁõ ÈöÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÈöãóÇ ÍóÕøóáõæåõ ãöäú ãóÛóÇäöãó ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó.
æóßóÇäó áóÇÈõÏøó áöäõÝõæÓöåöãú ãöäú Ãóäú ÊóÊóÍóÑøóßó äóÍúæó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóÝöÚúáðÇ äóÇÞóÔõæÇ ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ýöíåö - æóáóßöäú åõäóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÓóæúØõ ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö ÇáúãõÓóáøóÊõ¡ æóÃóãúÑõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáúãõÓóßøöÊõ Åöäøóåõ Úóäö Çááøóåö ÃóÊóÇßõãú Èöåö ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÚóÇãøóÉð Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ åõäóÇ ÃóÎóÕøõ¡ æóåöíó Èöåö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ¡ æóÇáúãóÞóÇãõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃóÍúæóÌõ.
æóåõäóÇ íóäúÊóÞöáõ ÈöäóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÂÊóÇäóÇ Èöåö ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö Ãóíú: ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÔóÇÑóßóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö.
áóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑõ íõÄúËöÑõæäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÚóÇäóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÔõÍøö äõÝõæÓöåöãú¡ ÝóãõÌúÊóãóÚõåõãú ãõÌúÊóãóÚõ ÈóÐúáò æóÅöÚúØóÇÁò æóÊóÖúÍöíóÉò(8/34)
æóÅöíËóÇÑò¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏó ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõ ÇáÖøóíúÝõ ÝóáóÇ íóÌöÏõ áóåõ ÞöÑðì Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö: «ãóäú íõÖóíøöÝõ åóÐóÇ¡ ÇááøóíúáóÉó æóáóåõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ¿» ÝóíóÃúÎõÐõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ æóíóÃúÊöíåö ÝõÞóÑóÇÁõ ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó íóØúáõÈõæäóåõ ãóÇ íóÍúãöáõåõãú Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö¡ ÝóíóÚúÊóÐöÑõ Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌöÏõ ãóÇ íóÍúãöáõåõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóíóÊóæóáøóæúäó æóÃóÚúíõäõåõãú ÊóÝöíÖõ ãöäó ÇáÏøóãúÚö ÍóÒóäðÇ ÃóáøóÇ íóÌöÏõæÇ ãóÇ íóÍúãöáõåõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóíóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúÞóÏóÍõ ãöäó ÇááøóÈóäö¡ ÝóíóÏúÚõæ: «íóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáÕøõÝøóÉö» áöíõÔóÇÑößõæåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ áöÞöáøóÉö ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú¡ æóÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÝóíõÕúÑóÚõ Úóáóì ÈóÇÈöåö ãöäó ÇáúÌõæÚö¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ ÇáúÚóÏöíÏõ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö Ðóæõæ íóÓóÇÑò¡ ãöäúåõãú ãóäú íõÌóåøöÒõ ÇáúÌóíúÔó ãöäú ãóÇáöåö¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÊóÕóÏøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÞóÇÝöáóÉö ßóÇãöáóÉð æóãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÊóÕóÏøóÞõ ÈöÎöíóÇÑö ÈóÓóÇÊöíäö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóãöäúåõãú¡ Ýóáóãú íóÃúÎõÐú ÞóØøõ æóáóÇ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ãöãøóäú ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÞóÇÝöáóÉò ßóÇãöáóÉò æóãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ áóãú íóÃúÎõÐú ãöäúåõ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÈöÏõæäö ÑöÖóÇåõ¡ áöíõÔóÇÑößó ãóÚóåõ Ýöíåö æóÇÍöÏðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÕøõÝøóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ãöãøóäú ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÈõÓúÊóÇäöåö ÕóÇÚó ÊóãúÑò íõÚúØöíåö áöÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ íóÓõÏøõ ãóÓúÛóÈóÊóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÈóÚöíÑðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ãöãøóäú ÌóåøóÒó ÌóíúÔðÇ ãöäú ãóÇáöåö áöíóÍúãöáó Úóáóíúåö ãõÊóØóæøöÚðÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö.
ÅöäøóåóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáñ ãõÍúÊóÑóãóÉñ¡ æóÃóãúáóÇßñ ãõÓúÊóÞöÑøóÉñ ÎóÇÕøóÉñ ÈöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóåõäóÇßó ÛóäöíãóÉñ æóÝóíúÁñ ÃõÎöÐó ÈöÞõæøóÉö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö æóãóÏóÏöåóÇ áöáúÌóíúÔö¡ ÌõÚöáó Ýöí ãóÕóÇÑöÝó ÚóÇãøóÉò áöáúÃõãøóÉö æóáöáúÌóíúÔö¡ æóåõäóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáñ ÎóÇÕøóÉñ áóãú ÊõãóÓøó æóáóãú ÊõáúãóÓú¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÑöÖóì äóÝúÓò æóØöíÈö ÎóÇØöÑò¡ æóáöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÌõæÏõæäó æóáóÇ íóÈúÎóáõæäó¡ æóíóÚúØõæäó æóáóÇ íóÔõÍøõæäó¡ æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ¡ æóßóÇäó ãõÌúÊóãóÚðÇ ãõÊóßóÇÝöáðÇ ãõÄúÊóáöÝðÇ ãõÊóÚóÇØöÝðÇ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ãõÌúÊóãóÚö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó [59 \ 8] ¡ æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóáöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì - ßóáóÇãñ ãõÞúäöÚñ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÍúäõ ÞóÓóãúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóÚöíÔóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 32] ¡ äóÓõæÞõ äóÕøóåõ áöÃóåóãøöíøóÊöåö:
ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ: ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ åõäóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÍúäõ ÞóÓóãúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóÚöíÔóÊóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÝóÖøóáó ÈóÚúÖóßõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÇáÑøöÒúÞö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 71] ¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÊóÝóÇæõÊó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÒóÇÞö æóÇáúÍõÙõæÙö ÓõäøóÉñ ãöäú Óõäóäö Çááøóåö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö¡ áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÊóÈúÏöíáóåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúæöíáóåóÇ ÈöæóÌúåò ãöäó ÇáúæõÌõæåö¡ Ýóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áöÓõäøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÈúÏöíáðÇ æóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áöÓõäøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÍúæöíáðÇ [35 \ 43] æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÍóÞøóÞó Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÊóÐóÑøóÚõ Èöåö ÇáúÂäó ÇáúãóáóÇÍöÏóÉõ ÇáúãõäúßöÑõæäó áöæõÌõæÏö Çááøóåö æóáöÌóãöíÚö(8/35)
ÇáäøõÈõæøóÇÊö æóÇáÑøóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö Åöáóì ÇÈúÊöÒóÇÒö ËóÑóæóÇÊö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóäóÒúÚö ãöáúßöåöãö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Úóäú ÃóãúáóÇßöåöãú¡ ÈöÏóÚúæóì ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉö Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ãóÚóÇíöÔöåöãú¡ ÃóãúÑñ ÈóÇØöáñ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÈöÍóÇáò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÞúÕöÏõæäó Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí íóÒúÚõãõæäó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÞúÕöÏõæäó ÇÓúÊöÆúËóÇÑóåõãú ÈöÃóãúáóÇßö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøóÇÓöº áöíóäúÚóãõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóíóÊóÕóÑøóÝõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ßóíúÝó ÔóÇÁõæÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÓöÊóÇÑò ßóËöíÝò ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúßóÐöÈö æóÇáúÛõÑõæÑö æóÇáúÎöÏóÇÚö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÊóÍóÞøõÞõåõ ßõáøõ ÚóÇÞöáò ãõØøóáöÚò Úóáóì ÓöíÑóÊöåöãú æóÃóÍúæóÇáöåöãú ãóÚó ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåöãú.
ÝóÇáØøõÛúãóÉõ ÇáúÞóáöíáóÉõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãóÉõ æóãóäú íóäúÖóãøõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ åõãõ ÇáúãõÊóãóÊøöÚõæäó ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÎóíúÑóÇÊö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ãöäú ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáÔøóÚúÈö ãóÍúÑõæãõæäó ãöäú ßõáøö ÎóíúÑò¡ ãóÙúáõæãõæäó Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ÍóÊøóì ãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæåõ ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú¡ íõÚúáóÝõæäó ÈöÈöØóÇÞóÉò ßóãóÇ ÊõÚúáóÝõ ÇáúÈöÛóÇáõ æóÇáúÍóãöíÑõ.
æóÞóÏú Úóáöãó Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí ÓóÇÈöÞö Úöáúãöåö Ãóäøóåõ íóÃúÊöí äóÇÓñ íóÛúÊóÕöÈõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÝóÞöíÑñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ûóäöíñ¡ æóÞóÏú äóåóì Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö Çáúåóæóì ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÏøóÚúæóì¡ æóÃóæúÚóÏó ãóäú áóãú íóäúÊóåö Úóäú Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóßõäú ÛóäöíøðÇ Ãóæú ÝóÞöíÑðÇ ÝóÇááøóåõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöåöãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ Çáúåóæóì Ãóäú ÊóÚúÏöáõæÇ æóÅöäú ÊóáúæõæÇ Ãóæú ÊõÚúÑöÖõæÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÎóÈöíÑðÇ [4 \ 135] ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÎóÈöíÑðÇ æóÚöíÏñ ÔóÏöíÏñ áöãóäú ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó. ÇäúÊóåóì ÍóÑúÝöíøðÇ.
æóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÒóÇÞó ÞöÓúãóÉõ ÇáúÎóáøóÇÞö¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÑúÃóÝõ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÎóÒóÇÆöäöåö ãöäú äóÞúÕò æóáóßöäøóåóÇ ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ áöãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÞõÏúÓöíøö: «Åöäøó ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöí áóãóäú íóÕúáõÍõ áóåõ ÇáúÝóÞúÑõ¡ æóáóæú ÃóÛúäóíúÊõåõ áóÝóÓóÏó ÍóÇáõåõ¡ æóÅöäøó ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöí áóãóäú íóÕúáõÍõ áóåõ ÇáúÛöäóì æóáóæú ÃóÝúÞóÑúÊõåõ áóÝóÓóÏó ÍóÇáõåõ» ¡ Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäõåõ íõÚúØöí ÈöÞóÏóÑò¡ æóáóÇ íõãúÓößõ Úóäú ÞóÊóÑò.
æóíóßúÝöí Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö ÓöíóÇÞõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí Êóßóáøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÃõÓúáõæÈöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÍúäõ ÞóÓóãúäóÇ [43 \ 32] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö æóÇáÊøóÝúÎöíãö¡ æóãöËúáõåõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí «ÞóÓóãúäóÇ» ¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÌóÇáó áöÊóÏóÎøõáö ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö¡ æóáóÇ ãóßóÇäó áöÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ðóáößó. æóÇáúÞöÓúãóÉõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúæóì ÞõæøóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Úóáóì ÅöÈúØóÇáöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó Åöäøó æóÇÞöÚó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö íõÄóíøöÏõ Ðóáößó Èóáú æóíóÊóæóÞøóÝõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú ÝóæúÞó ÈóÚúÖò ÏóÑóÌóÇÊò áöíóÊøóÎöÐó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÓõÎúÑöíøðÇ [43 \ 32] .
æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÏõæäó Úóáóì ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÚúÊóÑöÝõæäó ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóíõÞöÑøõæäó äöÙóÇãó ÇáØøóÈóÞóÇÊö ÚõãøóÇáðÇ æóÛóíúÑó ÚõãøóÇáò¡ ÅöáóÎú¡ ÝóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» åõäóÇ: ßóíú áóÇ íóßõæäó ÏõæáóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö ãöäúßõãú(8/36)
æóáóÇ ÍóÞøó áóåõãú ÝöíãóÇ ÝóÚóáõæÇ Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÏóÃö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÇáúãõÞóÏøöãóÉö: Åöäøó ÇáÓøõäóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ ãõäúÏóÑöÌóÉñ ÊóÍúÊó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóíú: ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõáúÒöãóÉñ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøóÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÃóÎúÐõ ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÃóÎúÐðÇ ÈößöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóãöÕúÏóÇÞõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóäúØöÞõ Úóäö Çáúåóæóì Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ æóÍúíñ íõæÍóì [53 \ 3 - 4] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ: ÇáúæóÍúíõ æóÍúíóÇäö:
æóÍúíñ ÃõãöÑúäóÇ ÈößöÊóÇÈóÊöåö¡ æóÊóÚóÈøóÏúäóÇ ÈöÊöáóÇæóÊöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ.
æóæóÍúíñ áóãú äõÄúãóÑú ÈößöÊóÇÈóÊöåö¡ æóáóãú äóÊóÚóÈøóÏú ÈöÊöáóÇæóÊöåö æóåõæó ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ.
æóÞóÏú Úóãöáó ÈöÐóáößó ÓóáóÝõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö æóÎóáóÝõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóÌúáöÓöåö ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö: áóÚóäó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÇáúæóÇÕöáóÉó æóÇáúãõÓúÊóæúÕöáóÉó¡ æóÇáúæóÇÔöãóÉó æóÇáúãõÓúÊóæúÔöãóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ÞóÇÆöãóÉñ ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóÝöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: áóÞóÏú ÞóÑóÃúÊõåõ ãöäú ÏóÝøóÊöåö Åöáóì ÏóÝøóÊöåö¡ Ýóáóãú ÃóÌöÏú åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞõáúÊó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: áóæú ßõäúÊö ÞóÑóÃúÊöíåö áóæóÌóÏúÊöíåö¡ Ãóæú áóãú ÊóÞúÑóÆöí Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ¡ æóÞóÏú áóÚóäó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúæóÇÕöáóÉó æóÇáúãõÓúÊóæúÕöáóÉó¡ æóãóäú áóÚóäóåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú áóÚóäóåóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ: áóÚóáøó ÈóÚúÖó Ãóåúáößö íóÝúÚóáõåõ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: ÇÏúÎõáöí æóÇäúÙõÑöí ÝóÏóÎóáóÊú ÈóíúÊóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÎóÑóÌóÊú æóáóãú ÊóÞõáú ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊö¿ ÞóÇáóÊú: ÎóíúÑðÇ¡ æóÇäúÕóÑóÝóÊú.
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ æóÞóÇãó Ýöí Ãóåúáö ãóßøóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Óóáõæäöí íóÇ Ãóåúáó ãóßøóÉó ÚóãøóÇ ÔöÆúÊõãú ÃõÌöÈúßõãú Úóäúåõ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÓóÃóáóåõ ÑóÌõáñ Úóäö ÇáúãõÍúÑöãö íóÞúÊõáõ ÇáÒøõäúÈõæÑó ãóÇÐóÇ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÓõäøóÊöí¡ æóÓõäøóÉö ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏöíäó» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóÍóÏøóËóäöí ÝõáóÇäñ Úóäú ÝõáóÇäò¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÈöÓóäóÏöåö Åöáóì ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ ÓõÆöáó: ÇáúãõÍúÑöãõ íóÞúÊõáõ ÇáÒøõäúÈõæÑó ãóÇÐóÇ Úóáóíúåö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Úóáóíúåö.
ÝóÞóÏö ÇÚúÊóÈóÑó ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö ÇáÓøõäøóÉó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ÇÚúÊóÈóÑó ÓõäøóÉó ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏöíäó ãöäú ÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÓõäøóÉõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÇÚúÊóÈóÑó ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÌóæóÇÈóåõ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö.(8/37)
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøõæäó íõÎóÕøöÕõæäó ÈöåóÇ Úõãõæãó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóíõÞóíøöÏõæäó ãõØúáóÞóåõ.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö: Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃõÍöáøóÊú áóäóÇ ãóíúÊóÊóÇäö æóÏóãóÇäö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóíúÊóÊóÇäö: ÝóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏõ æóÇáúÍõæÊõ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÏøóãóÇäö: ÝóÇáúßóÈöÏõ æóÇáØøõÍóÇáõ» ÝóÎóÕøó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úõãõæãó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍõÑøöãóÊú Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúãóíúÊóÉõ æóÇáÏøóãõ [5 \ 3] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáäøößóÇÍö: «áóÇ ÊõäúßóÍõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ Úóáóì ÚóãøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ Úóáóì ÎóÇáóÊöåóÇ» ¡ æóÎõÕøó ÈöåóÇ Úõãõæãõ: æóÃõÍöáøó áóßõãú ãóÇ æóÑóÇÁó Ðóáößõãú [4 \ 24] ¡ æóäóÍúæóåõ ßóËöíÑñ.
æóãöäó ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÞóØúÚõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÏó ÇáÓøóÇÑöÞö ãöäó ÇáúßõæÚö ÊóÞúíöíÏðÇ áöãõØúáóÞö: ÝóÇÞúØóÚõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóåõãóÇ [5 \ 38] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÓúÍõ ÇáúßóÝøóíúäö Ýöí ÇáÊøóíóãøõãö ÊóÞúíöíÏðÇ Ãóæú ÈóíóÇäðÇ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇãúÓóÍõæÇ ÈöæõÌõæåößõãú æóÃóíúÏöíßõãú ãöäúåõ [5 \ 6] ¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑñ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúãõÌúãóáö ßóÈóíóÇäö ãõÌúãóáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó [2 \ 43] ¡ Ýóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú ÚóÏóÏó ÇáÑøóßóÚóÇÊö áößõáøö æóÞúÊò¡ æóáóÇ ßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÇáúÃóÏóÇÁö ÝóÕóáøóì - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö æóåõãú íóäúÙõÑõæäó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áóåõãú: «ÕóáøõæÇ ßóãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõãõæäöí ÃõÕóáøöí» æóÍóÌøó æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: «ÎõÐõæÇ Úóäøöí ãóäóÇÓößóßõãú» .
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõäóÉó ÃóÞúæóÇáñ¡ æóÃóÝúÚóÇáñ¡ æóÊóÞúÑöíÑñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóáúÒóãó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ [33 \ 21] ¡ æóÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí íóÔúãóáõ ÇáúÞóæúáó æóÇáúÝöÚúáó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÃóÞúæóì¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑõ ãõäúÏóÑöÌñ Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö Úóáóì ÃóãúÑò ãóÇ¡ æóÇáÊøóÑúßõ ÝöÚúáñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö:
æóÇáÊøóÑúßõ ÝöÚúáñ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÊóäúÞóÓöãõ ÃóÝúÚóÇáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Åöáóì ÚöÏøóÉö ÃóÞúÓóÇãò:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúÌöÈöáøóÉö¡ æóåõæó ãõÊóØóáøóÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ãöäú Ãóßúáò¡ æóÔõÑúÈò¡ æóáõÈúÓò¡ æóäóæúãò¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉð áöãõÊóØóáøóÈóÇÊö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö¡ æóßóÇäó íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö æóíóÝúÚóáõåõ ßõáøõ ÅöäúÓóÇäò¡ Ýóåõæó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÇáúÃóÕúáöíøóÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÊóÔúÑöíÚñ ÌóÏöíÏñ¡ æóáóßöäú ÕõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóßóíúÝöíøóÊõåõ ßóßóæúäö ÇáúÃóßúáö æóÇáÔøóÑóÇÈö ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö ÅöáóÎú¡ æóßóæúäöåö ãöäú ÃóãóÇãö ÇáúÂßöáö¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóßóÐóáößó äóæúÚõ ÇáúãóÃúßõæáö Ãóæú ÊóÑúßõåõ ãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú áöãóÇäöÚò ßóÚóÏóãö Ãóßúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöáÖøóÈøö æóÇáúÈõÞõæáö ÇáúãóØúÈõæÎóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÓøóÈóÈó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ: áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö Þóæúãöåö ÝóßóÇäó íóÚóÇÝõåõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: áöÃóäøóåõ íõäóÇÌöí ãóäú áóÇ äõäóÇÌöí¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãóÑóÇÞöí:
æóÝöÚúáõåõ ÇáúãóÑúßõæÒõ Ýöí ÇáúÌöÈöáøóÉö ... ßóÇáúÃóßúáö æóÇáÔøõÑúÈö ÝóáóíúÓó ãõáúåò(8/38)
ãöäú ÛóíúÑö áóãúÍö ÇáúæóÕúÝö. . .
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÊóÑóÏøöÏðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÌöÈöáøóÉö æóÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ßóæõÞõæÝöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÚóÑóÝóÉó ÑóÇßöÈðÇ Úóáóì äóÇÞóÊöåö¡ æóäõÒõæáöåö ÈöÇáúãõÍúÕöÈö ãõäúÕóÑóÝóåõ ãöäú ãöäðì¡ ÝóÇáúæõÞõæÝõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Ñõßúäõ ÇáúÍóÌøö íóÊöãøõ ÈöÇáÊøóæóÇÌõÏö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÞöÝö ÈöÚóÑóÝóÉó Úóáóì ÃóíøóÉö ÍóÇáóÉò¡ Ýóåóáú ßóÇäó æõÞõæÝõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÑóÇßöÈðÇ ãöäú ÊóãóÇãö äõÓõßöåö¡ Ãóãú Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÚóáóåõ Ïõæäó ÞóÕúÏò Åöáóì ÇáäøõÓõßö¿ ÎöáóÇÝñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÝöÚúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åóÐóǺ áöíóßõæäó ÃóÈúÑóÒó áöÔóÎúÕöåö Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ ÊóÓúåöíáðÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏóåõ áöÓõÄóÇáò Ãóæú ÑõÄúíóÉò Ãóæú ÍóÇÌóÉò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÊóÔúÑöíÚðÇ áöãóäú íóßõæäõ Ýöí ãóäúÒöáóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÆõæáöíøóÉö.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ãóÇ ËóÈóÊóÊú ÎõÕõæÕöíøóÊõåõ Èöåö ãöËúáõ ÌóæóÇÒö ÌóãúÚöåö Èóíúäó ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚö äöÓúæóÉò ÈöÇáäøößóÇÍö áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÍúáóáúäóÇ áóßó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßó [33 \ 50] ¡ æóßõäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚò¡ æóäößóÇÍö ÇáúæóÇåöÈóÉö äóÝúÓóåóÇ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóÇáöÕóÉð áóßó ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [33 \ 50] ÝóåóÐóÇ áóÇ ÔóÑößóÉó áöÃóÍóÏò ãóÚóåõ Ýöíåö.
ÑóÇÈöÚðÇ: ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóíóÇäðÇ áöäóÕøò ÞõÑúÂäöí¡ ßóÞóØúÚöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÏó ÇáÓøóÇÑöÞö ãöäó ÇáúßõæÚö ÈóíóÇäðÇ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÇáÓøóÇÑöÞõ æóÇáÓøóÇÑöÞóÉõ ÝóÇÞúØóÚõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóåõãóÇ [5 \ 38] ¡ æóßóÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúÍóÌøö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóåõãóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó [2 \ 43] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáöáøóåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÍöÌøõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãóäö ÇÓúÊóØóÇÚó Åöáóíúåö ÓóÈöíáðÇ [3 \ 97] ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÕóáøõæÇ ßóãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõãõæäöí ÃõÕóáøöí» ¡ æóÞóÇáó: «ÎõÐõæÇ Úóäøöí ãóäóÇÓößóßõãú» ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãõ Íõßúãõåõ áöáúÃõãøóÉö¡ Íõßúãõ ÇáúãõÈóíøóäõ ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúæõÌõæÈö æóÇÌöÈñ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑöåö ÈöÍóÓúÈöåö.
ÎóÇãöÓðÇ: ãóÇ ÝóÚóáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ áöÌöÈöáøóÉò æóáóÇ áöÈóíóÇäò¡ æóáóãú ÊóËúÈõÊú ÎõÕõæÕöíøóÊõåõ áóåõ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ Úóáóì ÞöÓúãóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäú íóÚúáóãó Íõßúãóåõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú æõÌõæÈò¡ Ãóæú äóÏúÈò¡ Ãóæú ÅöÈóÇÍóÉò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Íõßúãõåõ áöáúÃõãøóÉö ßóÐóáößó ßóÕóáóÇÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúäóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ¡ Ýóåöíó áöáúÃõãøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÌóæóÇÒö. ËóÇäöíåõãóÇ: ÃóáøóÇ íõÚúáóãó Íõßúãõåõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÃóÞúæóÇáò:
ÃóæøóáõåóÇ: ÇáúæõÌõæÈõ ÚóãóáðÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÍúæóØö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö¡ æóÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó.
ËóÇäöíåóÇ: ÇáäøóÏúÈõ áöÑõÌúÍóÇäö ÇáúÝöÚúáö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÑúßö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö¡ æóÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÃóíúÖðÇ.(8/39)
ËóÇáöËõåóÇ: ÇáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉõº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúãõÊóíóÞøóäõ¡ æóáóßöäøó åóÐóÇ ÝöíãóÇ áóÇ ÞõÑúÈóÉó Ýöíåö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÞõÑóÈõ áóÇ ÊõæÕóÝõ ÈöÇáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉö.
ÑóÇÈöÚõåóÇ: ÇáÊøóæóÞøõÝõ áöÚóÏóãö ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúãõÚúÊóÒöáóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÖúÚóÝõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáöº áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóæóÞøõÝó áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÊóÃóÓøò.
ÝóÊóÍúÕõáõ áóäóÇ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÊóÃóÓøöíðÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æõÌõæÈðÇ Ãóæú äóÏúÈðÇ¡ æóãóËøóáõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÈöÎóáúÚöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - äóÚúáóåõ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÎóáóÚó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉõ ßõáøõåõãú äöÚóÇáóåõãú¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇäúÊóåóì - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÓóÃóáóåõãú Úóäú ÎóáúÚöåöãú äöÚóÇáöåöãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÑóÃóíúäóÇßó ÝóÚóáúÊó ÝóÝóÚóáúäóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: «ÃóÊóÇäöí ÌöÈúÑöíáõ æóÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí Ãóäøó Ýöí äóÚúáöí ÃóÐðì ÝóÎóáóÚúÊõåóÇ» ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóÞóÑøóåõãú Úóáóì ÎóáúÚöåöãú ÊóÃóÓøöíðÇ Èöåö¡ æóáóãú íóÚöÈú Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÚúáóãõæÇ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÞóÈúáó ÅöÎúÈóÇÑöåö ÅöíøóÇåõãú¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó åõäóÇ ãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõæäó ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÚõãõæãö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÇáúÅöíåóÇãö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áöáøóåö æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇßõãú áöãóÇ íõÍúíöíßõãú [8 \ 24] ¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ ÈöÙóÇåöÑöåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉó áöáÑøóÓõæáö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ØóÇÚóÊõåõ áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇäóÇ áöãóÇ íõÍúíöíäóÇ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÚúÕöíäóßó Ýöí ãóÚúÑõæÝò.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì æõÌõæÈö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåö ãõØúáóÞðÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóíúÏò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ [59 \ 7] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÊõÍöÈøõæäó Çááøóåó ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæäöí íõÍúÈöÈúßõãõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 31] ¡ æóãóäú íõØöÚö ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇÚó Çááøóåó [4 \ 80] .
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ: Ãóäøó æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ãõÈóíøöäóÉñ Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ íóÏúÚõæäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöãóÇ íõÍúíöíäóÇ ãöäú ÎóíúÑóíö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ ÝóÇáÔøóÑúØõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇßõãú¡ ãõÊóæóÝøöÑñ Ýöí ÏõÚóÇÁö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöãóßóÇäö ÚöÕúãóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóäúØöÞõ Úóäö Çáúåóæóì Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ æóÍúíñ íõæÍóì [53 \ 3 - 4] .
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ: Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó: ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇßõãú áöãóÇ íõÍúíöíßõãú¡ ãõÈóíøöäóÉñ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ØóÇÚóÉó ÅöáøóÇ áöãóäú íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóì ãóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎóÑó ÈóíøóäóÊú Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ íóÏúÚõæ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì Ðóáößó¡ ÕóáóæóÇÊõ(8/40)
Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì.
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ßóÐóáößó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó æóãõäúÊóåóì ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ãóÇ ÊóÑóßúÊõ ÎóíúÑðÇ íõÞóÑøöÈõßõãú Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈóíøóäúÊõåõ áóßõãú æóÃóãóÑúÊõßõãú Èöåö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÑóßúÊõ ÔóÑøðÇ íõÈóÇÚöÏõßõãú Úóäö Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈóíøóäúÊõåõ áóßõãú¡ æóÍóÐøóÑúÊõßõãú ãöäúåõ æóäóåóíúÊõßõãú Úóäúåõ» .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö åõæó ãöäú áóæóÇÒöãö äõØúÞö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäöº áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝñ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö æóÈöãõÓúÊóáúÒóãóÇÊöåóÇ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÅöÑúÓóÇáõ ÇáÑøõÓõáö Åöáóì ÎóáúÞöåö¡ æóÅöäúÒóÇáõ ßõÊõÈöåö æóÞóæúáóåõ: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝñ ÈöÑöÓóÇáóÉö ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó Çááøóåö áöÎóáúÞöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáúÃóÎúÐó Èößõáøö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏó Çááøóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ Èöåö ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÍöÞøõ áóåõ Ãóäú íóÚúÕöíó Çááøóåó ÈöãóÇ äóåóÇåõ Úóäúåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Ýóåöíó ÈöÍóÞøò ãõÓúÊóáúÒöãñ áöáäøõØúÞö ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö.
æóíõÄóíøöÏõ åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ÊóäóÇÒóÚúÊõãú Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÝóÑõÏøõæåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇáÑøóÓõæáö Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÊõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö [4 \ 59] ÝóÑóÈóØó ãóÑóÏøó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí «ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» : ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÊóäóÇÒóÚó Ýöíåö ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöäú ÃõÕõæáö ÇáÏøöíäö æóÝõÑõæÚöåö¡ Ãóäú íõÑóÏøó ÇáÊøóäóÇÒõÚõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Åöáóì ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóÓõäøóÉö äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãóº áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: ãóäú íõØöÚö ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇÚó Çááøóåó [4 \ 80] ÇäúÊóåóì.
ÝóÇÊøóÖóÍó ÈöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÃóÊóÇäóÇ Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøõäøóÉó ÊóÓúÊóÞöáøõ ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú ÈöÊóÍúÑöíãö áõÍõæãö ÇáúÍõãõÑö ÇáúÃóåúáöíøóÉö. æóßõáøõ Ðöí ãöÎúáóÈò ãöäó ÇáØøóíúÑö æóäóÇÈò ãöäó ÇáÓøöÈóÇÚö¡ æóÈöÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóÚóãøóÊöåóÇ Ãóæú ÎóÇáóÊöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú åöíó ãóÚó ÇÈúäóÉö ÃóÎöíåóÇ Ãóæö ÇÈúäóÉö ÃõÎúÊöåóÇ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ ÃóáúÝóíóäøó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú ãõÊøóßöÆðÇ Úóáóì ÃóÑöíßóÉö Ãóåúáöåö íóÞõæáõ: ãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÃóÎóÐúäóÇåõ¡ æóãóÇ áóãú äóÌöÏúåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÑóßúäóÇåõ¡ ÃóáóÇ Åöäøöí ÃõæÊöíÊõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóãöËúáóåõ ãóÚóåõ» .
æóÇáäøóÕøõ åõäóÇ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎúÐö Èößõáøö ãóÇ ÃóÊóÇäóÇ Èöåö¡ æóÊóÑúßö ãóÇ äóåóÇäóÇ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÊóÎúÕöíÕõ åóÐóÇ(8/41)
áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú æóÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ æóíóäúÕõÑõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞõæäó (8)
ÇáúÚõãõæãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõßóáøöÝõ Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ [2 \ 286] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúãóì ÍóÑóÌñ æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌö ÍóÑóÌñ æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑöíÖö ÍóÑóÌñ [24 \ 61] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÄóÇÎöÐúäóÇ Åöäú äóÓöíäóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÎúØóÃúäóÇ [2 \ 286] .
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÝóÝóÑøóÞó Èóíúäó Úõãõæãö Çáäøóåúíö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóÇ ÃóãóÑúÊõßõãú Èöåö ÝóÃúÊõæÇ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú¡ æóãóÇ äóåóíúÊõßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ» ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÐúíöíáõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö [5 \ 2] ¡ ÅöíÐóÇäðÇ ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝó áóÇ åóæóÇÏóÉó Ýöíåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãõáúÒöãñ áöáúÃõãøóÉö ÓöÑøðÇ æóÚóáóäðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ãóäú ÎóÇáóÝó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäúåõ íóÊóæóÌøóåõ Åöáóíúåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏõº áöÃóäøó ãóÚúÕöíóÊóåõ ãóÚúÕöíóÉñ áöáøóåö¡ æóØóÇÚóÊóåõ ãöäú ØóÇÚóÉö Çááøóåö: ãóäú íõØöÚö ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇÚó Çááøóåó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäú ÏöíÇÑöåöãú æóÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ æóíóäúÕõÑõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞõæäó.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÕúÝñ ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó Ýöí ÏóæóÇÝöÚö ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú: íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ¡ æóÛóÇíóÊõåóÇ¡ æóåöíó: æóíóäúÕõÑõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ¡ æóÇáúÍõßúãõ áóåõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõãú: ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞõæäó.
æóãóäúØõæÞõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö íóÏõáøõ ÈöãóÝúåõæãöåö Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁóÊú äõÕõæÕñ ÃõÎúÑóì ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãõÔóÇÑóßóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö áóåõãú Ýöíåö¡ ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóåóÇÌóÑõæÇ æóÌóÇåóÏõæÇ ÈöÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú æóÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂæóæúÇ æóäóÕóÑõæÇ ÃõæáóÆößó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò [8 \ 72] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóåóÇÌóÑõæÇ æóÌóÇåóÏõæÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂæóæúÇ æóäóÕóÑõæÇ ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó ÍóÞøðÇ [8 \ 74] .
ÝóÐóßóÑó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÈöÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ÈöÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ãóÚóåõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑó ÈöÇáúÅöíæóÇÁö æóÇáäøóÕúÑö¡ æóæóÕóÝó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ãóÚðÇ ÈöæóáóÇíóÉö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú áöÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÃóËúÈóÊó áóåõãú ãóÚðÇ ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö: ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó ÍóÞøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞõæäó Ýöí ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóæóì ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑõ ãóÚó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó Ýöí ÚóÇãöáö ÇáäøõÕúÑóÉö æóÝöí ÕöÏúÞö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÈóæøóÁõæÇ ÇáÏøóÇÑó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú íõÍöÈøõæäó ãóäú åóÇÌóÑó Åöáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ íóÌöÏõæäó Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑöåöãú ÍóÇÌóÉð ãöãøóÇ ÃõæÊõæÇ æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ(8/42)
[59 \ 9] ¡ æóÕúÝñ ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ (ÊóÈóæøóÁõæÇ ÇáÏøóÇÑó) Ãóíú: ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó¡ (æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú) Ãóíú: ÈóíúÚóÉó ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ãöäú ÞóÈúáö ãóÌöíÁö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó¡ Èóáú æóãöäú ÞóÈúáö ÅöíãóÇäö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó¡ (íõÍöÈøõæäó ãóäú åóÇÌóÑó Åöáóíúåöãú) æóíóÓúÊóÞúÈöáõæäóåõ ÈöÕõÏõæÑò ÑóÍúÈóÉò¡ (æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó) ÛóíúÑóåõãú (Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ) ¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú åóÇÌóÑõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú.
æóÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÊóÏõáøõ ÈöãóÝúåõæãöåóÇ Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑóåõãú áóãú íõÔóÇÑößúåõãú Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöãõÔóÇÑóßóÉö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáúßóÑöíãö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÅöíËóÇÑõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ áöÃóäøó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÅöíËóÇÑö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö åõæó ÈóÐúáõ ÇáúãóÇáö áöáúÛóíúÑö ÚöäúÏó ÍóÇÌóÊöåö ãõÞóÏøöãðÇ ÛóíúÑóåõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö ÓóÈóÞó Ãóäú ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäú ÏöíÇÑöåöãú æóÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú [59 \ 8] ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú áóåõãú ÏöíóÇÑñ¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÃóãúæóÇáñ æóÃõÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÆöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑõ æóÇÓóæúÇ ÅöÎúæóÇäóåõãõ ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÞóÇÓóãõæåõãú ãõãúÊóáóßóÇÊöåöãú¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó áóãú íóäúÒöáõæÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÝóÍóÓúÈõ¡ Èóáú ÊóÑóßõæåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ: ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú¡ æóÏöíóÇÑóåõãú¡ æóÃóæúáóÇÏóåõãú¡ æóÃóåúáóåõãú¡ ÝóÕóÇÑõæÇ ÝõÞóÑóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú æóÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú¡ æóãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóÇáöåö æóÏöíóÇÑöåö¡ æóíóÊúÑõßõ Ãóåúáóåõ æóÃóæúáóÇÏóåõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÃóÞóáøó ÊóÖúÍöíóÉð ãöãøóäú ÂËóÑó ÛóíúÑóåõ ÈöÈóÚúÖö ãóÇáöåö¡ æóåõæó ãõÓúÊóÞöÑøñ Ýöí Ãóåúáöåö æóÏöíóÇÑöåö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÚóæøóÖóåõãú ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóíúÁö ÚóãøóÇ ÝóÇÊó Úóäúåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó áöáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ãóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ÅöÎúæóÇäóßõãú ÞóÏú ÊóÑóßõæÇ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáó æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏó æóÎóÑóÌõæÇ Åöáóíúßõãú» ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö! ÃóãúæóÇáõäóÇ ÈóíúäóäóÇ ÞóØóÇÆöÚõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑó ÚóÑóÝõæÇ Ðóáößó áöáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóæóì ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑõæäó ãóÚó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáúãöËóÇáöíøö ÇáúßóÑöíãö¡ æóßóÇäó ÎõáõÞðÇ áößóËöíÑöíäó ãöäúåõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Íöíäó ÊóÕóÏøóÞó Èößõáøö ãóÇáöåö ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ãóÇ ÃóÈúÞóíúÊó áöÃóåúáößó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÃóÈúÞóíúÊõ áóåõãõ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞóÉõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÍöíäóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÕóÇÆöãóÉð¡ æóáóíúÓó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ Óöæóì ÞõÑúÕò ãöäó ÇáÔøóÚöíÑö æóÌóÇÁó ÓóÇÆöáñ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú áöÈóÑöíÑóÉó: ÇÏúÝóÚöí Åöáóíúåö ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóßö¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú áóåóÇ: áóíúÓó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÓóÊõÝúØöÑöíäó Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú áóåóÇ: ÇÏúÝóÚöíåö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóáóÚóáøóåóÇ ÃóÍúæóÌõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÂäó¡ Ãóæú ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú.
æóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈõ ÃõåúÏöíó Åöáóíúåöãú ÑöÌúáõ ÔóÇÉò ÈöÞöÑóÇãöåóÇ - æóÞöÑóÇãõåóÇ åõæó ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÝúÚóáõåõ(8/43)
ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ ÔöæóÇÁó ÔóÇÉò ØóáóæúåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö ÈöÇáúÚóÌöíäö ÍöÝúÙðÇ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÑóãóÇÏö ÇáúÌóãúÑö - ÝóÞóÇáóÊú áöÈóÑöíÑóÉó: ßõáöí¡ åóÐóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÞõÑúÕößö.
æóßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ÚóæúÝò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÇáúÚöíÑö æóãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõåõ ãöäú ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò Íöíäó ÞóÏöãóÊú¡ æóÇáÑøóÓõæáõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÎúØõÈõ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÎóÑóÌó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ.
ÝóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÌúÊóãóÚõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö Ýöí ÚóåúÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõÌúÊóãóÚðÇ ãõÊóßóÇÝöáðÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÞóÏú äóæøóåó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÛóäóÇÆöãö Íõäóíúäò ÈöÝóÖúáö ßöáóÇ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóæúáóÇ ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉõ áóßõäúÊõ ÇãúÑóÃð ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö» .
æóãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÚõãóÑõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÞóÇáó: æóÃõæÕöí ÇáúÎóáöíÝóÉó ÈóÚúÏöí ÈöÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ãóäú íóÚúÑöÝó áóåõãú ÍóÞøóåõãú æóíóÍúÝóÙó áóåõãú ßóÑóÇãóÊóåõãú¡ æóÃõæÕöíåö ÈöÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ÎóíúÑðÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÈóæøóÁõæÇ ÇáÏøóÇÑó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó¡ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ Ãóäú íóÞúÈóáó ãöäú ãõÍúÓöäöåöãú¡ æóÃóäú íóÚúÝõæó Úóäú ãõÓöíÆöåöãú.
Ëõãøó ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÎõáõÞó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ æóÞóÚó Ýöí æóÞúÚóÉö ÇáúíóÑúãõæßö¡ ÞóÇáó ÍõÐóíúÝóÉõ ÇáúÚóÏóæöíøö: ÇäúØóáóÞúÊõ íóæúãó ÇáúíóÑúãõæßö ÃóØúáõÈõ ÇÈúäó Úóãøò áöí¡ æóãóÚöí ÔóíúÁñ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇÁö æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ: Åöäú ßóÇäó Èöåö ÑóãóÞñ ÓóÞóíúÊõåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäóÇ Èöåö ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõ: ÃóÓúÞöíßó¿ ÝóÃóÔóÇÑó ÈöÑóÃúÓöåö Ãóäú äóÚóãú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈöÑóÌõáò íóÞõæáõ: Âåò Âåò¡ ÝóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíøó ÇÈúäõ Úóãøöí Ãóäö ÇäúØóáöÞú Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó åöÔóÇãõ Èúäõ ÇáúÚóÇÕö¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ ÃóÓúÞöíßó¿ ÝóÃóÔóÇÑó Ãóäú äóÚóãú¡ ÝóÓóãöÚó ÂÎóÑó íóÞõæáõ Âåò Âåò¡ ÝóÃóÔóÇÑó åöÔóÇãõ Ãóäö ÇäúØóáöÞú Åöáóíúåö ÝóÌöÆúÊõåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÞóÏú ãóÇÊó¡ ÝóÑóÌóÚúÊõ Åöáóì åöÔóÇãò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÞóÏú ãóÇÊó¡ ÝóÑóÌóÚúÊõ Åöáóì ÇÈúäö Úóãøöí ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÞóÏú ãóÇÊó.
æóßóÇäó ãóäúåóÌõ ÇáúÎóæóÇÕøö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ äóÞóáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí íóÒöíÏö ÇáúÈöÓúØóÇãöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÛóáóÈóäöí ÃóÍóÏñ ãóÇ ÛóáóÈóäöí ÔóÇÈøñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÈóáúÎò¡ ÞóÏöãó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÍóÇÌøðÇ ÝóÞóÇáó áöí: ãóÇ ÍóÏøõ ÇáÒøõåúÏö ÚöäúÏóßõãú¿ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Åöäú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÃóßóáúäóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ÝóÞóÏúäóÇ ÕóÈóÑúäóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: åóßóÐóÇ ßöáóÇÈõ ÈóáúÎò ÚöäúÏóäóÇ¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: æóãóÇ ÍóÏøõ ÇáÒøõåúÏö ÚöäúÏóßõãú¿ ÞóÇáó: Åöäú ÝóÞóÏúäóÇ ÔóßóÑúäóÇ æóÅöäú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂËóÑúäóÇ.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ¡ ÇáúÅöíËóÇÑõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö: ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÛóíúÑö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãóÚó ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö¡ æóÇáúÎóÕóÇÕóÉõ: ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÎúÊóáøõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÍóÇáõ¡ æóÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö¡ æóåõæó ÇáöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ ÝóÇáúÎóÕóÇÕóÉõ ÇáöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö Ãóíú: æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÝóÇÞóÉñ æóÍóÇÌóÉñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÑøóÈöíÚõ ÅöÐóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ ... ÚóÇÔó ÇáÓøóÞöíãõ Èöåö æóÃóËúÑóì ÇáúãõÞúÊöÑó(8/44)
æóåóáú íóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÅöíËóÇÑõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÐóÇ ÚöíóÇáò Ãóæú ÊóáúÒóãõåõ äóÝóÞóÉõ ÛóíúÑöåö Ãóãú áóÇ¿ æóãóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÊõåõ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö: æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó ãóÇÐóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäó Þõáö ÇáúÚóÝúæó [2 \ 219] ¿ .
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú íõäúÝöÞõæäó [2 \ 3] ¡ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» .
ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú íõäúÝöÞõæäó ÚóÈøóÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Èöãóäö ÇáÊøóÈúÚöíÖöíÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ íõäúÝöÞõ áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö ÈóÚúÖó ãóÇ áóåõ ßõáøöåö¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÇáúÞóÏúÑó ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÈóÛöí ÅöäúÝóÇÞõåõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóäúÈóÛöí ÅöãúÓóÇßõåõ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÏúÑó ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÈóÛöí ÅöäúÝóÇÞõåõ åõæó ÇáÒøóÇÆöÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö¡ æóÓóÏøö ÇáúÎóáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇÈõÏøó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó ãóÇÐóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäó Þõáö ÇáúÚóÝúæó¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÚóÝúæö ÇáÒøóÇÆöÏõ Úóáóì ÞóÏúÑö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇÈõÏøó ãöäúåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóÇÊö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÚóÝóæúÇ [7 \ 95] Ãóíú: ßóËõÑõæÇ æóßóËõÑóÊú ÃóãúæóÇáõåõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏõåõãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúÚóÝúæõ äóÞöíÖõ ÇáúÌõåúÏö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäú íõäúÝöÞó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ ÅöäúÝóÇÞõåõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÌõåúÏó æóÇÓúÊöÝúÑóÇÛó ÇáúæõÓúÚö.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÎõÐöí ÇáúÚóÝúæó ãöäøöí ÊóÓúÊóÏöíãöí ãóæóÏøóÊöí ... æóáóÇ ÊóäúØöÞöí Ýöí ÓóæúÑóÊöí Íöíäó ÃóÛúÖóÈõ
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÖóÚöíÝóÉñ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú íóÏóßó ãóÛúáõæáóÉð Åöáóì ÚõäõÞößó æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÓõØúåóÇ ßõáøó ÇáúÈóÓúØö [17 \ 29] ¡ ÝóäóåóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáúÈõÎúáö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú íóÏóßó ãóÛúáõæáóÉð Åöáóì ÚõäõÞößó¡ æóäóåóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÝö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÓõØúåóÇ ßõáøó ÇáúÈóÓúØö¡ ÝóíóÊóÚóíøóäõ ÇáúæóÓóØõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ áóãú íõÓúÑöÝõæÇ æóáóãú íóÞúÊõÑõæÇ æóßóÇäó Èóíúäó Ðóáößó ÞóæóÇãðÇ [25 \ 67] .
ÝóíóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõäúÝöÞö Ãóäú íõÝóÑøöÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúÌõæÏö æóÇáÊøóÈúÐöíÑö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÈõÎúáö æóÇáúÅöÞúÊóÇÑö¡ ÝóÇáúÌõæÏõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáÊøóÈúÐöíÑö¡ æóÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÈõÎúáö ÝóÇáúãóäúÚõ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáúÅöÚúØóÇÁö ãóÐúãõæãñ¡ æóÞóÏú äóåóì Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú íóÏóßó ãóÛúáõæáóÉð Åöáóì ÚõäõÞößó¡ æóÇáúÅöÚúØóÇÁõ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáúãóäúÚö ãóÐúãõæãñ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú äóåóì Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÓõØúåóÇ ßõáøó ÇáúÈóÓúØö(8/45)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
áóÇ ÊóãúÏóÍóäøó ÇÈúäó ÚöÈóÇÏò æóÅöäú åóØóáóÊú ... íóÏóÇåõ ßóÇáúãõÒúäö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÎúÌóáó ÇáÏøöíóãóÇ
ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÎóØóÑóÇÊñ ãöäú æóÓóÇæöÓöåö ... íõÚúØöí æóíóãúäóÚõ áóÇ ÈõÎúáðÇ æóáóÇ ßóÑóãðÇ
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞó ÇáúãóÍúãõæÏó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ßóÐóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÕúÑöÝõåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÕõÑöÝó Ýöíåö ãöãøóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞúÊõãú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ÝóáöáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö æóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó 1 ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 215] ¡ æóÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞó ÝöíãóÇ áóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó ÍóÓúÑóÉñ Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÓóíõäúÝöÞõæäóåóÇ Ëõãøó Êóßõæäõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÍóÓúÑóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 36] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
Åöäøó ÇáÕøóäöíÚóÉó áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÕóäöíÚóÉð ... ÍóÊøóì íõÕóÇÈó ÈöåóÇ ØóÑöíÞõ ÇáúãóÕúäóÚö
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÑøóÑúÊõãú íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞó ÇáúãóÍúãõæÏó åõæó ÅöäúÝóÇÞõ ãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Úóäö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö ÇáÖøóÑõæÑöíøóÉö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóËúäóì Úóáóì Þóæúãò ÈöÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö æóåõãú Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ æóãóäú íõæÞó ÔõÍøó äóÝúÓöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÍõæäó [59 \ 9] .
ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãöäú Ãóäøó áößõáøö ãóÞóÇãò ãóÞóÇáðÇ¡ ÝóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö íóßõæäõ ÇáúÅöíËóÇÑõ ãóãúäõæÚðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ßóãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúãõäúÝöÞö äóÝóÞóÇÊñ æóÇÌöÈóÉñ ßóäóÝóÞóÉö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ÝóÊóÈóÑøóÚó ÈöÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö æóÇÌöÈò¡ æóÊóÑóßó ÇáúÝóÑúÖó áöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóÇÈúÏóÃú Èöãóäú ÊóÚõæáõ» ¡ æóßóÃóäú íóßõæäó áóÇ ÕóÈúÑó ÚöäúÏóåõ Úóäú ÓõÄóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóíõäúÝöÞõ ãóÇáóåõ¡ æóíóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÓúÃóáõåõãú ãóÇáóåõãú¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ Ðóáößó¿ æóÇáúÅöíËóÇÑõ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó áóãú íõÖóíøöÚú äóÝóÞóÉð æóÇÌöÈóÉð¡ æóßóÇäó æóÇËöÞðÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóÚóÝøõÝö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú íõäúÝöÞõæäó íóÚúäöí Èöåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó¡ ÝóÇáúÃóãúÑõ æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó áöáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÑóÇÊöÈó ËóáóÇËóÉð:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóÇáö ÈöÕöÝóÉò ÚóÇãøóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú íõäúÝöÞõæäó.(8/46)
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞõ ãöãøóÇ íõÍöÈøõåõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ æóíóÍúÑöÕõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÊóì ÇáúãóÇáó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö [2 \ 177] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [76 \ 8] .
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞõ ãóÚó ÇáúÅöíËóÇÑö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö ßóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ Ýóåöíó ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÕøö ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
æóÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÊóÈóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì åöíó ÇáúÍóÏøõ ÇáúÃóÏúäóì Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö¡ ÍóÊøóì Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ æóåöíó ÊóÔúãóáõ ÇáäøóÇÝöáóÉó¡ æóÊóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóì ÃóÏúäóì ÔóíúÁò æóáóæú ÔöÞøö ÊóãúÑóÉò¡ æóÊóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ [99 \ 7] ¡ æóÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÊóÈóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ åöíó ÇáúÍóÏøõ ÇáúÃóÞúÕóìº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÅöíËóÇÑñ áöáúÛóíúÑö Úóáóì ÎóÇÕøóÉö ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ æóÇáúãóÑúÊóÈóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ åöíó ÇáúæõÓúØóì ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÍóÏøõ ÇáúæóÓóØõ Èóíúäó ÇáöÇßúÊöÝóÇÁö ÈöÃóÞóáøö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÅöíËóÇÑö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö æóåöíó ãöíÒóÇäõ ÇáÊøóæóÓøõØö áöÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú íóÏóßó ãóÛúáõæáóÉð Åöáóì ÚõäõÞößó æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÓõØúåóÇ ßõáøó ÇáúÈóÓúØö [17 \ 29] ¡ æóßóãóÇ ÇãúÊóÏóÍó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóæúãðÇ ÈöÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ áóãú íõÓúÑöÝõæÇ æóáóãú íóÞúÊõÑõæÇ æóßóÇäó Èóíúäó Ðóáößó ÞóæóÇãðÇ [25 \ 67] .
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó Úóíúäõ ÊóØúÈöíÞö ÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ÇáúÝóáúÓóÝóÉö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞöíøóÉö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáóÉö: ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÉõ æóÓóØñ Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúäö Ãóíú: ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇØö æóÇáÊøóÝúÑöíØö¡ ÝóÇáÔøóÌóÇÚóÉõ ãóËóáðÇ æóÓóØñ Èóíúäó ÇáÊøóåóæøõÑö æóÇáúÌõÈúäö¡ æóÇáúßóÑóãõ æóÓóØñ Èóíúäó ÇáÊøóÈúÐöíÑö æóÇáÊøóÞúÊöíÑö.
æóáöáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö ÌóæóÇäöÈõ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉñ¡ æóÃóÍúßóÇãñ ãõÊóÝóÇæöÊóÉñ¡ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÌóÇäöÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÌóæóÇäöÈó ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÊóäúÍóÕöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÊöí: äóæúÚö ãóÇ íóÞóÚõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞõ¡ ÇáúÌöåóÉö ÇáúãõäúÝóÞö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ãóæúÞöÝö ÇáúãõäúÝöÞö¡ æóÕõæÑóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íóÞóÚõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞõ: ÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóæøóáðÇ ãöäú ßóÓúÈò ÍóáóÇáò áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÃóäúÝöÞõæÇ ãöäú ØóíøöÈóÇÊö ãóÇ ßóÓóÈúÊõãú æóãöãøóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÊóíóãøóãõæÇ ÇáúÎóÈöíËó ãöäúåõ ÊõäúÝöÞõæäó æóáóÓúÊõãú ÈöÂÎöÐöíåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÛúãöÖõæÇ Ýöíåö æóÇÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ûóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ [2 \ 267] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóäú ÊóäóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÈöÑøó ÍóÊøóì ÊõäúÝöÞõæÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊõÍöÈøõæäó [3 \ 92] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáúãõäúÝóÞö ÚóáóíúåóÇ: ÝóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó ãóÇÐóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäó Þõáú ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞúÊõãú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ÝóáöáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö æóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóãóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæÇ ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Èöåö Úóáöíãñ(8/47)
[2 \ 215] ÝóÈóÏóÃó ÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÈöÑøðÇ áóåõãóÇ¡ æóËóäøóì ÈöÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó.
æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÑöíÈö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ æóÕöáóÉñ¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÈóÚöíÏö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» Ëõãøó ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÌöÈñ ÅöäúÓóÇäöíøñ æóÊóßóÇÝõáñ ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøñ¡ áöÃóäøó íóÊöíãó Çáúíóæúãö ãõäúÝöÞõ ÇáúÛóÏö¡ æóæóáóÏó ÇáúÃóÈóæóíúäö Çáúíóæúãó ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ íóÊöíãðÇ ÛóÏðÇ¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó Åöáóì ÇáúíóÊöíãö Çáúíóæúãó ÞóÏú íóÊúÑõßõ ÃóíúÊóÇãðÇ¡ ÝóíõÍúÓöäõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ðóáößó ÇáúíóÊöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäúÊó Åöáóíúåö ÈöÇáúÃóãúÓö¡ «æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö» ÃõãõæÑñ ÚóÇãøóÉñ.
æóÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íõÍóÇÓöÈõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóíõÌóÇÒöí ÕóÇÍöÈóåóÇ æóãóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæÇ ãöäú ÎóíúÑò Ãóíú: ãõØúáóÞðÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Èöåö Úóáöíãñ [2 \ 215] ¡ æóßóÝóì Ýöí Ðóáößó Úöáúãõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóæúÞöÝõ ÇáúãõäúÝöÞö æóÕõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö: ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÓöÑøõ ÇáäøóÝóÞóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÝóáúÓóÝóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö ßõáøõåóÇ ÊóÙúåóÑõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÇäöÈö¡ ãöãøóÇ ÊóãóíøóÒó Èöåö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö Ãóæö ÇáäøõÙõãö.
áöÃóäøóåõ íõÑóßøöÒõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍöÝóÇÙö Úóáóì ÔõÚõæÑö æóÅöÍúÓóÇÓö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ áóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõåõ ÈöÌõÑúÍö ÇáúãóÓúßóäóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÐöáøóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÞóÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõäúÝöÞõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö Ëõãøó áóÇ íõÊúÈöÚõæäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ ãóäøðÇ æóáóÇ ÃóÐðì áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑõåõãú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú æóáóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó [2 \ 262] .
Ëõãøó ÝóÇÖóáó Èóíúäó ÇáúßóáöãóÉö ÇáØøóíøöÈóÉö æóÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö ÇáúãõÄúÐöíóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þóæúáñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ æóãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÕóÏóÞóÉò íóÊúÈóÚõåóÇ ÃóÐðì æóÇááøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ Íóáöíãñ [2 \ 263] íõÚúØöí æóáóÇ íóãõäøõ ÈöÇáúÚóØóÇÁö.
æóÃóÝúåóãó ÇáúãõäúÝöÞöíäó Ãóäøó Çáúãóäøó æóÇáúÃóÐóì íõÈúØöáõ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉó: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊõÈúØöáõæÇ ÕóÏóÞóÇÊößõãú ÈöÇáúãóäøö æóÇáúÃóÐóì [2 \ 264] áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÌóÑúÍö ÔõÚõæÑö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö.
æóÞóÏú ÍóËøó Úóáóì ÅöÎúÝóÇÆöåóÇ ÅöãúÚóÇäðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍöÝóÇÙö Úóáóì ÔõÚõæÑöåö æóÅöÍúÓóÇÓöåö: Åöäú ÊõÈúÏõæÇ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö ÝóäöÚöãøóÇ åöíó Ãóíú: ãóÚó ÇáúÂÏóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö æóÅöäú ÊõÎúÝõæåóÇ æóÊõÄúÊõæåóÇ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó Ýóåõæó ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú [2 \ 271] Ãóíú: áóßõãú ÃóäúÊõãú Ýöí ÍöÝúÙö ËóæóÇÈöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙöáøõåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÍúÊó Ùöáøöåö íóæúãó áóÇ Ùöáøó ÅöáøóÇ Ùöáøõåõ «ÑóÌõáñ ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÕóÏóÞóÉò ÝóÃóÎúÝóÇåóÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãó ÔöãóÇáõåõ ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞóÊú íóãöíäõåõ» ¡ æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõäúÝöÞõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÓöÑøðÇ æóÚóáóÇäöíóÉð Ýóáóåõãú ÃóÌúÑõåõãú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú æóáóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó [2 \ 274] .(8/48)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáúÊóäúÙõÑú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú áöÛóÏò æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó (18)
æóãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ ßóãóÇ ÃóÏøóÈó ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁó Ýöí ØóÑöíÞóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÏøóÈó ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó Ýöí ØóÑöíÞóÉö ÇáúÃóÎúÐö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÍúÕöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÖóÑúÈðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÍúÓóÈõåõãõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáõ ÃóÛúäöíóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÚóÝøõÝö ÊóÚúÑöÝõåõãú ÈöÓöíãóÇåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÃóáõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÅöáúÍóÇÝðÇ [2 \ 273] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáúÊóäúÙõÑú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú áöÛóÏò æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÍóËøó Úóáóì ÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ æóÇÞúÊóÑóäóÊú ÈöÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÙóÑö æóÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò áöÛóÏò¡ æóÊóßóÑøóÑó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáöÇåúÊöãóÇãö æóÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö ÈöÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑõ áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö Ãóãú ßóÇäó áöáÊøóÃúÓöíÓö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÈóíóÇäõåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáöÇåúÊöãóÇãõ ÈöÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú áóåõ ÚöÏøóÉõ ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóáóæú Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÛóÇíóÉó ãöäú ÑöÓóÇáóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ Èóáú æóãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö åõæó ÊóÍúÕöíáõ ÇáÊøóÞúæóì áóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóÚöíÏðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó áöáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó [2 \ 21] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó ÅöáøóÇ áöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÈöãóÖúãõæäö åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö åöíó ÇáúÛóÇíóÉõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáËøóÞóáóíúäö ÇáúÅöäúÓö æóÇáúÌöäøö. æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò Úóáóì ÍöÏóÉò¡ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúãö äõæÍò - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐøóÈóÊú Þóæúãõ äõæÍò ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÃóÎõæåõãú äõæÍñ ÃóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÞõæäó Åöäøöí áóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ Ãóãöíäñ ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæäö [26 \ 105 - 108] ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúãö ÚóÇÏò ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐøóÈóÊú ÚóÇÏñ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÃóÎõæåõãú åõæÏñ ÃóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÞõæäó Åöäøöí áóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ Ãóãöíäñ ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæäö [26 \ 123 - 126] ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúãö áõæØò: ßóÐøóÈóÊú Þóæúãõ áõæØò ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÃóÎõæåõãú áõæØñ ÃóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÞõæäó Åöäøöí áóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ Ãóãöíäñ ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæäö [26 \ 160 - 163] ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐøóÈó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÔõÚóíúÈñ ÃóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÞõæäó Åöäøöí áóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ Ãóãöíäñ ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæäö(8/49)
[26 \ 176 - 179] .
Ýóßõáøõ äóÈöíøò íóÏúÚõæ Þóæúãóåõ Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßõáøõåõ ÏóÚúæóÉð Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì æóåöÏóÇíóÉð áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãóØúáóÚö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö: Çáã Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [2 \ 1 - 2] æóÈóíøóäó äóæúÚó åóÐöåö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÖóãøöäóÉö áöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóíõÞöíãõæäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú íõäúÝöÞõæäó æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó æóÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö åõãú íõæÞöäõæäó ÃõæáóÆößó Úóáóì åõÏðì ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÍõæäó [2 \ 3 - 5] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÈöÑøó ãóäö ÇÊøóÞóì [2 \ 189] .
ÞóÇáó: áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ãóäö ÇáúãõÊøóÞöí¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÈöÑøó ãóäú Âãóäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÂÊóì ÇáúãóÇáó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö Ðóæöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäó æóÇÈúäó ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóÇáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó æóÝöí ÇáÑøöÞóÇÈö æóÃóÞóÇãó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊóì ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÇáúãõæÝõæäó ÈöÚóåúÏöåöãú ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÇåóÏõæÇ æóÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÃúÓóÇÁö æóÇáÖøóÑøóÇÁö æóÍöíäó ÇáúÈóÃúÓö ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÕóÏóÞõæÇ æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞõæäó [2 \ 177] .
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ ÂËóÇÑó ÇáÊøóÞúæóì Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇÌöáö æóÇáúÂÌöáö.
ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇÌöáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÊøóÞö Çááøóåó íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö íõÓúÑðÇ [65 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóäú íóÊøóÞö Çááøóåó íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ãóÎúÑóÌðÇ æóíóÑúÒõÞúåõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÍúÊóÓöÈõ [65 \ 2 - 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóíõÚóáøöãõßõãõ Çááøóåõ [2 \ 282] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ãóÚó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ãõÍúÓöäõæäó [16 \ 128] .
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÌöáö æóÝöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÕúÍóÈõ ÕóÇÍöÈóåóÇ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð Åöáóì ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÒõãóÑðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁõæåóÇ æóÝõÊöÍóÊú ÃóÈúæóÇÈõåóÇ æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúßõãú ØöÈúÊõãú ÝóÇÏúÎõáõæåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó [39 \ 73] ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÏóÎóáõæåóÇ ÂÎóÊú Èóíúäóåõãú æóÌóÏøóÏóÊú ÑóæóÇÈöØóåõãú ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú æóÂäóÓóÊúåõãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÎóæúÝò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÃóÎöáøóÇÁõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈóÚúÖõåõãú áöÈóÚúÖò ÚóÏõæøñ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó íóÇÚöÈóÇÏö áóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÍúÒóäõæäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ ãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÃóäúÊõãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõßõãú ÊõÍúÈóÑõæäó(8/50)
Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÇßöåóÉñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãöäúåóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó [43 \ 67 - 73] Åöáóì Ãóäú ÊóäúÊóåöíó Èöåöãú Åöáóì ÃóÚúáóì Úöáøöíøöíäó¡ æóÊõÍöáøóåõãú ãóÞúÚóÏó ÕöÏúÞò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊò æóäóåóÑò Ýöí ãóÞúÚóÏö ÕöÏúÞò ÚöäúÏó ãóáöíßò ãõÞúÊóÏöÑò [54 \ 54 - 55] .
ÝóÊóÈóíøóäó ÈöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ãóäúÒöáóÉõ ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ãöäó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö æóÝöí ßõáøö ÔóÑöíÚóÉò ÓóãóÇæöíøóÉò¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ åõäóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáúÍóËøö ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÊóßúÑóÇÑöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉó ßõáøó ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö¡ æóåõæó áöÌóÑöíÑò:
æóáóÓúÊõ ÃóÑóì ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉó ÌóãúÚó ãóÇáò ... æóáóßöäøó ÇáÊøóÞöíøó åõæó ÇáÓøóÚöíÏõ
ÝóÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÒøóÇÏö ÐõÎúÑðÇ ... æóÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö áöáúÃóÊúÞóì ãóÒöíÏõ
æóÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÏóÇÆöãðÇ åöíó ÇáÏøóÇÝöÚõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÎóíúÑò¡ ÇáÑøóÇÏöÚõ Úóäú ßõáøö ÔóÑøò¡ Ñóæóì ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó Ýöí ãóÌöíÁö Þóæúãò ãöäú ãõÖóÑó¡ ãõÌúÊóÇÈóíö ÇáËøöãóÇÑö æóÇáúÚóÈóÇÁóÉö¡ ÍõÝóÇÉò ÚõÑóÇÉò ãõÊóÞóáøöÏöí ÇáÓøõíõæÝö¡ ÝóíóÊóãóÚøóÑõ æóÌúåõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÏóÎóáó Ëõãøó ÎóÑóÌó¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó ÈöáóÇáðÇ íõäóÇÏöí áöáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÕóáøóì Ëõãøó ÎóØóÈó ÇáäøóÇÓó æóÞóÑóÃó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò [4 \ 1] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúÍóÔúÑö ": íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáúÊóäúÙõÑú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú áöÛóÏò ÇáúÂíóÉó [59 \ 18] ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäú ÏöíäóÇÑöåö ãöäú ÏöÑúåóãöåö ãöäú ËóæúÈöåö ãöäú ÕóÇÚö ÈõÑøöåö ãöäú ÕóÇÚö ÊóãúÑöåö ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó æóáóæú ÈöÔöÞøö ÊóãúÑóÉò ÞóÇáó: ÝóÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ÈöÕõÑøóÉò ßóÇÏóÊú ßóÝøõåõ ÊóÚúÌöÒõ ÚóäúåóÇ Èóáú ÞóÏú ÚóÌóÒóÊú ÞóÇáó Ëõãøó ÊóÊóÇÈóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÍóÊøóì ÑóÃóíúÊõ ßóæúãóíúäö ãöäú ØóÚóÇãò æóËöíóÇÈò ÍóÊøóì ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÊóåóáøóáõ æóÌúåõåõ ßóÃóäøóåõ ãõÐúåóÈóÉñ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóäú Óóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÓõäøóÉð ÍóÓóäóÉð Ýóáóåõ ÃóÌúÑõåóÇ æóÃóÌúÑõ ãóäú Úóãöáó ÈöåóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö Ãóäú íóäúÞõÕó ãöäú ÃõÌõæÑöåöãú ÔóíúÁñ " ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. ÝóßóÇäóÊö ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÏóÇÝöÚðÇ Úóáóì Óóäøö ÓõäøóÉò ÍóÓóäóÉò Êóåóáøóáó áóåóÇ æóÌúåõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ßóãóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÍõæáõ Ïõæäó ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáúíõãúáöáö ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóáúíóÊøóÞö Çááøóåó ÑóÈøóåõ æóáóÇ íóÈúÎóÓú ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ [2 \ 282] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóáúíõÄóÏøö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÄúÊõãöäó ÃóãóÇäóÊóåõ æóáúíóÊøóÞö Çááøóåó ÑóÈøóåõ [2 \ 283] ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ãóÇäöÚóÉñ ãöäú ÈóÎúÓö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóãöäú ÖóíóÇÚö ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú ãóÑúíóãó Ýöí ØõåúÑöåóÇ æóÚöÝøóÊöåóÇ áóãøóÇ ÃóÊóÇåóÇ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ æóÊóãóËøóáó áóåóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÓóæöíøðÇ: ÞóÇáóÊú Åöäøöí ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ãöäúßó Åöäú ßõäúÊó ÊóÞöíøðÇ [19 \ 18] .(8/51)
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáäøóÝóÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂæóÇåõãõ ÇáúãóÈöíÊõ Åöáóì ÇáúÛóÇÑö¡ æóãöäúåõãõ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ãóÚó ÇÈúäóÉö Úóãøöåö áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ: ÇÊøóÞö Çááøóåó æóáóÇ ÊóÝõÖøó ÇáúÎóÇÊóãó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÍóÞøöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇãó ÚóäúåóÇ æóÊóÑóßó áóåóÇ ÇáúãóÇáó.
æóåóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÊóÕóÑøõÝóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó æóãóäú íõÚóÙøöãú ÔóÚóÇÆöÑó Çááøóåö ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÊóÞúæóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö [22 \ 32] .
æóÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáúÊóäúÙõÑú äóÝúÓñ [59 \ 18] ¡ áößõáøö äóÝúÓò ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÊõæóÝøóì ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú [2 \ 281] æóÞóæúáöåö: æóæõÝøöíóÊú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú [3 \ 25] .
ÝóÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÞúæóì áöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö áöÚõãõæãö ßõáøö äóÝúÓòº áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõäúÊóÝöÚó ÈöÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö¡ æóÇáäøóÙóÑõ ãóØúáõæÈñ ãöäú ßõáøö äóÝúÓò ÝóÇáúÎõÕõæÕõ áöáúÅöÔúÝóÇÞö¡ æóÇáúÚõãõæãõ áöáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöáúÃóæøóáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÇäó ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÑóÍöíãðÇ [33 \ 43] .
æóíóÏõáøõ áöáËøóÇäöí Þóæúáõåõ: íóæúãó ÊóÌöÏõ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ãõÍúÖóÑðÇ æóãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÓõæÁò ÊóæóÏøõ áóæú Ãóäøó ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäóåõ ÃóãóÏðÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ æóíõÍóÐøöÑõßõãõ Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓóåõ æóÇááøóåõ ÑóÁõæÝñ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö [3] ¡ æóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú [59 \ 18] ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáÔøóÑøö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÞóáöíáö æóÇáúßóËöíÑö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöáúÃóæøóáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÌöÏõ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ãõÍúÖóÑðÇ æóãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÓõæÁò ÊóæóÏøõ áóæú Ãóäøó ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäóåõ ÃóãóÏðÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöáËøóÇäöí Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ æóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÔóÑøðÇ íóÑóåõ [99 \ 7 - 8] ¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ " ÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÑó æóáóæú ÈöÔöÞøö ÊóãúÑóÉò ".
æóÛóÏðÇ ÊõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈöáö áöáúãóÇÖöí¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
æóÃóÚúáóãõ Úöáúãó Çáúíóæúãö æóÇáúÃóãúÓö ÞóÈúáóåõ ... æóáóßöäøóäöí Úóäú Úöáúãö ãóÇ Ýöí ÛóÏò Úóãö
æóÚóáóíúåö ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáóÇÊöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÅöÎúæóÉö íõæÓõÝó: ÃóÑúÓöáúåõ ãóÚóäóÇ ÛóÏðÇ íóÑúÊóÚú æóíóáúÚóÈú [12 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáóäøó áöÔóíúÁò Åöäøöí ÝóÇÚöáñ Ðóáößó ÛóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [18 \ 23 - 24] .(8/52)
æóÊõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßóãóÇ åõäóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúãóÚúäóì: íóæúãó íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí ßõäúÊõ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 40] .
æóÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäúåóÇ: ÇßúÊöäóÇÝõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö ÞóÈúáóåõ æóÈóÚúÏóåõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáÊøóÐúíöíáõ ÈöÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [59 \ 18] Ãóíú: ÈöÇáúãóÞóÇÕöÏö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö æóÈöÇáÙøóæóÇåöÑö æóÇáúÈóæóÇØöäö¡ æóáöÃóäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö åõæó ãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ ÝóÇÍúÊóÇÌó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåó Úóáóíúåö.
æóíóßõæäõ ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑõ Úóäú íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöÛóÏò áöÞõÑúÈö ãóÌöíÆöåö æóÊóÍóÞøõÞö æõÞõæÚöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ æóÇäúÔóÞøó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ [54 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ßóáóãúÍö ÇáúÈóÕóÑö Ãóæú åõæó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [16 \ 77] .
æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÛóÏó áößõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÈöãóÚúäóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ Èöíóæúãö ãóæúÊöåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ íõÚóÇíöäõ ãóÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãó íóæúãó ãóæúÊöåö¡ æóÞóÏú äóßøóÑó áóÝúÙó äóÝúÓò æóÛóÏò åõäóÇ ÝóÞöíáó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö áöÞöáøóÉò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÙöÑöíäó¡ æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöí áöÚóÙúãö ÃóãúÑöåö æóÔöÏøóÉö åóæúáöåö.
æóåõäóÇ ÞóÏú ÊóßóÑøóÑó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÞöíáó áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÞöíáó áöáÊøóÃúÓöíÓö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
ÝóÚóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö ÙóÇåöÑñ æóÚóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúÓöíÓö íóßõæäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ áöÝöÚúáö ÇáúãóÃúãõæÑö æóÇáËøóÇäöí áöÊóÑúßö ÇáúãóÍúÙõæÑö¡ ãõÓúÊóÏöáøöíäó ÈöãóÌöíÁö ãõæÌóÈö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÃóæøóáðÇ: æóáúÊóäúÙõÑú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú¡ æóãóÌöíÁö ãõæÌóÈö ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ËóÇäöíðÇ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó.
æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóåõ æóÌúåñ¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ÍóÞøó ÊõÞóÇÊöåö [3 \ 102] ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú äõÓöÎóÊú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú [64 \ 16] ¡ ÝóíóÏõáøõ áöãóÝúåõæãöåö Þóæúáõåõ: æóÂÎóÑõæäó ÇÚúÊóÑóÝõæÇ ÈöÐõäõæÈöåöãú ÎóáóØõæÇ ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóÂÎóÑó ÓóíøöÆðÇ [9 \ 102] Ãóíú: ÈöÊóÑúßö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóÃúãõæÑö¡ æóÝöÚúáö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóÍúÙõæÑö.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇáúÌóÇäöÈóíúäö¡ æóáóßöäú ãóÇÏøóÉõ ÇáÊøóÞúæóì æóåöíó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõ ÇáúæöÞóÇíóÉö ãöãøóÇ íõæÌöÈõ ÚóÐóÇÈó Çááøóåö ÊóÔúãóáõ ÔóÑúÚðÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ãóÚðÇ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúæöÞóÇíóÉö: ÞõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú æóÃóåúáöíßõãú äóÇÑðÇ(8/53)
[66 \ 6] .
ÝóßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÈöÇáÊøóÞúæóì íóßúÝöí áöÐóáößó æóíóÔúãóáõåõ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÇáËøóÇäöí áöãóÚúäóì ÌóÏöíÏò¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íõÑúÔöÏõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú¡ áöÃóäøó " ãóÇ " ÚóÇãøóÉñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ æóÕöíÛóÉõ " ÞóÏøóãóÊú " Úóáóì ÇáúãóÇÖöí íóßõæäõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö ÃóæøóáðÇ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöãóÇ ãóÖóì æóÓóÈóÞó ãöäú Úóãóáò ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÍóÇÓóÈóÉö æóÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: " ÍóÇÓöÈõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊõÍóÇÓóÈõæÇ " ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ äóÙóÑó Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí æóÍóÇÓóÈó äóÝúÓóåõ¡ æóÚóáöãó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÊóÞúÕöíÑò Ãóæú æõÞõæÚò Ýöí ãóÍúÙõæÑò¡ ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÈöÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö áöãóÇ íóÓúÊóÞúÈöáõ ãöäú Úóãóáò ÌóÏöíÏò æóãõÑóÇÞóÈóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö: æóÇááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÎóÈöíÑñ [2 \ 234] ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ åõäóÇßó ÊóßúÑóÇÑñ¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÊóæúÒöíÚñ¡ Èóáú ÈöÍóÓóÈö ãóÏúáõæáö Úõãõæãö " ãóÇ " æóÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáúãóÇÖöí " ÞóÏøóãóÊú " æóÇáäøóÙóÑõ áöáúãõÍóÇÓóÈóÉö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ãóÌöíÁõ «ÞóÏøóãóÊú» ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãóÇÖöí ÍóËøñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÚö Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóÃúÎöíÑöº áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóãúáößú ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáõ áóíúÓó ÈöíóÏöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÏúÑöí ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöíåö: æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí äóÝúÓñ ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóßúÓöÈõ ÛóÏðÇ [31 \ 34] ¡ æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÍõÌøõæÇ ÞóÈúáó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÍõÌøõæÇ» ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÇÑöÚõæÇ Åöáóì ãóÛúÝöÑóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú [3 \ 133] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞõæäó [59 \ 19] .
ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö Ýöí ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö áöíóæúãö ÛóÏò ÌóÇÁó ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö æóÇáÊøóÑúßö æóÃóáøóÇ íóßõæäó ßóÇáøóÐöíäö äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåóãú¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ãóäú åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÐøóÑó ãöäú Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ãöËúáóåõãú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ æóãóÇ åõæó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäõ æóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇäö åõäóÇ.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó åõãõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö» : ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÖò íóÃúãõÑõæäó ÈöÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóíóäúåóæúäó Úóäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóíóÞúÈöÖõæäó ÃóíúÏöíóåõãú äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóäóÓöíóåõãú Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞõæäó [9 \ 67] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Úóíúäõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáøóÐöí æõÕöÝõæÇ Èöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóäóÓöíóåõãú Ãóíú: ÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãúº áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì áóÇ íóäúÓóì: áóÇ íóÖöáøõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóÇ íóäúÓóì [2 \ 52] ¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÈøõßó äóÓöíøðÇ(8/54)
[19 \ 64] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÃóíúÖðÇ æóÕúÝõ ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÈöÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúíóåõæÏö íóÞõæáõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÈöãóÇ äóÞúÖöåöãú ãöíËóÇÞóåõãú áóÚóäøóÇåõãú æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú ÞóÇÓöíóÉð íõÍóÑøöÝõæäó Çáúßóáöãó Úóäú ãóæóÇÖöÚöåö æóäóÓõæÇ ÍóÙøðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÐõßøöÑõæÇ Èöåö [5 \ 13] .
æóÝöí ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì íóÞõæáõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ äóÕóÇÑóì ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöíËóÇÞóåõãú ÝóäóÓõæÇ ÍóÙøðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÐõßøöÑõæÇ Èöåö [5 \ 14] .
æóÝöí ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó íóÞõæáõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ Ïöíäóåõãú áóåúæðÇ æóáóÚöÈðÇ æóÛóÑøóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝóÇáúíóæúãó äóäúÓóÇåõãú ßóãóÇ äóÓõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãöåöãú åóÐóÇ æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ íóÌúÍóÏõæäó [7 \ 51] ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑõ ãõäóÕóÈøðÇ ÃóÕóÇáóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÔóÇãöáðÇ ãóÚóåõãú ßõáøó Êöáúßó ÇáØøóæóÇÆöÝö áöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßöåöãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäõ åõäóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÑúßö¡ æóÞóÏú äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÚóåöÏúäóÇ Åöáóì ÂÏóãó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóäóÓöíó [20 \ 126] .
ÝóÐóßóÑó æóÌúåóíúäö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó æóÊõÑöíÏõ Èöåö ÇáÊøóÑúßó æóáóæú ÚóãúÏðÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ßóÐóáößó ÃóÊóÊúßó ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ÝóäóÓöíÊóåóÇ æóßóÐóáößó Çáúíóæúãó ÊõäúÓóì [20 \ 126] .
ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÊøõÑúßõ ÞóÕúÏðÇ.
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇáúíóæúãó äóäúÓóÇåõãú ßóãóÇ äóÓõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãöåöãú åóÐóÇ æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ íóÌúÍóÏõæäó [7 \ 51] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [59 \ 19] ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÖöÏøõ ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÊøóÑúßõ Úóäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóÕúÏò¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÏóÇÎöáðÇ åõäóǺ áöÃóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉó ÞóÏú ÃõÚúÝöíóÊú ãöäó ÇáúãõÄóÇÎóÐóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÄóÇÎöÐúäóÇ Åöäú äóÓöíäóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÎúØóÃúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 286] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: «ÞóÏú ÝóÚóáúÊõ¡ ÞóÏú ÝóÚóáúÊõ» Ãóíú: ÚöäúÏóãóÇ ÊóáóÇåóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.(8/55)
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏú ÊóÌóÇæóÒó áöí Úóäú ÃõãøóÊöí ÇáúÎóØóÃó¡ æóÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó¡ æóãóÇ ÇÓúÊõßúÑöåõæÇ Úóáóíúåö» .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚó Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóáóì ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö Úóäö ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö Ýöí äöÓúíóÇäö ÂÏóãó¡ åóáú ßóÇäó Úóäú ÞóÕúÏò Ãóæú Úóäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóÕúÏò¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Úóäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóÕúÏò ÝóßóíúÝó íõÄóÇÎóÐõ¿ æóÈóíøóäó ÎóÕóÇÆöÕó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÝóáúíõÑúÌóÚú Åöáóíúåö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ãöäú ãõÔóÇÈóåóÊöåöãú Ýöí ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ æóÊóÈóíøóäó ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÃóäúÓóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú¿ æóåóÐöåö ãõÞúÊóØóÝóÇÊñ ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö:
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: áóÇ ÊóäúÓóæúÇ ÐößúÑó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóíõäúÓöíóßõãõ ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóº ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúÚóãóáö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó Ãóíú: ÊóÑóßõæÇ ÃóãúÑóåõ¡ ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú Ãóäú íóÚúãóáõæÇ áóåóÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó åõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ÊóÑóßõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉó Çááøóåö¡ æóÇãúÊöËóÇáó ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó æóÇÌúÊöäóÇÈó ãóÇ äóåóì ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú ÍóíúËõ áóãú íóÓúÚóæúÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáóÇÕö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÌóÇÒóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇáÐøóäúÈö ÈöÇáÐøóäúÈö. . . ÅöáóÎú.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: ÊóÑóßõæÇ ÃóÏóÇÁó ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÌóÈóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúÚóãóáö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÏúÎóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÈúÍóËðÇ ßóáóÇãöíøðÇ ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì: äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ¡ ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì: ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú¡ ÝóÐóßóÑóÇ æóÌúåóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ßóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÈöãóÚúäóì ÃóÑóÇåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÃóåúæóÇáö ãóÇ äóÓõæÇ Ýöíåö ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÑúÊóÏøõ Åöáóíúåöãú ØóÑúÝõåõãú æóÃóÝúÆöÏóÊõåõãú åóæóÇÁñ [14 \ 43] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÊóÑóì ÇáäøóÇÓó ÓõßóÇÑóì æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÓõßóÇÑóì æóáóßöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó Çááøóåö ÔóÏöíÏñ [22 \ 2] ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí áóÇ íõÓóáøóãõ áóåõãóǺ áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÐóåóÈóÇ Åöáóíúåö ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó ÎóÇÕøðÇ Èöãóäú äóÓöíó Çááøóåó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÓúÊóÏóáøóÇ ÈöåóÇ: æóÊóÑóì ÇáäøóÇÓó ÓõßóÇÑóì(8/56)
Ýóåõæó ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó ÊóÑóæúäóåóÇ ÊóÐúåóáõ ßõáøõ ãõÑúÖöÚóÉò ÚóãøóÇ ÃóÑúÖóÚóÊú [22 \ 2] ¡ æóÇáÐøõåõæáõ ÃóÎõæ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ æóåõæó åõäóÇ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ãõÑúÖöÚóÉò: æóÊóÖóÚõ ßõáøõ ÐóÇÊö Íóãúáò ÍóãúáóåóÇ [22 \ 2] æóåõæó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÚóÇãøñ¡ æóÐóáößó ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö Çáúåóæúáö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóáóÚóáøó ÇáúÍóÇãöáó áóåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÅöíÑóÇÏö åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÖóÚúÝöåö¡ åõæó ÝöÑóÇÑõåõãú ãöäú äöÓúÈóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇÁö Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÝöíåö ÔõÈúåóÉõ ÇÚúÊöÒóÇáò ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóáöæõÌõæÏö ÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÕóÇÍöÈö ãõæÓóì: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÓóÇäöíåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Ãóäú ÃóÐúßõÑóåõ [18 \ 63] ¡ æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöãøóÇ íõäúÓöíóäøóßó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúÚõÏú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÐøößúÑóì ãóÚó ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [6 \ 68] æóÞóæúáöåö: Úóäú ÕóÇÍöÈö íõæÓõÝó: ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÐößúÑó ÑóÈøöåö [12 \ 42] .
æóáóßöäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÓøóáóÝö Ãóäøó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö æóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö æóÇáÊøóÐóßøõÑö ßóÍóÞöíÞóÉö Ãóíøö ãóÚúäðì ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö: Þõáú ßõáøñ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö [4 \ 78] ¡ Þõáú áóäú íõÕöíÈóäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ áóäóÇ [9 \ 51] ¡ ÝóãóÇ äõÓöÈó Åöáóì ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö Ýóåõæó ÈöÊóÓúáöíØò ãöäó Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóíóÊóÚóáøóãõæäó ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÇ íõÝóÑøöÞõæäó Èöåö Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÑúÁö æóÒóæúÌöåö [2 \ 102] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÖóÇÑøöíäó Èöåö ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö [2 \ 102] Ýóíóßõæäõ ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ãöäú ÈóÇÈö Þóæúáö ÇáúÎóáöíáö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÑöÖúÊõ Ýóåõæó íóÔúÝöíäö [26 \ 80] ÊóÃóÏøõÈðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóáóßöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãó ãóÞóÇãõ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑò ãöäó Çááøóåö ÚóãøóÇ ÃóæúÞóÚóåõ ÈöåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãú Èöåö ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú¡ ÝóÃóæúÞóÚó Úóáóíúåöãö ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãõÌóÇÒóÇÉð áóåõãú Úóáóì ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó äöÓúÈóÊõåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÈöÅöÎúÈóÇÑò ãöäó Çááøóåö Úóíúäõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóåõæó ÃóÞúæóì ãöäú ÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö: äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóäóÓöíóåõãú [9 \ 67] .
ÊóäúÈöíåóÇäö
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÓóæóÇÁð ÈöÓóæóÇÁò Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞöíáó Çáúíóæúãó äóäúÓóÇßõãú ßóãóÇ äóÓöíÊõãú áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ [45 \ 34] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÐõæÞõæÇ ÈöãóÇ äóÓöíÊõãú áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ ÅöäøóÇ äóÓöíäóÇßõãú [32 \ 14] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóäóÓöíóåõãú [9 \ 67] ¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ äöÓúÈóÉõ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóæóÞóÚó(8/57)
áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÆöÒõæäó (20)
ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáõ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÈøõßó äóÓöíøðÇ [19 \ 64] æóÞóæúáöåö: áóÇ íóÖöáøõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóÇ íóäúÓóì [20 \ 52] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö - Úóäú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó ÇáúãõËúÈóÊó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÑúßö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÇáúãóäúÝöíøó Úóäúåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÓøóåúæöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÍóÇáñ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ãöãøóÇ äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö Ãóäú íõæÌóÏó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝñ áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö æóÊõæÌóÏõ ÝöíåóÇ ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö¡ æóåõæó ãóæúÌõæÏñ åõäóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáúíóæúãó äóäúÓóÇßõãú ßóãóÇ äóÓöíÊõãú áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ [45 \ 34] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ íóßõæäõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóÈøóÑó Úóäö ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö æóåöíó áöáúÍóÇáö Ãóæö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáö¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäõ ÇáúãõÎúÈóÑõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáö ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ÞóÕúÏò æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉò¡ æóßóÐóáößó áóÇ íõÎúÈóÑõ Úóäú äöÓúíóÇäò Óóíóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ÞóÕúÏò æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉò¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÑúßö Úóäú ÞóÕúÏò¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÓøóåúæö Ýóíóßõæäõ ÈöÏõæäö ÞóÕúÏò æóáóÇ ÅöÑóÇÏóÉò¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ ÈöÅöíÞóÇÚöåö Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ ÝóÕóÍøó Ãóäøó ßõáøó äöÓúíóÇäò äõÓöÈó Åöáóì Çááøóåö Ýóåõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÑúßö¡ æóßóÇäó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú [59 \ 19] ãõÝóÓøöÑðÇ æóãõÈóíøöäðÇ áöãóÚúäóì: Çáúíóæúãó äóäúÓóÇßõãú [45 \ 34] æóáöÞóæúáöåö ÅöäøóÇ äóÓöíäóÇßõãú [32 \ 14] ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÆöÒõæäó. ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö: ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ãóÚúáõæãñ ÈóÏóÇåóÉð¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóíúåö áöÔöÏøóÉö ÛóÝúáóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóäúåõ¡ æóáöÙõåõæÑö ÃóÚúãóÇáò ãöäúåõãú ÊõÛóÇíöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÖöíøóÉó ÇáúÈóÏöíåöíøóÉó¡ ßóãóäú íõÓöíÁõ Åöáóì ÃóÈöíåö ÝóÊóÞõæáõ áóåõ: Åöäøóåõ ÃóÈõæßó¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó.
æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö áóÇÒöãõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑö¡ Ãóíú: íóáúÒóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Ãóäú íóÚúãóáõæÇ ãóÇ íõÈúÚöÏõåõãú Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÑö æóíóÌúÚóáõåõãú ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö: áöíóäóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÝóæúÒó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíóÇäõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú äóÙóÇÆöÑõåõ ÚóÏöíÏóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßóÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ßóÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö [38 \ 28](8/58)
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóãóäú ßóÇäó ãõÄúãöäðÇ ßóãóäú ßóÇäó ÝóÇÓöÞðÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóæõæäó [32 \ 18] Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö Ãóæú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÌúÊóÑóÍõæÇ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö Ãóäú äóÌúÚóáóåõãú ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÓóæóÇÁð ãóÍúíóÇåõãú æóãóãóÇÊõåõãú ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÍúßõãõæäó [45 \ 21] ¡ æóåõäóÇ ßóÐóáößó: áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö [59 \ 20] Ýöí ÇáúãóÑúÊóÈóÉö æóÇáúãóäúÒöáóÉö æóÇáúãóÕöíÑö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: åóÐóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÌóÍöíãö¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáäøóÚöíãö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÈöÏóáöíáö ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÆöÒõæäó [59 \ 20] ÝóåóÐóÇ Íõßúãñ Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ÈöÇáúÝóæúÒö¡ æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑöíÞö ÇáËøóÇäöí ÈöÇáúåóáóÇßö æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó [59 \ 19] Ãóíú: ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞö ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú¡ ÝóÕóÇÑõæÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÈóíóÇäõåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóåõäóÇ ÇÍúÊöãóÇáñ ÂÎóÑõ¡ æóåõæó áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÝöíãóÇ åõãú Ýöíåö ãöäú ãóäóÇÒöáó ãõÊóÝóÇæöÊóÉò ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉõ æóáóÇ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉõ [41 \ 34] ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÚóÏóãó æõÌõæÏö ÇááøóÇãö åõäóÇ íóÌúÚóáõåõ ÃóÖúÚóÝó ÇÍúÊöãóÇáðÇ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ áóÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó æóÇÞöÚðÇ áöÊóÝóÇæõÊö ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóãóäóÇÒöáö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇÍúÊöãóÇáóåõ åõäóÇ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÑöÏòº áöÃóäøó ÂÎöÑó ÇáúÂíóÉö Íõßöãó Úóáóì ãóÌúãõæÚö ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ æóåõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ãóíú Ýöí ãóÌúãõæÚöåöãú ßóÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÞóæúáö: ÇáäøóÇÑõ æóÇáúÌóäøóÉõ áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöíóÇäö¡ ÝóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõãóÇ ßóÐóáößó.
æóÞóÏú äóÈøóåó ÃóÈõæ ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö Úóáóì ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ Ýöí ÇáÐøößúÑö Úóáóì ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõ áöíõÈóíøöäó áöÃóæøóáö æóåúáóÉò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÞúÕó ÌóÇÁó ãöäú ÌöåóÊöåöãú ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åóáú íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ Ãóãú åóáú ÊóÓúÊóæöí ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊõ æóÇáäøõæÑõ [13 \ 16] ÇåÜ.
æóÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÊóÝóÇæöÊóíúäö Ýöí ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö æóÇáäøóÞúÕö¡ íõãúßöäõ ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõ ÇáÊøóÝóÇæõÊö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÞúÕö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÞöÕö¡ æóíõãúßöäõ ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõåõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáÒøóÇÆöÏö.
ÝóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈó ÇáäøóÇÞöÕóº áöíõÈóíøöäó Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÝóÇæõÊó ÇáøóÐöí ÍóÕóáó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøóÞúÕö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó ãöäúåõãóÇ áóÇ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÝóÑöíÞö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÚóÏóãõ ÅöãúßóÇäö ÌóÇäöÈö(8/59)
ÇáäøóÞúÕö ÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌó Úóáóì ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÝöíåö ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÊóÃúäöíÈò áöÌóÇäöÈö ÇáäøóÞúÕö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöÌúãóÇáõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ßóáöãóÉó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈò ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Ãóåúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøõæäó ÈöåöãóÇ.
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö åõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö åõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó [64 \ 10] .
æóÇáúÎõáõæÏõ áóÇ ÎõÑõæÌó ãóÚóåõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ íõÍöÈøõæäóåõãú ßóÍõÈøö Çááøóåö¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ áóæú Ãóäøó áóäóÇ ßóÑøóÉð ÝóäóÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõãú ßóãóÇ ÊóÈóÑøóÁõæÇ ãöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó íõÑöíåöãõ Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú ÍóÓóÑóÇÊò Úóáóíúåöãú æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÎóÇÑöÌöíäó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö [2 \ 165 - 167] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúåõãóÒóÉö» : íóÍúÓóÈõ Ãóäøó ãóÇáóåõ ÃóÎúáóÏóåõ ßóáøóÇ áóíõäúÈóÐóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÍõØóãóÉö æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÍõØóãóÉõ äóÇÑõ Çááøóåö ÇáúãõæÞóÏóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóØøóáöÚõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÝúÆöÏóÉö ÅöäøóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÄúÕóÏóÉñ [104 \ 3 - 8] Ãóíú: ãõÛúáóÞóÉñ Úóáóíúåöãú.
ÃóãøóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýóåõãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ ÝóáóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÌóÒóÇÁð ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [46 \ 13 - 14] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáóì ãóäú ßóÓóÈó ÓóíøöÆóÉð æóÃóÍóÇØóÊú Èöåö ÎóØöíÆóÊõåõ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö åõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö åõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó [2 \ 81] .
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ßóÇãöáðÇ ãõÊóØóÇÈöÞðÇ ÝóíõÝóÓøöÑõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÈóÚúÖðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÖò íóÃúãõÑõæäó ÈöÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóíóäúåóæúäó Úóäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóíóÞúÈöÖõæäó ÃóíúÏöíóåõãú äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóäóÓöíóåõãú Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞõæäó æóÚóÏó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞóÇÊö æóÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó äóÇÑó Ìóåóäøóãó ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ åöíó ÍóÓúÈõåõãú æóáóÚóäóåõãõ Çááøóåõ æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõÞöíãñ [9 \ 67 - 68] .
ÝóåóÐöåö ÃóÞúÓóÇãõ ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáäøöÝóÇÞö¡ æóÃóÎõÕøõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÇáöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕõ ãöäó ÇáúÎõáõæÏö ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÚóäóåõãú æóåöíó ÍóÓúÈõåõãú¡ æóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóäóÓöíóåõãú¡ æóåõãú Úóíúäõ ãóäú ÐõßöÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉð ÊóãóÇãðÇ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò íóÃúãõÑõæäó ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóíóäúåóæúäó Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóíõÞöíãõæäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóíõÄúÊõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóíõØöíÚõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ÃõæáóÆößó ÓóíóÑúÍóãõåõãõ Çááøóåõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÒöíÒñ Íóßöíãñ æóÚóÏó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö ÌóäøóÇÊò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ æóãóÓóÇßöäó ØóíøöÈóÉð Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò æóÑöÖúæóÇäñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÃóßúÈóÑõ Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ(8/60)
[9 \ 71 - 72] .
æóåóÐöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÃóÎóÕøõ ÕöÝóÇÊö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ãöäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö æóÇáÑøöÖúæóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÎõáõæÏö¡ æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáÏøóÇÆöãóÉö Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÚóÏúäõ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáÏøóÇÆöãóÉõ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúãóÚúÏöäõ áöÏóæóÇãö ÅöÞóÇãóÊöåö Ýöí ãóßóÇäöåö¡ æóÑóÖúæóÇäñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÃóßúÈóÑõ.
Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÇáúÎöÊóÇãõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÞóÇãóíúäö ãõÊøóÍöÏðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÇáúÝóæúÒö áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÝóÝöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö» : Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ æóÝöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» : ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÆöÒõæäó [59 \ 20] ¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ Úõáöãó ãóäú åõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóãóäú åõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
æóÊóÈóíøóäó ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö Èóíúäó åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ æóÈóíúäó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõãú ãöãøóäú äóÓõæÇ ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú¡ æóãóäö ÇÊøóÞóæõÇ Çááøóåó æóÞóÏøóãõæÇ áöÛóÏöåöãú¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ íõÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÚõÕóÇÉó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÛóíúÑõ ÏóÇÎöáöíäó åõäóÇ Ýöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ áöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö åõãõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøõæäó ÈöåóÇ ãöãøóäú ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöåö¡ æóßóãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ãöäúßõãú ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÑöÏõåóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÍóÊúãðÇ ãóÞúÖöíøðÇ Ëõãøó äõäóÌøöí ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ æóäóÐóÑõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÌöËöíøðÇ [19 \ 71 - 72] ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó åõäóÇ åõãõ ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó Ýöí Ùõáúãöåöãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ íõÑóÏøõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÚúÊóÒöáóÉö ÃóÎúÐõåõãú ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÚóÏóãõ ÏõÎõæáö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ÇáúÌóäøóÉó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú Ýöí ÒóÚúãöåöãú áóæú ÏóÎóáõæåóÇ áóÇÓúÊóæóæúÇ ãóÚó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÇØöáñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì íõÑóÏøõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóåöíó Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ ÎõáøöÏó ÇáúÚõÕóÇÉõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö Úóáóì ÒóÚúãößõãú ãóÚó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõãú ãöäú ÅöíãóÇäò ÈöÇááøóåö æóÚóãóáò ÕóÇáöÍò ÝóãóÇÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßóÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [38 \ 28] .
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÈóÞóÇÁö ÇáúÚõÕóÇÉö æóÎõÑõæÌöåöãú ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÎõáõæÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÍúËðÇ æóÇÓöÚðÇ Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ÝóáúíõÑúÌóÚú Åöáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãó áóÇ íõÞúÊóáõ ÈöÇáÐøöãøöíøö æóáóÇ ÈößóÇÝöÑò(8/61)
áóæú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Úóáóì ÌóÈóáò áóÑóÃóíúÊóåõ ÎóÇÔöÚðÇ ãõÊóÕóÏøöÚðÇ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó (21)
º áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöíóÇäö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó áóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈöÇáúÞóåúÑö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ.
æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÍóÞøðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÎúÐóåõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöíåö äóÙóÑñº áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉö áöáäøöåóÇíóÉö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Úóáóì ÌóÈóáò áóÑóÃóíúÊõåõ ÎóÇÔöÚðÇ ãõÊóÕóÏøöÚðÇ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõäúÒöáúåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÐõßöÑó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãöËóÇáöº áöíóÊóÝóßøóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ÃóãúÑöåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú Ãóäøó ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÓõíøöÑóÊú Èöåö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ Ãóæú ÞõØøöÚóÊú Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ Ãóæú ßõáøöãó Èöåö ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 31] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏóåóÇ: ÌóæóÇÈõ (áóæú) ãóÍúÐõæÝñ.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ áóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ. . . ÅöáóÎú. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: íóÞõæáõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÚóÙøöãðÇ áöÃóãúÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóãõÈóíøöäðÇ Úõáõæøó ÞóÏúÑöåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú ÊóÎúÔóÚó áóåõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ æóÊóÊóÕóÏøóÚó ÚöäúÏó ÓóãóÇÚöåö áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÚúÏö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÇáúÃóßöíÏö: áóæú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [59 \ 21] .
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÌóÈóáõ Ýöí ÛöáúÙóÊöåö æóÞóÓóÇæóÊöåö áóæú Ýóåöãó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÝóÊóÏóÈøóÑó ãóÇ Ýöíåö áóÎóÔóÚó æóÊóÕóÏøóÚó ãöäú ÎóæúÝö Çááøóåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó.
ÝóßóíúÝó íóáöíÞõ Èößõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÈóÔóÑõ ÃóáøóÇ Êóáöíäó ÞõáõæÈõßõãú¡ æóÊóÎúÔóÚó¡ æóÊóÊóÕóÏøóÚó ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóåöãúÊõãú Úóäö Çááøóåö ÃóãúÑóåõ æóÞóÏú ÊóÏóÈøóÑúÊõãú ßöÊóÇÈóåõ¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó [59 \ 21] .
æóÞóÏú æõÌöÏó áöÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÓóãóÇÚö ÂíóÇÊò ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáØøõæÑö» Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÞóÇáó: ÎóÑóÌó ÚõãóÑõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - íóÚõÓøõ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÐóÇÊó áóíúáóÉò ÝóãóÑøó ÈöÏóÇÑö ÑóÌõáò ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÝóæóÇÝóÞóåõ ÞóÇÆöãðÇ íõÕóáøöí ÝóæóÞóÝó íóÓúÊóãöÚõ ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóåõ ÝóÞóÑóÃó: æóÇáØøõæÑö [52 \ 1] ÍóÊøóì ÈóáóÛó: Åöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÑóÈøößó áóæóÇÞöÚñ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÏóÇÝöÚò [52 \ 7 - 8] ÞóÇáó: ÞóÓóãñ æóÑóÈøö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö ÍóÞøñ¡ ÝóäóÒóáó Úóäú ÍöãóÇÑöåö æóÇÓúÊóäóÏó Åöáóì ÍóÇÆöØò ÝóãóßóËó ãóáöíøðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì ãóäúÒöáöåö¡ ÝóãóßóËó ÔóåúÑðÇ íóÚõæÏõåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ áóÇ íóÏúÑõæäó ãóÇ ãóÑóÖõåõ.(8/62)
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÞóÇáó ÌõÈóíúÑõ Èúäõ ãõØúÚöãò ÞóÏöãúÊõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉóº áöÃóÓúÃóáó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÃõÓóÇÑóì ÈóÏúÑò ÝóæóÇÝóíúÊõåõ íóÞúÑóÃõ Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóÇáØøõæÑö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÑóÈøößó áóæóÇÞöÚñ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÏóÇÝöÚò¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÕóÏóÚó ÞóáúÈöí ÝóÃóÓúáóãúÊõ ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäú äõÒõæáö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ÃóÙõäøõ Ãóäú ÃóÞõæãó ãöäú ãóÞóÇãöí ÍóÊøóì íóÞóÚó Èöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ.
æóÐõßöÑó Ýöí ÎóÈóÑö ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚóåóÇ ÝóÌóÚóáó íóÖúØóÑöÈõ ÍóÊøóì ÛõÔöíó Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏú äóÞóáó ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÊúÞóÇäö ÎóÈóÑó ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò ÈöÊóãóÇãöåö Ýöí ÝóÕúáö ÅöÚúÌóÇÒö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóÞóÇáó: ÞóÏú ãóÇÊó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÓóãóÇÚö ÂíóÇÊò ãöäúåõ ÃõÝúÑöÏõæÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÕúäöíÝö¡ æóÞóÏú íóäúÔóÃõ åõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ ßóíúÝó íóßõæäõ åóÐóÇ ÊóÃúËöíÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áóæú ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóì ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö æóáóãú ÊóÊóÃóËøóÑú Èöåö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ¿ æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóäú Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÞóÓóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö Ðóáößó Ýóåöíó ßóÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö Ãóæú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÞóÓúæóÉð [2 \ 74] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÃóÕóãøõæÇ ÂÐóÇäóåõãú Úóäú ÓóãóÇÚöåö¡ æóÛóáøóÝõæÇ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö Úóäú Ýóåúãöåö¡ æóÃóæúÕóÏõæåóÇ ÈöÃóÞúÝóÇáöåóÇ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ ÛõáúÝñ [2 \ 88] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ æóäóÓöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [18 \ 57] Ãóíú: ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö æóÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóÏóÈøõÑö æóÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÊóÏóÈøóÑõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ãóãú Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈò ÃóÞúÝóÇáõåóÇ [47 \ 24] ÝóåóÐöåö ÃóÓúÈóÇÈõ ÚóÏóãö ÊóÃóËøõÑö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú áöáúãóÑúÁö Úóíúäñ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ ... ÝóáóÇ ÛóÑúæó Ãóäú íóÑúÊóÇÈó æóÇáÕøõÈúÍõ ãõÓúÝöÑõ
æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåõ ÈöãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÊóÎúÔóÚõ ÞõáõæÈõåõãú¡ æóÊóáöíäõ ÌõáõæÏõåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ äóÕøó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ äóÒøóáó ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåðÇ ãóËóÇäöíó ÊóÞúÔóÚöÑøõ ãöäúåõ ÌõáõæÏõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú Ëõãøó Êóáöíäõ ÌõáõæÏõåõãú æóÞõáõæÈõåõãú Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö Ðóáößó åõÏóì Çááøóåö íóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [39 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõäúÒöáúåõ Úóáóì ÌóÈóáò æóáóãú íóÊóÕóÏøóÚú ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö áóæú ÃóäúÒóáóåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÚóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÃóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÍúãöáúäóåóÇ æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ [33 \ 72] .
æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÔúÝóÞóÊú ãöäú Íóãúáö ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö æóåöíó ÃóãóÇäóÉõ ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì(8/63)
ÎöØóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÅöíøóÇåóÇ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÃóÔúÝóÞóÊú áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáúÚóÑúÖö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÝóßóíúÝó ÈöåóÇ áóæú ÃõäúÒöáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóßõáøöÝóÊú Èöåö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì áóãøóÇ ÊóÌóáøóì áöáúÌóÈóáö ÌóÚóáóåõ ÏóßøðÇ¡ æóÎóÑøó ãõæÓóì ÕóÚöÞðÇ¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßóáóÇãõ Çááøóåö æóÕöÝóÉñ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÔóÇåöÏñ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú äóÕøðÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáäøóÕøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉõ áóíóåúÈöØõ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó ãöäó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö áóãóÇ íóÊóÝóÌøóÑõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ æóÅöäøó ãöäúåóÇ áóãóÇ íóÔøóÞøóÞõ ÝóíóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúãóÇÁõ æóÅöäøó ãöäúåóÇ áóãóÇ íóåúÈöØõ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö [2 \ 74] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ãóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÌóÈóáö ÃõÍõÏò¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ ÕóÚöÏó Úóáóíúåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò¡ æóÚõãóÑõ¡ æóÚõËúãóÇäõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÝóÇÑúÊóÌóÝó Èöåöãú¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇËúÈõÊú ÃõÍõÏõº ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ Úóáóíúßó äóÈöíøñ¡ æóÕöÏøöíÞñ¡ æÔóåöíÏñ» .
æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇÑúÊöÌóÇÝõåõ ÅöÔúÝóÇÞðÇ Ãóæú ÅöÌúáóÇáðÇ ÝóÏóáøó åóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÅöäú áóãú íóäúÒöáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÌóÈóáò Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Úóáóíúåö áóÑóÃóíúÊóåõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóÇÔöÚðÇ ãõÊóÕóÏøöÚðÇ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ íóÊøóÖöÍõ Ãóäøó ÌóæóÇÈó (áóæú) Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú Ãóäøó ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÓõíøöÑóÊú Èöåö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ [13 \ 31] áóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÃóÑúÌóÍõ ãöäú ÊóÞúÏöíÑöåöãú áóßóÝóÑúÊõãú ÈöÇáÑøóÍúãóäöº áöÃóäøó ãóæúÖõæÚó ÊóÓúíöíÑö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö æóÎõÔõæÚöåóÇ æóÊóÕúÏöíÚöåóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - åõäóÇßó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó.
ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ: ÌóãúÚõ ãóËóáò¡ æóåõæó ãóÃúÎõæÐñ ãöäó ÇáúãóËóáö¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúãóËóáö ÇáöÇäúÊöÕóÇÈõ¡ æóÇáúãõãóËøóáõ ÈöæóÒúäö ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö ÇáúãõÕóæøóÑö Úóáóì ãöËóÇáö ÛóíúÑöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÑøóÇÛöÈõ ÇáúÃóÕúÝóåóÇäöíøõ¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ãóËõáó ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÊóÕóÈó æóÊóÕóæøóÑó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÃóÍóÈøó Ãóäú íóãúËõáó áóåõ ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ ÝóáúíóÊóÈóæøóÃú ãóÞúÚóÏóåõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö» ¡ æóÇáÊøöãúËóÇáõ: ÇáÔøóíúÁõ ÇáúãõÕóæøóÑõ¡ æóÊóãóËøóáó ßóÐóÇ ÊóÕóæøóÑó ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÊóãóËøóáó áóåóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÓóæöíøðÇ [19 \ 17] .(8/64)
æóÇáúãóËóáõ: ÚöÈóÇÑóÉñ Úóäú Þóæúáò Ýöí ÔóíúÁò íõÔúÈöåõ ÞóæúáðÇ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÂÎóÑó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãõÔóÇÈóåóÉñº áöíõÈóíøöäó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑó æóíõÕóæøöÑóåõ¡ äóÍúæó Þóæúáöåöãú: ÇáÕøóíúÝõ ÖóíøóÚóÊö ÇááøóÈóäó¡ ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó íõÔúÈöåõ Þóæúáóßó: ÃóåúãóáúÊó æóÞúÊó ÇáúÅöãúßóÇäö ÃóãúÑóßó¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáö ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó [59 \ 21] .
æóÝöí ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö æóãóÇ íóÚúÞöáõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÚóÇáöãõæäó [29 \ 43] .
æóÇáúãöËóÇáõ íõÞóÇáõ Úóáóì æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóËóáö äóÍúæó ãõÔóÈøóåò æóãõÔóÈøóåò Èöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: æóÞóÏú íõÚóÈøóÑõ ÈöåöãóÇ Úóäú æóÕúÝö ÇáÔøóíúÁö¡ äóÍúæó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí æõÚöÏó ÇáúãõÊøóÞõæäó.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÚöÈóÇÑóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúãõÔóÇÈóåóÉö áöÛóíúÑöåö Ýöí ãóÚúäðì ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí Ãóíøö ãóÚúäðì ßóÇäó¡ æóåõæó ÃóÚóãøõ ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚóÉö áöáúãõÔóÇÈóåóÉö.
æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÏøó íõÞóÇáõ ÝöíãóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóæúåóÑö ÝóÞóØú.
æóÇáÔøóÈóåõ íõÞóÇáõ ÝöíãóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõ Ýöí ÇáúßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÝóÞóØú.
æóÇáúãõÓóÇæöí íõÞóÇáõ ÝöíãóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõ Ýöí ÇáúßóãøöíøóÉö ÝóÞóØú.
æóÇáÔøóßúáõ íõÞóÇáõ ÝöíãóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏúÑö æóÇáúãöÓóÇÍóÉö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÇáúãóËóáõ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö Ðóáößó.
æóáöåóÐóÇ áóãøóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì äóÝúíó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ãöäú ßõáøö æóÌúåö ÎóÕøóåõ ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö ÝóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ [42 \ 11] . . . ÅöáóÎú. ÇåÜ.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÊóÚúÑöíÝö ÇáúãóËóáö Åöäøóåõ ÚöÈóÇÑóÉñ Úóäú Þóæúáò Ýöí ÔóíúÁò íõÔúÈöåõ ÞóæúáðÇ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÂÎóÑó¡ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãõÔóÇÈóåóÉñº áöíõÈóíøöäó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑó æóíõÕóæøöÑóåõ.
ÝóÅöäøóåõãõ ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó áóÇ íóÊóÛóíøóÑõ Èóáú íõÍúßóì Úóáóì ãóÇ Þöíáó ÃóæøóáðÇ ßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÇáÕøóíúÝõ ÖóíøóÚóÊö ÇááøóÈóäó ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÊøóÇÁö ÎöØóÇÈðÇ áöáúãõÄóäøóËóÉö.
Ýóáóæú Þöíáó áöÑóÌõáò Ãóåúãóáó æóÞúÊó ÇáúÅöãúßóÇäö Ëõãøó ÑóÇÍó íóØúáõÈõåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÝóæóÇÊöåö¡ áóÞõáúÊó áóåõ: ÇáÕøóíúÝõ ÖóíøóÚóÊö ÇááøóÈóäó ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÊøóÇÁö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóßóÇíóÉö.(8/65)
æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÊøóãúËöíáöíøóÉõ ãöäú ÃóÈúáóÛö ÇáúÃóÓóÇáöíÈö¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉò ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÇáÊøóãúËöíáöíøö¡ æóåõæó ÊóÔúÈöíåõ ÕõæÑóÉò ÈöÕõæÑóÉò¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóæúÖóÍö ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö.
æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÚóÏóÏðÇ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ [18 \ 54] ¡ æóãöäú Ãóåóãøö ÃóÛúÑóÇÖö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö åõæó ÈóíóÇäõ ÕõæÑóÉò ÈöÕõæÑóÉò æóÌóÚúáõ ÇáúÎóÝöíøö ÌóáöíøðÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøó ãóÍúÓõæÓðÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ÏóÚúæóÉõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö áóÇ íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæäó áóåõãú ÈöÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ ßóÈóÇÓöØö ßóÝøóíúåö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÇÁö áöíóÈúáõÛó ÝóÇåõ æóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÈóÇáöÛöåö [13 \ 14] .
Ýóáóæú äóÙóÑúÊó Åöáóì ãóËóáö åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÎúÕö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö¡ æóÝöí Êöáúßó ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö Èößõáøö ÃóÌúÒóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÈóÇÓöØñ íóÏóåõ ãõÝóÑøóÌóÉð ÇáúÃóÕóÇÈöÚó Åöáóì ãóÇÁò ÈóÚöíÏò Úóäúåõ¡ æóåõæó ÝóÇÛöÑñ ÝóÇåõº áöíóÔúÑóÈó¡ áóÞõáúÊó: æóÃóíøõ ÌóÏúæóì ÊóÚõæÏõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóãóÊóì íóÐõæÞõ ÇáúãóÇÁó æóåõæó Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö¡ Åöäøóåõ íóãõæÊõ ÚóØóÔðÇ æóáóÇ íóÐõæÞõ ãöäúåõ ÞóØúÑóÉð.
æóßóÐóáößó ÍóÇáõ ãóäú íóÏúÚõæ ÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ãóÚó ãóÇ íóÏúÚõæåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö áóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ Úóáóì ØóÇÆöáò ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ßóãóËóáö ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö ÇÊøóÎóÐóÊú ÈóíúÊðÇ æóÅöäøó Ãóæúåóäó ÇáúÈõíõæÊö áóÈóíúÊõ ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [29 \ 41] ÝóÃóíøõ ÛóäóÇÁò áöÅöäúÓóÇäò Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö.
æóßóÐóáößó Ãóíøõ ÛóäóÇÁò Ýöí æóáóÇíóÉö ÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö ÝóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÍóÇáõ åõäóÇ¡ ÃõÑöíÏó ÈöÇáúÃóãúËóÇáö ÕóæøóÑó íõÕóæøöÑõ áöÇäúÊöÒóÇÚö ÇáúÍõßúãö ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇãöÚö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊõÕúÈöÍó ÇáÕøõæÑóÉõ ãóÍúÓõæÓóÉð ãóáúãõæÓóÉð¡ æóÇäúÙõÑú Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõäøó áöÈóÇÓñ áóßõãú æóÃóäúÊõãú áöÈóÇÓñ áóåõäøó [2 \ 187] æóßóíúÝó ÛóØøóì æóÃóÎúÝóì Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ãóÇ íõÓúÊóÍóì ãöäúåõ æóÃóÈúÑóÒóåõ ÈöáöÈóÇÓöåö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÈöãóÇ íõÊøóÞóì Èöåö¡ æóãóÏóì ãõØóÇÈóÞóÉö ãóÚúäóì ÇááøöÈóÇÓö áöÍóÇÌóÉö ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö áöáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóÊöáúßó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ [59 \ 21] ÚóÇÆöÏóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáúÃóãúËöáóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö ÞóÑöíÈðÇ Ýöí Úóãóáö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ãóÚó ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóäóÊóÇÆöÌö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ßõáøõ ãõæóÇáóÇÉò Èóíúäó ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóßõáøõ ãõÚóÇÏóÇÉò æóÇäúÕöÑóÇÝò ÚóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÓóíøöÏõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ãóÏóì ÝóÚóÇáöíøóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÊóÃúËöíÑöåö¡ áóæú ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóì ÇáúÌöÈóÇáöº áóÎóÔóÚóÊú¡ æóÊóÕóÏøóÚóÊú ãöãøóÇ íóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÇáÊøóÝúßöíÑó Ýöíåö æóÇáöÇÊøöÚóÇÙó Èöåö¡ Ëõãøó ãöËóÇáõ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(8/66)
åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö åõæó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ (22)
æóáóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú [59 \ 19] ¡ æóäóÊöíÌóÉõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ ÝóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ äóÇÑò æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÌóäøóÉò.
æóáóßóÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáó åõäóÇ æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÃõæáóÆößó ÈöäöÓúíóÇäöåöãú áöáøóåö æóÅöäúÓóÇÆöåö ÅöíøóÇåõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú¡ ÕóÇÑõæÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö ÃóÔóÏøó ÞóÓóÇæóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ Èóáú Åöäøó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÓúÑóÚõ ÊóÃóËøõÑðÇ ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäúåõãú áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö: Åöäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÊóæúÈöíÎó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Úóáóì ÞóÓúæóÉö ÞóáúÈöåö æóÚóÏóãö ÊóÎóÔøõÚöåö ÚöäúÏó ÊöáóÇæóÊöåö æóÞöáøóÉö ÊóÏóÈøõÑöåö Ýöíåö. ÇåÜ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóãúËöáóÉö íóäúÊóÒöÚõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇãöÚö Úóáóì ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãõÚúÑöÖöíäó ÇáúÛóÇÝöáöíäó ÈöÃóäøó ÞõáõæÈóåõãú ÞóÇÓöíóÉñ ßóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö Ãóæú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÞóÓúæóÉð ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Êóáöíäõ ÌõáõæÏõåõãú æóÞõáõæÈõåõãú áöÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ äóÒóáó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ äóÒøóáó ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåðÇ ãóËóÇäöíó ÊóÞúÔóÚöÑøõ ãöäúåõ ÌõáõæÏõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú Ëõãøó Êóáöíäõ ÌõáõæÏõåõãú æóÞõáõæÈõåõãú Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö Ðóáößó åõÏóì Çááøóåö íóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [39 \ 23] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö åõæó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ Çáúãõåóíúãöäõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑõ ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ.
ÌóÇÁóÊú Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáËøóáóÇËö: ÐößúÑõ ßóáöãóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÊóÓúÈöíÍõ Çááøóåö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÐõßöÑó ãóÚóåõãóÇ ÇáúÚóÏöíÏõ ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö Çááøóåö ÇáúÍõÓúäóì æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö ÇáúÚõáúíóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÈöÐóáößó ãõÔúÊóãöáóÉð Úóáóì ËóáóÇËö ÞóÖóÇíóÇ Ãóåóãøö ÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö ßõáøöåóÇ ãóÚó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãóãö æóÑõÓõáöåöãúº áöÃóäøó ÏóÚúæóÉó ÇáÑøõÓõáö ßõáøóåóÇ Ýöí ÊóæúÍöíÏö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö æóÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö æóÊóäúÒöíåöåö¡ æóÇáÑøóÏøö Úóáóì ãõÝúÊóÑóíóÇÊö ÇáúÃõãóãö Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÝóÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÚõÒóíúÑñ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö [9] .
æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúãóÓöíÍõ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö [9] .
æóÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ [21 \ 26] ¡ æóÌóÚóáõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÅöäóÇËðÇ [43 \ 19] ¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÃóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÂáöåóÉó ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚõÌóÇÈñ(8/67)
[38 \ 5] .
Ýóßõáøõåõãõ ÇÏøóÚóì ÇáÔøóÑöíßó ãóÚó Çááøóåö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ËóÇáöËõ ËóáóÇËóÉò [5 \ 73] æóÛóíúÑó Ðóáößó.
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáÊøóäúÒöíöåö¡ ÝóÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÝóÞöíÑñ æóäóÍúäõ ÃóÛúäöíóÇÁõ [3 \ 181] ¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÏõ Çááøóåö ãóÛúáõæáóÉñ ÛõáøóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú [5 \ 64] .
æóÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÃóäóÓúÌõÏõ áöãóÇ ÊóÃúãõÑõäóÇ æóÒóÇÏóåõãú äõÝõæÑðÇ¡ æóäóÓóÈõæÇ áöáøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÑúÖóÇåõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãú áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóÌóÚóáõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÅöäóÇËðÇ¡ Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí æóÅöÐóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãú ÈöÇáúÃõäúËóì Ùóáøó æóÌúåõåõ ãõÓúæóÏøðÇ æóåõæó ßóÙöíãñ [16 \ 58] .
æóåóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóÇåõ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁò Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÌøóáóåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõäúÐöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ ãóÇ áóåõãú Èöåö ãöäú Úöáúãò æóáóÇ áöÂÈóÇÆöåöãú ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú Åöäú íóÞõæáõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐöÈðÇ [18 \ 4] æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõãú ãöäú ÅöÝúßöåöãú áóíóÞõæáõæäó æóáóÏó Çááøóåõ æóÅöäøóåõãú áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó [37 \ 151 - 152] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÌõÑúãó ãóÞóÇáóÊöåöãú: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöÏøðÇ ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäúåõ æóÊóäúÔóÞøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÊóÎöÑøõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ åóÏøðÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÇ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏðÇ æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÑøóÍúãóäö Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ [19 \ 88 - 92] .
ÝóßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáËøóáóÇËõ ÚöáóÇÌðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö áöÊöáúßó ÇáúÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ ÊóæúÍöíÏö ÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö¡ æóÊóæúÍöíÏö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁö æóÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö¡ æóÊóäúÒöíåö Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÚó ÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóÞóÏö ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÊú ãóÚðÇ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊöãøõ ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÂÎóÑóíúäö¡ áöíóÊöãøó ÇáúßóãóÇáõ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö: Åöäøó ÇáúßóãóÇáóÇÊö ßõáøóåóÇ ãóÚó ßóËúÑóÊöåóÇ æóÊóÔóÚøõÈöåóÇ ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáúßóãóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö æóÇáúÚöáúãö. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ãõÊóæóÝøöÑñ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóÏóÃó ÈößóáöãóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÃóÕúáõ¡ áöÃóäøó ãóäú Âãóäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ Âãóäó Èößõáøö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäö Çááøóåö¡ æóÂãóäó ÈöÇááøóåö Úóáóì ãóÇ åõæó áóåõ Ãóåúáñ¡ æóäóÒøóåóåõ ÚóãøóÇ áóíúÓó áóåõ ÈöÃóåúáò ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó Ëõãøó ÃóÚúÞóÈóåõ ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö Úóáóì ÅöÝúÑóÇÏöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ Ýöíåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ äóÕøñ Úóáóíúåö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Ïóáöíáñ áöæóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎúÑóì ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ(8/68)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãõ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóÓöÚó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÚöáúãðÇ [20 \ 98] æóæóÓöÚó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò åõäóÇ ÊõÓóÇæöí ÚóÇáöãó ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáøóÇ íóÓúÌõÏõæÇ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí íõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúÎóÈúÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊõÎúÝõæäó æóãóÇ ÊõÚúáöäõæäó Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö [27 \ 25] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóíøõ ÇáúÞóíøõæãõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú æóáóÇ íõÍöíØõæäó ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäú Úöáúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÔóÇÁó [2 \ 255] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÞóØúÚðÇ áóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõåõ Ýöíåö ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó [6 \ 59] ÝóßóÇäó ãöäú ÍóÞøöåö Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö Ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏõæåõ æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÈöÏóáöíáò ËóÇäò¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [59 \ 22] æóÞóÏú äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð ÃóíúÖðÇ ßóÏóáöíáò Úóáóì ÇáúæóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [2 \ 163] Ýóåõæó ÑóÍúãóÇäõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÑóÍöíãõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÎúÊóÕøó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúÛóíúËó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÞóäóØõæÇ æóíóäúÔõÑõ ÑóÍúãóÊóåõ [42 \ 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÇäúÙõÑú Åöáóì ÂËóÇÑö ÑóÍúãóÉö Çááøóåö ßóíúÝó íõÍúíöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ [30 \ 50] Ãóíú: ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáöåö ÇáúÛóíúËó æóÅöäúÈóÇÊö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÝóßóÇäó ÍóÞøõåõ Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö Ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏõæåõ æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó.
æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÇáÏøóáöíáóíúäö ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáÑøóÍúãóÉó ãóÚðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÓöÚúÊó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÑóÍúãóÉð æóÚöáúãðÇ [40 \ 7] .
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö Þóæúáõåõ: Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ Çáúãõåóíúãöäõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑõ ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì æóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ [7 \ 158] ÝóÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö åõæó Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáúßóÇãöáõ Çáúãõáúßö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóãúáößõ ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝó Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ßóãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ ÈöÇáúÅöÍúíóÇÁö æóÇáúÅöãóÇÊóÉö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúãóæúÊó æóÇáúÍóíóÇÉó [67 \ 1 - 2] æóåõæó ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ Çáúãõåóíúãöäõ Úóáóì ãõáúßöåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ: Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóíøõ ÇáúÞóíøõæãõ [2 \ 255] ÝóÇáúÞóíøõæãõ åõæó Çáúãõåóíúãöäõ æóÇáúÞóÇÆöãõ Èößõáøö(8/69)
äóÝúÓò¡ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑõ ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ Ýóåõæó æóÍúÏóåõ ÇáúãõÊóÝóÑøöÏõ ÈöÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö¡ æóÇáúÅöÈúÏóÇÚö æóÇáÊøóÕúæöíÑö¡ æóÞóÏú äóÕøó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáö Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈóÏöíÚõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áóåõ æóáóÏñ æóáóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈóÉñ æóÎóáóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ [6 \ 101] Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõßõãú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÝóÇÚúÈõÏõæåõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóßöíáñ [6 \ 102] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáúÎóáúÞó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ æóÇáúãõáúßó ãõÌúãóáðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ æóÃóäúÒóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌò íóÎúáõÞõßõãú Ýöí ÈõØõæäö ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú ÎóáúÞðÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÎóáúÞò Ýöí ÙõáõãóÇÊò ËóáóÇËò [39 \ 6] Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõßõãú áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÝóÃóäøóì ÊõÕúÑóÝõæäó [39 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõßõãú ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò [40 \ 62] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÝóÃóäøóì ÊõÄúÝóßõæäó [35 \ 3] æóÌóãóÚó Çáúãõáúßó æóÇáúÎóáúÞó ãóÚðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö æóÎóáóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ ÊóÞúÏöíÑðÇ [25 \ 2] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
æóãóäú ÊóÃóãøóáó ÈóÑóÇåöíäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì æóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÚóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóåõãóÇ Ãóåóãøõ ÇáúÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏöíøóÉö íóÌöÏõ ÃóåóãøóåóÇ æóÃóæúÖóÍóåóÇ æóÃóßúËóÑóåóÇ¡ åõæó åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáó¡ ÃóÚúäöí Ïóáöíáó ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáÊøóÕúæöíÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÌõãúáóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö ÌóãöíÚðÇ: Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò [13 \ 16] æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [67 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [36 \ 82] Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö ãóáóßõæÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò [36 \ 83] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúãóæúÊó æóÇáúÍóíóÇÉó [67 \ 1 - 2] Ãóíú: ÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö æóÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ æóÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÚóÏóãö íõÓóÇæöí Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóÞúÏöÑú Úóáóì ÅöÚúÏóÇãö ãóÇ ÃóæúÌóÏó íóßõæäõ ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏõ ãõÓúÊóÚúÕöíðÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÚóÌúÒðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõæÌöÏö áóåõ¡ ßóãóäú íõæÌöÏõ Çáúíóæúãó ÓöáóÇÍðÇ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÅöÚúÏóÇãöåö¡ æóÅöÈúØóÇáö ãóÝúÚõæáöåö¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ÅöåúáóÇßöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóßúÊóãöáõ ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉõ ÍóÞøðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáúÅöÚúÏóÇãö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö(8/70)
ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÌóÚóáó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö æóÇáäøõæÑó [6 \ 1] .
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóÝúáóÇßö æóÊóäúÙöíãöåóÇ: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó [21 \ 33] .
Ëõãøó Ýöí ÃõÕõæáö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ [2 \ 29] .
æóÝöí ÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö: ÇáúãóÇÁõ æóÇáäøóÇÑõ æóÇáäøóÈóÇÊõ æóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ Êõãúäõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÎúáõÞõæäóåõ Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó [56 \ 58 - 59] .
æóÐóßóÑó ãóÚóåõ ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÚúÏóÇãö: äóÍúäõ ÞóÏøóÑúäóÇ Èóíúäóßõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊó æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãóÓúÈõæÞöíäó [56 \ 60] .
æóÝöí ÃõÕõæáö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö: ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÍúÑõËõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÒúÑóÚõæäóåõ Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáÒøóÇÑöÚõæäó [56 \ 63¡ 64] .
æóÝöí ÃõÕõæáö ÇáúãóÇÁö: ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãõ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÔúÑóÈõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóäúÒóáúÊõãõæåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÒúäö Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáúãõäúÒöáõæäó [56 \ 68 - 69] .
æóÝöí ÃõÕõæáö ÊóØúæöíÑö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö: ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõæÑõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóäúÔóÃúÊõãú ÔóÌóÑóÊóåóÇ Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáúãõäúÔöÆõæäó [56 \ 71 - 72] .
æóÝöí ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö ÃóÝóáóÇ íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÈöáö ßóíúÝó ÎõáöÞóÊú ÇáúÂíóÉó [88 \ 17] .
æóáöåóÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóãóÏøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÕöÝóÉö ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÕöÝóÉö ÂáöåóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÈöÇáúÚóÌúÒö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÚóãóÏò ÊóÑóæúäóåóÇ æóÃóáúÞóì Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÑóæóÇÓöíó Ãóäú ÊóãöíÏó Èößõãú æóÈóËøó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÏóÇÈøóÉò æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÒóæúÌò ßóÑöíãò [31 \ 10] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÎóáúÞõ Çááøóåö ÝóÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö Èóáö ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò [31 \ 11] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóãú ÊóÎúáõÞú ÔóíúÆðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõæóÈøöÎðÇ áóåõãú: ÃóíõÔúÑößõæäó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó [7 \ 191] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÃóäøóåõãóÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöíóÇäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóãóäú íóÎúáõÞõ ßóãóäú áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó [16 \ 17] ¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó äöåóÇíóÉó ÖóÚúÝöåóÇ æóÚóÌúÒöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó æóáóÇ íóãúáößõæäó áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÖóÑøðÇ æóáóÇ äóÝúÚðÇ æóáóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ãóæúÊðÇ æóáóÇ ÍóíóÇÉð æóáóÇ äõÔõæÑðÇ [25 \ 3](8/71)
æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÇíóÉõ ÇáúÚóÌúÒö¡ ßóãóÇ ÖóÑóÈó áöÐóáößó ÇáúãóËóáó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áóäú íóÎúáõÞõæÇ ÐõÈóÇÈðÇ æóáóæö ÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ áóåõ æóÅöäú íóÓúáõÈúåõãõ ÇáÐøõÈóÇÈõ ÔóíúÆðÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóäúÞöÐõæåõ ãöäúåõ ÖóÚõÝó ÇáØøóÇáöÈõ æóÇáúãóØúáõæÈõ [22 \ 73] Ýóåõãú ÍóÞøðÇ áóÇ íóãúáößõæäó áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú äóÝúÚðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÖóÑøðÇ æóáóæú ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáÐøõÈóÇÈóÉö æóåóßóÐóÇ ÊóÑóì ÕöÝóÉó ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöÝö ÈöåóÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúÙóãó Ïóáöíáò Úóáóì æóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåöíó ãõÊóÖóãøöäóÉñ ÕöÝóÉó ÇáÊøóÕúæöíÑö æóÇáúÚöáúãö áöÃóäøó áößõáøö ãóÎúáõæÞò ÕõæÑóÉð ÊóÎõÕøõåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú Úöáúãò ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÃóÞúæóì ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÎóáúÞò Úóáöíãñ [36 \ 77 - 83] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó æóäóÕøðÇ Úóáóíúåö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÑóíúÈò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ëõãøó ãöäú ÚóáóÞóÉò Ëõãøó ãöäú ãõÖúÛóÉò ãõÎóáøóÞóÉò æóÛóíúÑö ãõÎóáøóÞóÉò áöäõÈóíøöäó áóßõãú æóäõÞöÑøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ãóÇ äóÔóÇÁõ Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ãõÓóãøðì Ëõãøó äõÎúÑöÌõßõãú ØöÝúáðÇ Ëõãøó áöÊóÈúáõÛõæÇ ÃóÔõÏøóßõãú æóãöäúßõãú ãóäú íõÊóæóÝøóì æóãöäúßõãú ãóäú íõÑóÏøõ Åöáóì ÃóÑúÐóáö ÇáúÚõãõÑö áößóíúáóÇ íóÚúáóãó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö Úöáúãò ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó åóÇãöÏóÉð ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÇåúÊóÒøóÊú æóÑóÈóÊú æóÃóäúÈóÊóÊú ãöäú ßõáøö ÒóæúÌò ÈóåöíÌò [22 \ 5] Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÃóäøóåõ íõÍúíöí ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÂÊöíóÉñ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÈúÚóËõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö [22 \ 6 - 7] .
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÌóÇÍöÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãõßóÇÈöÑñ ÌóÇåöáñ¡ ÖóÇáøñ ãõÖöáøñ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð: æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí Çááøóåö ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò æóáóÇ åõÏðì æóáóÇ ßöÊóÇÈò ãõäöíÑò ËóÇäöíó ÚöØúÝöåö áöíõÖöáøó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö áóåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÎöÒúíñ æóäõÐöíÞõåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÍóÑöíÞö Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇßó æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóíúÓó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö [22 \ 8 - 10] .
æóãöäú åõäóÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæøóáõ äöÏóÇÁò Ýöí ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö íõæóÌøóåõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ßóÇäó áöÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö ÚöÈóÇÏóÊóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÊøóÕöÝñ ÈöÕöÝóÉö ÇáúÎóáúÞö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó(8/72)
[2 \ 21 - 22] Ãóíú: áöÃóäøóåõãú áóíúÓõæÇ áóåõ ÈöÃóäúÏóÇÏò ÝöíãóÇ ÇÊøóÕóÝó Èöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæåõãú ãóÚó Çááøóåö Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö.
ÝóßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂÎöÑö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÍóÞøðÇ ÃóÏöáøóÉð Úóáóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊö æóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö æóÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍóÞøõ áöÃóäú íõÚúÈóÏó æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó.
æóÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÊóäúÒöíåõåõ ÚóãøóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöÌóáóÇáöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó¡ íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊöåö æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì [20 \ 8] áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÝóÇÏúÚõæåõ ÈöåóÇ [7 \ 180] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Óóãøóì Çááøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÃóÓúãóÇÁóåõ ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóìº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÓóäóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÚö æóÇáúÞõáõæÈö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÊóæúÍöíÏöåö æóßóÑóãöåö æóÌõæÏöåö æóÅöÝúÖóÇáöåö¡ æóãóÌöíÁõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÈóÚúÏó ÊóÚúÏóÇÏö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÇÓúãðÇ ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó áóåõ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóáóãú íóÃúÊö ÍóÕúÑõåóÇ æóáóÇ ÚóÏøõåóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøóåõ Õáøì Çááå Úáíå æÓáã ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó áöáøóåö ÊöÓúÚóÉð æóÊöÓúÚöíäó ÇÓúãðÇ ãöÇÆóÉð ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ãóäú ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóåõæó æóÊúÑñ íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúæóÊúÑó» .
æóÓóÑóÏó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÚóÏóÏó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝò Ýöí ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö.
æóÐóßóÑó Úóäú ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ãóÍúÕõæÑóÉð Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÏóÏö áöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò Ýöí ãõÓúäóÏö ÃóÍúãóÏó Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÞóØøõ åóãøñ æóáóÇ ÍóÒóäñ ÝóÞóÇáó: Çááøóåõãøó Åöäøöí ÚóÈúÏõßó¡ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏößó¡ ÇÈúäõ ÃóãóÊößó¡ äóÇÕöíóÊöí ÈöíóÏößó¡ ãóÇÖò Ýöíøó Íõßúãõßó¡ ÚóÏúáñ Ýöíøó ÞóÖóÇÄõßó ÃóÓúÃóáõßó Èößõáøö ÇÓúãò åõæó áóßó ÓóãøóíúÊó Èöåö äóÝúÓóßó Ãóæú ÃóäúÒóáúÊóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈößó Ãóæú ÚóáøóãúÊóåõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÞößó Ãóæö ÇÓúÊóÃúËóÑúÊó Èöåö Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÚöäúÏóßó Ãóäú ÊóÌúÚóáó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúßóÑöíãó ÑóÈöíÚó ÞóáúÈöí¡ æóäõæÑó ÕóÏúÑöí¡ æóÌóáóÇÁó ÍõÒúäöí¡ æóÐóåóÇÈó åóãøöí ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÐúåóÈó Çááøóåõ ÍõÒúäóåõ æóåóãøóåõ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇåÜ.
æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ãöäúåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí Ãóäøó áöáøóåö ÃóÓúãóÇÁð ÃóäúÒóáóåóÇ Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåö¡ æóÃóÓúãóÇÁð ÎóÕøó ÈöåóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÎóáúÞöåö ßóãóÇ ÎóÕøó ÇáúÎöÖúÑó ÈöÚöáúãò ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ¡ æóÃóÓúãóÇÁð ÇÓúÊóÃúËóÑó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ(8/73)
ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö: «Ýóíõáúåöãõäöí ÑóÈøöí ÈöãóÍóÇãöÏó áóãú Ãóßõäú ÃóÚúÑöÝõåóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ» ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö.
áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó: íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÚóÏóÏò ãõÚóíøóäò¡ æóÈöãóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö.
æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÈóíóÇäö ÃóÞúÓóÇãö ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÈöåóÇ æóÊóÚúáöíãõåóÇ æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáõ ãöäúåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÏøóÚóæóÇÊö ÚöäúÏó ÈóÇÈö: áöáøóåö ãöÇÆóÉõ ÇÓúãò ÛóíúÑó æóÇÍöÏò.
æóÞóÏú ÍóÇæóáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇÓúÊöÎúÑóÇÌó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö ÇÓúãò ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÝóÒóÇÏõæÇ æóäóÞóÕõæǺ áöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑóÇÊò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÈóÍúËó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÕóÍöíÝóÉð ãöãøóÇ áóÇ Ûöäóì Úóäúåõ æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ äóÞúáõåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ ÊóáúÎöíÕõåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ãóäú ÃóÝúÑóÏóåóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÃúáöíÝö.
ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøó ÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÃóáøóÝó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÃóÓóÇÓõ ÇáúÈóÍúËö íóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì äõÞúØóÊóíúäö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÊóÚúíöíäõ ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö ÇÓúãò ÇáúãõÑóÇÏóÉö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ãóÚúäóì ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÍóÝöÙóåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÍóÖóÑúÊõ ãóÌúáöÓðÇ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö ãóÚó ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÈóÇÒò æóÓóÃóáóåõ Úóäö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÍóÇÕöáõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÌúáöÓö Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÚúíöíäó áóãú íóÃúÊö Ýöíåö äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇÁó Ãóæö ÇáúÍöÝúÙó áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Íóãúáõåõ Úóáóì ãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáúÍöÝúÙö áöáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÛóíúÈðÇ¡ æóáóßöäú íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì ÃóÍúÕóì ãóÚóÇäöíåóÇ æóÍóÝöÙóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíÝö ÝöíåóÇ æóÇáÊøóÈúÏöíáö æóÇáÊøóÚúØöíáö¡ æóÍóÇæóáó ÇáÊøóÎóáøõÞó ÈöÍõÓúäö ÕöÝóÇÊöåóÇ ßóÇáúÍöáúãö æóÇáúÚóÝúæö æóÇáÑøóÃúÝóÉö æóÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö æóÇáúßóÑóãö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÍóÐóÑö ãöäú ãöËúáö ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö æóÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö¡ æóãõÑóÇÞóÈóÉö ãöËúáö: ÇáúÍóÓöíÈö ÇáÑøóÞöíÈö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÊøóÚóÑøõÖõ áöãöËúáö ÇáÊøóæøóÇÈö æóÇáúÛóÝõæÑö ÈöÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö æóØóáóÈö ÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúåóÇÏöí æóÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö ÈöØóáóÈö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö æóÇáÑøöÒúÞö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóäóÞóáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÏúÚõæåõ ÈöåóÇ [7 \ 180] Ãóíú: ÇØúáõÈõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÈöÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö¡ ÝóíõØúáóÈõ Èößõáøö ÇÓúãò ãóÇ íóáöíÞõ Èöåö ÊóÞõæáõ: íóÇ ÑóÍúãóÇäõ ÇÑúÍóãúäöí¡ íóÇ ÑóÒøóÇÞõ(8/74)
ÇÑúÒõÞúäöí¡ íóÇ åóÇÏöí ÇåúÏöäöí¡ íóÇ ÊóæøóÇÈõ ÊõÈú Úóáóíøó¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÑóÊøöÈú ÏõÚóÇÁóßó Êóßõäú ãöäó ÇáúãõÎúáöÕöíäó ÇåÜ.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö åóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÇÓúãö Çááøóåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÐøóÈúÍö Ãóäú íóÞúÊóÕöÑó Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãöº áöÃóäøó ÇÓúãó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉó¡ æóåöíó áóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ãóÚóåóÇ ÇáÐøóÈúÍõ æóÑóÓõæáõ ÇáÑøõæÍö.
æóíõÄóíøöÏõ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ãóäøóåõ ËóÈóÊó Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ÐóÈóÍó ÞóÇáó: «ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ» Ãóíú: ÃóßúÈóÑõ æóÃóÞúÏóÑóßó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäúßó Úóáóíúßó ãöäúåóÇ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÞöåó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóÓúãóÇÁó Çááøóåö ÇáúÍõÓúäóì Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÍúæö¡ ßóÇäó ÍóÞøðÇ ÞóÏú ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ æóÍóÝöÙóåóÇ Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåóÇ Ýöí ãóÚóÇäöíåóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÍóÞøðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóáóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóæúÞóÝóäöí ØóæöíáðÇ ãóÌöíÁõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÊóÐúíöíáðÇ áóåóÇ æóÎöÊóÇãðÇ æóÈöÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö æóÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö áöÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö¡ æóÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáÏøóáöíáö¡ æóÅöáúÒóÇãö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÅöáúÍóÇÏö æóÇáÊøóÚúØöíáö¡ ÝóãóßóËúÊõ ØóæöíáðÇ ÃóÊóØóáøóÈõ ÑóÈúØóåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ Ýóáóãú ÃóÌöÏú Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÚóËóÑúÊõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõÝúÑóÏóÇÊö¡ æóÅöíÑóÇÏö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåóÇÊö ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝõÐõ Åöáóì ÃóÚúãóÇÞö ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö¡ æóáóÇ íóÔúÝöí ÚóáöíáðÇ Ýöí ãõÌúÊóãóÚóÇÊöäóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉö¡ Ãóæú íõÐúåöÈõ ÔõÈóåó ÇáúãóÏóäöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÇÏøöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÑóÌóÚúÊõ Åöáóì ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈößóÇãöáöåóÇ ÃóÊóÃóãøóáõ ãóæúÖõæÚóåóÇ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈöåóÇ ÊóÈúÏóÃõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÈöÊóÓúÈöíÍö ÇáúÚóæóÇáöãö ßõáøöåóÇ áöáøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ÝóæúÞó ãõÓúÊóæóì ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäöíøö¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÓõæÞõ ÃóÚúÙóãó ÍóÏóËò ÊóÔúåóÏõåõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö ãöäú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú ãóÙúäõæäðÇ ÅöÎúÑóÇÌõåõãú¡ ÝóÃóÊóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóãú íóÍúÊóÓöÈõæÇ ÝóßóÇäõæÇ ãóæúÖöÚó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉö æóÇáúãóæúÚöÙóÉö.
Ëõãøó ÊóÃúÊöí áöãóæúÞöÝö ÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ãõÊóÞóÇÈöáóíúäö ÝóÑöíÞö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó.
íóÊóãóËøóáõ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ýöí ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÃõÎõæøóÉò¡ æóãóæóÏøóÉò¡ æóÑóÍúãóÉò¡ æóÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóÅöíËóÇÑò Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö.
æóíóÊóãóËøóáõ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó¡ æóÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó Èóíúäóåõãú ãöäú ãõæóÇÚóÏóÉò¡ æóÅöÛúÑóÇÁò¡ æóÊóÍúÑöíÖò¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÎóáøò Úóäúåõãú æóÎöÐúáóÇäò áóåõãú.(8/75)
ÝóßóÇäó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÊóÕúæöíÑñ áöÍöÒúÈóíúäö ãõÊóÞóÇÈöáóíúäö ãõÊóäóÇÞöÖóíúäö ÍöÒúÈõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ æóÍöÒúÈõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ æóåöíó ÕõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö Ýöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÂäóÐóÇßó.
Ëõãøó ÊóÃúÊöí Åöáóì ãõÞóÇÑóäóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì Èóíúäó äóÊóÇÆöÌö åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö æóãõäúÊóåóÇåõãóÇ æóÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöæóÇÆöåöãóÇ¡ æóÝöí Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÑöíÑõ ÇáúãóÕöíÑö: áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÆöÒõæäó [59 \ 20] .
æóåóÐöåö ÃóÎúØóÑõ ÞóÖöíøóÉò Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò Ãóíú: ÊóÞúÑöíÑõ ãóÕöíÑöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÈóíóÇäõ ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝóÚóÇáöíøóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÌóÈóáðÇ ÃóÔóãøó Ãóæú ÍóÌóÑðÇ ÃóÕóãøó áóæú ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö áóÑóÃóíúÊõåõ ÎóÇÔöÚðÇ ãõÊóÕóÏøöÚðÇ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈöåóÇ ÞóÏö ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú Úóáóì ãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáúÎóÇáöÞö¡ æóÇáúÃõãøóÉö æóÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ æóÇáúÈóÏúÁö æóÇáäøöåóÇíóÉö¡ æóÕöÑóÇÚö ÇáúÍóÞøö ãóÚó ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóÇáäøõÝõæÓö Ýöí ÇáÔøõÍøö æóÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ãóæóÇÞöÝõ ÚóãóáöíøóÉñ æóãóäóÇåöÌõ æóÇÞöÚöíøóÉñ æóÃóãúËöáóÉñ ÈóíóÇäöíøóÉñ.
æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÊóæóÌøóåó ÇáúÝößúÑõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÑúÖö¡ æóÊóäóÞøóáó ãöäú ãóæúÞöÝò Åöáóì ãóæúÞöÝò¡ æóÊóÃóãøóáó ÕõäúÚó Çááøóåö æóÞõÏúÑóÊóåõ æóÂíóÇÊöåö¡ äóØóÞó ÈöÊóÓúÈöíÍöåö¡ æóÚóáöãó Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ Úóáöãó ãóÇ Óóíóßõæäõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåö¡ ÝóÃóæúÌóÏóåõ Úóáóì ãõÞúÊóÖóì Úöáúãöåö Èöåö¡ æóÓóíøóÑóåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÍúæö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÌóÏóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ Úóáöãó ÎöÐúáóÇäó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áöáúíóåõæÏö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÍóÑøöÖõæåõãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó ßóãóÇ Úóáöãó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÍóÐøóÑó ãöäú ãõÔóÇÈóåóÊöåöãú¡ æóÚóáöãó Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÃõäúÒöáó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÌóÈóáò ãóÇÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÍóÇáõåõ¡ ÝóÍóËøó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÐö Èöåö¡ æóáöÚöáúãöåö åóÐóÇ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ ßóÇäó ÍóÞøðÇ åõæó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ.
Ëõãøó ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ Çáúãõåóíúãöäõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑõ ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑõ¡ ÈõÑúåóÇäñ ÂÎóÑõ Ýöí ÕõæóÑò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ æóÈóÑóÇåöíäó ãõÊóäóæøöÚóÉò Úóáóì æóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÊöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ¡ Çáúãóáößõ Çáúãõåóíúãöäõ Úóáóì ãõáúßöåö ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ¡ ÇáúãõÓóáøóãõ ãöäú ßõáøö äóÞúÕò¡ ÇáúãõÓóíúØöÑõ Úóáóì ãóÇ Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ßõáøöåö áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäúåõ ãöËúÞóÇáõ ÐóÑøóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [67 \ 1] .
æóåõäóÇ æóÞúÝóÉñ áöÊóÃóãøõáö ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ãóÚðÇ ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóáößö ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓö æóÇáÓøóáóÇãö Çáúãõåóíúãöäö¡ ÝóäóÌöÏõåóÇö ãõÊóÑóÇÈöØóÉð ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÉðº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÇáöãó ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóãúáößö ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝó æóáóãú íõåóíúãöäú Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ÝóáóÇ ÝóÚóÇáöíøóÉó áöÚöáúãöåö.(8/76)
æóÇáúãóáößõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ æóáóãú íóÊóÞóÏøóÓú Úóäö ÇáäøóÞúÕö áóÇ åóíúãóäóÉó áóåõ Úóáóì ãõáúßöåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚó ßõáøõ Ðóáößó æóÊöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ: ÇáúÚöáúãõ æóÇáúãõáúßõ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÓõ æóÇáúåóíúãóäóÉõ¡ ÍóÕóáó ÇáúßóãóÇáõ æóÇáúÌóáóÇáõ¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑö¡ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõåõ ÃóÍóÏñ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì¡ æóåõäóÇ¡ Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö íóÞöÝõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ æóÞúÝóÉó ÅöÌúáóÇáò æóÊóÚúÙöíãò áöáøóåö ÝóÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ åõæó ÇáúãõÞóÏøöÑõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö.
æó (ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ) ÇáúãõæÌöÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö Úóáóì ãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑö¡ æóáóíúÓó ßõáøõ ãóäú ÞóÏøóÑó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÃóæúÌóÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æó (ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ) ÇáúãõÔóßøöáõ áößõáøö ãóæúÌõæÏò Úóáóì ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæúÌóÏóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÝúÑöÏú ßõáøó ÝóÑúÏò ãöäú ãóæúÌõæÏóÇÊöåö Úóáóì ÕõæÑóÉò ÊóÎúÊóÕøõ Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ÎóáúÞö Çááøóåö áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö æóÇáäøóÈóÇÊö ßõáøò Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉò ÊóÎõÕøõåõ.
æóÈöÇáÑøõÌõæÚö ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì Åöáóì Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÎóáúÞó æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑó áóÇÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÈöãõæÌóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏö Ãóæú áöáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ ÈöãõæÌóÈö Úöáúãöåö æóÇáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö Ýöí ãõáúßöåö íõæÌöÏõ ãóÇ íõÞóÏøöÑõåõ.
æó (Çáúãõåóíúãöäõ) : íõÓóíøöÑõ ãóÇ íõæÌöÏõåõ Úóáóì ãõÞúÊóÖóì ãóÇ íõÞóÏøöÑõåõ.
æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóÑó ÝóåóÏóì¡ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÞúåóÑõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúåóÑõ ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò áöÅöÑóÇÏóÊöåö¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑöåö¡ æóíõÎúÖöÚõåõ áöåóíúãóäóÊöåö.
(ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑõ) ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÊóØóÇæóáõ áößöÈúÑöíóÇÆöåö ãóÎúáõæÞñ¡ æóÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú Ãóäú íõÔóÇÑößóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ Ýöí ÕöÝóÇÊöåö¡ ÊóßóÈøóÑó Úóäú Ãóäú íõãóÇËöáóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ Ãóæú íõÔóÇÑößóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ ÝöíãóÇ ÇÎúÊóÕøó Èöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó.
æóÝöí äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäö ÇáúãõáúÒöãö æóÇäúÊöÒóÇÚõ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝö æóÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ æóåõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ Ïóáöíáò ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: Ïóáöíáõ ÇáúÅöáúÒóÇãöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóáúÞó áóÇÈõÏøó áóåõãú ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞò¡ æóåóÐöåö ÞóÖöíøóÉñ ãóäúØöÞöíøóÉñ ãõÓóáøóãóÉñ¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóæúÌõæÏò áóÇÈõÏøó áóåõ ãöäú ãõæÌöÏò¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóáúÒóãóåõãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÎõáöÞõæÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÔóíúÁò Ãóãú åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó [52 \ 35] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÑö æóÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÅöãøóÇ ÎõáöÞõæÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõãú Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó(8/77)
ÇáúÚóÏóãó áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÔóíúÆðǺ áöÃóäøó ÝóÇÞöÏó ÇáÔøóíúÁö áóÇ íõÚúØöíåö¡ æóÇáúÚóÏóãõ áóíúÓó ÃóãúÑðÇ æõÌõæÏöíøðÇ ÍóÊøóì íõãúßöäó áóåõ Ãóäú íõæÌöÏó ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ.
Ãóãú åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó¿
æóåõãú ÃóíúÖðÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÎúáõÞõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú¡ ÝóíóÈúÞóì ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞõ áóÇÈõÏøó áóåõ ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞò¡ æóåõæó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ.
æóáóæú Þöíáó ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúãõäúßöÑö: Åöäøó ãóÇ äõÔóÇåöÏõåõ ãöäú æõÌõæÏö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö ßóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö æóÇáäøóÈóÇÊö íóÊóæóÞøóÝõ æõÌõæÏõåõ Úóáóì ÃóÓúÈóÇÈò äõÔóÇåöÏõåóÇ¡ ßóÇáúÃóÈóæóíúäö áöáúÍóíóæóÇäö¡ æóßóÇáúÍóÑúËö æóÇáÓøóÞúíö áöáäøóÈóÇÊö. . . ÅöáóÎú¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ¡ Ýóåóáö ÇáúÃóÈóæóÇäö íóãúáößóÇäö ÊóÕúæöíÑó ÇáúÌóäöíäö ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáÐøõßõæÑóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúÃõäõæËóÉö¡ Ãóæú ãöäú ÌöäúÓö Çááøóæúäö¡ æóÇáØøõæáö æóÇáúÞöÕóÑö æóÇáÔøóÈóåö¿
ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: áóÇ æóßóáøóÇ¡ Èóáú Ðóáößó áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÕóæøöÑõßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ßóíúÝó íóÔóÇÁõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáøóåö ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÎúáõÞõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ íóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÇáÐøõßõæÑó Ãóæú íõÒóæøöÌõåõãú ÐõßúÑóÇäðÇ æóÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóÌúÚóáõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÚóÞöíãðÇ Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÞóÏöíÑñ [42 \ 49] .
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö ÊõæÖóÚõ ÇáúÍóÈøóÉõ æóÊõÓúÞóì ÈöÇáúãóÇÁö¡ ÝóÇáÊøõÑúÈóÉõ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ æóÇáúãóÇÁõ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ Ýóãóäö ÇáøóÐöí íõÕóæøöÑõ Ôóßúáó ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö åóÐóÇ äóÌúãñ Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÐóÇßó äóÈúÊñ Úóáóì ÓóÇÞò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßóÑúãñ Úóáóì ÚóÑúÔò¡ æóÐóÇßó äóÎúáñ ÈóÇÓöÞóÇÊñ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÚóÊö ÇáËøóãóÑóÉõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ØóæúÑöåóÇ Ýóãóäö ÇáøóÐöí íõÕóæøöÑõåóÇ Ýöí ÔóßúáöåóÇ¡ ãöäö ÇÓúÊöÏóÇÑóÊöåóÇ Ãóæö ÇÓúÊöØóÇáóÊöåóÇ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¿ æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóØóæøóÑóÊú Åöáóì ÇáäøõÖúÌö Ýóãóäö ÇáøóÐöí ÕóæøóÑóåóÇ Ýöí áóæúäöåóÇ ÇáúÃóÍúãóÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÕúÝóÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÓúæóÏö Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÎúÖóÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÈúíóÖö¿ åóáú åöíó ÇáÊøõÑúÈóÉõ Ãóæö ÇáúãóÇÁõ Ãóæú åõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ áóÇ æóßóáøóÇ. Åöäøóåõ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ØóæúÚðÇ æóßóÑúåðÇ.
æóåõäóÇ ÚóæúÏñ Úóáóì ÈóÏúÁò íóÎúÊöãõ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ÈöãóÇ ÈóÏóÃóÊú Èöåö ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ãõæÌöÈóÇÊöåö æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö¡ æóÂíóÇÊö æóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÊöåö¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ.(8/78)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÊõáúÞõæäó Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúãóæóÏøóÉö æóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö íõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó æóÅöíøóÇßõãú Ãóäú ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÑóÈøößõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÎóÑóÌúÊõãú ÌöåóÇÏðÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáöí æóÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ãóÑúÖóÇÊöí ÊõÓöÑøõæäó Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúãóæóÏøóÉö æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÎúÝóíúÊõãú æóãóÇ ÃóÚúáóäúÊõãú æóãóäú íóÝúÚóáúåõ ãöäúßõãú ÝóÞóÏú Öóáøó ÓóæóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÈöíáö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãõãúÊóÍóäóÉö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÊõáúÞõæäó Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúãóæóÏøóÉö æóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö íõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó æóÅöíøóÇßõãú.
äóåóì ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Úóäö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ÇáúãõÔúÑößö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó¡ æóáóÝúÙõ ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ãõÝúÑóÏñ¡ æóíõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÏö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö.
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÏö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞõáúäóÇ íóÇÂÏóãõ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÚóÏõæøñ áóßó æóáöÒóæúÌößó [20 \ 117] íóÚúäöí ÈöÇáúÚóÏõæøö ÅöÈúáöíÓó.
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãúÚö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäóåõ æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöí æóåõãú áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ [18 \ 50] ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ åõäóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ áöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ (ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó) ÈöÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ: ÊõáúÞõæäó Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúãóæóÏøóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÖóãöíÑõ ÌóãúÚò¡ æóãöäúåóÇ: æóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöæóÇæö ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ íõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: Åöäú íóËúÞóÝõæßõãú íóßõæäõæÇ áóßõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð æóíóÈúÓõØõæÇ [60 \ 2] æóßõáøõåóÇ ÈöÖóãóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÌóãúÚö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóÏõæøõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ åõäóÇ ÝóÞóÏú Úóãøó æóÎóÕøó Ýöí æóÕúÝöåö ÝóæóÕóÝóåõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÎóÕøó ÈöæóÕúÝöåö íõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó¡ æóÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö íóÔúãóáõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÐößúÑõåõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö æóÇáöÇåúÊöãóÇãö ÈöÇáúÎóÇÕøö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú ßóÇäó ÚóÏõæøðÇ áöáøóåö æóãóáóÇÆößóÊöåö æóÑõÓõáöåö æóÌöÈúÑöíáó [2 \ 98] ÝóÝöí ÐößúÑö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö åõäóÇ æóåõæó æóÕúÝõ ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö æóÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó áöáÊøóåúíöíÌö Úóáóì ãóäú ÃóÎúÑóÌõæåõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÎúÑöÌõæåõãú ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÃóÎúÑóÌõæßõãú [2 \ 191] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáøóÐöíäö ÃóÎúÑóÌõæÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó¡ ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò åöíó ÃóÔóÏøõ ÞõæøóÉð ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÊößó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÎúÑóÌóÊúßó [47 \ 13] Ãóíú: ãóßøóÉó¡ æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: ÅöáøóÇ ÊóäúÕõÑõæåõ ÝóÞóÏú äóÕóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöÐú ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ËóÇäöíó ÇËúäóíúäö ÅöÐú åõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÛóÇÑö(8/79)
[9 \ 40] ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÝóÚóáóíúåö íóßõæäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøößõãú åõäóÇ ÎõÕõæÕó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÈöãóßøóÉó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÍóÇØöÈö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÈóáúÊóÚóÉó¡ æóÞöÕøóÉö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö ãóÚó ÇáÙøóÚöíäóÉö áöÃóåúáö ãóßøóÉó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÈöÅöÎúÈóÇÑöåöãú ÈöÊóÌóåøõÒö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Åöáóíúåöãú ãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÚóÏõæøö åõäóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÈöÕõæÑóÉö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ÞóØúÚöíøóÉó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Úõãõæãó ÇááøóÝúÙö áóÇ íõåúãóáõ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö íóÔúãóáõ ßõáøó ãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö ßóÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó¡ æóãóäú ÊóÌóÏøóÏó ãöäó ÇáØøóæóÇÆöÝö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ØóÇÆöÝóÉò ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉò¡ ÝóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÌóÇÏöáóÉö Úóäö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóæóáøóæúÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ åõãú ãöäúßõãú æóáóÇ ãöäúåõãú [58 \ 14] .
æóÊóßóáøóãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö -.
æóÚóäö ÇáúíóåõæÏö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÚóäö ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ãóÚðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÇáúíóåõæÏó æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó [5 \ 51] .
æóãöäó ÇáØøóæóÇÆöÝö ÇáúãõÍúÏóËóÉö ßõáøõ ãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö ãöäú ÔõíõæÚöíøóÉò æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóßóÇáúåöäúÏõæßöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÈõæÐöíøóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÊúÈóÚõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ Ïöíäóßõãú åõÒõæðÇ æóáóÚöÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú æóÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÅöÐóÇ äóÇÏóíúÊõãú Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÇÊøóÎóÐõæåóÇ åõÒõæðÇ æóáóÚöÈðÇ Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú Þóæúãñ áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó [5 \ 57 - 58] .
Ýóßõáøõ ãóäú åóÒöÆó ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö Ãóæö ÇÊøóÎóÐóåõ áóÚöÈðÇ æóáóåúæðÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÎúÔóì Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÊóäóÇæõáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöíøóÇåõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÐößúÑõ ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö åõäóÇ Èóíúäó ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó Ýöíåö ÅöÈúÑóÇÒõ ÕõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÇáö æóÊóÞúÈöíÍõ ÇáúÝöÚúáöº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉó ÊóÊóäóÇÝóì ãóÚó ÇáúãõæóÇáóÇÉö æóÇáúãõÓóÇÑøóÉö áöáúÚóÏõæøö ÈöÇáúãóæóÏøóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÞóÖöíøóÉó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãö æóÇáÊøóÃúÎöíÑö Ýöí ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÚóÏõæøöí ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóÚóØúÝö ÚóÏõæøößõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãõ áöÃóäøó ÚóÏóÇæóÉó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö áöáøóåö ÈöÏõæäö ÚöáøóÉò¡ æóÚóÏóÇæóÉó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö áöáúÚóÈúÏö áöÚöáøóÉò¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöÏõæäö ÚöáøóÉò Ýóåõæó ãõÞóÏøóãñ Úóáóì(8/80)
ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöÚöáøóÉò. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãó áöÛóÑóÖò ÔóÑúÚöíøò¡ æóÈóáóÇÛöíøò¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÚóÏóÇæóÉó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö áöáøóåö åöíó ÇáúÃóÕúáõ¡ æóåöíó ÃóÔóÏøõ ÞõÈúÍðÇ¡ ÝóáöÐóÇ ÞõÏøöãóÊú¡ æóÞõÈúÍõåóÇ Ýöí Ãóäøóåõãú ÚóÈóÏõæÇ ÛóíúÑó ÎóÇáöÞöåöãú¡ æóÔóßóÑõæÇ ÛóíúÑó ÑóÇÒöÞöåöãú¡ æóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÑõÓõáó ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÂÐóæúåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáúÞõÏúÓöíøóÉö ãóÇ íõÓúÊóÃúäóÓõ Èöåö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÝöíãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐò¡ æóÇáÏøóíúáóãöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÓóÇßöÑó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÏøóÑúÏóÇÁö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: «Åöäøöí æóÇáúÌöäøõ æóÇáúÅöäúÓõ Ýöí äóÈóÃò ÚóÙöíãò ÃóÎúáõÞõ æóíõÚúÈõÏõ ÛóíúÑöí¡ æóÃóÑúÒõÞõ æóíõÔúßóÑõ ÛóíúÑöí» æóÝöíåö «ÎóíúÑöí Åöáóì ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö äóÇÒöáñ¡ æóÔóÑøõåõãú Åöáóíøó ÕóÇÚöÏñ ÃóÊóÍóÈøóÈõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáäøöÚóãö æóíóÊóÈóÛøóÖõæäó Åöáóíøó ÈöÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí» ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÊóÞúÏöíãóåõ íõÄóßøöÏõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÓóÈóÈðÇ ÝóÍóÞøõåõ ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãõ.
æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÃóÕúáõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑó áóæú ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇäúÊóÝóÊú ÚóÏóÇæóÊõåõãú áöáøóåö áóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ ÅöÎúæóÇäðÇ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÇäúÊóÝóÊö ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóßóÐóÇ ßóæúäõåõ ãõÛóíøðÇ ÈöÛóÇíóÉò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÍóÊøóì íõåóÇÌöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö [4 \ 89] ¡ æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúãö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: æóÈóÏóÇ ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäóßõãõ ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉõ æóÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁõ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ [60 \ 4] ÝóÅöÐóÇ åóÇÌóÑó ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó æóÂãóäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó¡ ÇäúÊóÝóÊö ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉõ æóÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáúãõæóÇáóÇÉõ.
æóãöãøóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó Çáäøóåúíö Úóäú ãõæóÇáóÇÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö¡ åõæó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ íõÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ æõÌöÏóÊú ÚóÏóÇæóÉñ áóÇ áöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÝóáóÇ íõäúåóì Úóäú Êöáúßó ÇáúãõæóÇáóÇÉöº áöÊóÎóáøõÝö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ãöäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌößõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏößõãú ÚóÏõæøðÇ áóßõãú ÝóÇÍúÐóÑõæåõãú [64 \ 14] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóÚúÝõæÇ æóÊóÕúÝóÍõæÇ æóÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ [64 \ 14] .
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóÎóáøóÝó ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøõ Ýöí Çáäøóåúíö Úóäú ãõæóÇáóÇÉö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóËøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÝúæö æóÇáÕøóÝúÍö æóÇáúÛõÝúÑóÇäöº áöÃóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉó áöÓóÈóÈò ÂÎóÑó åõæó ãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÝöÊúäóÉñ [64 \ 15] ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãõÞúÊóÖóÇåóÇ ÝóÞóØö ÇáúÍóÐóÑõ ãöäú Ãóäú íóÝúÊöäõæåõ¡ æóßóÇäó ãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáÒøóæúÌöíøóÉö ÍõÓúäó ÇáúÚöÔúÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ. æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò áöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö Çáäøóåúíö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ãóäú áóãú íõÚóÇÏõæåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú Ãóäú ÊóÈóÑøõæåõãú æóÊõÞúÓöØõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú(8/81)
ÇáúÂíóÉó [60 \ 8] .
æóáöáúãõæóÇáóÇÉö ÃóÍúßóÇãñ ÚóÇãøóÉñ æóÎóÇÕøóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö:
ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáËøóÇäöí ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøóåõãú ãöäúßõãú ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãöäúåõãú [5 \ 51] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇáó ÇáúÈóÍúËó ÝöíåóÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáËøóÇáöËö ÚõÑöÖó Ööãúäó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] ¡ æóÈóíúäó ÑóæóÇÈöØö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ÈöÊóæóÓøõÚò.
æóãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäóåõ æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó [18 \ 50] ÇáúÂíóÉó.
æóãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ãóÎúØõæØö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò åöíó ÃóÔóÏøõ ÞõæøóÉð ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÊößó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÎúÑóÌóÊúßó ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú [47 \ 26] ¡ æóÃóÍóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÂíóÉö «ÇáúãõãúÊóÍóäóÉö» åóÐöåö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÑöåõæÇ ãóÇ äóÒøóáó Çááøóåõ ÓóäõØöíÚõßõãú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóãúÑö [47 \ 26] ¡ æóÃóÍóÇáó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ Úóáóì ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉò ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» «æóÈóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» .
æóãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÌóÇÏöáóÉö» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóæóáøóæúÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú [58 \ 14] .
æóÝöíãóÇ ßóÊóÈóåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäñ áößõáøö ÌóæóÇäöÈö ÃóÍúßóÇãö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÛóíúÑó Ãóäøöí áóãú ÃóÌöÏúåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÊóÚóÑøóÖó áöãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãöäú ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÊøóÎúÕöíÕö áöáúÂíóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [60 \ 8] .
æóáóãú ÃóÓúãóÚú ãöäúåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÚó ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÕøñ Ýöí ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúÚõãõæãö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí áóåóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áöÐóáößó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÑóÏøõ Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÚúÊóÒöáóÉö Þóæúáóåõãú: Åöäøó ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉó ÊõäóÇÝöí ÇáúÅöíãóÇäóº(8/82)
Åöäú íóËúÞóÝõæßõãú íóßõæäõæÇ áóßõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð æóíóÈúÓõØõæÇ Åöáóíúßõãú ÃóíúÏöíóåõãú æóÃóáúÓöäóÊóåõãú ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö æóæóÏøõæÇ áóæú ÊóßúÝõÑõæäó (2)
áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó äóÇÏóÇåõãú ÈöæóÕúÝö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö: æóãóäú íóÝúÚóáúåõ ãöäúßõãú ÝóÞóÏú Öóáøó ÓóæóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÈöíáö¡ Ýóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌúåõãú ÈöÖóáóÇáöåöãú Úóäú Úõãõæãö ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóáóÇáó åõäóÇ Úóäú ÓóæóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö áóÇ ãõØúáóÞó ÇáÓøóÈöíáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóËúÞóÝõæßõãú íóßõæäõæÇ áóßõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð æóíóÈúÓõØõæÇ Åöáóíúßõãú ÃóíúÏöíóåõãú æóÃóáúÓöäóÊóåõãú ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö æóæóÏøõæÇ áóæú ÊóßúÝõÑõæäó.
(íóËúÞóÝõæßõãú) Ãóíú: íõÏúÑößõæßõãú¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáËøóÞúÝö ÇáúÍöÐúÞõ Ýöí ÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáÔøóíúÁö æóÝöÚúáöåö¡ æóÇáÑøõãúÍõ ÇáúãõËóÞøóÝõ ÇáúãõÞóæøóãõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÑøóÇÛöÈõ: Ëõãøó íõÊóÌóæøóÒõ Èöåö ÝóíõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö æóÅöäú áóãú Êóßõäú ãóÚóåõ ËóÞóÇÝóÉñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÞúÊõáõæåõãú ÍóíúËõ ËóÞöÝúÊõãõæåõãú [2 \ 191] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÝóÅöãøóÇ ÊóËúÞóÝóäøóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúÈö [8 \ 57] ÇåÜ.
ÝóåóÐöåö äõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáËøóÞóÇÝóÉó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóËúÞóÝõæßõãú íóßõæäõæÇ áóßõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ äóÕøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉó æóÈóÓúØó ÇáúíóÏö æóÇááøöÓóÇäö ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö íóßõæäõ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú íóËúÞóÝõæåõãú ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÏóÇÁó ÓóÇÈöÞñ ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáÊøóåúíöíÌö æóÔöÏøóÉö ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÔøóÑúØö åõæó ÈóÓúØõ ÇáúÃóíúÏöí ÈöÇáÓøõæÁöº áöÃóäøóåõãõ ÇáúÂäó áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö áóÏóì Úõãõæãò ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÈöØóÇäóÉð ãöäú Ïõæäößõãú áóÇ íóÃúáõæäóßõãú ÎóÈóÇáðÇ æóÏøõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóäöÊøõãú ÞóÏú ÈóÏóÊö ÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóãóÇ ÊõÎúÝöí ÕõÏõæÑõåõãú ÃóßúÈóÑõ [3 \ 118] ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ãöäú Ïõæäößõãú íóÔúãóáõ ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó¡ æóÃóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÏøõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóäöÊøõãú¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÞóÏú ÈóÏóÊö ÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóãóÇ ÊõÎúÝöí ÕõÏõæÑõåõãú ÃóßúÈóÑõ áóãú íóÊóæóÞøóÝú Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí Åöäú íóËúÞóÝõæßõãú¡ Ýóåõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóÏóÊú ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁõ ÞóæúáðÇ æóÝöÚúáðÇ.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÅöÚúáóÇäó ÇáúãõÞóÇØóÚóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóãóäú Ïõæäóåõãú æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóæóÏøõæÇ áóæú ÊóßúÝõÑõæäó¡ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÓóÈóÈó Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáúÍóÓóÏõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÏøó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóæú íóÑõÏøõæäóßõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÅöíãóÇäößõãú ßõÝøóÇÑðÇ ÍóÓóÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ [2 \ 109] .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ áóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÝöÆóÊóíúäö æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÑúßóÓóåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö:(8/83)
áóäú ÊóäúÝóÚóßõãú ÃóÑúÍóÇãõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÝúÕöáõ Èóíúäóßõãú æóÇááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÈóÕöíÑñ (3)
æóÏøõæÇ áóæú ÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ßóãóÇ ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóÊóßõæäõæäó ÓóæóÇÁð [4 \ 88 - 89] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóäú ÊóäúÝóÚóßõãú ÃóÑúÍóÇãõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÝúÕöáõ Èóíúäóßõãú.
ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãõ ÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõæáõæ ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóæúáóì ÈöÈóÚúÖò [8 \ 75] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÝúÕöáõ Èóíúäóßõãú Ãóíú: ÈöÊóÞóØøõÚö ÇáúÃóäúÓóÇÈö Èóíúäóåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ äõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóáóÇ ÃóäúÓóÇÈó Èóíúäóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò æóáóÇ íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó [23 \ 101] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì äóÊöíÌóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÕúáö Èóíúäóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÝöÑøõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãöäú ÃóÎöíåö æóÃõãøöåö æóÃóÈöíåö æóÕóÇÍöÈóÊöåö æóÈóäöíåö áößõáøö ÇãúÑöÆò ãöäúåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò ÔóÃúäñ íõÛúäöíåö [80 \ 34 - 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: æóÕóÇÍöÈóÊöåö æóÃóÎöíåö æóÝóÕöíáóÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÄúæöíåö [70 \ 12] ¡ ÝóÚóãøóÊú ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÃóÞóÇÑöÈö æóÈóíøóäóÊú ÓóÈóÈó ÇáúÝóÕúáö Èóíúäóåõãú¡ æóãóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÎöØóÇÈñ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí Ðóæöí ÃóÑúÍóÇãöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö Ýöí ÃóãúÑö ÍóÇØöÈö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÈóáúÊóÚóÉó Ýöí ÅöÑúÓóÇáöåö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó áöÃóåúáö ãóßøóÉó ÞõÈóíúáó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÈöÃóãúÑö ÇáÊøóÌóåøõÒö áóåõãú.
æóãóÝúåõæãõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ íóÏõáøõ ÈöãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö Ãóäøó Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÞóÏú áóÇ íóÝúÕöáõ Èóíúäóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚóÊúåõãú ÐõÑøöíøóÊõåõãú ÈöÅöíãóÇäò ÃóáúÍóÞúäóÇ Èöåöãú ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõãú æóãóÇ ÃóáóÊúäóÇåõãú ãöäú Úóãóáöåöãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò [52 \ 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÏõÚóÇÁö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ãöäú ÍóãóáóÉö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÃóÏúÎöáúåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò ÇáøóÊöí æóÚóÏúÊóåõãú æóãóäú ÕóáóÍó ãöäú ÂÈóÇÆöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú æóÐõÑøöíøóÇÊöåöãú [40 \ 8] .
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÈóíóÇäñ æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÑóæóÇÈöØó ÇáÏøöíäö ÃóÞúæóì æóÃóáúÒóãõ ãöäú ÑóæóÇÈöØö ÇáäøóÓóÈö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúÂÊöíóÉõ ÈóíóÇäñ æóÇÖöÍñ áöÍóÞöíÞóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì æóÔõãõæáöåö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãóãö.(8/84)
ÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú áóßõãú ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ áöÞóæúãöåöãú ÅöäøóÇ ÈõÑóÂÁõ ãöäúßõãú æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ßóÝóÑúäóÇ Èößõãú æóÈóÏóÇ ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäóßõãõ ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉõ æóÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁõ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Þóæúáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áöÃóÈöíåö áóÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑóäøó áóßó æóãóÇ Ãóãúáößõ áóßó ãöäó Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÑóÈøóäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÊóæóßøóáúäóÇ æóÅöáóíúßó ÃóäóÈúäóÇ æóÅöáóíúßó ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ (4)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú áóßõãú ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ áöÞóæúãöåöãú ÅöäøóÇ ÈõÑóÂÁõ ãöäúßõãú æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ßóÝóÑúäóÇ Èößõãú æóÈóÏóÇ ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäóßõãõ ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉõ æóÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁõ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Þóæúáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áöÃóÈöíåö áóÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑóäøó áóßó.
ÇáúÃõÓúæóÉõ ßóÇáúÞõÏúæóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÇÊøöÈóÇÚõ ÇáúÛóíúÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íóßõæäõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÓóäóÉò Ãóæú ÞóÈöíÍóÉò¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ [33 \ 21] ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú áóßõãú ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ [60 \ 4] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí ÇáúãóØúáõæÈó¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ áöÞóæúãöåöãú ÅöäøóÇ ÈõÑóÂÁõ ãöäúßõãú æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÝóÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí åõäóÇ Ýöí ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃõãõæÑò:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÇáÊøóÈóÑøõÄõ ãöäúåõãú æóãöãøóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ÇáúßõÝúÑõ Èöåöãú.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ÅöÈúÏóÇÁõ ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö æóÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁö æóÅöÚúáóÇäõåóÇ æóÅöÙúåóÇÑõåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÍóÊøóì íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóØöíÚóÉö Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó Þóæúãöåöãú¡ æóÒöíóÇÏóÉñ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÅöÈúÏóÇÁõ ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö æóÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁö ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ æóÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Ýöí Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ÇäúÊóÝóì ßõáøõ Ðóáößó Èóíúäóåõãú.
æóåõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ¡ åõæó ãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáúÃõÓúæóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúÚóØúÝö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ áöÞóæúãöåöãú ÝóÞóÇÆöáõ ÇáúÞóæúáö áöÞóæúãöåöãú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí Èöåöãú ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÇáõæåõ áöÞóæúãöåöãú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ Þóæúáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áöÃóÈöíåö áóÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑóäøó áóßó¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ãöäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóíúÓó ãóæúÖöÚó ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí¡ æóãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ãóÚó Þóæúãöåö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÌõãúáóÉð¡ æóãóÇ ÝóÕøóáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓóíóåúÏöíäö [43 \ 26 - 27] æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÈóÑøõÄõ ÌóÚóáóåõ ÈóÇÞöíðÇ Ýöí ÚóÞöÈöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉð ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöí ÚóÞöÈöåö [43 \ 28] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ Þóæúáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áöÃóÈöíåö áóÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑóäøó áóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÓóÈóÈó åóÐóÇ(8/85)
ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö æóåóáú åõæó ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áöÃóÈöíåö¡ Ãóãú áöãóÇÐóÇ¿
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áöÃóÈöíåö ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ãóæúÚöÏóÉò æóÚóÏóåóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÏõæøñ áöáøóåö ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõ Åöäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóÃóæøóÇåñ Íóáöíãñ [9 \ 114] ¡ Êöáúßó ÇáúãóæúÚöÏóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú áóåõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÈóÇÏöÆö ÏóÚúæóÊöåö ÍöíäóãóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÃóÈõæåõ: ÃóÑóÇÛöÈñ ÃóäúÊó Úóäú ÂáöåóÊöí íóÇÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áóÆöäú áóãú ÊóäúÊóåö áóÃóÑúÌõãóäøóßó æóÇåúÌõÑúäöí ãóáöíøðÇ ÞóÇáó ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúßó ÓóÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ áóßó ÑóÈøöí Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó Èöí ÍóÝöíøðÇ [19 \ 46 - 47] ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÞóÏú æóÚóÏóåõ æóæóÝøóì ÈöÚóåúÏöåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÏõæøñ áöáøóåö ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÈóÑøõÄö ãöäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ áóãøóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÏõæøñ áöáøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÖöíøóÉñ ÚóÇãøóÉñ æóáóíúÓóÊú ÎóÇÕøóÉð Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöáäøóÈöíøö æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóáóæú ßóÇäõæÇ Ãõæáöí ÞõÑúÈóì ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõãú Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóÍöíãö [9 \ 113] ¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÃóÞúæóì Ïóáöíáò Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ïöíäó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áóíúÓóÊú Ýöíåö ÊóÈóÚöíøóÉõ ÃóÍóÏò áöÃóÍóÏò¡ Èóáú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú ÑóåöíäóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÃóäú áóíúÓó áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÓóÚóì.
æóãöäú ÚóÌóÈò Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó äóÙöíÑó ãóæúÞöÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãöäú ÃóÈöíåö ãóæóÇÞöÝõ ãõãóÇËöáóÉñ Ýöí Ãõãóãò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ ãöäúåóÇ ãóæúÞöÝõ äõæÍò - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ãöäö ÇÈúäöåö áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÑóÈøö Åöäøó ÇÈúäöí ãöäú Ãóåúáöí æóÅöäøó æóÚúÏóßó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÃóäúÊó ÃóÍúßóãõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó [11 \ 45] ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇäõæÍõ Åöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäú Ãóåúáößó Åöäøóåõ Úóãóáñ ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÇáöÍò [11 \ 46] ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö Åöäøöí ÃóÚõæÐõ Èößó Ãóäú ÃóÓúÃóáóßó ãóÇ áóíúÓó áöí Èöåö Úöáúãñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 47] ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãóæúÞöÝõ äõæÍò ãöäú æóáóÏöåö ßóãóæúÞöÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãöäú ÃóÈöíåö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ãóæúÞöÝõ äõæÍò æóáõæØò ãöäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ãóËóáðÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇöãúÑóÃóÉó äõæÍò æóÇãúÑóÃóÉó áõæØò ßóÇäóÊóÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÚóÈúÏóíúäö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÕóÇáöÍóíúäö ÝóÎóÇäóÊóÇåõãóÇ Ýóáóãú íõÛúäöíóÇ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [66 \ 10] .
æóãöäúåóÇ: ãóæúÞöÝõ ÒóæúÌóÉö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ãóËóáðÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇöãúÑóÃóÉó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáóÊú ÑóÈøö ÇÈúäö áöí ÚöäúÏóßó ÈóíúÊðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóäóÌøöäöí ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÚóãóáöåö æóäóÌøöäöí ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [66 \ 11] ¡ ÝóÊóÈóÑøóÃóÊö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉõ ãöäú ÒóæúÌöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóãóÇãó ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóäú ÊóäúÝóÚóßõãú ÃóÑúÍóÇãõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú [60 \ 3] Ãóíú: æóáóÇ ÂÈóÇÄõßõãú¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÃóÞúÑöÈóÇÆößõãú¡ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÝúÕöáõ Èóíúäóßõãú¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áöÃóÈöíåö: æóãóÇ Ãóãúáößõ áóßó ãöäó Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò(8/86)
Èóíøóäóåõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÊóÈóÚöíøóÉñ¡ æóÃóäú áóíúÓó áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÓóÚóì¡ æóßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú ÑóåöíäóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóæúãó íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÖõ ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÂãóäóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ Ãóæú ßóÓóÈóÊú Ýöí ÅöíãóÇäöåóÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ [6 \ 158] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóæúãó áóÇ Êóãúáößõ äóÝúÓñ áöäóÝúÓò ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáøóåö [82 \ 19] .
æóÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÉð Ýöí ßóäõæ ÈöäóíúÌöíÑúíóÇ Ýöí ãõÌúÊóãóÚò Ýöíåö ãóäú íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÔúÎóÇÕö Ýöí ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú¡ ÝóÚóÑóÖó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚó¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÚóÏóãó ÇÓúÊöØóÇÚóÉö ÃóÍóÏò äóÝúÚó ÃóÍóÏò ÝóßóÇäó áóåóÇ æóÞúÚñ ÚóÙöíãõ ÇáúÃóËóÑö Ýöí ÇáäøõÝõæÓö¡ æóáóÚóáøó Çááøóåó íõíóÓøöÑõ ØóÈúÚóåóÇ ãóÚó ØóÈúÚö ÌóãöíÚö ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÇÊöåö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöÍúáóÉö ÇáúãóíúãõæäóÉö.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÌóÚóáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÔóÑúÚó ãóäú ÞóÈúáóäóÇ ÔóÑúÚñ áóäóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí ÈöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ¡ æóÊóÍúÞöíÞõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÏóÇáøóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÔóÑúÚó ãóäú ÞóÈúáóäóÇ ÔóÑúÚñ áóäóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú äóÕøðÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÓøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Íõßúãó ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÞúÓóÇãò:
ÞöÓúãñ åõæó ÔóÑúÚñ áóäóÇ ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÔóÑúÚöäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÔóÑúÚñ áóäóÇ ßóÂíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌúãö¡ æóßóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö æóÇáúãõæóÇáóÇÉö¡ æóÅöãøóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÔóÑúÚò áóäóÇ ÞóØúÚðÇ ßóÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÚóãóáö íóæúãó ÇáÓøóÈúÊö¡ æóÊóÍúÑöíãö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøõÍõæãö¡ ÅöáóÎú.
æóÞöÓúãñ ËóÇáöËñ: æóåõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó áóäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóáóãú äõÄúãóÑú Èöåö æóáóãú äóäúåó Úóäúåõ.
ÝóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÔóÑúÚñ áóäóÇ áöÐößúÑöåö áóäóÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú áóãú íóßõäú ÔóÑúÚðÇ áóäóÇ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöÐößúÑöåö áóäóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉñ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÔóÑóÚó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ æóÕøóì Èöåö äõæÍðÇ æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ æóÕøóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì Ãóäú ÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÏøöíäó æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Ýöíåö [42 \ 13] ¡ æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ íõÚóÇÑöÖõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãö æóíóÞõæáõ: ÇáúÂíóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö¡ æóíóÓúÊóÏöáøõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áößõáøò ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãöäúßõãú ÔöÑúÚóÉð æóãöäúåóÇÌðÇ [5 \ 48] ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö(8/87)
áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöíåöãú ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ áöãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæ Çááøóåó æóÇáúíóæúãó ÇáúÂÎöÑó æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÛóäöíøõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏõ (6)
ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ áóíúÓóÊú äóÕøðÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚöº áöÃóäøóäóÇ ÃõãöÑúäóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí Èöåö Ýöí ãõÚóíøóäò ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÔóÑúÚöäóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Èöåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
íóÙúåóÑõ áöí Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö íóßóÇÏõ íóßõæäõ ÔóßúáöíøðÇ¡ æóßõáøñ ãóÍúÌõæÌñ ÈöãóÇ ÍóÌøó Èöåö ÇáúÂÎóÑó¡ æóÐóáößó ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áößõáøò ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãöäúßõãú ÔöÑúÚóÉð æóãöäúåóÇÌðÇ¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö ÔöÑúÚóÉò æóÚóáóì æõÌõæÏö ãöäúåóÇÌò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ áöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: ÔóÑóÚó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ æóÕøóì Èöåö äõæÍðÇ¡ áóãú äóÌöÏú Ýöíåö ÐößúÑó ÇáúãöäúåóÇÌö¡ æóäóÌöÏú æóÇÞöÚó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö¡ Ãóäøó ãöäúåóÇÌó ãóÇ ÔóÑóÚó áóäóÇ íõÛóÇíöÑõ ãöäúåóÇÌó ãóÇ ÔóÑóÚó áöãóäú ÞóÈúáóäóÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÇáÕøöíóÇãö ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáÕøöíóÇãõ ßóãóÇ ßõÊöÈó Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú [2 \ 183] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÊøóÝöÞõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáÔøöÑúÚóÉö¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó Ýöí ÇáúãöäúåóÇÌö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõÍöáøó áóßõãú áóíúáóÉó ÇáÕøöíóÇãö ÇáÑøóÝóËõ Åöáóì äöÓóÇÆößõãú [2 \ 187] æóãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãõÍóÑøóãðÇ¡ æóåõæó Ööãúäõ ãöäúåóÇÌö ãóäú ÞóÈúáóäóÇ æóÔöÑúÚóÊöåöãú ÝóÇÊøóÝóÞúäóÇ ãóÚóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÔøöÑúÚóÉö¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ãóäúåóÌõäóÇ Úóäú ãóäúåóÌöåöãú ÈöÅöÍúáóÇáö ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ ÍóÑóÇãðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõáúÒöãñ áöáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÃóÑúßóÇäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýóåöíó ãóÔúÑõæÚóÉñ áöáúÌóãöíÚö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäú ØóåøöÑóÇ ÈóíúÊöíó áöáØøóÇÆöÝöíäó æóÇáúÚóÇßöÝöíäó æóÇáÑøõßøóÚö ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö [2 \ 125] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÈøóäóÇ áöíõÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÝóÇÌúÚóáú ÃóÝúÆöÏóÉð ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Êóåúæöí Åöáóíúåöãú [14 \ 37] æóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú ÚöíÓóì: æóÃóæúÕóÇäöí ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãóÇ ÏõãúÊõ ÍóíøðÇ [19 \ 31] ¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÌøö: æóáöáøóåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÍöÌøõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö [3 \ 97] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóÐøöäú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÌøö íóÃúÊõæßó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 27] ¡ ÝóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÃóÑúßóÇäö¡ æóåöíó ÝõÑõæÚñ áóÇ ÚóÞóÇÆöÏõ ãóÔúÑõæÚóÉñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãóãö¡ ÝóÇÔúÊóÑóßúäóÇ ãóÚóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö¡ æóáóßöäú åóáú ßóÇäóÊú ßõáøõåóÇ ßóãóäúåóÌöåóÇ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ Ýöí ÃóæúÞóÇÊöåóÇ æóÃóÚúÏóÇÏöåóÇ æóßóíúÝöíøóÇÊöåóÇ¡ áóÞóÏú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáÕøóæúãö æóÇÖöÍóÉð¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáÔøöÑúÚóÉõ ÚóÇãøóÉñ áöáúÌóãöíÚö æóÇáúãöäúåóÇÌõ ÎóÇÕøñ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöíåöãú ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ áöãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæ Çááøóåó æóÇáúíóæúãó ÇáúÂÎöÑó æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÛöäóíøõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏõ.(8/88)
ÚóÓóì Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáó Èóíúäóßõãú æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÇÏóíúÊõãú ãöäúåõãú ãóæóÏøóÉð æóÇááøóåõ ÞóÏöíÑñ æóÇááøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ (7)
ÅöÚóÇÏóÉõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóÃúßöíÏñ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: áöãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæ Çááøóåó æóÇáúíóæúãó ÇáúÂÎöÑó íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÎóÑóÌúÊõãú ÌöåóÇÏðÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáöí æóÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ãóÑúÖóÇÊöí [60 \ 1] º áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÓóÇæöíåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÕóÏóÞó¡ æóåõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇááøóÝúÙö áöíóÏõáøó Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ æóÊóßõæäó ÞóÖöíøóÉð ÚóÇãøóÉð ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ áößõáøö ãóäú íóÑúÌõæ Çááøóåó æóÇáúíóæúãó ÇáúÂÎöÑó¡ Ãóäú íóÊóÃóÓøóì ÈöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ãóæúÞöÝöåöãö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÛóäöíøõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏõ¡ ÇáÊøóæóáøöí åõäóÇ ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖõ Úóäú ÃóæóÇãöÑö Çááøóåö ÚõãõæãðÇ.
æóåõäóÇ íóÍúÊóãöáõ Êóæóáøöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóãõæóÇáóÇÊóåõãú¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Ûóäöíøñ Úóäúåõ ÍóãöíÏñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ßóãõáó Ýöí ÛöäóÇåõ¡ æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ æóÊóæóáøóæúÇ æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Çááøóåõ [64 \ 6] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÈóíóÇäõ ÇÓúÊöÛúäóÇÁö Çááøóåö Úóäú ØóÇÚóÉö ÇáØøóÇÆöÚöíäó ÚõãõæãðÇ æóÎõÕõæÕðÇ ÝóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÍöÌøö: æóáöáøóåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÍöÌøõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãóäö ÇÓúÊóØóÇÚó Åöáóíúåö ÓóÈöíáðÇ æóãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Ûóäöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [3 \ 97] .
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÚõãõæãö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊóßúÝõÑõæÇ ÃóäúÊõãú æóãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÛóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ [14 \ 8] º áöÃóäøó ÃóÚúãóÇáó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÌóÇåóÏó ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÌóÇåöÏõ áöäóÝúÓöåö Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÛóäöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [29 \ 6] .
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÞõÏúÓöíøö: «áóæú Ãóäøó Ãóæøóáóßõãú æóÂÎöÑóßõãú¡ æóÅöäúÓóßõãú æóÌöäøóßõãú ßóÇäõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóÊúÞóì ÞóáúÈö ÑóÌõáò ãöäúßõãú ãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Ðóáößó Ýöí ãõáúßöí ÔóíúÆðÇ» .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÛöäóÇåõ ÇáúãõØúáóÞó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áöáøóåö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Åöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÛóäöíøõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏõ [31 \ 26] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÓóì Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáó Èóíúäóßõãú æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÇÏóíúÊõãú ãöäúåõãú ãóæóÏøóÉð æóÇááøóåõ ÞóÏöíÑñ æóÇááøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ.
áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ åóáú ÌóÚóáó ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö Èóíúäóåõãú¡ æóÈóíúäó ãóäú ÚóÇÏóæúåõãú æóÃõãöÑõæÇ ÈöãõÞóÇØóÚóÊöåöãú æóÚóÏóãö ãõæóÇáóÇÊöåöãú ãöäú Ðóæöí ÃóÑúÍóÇãöåöãú Ãóãú áóÇ¿ æóáóßöäú ÚóÓóì ãöäó Çááøóåö áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö¡ æóÇáÊøóÐúíöíáö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(8/89)
áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú Ãóäú ÊóÈóÑøõæåõãú æóÊõÞúÓöØõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõÞúÓöØöíäó (8)
æóÇááøóåõ ÞóÏöíÑñ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÝóÇÚöáñ Ðóáößó áóåõãú¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÝóÚóáóåõ ÝöÚúáðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÕúÑö» Íöíäó ÏóÎóáó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí Ïöíäö Çááøóåö ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÊóÍó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóßøóÉó æóßóÇäõæÇ ØõáóÞóÇÁó áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóßóÐóáößó ãóæúÞöÝõ ÃóÈöí ÓõÝúíóÇäó æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÚóÇãö ÇáúæõÝõæÏö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóÝöí ÇáÊøóÐúíöíáö ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏöíÑñ¡ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÊóÃúáöíÝó ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóãóæóÏøóÊóåóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæú ÃóäúÝóÞúÊó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 63] .
æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó ÇáúãõÊóæóÞøóÚóÉó ÈöÓóÈóÈö åöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉõ ãöäúÍóÉñ ãöäó Çááøóåö: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú Ãóäú ÊóÈóÑøõæåõãú æóÊõÞúÓöØõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõÞúÓöØöíäó ÅöäøóãóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇÊóáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóÃóÎúÑóÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú æóÙóÇåóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌößõãú Ãóäú Êóæóáøóæúåõãú æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøóåõãú ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó.
ÇÚúÊóÈóÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì ÑõÎúÕóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÕöäúÝóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö æóÞöÓúãóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÉö:
ÇáÕøöäúÝõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÚóÏõæøñ áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí Ïöíäöåöãú æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæåõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú¡ ÝóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøöåöãú: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú Ãóäú ÊóÈóÑøõæåõãú.
æóÇáÕøöäúÝõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÞóÇÊóáõæÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌõæåõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú¡ æóÙóÇåóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö íóÞõæáõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöíåöãú: ÅöäøóãóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇÊóáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóÃóÎúÑóÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú æóÙóÇåóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌößõãú Ãóäú Êóæóáøóæúåõãú.
ÅöÐðÇ ÝóåõãóÇ ÞöÓúãóÇäö ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÇäö æóÍõßúãóÇäö ãõÊóÛóÇíöÑóÇäö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÞöÓúãóÇäö áóãú íóÎúÑõÌóÇ Úóäú Úõãõæãö ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÚúÊóÈóÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúÃóæúáóì ÑõÎúÕóÉð ÈóÚúÏó Çáäøóåúíö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö¡ Ëõãøó ÅöäøóåóÇ äõÓöÎóÊú ÈöÂíóÉö ÇáÓøóíúÝö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí.
æóÇÚúÊóÈóÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó ÊóÃúßöíÏðÇ áöáäøóåúíö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóäóÇÞóÔó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÏóÚúæóì ÇáäøóÓúÎö Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíãóäú äóÒóáóÊú æóãóäó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÊóÞúÓöíãñ áöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó [60 \ 1] ¡ ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ßõáøö ÞöÓúãò æóÍõßúãöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ áóåõ ÞóÑóÇÆöäõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÞóÑóÇÆöäõ Ýöí åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãõ ÝóÞöÓúãóÇäö: ÞöÓúãñ ãõÓóÇáöãñ áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌúåõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú¡(8/90)
Ýóáóãú íóäúåó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóäú ÈöÑøöåöãú æóÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇØö Åöáóíúåöãú¡ æóÞöÓúãñ ÛóíúÑõ ãõÓóÇáöãò íõÞóÇÊöáõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóíõÎúÑöÌõåõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú æóíõÙóÇåöÑõ Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú¡ Ýóäóåóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóäú ãõæóÇáóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóÝóÑúÞñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöÐúäö ÈöÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÞöÓúØö¡ æóÈóíúäó Çáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúãõæóÇáóÇÉö æóÇáúãóæóÏøóÉö¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäú ÞóÑóÇÆöäó¡ æóåöíó Úõãõæãõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö æóÅöíøóÇßõãú.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÅöÎúÑóÇÌó ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ßóÇäó äóÊöíÌóÉð áöÞöÊóÇáöåöãú æóÅöíÐóÇÆöåöãú¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãõ åõæó ÇáúãóÚúäöíøõ ÈöÇáäøóåúíö Úóäú ãõæóÇáóÇÊöåö áöãóæúÞöÝöåö ÇáúãõÚóÇÏöíº áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÚóÇÏóÇÉó ÊõäóÇÝöí ÇáúãõæóÇáóÇÉó.
æóáöÐóÇ ÚóÞøóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøóåõãú ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó¡ ÝóÃóíøõ Ùõáúãò ÈóÚúÏó ãõæóÇáóÇÉö ÇáúÝóÑúÏö áöÃóÚúÏóÇÁö ÃõãøóÊöåö æóÃóÚúÏóÇÁö Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãõ ÇáúÚóÇãøõ æóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö áóßöäøóåõãú áóãú íõÚóÇÏõæÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí Ïöíäöåöãú áóÇ ÈöÞöÊóÇáò¡ æóáóÇ ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌò¡ æóáóÇ ÈöãõÚóÇæóäóÉö ÛóíúÑöåöãú Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ ÙóÇåóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú¡ ÝóåóÄõáóÇÁö ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈò áóíúÓõæÇ ãóÍóáøðÇ áöáúãõæóÇáóÇÉö áößõÝúÑöåöãú¡ æóáóíúÓó ãöäúåõãú ãóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÈöÑøóåõãú æóÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇØó Åöáóíúåöãú.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó áóíúÓó ÝöíåóÇ ÌóÏöíÏõ ÈóÍúËò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÈóÍúËö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÈóÞöíó ÇáúÈóÍúËõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóãöäú ÌóÇäöÈóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÈóíóÇäõ ãóäö ÇáúãóÚúäöíøõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÈóíóÇäõ ÍõßúãöåóÇ¡ æóåóáú åöíó ãõÍúßóãóÉñ Ãóãú äõÓöÎóÊú.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ æóáöÃóåóãøöíøóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö æóÍóÇÌóÉö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ßõáøö æóÞúÊò¡ æóÃóÔóÏøö ãóÇ Êóßõæäõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÕúÑö áöÞõæøóÉö ÊóÔóÇÈõßö ãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö æóÚõãúÞö ÊõÏóÇÎõáöåóÇ¡ æóÊóÑóÇÈöØö ÈóÚúÖöåö ÈöÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÌóÇáóÇÊö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÇäúÝößóÇßö ÏóæúáóÉò Úóäú ÃõÎúÑóì ãöãøóÇ íóÒöíÏõ ãöäú æõÌõæÈö ÇáöÇåúÊöãóÇãö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö.
æóÅöäøöí ãõÓúÊóÚöíäõ Çááøóåö Ýöí ÅöíÑóÇÏö ãóÇ Þöíáó ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ãõÞóÏøöãñ ãóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÃóÎúÐõåõ ãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚö ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ æóßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÅöäøóåóÇõ ãóäúÓõæÎóÉñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÒóíúÏò: ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Òóãóäó ÇáúãõæóÇÏóÚóÉö æóÊóÑúßö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÞöÊóÇáö Ëõãøó äõÓöÎóÊú¡ Þöíáó ÈöÂíóÉö: ÝóÇÞúÊõáõæÇ ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÍóíúËõ æóÌóÏúÊõãõæåõãú [9 \ 5] ÞóÇáóåõ ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ.(8/91)
æóÞöíáó: ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÇáÕøõáúÍö ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇáó ÒóÇáó ÍõßúãõåóÇ æóÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó.
æóÞöíáó: åöíó ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÚóåúÏö ÍóÊøóì íóäúÊóåöíó ÚóåúÏõåõãú Ãóæú íóäúÈöÐó Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóíú ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãõÄóÞøóÊóÉð ÈöæóÞúÊò æóãõÑúÊóÈöØóÉð ÈöÞóæúãò.
æóÞöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇÌöÒöíäó Úóäö ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó.
æóÞöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÖóÚóÝóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Úóäö ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö ÍöíäóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉõ æóÇÌöÈóÉð¡ Ýóáóãú íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Êóßõæäõ ÞóÏú äõÓöÎóÊú¡ ÈöÝóæóÇÊö æóÞúÊöåóÇ æóÐóåóÇÈö ãóäú Úõäöíó ÈöåóÇ.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãõÍúßóãóÉñ ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóäóÞóáóåõ Úóäú ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáö¡ æóäóÞóáó ãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí Ãõãøö ÃóÓúãóÇÁó ÈöäúÊö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÌóÇÁóÊú ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóåöíó áóãú ÊõÓúáöãú ÈóÚúÏõ æóßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú áöÇÈúäóÊöåóÇ ÈöåóÏóÇíóÇ ÝóÃóÈóÊú Ãóäú ÊóÞúÈóáóåóÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóÃóäú ÊóÓúÊóÞúÈöáóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÓúÊóÃúÐöäó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÃóÐöäó áóåóÇ æóÃóãóÑóåóÇ ÈöÕöáóÊöåóÇ æóÚóÒóÇåõ áöáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóãõÓúáöãò.
æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõ: ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö¡ æóÐóßóÑó Úóäö ÇáúãóÇæóÑúÏöíøö Ãóäøó ÞõÏõæãóåóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí æóÞúÊö ÇáúåõÏúäóÉö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó æóÞúÊó ÇáúåõÏúäóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÇáøóÐöí Þöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ãóäúÓõæÎñ Ãóíú ÈöÇäúÊöåóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÏóÇÆöÑóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöÍúßóÇãö æóÇáäøóÓúÎö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ÓóÈóÈö äõÒõæáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö æóÊóÞóíøóÏúäóÇ ÈöÕõæÑóÉö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö¡ äóÌöÏõ ÃóæøóáóåóÇ äóÒóáó ÈóÚúÏó ÇäúÊöåóÇÁö ÇáúÚóåúÏö ÈöäóÞúÖö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÅöíøóÇåõ¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÊóåóíøõÆö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó áöÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó¡ æóãóÌöíÁö Ãõãøö ÃóÓúãóÇÁó æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåõÏúäóÉö Ýóåóáú ßóÇäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ÏóÇÎöáóÇÊò Ýöí ÇáúÚóåúÏö Ãóãú áóÇ¿ áöÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍö ÈöÐößúÑöåöäøó.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö Ãõãøö ÃóÓúãóÇÁó Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáäøóÓúÎö æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊöåö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì Úõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö äóÌöÏö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÕóÑöíÍóÉð ÔóÇãöáóÉð áößõáøö ãóäú áóãú íõäóÇÕöÈö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáúÚóÏóÇÁó¡ æóáóãú íõÙúåöÑú ÓõæÁðÇ Åöáóíúåöãú¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäóº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäó Åöáóì ÖóÚóÝóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãóÚúáõæãñ ÈöÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÅöäøó ÏóÚúæóì ÇáäøóÓúÎö ÊóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì Ïóáöíáò Þóæöíøò íõÞóÇæöãõ ÕóÑóÇÍóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÕøö ÇáÔøóÇãöáö¡ æóÊóæóÝøõÑó ÔõÑõæØö ÇáäøóÓúÎö ÇáúãóÚúáõæãóÉö Ýöí ÃõÕõæáö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö.
æóíõÄóíøöÏõ ÚóÏóãó ÇáäøóÓúÎö ãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáö ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÍúßóãóÉñ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÊøóÞõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ÊõÞóÇÉð [3 \ 28] ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÑõÎúÕóÉñ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáúÎóæúÝö æóÇáÖøóÚúÝö ãóÚó ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÓóáóÇãóÉö ÇáÏøóÇÎöáö Ýöí ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóÝúåõæãóåõ(8/92)
ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÍúßóãóÉñ æóÈóÇÞò ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇááøõÒõæãö¡ æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÞõæøóÉò æóÚóÏóãö ÎóæúÝò æóÝöí ãóÃúãóäò ãöäúåõãú¡ æóáóíúÓó ãöäúåõãú ÞöÊóÇáñ¡ æóåõãú Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉò ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÇáóãóÉö ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÈöÑøöåöãú ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇØö ãóÚóåõãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÑúÝóÚõ ãöäú ÔóÃúäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ Èóáú æóÝöíåö ÏóÚúæóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÈöÍõÓúäö ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÉö¡ æóÊóÃúáöíÝö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóì ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó Åöáóíúåöãú¡ æóÚóÏóãö ãõÚóÇÏóÇÉö ãóäú áóãú íõÚóÇÏöåöãú¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ÇáøóÊöí äóæøóåúäóÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÐúíöíáö áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõÞúÓöØöíäó ÝóåóÐóÇ ÊóÑúÔöíÍñ áöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇÈóáó åóÐóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÐúíöíáö Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì: æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøóåõãú ãöäúßõãú ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó¡ ÝóÝöíåö ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇáÙøõáúãö ÝóÇáúÚóÏúáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÞöÓúØõ áöãóäú íõÓóÇáöãõßó¡ æóÇáÙøõáúãõ ãöãøóäú íõæóÇáöí ãóäú íõÚóÇÏöí Þóæúãóåõ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóäúÝöí ÇáäøóÓúÎó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáÊøóÚóÇÑõÖö Èóíúäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÈóíúäó ÂíóÉö ÇáÓøóíúÝö¡ áöÃóäøó ÔóÑúØó ÇáäøóÓúÎö ÇáÊøóÚóÇÑõÖõ¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÅöãúßóÇäö ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóãóÚúÑöÝóÉõ ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö¡ æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ åõäóÇ ãõãúßöäñ æóÇáÊøóÚóÇÑõÖõ ãóäúÝöíøñ¡ æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÈöÇáúÞöÊóÇáö áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäó ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ áöíõÝóÇÌöÆõæÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÈöÞöÊóÇáò ÍóÊøóì íóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõãú ÞóÈöáõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉó¡ æóÚóÇãóáõæÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáÐøöãøóÉö Èößõáøö ÅöÍúÓóÇäò æóÚóÏóÇáóÉò.
æóÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáÙøóÚöíäóÉö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÕóÇÍöÈóÉö ÇáúãóÒóÇÏóÊóíúäö áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæåóÇ Ãóæú íóÃúÓöÑõæåóÇ Ãóæú íóÓúÊóÈöíÍõæÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ Èóáö ÇÓúÊóÇÞõæåóÇ ÈöãóÇÆöåóÇ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÃóÎóÐó ãöäú ãóÒóÇÏóÊóíúåóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ¡ æóÏóÚóÇ Ýöíåö æóÑóÏøóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóæúÇ æóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: ÇÚúáóãöí Ãóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÞóÇäóÇ æóáóãú ÊóäúÞõÕú ãöäú ãóÒóÇÏóÊóíúßö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóÃóßúÑóãõæåóÇ æóÃóÍúÓóäõæÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÌóãóÚõæÇ áóåóÇ ØóÚóÇãðÇ¡ æóÃóÑúÓóáõæåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáöåóÇ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÊóÐúßõÑõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÊóÏúÚõæ ÞóæúãóåóÇ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóÞöÕøóÉõ ËõãóÇãóÉó áóãøóÇ ÌöíÁó Èöåö ÃóÓöíÑðÇ æóÑõÈöØó Ýöí ÓóÇÑöíóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÚóÇÌöÒðÇ Úóäö ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö áóãú íóãúäóÚúåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó íõÑóÇÍõ Úóáóíúåö ßõáøó íóæúãò ÈöÍóáöíÈö ÓóÈúÚö äöíóÇÞò ÍóÊøóì Ýõßøó ÃóÓúÑõåõ ÝóÃóÓúáóãó ØóæóÇÚöíóÉð¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ äóÕøó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ äõØúÚöãõßõãú áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [76 \ 8 - 9] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú Ëóãøó ÃóÓöíÑò ÈöíóÏö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóÝöí ÓóäóÉö ÊöÓúÚò æóåöíó ÓóäóÉõ ÇáúæõÝõæÏö¡ ÝóßóÇäó íóÞúÏöãõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÝóíóÊóáóÞøóæúäó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó ÈöÇáúÈöÑøö æóÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö ßóæóÝúÏö äóÌúÑóÇäó æóÛóíúÑöåöãú æóåóÇåõæ ÐóÇ æóÝúÏõ Êóãöíãò ÌóÇÁó íõÝóÇÎöÑõ(8/93)
æóíõÝóÇæöÖõ Ýöí ÃõÓóÇÑóì áóåõ¡ ÝóíóÃúÐóäõ áóåõãú - Õáøì Çááå Úáíå æÓáã - æóíóÓúÊóãöÚõ ãõÝóÇÎóÑóÊöåöãú æóíóÃúãõÑõ ãóäú íóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÝöí ÇáäøöåóÇíóÉö íõÓúáöãõæäó æóíõÌöíÒõåõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúÌóæóÇÆöÒö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÞúæóì Ïóáöíáò Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáäøóÓúÎö¡ áöÃóäøó æóÝúÏðÇ íóÃúÊöí ãõÊóÍóÏøöíðÇ ãõÝóÇÎöÑðÇ áóßöäøóåõ áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáú æóáóãú íõÙóÇåöÑú Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÃóãúÑò ÌóÇÑò Ýöí ÚõÑúÝö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÝóÌóÇÑóÇåõãú Ýöíåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÃóÚúáóäó áóåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ ÈöÇáúãõÝóÇÎóÑóÉö ÈõÚöËó¡ æóáóßöäú ÊóÑóÝøõÞðÇ Èöåöãú¡ æóÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ Åöáóíúåöãú¡ æóÊóÃúáöíÝðÇ áöÞõáõæÈöåöãú¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÝóÃóÓúáóãõæÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÊõÚúØöíåö ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÅöãóÇãõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ãöäú äóæóÇÍöí ÇáäøóÞúáö æóÃóÎöíÑðÇ ÎóÊóãó ÈóÍúËóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÃóæúáóì ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈöÇáÕøóæóÇÈö Þóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó Úóäóì ÈöÐóáößó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö¡ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÃóÕúäóÇÝö Çáúãöáóáö æóÇáúÃóÏúíóÇäö Ãóäú ÊóÈóÑøõæåõãú æóÊóÕöáõæåõãú æóÊõÞúÓöØõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó Úóãøó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú¡ ÌóãöíÚó ãóäú ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÕöÝóÊõåõ Ýóáóãú íõÎóÕøöÕú Èöåö ÈóÚúÖðÇ Ïõæäó ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóáóÇ ãóÚúäóì áöÞóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Ðóáößó ãóäúÓõæÎñº áöÃóäøó ÈöÑøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍóÑúÈö ãöãøóäú Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäóåõ ÞóÑóÇÈóÉõ äóÓóÈò Ãóæú ãöãøóäú áóÇ ÞóÑóÇÈóÉó Èóíúäóåõ æóáóÇ äóÓóÈó ÛóíúÑõ ãõÍóÑøóãò¡ æóáóÇ ãóäúåöíøñ Úóäúåõ¡ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÏóáóÇáóÉñ áóåõ Ãóæú áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÍóÑúÈö Úóáóì ÚóæúÑóÉò áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ Ãóæú ÊóÞúæöíóÉñ áóåõãú ÈößõÑóÇÚò Ãóæú ÓöáóÇÍò.
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÕöÍøóÉó ãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúÎóÈóÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÃóÓúãóÇÁó æóÃõãøöåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõÞúÓöØöíäó¡ íóÞõæáõ Åöäö Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõäúÕöÝöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõäúÕöÝõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó æóíõÚúØõæäóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÇáúÚóÏúáó ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ ÝóíóÈöÑøõæäó ãóäú ÈóÑøóåõãú¡ æóíõÍúÓöäõæäó Åöáóì ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó Åöáóíúåöãú¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ.
æóÝöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö áöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ãóÈúÍóËñ åóÇãøñ äóÓõæÞõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöäóÕøöåö áöÃóåóãøöíøóÊöåö:
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö¡ ÞóÇáó: íõÞóÇáõ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ: Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÊóÃóËøóÑó ãöäú ÕöáóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÃóÍúÓóÈõ Ðóáößó áóãøóÇ äóÒóáó ÝóÑúÖõ ÌöåóÇÏöåöãú æóÞóØúÚõ ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉö Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäóåõãú æóäóÒóáó: áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ ÞóæúãðÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö íõæóÇÏøõæäó ãóäú ÍóÇÏøó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ [58 \ 22] ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÎóÇÝõæÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉõ ÇáÕøöáóÉó ÈöÇáúãóÇáö ÃóäúÒóáó: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú Ãóäú ÊóÈóÑøõæåõãú æóÊõÞúÓöØõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõÞúÓöØöíäó ÅöäøóãóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇÊóáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóÃóÎúÑóÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú æóÙóÇåóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌößõãú Ãóäú Êóæóáøóæúåõãú æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøóåõãú ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó(8/94)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáÕøöáóÉõ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÈöÑøö¡ æóÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇØö¡ æóáöíäö ÇáúßóáóÇãö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÓóáóÉö ÈöÍõßúãö Çááøóåö ÛóíúÑó ãóÇ äõåõæÇ Úóäúåõ ãöäó ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉö áöãóäú äõåõæÇ Úóäú æóáóÇíóÊöåö ãóÚó ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÈóÇÍó ÈöÑøó ãóäú áóãú íõÙóÇåöÑú Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇØó Åöáóíúåöãú æóáóãú íõÍóÑøöãú Ðóáößó Åöáóì ãóäú áóãú íõÙóÇåöÑú Úóáóíúåöãú Èóáú ÐóßóÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóÇåóÑõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóäóÇåõãú Úóäú æóáóÇíóÊöåöãú ÅöÐú ßóÇäó ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÈöÑøö æóÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇØö¡ æóßóÇäó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÇÏóì ÈóÚúÖó ÃõÓóÇÑóì ÈóÏúÑò¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÒøóÉó ÇáúÌõãóÍöíøõ ãöãøóäú ãóäøó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ ÈöÚóÏóÇæóÊöåö æóÇáÊøóÃúáöíÈö Úóáóíúåö ÈöäóÝúÓöåö æóáöÓóÇäöåö¡ æóãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÈóÏúÑò Úóáóì ËõãóÇãóÉó Èúäö ÃõËóÇáò¡ æóßóÇäó ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ ÈöÚóÏóÇæóÊöåö¡ æóÃóãóÑó ÈöÞóÊúáöåö Ëõãøó ãóäøó Úóáóíúåö ÈóÚúÏó ÃóÓúÑöåö æóÃóÓúáóãó ËõãóÇãóÉõ æóÍóÈóÓó ÇáúãöíÑóÉó Úóäú Ãóåúáö ãóßøóÉó ÝóÓóÃóáõæÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íóÃúÐóäó áóåõ Ãóäú íõãöíÑóåõãú ÝóÃóÐöäó áóåõ ÝóãóÇÑóåõãú.
æóÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ [76 \ 8] ¡ æóÇáúÃóÓúÑóì íóßõæäõæäó ãöãøóäú ÍóÇÏøó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ. ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÕóæøóÈóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÞúÊóÖöíåö ÑõæÍõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö¡ ÃóãøóÇ æöÌúåóÉõ ÇáäøóÙóÑö ÇáøóÊöí æóÚóÏúäóÇ ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãöåóÇ Ýóåöíó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Çáúíóæúãó ãõÔúÊóÑößóÉñ ãóÕóÇáöÍõåõãú ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈöÈóÚúÖò æóãõÑúÊóÈöØóÉñ ÈöãóÌúãõæÚö Ïõæóáö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ãöäú ãõÔúÑößöíäó æóÃóåúáö ßöÊóÇÈò¡ æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ áöÃõãøóÉò Çáúíóæúãó Ãóäú ÊóÚöíÔó ãõäúÚóÒöáóÉð Úóäö ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚóÉö ÇáÏøóæúáöíøóÉöº áöÊóÏóÇÎõáö ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö æóÊóÔóÇÈõßöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇÓöíøóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌóÇáö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøö ÚóÕóÈö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö Çáúíóæúãó ãöäú ÅöäúÊóÇÌò Ãóæú ÊóÕúäöíÚò Ãóæú ÊóÓúæöíÞò¡ ÝóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãõÓóÇÚóÏóÉð Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáÊøóÚóÇãõáö ãóÚó ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãõÓóÇáöãöíäó æóãõÈóÇÏóáóÊöåöãú ãóÕúáóÍóÉð ÈöãóÕúáóÍóÉò Úóáóì ÃóÓóÇÓö ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÈóíøóäóåõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãóæúÞöÝö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Çáúíóæúãó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÖóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÛóÑúÈöíøóÉö Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊò ãöäú ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÇÊöåö æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóÈöÔóÑúØö ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ãöäú ÓóáóÇãóÉö ÇáÏøóÇÎöáö Ãóíú: ÚóÏóãõ Çáúãóíúáö ÈöÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ æóáóæú Þöíáó ÈöÔóÑúØò ÂÎóÑó æóåõæó ãóÚó ÚóÏóãö æõÌõæÏö Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøó íóÊóÚóÇæóäõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖöåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÚúæóÒóåõ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖó Ïõæóáöåö ÍóÇÌóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöãøóäú áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæåõãú æóáóãú íõÙóÇåöÑõæÇ ÚóÏõæøðÇ Úóáóì ÞöÊóÇáöåöãú ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÚóÇæõäö ãóÚó Êöáúßó ÇáÏøóæúáóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ßõáøó ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÚóãóáöíøðÇ ãõÚóÇãóáóÉõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÎõáóÝóÇÆöåö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö áöáúíóåõæÏö Ýöí ÎóíúÈóÑó.
ÝóãöãøóÇ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö Ãóäøóåõãú ÏóÇÎöáõæäó ÃóæøóáðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó(8/95)
[60 \ 1] ¡ æóãóäúÕõæÕñ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ãõæóÇáóÇÊöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÇáúíóåõæÏó æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøóåõãú ãöäúßõãú ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãöäúåõãú Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [5 \ 51] .
æóãóÚó Ðóáößó áóãøóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõãú - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö æóÍóÇÕóÑóåõãú ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí ÎóíúÈóÑó¡ æóÝóÊóÍóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí ÞóÈúÖóÉö íóÏöåö Ýóáóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Ýöí ãóæúÞöÝö ÇáúãõÞóÇÊöáöíäó¡ æóáóÇ ãõÙóÇåöÑöíäó Úóáóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ÚóÇãóáóåõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö ÝóÚóÇãóáóåõãú Úóáóì ÃóÑúÖö ÎóíúÈóÑó æóäóÎöíáöåóÇ æóÃóÈúÞóÇåõãú ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÌõÒúÁò ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÉö ßóÃõÌóÑóÇÁó íóÚúãóáõæäó áöÍöÓóÇÈöåö æóÍöÓóÇÈö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ Ýóáóãú íóÊøóÎöÐúåõãú ÚóÈöíÏðÇ íõÓóÎøöÑõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÈóÞöíóÊú ãõÚóÇãóáóÊõåõãú ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇÈúäö ÑóæóÇÍóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - áóãøóÇ ÐóåóÈó íóÎúÑõÕõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÚóÑóÖõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÚóÑóÖõæÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøöÔúæóÉöº áöíõÎóÝøöÝó Úóäúåõãú¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ßóáöãóÊóåõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉó: æóÇááøóåö áöÃóäúÊóãú ÃóÈúÛóÖõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö Åöáóíøó æóÌöÆúÊõßõãú ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÃóÍóÈøö ÇáúÎóáúÞö Åöáóíøó¡ æóáóäú íóÍúãöáóäöí ÈõÛúÖöí áóßõãú¡ æóáóÇ ÍõÈøöí áóåõ Ãóäú ÃóÍúíóÝó Úóáóíúßõãú¡ ÝóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÎõÐõæÇ ÈöäöÕúÝö ãóÇ ÞõÏøöÑóÊú¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóßõÝøõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóßõãú æóáóßõãú äöÕúÝõ ãóÇ ÞõÏøöÑóÊú¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ: ÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ Ãóíú: ÈöÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö æóÇáúÞöÓúØö¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó äöåóÇíóÉó Òóãóäöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÎöáóÇÝóÉó ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞö¡ æóÕóÏóÑóÇ ãöäú ÎöáóÇÝóÉö ÚõãóÑó ÍóÊøóì ÃóÌúáóÇåõãú ÚóäúåóÇ.
æóãöËúáõ Ðóáößó ÇáúãõÄóáøóÝóÉõ ÞõáõæÈõåõãú ÃóÚúØóÇåõãú - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö æóÃóÚúØóÇåõãõ ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ ÍóÊøóì ãóäóÚóåõãú ÚõãóÑõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóØóáúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö áöÃóåóãøöíøóÊöåóÇ æóãóÓöíÓö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ Çáúíóæúãó.
æóÝöí ÇáúÎöÊóÇãö Åöäøó ÃóÔóÏøó ãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ æõÖõæÍðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö æóáóãú íóÏøóÚö ÃóÍóÏñ Ýöíåö äóÓúÎðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÌóÇåóÏóÇßó Úóáì Ãóäú ÊõÔúÑößó Èöí ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßó Èöåö Úöáúãñ ÝóáóÇ ÊõØöÚúåõãóÇ æóÕóÇÍöÈúåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ [31 \ 15] .
ÝóåóÐöåö ÍõÓúäõ ãõÚóÇãóáóÉò¡ æóÈöÑøò¡ æóÅöÍúÓóÇäò áöãóäú ÌóÇåóÏó ÇáúãõÓúáöãó Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÔúÑößó ÈöÇááøóåö æóáóãú íõÞóÇÊöáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÍóÞøõ ÇáúÃõÈõæøóÉö ãõÞóÏøóãðÇ¡ æóáóæú ãóÚó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãõÌóÇåóÏóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÔøöÑúßö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö äóÝúÓöåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ÚóáöãúÊõãõæåõäøó ãõÄúãöäóÇÊò ÝóáóÇ ÊóÑúÌöÚõæåõäøó Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áóÇ åõäøó Íöáøñ áóåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍöáøõæäó áóåõäøó [60 \ 10] .(8/96)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ãõåóÇÌöÑóÇÊò ÝóÇãúÊóÍöäõæåõäøó Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÅöíãóÇäöåöäøó ÝóÅöäú ÚóáöãúÊõãõæåõäøó ãõÄúãöäóÇÊò ÝóáóÇ ÊóÑúÌöÚõæåõäøó Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áóÇ åõäøó Íöáøñ áóåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍöáøõæäó áóåõäøó æóÂÊõæåõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ æóáóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóäú ÊóäúßöÍõæåõäøó ÅöÐóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõãõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó æóáóÇ ÊõãúÓößõæÇ ÈöÚöÕóãö ÇáúßóæóÇÝöÑö æóÇÓúÃóáõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞúÊõãú æóáúíóÓúÃóáõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ Ðóáößõãú Íõßúãõ Çááøóåö íóÍúßõãõ Èóíúäóßõãú æóÇááøóåõ Úóáöíãñ Íóßöíãñ (10)
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÊõæåõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ [60 \ 10] Ãóíú: ÂÊõæÇ ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÃóÒúæóÇÌó ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó åöÌúÑóÊöåöäøó¡ ÝóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÃóÓúáóãóÊö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉõ æóåóÇÌóÑóÊú æóÇäúÍóáøóÊö ÇáúÚöÕúãóÉõ ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÒóæúÌöåóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ æóÈóÚõÏóÊú Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö æóÝóÇÊóÊú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóãú íóÞúÏöÑú ÚóáóíúåóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ãóäú íõÄúÊõæÇ ÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõäøó æóåõãú ãõÔúÑößõæäó¡ ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ ãöäú ÕóÏóÇÞò ÚöäúÏó ÇáÒøóæóÇÌö æóäóÍúæöåö ãóÚó ÈóÞóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÚóÌúÒöåöãú Úóäö ÇÓúÊöÑúÌóÇÚö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÌóæóÇÒö ãõæóÇáóÇÊöåöãú ÞóØúÚðÇ áößõÝúÑöåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÉö ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ãõåóÇÌöÑóÇÊò ÝóÇãúÊóÍöäõæåõäøó Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÅöíãóÇäöåöäøó ÝóÅöäú ÚóáöãúÊõãõæåõäøó ãõÄúãöäóÇÊò ÝóáóÇ ÊóÑúÌöÚõæåõäøó Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áóÇ åõäøó Íöáøñ áóåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍöáøõæäó áóåõäøó æóÂÊõæåõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ æóáóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóäú ÊóäúßöÍõæåõäøó ÅöÐóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõãõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó æóáóÇ ÊõãúÓößõæÇ ÈöÚöÕóãö ÇáúßóæóÇÝöÑö æóÇÓúÃóáõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞúÊõãú æóáúíóÓúÃóáõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ Ðóáößõãú Íõßúãõ Çááøóåö íóÍúßõãõ Èóíúäóßõãú æóÇááøóåõ Úóáöíãñ Íóßöíãñ.
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ãõåóÇÌöÑóÇÊò ÝóÇãúÊóÍöäõæåõäøó Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÅöíãóÇäöåöäøó¡ äóÕøó Úóáóì ÇãúÊöÍóÇäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑóÇÊö¡ æóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóãúÊóÍöäõåõäøó ãóÇ ÎóÑóÌóÊú ßõÑúåðÇ áöÒóæúÌò¡ Ãóæú ÝöÑóÇÑðÇ áöÓóÈóÈò æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÞöíáó: ßóÇäó ÇãúÊöÍóÇäõåõäøó ÈöÇáúÈóíúÚóÉö ÇáúÂÊöíóÉö: áóÇ íõÔúÑößúäó ÈöÇááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóÓúÑöÞúäó [60 \ 12] ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó áóÇ íõãúÊóÍóäõæäó.
æóÝöÚúáðÇ áóãú íóßõäö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóãúÊóÍöäõ ãóäú åóÇÌóÑó Åöáóíúåö æóÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Ýöí ÇãúÊöÍóÇäöåöäøó Ïõæäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ åõæó ãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑóÊú Åöáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ÚóáöãúÊõãõæåõäøó ãõÄúãöäóÇÊò¡ ßóÃóäøó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉó æóÍúÏóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóßúÝöí Ýöí ÍóÞøöåöäøó ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÔóåöÏó Çááøóåõ áóåõãú ÈöÕöÏúÞö ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú ÈöÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäú ÏöíÇÑöåöãú æóÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ æóíóäúÕõÑõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞõæäó [59 \ 8] ¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌó ãõåóÇÌöÑðÇ íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Úóáóíúåö ÊóÈöÚóÉó ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö æóÇáäøõÕúÑóÉö ÝóáóÇ íõåóÇÌöÑõ ÅöáøóÇ æóåõæó ÕóÇÏöÞõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÝóáóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÇãúÊöÍóÇäò¡ æóáóÇ íóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåö ãõåóÇÌöÑõ Ãõãøö ÞóíúÓòº áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóãúÑñ ÌóÇäöÈöíøñ¡ æóáóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ãöäó ÇáúãõåöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøóÉö áöáúåöÌúÑóÉö Çáúãõäóæøöåö Úóäúåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÎóÑóÌúÊõãú ÌöåóÇÏðÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáöí [60 \ 1] ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÝóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåöäøó ÌöåóÇÏñ æóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõäøó ÈöÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö ÃóíøóÉõ ÊóÈóÚöíøóÉò¡ ÝóÃóíøõ ÓóÈóÈò íõæóÇÌöåõåõäøó Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåöäøó ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáÒøóæúÌö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõäøó íóÎúÑõÌúäó ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö ÝóßóÇäó Ðóáößó ãõæÌöÈðÇ(8/97)
áöáÊøóæóËøõÞö ãöäú åöÌúÑóÊöåöäøó ÈöÇãúÊöÍóÇäöåöäøó áöíõÚúáóãó ÅöíãóÇäõåõäøó¡ æóíõÑóÔøöÍõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÅöíãóÇäöåöäøó¡ æóÝöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö: ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞõæäó [59 \ 8] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó åöÌúÑóÉó ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÞøñ ãóÚó ØóÑóÝò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóåõæó ÇáÒøóæúÌõ ÝóíóÝúÓóÎõ äößóÇÍóåóÇ ãöäúåõ¡ æóíõÚóæøóÖõ åõæó ÚóãøóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÅöÓúÞóÇØõ ÍóÞøöåö Ýöí ÇáäøößóÇÍö æóÅöíÌóÇÈõ ÍóÞøöåö Ýöí ÇáúÚöæóÖö ÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÍõÞõæÞöíøóÉñ¡ ÊóÊóØóáøóÈõ ÅöËúÈóÇÊðÇ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö åöÌúÑóÉö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ÚóáöãúÊõãõæåõäøó ãõÄúãöäóÇÊò ÝóáóÇ ÊóÑúÌöÚõæåõäøó Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáöÇãúÊöÍóÇäö æóÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÃóäøóåõäøó ãõÄúãöäóÇÊñ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÅöÑúÌóÇÚõåõäøó Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑöº áöÃóäøóåõãú íõÄúÐõæäóåõäøó Åöäú ÑóÌóÚúäó Åöáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóáöÃóíøö ÔóíúÁò íóÃúÊöí ÇáäøóÕøõ Úóáóíúåö¿
ÞóÇáó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ãõÎóÕøöÕóÉñ áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãõÚóÇåóÏóÉö ÕõáúÍö ÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö¡ æóÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ãõÓúáöãðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÑóÏøõæåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ æóãóäú ÌóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ßóÇÝöÑðÇ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó áóÇ íóÑõÏøõæäóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÝóÃõÎúÑöÌóÊö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÚóÇåóÏóÉö æóÃóÈúÞóÊö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ æóÊóÎúÕöíÕõ ÇáÓøõäóÉö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÊóÎúÕöíÕõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÇáÓøõäóÉö ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉó ãöäú ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÎõÕøöÕó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Èöåö ... Ãóæú ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãõØúáóÞðÇ ÝóáúÊóäúÊóÈöåú
æóãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ áöÃóãúËöáóÉö ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáÓøõäóÉö ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Þóæúáõåõ Õáøì Çááå Úáíå æÓáã: «ãóÇ ÃõÈöíäó ãöäú Íóíøò Ýóåõæó ãóíøöÊñ» ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÍóÑøóãñ¡ ÌóÇÁó ÊóÎúÕöíÕõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÃóÕúæóÇÝöåóÇ æóÃóæúÈóÇÑöåóÇ [16 \ 80] Ãóíú: áóíúÓó ãõÍóÑøóãðÇ.
æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÈöÇáÓøõäóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍõÑøöãóÊú Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúãóíúÊóÉõ æóÇáÏøóãõ [5 \ 3] ÌóÇÁó ÊóÎúÕöíÕõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÈöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃõÍöáøóÊú áóäóÇ ãóíúÊóÊóÇäö¡ æóÏóãóÇäö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóíúÊóÊóÇäö: ÝóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏõ æóÇáúÍõæÊõ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÌóÇÁóÊú ÓõÈóíúÚóÉõ ÈöäúÊõ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúÃóÓúáóãöíøóÉõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö ÈóÚúÏõ¡ ÝóÃóÞúÈóáó ÒóæúÌõåóÇ æóßóÇäó ßóÇÝöÑðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ ÇÑúÏõÏú Úóáóíøó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÝóÅöäøóßó ÔóÑóØúÊó Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐöåö ØöíäóÉõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóãú ÊóÌöÝøó ÈóÚúÏõ¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: ÅöäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ãõÎóÕøöÕóÉð áöáúãõÚóÇåóÏóÉöº áöÃóäøó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó áóãú íóÏúÎõáúäó ÝöíåóÇ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ÝóÞóØú.(8/98)
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ãóäøó Ãõãøó ßõáúËõæãò ÈöäúÊó ÚõÞúÈóÉó Èúäó ÃóÈöí ãõÚóíúØò ÌóÇÁóÊú ÝóÇÑøóÉð ãöäú ÒóæúÌöåóÇ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö æóãóÚóåóÇ ÃóÎóæóÇåóÇ ÚõãóÇÑóÉõ æóÇáúæóáöíÏõ¡ ÝóÑóÏøó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÎóæóíúåóÇ æóÍóÈóÓóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ áöáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ÑõÏøóåóÇ ÚóáóíúäóÇ áöáÔøóÑúØö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóÑúØõ Ýöí ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÎóÕøöÕóÉñ áöãõÚóÇåóÏóÉö ÇáúåõÏúäóÉö¡ æóåöíó ãöäú ÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáúÃóãúËöáóÉö áöÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáÓøõäóÉö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò.
æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÎóÕøöÕóÉñ Úóäú ÚõÑúæóÉó¡ æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö¡ æóÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóãõÞóÇÊöáö Èúäö ÍóíøóÇäó æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøö.
æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÎóÕøöÕóÉñ ÃóãúÑóÇäö ãóÐúßõæÑóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËóÊú ÍõßúãðÇ ÌóÏöíÏðÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøöåöäøó æóåõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúÍöáøöíóÉö Èóíúäóåõäøó æóÈóíúäó ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöäøó¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÍóáøó áöÅöÑúÌóÇÚöåöäøó¡ æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÊóäúÝöíÐõ ãõÚóÇåóÏóÉö ÇáúåõÏúäóÉö ãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãö ÝóÎóÑóÌúäó ãöäúåóÇ æóÈóÞöíó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåõãóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÌóÚóáóÊú áöáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÍóÞøó ÇáúãõÚóÇæóÖóÉö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóíúåöäøó¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóßõäøó ÏóÇÎöáóÇÊò ÃóæøóáðÇ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó ØóáóÈõ ÇáúãõÚóÇæóÖóÉö ãõáúÒöãðÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÕóÇÑó ãõáúÒöãðÇ¡ æóãõæÌöÈõ ÅöáúÒóÇãöåö Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóãúáößõæäó ãóäúÚóåõäøó ãöäó ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúãõÚóÇåóÏóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌúäó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÅöÐúäö ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö ßõäøó ßóãóäú äóÞóÖó ÇáúÚóåúÏó ÝóáóÒöãóåõäøó ÇáúÚöæóÖõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ÚóáöãúÊõãõæåõäøó ãõÄúãöäóÇÊò ÝóáóÇ ÊóÑúÌöÚõæåõäøó Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áóÇ åõäøó Íöáøñ áóåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍöáøõæäó áóåõäøó¡ ÝöíåóÇ ÊóÍúÑöíãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó ÈöÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö áóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÓúáóãó æóåóÇÌóÑó ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÈóÞöíóÊö ÇáúÚöÕúãóÉõ Åöáóì äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáúÚõÏøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú åóÇÌóÑó ÇáØøóÑóÝõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóåõãóÇ Úóáóì äößóÇÍöåöãóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
æóåõäóÇ ãóÈúÍóËõ ÒóíúäóÈó ÈöäúÊö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÚó ÒóæúÌöåóÇ ÃóÈöí ÇáúÚóÇÕö Èúäö ÇáÑøóÈöíÚö.
æóÞóÏú ßóËõÑó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÃóãúÑö ÑóÏøöåóÇ Åöáóíúåö åóáú ßóÇäó ÈöÇáúÚóÞúÏö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ Ãóæú ÌóÏøóÏó áóåóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚóÞúÏðÇ ÌóÏöíÏðÇ¡ æóãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ßóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÇáÑøóÈúØõ Èóíúäó ÊóÇÑöíÎö ÅöÓúáóÇãöåóÇ æóÊóÇÑöíÎö ÅöÓúáóÇãöåö¡ æóÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÓöÊøõ ÓóäóæóÇÊò æóåóÐóÇ ÎóØóÃñº áöÃóäøó ÞóÈúáó äõÒõæáö ÇáúÂíóÉö áóãú íóÞóÚú ÊóÍúÑöíãñ Èóíúäó ãõÓúáöãóÉò æóßóÇÝöÑò¡ æóäõÒõæáõåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö æóÅöÓúáóÇãõåóÇ ßóÇäó ÓóäóÉó ËóãóÇäò¡ ÝóíõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇäúÞöÖóÇÁö ÚöÏøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íõæóÇÝöÞõ Úóáóì ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ¡ æóäóÞóáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÞóæúáðÇ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãóÉó ßóÇäóÊú ÈöÇáúÎöíóÇÑö Åöäú ÔóÇÁóÊú ÝóÓóÎóÊú äößóÇÍóåóÇ(8/99)
æóÊóÒóæøóÌóÊú ÈóÚúÏó ÇäúÞöÖóÇÁö ÚöÏøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÇÁóÊö ÇäúÊóÙóÑóÊú. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ áóåõ æóÌúåñº áöÃóäøóåõ ÈöÅöÓúáóÇãöåóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ßõÝúÃð áóåóÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÊóÝóÊö ÇáúßóÝóÇÁóÉõ ÃõÚúØöíóÊö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉõ ÇáúÎöíóÇÑó¡ ßóÞöÕøóÉö ÈóÑöíÑóÉó áóãøóÇ ÚõÊöÞóÊú æóßóÇäó ÒóæúÌõåóÇ ãóãúáõæßðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÑõÏøõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ åõäøó Íöáøñ áóåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍöáøõæäó áóåõäøó áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ßõÝúÑö ÇáÒøóæúÌö áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÑúÌöÚõæåõäøó Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÊõæåõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÉó ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú ÈöÓóÈóÈò ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö Ãóäøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÑóÏøó ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞó ÇáÒøóæúÌõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóßóæúäõåõ ÇáÕøóÏóÇÞó Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑó ÞóÏú ÈóÍóËóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÎõáúÚö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõãúÓößõæÇ ÈöÚöÕóãö ÇáúßóæóÇÝöÑö¡ ÃóãóÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÈöÝóßøö ÚöÕúãóÉö ÒóæúÌóÇÊöåöãö ÇáúßóæóÇÝöÑö¡ ÝóØóáøóÞó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö íóæúãóÆöÐò ÒóæúÌóÊóíúäö¡ æóØóáøóÞó ØóáúÍóÉõ Èúäõ ÚõÈóíúÏö Çááøóåö ÒóæúÌóÊóåõ ÃóÑúæóì ÈöäúÊó ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ æóÚöÕóãõ ÇáúßóæóÇÝöÑö ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ßóÇÝöÑóÉò¡ ÝóíóÔúãóáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøóÇÊö áößõÝúÑöåöäøó ÈöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö ÇáúæóáóÏö áöáøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÍóÞøóÞóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - æóáóßöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãó ÞóÏú ÎõÕøöÕó ÈöÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøóÇÊö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúãõÍúÕóäóÇÊõ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó [5 \ 5] Ãóíú: ÇáúÍóÑóÇÆöÑõ¡ æóÈóÞöíóÊö ÇáúÍõÑúãóÉõ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößóÉö ÈöÇáúÚóÞúÏö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúÈöíÏö.
æóãóÝúåõæãõ ÇáúÚöÕúãóÉö áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÇáúÅöãúÓóÇßó Èöãöáúßö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ ÝóíóÍöáøõ áöáúãõÓúáöãö ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚõ ÈöÇáúãõÔúÑößóÉö Èöãöáúßö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Êóßõæäõ ÍõÑúãóÉõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ãõØúáóÞðÇ ãõÔúÑößðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ßöÊóÇÈöíøðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúÈöíÏö áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ åõäøó Íöáøñ áóåõãú¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö¡ æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍöáøõæäó áóåõäøó¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáäøößóÇÍö ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú áóãú íóÓúÊóØöÚú ãöäúßõãú ØóæúáðÇ Ãóäú íóäúßöÍó ÇáúãõÍúÕóäóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 25] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
åõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ¡ æóåõæó: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ åõæó ÓóÈóÈó Ýóßøö ÚöÕúãóÉö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑóÉö ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ æóÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúãõÓúáöãóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÝóáöãóÇÐóÇ ÍóáøóÊö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑóÉõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áöáúãõÓúáöãö¡ æóáóãú ÊóÍöáøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãóÉõ áöáúßóÇÝöÑö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¿ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó íóÚúáõæ æóáóÇ íõÚúáóì Úóáóíúåö æóÇáúÞóæóÇãóÉõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóæóÇÌö áöáÒøóæúÌö ÞóØúÚðÇ áöÌóÇäöÈö ÇáÑøõÌõæáóÉö¡ æóÅöäú ÊóÚóÇÏóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍöáøöíóÉö ÈöÇáúÚóÞúÏöº áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÚóÇÏõáó áóÇ íõáúÛöí ÇáúÝóæóÇÑöÞó ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãöáúßö Çáúíóãöíäö¡(8/100)
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇãúÊóáóßó ÑóÌõáñ ÇãúÑóÃóÉð Íóáøó áóåõ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóãúÊöÚó ãöäúåóÇ Èöãöáúßö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÅöÐóÇ ÇãúÊóáóßóÊú ÚóÈúÏðÇ áóÇ íóÍöáøõ áóåóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÓúÊóãúÊöÚó ãöäúåõ Èöãöáúßö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóáöÞóæóÇãóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóÚóáóì ÃóæúáóÇÏöåóÇ æóåõæó ßóÇÝöÑñ áóÇ íóÓúáóãõ áóåóÇ ÏöíäõåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ áöÃóæúáóÇÏöåóÇ.
æóÇáúÌóÇäöÈõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ôõãõæáõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÞõÕõæÑõ ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóíóäúÈóäöí Úóáóíúåö ÃóãúÑñ ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøñ áóåõ ãóÓóÇÓñ ÈößöíóÇäö ÇáúÃõÓúÑóÉö æóÍõÓúäö ÇáúÚöÔúÑóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãó ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÒóæøóÌó ßöÊóÇÈöíøóÉð¡ Ýóåõæó íõÄúãöäõ ÈößöÊóÇÈöåóÇ æóÈöÑóÓõæáöåóÇ¡ ÝóÓóíóßõæäõ ãóÚóåóÇ Úóáóì ãóÈúÏóÃö ãóäú íóÍúÊóÑöãõ ÏöíäóåóÇ áöÅöíãóÇäöåö Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóÓóíóßõæäõ åõäóÇßó ãóÌóÇáñ áöáÊøóÝóÇåõãö¡ æóÞóÏú íóÍúÕõáõ ÇáÊøóæóÕøõáõ Åöáóì ÅöÓúáóÇãöåóÇ ÈöãõæÌöÈö ßöÊóÇÈöåóÇ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÒóæøóÌó ãõÓúáöãóÉð¡ Ýóåõæó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÏöíäöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ ãöäúåõ ÇÍúÊöÑóÇãðÇ áöãóÈúÏóÆöåóÇ æóÏöíäöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÌóÇáó áöáúãõÝóÇåóãóÉö ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÃóãúÑò áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ Èöåö ßõáøöíøóÉð¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí ÝóáóÇ ãóÌóÇáó áöáÊøóÝóÇåõãö æóáóÇ áöáúæöÆóÇãö¡ æóÅöÐðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÌóÏúæóì ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÒøóæóÇÌö ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ ÝóãóäóÚó ãöäúåõ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóäú ÊóäúßöÍõæåõäøó ÅöÐóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõãõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó¡ íóÚúäöí ÕóÏóÇÞóåõäøó.
æóíóÏõáøõ ÈöãóÝúåõæãöåö Ãóäøó ÇáäøößóÇÍó ÈöÏõæäö ÇáúÃõÌõæÑö Ýöíåö ÌõäóÇÍñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇãúÑóÃóÉð ãõÄúãöäóÉð Åöäú æóåóÈóÊú äóÝúÓóåóÇ áöáäøóÈöíøö Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóäúßöÍóåóÇ ÎóÇáöÕóÉð áóßó ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [33 \ 50] ¡ ÝóåöÈóÉõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö äóÝúÓóåóÇ ÈöÏõæäö ÕóÏóÇÞò ÎóÇÕøñ Èöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóÇáöÕóÉð áóßó ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ áóÇ íõÍöáøõåõ áöÛóíúÑöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõãõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó¡ ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáäøößóÇÍó áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇáúÃõÌõæÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÚóÞúÏö ÈöÏõæäö ÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇáÕøóÏóÇÞö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó Úóáóíúßõãú Åöäú ØóáøóÞúÊõãõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó ãóÇ áóãú ÊóãóÓøõæåõäøó Ãóæú ÊóÝúÑöÖõæÇ áóåõäøó ÝóÑöíÖóÉð æóãóÊøöÚõæåõäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 236] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ Íõßúãó ÇáúãõÝóæøóÖóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÏóÎóáó ÈöåóÇ Ýóáóåõ ÕóÏóÇÞõ ÇáúãöËúáö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÃõÌõæÑö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÏóÇÞö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äößóÇÍö ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö áöãóäú áóãú íóÓúÊóØöÚú ØóæúáðÇ áöáúÍóÑóÇÆöÑö: Ýóãöäú ãóÇ ãóáóßóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõßõãú ãöäú ÝóÊóíóÇÊößõãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóÇäúßöÍõæåõäøó ÈöÅöÐúäö Ãóåúáöåöäøó æóÂÊõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó [4 \ 25] æóÝöí äößóÇÍö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö: æóÇáúãõÍúÕóäóÇÊõ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõãõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó ãõÍúÕöäöíäó ÛóíúÑó ãõÓóÇÝöÍöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì(8/101)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊóæóáøóæúÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÞóÏú íóÆöÓõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ßóãóÇ íóÆöÓó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö (13)
áöáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÍúáóáúäóÇ áóßó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßó ÇááøóÇÊöí ÂÊóíúÊó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó [33 \ 50] ¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö íõÑóÏøõ Úóáóì ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈöáóÝúÙö ÇáúÃõÌõæÑö Úóáóì äößóÇÍö ÇáúãõÊúÚóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóãúÊóÚúÊõãú Èöåö ãöäúåõäøó ÝóÂÊõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó [4 \ 24] æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáúãõÊúÚóÉö ãõæÌóÒðÇ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóãúÊóÚúÊõãú Èöåö ãöäúåõäøó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÚúÕöíäóßó Ýöí ãóÚúÑõæÝò.
ÇáúÞóíúÏõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö åõäóÇ áöáúÈóíóÇäö æóáóÇ ãóÝúåõæãó áóåõº áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóÝöíåö ÍóíóÇÊõåõäøó¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇßõãú áöãóÇ íõÍúíöíßõãú [8 \ 24] ¡ Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ [59 \ 7] ¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöíåö ÊóäúÈöíåñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö áóÇ ØóÇÚóÉó áóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊóæóáøóæúÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÞóÏú íóÆöÓõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ßóãóÇ íóÆöÓó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö [60 \ 13] .
íóÑóì ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó Ýöí ÎöÊóÇãö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ßóÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì Ýöí ÃóæøóáöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÚóæúÏðÇ Úóáóì ÈóÏúÁò.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: áóãøóÇ ÇÝúÊóÊóÍó åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ÈöÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÎóÊóãóåóÇ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ÊóÃúßöíÏðÇ áöÊóÑúßö ãõæóÇáóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóÊóäúÝöíÑðÇ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóäú Êóæóáøöíåöãú æóÅöáúÞóÇÁö ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉö Åöáóíúåöãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: íóäúåóì ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ãõæóÇáóÇÉö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ äóåóì ÚóäúåóÇ Ýöí ÃóæøóáöåóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏö áöáäøóåúíö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ ãóÚúäðì ÌóÏöíÏðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó áöáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÕøñ Ýöí Þóæúãò ÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÚóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö ÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÈóÚúÖõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãöº áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ßóÇÝöÑò ãóÛúÖõæÈñ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÈóÚúÖõ Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúíóåõæÏöº áöÃóäøóåõ æóÕúÝñ ÕóÇÑó ÚõÑúÝðÇ áóåõãú¡ åõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇÈúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÂíóÉò¡ æóßóÇäó ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöÃóÍóÏö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ßóÇäó ãõÑóÌøóÍðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóåõæó ãõÍóÞøóÞñ åõäóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÚõÑúÝðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóÕøóåõãú ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Þõáú åóáú ÃõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÔóÑøò ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóËõæÈóÉð ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ãóäú áóÚóäóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÛóÖöÈó Úóáóíúåö æóÌóÚóáó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÞöÑóÏóÉó æóÇáúÎóäóÇÒöíÑó(8/102)
[5 \ 60] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöíåöãú: ÝóÈóÇÁõæÇ ÈöÛóÖóÈò Úóáóì ÛóÖóÈò [2 \ 90] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÑøóÞó Çááøóåõ Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÛúÖõæÈö Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó [1 \ 7] ¡ æóáóæú Þöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó¡ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóÚöíÏðǺ áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì äóÕøó Úóáóì ÛóÖóÈöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎõÕõæÕö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÌóÇÏöáóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóæóáøóæúÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ åõãú ãöäúßõãú æóáóÇ ãöäúåõãú æóíóÍúáöÝõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúßóÐöÈö æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó 30 [58 \ 14] ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÎóÇÕøóÉð Ýöí ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó¡ æóÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ÊóÎúÕöíÕöåóÇ ÈöåöãóÇ æóÚóæúÏóÉö ÐóßóÑöåöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ýöí ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ åõæó æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ áóãøóÇ äóåóì ÃóæøóáðÇ Úóäú ãõæóÇáóÇÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö¡ æóÃóãóÑó ÈöÊóÞúØöíÚö ÇáúÃóæóÇÕöÑö Èóíúäó Ðóæöí ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö¡ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãóÇ íõÔöíÚõ ÇáúÃóãóáó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÚóÓóì Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáó Èóíúäóßõãú æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÇÏóíúÊõãú ãöäúåõãú ãóæóÏøóÉð [60 \ 7] ¡ æóÚóÇÏóíúÊõãú ÚóÇãøóÉñ ÈóÇÞöíóÉñ Úóáóì ÚõãõæãöåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúíóåõæÏó¡ æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóãú íóÏúÎõáõæÇ Ýöí ãóÏúáõæáò ÚóÓóì Êöáúßó¡ ÝóäóÈøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÎõÕõæÕöåöãú áöÆóáøóÇ íóØúãóÚó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó Ãóæú íóäúÊóÙöÑõæÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÃóíúÃóÓóåõãú ãöäú ãõæóÇáóÇÊöåöãú æóãóæóÏøóÊöåöãú¡ ßóíóÃúÓö ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÑóÇÈöØóÉõ ÇáÑøóÌóÇÁö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ýöí ÚóÓóì¡ æóÝöÚúáðÇ ßóÇäó ßóãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáúåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóáóÇ ÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ Ýóåöíó ÅöÐðÇ ãõÄóÓøöÓóÉñ áöãóÚúäðì ÌóÏöíÏò¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú ãõÄóßøöÏóÉð áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÇáúÚóáóãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(8/103)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áöãó ÊóÞõæáõæäó ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó (2)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÕøóÝøö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áöãó ÊóÞõæáõæäó ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó (2) ßóÈõÑó ãóÞúÊðÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö Ãóäú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó (3) Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÞóÇÊöáõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáöåö ÕóÝøðÇ ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÈõäúíóÇäñ ãóÑúÕõæÕñ (4) .
Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÅöäúßóÇÑñ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÞõæáõæäó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäó¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÈóíóÇäõ ÔöÏøóÉö ÛóÖóÈö Çááøóåö æóãóÞúÊöåö Úóáóì ãóäú íóßõæäõ ßóÐóáößó¡ æóáóßöäú áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúãõÛóÇíöÑó áöáúÝöÚúáö Çáúãóäúåöíøö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÇáúãõÚóÇÊóÈöíäó Úóáóíúåö æóÇáúãõÓúÊóæúÌöÈó áöÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÛóÖóÈö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÌöíÁó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåõãóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÌöåóÇÏõ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÝóÞóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÇáäøõÒõæáö ãóÚó ÊóÚóÏøõÏöåö ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ãóäøóåõ Íóæúáó ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÑóÛúÈóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÅöÐúäö áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö æóãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÃóÍóÈøö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó Ãóäøó ãóæúÖõæÚó ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÝöíãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÌöåóÇÏö æóÊóãóäøöíåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõ.
ãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóæúáóÇ äõÒøöáóÊú ÓõæÑóÉñ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃõäúÒöáóÊú ÓõæÑóÉñ ãõÍúßóãóÉñ æóÐõßöÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÞöÊóÇáõ ÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóíúßó äóÙóÑó ÇáúãóÛúÔöíøö Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö [47 \ 20] .
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó Þöíáó áóåõãú ßõÝøõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóßõãú æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÝóáóãøóÇ ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞöÊóÇáõ ÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑöíÞñ ãöäúåõãú íóÎúÔóæúäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ßóÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö Ãóæú ÃóÔóÏøó ÎóÔúíóÉð æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ áöãó ßóÊóÈúÊó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó áóæúáóÇ ÃóÎøóÑúÊóäóÇ Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ÞóÑöíÈò [4 \ 77] .
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóÇåóÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ áóÇ íõæóáøõæäó ÇáúÃóÏúÈóÇÑó æóßóÇäó ÚóåúÏõ Çááøóåö ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ(8/104)
[33 \ 15] .
ÝóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÊóãóäøóæúÇ äõÒõæáó ÓõæÑóÉò íõÄúÐóäõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú ÕóÇÑó ãóÑúÖóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö ßóÇáúãóÛúÔöíøö Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö.
æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö: Þöíáó áóåõãú ßõÝøõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóßõãú Úóäö ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ ÝóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúÅöÐúäó áóåõãú Ýöíåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÌóÚõæÇ æóÊóãóäøóæúÇ áóæú ÃõÎúÑöÌõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ÞóÑöíÈò.
æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö: ÃóÚúØóæõÇ ÇáúÚõåõæÏó Úóáóì ÇáËøóÈóÇÊö æóÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóæóáøöí¡ æóßóÇäó ÚóåúÏõ Çááøóåö ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÃõÍõÏò æóÞóÚó ãóÇ æóÞóÚó æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí Íõäóíúäò¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáóÊú ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäúåõãú íóÇ Ãóåúáó íóËúÑöÈó áóÇ ãõÞóÇãó áóßõãú ÝóÇÑúÌöÚõæÇ æóíóÓúÊóÃúÐöäõ ÝóÑöíÞñ ãöäúåõãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó íóÞõæáõæäó Åöäøó ÈõíõæÊóäóÇ ÚóæúÑóÉñ æóãóÇ åöíó ÈöÚóæúÑóÉò Åöäú íõÑöíÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÑóÇÑðÇ æóáóæú ÏõÎöáóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÃóÞúØóÇÑöåóÇ Ëõãøó ÓõÆöáõæÇ ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉó áóÂÊóæúåóÇ æóãóÇ ÊóáóÈøóËõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ æóáóÞóÏú ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóÇåóÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ áóÇ íõæóáøõæäó ÇáúÃóÏúÈóÇÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 13 - 15] .
ÝóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÈóíóÇäñ áöÚöÊóÇÈöåöãú Úóáóì äóÞúÖö ÇáúÚóåúÏö¡ æóåõæó ãóÚúäóì: áöãó ÊóÞõæáõæäó ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó ÓóæóÇÁñ ÈöÓóæóÇÁò¡ æóíõÞóÇÈöáõ åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇãúÊóÏóÍó ØóÇÆöÝóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ãöäúåõãú Íöíäó ÃóæúÝóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÚóåúÏö¡ æóÕóÏóÞõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóÇåóÏõæÇ Çááøóåó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÑöÌóÇáñ ÕóÏóÞõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóÇåóÏõæÇ Çááøóåó Úóáóíúåö Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÖóì äóÍúÈóåõ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóäúÊóÙöÑõ æóãóÇ ÈóÏøóáõæÇ ÊóÈúÏöíáðÇ [33 \ 23] .
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: áöíóÌúÒöíó Çááøóåõ ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó ÈöÕöÏúÞöåöãú æóíõÚóÐøöÈó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Ãóæú íóÊõæÈó Úóáóíúåöãú Åöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÛóÝõæÑðÇ ÑóÍöíãðÇ æóÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÛóíúÙöåöãú áóãú íóäóÇáõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 24 - 25] ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö.
ÝóÊóÈóíøóäó ÈöåóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáúãõÛóÇíöÑó áöáúÞóæúáö åõäóÇ åõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÚóåúÏö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóØóÚõæåõ Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóÇÓúÊóæúÌóÈõæÇ ÇáúÚöÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó æóÝøóæúÇ ÈöÇáúÚóåúÏö ÇÓúÊóæúÌóÈõæÇ ÇáËøóäóÇÁó Úóáóì ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊõÏöáøó ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú Úõãõæãö áóÝúÙöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóäú ÎóÇáóÝó Þóæúáóåõ ÝöÚúáõåõ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ÚóåúÏò Ãóæú æóÚúÏò Ãóæú ÃóãúÑò Ãóæú äóåúíò.
ÝóÝöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóÇáäøóåúíö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÊóÃúãõÑõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÇáúÈöÑøö æóÊóäúÓóæúäó ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú [2 \ 44] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÔõÚóíúÈò áöÞóæúãöåö: æóãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú ÃõÎóÇáöÝóßõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ [11 \ 88] .(8/105)
æóÝöí ÇáúÚóåúÏö Þóæúáõåõ: æóÃóæúÝõæÇ ÈöÇáúÚóåúÏö Åöäøó ÇáúÚóåúÏó ßóÇäó ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ [17 \ 34] .
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó¡ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáö ÔõÚóíúÈò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÐúßõÑú Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÕóÇÏöÞó ÇáúæóÚúÏö [19 \ 54] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» .
æóÈóÍóËó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúæóÝóÇÁó ÈöÇáúæóÚúÏö¡ æóÇáúÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúæóÚúÏö æóÇáúæóÚöíÏö¡ æóÇáúæóÝóÇÁö ÈöÇáúæóÚúÏö æóÇáúÎõáúÝö Ýöí ÇáúæóÚöíÏö¡ æóÚóÞóÏó áóåóÇ ãóÓúÃóáóÉð¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÂíóÊöíö «ÇáÕøóÝøö» åõäóÇßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÞóÇÊöáõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáöåö ÕóÝøðÇ ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÈõäúíóÇäñ ãóÑúÕõæÕñ [61 \ 4] .
ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÈõäúíóÇäö ÇáúãóÑúÕõæÕö¡ ÝóäóÞóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóäö ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúãõÊóáóÇÍöãõ ÈöÇáÑøóÕóÇÕö áöÔöÏøóÉö ÞõæøóÊöåö¡ æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúãõÊóáóÇÕöÞõ ÇáúãõÊóÑóÇÕøõ ÇáúãõÊóÓóÇæöí.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö åõäóÇ åõæó æóÌúåõ ÇáÔøóÈóåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó åõäóÇ åõæó Ôóßúáõ ÇáúÈöäóÇÁö áóÇ Ýöí ÊóáóÇÍõãöåö ÈöÇáÑøóÕóÇÕö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÇäúÝößóÇßöåö æóáóÇ ÊóÓóÇæöíåö æóÊóÑóÇÕøöåöº áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó íóÊóäóÇÝóì æóØóÈöíÚóÉó ÇáúßóÑøö æóÇáúÝóÑøö Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóÚúÑóßóÉö¡ æóáößõáøö æóÞúÚóÉò äöÙóÇãõåóÇ ÍóÓóÈó ãóæúÞöÚöåóÇ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó æóÌúåó ÇáÔøóÈóåö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó åõäóÇ åõæó Úõãõæãõ ÇáúÞõæøóÉö æóÇáúæóÍúÏóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõÑöíÏó ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÆöåöãú Ýöí ÇáËøóÈóÇÊö ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäõæÇ Ýöí ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáúßóáöãóÉö ßóÇáúÈõäúíóÇäö ÇáúãóÑúÕõæÕö. ÇåÜ.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÛóÏóæúÊó ãöäú Ãóåúáößó ÊõÈóæøöÆõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãóÞóÇÚöÏó áöáúÞöÊóÇáö æóÇááøóåõ ÓóãöíÚñ Úóáöíãñ [3 \ 121] .
ÝóÇáúãóÞóÇÚöÏõ åõäóÇ åöíó ÇáúãóæóÇÞöÚõ áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáúÌóíúÔö¡ æóåöíó ÇáÊøóÚúÈöÆóÉõ ÍóÓóÈó ÙõÑõæÝö ÇáúãóæúÞöÚóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí æóÖúÚö ÇáÑøõãóÇÉö Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö ÃõÍõÏò ÍöãóÇíóÉð áöÙõåõæÑöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÊöÝóÇÝö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö Èöåöãú(8/106)
áöØóÈöíÚóÉö ÇáúãóßóÇäö¡ æóßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö ÈóÏúÑò æóÑóÕøóåõãú¡ æóÓóæøóÇåõãú ÈöÞóÖöíÈò Ýöí íóÏöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ áöØóÈöíÚóÉö ÇáúãóßóÇäö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇÈõÏøó Ýöí ßõáøö æóÞúÚóÉò ãöäú ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ãóæúÞöÚöåóÇ¡ Èóáú æóÙõÑõæÝö ÇáÓøöáóÇÍö æóÇáúãõÞóÇÊöáóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÌõãøóÇäö Ýöí ÊóÔúÈöíåóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÃóÌúÒóÇÁó ÇáúÌóíúÔö æóÊóÞúÓöíãóÇÊöåö ÈöÕöÝóÉò ÚóÇãøóÉò ãöäú ÞóáúÈò æóãóíúãóäóÉò æóãóíúÓóÑóÉò æóÃóÌúäöÍóÉò¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó Ýóíóßõæäõ æóÌúåõ ÇáÔøóÈóåö åõæó ÇáöÇÑúÊöÈóÇØó ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøó æóÇáÔøõÚõæÑó ÈöÇáúãóÓúÆõæáöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇÓó ÈöÇáúæóÇÌöÈö ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÇáúÍóÈøóÇÈõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö ÈóÏúÑò Íöíäó äóÙóÑó Åöáóì ãóäúÒöáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÞöÚö Ýóáóãú íóÑõÞúåõ¡ æóÓóÃóáó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÃóÌóÇÈóåõ ÝóÃóÈúÏóì ÎõØøóÉð ÌóÏöíÏóÉð ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÈöåóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÛóíøóÑó ÇáúãóæúÞöÚó ãöäú ãóßóÇäö ÇáúãóÚúÑóßóÉö.
æóËóÇäöíðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóÞöíÊõãú ÝöÆóÉð ÝóÇËúÈõÊõæÇ æóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ßóËöíÑðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÝúáöÍõæäó æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ æóáóÇ ÊóäóÇÒóÚõæÇ ÝóÊóÝúÔóáõæÇ æóÊóÐúåóÈó ÑöíÍõßõãú æóÇÕúÈöÑõæÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ãóÚó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó [8 \ 45 - 46] .
ÝóÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÚóæóÇãöáö ÇáäøóÕúÑö: ÇáËøóÈóÇÊó ÚöäúÏó ÇááøöÞóÇÁö¡ æóÐößúÑó Çááøóåö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉó¡ æóÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáó¡ æóÇáúÍöÝóÇÙó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóäóÇÒõÚö æóÇáÕøóÈúÑó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóãúáóÉö æóÇáúãõÌóÇáóÏóÉó¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÍóãúáóÉó ÑóÌõáò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ ÊóÍúÊó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÈõäúíóÇäö ÇáúãóÑúÕõæÕö Ýöí ÞõæøóÊöåö æóÍöãóÇíóÊöåö æóËóÈóÇÊöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóÇÈó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÇáúíóåõæÏö ÊóÔóÊøõÊó ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÍúÓóÈõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóÞõáõæÈõåõãú ÔóÊøóì [59 \ 14] ¡ æóÇãúÊóÏóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí ÞöÊóÇáöåöãú ÈöæóÍúÏóÊöåöãú ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÈõäúíóÇäñ ãóÑúÕõæÕñ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäóÉõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö áöáÊøóÚóÇæõäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ áöáúãõÓúáöãö ßóÇáúÈõäúíóÇäö íóÔõÏøõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÈóÚúÖðÇ» .
Ýóåõæó íõÈóíøöäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãöäú æóÌúåö ÇáÔøóÈóåö Ýöí ÇáúÈõäúíóÇäö ÇáúãóÑúÕõæÕö åõäóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃõËöÑó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Þóæúáõåõ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö: ÇáúÒóãõæÇ ÇáØøóÇÚóÉóº ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÍöÕúäõ ÇáúãõÍóÇÑöÈö.
æóÚóäú ÃóßúËóãó Èúäö ÕóíúÝöíøò: ÃóÞöáøõæÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó Úóáóì ÃõãóÑóÇÆößõãú¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Çáúíóæúãó áóÃóÍúæóÌõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõæäó Åöáóì ÇáöÇáúÊöÒóÇãö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøö ÇáúßóÑöíãö¡ ÅöÒóÇÁó ÞóÖöíøóÊöåöãö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö ãóÚó ÚóÏõæøöåöãö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑößö¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ãóÑøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøõ ÈöÚöÏøóÉö ÊóÌóÇÑöÈó Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåöãõ ÇáØøóæöíáö æóßóÇäó áóåõãú ãöäúåóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍõ ÇáúÚöÈóÑö¡ æóáóåõãú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóäúåóÌö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãõæÌöÈò áöÇÓúÊöÑúÌóÇÚö ÍõÞõæÞöåöãú æóÇáúÍöÝóÇÙö Úóáóì ßöíóÇäöåöãú¡ ÝóÖúáðÇ Úóäú Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÍöÈøõåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.(8/107)
æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì áöÞóæúãöåö íóÇ Þóæúãö áöãó ÊõÄúÐõæäóäöí æóÞóÏú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóåúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó (5)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì áöÞóæúãöåö íóÇÞóæúãö áöãó ÊõÄúÐõæäóäöí æóÞóÏú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóåúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó.
Þóæúáõ ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: áöãó ÊõÄúÐõæäóäöí¿ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú äóæúÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöíÐóÇÁö æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂÐóæúÇ ãõæÓóì ÝóÈóÑøóÃóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöãøóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ [33 \ 69] .
æóÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóíúåö ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÍóÏöíËó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó ãõæÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ßóÇäó ÍóíöíøðÇ ÓöÊøöíÑðÇ áóÇ íóÑóì ãöäú ÌöáúÏöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇÓúÊöÍúíóÇÁð ãöäúåõ ÝóÂÐóÇåõ ãóäú ÂÐóÇåõ ãöäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ãóÇ íóÊóÓóÊøóÑõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÓóÊøõÑó ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÚóíúÈò Ýöí ÌöáúÏöåö¡ ÅöãøóÇ ÈóÑóÕñ æóÅöãøóÇ ÃõÏúÑóÉñ æóÅöãøóÇ ÂÝóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó - ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó - ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íõÈóÑøöÆóåõ ãöãøóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÎóáóÇ íóæúãðÇ æóÍúÏóåõ ÝóÎóáóÚó ËöíóÇÈóåõ Úóáóì ÍóÌóÑò¡ Ëõãøó ÇÛúÊóÓóáó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÝóÑóÛó ÃóÞúÈóáó Úóáóì ËöíóÇÈöåöº áöíóÃúÎõÐóåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÌóÑó ÚóÏóÇ ÈöËóæúÈöåö¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ãõæÓóì ÚóÕóÇåõ æóØóáóÈó ÇáúÍóÌóÑó¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó íóÞõæáõ: ËõæÈöí ÍóÌóÑõ ÍóÊøóì ÇäúÊóåóì Åöáóì ãóáóÃò ãöäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÝóÑóÃóæúåõ ÚõÑúíóÇäðÇ ÃóÍúÓóäó ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ - ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó - æóÈóÑøóÃóåõ ãöãøóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó» . . . . Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö.
æóäóÞóáóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöíÐóÇÄõåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ ÅöíÐóÇÁð ÔóÎúÕöíøðÇ ÈöÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÇáúÚóíúÈö Ýöíåö ÎöáúÞóÉð¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ÕóÍøó Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÈóÑøóÃóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöãøóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ [33 \ 69] ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÕøóÝøö» åóÐöåö áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ áóåõãú: æóÞóÏú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú [61 \ 5] ãöãøóÇ íõËöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíÐóÇÁó Ýöí ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö áóÇ Ýöí ÌóÇäöÈöåö ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøö¡ æóíõÑóÔøöÍõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú [61 \ 5] .
Ãóíú: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÂÐóæúÇ Èöåö ãõæÓóì¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÅöíÐóÇÁó Þóæúãöåö áóåõ åõäóÇ ÅöíÐóÇÁó ÒóíúÛò æóÖóáóÇáò¡ æóÞóÏú ÂÐóæúåõ ßóËöíÑðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: æóÅöÐú ÞõáúÊõãú íóÇãõæÓóì áóäú äõÄúãöäó áóßó ÍóÊøóì äóÑóì Çááøóåó ÌóåúÑóÉð [2 \ 55] .
æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöíËóÇÞóßõãú æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ ÝóæúÞóßõãõ ÇáØøõæÑó ÎõÐõæÇ ãóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇßõãú ÈöÞõæøóÉò æóÇÓúãóÚõæÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ æóÚóÕóíúäóÇ æóÃõÔúÑöÈõæÇ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáúÚöÌúáó ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú Þõáú ÈöÆúÓóãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõßõãú Èöåö ÅöíãóÇäõßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó [2 \ 93] .
ÝóåóÇ åõãú íõÄúÎóÐõ ÇáúãöíËóÇÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóíõÑúÝóÚõ ÝóæúÞóåõãõ ÇáØøõæÑõ¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõãú: ÎõÐõæÇ ãóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇßõãú ÈöÞõæøóÉò æóÇÓúãóÚõæÇ(8/108)
Ýóßõáøõåõ íõÓóÇæöí Þóæúáóåõ: æóÞóÏú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú¡ áöÃóäøó ÞóÏú åõäóÇ áöáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó íõÄúÐõæäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåöãú: ÓóãöÚúäóÇ æóÚóÕóíúäóÇ¡ æóíõÄúÐõæäóåõ ÈöÃóäú ÃõÔúÑöÈõæÇ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÍõÈøó ÇáúÚöÌúáö æóÚöÈóÇÏóÊóåõ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõãú: ÈöÆúÓóãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõßõãú Èöåö ÅöíãóÇäõßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó.
æóÞóÏú ÌõãöÚó ÅöíÐóÇÁõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ãóÚó ÅöíÐóÇÁö Þóæúãö ãõæÓóì áöãõæÓóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõßó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäú ÊõäóÒøöáó Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÞóÏú ÓóÃóáõæÇ ãõæÓóì ÃóßúÈóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÑöäóÇ Çááøóåó ÌóåúÑóÉð ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉõ ÈöÙõáúãöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 153] .
æóãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚö åóÐóÇ íóÊóÈóíøóäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíÐóÇÁó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕó Úóáóíúåö åõäóÇ åõæó Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú Ãóäøóåõãú ÂÐóæúåõ ÈöÃóäúæóÇÚò ãöäó ÇáúÅöíÐóÇÁö Ýöí ÔóÎúÕöåö¡ æóÝöí ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÝóÈóÑøóÃóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöãøóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» æóÚóÇÞóÈóåõãú Úóáóì ÅöíÐóÇÆöåö ÝöíãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáó Èöåö Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÒóíúÛö ÞõáõæÈöåöãú¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú¡ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøõæãö» ¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÓóÇÁõæÇ ÇáÓøõæÁóì Ãóäú ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 10] .
æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúßõÝúÑó æóÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈó ÞóÏú íõÄóÏøöí ÔõÄúãõåõ Åöáóì ÔóÞóÇÁö ÕóÇÍöÈöåö¡ æóÓóÇÞó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú
æóÞóæúáóåõ: Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ ÝóÒóÇÏóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãóÑóÖðÇ [2 \ 10] .
æóÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [6 \ 25] .
æóÚóáóì ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ áöíõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ßóÐóáößó íóØúÈóÚõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [7 \ 101] .
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÈöÞöíóÇÓö ÇáúÚóßúÓö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇåúÊóÏóæúÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú åõÏðì æóÂÊóÇåõãú ÊóÞúæóÇåõãú [47 \ 17] ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóáúÝöÊõ ÇáäøóÙóÑó åõäóÇ ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÇáÒøóíúÛö áöáúÞõáõæÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú.(8/109)
æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó íóÇ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Åöäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíøó ãöäó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö æóãõÈóÔøöÑðÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáò íóÃúÊöí ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöí ÇÓúãõåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÈöíäñ (6)
æóÃóäøó ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉó ÃóíúÖðÇ áöáúÞóáúÈö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö íóåúÏö ÞóáúÈóåõ æóÇááøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ [64 \ 11] .
æóáöÐóÇ ÍóÑóÕó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö: ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÒöÛú ÞõáõæÈóäóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÐú åóÏóíúÊóäóÇ [3 \ 8] ÝóÊóÖøóãóäó ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó íóÇ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Åöäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíøó ãöäó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö æóãõÈóÔøöÑðÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáò íóÃúÊöí ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöí ÇÓúãõåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ.
ÐóßóÑó ãõæÓóì æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ãóÚóåõ ÇáúÈõÔúÑóì ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÐóßóÑó ÚöíÓóì ÝóÐóßóÑóåóÇ ãóÚóåõ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ ÈöãóÝúåõæãöåö Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõÈóÔøöÑú Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóáóßöäú áóÝúÙõ ÚöíÓóì ãóÝúåõæãõ áóÞóÈò æóáóÇ Úóãóáó Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóÔøóÑóÊú Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãõæÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóãöãøóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ãõæÓóì ãõÈóÔøöÑðÇ Èöåö Þóæúáõ ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíøó¡ æóÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö åöíó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉõ ÃõäúÒöáóÊú Úóáóì ãõæÓóì.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ ÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÝõ Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÈöÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ ÃóÔöÏøóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÑõÍóãóÇÁõ Èóíúäóåõãú ÊóÑóÇåõãú ÑõßøóÚðÇ ÓõÌøóÏðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ãóËóáõåõãú Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö [48 \ 29] .
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó æóÕúÝõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÌöíáö Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóËóáõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÌöíáö ßóÒóÑúÚò ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÔóØúÃóåõ ÝóÂÒóÑóåõ ÝóÇÓúÊóÛúáóÙó ÝóÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÓõæÞöåö [48 \ 29] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö.
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ãöíËóÇÞó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó áóãóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõßõãú ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóÍößúãóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ ãõÕóÏøöÞñ áöãóÇ ãóÚóßõãú áóÊõÄúãöäõäøó Èöåö æóáóÊóäúÕõÑõäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÃóÃóÞúÑóÑúÊõãú æóÃóÎóÐúÊõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößõãú ÅöÕúÑöí ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÞúÑóÑúäóÇ ÞóÇáó ÝóÇÔúåóÏõæÇ æóÃóäóÇ ãóÚóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó [3 \ 81] .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ãóÇ ÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ äóÈöíøðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÎóÐó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÚóåúÏó áóÆöäú ÈõÚöËó æóåõæó Íóíøñ áóíóÊúÈóÚóäøóåõ¡ æóÃóÎóÐó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÃúÎõÐó Úóáóì ÃõãøóÊöåö áóÆöäú ÈõÚöËó ãõÍóãøóÏñ æóåõãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁñ áóíóÊúÈóÚõäøóåõ æóíóäúÕõÑõäøóåõ. ÇåÜ.
æóÌóÇÁó ãöÕúÏóÇÞõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáäøóÌóÇÔöíøö áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚó ãöäú ÌóÚúÝóÑó Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö æóÃóäøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí äóÌöÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÌöíáö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÔøóÑó Èöåö ÚöíÓóì Èúäõ ãóÑúíóãó¡ æóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ:(8/110)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ åóáú ÃóÏõáøõßõãú Úóáóì ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò ÊõäúÌöíßõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò (10)
æóÇááøóåö áóæúáóÇ ãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó Çáúãõáúßö áóÃóÊóíúÊõåõ ÍóÊøóì Ãóßõæäó ÃóäóÇ ÃóÍúãöáõ äóÚúáóíúåö æóÃõæóÖøöÆõåõ¡ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËò Øóæöíáò ÓóÇÞóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ Åöáóì ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÏóÚúæóÉõ äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÇÈúÚóËú Ýöíåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú [2 \ 129] .
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃóäóÇ ÏóÚúæóÉõ ÃóÈöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóÈõÔúÑóì ÚöíÓóì¡ æóÑõÄúíóÇ Ãõãøöí ÇáøóÊöí ÑóÃóÊú» .
æóÞóÏú ÎõÕøó ÚöíÓóì ÈöÇáäøóÕøö Úóáóì ÇáúÈõÔúÑóì Èöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãóº áöÃóäøóåõ ÂÎöÑõ ÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ Ýóåõæó äóÇÞöáñ Êöáúßó ÇáúÈõÔúÑóì áöÞóæúãöåö ÚóãøóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíøó ãöäó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÈúáóåõ äóÇÞöáñ Úóãøóäú ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöåóÇ ÚöíÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóÃóÏøóÇåóÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÓúãõåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóåõ ÚöÏøóÉõ ÃóÓúãóÇÁò¡ æóÝöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃóäóÇ áöí ÃóÓúãóÇÁñ ÃóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÃóäóÇ ÇáúãóÇÍöí ÇáøóÐöí íóãúÍõæ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÇáúßõÝúÑó¡ æóÃóäóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÔöÑõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúÔóÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Úóáóì ÞóÏóãöí æóÃóäóÇ ÇáúÚóÇÞöÈõ» .
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÝóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇÓúãöåö ÃóÍúãóÏó åõäóÇ¡ æóÈöÇÓúãöåö ãõÍóãøóÏò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãõÍóãøóÏò» Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ßóãóÇ ÐõßöÑó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÕöÝóÇÊò ÚóÏöíÏóÉò ÃóÌúãóÚöåóÇ ãóÇ íõÚóÏøõ ÊóÑúÌóãóÉð ÐóÇÊöíøóÉð ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÑóÓõæáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÚóÒöíÒñ Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÚóäöÊøõãú ÍóÑöíÕñ Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÑóÁõæÝñ ÑóÍöíãñ [9 \ 128] .
æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÇáúãóÒöíÏõ ãöäú ÈóíóÇäö Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò [68 \ 4] Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÑöíÏõæäó áöíõØúÝöÆõæÇ äõæÑó Çááøóåö ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÇááøóåõ ãõÊöãøõ äõæÑöåö æóáóæú ßóÑöåó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍõÌøóÊõåõãú ÏóÇÍöÖóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú [42 \ 16] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» æóÞóæúáöåö: Èóáú äóÞúÐöÝõ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÝóíóÏúãóÛõåõ [21 \ 18] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ åóáú ÃóÏõáøõßõãú Úóáóì ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò ÊõäúÌöíßõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò.(8/111)
ÝõÓøöÑóÊö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÊõÌóÇåöÏõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÈöÃóãúæóÇáößõãú æóÃóäúÝõÓößõãú Ðóáößõãú ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [61 \ 11] .
ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉõ: åöíó ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝõ Ýöí ÑóÃúÓö ÇáúãóÇáö ØóáóÈðÇ áöáÑøöÈúÍö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð ÍóÇÖöÑóÉð ÊõÏöíÑõæäóåóÇ Èóíúäóßõãú [2 \ 282] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöÌóÇÑóÉñ ÊóÎúÔóæúäó ßóÓóÇÏóåóÇ [9 \ 24] .
æóÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉõ åõäóÇ ÝõÓøöÑóÊú ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö¡ æóÈöÐúáö ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáäøóÝúÓö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóãóÇ åöíó ÇáúãõÚóÇÑóÖóÉõ ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÉõ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÇáúåóÇãøóÉö¡ ÈóíøóäóåóÇ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÔúÊóÑóì ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÈöÃóäøó áóåõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó íõÞóÇÊöáõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÝóíóÞúÊõáõæäó æóíõÞúÊóáõæäó æóÚúÏðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÍóÞøðÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö æóÇáúÅöäúÌöíáö æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóãóäú ÃóæúÝóì ÈöÚóåúÏöåö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÝóÇÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæÇ ÈöÈóíúÚößõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÇíóÚúÊõãú Èöåö æóÐóáößó åõæó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ [9 \ 111] ¡ ÝóåõäóÇ ãõÈóÇíóÚóÉñ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÈõÔúÑóì æóåõäóÇ ÝóæúÒñ ÚóÙöíãñ.
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: íóÛúÝöÑú áóßõãú ÐõäõæÈóßõãú æóíõÏúÎöáúßõãú ÌóäøóÇÊò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ æóãóÓóÇßöäó ØóíøöÈóÉð Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ æóÃõÎúÑóì ÊõÍöÈøõæäóåóÇ äóÕúÑñ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÝóÊúÍñ ÞóÑöíÈñ [61 \ 12 - 13] .
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÝóÇÊóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáÕøóÝúÞóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÍóÉõ Ýóåõæó áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó ÎóÇÓöÑñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÔúÊóÑóæõÇ ÇáÖøóáóÇáóÉó ÈöÇáúåõÏóì ÝóãóÇ ÑóÈöÍóÊú ÊöÌóÇÑóÊõåõãú æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ãõåúÊóÏöíäó [2 \ 16] .
ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ åóÐöåö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö Ãóäøó ÑóÃúÓó ãóÇáö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÍóíóÇÊõåõ æóãõäúÊóåóÇåõ ãóãóÇÊõåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ßõáøõ ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÛúÏõæ ÝóÈóÇÆöÚñ äóÝúÓóåõ ÝóãõÚúÊöÞõåóÇ Ãóæú ãõæÈöÞõåóÇ» æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÚúÑöÝõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó Ýöí ÇáúãõÈóÇÏóáóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ:
ÝóÅöäú ÊóÒúÚõãöíäöí ßõäúÊõ ÃóÌúåóáõ Ýöíßõãõ ... ÝóÅöäøöí ÔóÑóíúÊõ ÇáúÍöáúãó ÈóÚúÏóßö ÈöÇáúÌóåúáö
æóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÈóÏøóáúÊõ ÈöÇáúÌõãøóÉö ÑóÃúÓðÇ ÃóÒúÚóÑóÇ ... æóÈöÇáËøóäóÇíóÇ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÑúÏóÑóÇ ßóãóÇ
ÇÔúÈóÑóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ ÅöÐú ÊóäóÕøóÑóÇ
ÝóÃóØúáóÞó ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁó Úóáóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ(8/112)
ÊõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÊõÌóÇåöÏõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÈöÃóãúæóÇáößõãú æóÃóäúÝõÓößõãú Ðóáößõãú ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó (11)
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ÈöÇáúãóÇáö Úóáóì ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊõÌóÇåöÏõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÈöÃóãúæóÇáößõãú æóÃóäúÝõÓößõãú.
æóÝöí ÂíóÉö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÔúÊóÑóì ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ÞóÏøóãó ÇáäøóÝúÓó Úóäö ÇáúãóÇáö ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇÔúÊóÑóì ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú¡ æóÝöí Ðóáößó ÓöÑøñ áóØöíÝñ.
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÕøóÝøö» ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãó ãóÞóÇãõ ÊóÝúÓöíÑò æóÈóíóÇäò áöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ÇáÑøóÇÈöÍóÉö ÈöÇáúÌöåóÇÏö Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö.
æóÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ÈóÐúáõ ÇáúÌõåúÏö æóÇáØøóÇÞóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóÇáõ åõæó ÚóÕóÈõ ÇáúÍóÑúÈö æóåõæó ãóÏóÏõ ÇáúÌóíúÔö¡ æóåõæó Ãóåóãøõ ãöäó ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ÈöÇáÓøöáóÇÍö¡ ÝóÈöÇáúãóÇáö íõÔúÊóÑóì ÇáÓøöáóÇÍõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊõÓúÊóÃúÌõÑõ ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõíõæÔö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÝöÑóÞö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóÈöÇáúãóÇáö íõÌóåøóÒõ ÇáúÌóíúÔõ¡ æóáöÐóÇ áóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÅöÐúäõ ÈöÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ÃóÚúÐóÑó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãóÑúÖóì æóÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁó¡ æóÃóÚúÐóÑó ãóÚóåõãõ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÊóÌúåöíÒó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ æóÃóÚúÐóÑó ãóÚóåõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöÐú áóãú íõæÌóÏú ÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÇ íõÌóåøöÒõåõãú Èöåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁö æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑúÖóì¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÊóæúßó áöÊóÍúãöáóåõãú ÞõáúÊó áóÇ ÃóÌöÏõ ãóÇ ÃóÍúãöáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóáøóæúÇ æóÃóÚúíõäõåõãú ÊóÝöíÖõ ãöäó ÇáÏøóãúÚö ÍóÒóäðÇ ÃóáøóÇ íóÌöÏõæÇ ãóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäó [9 \ 91 - 92] .
æóßóÐóáößó ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈò ÂÎóÑó¡ ÞóÏú íõÌóÇåöÏõ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö ãóäú áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÈöÇáÓøöáóÇÍö ßóÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÌóåøóÒó ÛóÇÒöíðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÛóÒóÇ» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Ýóåöíó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáö æóÇáúÚóÑúÖö æóÇáØøóáóÈö Ãóæú ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÈöÇáúãõÓóÇæóãóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏøóãó ÇáäøóÝúÓóº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÚóÒøõ ãóÇ íóãúáößõ ÇáúÍóíøõ¡ æóÌóÚóáó Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈöáöåóÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóåöíó ÃóÚóÒøõ ãóÇ íõæåóÈõ¡ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí Ðóáößó:
ÃõËóÇãöäõ ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö ÇáäøóÝöíÓóÉö ÑóÈøóåóÇ ... æóáóíúÓó áóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö ßõáøöåöãõ Ëóãóäõ
ÈöåóÇ Êõãúáóßõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÝóÅöäú ÃóäóÇ ÈöÚúÊõåóÇ ... ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝóÐóÇßó åõæó ÇáúÛóÈóäõ
áóÆöäú ÐóåóÈóÊú äóÝúÓöí ÈöÏõäöíóÇ ÃõÕöíÈõåóÇ ... áóÞóÏú ÐóåóÈóÊú äóÝúÓöí æóÞóÏú ÐóåóÈó ÇáËøóãóäõ
ÝóÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉõ åõäóÇ ãõÚóÇãóáóÉñ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöíãóÇäðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÈöÑóÓõæáöåö¡ æóÌöåóÇÏðÇ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ æóÇáúÚóãóáö(8/113)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ßõæäõæÇ ÃóäúÕóÇÑó Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó áöáúÍóæóÇÑöíøöíäó ãóäú ÃóäúÕóÇÑöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóæóÇÑöíøõæäó äóÍúäõ ÃóäúÕóÇÑõ Çááøóåö ÝóÂãóäóÊú ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó æóßóÝóÑóÊú ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ÝóÃóíøóÏúäóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Úóáóì ÚóÏõæøöåöãú ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ ÙóÇåöÑöíäó (14)
ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö¡ ßóãóÇ Þöíáó ÃóíúÖðÇ:
ÝóÇÚúãóáú áöäóÝúÓößó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóæúÊö ãõÌúÊóåöÏðÇ ... ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáÑøöÈúÍõ æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö
æóÝöí ÂíóÉö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÈõÔúÑóì ÎóÝöíøóÉò áóØöíÝóÉò ÈöÇáäøóÕúÑö áöãóäú ÌóÇåóÏó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö æóåöíó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ Þóæúáöåö: ÝóíóÞúÊõáõæäó ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúÝóÇÚöáö Ãóíú ÝóíóÞúÊõáõæäó ÚóÏõæøóåõãú¡ æóíõÞúÊóáõæäó [9 \ 111] ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúãóÌúåõæáö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãó åõäóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú íóÞúÊõáõæäó ÇáúÚóÏõæøó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáóåõãú æóíõÕöíÈõæäó ãöäúåõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÕöíÈó ãöäúåõãú¡ æóãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöí ãóæúÞöÝö ÇáúÞõæøóÉö æóÇáäøóÕúÑö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ßõæäõæÇ ÃóäúÕóÇÑó Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó áöáúÍóæóÇÑöíøöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÅöÔúÚóÇÑõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈöÇáäøóÕúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóíøóÏúäóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Úóáóì ÚóÏõæøöåöãú ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ ÙóÇåöÑöíäó [61 \ 14] ¡ æóáóßöäú áóãú íõÈóíøöäú ÝöíåóÇ åóáú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóäúÕóÇÑó Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÍóæóÇÑöíøõæäó ÃóäúÕóÇÑó Çááøóåö Ãóãú áóÇ¿
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö ÃóäúÕóÇÑõ Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÔúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäú ÏöíÇÑöåöãú æóÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ æóíóäúÕõÑõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞõæäó [59 \ 8] .
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõæäó ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö [9 \ 100] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ ÃóÔöÏøóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÑõÍóãóÇÁõ Èóíúäóåõãú ÊóÑóÇåõãú ÑõßøóÚðÇ ÓõÌøóÏðÇ íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ [48 \ 29] ÝóÃóÔöÏøóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö åõæó ãóÚúäóì íóäúÕõÑõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÇáúãóËóáõ ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈõ áóåõãú ÈöÇáÊøóÂÒõÑö æóÇáÊøóÚóÇæõäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóËóáõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÌöíáö ßóÒóÑúÚò ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÔóØúÃóåõ ÝóÂÒóÑóåõ ÝóÇÓúÊóÛúáóÙó ÝóÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÓõæÞöåö íõÚúÌöÈõ ÇáÒøõÑøóÇÚó áöíóÛöíÙó Èöåöãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó [48 \ 29] ÝóÓóãøóÇåõãú ÃóäúÕóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÈóíøóäó äõÕúÑóÊóåõãú ÓóæóÇÁñ ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(8/114)
åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚóËó Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö æóíõÒóßøöíåöãú æóíõÚóáøöãõåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò (2)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚóËó Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö æóíõÒóßøöíåöãú.
Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó Ãóíú: ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóÇáúÃõãøöíøõ: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÞúÑóÃõ æóáóÇ íóßúÊõÈõ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ßóÇäó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö. ÇåÜ.
æóÓõãøöí ÃõãøöíøðÇ äöÓúÈóÉð Åöáóì Ãõãøöåö íóæúãó æóáóÏóÊúåõ áóãú íóÚúÑöÝö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó æóÈóÞöíó Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó åõãõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÈóÚúËóÉõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäúåõãú áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú ßóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: ÑóÈøóäóÇ Åöäøöí ÃóÓúßóäúÊõ ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí ÈöæóÇÏò ÛóíúÑö Ðöí ÒóÑúÚò ÚöäúÏó ÈóíúÊößó ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö [14 \ 37] ¡ æÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÇÈúÚóËú Ýöíåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊößó æóíõÚóáøöãõåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóíõÒóßøöíåöãú [2 \ 129] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ äóÕøñ Ýöí Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈó ÏóÚúæóÉó äóÈöíøöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - Ýöíåöãõ ÇåÜ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÅöäøóÇ ÃõãøóÉñ ÃõãøöíøóÉñ áóÇ äóÞúÑóÃõ æóáóÇ äóßúÊõÈõ æóáóÇ äóÍúÓõÈõ» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Íõßúãñ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö áóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚöº áöÃóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãóäú ßóÇäó íóßúÊõÈõ ãöËúáó ßóÊóÈóÉö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ÚõãóÑó æóÚóáöíøðÇ æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú åõæó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ÇáäøóÈöíøó ÇáúÃõãøöíøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÌöÏõæäóåõ ãóßúÊõæÈðÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö æóÇáúÅöäúÌöíáö [7 \ 157] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈó ÚöäúÏóåõãú åõæó ãóÇ ÈóÔøóÑó Èöåö ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãõÈóÔøöÑðÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáò íóÃúÊöí ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöí ÇÓúãõåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ [61 \ 6] .
æóßóæúäõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃõãøöíøðÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì áóÇ íóßúÊõÈõ¡ Èóíøóäóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÊúáõæ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóáóÇ ÊóÎõØøõåõ Èöíóãöíäößó(8/115)
Ðóáößó ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö íõÄúÊöíåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóÇááøóåõ Ðõæ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö (4)
[49 \ 48] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýöí ßóæúäöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃõãøöíøðÇ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö æóíõÒóßøöíåöãú ÈöäóÝúíö ÇáÑøóíúÈö Úóäúåõ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ÃóÓóÇØöíÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ÇßúÊóÊóÈóåóÇ Ýóåöíó Êõãúáóì Úóáóíúåö [25 \ 5] ÝóÞóÇáó: ÅöÐðÇ áóÇÑúÊóÇÈó ÇáúãõÈúØöáõæäó [29 \ 48] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÎóÑöíäó ãöäúåõãú áóãøóÇ íóáúÍóÞõæÇ Èöåöãú.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÇáúãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö ÅöáóíúåóÇ: åóÐóÇ ÚõØöÝó Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÚúËö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó¡ æóÝöí ÂÎóÑöíäó ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÞöíáó: ÚõØöÝó Úóáóì ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íõÚóáøöãõåõãú¡ Ãóíú íõÚóáøöãõåõãú æóíõÚóáøöãõ ÂÎóÑöíäó ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÂÎóÑöíäó ßõáøõ ãóäú íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: æóÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ áöÃõäúÐöÑóßõãú Èöåö æóãóäú ÈóáóÛó [6 \ 19] .
æóÕóÍøó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóÂÎóÑöíäó¡ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÝóÇÑöÓó Þóæúãö ÓóáúãóÇäó¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò ÝóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉõ ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö. ÇåÜ.
æóÓóÈóÞó Ãóäøó ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇÁõæÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú íóÞõæáõæäó ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÇÛúÝöÑú áóäóÇ æóáöÅöÎúæóÇäöäóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÈóÞõæäóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö [59 \ 10] .
æóáóßöäú ÓóÈóÞóäóÇ ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Íöíäó ÚóËóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÓö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö íõÄúÊöíåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ.
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÑúÌöÚö ÇÓúãö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö åõäóÇ æóÝöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúãõÊóÝóÖøöáö Èöåö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Ãóåõãõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ ÇáúÃõãøöíøóÉõ ÊóÝóÖøóáó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÈóÚúËóÉö äóÈöíøò ãöäúåõãú Ýöíåöãú¿ Ãóãú åõæó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÃõãøöíøõ ÊóÝóÖøóáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö ÈöÈóÚúËóÊöåö ãõÚóáøöãðÇ åóÇÏöíðÇ¿ Ãóãú åõãõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íóáúÍóÞõæÇ Òóãóäó ÇáúÈöÚúËóÉö æóæóÕóáóÊúåõãú ÏóÚúæóÊõåóÇ¡ æóÃóÏúÑóßõæÇ ÝóÖúáóåóÇ¿
æóÞóÏö ÇßúÊóÝóì ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóíúäóÇ - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ðóáößó Ãóíú: ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ãöäú ÈóÚúËö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøö ÇáúßóÑöíãö Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó¡ ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö íõÄúÊöíåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóÇááøóåõ Ðõæ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóãöäú ÚöÙóãö ÝóÖúáöåö ÊóÝóÖøõáõåõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøö ÇáúßóÑöíãö. ÇåÜ.(8/116)
ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍõãøöáõæÇ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó Ëõãøó áóãú íóÍúãöáõæåóÇ ßóãóËóáö ÇáúÍöãóÇÑö íóÍúãöáõ ÃóÓúÝóÇÑðÇ ÈöÆúÓó ãóËóáõ ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóåúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó (5)
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ãöäúåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -¡ íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÇáúÃóæøóáó æóÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ ÊóÝóÖøóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãøöíøöíäó ÈöÈöÚúËóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÊóÝóÖøõáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö ÈöÈóÚúËóÊöåö Ýöíåöãú ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáÊøóäóæøõÚöíøö Ãóæú åöíó ãöäó ÇáúãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÇÊö ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÅöÏóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÌóãöíÚöº áöÃóäøó ÝóÖúáó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú Ôóãöáó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áóÞóÏú ãóäøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÅöÐú ÈóÚóËó Ýöíåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö æóíõÒóßøöíåöãú æóíõÚóáøöãõåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò [3 \ 164] æóåóÐóÇ Úóíúäõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» ÓóæóÇÁñ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇäó åõæó ÇáÊøóÝóÖøõáõ.
æóäóÕøó Úóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÚóáøóãóßó ãóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÚúáóãõ æóßóÇäó ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßó ÚóÙöíãðÇ [4 \ 113] .
æóäóÕøó Úóáóì ÇáËøóÇáöËö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãóäú íóÑúÊóÏøó ãöäúßõãú Úóäú Ïöíäöåö ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÃúÊöí Çááøóåõ ÈöÞóæúãò íõÍöÈøõåõãú æóíõÍöÈøõæäóåõ ÃóÐöáøóÉò Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóÚöÒøóÉò Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó íõÌóÇåöÏõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö æóáóÇ íóÎóÇÝõæäó áóæúãóÉó áóÇÆöãò Ðóáößó ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö íõÄúÊöíåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóÇááøóåõ æóÇÓöÚñ Úóáöíãñ [5 \ 54] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÃúÊöí¡ æóíõÓóÇæöí: æóÂÎóÑöíäó ãöäúåõãú áóãøóÇ íóáúÍóÞõæÇ Èöåöãú [62 \ 3] ¡ Ýóåõæó ÎöáóÇÝõ ÊóäóæøõÚò¡ æóÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúÌóãöíÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍõãøöáõæÇ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó Ëõãøó áóãú íóÍúãöáõæåóÇ ßóãóËóáö ÇáúÍöãóÇÑö íóÍúãöáõ ÃóÓúÝóÇÑðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: åóÐóÇ ãóËóáñ ÖóÑóÈóåõ Çááøóåõ áöáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ ÔóÈøóåóåõãú ÈöÍöãóÇÑò¡ æóÔóÈøóåó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó ÇáøóÊöí ßõáøöÝõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÃóÓúÝóÇÑò Ãóíú: ßõÊõÈò ÌóÇãöÚóÉò áöáúÚõáõæãö ÇáäøóÇÝöÚóÉö¡ æóÔóÈøóåó ÊóßúáöíÝóåõãú ÈöÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö ÈöÍóãúáö Ðóáößó ÇáúÍöãóÇÑö áöÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóÓúÝóÇÑö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍöãóÇÑó áóÇ íóäúÊóÝöÚõ ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÚõáõæãö ÇáäøóÇÝöÚóÉö ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáúãóÍúãõæáóÉö Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåö¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó ÇáúíóåõæÏõ áóãú íóäúÊóÝöÚõæÇ ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö ãöäó ÇáúÚõáõæãö ÇáäøóÇÝöÚóÉöº áöÃóäøóåõãú ßõáøöÝõæÇ ÈöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÅöÙúåóÇÑö ÕöÝóÇÊöåö áöáäøóÇÓö ÝóÎóÇäõæÇ¡ æóÍóÑøóÝõæÇ æóÈóÏøóáõæÇ Ýóáóãú íóäúÝóÚúåõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÚõáõæãö ÇåÜ.
ÝóÃóÔóÇÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Åöáóì Ãóäøó æóÌúåó ÇáÔøóÈóåö ÚóÏóãõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ÈöãóÇ ÊóÍóãøóáõæåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÑöÓóÇáóÉö ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì(8/117)
Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó åóÇÏõæÇ Åöäú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ áöáøóåö ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó (6)
åóÐóÇ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåõ ßóãóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÃóÈúäóÇÁóåõãú æóÅöäøó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ãöäúåõãú áóíóßúÊõãõæäó ÇáúÍóÞøó æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 146] ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÍóÏõæÇ ÑöÓóÇáóÉó ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåõãú íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåõ ßóãóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÃóÈúäóÇÁóåõãú Ýóáóãú íóäúÝóÚúåõãú Úöáúãõåõãú Èöåö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÃóÔóÏøõ ãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÍóÐóÑõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÎóÇÕøóÉð áöØõáøóÇÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÍóãóáóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈöÆúÓó ãóËóáõ ÇáúÞóæúãö [62 \ 5] Ãóíú: ÊóÔúÈöíåõåõãú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóËóáö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö.
æóÞóÏú ÓóÈóÞó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãöËóÇáö Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö¡ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáËøóÇäöí ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóËóáõåõ ßóãóËóáö ÇáúßóáúÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 176] .
æóãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáËøóÇáöËö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ßóÑóãóÇÏò ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 18] .
æóãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáäøóÇÓö [18 \ 54] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉõ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóíúåö åõæó Ãóäú ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó íóÌúÚóáõåõ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÇáúãõÝúÑöÏö¡ æóÃóäøó æóÌúåó ÇáÔøóÈóåö Ýöíåö ãõÝúÑóÏñ æóåõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ÈöÇáúãóÍúãõæáö¡ ßóÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö:
ßóÇáúÚöíÓö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÏóÇÁö íóÞúÊõáõåóÇ ÇáÙøóãóÇ ... æóÇáúãóÇÁõ ÝóæúÞó ÙõåõæÑöåóÇ ãóÍúãõæáõ
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÇáÊøóãúËöíáöíøöº áöÃóäøó æóÌúåó ÇáÔøóÈóåö ãõÑóßøóÈñ ãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚö ßóæúäö ÇáúãóÍúãõæáö ßõÊõÈðÇ äóÇÝöÚóÉð¡ æóÇáúÍóÇãöáö ÍöãóÇÑðÇ áóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áóåõ ÈöåóÇ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚöíÓó íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú ÊóäúÊóÝöÚó ÈöÇáúãóÇÁö áóæú ÍóÕóáóÊú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÍöãóÇÑõ áóÇ íóäúÊóÝöÚõ ÈöÇáúÃóÓúÝóÇÑö æóáóæú äõÔöÑóÊú Èóíúäó Úóíúäóíúåö¡ æóÝöíåö ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ãöäú ãõæÌöÈóÇÊö äóÞúáö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö Úóäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ßõáøöíøóÉð Ãóäøóåõãú æóÕóáõæÇ Åöáóì ÍóÏøö ÇáúÅöáúÈóÇÓö ãöäö ÇäúÊöÝóÇÚöåöãú ÈöÃóãóÇäóÉö ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö æóÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÝóäóÞóáóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Åöáóì Þóæúãò ÃóÍóÞøó ÈöåóÇ æóÈöÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó åóÇÏõæÇ Åöäú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ áöáøóåö ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÇáøóÐöíäó åóÇÏõæÇ åõãõ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ.(8/118)
æóáóÇ íóÊóãóäøóæúäóåõ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÇááøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó (7)
æóãóÚúäóì åóÇÏõæÇ Ãóíú: ÑóÌóÚõæÇ ÈöÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚöÌúáö.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ åõÏúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó [7 \ 156] ¡ æóßóÇäó ÑõÌõæÚõåõãú Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚöÌúáö ÈöÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö ÇáäøóÕõæÍö: ÍóíúËõ ÓóáøóãõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú áöáúÞóÊúáö ÊóæúÈóÉð æóÅöäóÇÈóÉð Åöáóì Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì ÈóÇÑöÆößõãú ÝóÇÞúÊõáõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúßõãú [2 \ 54] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ áöáøóåö ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí: Åöäú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ áöáøóåö Ãóíú: Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó Ýöí ÒóÚúãößõãú Ãóäøóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ áöáøóåö¡ æóÃóÈúäóÇÁõ Çááøóåö æóÃóÍöÈøóÇÄõåõ Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑößõãú ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó: áöÃóäøó æóáöíøó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøðÇ íóÊóãóäøóì áöÞóÇÁóåõ¡ æóÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÚó Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóÚóÏøó áóåõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÚöíãö ÇáúãõÞöíãö. ÇåÜ.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì ÈóíóÇäö ÒóÚúãöåöãö ÇáúãõÌúãóáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö æóåõæó ãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú æóÚóäö ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ãóÚóåõãú: æóÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúíóåõæÏõ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì äóÍúäõ ÃóÈúäóÇÁõ Çááøóåö æóÃóÍöÈøóÇÄõåõ [5 \ 18] .
æóÞóÏú ÑóÏøó ÒóÚúãóåõãú Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Ýóáöãó íõÚóÐøöÈõßõãú ÈöÐõäõæÈößõãú Èóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ÈóÔóÑñ ãöãøóäú ÎóáóÞó.
æóãöËúáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Åöäú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú áóßõãõ ÇáÏøóÇÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóÇáöÕóÉð ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [2 \ 94] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: æóÞöíáó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÊøóãóäøöí ÇáúãõÈóÇåóáóÉõ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöÙúåóÇÑõ ßóÐöÈö ÇáúíóåõæÏö Ýöí ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ Çááøóåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö: Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÔóÑúØóÇäö íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ ÇáúÃóÎúÐõ ãöäúåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö Ãóíú ÝóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó¡ Åöäú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú¡ Åöäú ÕóÏóÞúÊõãú Ýöí ÒóÚúãößõãú¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Åöäú ÊóÓúÊóÛöíËõæÇ ÈöäóÇ Åöäú ÊóÐúÚóÑõæÇ ÊóÌöÏõæÇ ... ãöäøóÇ ãóÚóÇÞöáó ÚöÒøò ÒóÇäóåóÇ ßóÑóãõ
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÊóãóäøóæúäóåõ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú.(8/119)
äóÕøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÊóãóäøóæúäó ÇáúãóæúÊó ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÈóÈó åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú¡ æóáóßöäú áöíõÈóíøöäó ãóÇ åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãõ ÇáøóÐöí ãóäóÚóåõãú ãöäú Êóãóäøöí ÇáúãóæúÊö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: áóÇ íóÊóãóäøóæúäóåõ áöÔöÏøóÉö ÍöÑúÕöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóÊóÌöÏóäøóåõãú ÃóÍúÑóÕó ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì ÍóíóÇÉò [2 \ 96] ÝóÔöÏøóÉõ ÍöÑúÕöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúÍóíóÇÉöº áöÚöáúãöåöãú Ãóäøóåõãú ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇÊõæÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÑó¡ æóáóæú ÊóãóäøóæúÇ áóãóÇÊõæÇ ãöäú Íöíäöåöãú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÇáúÈóÇÁõ ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ æóÇáúãõÓóÈøöÈñ ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁõ Êóãóäøöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ãöäú ßõÝúÑöåöãú æóãóÚóÇÕöíåöãú¡ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÓóãöÚó Çááøóåõ Þóæúáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÝóÞöíÑñ æóäóÍúäõ ÃóÛúäöíóÇÁõ ÓóäóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÞóÊúáóåõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞøò æóäóÞõæáõ ÐõæÞõæÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÍóÑöíÞö Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíßõãú [3 \ 181] .
ÝóÇáúÈóÇÁõ åõäóÇ ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ãóíú: ÐõæÞõæÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÍóÑöíÞö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíßõãú ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇÊö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö áóäú íóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó æóíõæóÏøõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãú áóæú íõÚóãøóÑõ ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò æóãóÇ åõæó ÈöãõÒóÍúÒöÍöåö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Ãóäú íõÚóãøóÑó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóíúÞóäõæÇ ÇáúåóáóÇßó æóíóÆöÓõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊóæóáøóæúÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÞóÏú íóÆöÓõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ßóãóÇ íóÆöÓó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö [60 \ 13] ¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö áóãú íóÊóãóäøóæõÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúãóæúÊó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÝöÑøõæäó ãöäúåõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãõáóÇÞöíßõãú.
Ãóíú: Åöäú ÝóÑóÑúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÈöÚóÏóãö Êóãóäøöíåö Ýóáóäú íóÌúÚóáóßõãú ÊóäúÌõæäó ãöäúåõ æóåõæó ãõáóÇÞöíßõãú áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó¡ æóãõáóÇÞöíßõãú ÈöãóÚúäóì ãõÏúÑößõßõãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóíúäóãóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ íõÏúÑößõßõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ æóáóæú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÈõÑõæÌò ãõÔóíøóÏóÉò [4 \ 78] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ÐóÇÆöÞóÉõ ÇáúãóæúÊö [3 \ 185] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó Ðóáößõãú ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞõÖöíóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóÇäúÊóÔöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö æóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ßóËöíÑðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÝúáöÍõæäó.(8/120)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó Ðóáößõãú ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó (9) ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞõÖöíóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóÇäúÊóÔöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö æóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ßóËöíÑðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÝúáöÍõæäó (10)
åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ íõÔúÈöåõ Ýöí ãóÏúáõæáöåö æóÕõæÑóÊöåö Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÐøöäú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÌøö íóÃúÊõæßó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÖóÇãöÑò íóÃúÊöíäó ãöäú ßõáøö ÝóÌøò ÚóãöíÞò áöíóÔúåóÏõæÇ ãóäóÇÝöÚó áóåõãú [22 \ 27] ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÝóÖúÊõãú ãöäú ÚóÑóÝóÇÊò ÝóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÔúÚóÑö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö [2 \ 198] .
ÝóÝöí ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ äöÏóÇÁñ¡ æóÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáúÍóÌøö ÕóáóÇÉñ æóÓóÚúíñ æóÅöÊúíóÇäñ æóÐößúÑñ áöáøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑñ æóÅöÝóÇÖóÉñ ãöãøóÇ íóÑúÈõØõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÈöÇáúÍóÌøö Ýöí ÇáÔøóßúáö æóÅöäö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÍóÌúãõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúßóíúÝö æóÅöäú ÊóÝóÇæóÊóÊö ÇáÊøóÝóÇÕöíáõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóÈóÇÍöËö æóÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ßóËúÑóÉñ æóÊóäúæöíÚñ ãöäú ãõÊøóÝóÞò Úóáóíúåö æóãõÎúÊóáóÝò Ýöíåö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ãóÈóÇÍöËó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö áóÇ ÊóÞöáøõ ÃóåóãøöíøóÉð Úóäú ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ æóÊóÊóØóáøóÈõ ÚöäóÇíóÉð ÈöåóÇ ßóÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö Èöåö.
æóÞóÏú äõÞöáó Úóäö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÚóÇÒöãðÇ Úóáóì ÈóÓúØö ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÝöíåóÇ ßóÚóÇÏóÊöåö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - æóáóßöäøó ÅöÑóÇÏóÊóåõ äóÇÝöÐóÉñ¡ æóÞõÏúÑóÊóåõ ÛóÇáöíóÉñ. æóÅöäøó ßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò íóÓúÊóÔúÚöÑõ ãóÏóì ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáÔøóíúÎö æóÈóÓúØöåö æóÊóÍúÞöíÞöåö áöáúãóÓóÇÆöáö áöíõÍúÌöãó æóíóÊúÑõßó ÇáÏøõÎõæáó ÝöíåóÇ ÊóÞóÇÕõÑðÇ ÏõæäóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ æóÃóäøó ÑóÈúØó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÈóÇÍöËö ÈöäõÕõæÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áóíúÓó ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúãõÈóíøóäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ãóÖúãõæäö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö áöåóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÅöíÌóÇÒö ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóäú ÃóÍúßóÇãöåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÞóÏú ãóáóÃó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäú ÃóæúÑóÇÞöåöãú ÈöÃóÍúßóÇãò æóÎöáóÇÝò Ýöí ãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚóáøõÞó áóåóÇ ÈöáóÝúÙö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö. ÇåÜ.
Ýóåõæó íõÔöíÑõ ÈöÃóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áóÇ ÊóÚóáøõÞó áóåõ ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáøóÊöí äóÇÞóÔóåóÇ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Ýöí ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÏøóÇÑöÓó áöãóäúåóÌö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúãõÊóÐóæøöÞó áöÃõÓúáõæÈöåö áóãú íóÞúÊóÕöÑú Úóáóì ÇááøóÝúÙö ÝóÞóØú¡ Ãóíú: ÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáäøóÕøö ÇáÊøóØóÇÈõÞöíøö æóÊóÃóãøõáö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÇÊö ãöäú ÊóÖóãøõäò æóÇáúÊöÒóÇãò æóÅöíãóÇÁò æóÊóäúÈöíåò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÌöÏõ áöÃóßúËóÑó Ãóæú ßõáøö ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó¡ æóÇáúãõÍóÏøöËõæäó¡ æóÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÈóÇÍöËö ÃõÕõæáðÇ ãöäú ÃõÕõæáö Êöáúßó ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÇÊö.
æóÅöäøöí ÃóÓúÊóáúåöãõ Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÑøõÔúÏó æóÃóÓúÊóãöÏøõ¡ ÇáúÚóæúäó æóÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞó áöÈóíóÇäö ßõáøö ãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäú æõÝøöÞúÊõ ÝóÈöÝóÖúáò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÎöÏúãóÉò áößöÊóÇÈöåö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãõÍóÇæóáóÉñ ÊõÛúÊóÝóÑõ ÈöÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúÞõÕõæÑö ÇáúÚöáúãöíøö æóÊóÍúÓöíäõ ÇáúÞóÕúÏö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÇáúåóÇÏöí Åöáóì ÓóæóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó.(8/121)
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ãóíú: ÞóÇãó ÇáúãõäóÇÏöí ÈöåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ íóÞõæáõ: Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ãóíú: ãöäú ÕóáóÇÉö íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ãóíú: ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÇåÜ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö äóÝúÓõåóÇ Ïõæäó ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÕóáóæóÇÊö Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ãóÌöíÁõ «ãöäó» ÇáøóÊöí áöáÊøóÈúÚöíÖö Ëõãøó ÊóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÚúÖõ ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáúÈóíúÚö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó¡ áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåóÇ áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáúÎõØúÈóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú ãõÚóíøóäóÉð áóåõãú ÞóÈúáó äõÒõæáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÕóáøóæúåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ãóÌöíÁö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáäøöÏóÇÁö åõæó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ äóÇÏóíúÊõãú Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÇÊøóÎóÐõæåóÇ åõÒõæðÇ æóáóÚöÈðÇ [5 \ 58] .
æóãöäó ÇáÓøõäóÉö Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóáúíõÄóÐøöäú áóßõãú ÃóÍóÏõßõãú» .
æóÞöíáó: ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ áõÛóÉð åõæó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ ÈöÕóæúÊò ãõÑúÊóÝöÚò áöÍóÏöíËö: «ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóäúÏóì ãöäúßó ÕóæúÊðÇ» .
æóÞóÏú ÚóÑøóÝó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó áõÛóÉð ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÐøöäú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÌøö íóÃúÊõæßó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ [22 \ 27] ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ áõÛóÉð: ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãõ.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÐóÇäñ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö íóæúãó ÇáúÍóÌøö ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑö [9 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö Èúäö ÍöáøöÒóÉó:
ÂóÐóäóÊúäóÇ ÈöÈóíúäöåóÇ ÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ... ÑõÈøó ËóÇæò íõãóáøõ ãöäúåõ ÇáËøóæóÇÁõ
æóÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ÔöÚóÇÑðÇ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóäöÏóÇÁð áöáÕøóáóÇÉö.
ÈóÏúÁõ ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÊöåö:
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÈóÏúÁö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøóåõ ÈõÏöÆó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú äõÕõæÕñ áóßöäøóåóÇ ÖóÚöíÝóÉñ: Ãóäøóåõ ÔõÑöÚó áóíúáóÉó ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö Ãóæú ÈöãóßøóÉó.
ãöäúåóÇ Úóäú Úóáöíøò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑö: Ãóäøóåõ ÔõÑöÚó ãóÚó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.(8/122)
æóãöäúåóÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÚöäúÏó ÇÈúäö ÍöÈøóÇäó Ãóäøóåõ ÔõÑöÚó ÈöãóßøóÉó Úóäú Ãóæøóáö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò: áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÊõåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÝóÝöíåóÇ äõÕõæÕñ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ ÊõÈóíøöäõ ÈóÏúÃóåõ æóßóíúÝöíøóÊóåõ.
ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ ÞóÇáó: " ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Íöíäó ÞóÏöãõæÇ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó íóÌúÊóãöÚõæäó ÝóíóÊóÍóíøóäõæäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóáóíúÓó íõäóÇÏöí ÈöåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ ÝóÊóßóáøóãõæÇ íóæúãðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÇÊøóÎöÐõæÇ äóÇÞõæÓðÇ ãöËúáó äóÇÞõæÓö ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÞóÑúäðÇ ãöËúáó ÞóÑúäö ÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: ÃóæóáóÇ ÊóÈúÚóËõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ íõäóÇÏöí ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " íóÇ ÈöáóÇáõ Þõãú ÝóäóÇÏö ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö "¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö áöãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó ÎóÔóÈóÊóíúäö íóÖúÑöÈõ ÈöåöãóǺ áöíóÌúÊóãöÚó ÇáäøóÇÓõ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÃõÑöí ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ ÎóÔóÈóÊóíúäö Ýöí Çáäøóæúãö ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó åóÇÊóíúäö áóäóÍúæñ ãöãøóÇ íõÑöíÏõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóáóÇ ÊõÄóÐøöäõæäó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö¿ ÝóÃóÊóì ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Íöíäó ÇÓúÊóíúÞóÙó ÝóÐóßóÑó áóåõ Ðóáößó ÝóÃóãóÑó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ".
æóÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Úóäú ÛóíúÑö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó æóÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑö ÇáÔøóíúÎóíúäö ÈöÃóáúÝóÇÙò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÕõæóÑò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò ãöäúåóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: " ÇäúÕöÈú ÑóÇíóÉð ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÂåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóÐøóäó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ Ãóíú: ÃóÚúáóãóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÍõÖõæÑö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Ýóáóãú íõÚúÌöÈúåõ Ðóáößó ÝóÐõßöÑó áóåõ ÇáúÞöäúÚõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáÔøóÈøõæÑõ áöáúíóåõæÏö Ýóáóãú íõÚúÌöÈúåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑö ÇáúíóåõæÏö ".
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóäóÓò " Ãóäú íõäóæøöÑõæÇ äóÇÑðÇ Ýóáóãú íõÚúÌöÈúåõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ".
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò: áóãøóÇ ÃóãóÑó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáäøóÇÞõæÓö íõÚúãóáõº áöíóÖúÑöÈó Èöåö áöáäøóÇÓö áöÌóãúÚö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ØóÇÝó Èöí æóÃóäóÇ äóÇÆöãñ ÑóÌõáñ íóÍúãöáõ äóÇÞõæÓðÇ Ýöí íóÏöåö¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: íóÇ ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö ÃóÊóÈöíÚõ ÇáäøóÇÞõæÓó¿ ÞóÇáó: æóãóÇ ÊóÕúäóÚõ Èöåö¿ ÞõáúÊõ: äóÏúÚõæ Èöåö Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÝóáóÇ ÃóÏõáøõßó Úóáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÎóíúÑò ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Èóáóì¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÊóÞõæáõ: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ".
Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÃúÎóÑó Úóäøöí ÛóíúÑó ÈóÚöíÏò Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÊóÞõæáõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÞóãúÊó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ(8/123)
Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõ ÃóÊóíúÊõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑúÊõåõ ÈöãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÝóÞóÇáó: " ÅöäøóåóÇ áóÑõÄúíóÇ ÍóÞøñ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÞõãú ãóÚó ÈöáóÇáò ÝóÃóáúÞö Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊó ÝóáúíõÄóÐøöäú Èöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóäúÏóì ÕóæúÊðÇ ãöäúßó " ÝóÞõãúÊõ ãóÚó ÈöáóÇáò ÝóÌóÚóáúÊõ ÃõáúÞöíåö Úóáóíúåö æóíõÄóÐøöäõ Èöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÓóãöÚó Ðóáößó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - æóåõæó Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö ÝóÎóÑóÌó íóÌõÑøõ ÑöÏóÇÁóåõ æóíóÞõæáõ:
æóÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚóËóßó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö áóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ ãóÇ ÑóÃóì¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " Ýóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ " ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò áóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: " Åöäøöí áóÈóíúäó äóÇÆöãò æóíóÞúÙóÇäó ÅöÐú ÃóÊóÇäöí ÂÊò ÝóÃóÑóÇäöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó ".
ÝóÊóÈóíøóäó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó Ýöí ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö.
æóåõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ Íóæúáó ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö: ßóíúÝó íõÊúÑóßõ ÃóãúÑõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóåõæó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóåóãøöíøóÉö ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýóíóßõæäõ ÃóãúÑó ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÊöåö ÑõÄúíóÇ íóÑóÇåóÇ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÃóÕúÍóÇÈö¡ æóØóÚóäó Ýöí ÓóäóÏö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " Þõãú íóÇ ÈöáóÇáõ ÝóäóÇÏö ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö " æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäú åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö æõÌõæåò:
ãöäúåóÇ: ÓóäóÏõ ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔóåõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÊóÕúÍöíÍóåõ æóãóäú ÕóÍøóÍóåõ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöÕöÍøóÊöåö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÎóÔóÈóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÃõÑöíó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò ÎóÔóÈóÊóíúäö ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáÊøóÔóÇæõÑö ÝöíãóÇ íõÚúáóãõ Èöåö Íöíäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚó ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑóº áöÃóäøó ÍóÏöíËó ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó áóãú íóÐúßõÑú ÃóáúÝóÇÙó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäøó ÈöáóÇáðÇ ßóÇäó íõäóÇÏöí ÈöÛóíúÑö åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöíÛóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÃóì ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó ÝóÚóáøóãóåõ ÈöáóÇáðÇ.
æóÞóÏú íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì ÞóÇáó: ÃõÍöíáóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÍúæóÇáò¡ æóÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: " áóÞóÏú ÃóÚúÌóÈóäöí Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ ÍóÊøóì áóÞóÏú åóãóãúÊõ Ãóäú ÃóÈõËøó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõæÑö íõäóÇÏõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÍöíäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÍóÊøóì åóãóãúÊõ Ãóäú ÂãõÑó(8/124)
ÑöÌóÇáðÇ íóÞõæãõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÂØóÇãö íõäóÇÏõæäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÞóÓõæÇ Ãóæú ßóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóäúÞõÓõæÇ "¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Åöäøöí áóãøóÇ ÑóÌóÚúÊõ áöãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ãöäö ÇåúÊöãóÇãößó ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÑóÌõáðÇ ßóÃóäøó Úóáóíúåö ËóæúÈóíúäö ÃóÎúÖóÑóíúäö ÝóÞóÇãó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÝóÃóÐøóäó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÚóÏó ÞóÚúÏóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇãó ÝóÞóÇáó ãöËúáóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÇáäøóÇÓõ áóÞõáúÊõ Åöäøöí ßõäúÊõ íóÞúÙóÇäó ÛóíúÑó äóÇÆöãò. ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " áóÞóÏú ÃóÑóÇßó Çááøóåõ ÎóíúÑðÇ ÝóãõÑú ÈöáóÇáðÇ ÝóáúíõÄóÐøöäú¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: ÃóãóÇ Åöäøöí ÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ ãöËúáó ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÃóì æóáóßöäøöí áóãøóÇ ÓõÈöÞúÊõ ÇÓúÊóÍúíóíúÊõ ". áöÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ÝóÝöíåö Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ÞóÏú åóãøó Ãóäú íóÈõËøó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõæÑö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÂØóÇãö íõäóÇÏõæäó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ äöÏóÇÁõ ÈöáóÇáò ÃóæøóáðÇ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö Ïõæäó ÊóÚúíöíäö ÃóáúÝóÇÙò¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó äöÏóÇÁõ ÈöáóÇáò ÇáúæóÇÑöÏõ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÈöÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÑóÃóì ãóÇ ÑóÂåõ æóÃóãóÑóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íõÚóáøöãóåõ ÈöáóÇáðÇ ÝóäóÇÏóì Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ: Ãóäøó ÑõÄúíóÇ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö áöáúÃóÐóÇäö áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõåõ ãóÔúÑõæÚðÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö æóáóÇ ãõÊóæóÞøöÝðÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäú ÓöÊøóÉò æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÌõÒúÁðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÙúãõ áöÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞöÓúãö Ýóåöíó ÈóÚöíÏóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúæóÓóÇæöÓö¡ æóÇáúåóæóÇÌöÓö áöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÅöÚúáóÇäö ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö æóÅöÑúÛóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: " Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ÃóÏúÈóÑó " ÅöáóÎú.
Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚóåóÇ ÃóÞóÑøóåóÇ æóÞóÇáó: " ÅöäøóåóÇ áóÑõÄúíóÇ ÍóÞøñ "¡ Ãóæú áóÞóÏú ÃóÑóÇßó Çááøóåõ ÍóÞøðÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÓõäøóÉó ÊóÞúÑöíÑò ßóãóÇ íõÞóÑøöÑõ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö.
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÊóÚúáöíãõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ÝóÕóÇÑó ÓõäøóÉð ËóÇÈöÊóÉð¡ æóßóÇäó íõÊóæóÌøóåõ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ áóæú Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÈúáõÛúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÚóãöáõæÇ Èöåö ÈöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛóåõ æóÃóÞóÑøóåõ ÝóáóÇ ÓõÄóÇáó ÅöÐðÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÍúíó ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóåõ Èöåö¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ÚõãóÑõ ÞóÇáó áóåõ: " ÓóÈóÞóßó ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúæóÍúíõ " ÐõßöÑó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÓöíáö ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÐõßöÑó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÈóÓúØõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÍõßúãö ÈöÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõãóÇ ÇáúãõÚóáøöÞõ Úóáóì ÈóÐúáö ÇáúãóÌúåõæÏö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ Þöíáó: ÊóÑúßõ ãóÌöíÁö ÈóíóÇäö æóÊóÚúáöíãö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Åöáóì Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö æóÑóæóÇåõ ÚõãóÑõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ áöÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõãóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõÚúáöäðÇ ãóÚó ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÌöíÆõåõ Úóäú ØóÑöíÞöåöãóÇ Ãóæúáóì(8/125)
æóÃóßúÑóãõ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõãú ãöäú ØóÑöíÞöåö åõæó ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóßõæäó ÚöäóÇíóÉó ãóäú íóÏúÚõæåõãú áöÅöØúÑóÇÆöåö. æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõÊóæóÌøóåðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöíåö äóÙóÑðǺ áöÃóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóæú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÈöÃóÚúÙóãó ãöäú Ðóáößó áóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóæúÖöÚó ÊóÓóÇÄõáò.
ãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚö ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó íóßõæäõ ÃóÕúáõ ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÓõäøóÉð ËóÇÈöÊóÉð¡ ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÞóÏú åóãøó Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈõíõæÊö íõäóÇÏõæåõ¡ æóÅöãøóÇ áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÞóÑøó ãóÇ ÑóÃóì ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Ýóíóßõæäõ ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ãöäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑõ ãöäúåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáøóÊöí ÑóÂåóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö.
ÝóÖúáõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÂÏóÇÈõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö
áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó ãöäú ÃóÝúÖóáö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ãóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÕóæúÊóåõ ãöäú ÍóÌóÑò æóãóÏóÑò. ÅöáóÎú.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó ÃóØúæóáõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÚúäóÇÞðÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» .
æóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: áóæúáóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝóÉõ áóÃóÐøóäúÊõ.
æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÖóÇãöäñ¡ æóÇáúãõÄóÐøöäñ ãõÄúÊóãóäñ¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÃóÑúÔöÏö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉó¡ æóÇÛúÝöÑú áöáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú ÝóÖóÇÆöáö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ãõÄúÊóãóäñ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ æóÞöíáó: ãõÄúÊóãóäñ Úóáóì ÚóæúÑóÇÊö ÇáúÈõíõæÊö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÍóËøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúæõÖõæÁö áóåõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «áóÇ íõäóÇÏöí áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ÅöáøóÇ ãõÊóæóÖøöÆñ» æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÍóÏóËõ áóÇ íõÈúØöáõåõ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞðÇ.
æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóËóÇÈóÉö ßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÂÏóÇÈñ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó:
ãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ãöäú ÎöíóÇÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ßóãóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó: «áöíõÄóÐøöäú áóßõãú ÎöíóÇÑõßõãú æóáúíóÄõãøóßõãú ÞõÑøóÇÄõßõãú» ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÍóÐøóÑó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú Êóæóáøöí ÇáúÝóÓóÞóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÖóÇãöäñ æóÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ ãõÄúÊóãóäñ» ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö. ÝóÅöäøó Ýöíåö ÒöíóÇÏóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑö ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö: áóÞóÏú ÊóÑóßúÊóäóÇ äóÊóäóÇÝóÓõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÈóÚúÏóßó ÝóÞóÇáó: «Åöäøóåõ íóßõæäõ ÈóÚúÏöí Ãóæú ÈóÚúÏóßõãú Þóæúãñ ÓöÝúáóÊõåõãú ãõÄóÐøöäõæåõãú» .
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ íõßúÑóåõ ÇáÊøóÛóäøöí Ýöíåöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÐößúÑñ æóÏõÚóÇÁñ Åöáóì ÃóÝúÖóáö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõ: Åöäøöí ÃõÍöÈøõßó Ýöí Çááøóåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó: áóßöäøöí ÃõÈúÛöÖõßó Ýöí Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóáöãó¿ ÞóÇáó: áöÃóäøóßó ÊóÊóÛóäøóì Ýöí ÃóÐóÇäößó.
æóÝöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí áöÇÈúäö ÞõÏóÇãóÉó: æóáóÇ íõÚúÊóÏøõ ÈöÃóÐóÇäö ÕóÈöíøò æóáóÇ ÝóÇÓöÞò¡ Ãóíú ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÝöÓúÞö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö: áóÇ íõÍóÇßöí Ýöí ÃóÐóÇäöåö ÇáúÝóÓóÞóÉó.(8/126)
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÃóáøóÇ íóáúÍóäó Ýöíåö áóÍúäðÇ ÈóíøöäðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: æóíõßúÑóåõ ÇááøóÍúäõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÑõÈøóãóÇ ÛóíøóÑó ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö æóäóÕóÈó áóÇãó ÑóÓõæáò. ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ Úóäú ßóæúäöåö ÎóÈóÑðÇ.
æóáóÇ íóãõÏøõ áóÝúÙóÉó ÃóßúÈóÑó áöÃóäøóåõ íóÌúÚóáõ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóáöÝðÇ ÝóíóÕöíÑõ ÌóãúÚõ ßóÈóÑò¡ æóåõæó ÇáØøóÈúáõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÓúÞöØõ ÇáúåóÇÁó ãöäö ÇÓúãö Çááøóåö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóáóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ áöãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõ áóßõãú ãóäú íõÏúÛöãõ ÇáúåóÇÁó» ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÃóáúËóÛó áóÇ ÊóÊóÝóÇÍóÔõ ÌóÇÒó ÃóÐóÇäõåõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Ãóäøó ÈöáóÇáðÇ ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: ÃóÓúåóÏõ ÈöÌóÚúáö ÇáÔøöíäö ÓöíäðÇ¡ äóÞóáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÃóÕúáó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóËóÑö ãóÚó ÔõåúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ßóÔúÝö ÇáúÎóÝóÇÁö æóãõÒöíáö ÇáúÅöáúÈóÇÓö.
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÊóÚóåøõÏõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó Ýöí åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÇááøóÍúäö æóÇáÊøóáúÍöíäö æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÝöÓúÞõ¡ æóÕöÝóÉõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÑóãóíúäö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝóíúäö ãóåúÈöØö ÇáúæóÍúíö æóãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí¡ æóãóæúÝöÏö ÇáúÞóÇÏöãöíäó ãöäú ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò áöíóÃúÎõÐõæÇ ÂÏóÇÈó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó Úóäú Ãóåúáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÓóÉö.
ÃóáúÝóÇÙõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö æóÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÇáÊøóËúæöíÈö æóÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚö
ãóÏóÇÑõ ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËóíú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó Ýöí ãóßøóÉó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåõãóÇ ÊóÈóÚñ áóåõãóÇ ßóÍóÏöíËö ÈöáóÇáò æóÛóíúÑöåö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú.
æóÍóÏöíËõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö Ãóíú ÝöíãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóãõÓúáöãò¡ æóåõæó ãõÊóÞóÏøöãñ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÒóãóäö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ðóáößó Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð Ýöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö Ãóæøóáó ãóÞúÏöãöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöáóíúåóÇ.
æóÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö æóÝöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÞöÕøóÉó ÓóÈóÈö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö¡ æóÍóÏöíËó: ÃõãöÑö ÈöáóÇáñ Ãóäú íõÔúÝöÚó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó æóíõæÊöÑó ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÓóäõÞóÏøöãõ ÍóÏöíËó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåöº áöÊóÞóÏøõãöåö Ýöí ÇáÒøóãóäö¡ æóÃóáúÝóÇÙõåõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÈóÏúÁö(8/127)
ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö¡ åöíó: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóãóÌúãõæÚõåõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÚóÔóÑóÉó ßóáöãóÉð Ãóíú ÌõãúáóÉð¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÊóÑúÈöíÚõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö æóÊóËúäöíóÉõ ÈóÇÞöíåö¡ æóÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ ÂÎöÑöåö¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÈöÊóËúäöíóÉö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö Ýöí ßóáöãóÉò æóÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÈóÇÞöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áóÝúÙó ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ æóáóÝúÙõåóÇ: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ: ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÞóÇáó Úóäúåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ: ÍóÓóäñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóÐóßóÑó áóåõ ÚöÏøóÉó ØõÑõÞò¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóÇßöãö¡ æóÇÈúäö ÎõÒóíúãóÉó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÍöÈøóÇäó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍóíúåöãóÇ¡ æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú.
ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÑóÌó Ýöí äóÝóÑò ÝóáóÞöíó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõÞúÏöãðÇ ãöäú Íõäóíúäò¡ æóÃóÐøóäó ãõÄóÐøöäõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÙóáøó ÃóÈõæ ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó Ýöí äóÝóÑöåö íóÍúßõæäóåõ ÇÓúÊöåúÒóÇÁð Èöåö¡ ÝóÓóãöÚóåõãú - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÃóÍúÖóÑóåõãú ÝóÞóÇáó: «Ãóíøõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÕóæúÊóåõ ÞóÏö ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó¿ ÝóÃóÔóÇÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó¡ ÝóÍóÈóÓóåõ æóÃóÑúÓóáóåõãú¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áóåõ: Þõãú ÝóÃóÐøöäú ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÚóáøóãóåõ» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÃóáúÝóÇÙõåõ: ÝóÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò ÈöÊóËúäöíóÉö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÞöí ßóÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò ãóÚó ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÐößúÑö ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚö¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞóåõ ãõÓúáöãñ Ýöí ËóáóÇËóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó æóÈöáóÝúÙö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö ÝóÞóØú:
ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó äóÝúÓöåö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáøóãóåõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏó Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÅöÛóÇÑóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íõÛöíÑõ ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÚó ÇáúÝóÌúÑõ¡ æóßóÇäó íóÓúÊóãöÚõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÃóÐóÇäðÇ ÃóãúÓóßó æóÅöáøóÇ ÃóÛóÇÑó¡ ÝóÓóãöÚó ÑóÌõáðÇ íóÞõæáõ: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Úóáóì ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉö» ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÎóÑóÌúÊó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö» . . . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.(8/128)
æóÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÍóÏõßõãú: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ßõáøõåóÇ ÃóáúÝóÇÙõ ãõÓúáöãò áöÃóÐóÇäö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ãõÓúáöãñ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÍóÏöíËó ÃóäóÓò¡ ÃóãóÑó ÈöáóÇáðÇ Ãóäú íóÔúÝóÚó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó æóíõæÊöÑó ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉó¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑö ãõÓúáöãò ÌóÇÁó ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ÈöÊóÑúÈöíÚö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö¡ ßóÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚö æóÇáÊøóËúæöíÈö Ýöí ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ æóÝöíåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚó íóßõæäõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÈöÕóæúÊò ãõäúÎóÝöÖò.
Ëõãøó íõÑóÌøöÚõ æóíóãõÏøõ ÈöåöãóÇ - Ãóíú ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö - ÕóæúÊóåõ¡ æóÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÝóÌóÇÁóÊú Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö: ÇáúÃõæáóì ÞóÇáó: æóÚóáøóãóäöí ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉó ãóÑøóÊóíúäö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Íóíøö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ãöËúáõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÊóãóÇãðÇ ÈöÊóÑúÈöíÚö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö¡ æóÈöÏõæäö ÊóÑúÌöíÚò¡ æóÊóËúäöíóÉõ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö Ãóíö: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
ÝóÇáúÃõæáóì ßóÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ßóÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑöåö ÈöÏõæäö ÊóÑúÌöíÚò æóáóÇ ÊóËúæöíÈò¡ æóÅöÖóÇÝóÉö áóÝúÙö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö.
åóÐóÇ ãóÌúãõæÚõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÃõÕõæáö ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËóíú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò æóÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó.
æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò äóÌöÏõåõ áóãú ÊóÎúÊóáöÝú ÃóáúÝóÇÙõåõ áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÈöÊóÑúÈöíÚö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÈöÏõæäö ÊóËúæöíÈò æóáóÇ ÊóÑúÌöíÚò¡ æóÈöÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÅöáøóÇ áóÝúÙó ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ÝóÌóÇÁó ÈöÚöÏøóÉö ÕõæóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÝöí ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÝóÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò ÈöÊóËúäöíóÉö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö æóÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑöåö ÈöÊóÑúÈöíÚöåö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ(8/129)
ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚö Ýöí ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃõæáóì ãõäúÎóÝöÖóÉñ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó ãõÑúÊóÝöÚóÉñ¡ ßóÈóÞöíøóÉö ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÝóÌóÇÁóÊú ãóÑøóÊóíúäö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú ãöËúáó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÊóãóÇãðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑö ãõÓúáöãò Óöæóì ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚö æóÇáÊøóËúæöíÈö ãóÚó ÊóËúäöíóÉö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
Ýöí ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ËóáóÇËõ äöÞóÇØò:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÐößúÑõ ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ÇáÊøóËúæöíÈõ.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ÚóÏóÏõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚõ ÝóíóÌöÈõ Ãóäú íõÄúÎóÐó Èöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÊóÃóÎøöÑñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóáóÇ ãõÚóÇÑóÖóÉó Ýöíåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÈóíóÇäò æóÈöÓóäóÏò ÕóÍöíÍò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóËúæöíÈõ ÝóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÈöáóÇáò¡ æóßóÇäó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÊóÃóÎøöÑðÇ Úóäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ãóäøó ÈöáóÇáðÇ ÃóÐøóäó áöáÕøõÈúÍö ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ: Åöäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - äóÇÆöãñ ÝóÕóÑóÎó ÈöáóÇáñ ÈöÃóÚúáóì ÕóæúÊöåö: ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çáäøóæúãö.
ÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö: ÝóÃõÏúÎöáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúßóáöãóÉõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÃúÐöíäö áöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó áóåõ: «ÇÌúÚóáú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÃóÐóÇäößó» ÝóÇÎúÊõÕøóÊú ÈöÇáúÝóÌúÑö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí Úóäú ÈöáóÇáò: «Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - äóåóÇåõ Ãóäú íõËóæøöÈó Ýöí ÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÏóÎóáó ÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ íõÕóáøöí Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÓóãöÚó ÑóÌõáðÇ íõËóæøöÈõ Ýöí ÃóÐóÇäö ÇáÙøõåúÑö ÝóÎóÑóÌó ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ: Ãóíúäó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÎúÑóÌóÊúäöí ÇáúÈöÏúÚóÉõ¡ ÝóáóÒöãó ÈöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ÇáúÃóÎúÐõ ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÎóÇÕøóÉð.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÝóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ãõÓúáöãò áöÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ãóÑøóÊóíúäö Ýöí ßóáöãóÉò ÝóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ãóÚó ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑö ãõÓúáöãò ÈöÊóÑúÈöíÚö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö¡ æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÓóäóÏö ãõÓúáöãò Ýóåõæó ÃóÕóÍøõ ÓóäóÏðÇ¡ æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÊóÌöÏõ Ýöíåö ÒöíóÇÏóÉð ÕóÍöíÍóÉð¡ æóåöíó ÊóÑúÈöíÚõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöåóÇ ßóãóÇ æóÌóÈó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöÇáÊøóËúæöíÈö æóÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉó ÇáúãõÊøóÝöÞóÉó ãóÚó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ãóæúáóì ãöäó ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉö ãóÚóåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ: ÝóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö áóãú ÊóÎúÊóáöÝú ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí(8/130)
ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉð æóáóãú ÊóÊøóÝöÞú ÕõæÑóÉñ ãöäú ÕõæóÑöåóÇ ãóÚó ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúßóáöãóÇÊö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ßóÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ãóÚó áóÝúÙö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÓóäóÏõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÓóæóÇÁñ.
Ýóåóáú äóÃúÎõÐõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Ãóãú ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó¿ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉõ Èßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóäóÏö ÓóæóÇÁñ.
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ æóåöíó ÊóÔúÈöíåõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÞóÇÕöÑðÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó áóßóÇäó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö Ãóæúáóì ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÊóÃóÎøöÑñ æóÝöíåö ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ¡ æóáóßöäú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÍóÏöíËó ÈöáóÇáò Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò ÃóíúÖðÇ æóåõæó ÃóãúÑõ ÈöáóÇáò Ãóäú íóÔúÝóÚó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó æóÃóäú íõæÊöÑó ÈöÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ æóÍóÏöíËó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ãóÑøóÉð ãóÑøóÉð ÛóíúÑó Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ.
æóÈöåóÐóíúäö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö íõãúßöäõ ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÍõ Èóíúäó ÍóÏöíËóíú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö æóÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö.
Ýóãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÈöáóÇáò: äóÔúÝóÚõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõãú íóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó Ýöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúãóäóÇØö Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáÔøóÝúÚö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÝúÚó íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóì ÇËúäóíúäö æóÃóÑúÈóÚò¡ æóÚöäúÏó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÅöãøóÇ ãóÑøóÊóÇäö æóÅöãøóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚñ¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóíúåö ãóÚúäóì ÇáÔøóÝúÚö¡ æóáóßöäú ÅöÐóÇ ÇÚúÊóÈóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÊóßúÈöíÑóÊóíúäö ÌõãúáóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ ßóÇäó ÊóÍóÞøõÞõ ÇáÔøóÝúÚö ÈöÌõãúáóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóíóÃúÊöí ÃóÑúÈóÚó ÊóßúÈöíÑóÇÊò¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÇÚúÊóÈóÑúäóÇ ßõáøó ÊóßúÈöíÑóÉò ßóáöãóÉð æõÌöÏó ÇáÔøóÝúÚõ Ýöí ÌõãúáóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò áöÇÔúÊöãóÇáöåóÇ Úóáóì ßóáöãóÊóíúäö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ æóÞóÚó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó áóãú ÊõÚóÏøó ÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊõåõ ÈöÇáúßóáöãóÇÊö ÇáúãõÝúÑóÏóÉö Èóáú ÈöÇáúÌõãóáö ; áöÃóäøóäóÇ äóÚõÏøõ ÞóæúáóäóÇ: Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÌõãúáóÉñ ÊóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÚöÏøóÉö ßóáöãóÇÊò ãõÝúÑóÏóÉò¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÞóæúáõäóÇ: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ßóáöãóÉñ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáÔøóÝúÚõ ÈöÊóßúÑóÇÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóíóÃúÊöí ÃóÑúÈóÚó ÊóßúÈöíÑóÇÊò: æóåóÐóÇ íóÊøóÝöÞõ ãóÚó ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÊóãóÇãðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÚöíóÇÖñ: Åöäøó ÍóÏöíËó ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ÌóÇÁó Ýöí äõÓúÎóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÓöíøö áöãõÓúáöãò ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚö ÊóßúÈöíÑóÇÊò. ÇåÜ.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÊøóÝöÞõ ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊõ ßõáøõåóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÈöíÚö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö.(8/131)
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÝóÍóÏöíËõ ÈöáóÇáò äóÕøñ Ýöí ÅöíËóÇÑö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÅöáøóÇ áóÝúÙó ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö æóåõæó Úóíúäõ äóÕøö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÚóíúäõ ÇáäøóÕøö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ãóÑøóÉð ãóÑøóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉó¡ Ãóíú: Ýóåöíó ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÑúÖö æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÞóÔóÉö íóßõæäõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ åõæó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÃóÎúÐö ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚö æóÇáÊøóËúæöíÈö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó áöáúÃóÐóÇäö.
Ëõãøó äóÓõæÞõ ãóÇ ÃóÎóÐó Èöåö ÝõÞóåóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉö ãöäú ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÈöÇáúÌóãöíÚö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÑõÔúÏò Ýöí ÇáúÈöÏóÇíóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Úóáóì ÃóÑúÈóÚö ÕöÝóÇÊò ãóÔúåõæÑóÉò:
ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ: ÊóËúäöíóÉõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö æóÊóÑúÈöíÚõ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö æóÈóÇÞöíåö ãõËóäøðì¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ãóÇáößò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑõæäó ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ãóÇáößò ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÚó Ýöí ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö ÈöÕóæúÊò ÃóÎúÝóÖó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö.
æóÇáÕøöÝóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÃóÐóÇäõ Çáúãóßøöíøöíäó¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ÊóÑúÈöíÚõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö¡ æóÊóËúäöíóÉõ ÈóÇÞöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö.
æóÇáÕøöÝóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáúßõæÝöíøöíäó¡ æóåõæó ÊóÑúÈöíÚõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö æóÊóËúäöíóÉõ ÈóÇÞöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó.
æóÇáÕøöÝóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøöíäó¡ æóåõæó ÊóÑúÈöíÚõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö æóÊóËúáöíËõ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö¡ æóÍóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÍóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ íóÈúÏóÃõ ÈöÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÍóÊøóì íóÕöáó Åöáóì Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõ ßóÐóáößó ãóÑøóÉð ËóÇäöíóÉð ÃóÚúäöí ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚó ßóáöãóÇÊò ÊóÈóÚðÇ Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõåõäøó ËóÇáöËóÉð¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÓöíÑöíäó.
æóÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Ýöí ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÝöÑóÞö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáúÂËóÇÑö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇÊøöÕóÇáö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÚöäúÏó ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÏóäöíøöíäó íóÍúÊóÌøõæäó áöãóÐúåóÈöåöãú ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáö ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóßøöíøõæäó ßóÐóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ íóÍúÊóÌøõæäó ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáö ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúßõæÝöíøõæäó æóÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõæäó¡ æóáößõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÂËóÇÑñ ÊóÔúåóÏõ áöÞóæúáöåö. ÇåÜ.(8/132)
Ëõãøó ÓóÇÞó äõÕõæÕó ßõáøö ÝóÑöíÞò ãöäó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇåóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ¡ æóáóãú íõæÑöÏú äóÕøðÇ áöãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøöíäó ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóËúáöíËõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ¡ æóÞóÏú æõÌöÏó Ýöí ãõÕóäøóÝö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö ÈöÓóäóÏò ÌóíøöÏò ãõÌóáøóÏó (1) Õ (564) æóÌóÇÁó ãóÑúæöíøðÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãõÕóäøóÝö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö: ÃóãøóÇ ÕöÝóÊõåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÈöÊóËúäöíóÉö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö Ýöí ÃóæøóáöåóÇ¡ æóÈöÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÈóÇÞöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áóÝúÙó ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö æóÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ Ýóåöíó ãóËúäóì ãóËúäóì¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÝóÞóÏú ÎóíøóÑó Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÝúÑóÇÏö æóÇáÊøóËúäöíóÉö ÝöíåóÇ ÇåÜ.
Êöáúßó åöíó ÎõáóÇÕóÉõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö Ýöí ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÒóÇÏö ÇáúãóÚóÇÏö ÊóÍúÊó ÚõäúæóÇäö: ÝóÕúáõ ãõÄóÐøöäöíåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóßóÇäó ÃóÈõæ ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó íõÑóÌøöÚõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó æóíõËóäøöí ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉó æóÈöáóÇáñ áóÇ íõÑóÌøöÚõ æóíõÝúÑöÏõ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉó¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ æóÃóåúáõ ãóßøóÉó ÈöÃóÐóÇäö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó¡ æóÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÈöáóÇáò¡ æóíóÚúäöí ÈöÃóÐóÇäö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó Úóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÊóÑúÈöíÚö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö¡ æóÃóÎóÐó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö ÈöÃóÐóÇäö ÈöáóÇáò æóÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó¡ æóÃóÎóÐó ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÈöÃóÐóÇäö ÈöáóÇáò æóÅöÞóÇãóÊöåö¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÊóÑúÈöíÚö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö æóÈöÏõæäö ÊóÑúÌöíÚò¡ æóÈöÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö Åöáóì áóÝúÙö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÎóÇáóÝó ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö ÅöÚóÇÏóÉó ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö æóÊóËúäöíóÉó áóÝúÙö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íõßóÑøöÑõåóÇ ÇåÜ.
æóãõÑóÇÏõåõ ÈöãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö ãóÇáößò åõäóÇ áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ Ýóåõæó ãõÊøóÝöÞñ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøõæóÑö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö. ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÅöÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉó ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÊóßúÑöíÑöåö áöáóÝúÙö ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö ÍóÏöíËö ÈöáóÇáò Ãóäú íõæÊöÑó ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉó Ãóíú Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì íóÙúåóÑõ áóßó Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ßõáøóåóÇ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáÊøóäóæøõÚö æóßõáøñ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÕóÍöíÍñ æóÑóÇÌöÍñ ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó ãõØúáóÞðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Þóæúáó ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøö æóÇÈúäö ÓöíÑöíäó ÈöÇáÊøóËúáöíËö æóáóãú íóÞõáú Èöåö ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíóÉó ßóáöãóÉó ÝóÕúáò Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö Ì 22 Õ 66 ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ßóÐóáößó ÝóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ ãóÐúåóÈõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõãú ÊóÓúæöíÛõ ßõáøö ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí Ðóáößó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ íóßúÑóåõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÅöÐú ÊóäóæøõÚõ ÕöÝóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ßóÊóäóæøõÚö ÕöÝóÉö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö æóÇáÊøóÔóåøõÏóÇÊö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóáóíúÓó áöÃóÍóÏò Ãóäú íóßúÑóåó ãóÇ Óóäøóåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöÃõãøóÊöåö. ÇåÜ.(8/133)
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö Ýöí ÒóÇÏö ÇáúãóÚóÇÏö Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöíåö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáúãõÈóÇÍö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÚóäøóÝõ Ýöíåö ãóäú ÝóÚóáóåõ æóáóÇ ãóäú ÊóÑóßóåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ßóÑóÝúÚö ÇáúíóÏóíúäö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÊóÑúßöåö¡ æóßóÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Ýöí ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÊøóÔóåøõÏóÇÊö æóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ æóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáäøõÓõßö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö æóÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö æóÇáúÞöÑóÇäö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÊøóËúæöíÈö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÂËóÇÑö Úóäú ÚõãóÑó æóÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃõãóÑóÇÁö¡ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÑúÝõæÚñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÈöáóÇáò ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö íóßõæäõ ÊóßúÑóÇÑðÇ áóãøóÇ ÓóÈóÞó Ãóäú ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÈöáóÇáò ãóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÞöíáó ÝöíåóÇ åóáú åõæó ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúÝóÌúÑö Ãóæú ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ÕóáóÇÉò íóßõæäõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ äóÇÆöãðÇ ÝöíåóÇ¿ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúÝóÌúÑö æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö áóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÃóãöíÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÃóËóÑõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó Ýöíãóäú ËóæøóÈó Ýöí ÃóÐóÇäö ÇáÙøõåúÑö Ãóäøóåõ ÇÚúÊóÈóÑóåõ ÈöÏúÚóÉð æóÎóÑóÌó ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
ßóíúÝöíøóÉõ ÃóÏóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö
íõÄóÏøóì ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÈöÊóÑóÓøõáò æóÊóãóåøõáò ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÚúáóÇäñ áöáúÈóÚöíÏö¡ æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÍóÏúÑðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áöáúÍóÇÖöÑö ÇáúÞóÑöíÈö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøõØúÞõ ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Ýóíóßõæäõ ÌóÒúãðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõÚúÑóÈò.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: ÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÈóØøóÉó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÇáõ ÊóÑóÓøõáöåö æóÏóÑúÌöåö Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ áóÇ íóÕöáõ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÈóÚúÖóåõ ÈöÈóÚúÖò¡ Èóáú ÌóÒúãðÇ. æóÍóßóÇåõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÃóäúÈóÇÑöíøö Úóäú Ãóåúáö ÇááøõÛóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö ÞóÇáó: ÔóíúÆóÇäö ãóÌúÒõæãóÇäö ßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íõÚúÑöÈõæäóåõãóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ¡ ÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì ÅöÌúãóÇÚöåöãú.
Íõßúãõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÑõÔúÏò: æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö åóáú åõæó æóÇÌöÈñ Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉñ ãõÄóßøóÏóÉñ¿ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó æóÇÌöÈðÇ Ýóåóáú åõæó ãöäú ÝõÑõæÖö ÇáúÃóÚúíóÇäö Ãóæú ãöäú ÝõÑõæÖö ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉö¿ ÇåÜ.
ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ íóÏõæÑõ Íõßúãõåõ Èóíúäó ÝóÑúÖö ÇáúÚóíúäö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáúãõÄóßøóÏóÉö¡ æóÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö¡ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõåõãú Ýöí æöÌúåóÉö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Ýöí ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö åóáú åõæó ãöäú ÍóÞøö ÇáúæóÞúÊö áöáúÅöÚúáóÇãö ÈöÏõÎõæáöåö Ãóæú ãöäú ÍóÞøö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ßóÐößúÑò ãöäú ÃóÐúßóÇÑöåóÇ Ãóæú åõæó ÔöÚóÇÑñ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó íõãóíøöÒõåõãú Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåöãú¿
æóÓóäõÌúãöáõ ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì ãóÃúÎóÐö ßõáøò ãöäúåõãú Ëõãøó ÈóíóÇäö ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍö(8/134)
Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÓõäøóÉñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÑóÌøóÍóåõ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö Ãóäøóåõ ÓõäøóÉñ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõäúÝóÑöÏö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÖóÑö æóÝöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö ÕöÍøóÉõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóÍõßöíó Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÝóÑúÖõ ßöÝóÇíóÉò Ãóíú: áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Ãóæú áöáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ áóåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÓöÆö ÕóáóÇÊóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáøóãóåõ ãóÚóåóÇ ÇáúæõÖõæÁó¡ æóÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáó ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö¡ æóáóãú íõÚóáøöãúåõ ÃóãúÑó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ãóÇáößñ ÌóÇÁó Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÝóÑóÖó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáøóÊöí áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö æóáóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáúãõäúÝóÑöÏö ÝóÑúÖðÇ æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉð.
æóÚóäúåõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÓõäøóÉñ ãõÄóßøóÏóÉñ Úóáóì ãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ ÝóÝóÑøóÞó ãóÇáößñ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõäúÝóÑöÏö æóãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö. æóÝöí ãóÊúäö Îóáöíáò ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ÓõäøóÉñ áöÌóãóÇÚóÉò ÊóØúáõÈõ ÛóíúÑóåóÇ Ýöí ÝóÑúÖò æóÞúÊöíøò¡ æóáóæú ÌõãõÚóÉò Ãóíú æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ Ðóáößó ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÓõäøóÉò¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌúÚóáúåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõäúÝóÑöÏö ÃóÕúáðÇ. æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÑúÖö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáúãõÄóßøóÏóÉö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ßóÇäó áóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÈúÍö¡ æóßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ áöáúÅöãóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí íóÌúÊóãöÚõ áóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ãóÇáößñ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÃóËóÑõ ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò æóÚóáúÞóãóÉó¡ ÕóáøóæúÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÃóÐóÇäò æóáóÇ ÅöÞóÇãóÉò. ÞóÇáó ÓõÝúíóÇäõ: ßóÝóÊúåõãú ÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáúãöÕúÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò: ÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáúãöÕúÑö ÊóßúÝöí¡ ÑóæóÇåõãóÇ ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÈöíÑö Èöáöíäò.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøõ: åõæó ÓõäøóÉñ Ãóíú ßóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö ÞóÇáó ßóÞóæúáö ãóÇáößò.
ÑóÇÈöÚðÇ: ÚöäúÏó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö ÝóÑúÖñ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúíóÇäö¡ æóíóÓúÊóÏöáøõæäó ÈöÍóÏöíËö ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÇáúÍõæóíúÑöËö æóÕóÇÍöÈöåö¡ ÞóÇáó áóåõãóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÅöÐóÇ ßõäúÊõãóÇ Ýöí ÓóÝóÑò ÝóÃóÐøöäóÇ æóÃóÞöíãóÇ¡ æóáúíóÄõãøóßõãóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑõßõãóÇ» . ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö.
ÝóÍóãóáõæÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó Úóáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÈö.
åóÐóÇ ãõæÌóÒõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ æóÍõßúãõåõ ßóãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊó ÏóÇÆöÑñ Èóíúäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÚõãõæãðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÇáúæõÌõæÈõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö.(8/135)
æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáúãõÄóßøóÏóÉõ Ãóæú ÝóÑúÖõ ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉö ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò æóÛóíúÑöåö Úóáóì ÊóÝúÕöíáò Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÇáäøõÕõæÕó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóáóßöäøó ãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö åõæó ÊóÑóÏøõÏõ ÇáäøóÙóÑö Ýöíåö åóáú åõæó Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúæóÞúÊö áöáúÅöÚúáóÇãö ÈöÏõÎõæáö ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ Ãóæú åõæó ÍóÞøõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö äóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú åõæó ÔöÚóÇÑñ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¿
ÝóÚóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÍóÞøö ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ ÝóÃóÐóÇäñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÍúÕõáõ Èöåö ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãõ æóíóßúÝöí Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõ ãóäú ÝóÇÊóåõ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ æóáóÇ ãóäú íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏò ÞóÏú ÕõáøöíóÊú Ýöíåö ÇáúÝóÑöíÖóÉõ ÃóæøóáðÇ æóáóÇ áöáúÝóæóÇÆöÊö.
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÍóÞøö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýóåóáú åõæó ÔóÑúØñ Ýöí ÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉñ.
æóÚóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áöáúæóÞúÊö áöáúÅöÚúáóÇãö Èöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÚóÇÑöÖõåõ ÍóÏöíËõ ÞöÕøóÉö ÊóÚúÑöíÓöåöãú ÂÎöÑó Çááøóíúáö¡ æóáóãú íõæÞöÙúåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÍóÑøõ ÇáÔøóãúÓö¡ æóÃóãúÑõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáö Úóäú Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÇÏöí Ëõãøó äõÒõæáõåõãú æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÚúäóì áößóæúäöåö áöáúæóÞúÊö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö.
æóÚóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýóáóåõ ÌöåóÊóÇäö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÕóáøöí ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ æóáóÇ íóØúáõÈõ ãóäú íõÕóáøöí ãóÚóåõ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÌóãóÇÚóÉð.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ áóÇ íóØúáõÈõ ãóäú íõÕóáøöí ãóÚóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóÎúÊóáöÝó Ýöí ßóæúäöåö áóíúÓó ÔóÑúØðÇ Ýöí ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó æóÇÌöÈðÇ Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó áöáúÅöÚúáóÇãö¡ æóáóíúÓó åõäóÇßó ãóäú íóÞúÕöÏõ ÅöÚúáóÇãóåõ.
æóáöÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÓöÆö ÕóáóÇÊóåõ ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÐößúÑõåõ¡ æóÞóÏú íóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÙóÇåöÑõ äõÕõæÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÔõÑõæØö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó: ÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉõ¡ æóÇáúæóÞúÊõ¡ æóÓóÊúÑõ ÇáúÚóæúÑóÉö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáõ ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö.
ÝóÝöí ÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉö ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÞõãúÊõãú Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÇÛúÓöáõæÇ æõÌõæåóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 6] .
æóÝöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÒõáóÝðÇ ãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 114] æóäóÍúæóåóÇ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÚóæúÑóÉö ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÈóäöí ÂÏóãó ÎõÐõæÇ ÒöíäóÊóßõãú ÚöäúÏó ßõáøö ãóÓúÌöÏò ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 31] .(8/136)
æóÝöí ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú äóÑóì ÊóÞóáøõÈó æóÌúåößó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ýóáóäõæóáøöíóäøóßó ÞöÈúáóÉð ÊóÑúÖóÇåóÇ Ýóæóáøö æóÌúåóßó ÔóØúÑó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö [2 \ 144] .
æóÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÝóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ äóÇÏóíúÊõãú Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÇÊøóÎóÐõæåóÇ åõÒõæðÇ æóáóÚöÈðÇ [5 \ 58] .
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö [62 \ 9] æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÍößóÇíóÉõ æóÇÞöÚò¡ æóáóíúÓó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÃóãúÑò ßóÛóíúÑö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ãöãøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÐößúÑõåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÇÈúäö ÇáúÍõæóíúÑöËö Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÌóãóÇÚóÉò¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÔóÎúÕò æóÇÍöÏò ßóãóÇ åõæó äóÕøõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö.
æóÈóÞöíó ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Ýöíåö Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ åóáú åõæó Úóáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÈö Ýöí ÍóÞøöåöãú Ãóãú Úóáóì ÇáäøóÏúÈö¿ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÔóÑúØðÇ áöÕöÍøóÉö ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÝóÑúÏö¡ ÝóáóíúÓó åõæó ÅöÐðÇ ÈöÔóÑúØò Ýöí ÕöÍøóÉö ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÝóíõÌúÚóáõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÏúÈö.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÍóÏöíËõ ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÕóÚúÕóÚóÉó Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÓóÚöíÏò ÞóÇáó áóåõ: «ÃóÑóÇßó ÊõÍöÈøõ ÇáúÛóäóãó æóÇáúÈóÇÏöíóÉó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßõäúÊó Ýöí Ûóäóãößó Ãóæú ÈóÇÏöíóÊößó ÝóÃóÐøóäúÊó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÇÑúÝóÚú ÕóæúÊóßó ÈöÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõ ãóÏóì ÕóæúÊö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö Ìöäøñ æóáóÇ ÅöäúÓñ æóáóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÅöáøóÇ ÔóåöÏó áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÓóãöÚúÊõåõ ãöäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æóãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ.
æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö Ýöíåö Þóæúáõåõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÝóÃóÐøóäúÊó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÇÑúÝóÚú ÕóæúÊóßó¡ ÝóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú áóãú íõÄóÐøöäú ÝóáóÇ ÔóíúÁó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáúÍóËøõ Úóáóì ÑóÝúÚö ÇáÕøóæúÊö áöãóäú íõÄóÐøöäõ æóáóæú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÏöíóÉö¡ áöãóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÌúÑö.
ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõåõ ÔöÚóÇÑðÇ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÝóíóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóßõæäó æõÌõæÈõåõ ãõÊóÚóáøöÞðÇ ÈöÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÖóÑö¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõ ÃóåúáóåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: íõÞóÇÊóáõæäó Úóáóíúåö Åöäú ÊóÑóßõæåõ¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö áöÏóáöíáö ÇáúÅöÛóÇÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøõÈúÍö Ãóæö ÇáÊøóÑúßö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÓóãóÇÚöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö ÈöÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóíóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóÍúÑöÕó Úóáóíúåö(8/137)
áöÝöÚúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÓúÝóÇÑöåö Ýöí ÛóÒóæóÇÊöåö æóÝöí ÍóÌøöåö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ Ðóáößó Ýóåõæó áóÇ Ôóßøó ÓõäøóÉñ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÊóÑúßõåóÇ.
æóáöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó ÊóÞúÓöíãñ äóÍúæõ åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáËøóÇäöí æóÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó: æóáöáúÃóÐóÇäö ÚöÏøóÉõ ÌóæóÇäöÈó ÊóÈóÚñ áöÐóáößó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö áöáúÃõæáóì ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóÇáöÇßúÊöÝóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö áöáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáÙøõåúÑö æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö ÈöÚóÑóÝóÉó¡ æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóÇáúÚóÔóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÚóÏóãö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö áößõáøö ÕóáóÇÉò.
æóãöäúåóÇ Ãóäú áóÇ ÃóÐóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Ãóíú áóÇ æõÌõæÈó¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÑóÏúäó ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÉó ÃóÊóíúäó Èöåö ÓöÑøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóÞóÏó áóåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ÈóÇÈðÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÃóÐóÇäñ æóáóÇ ÅöÞóÇãóÉñ¡ æóÓóÇÞó Ýöíåö Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÃóÐóÇäñ æóáóÇ ÅöÞóÇãóÉñ¡ Ëõãøó ÓóÇÞó Úóäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: «áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÃóÐóÇäñ æóáóÇ ÅöÞóÇãóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉñ æóáóÇ ÇÛúÊöÓóÇáõ ÌõãõÚóÉò¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãõåõäøó ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ¡ æóáóßöäú ÊóÞõæãõ Ýöí æóÓóØöåöäøó» åóßóÐóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÍóßóãõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÃóíúáöíøõ æóåõæó ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÑõæøöíäóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö Úóäú ÃóäóÓö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ æóãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ¡ æóÑóÝúÚõåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇÈúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÇÈúäö ÓöíÑöíäó æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö.
ÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó áöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóáöÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÕõæóÑõ ÇáÊøóÚóÏøõÏö áóåóÇ Ýöíåö ÕõæÑóÊóÇäö¡ ÕõæÑóÉõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Ãóíú ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ æóÕõæÑóÉõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæóÞúÊö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Ýöí Ðóáößó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÝóÞóÏú ÈóæøóÈó áóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÞóÇáó: ÈóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÍóÏöíËó ÇáÓøóÇÆöÈö Èúäö íóÒöíÏó¡ ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ãóæøóáõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóáóÓó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò¡ æóÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ.
ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÚõËúãóÇäõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - æóßóËõÑó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÒóÇÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ÇáËøóÇáöËó Úóáóì ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁö ÝóÝöíåö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÃóæøóáðÇ áöáúæóÞúÊö ßóÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö¡ æóÝöíåö ÃóÐóÇäñ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÒóÇÏóåõ ÚõËúãóÇäõ áóãøóÇ ßóËõÑó ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáËøóÇáöËõ¡ æóÇáöÇËúäóÇäö ÇáúÂÎóÑóÇäö åõãóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ áöáúæóÞúÊö¡ æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÇäö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÍö ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: æóÑõÏøó ãóÇ íõÎóÇáöÝõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÎóÈóÑó ÈöÃóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÒóÇÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó.(8/138)
ÝóÝöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÌõæóíúÈöÑò Úóäö ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö Úóäú ÒöíóÇÏóÉó ÇáÑøóÇæöí¡ Úóäú ÈõÑúÏö Èúäö ÓöäóÇäò¡ Úóäú ãóßúÍõæáò Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐò Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÃóãóÑó ãõÄóÐøöäóíúåö Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÎóÇÑöÌðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÍóÊøóì íóÓúãóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ æóÃóãóÑó Ãóäú íõÄóÐøóäó Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÚóåúÏö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: äóÍúäõ ÇÈúÊóÏóÚúäóÇåõ áößóËúÑóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇåÜ.
Ëõãøó äóÇÞóÔó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóËóÑó æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ãõäúÞóØöÚñ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ æóÌóÏó áóåõ ãóÇ íõÞóæøöíåö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ßóáóÇãöåö.
ÝóåóÐóÇ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö áöáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö æóÚöäúÏó ÏõÎõæáöåö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ãöäú ÚõãóÑó Ãóæú ãöäú ÚõËúãóÇäó Ãóæú ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóßóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÒóãóÇäõåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁö.
æóÞóÏú ßóËõÑó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Ýöí ÊóÍúÏöíÏö ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁö ãóÚó ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöåöãú ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóßóÇäñ ÈöÇáÓøõæÞö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÊøóÝöÞõ ãóÚó ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÊöåö áöÊóäúÈöíåö Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõæÞö ÈöæóÞúÊö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö áöáÓøóÚúíö ÅöáóíúåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁõ ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÊóÇÑöíÎö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö: Åöäøóåõ ÇÓúãñ áöáÓøõæÞö äóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: ãóßóÇäñ ãöäúåóÇ ãõÑúÊóÝöÚñ ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúÌóÇÑö ÇáÒøóíúÊö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÞóÈúÑö ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÓöäóÇäò¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÓõæÞö ÇáúÚóÈóÇÁóÉö.
æóÇáÔøóíúÁõ ÇáËøóÇÈöÊõ ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÞúÈóáö ÇáÊøóÛóíøõÑó¡ åõæó ÞóÈúÑõ ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÓöäóÇäò¡ áóßöäú íóÞõæáõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ãóßóÇäöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóÏóÇ áöí Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁó åõæó ãóßóÇäõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáøóÐöí íõæÌóÏõ ÇáúÂäó ÈöÇáÓøõæÞö Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö ÈöãóÓúÌöÏö ÝóÇØöãóÉó¡ æóíóÈúÏõæ áöí Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁó ÍõÑøöÝóÊú Åöáóì ÇáÒøóåúÑóÇÁö¡ æóÇáÒøóåúÑóÇÁõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÇÓö íõÓóÇæöí ÝóÇØöãóÉó áößóËúÑóÉö Þóæúáöåöãú ÝóÇØöãóÉó ÇáÒøóåúÑóÇÁö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ ÞóØúÚðÇ Ãóäøó ÝóÇØöãóÉó ÇáÒøóåúÑóÇÁó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÈöäúÊõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãú íóßõäú áóåóÇ ãóÓúÌöÏñ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóßóÇäö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÕöÍøóÉó áöäöÓúÈóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ Èóáú æóáóÇ ãóÇ äõÓöÈó áöÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò æóÚõãóÑó æóÚóáöíøò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú - ãöäú ãóÓóÇÌöÏó Ýöí ÌóæóÇäöÈö ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúãõÕóáøóì ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö ÇáúÂäó ÈöãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÛóãóÇãóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÕöÍøóÉõ ãóÇ äõÓöÈó Åöáóíúåöãú - ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú - åõæó Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóãóÇßöäó ßóÇäóÊú ãóæóÇÞöÝóåõãú Ýöí ãõÕóáøóì ÇáúÚöíÏö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÊóÑóÇåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóßóÇäö ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÌöÏóÉö Ýöíåö.
ÝóÃóæøóáõåõãú ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - æóÞóÏú ÃóÎøóÑó ãóæúÞöÝóåõ Úóäú ãóæúÞöÝö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÕóáøóì ÇáúÚöíÏó ÊóÃóÏøõÈðÇ ãóÚó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÌóÇÁó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú ÃóãóÇßöäõ ãõÕóáøóÇåõãú ÝóÃõÞöíãóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏõ Ýöí ÃóãóÇßöäö ÞöíóÇãöåöãú.(8/139)
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íõäúÓóÈõ Åöáóì ÝóÇØöãóÉó ÇáÒøóåúÑóÇÁö ÝóáóÇ ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉó áóåõ æóáóÇ ÕöÍøóÉó áóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑöíäó: Åöäøóåõ ãóäúÓõæÈñ Åöáóì ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÝõÖúáóíóÇÊö ãöäú äöÓóÇÁö ÇáúÚõÕõæÑö ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑóÉö¡ æóÇÓúãõåóÇ ÝóÇØöãóÉõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÚóáøóåóÇ ÞóÏú ÌóÏøóÏóÊúåõ æóáóãú ÊõÄóÓøöÓúåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ãõæÌöÈó ÃóíúÖðÇ áöÊóÈóÑøõÚöåóÇ ÈöÅöäúÔóÇÁö ãóÓúÌöÏò ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÈö ãöäú ãóÓúÌöÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÈöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÈöÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö ÝóÞóÏú ÚõÑöÖó Úóáóíøó Õóßøõ ÔóÑúØö æóÞúÝò áöáúÃóÔúÑóÇÝö ÇáÔøóÑóÇÞöãóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÊóÍúÏöíÏö ÃóÚúíóÇäöåö íóÞõæáõ: ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ýöí ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁö¡ æóíóÍõÏøõåõ ÌóäõæÈðÇ æóÞúÝõ ÇáúÍóáóÈöíøö¡ æóæóÞúÝõ ÇáúÍóáóÈöíøö ãóæúÌõæÏñ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÂäó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ íóÞóÚõ Úóäö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäõæÈö ÇáÔøóÑúÞöíøö æóáóíúÓó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÓøõæÑõ æóÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÊóÇÑöíÎõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøóßøö ÞóÈúáó ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò ãöäú ÊóÇÑöíÎö ßöÊóÇÈóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÍúÑõÝö Ãóíú ÞóÈúáó ÚóÇãö ÃóáúÝò æóãöÇÆóÊóíúäö ãöäó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÑóÌøóÍó ÚöäúÏóí Ãóäøó ãóæúÖöÚó ÃóÐóÇäö ÚõËúãóÇäó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ßóÇäó ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúãóßóÇäö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÓøöØõ ÈöÓõæÞö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÊõÞóÏøóÑõ ãóÓóÇÝóÊõåõ Úóäö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÈöÍóæóÇáóíú ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö æóÎóãúÓöíäó ãöÊúÑðÇ ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Òóãóäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÇáúãóäóÇÑóÉö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ áöáúæóÞúÊö Òóãóäó ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏöíäó¡ Ëõãøó ãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõãú¡ ÃóãøóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÝóßóÇäó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÄõåõ ãöäó ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁö¡ Ëõãøó äõÞöáó Åöáóì ÈóÇÈö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ Ëõãøó äõÞöáó Åöáóì ãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóÐóáößó Òóãóäó åöÔóÇãö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö¡ Ëõãøó äõÞöáó Åöáóì ÇáúãóäóÇÑóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÒóãóÇäõåõ Ýóáóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì ÊóÍúÏöíÏò ÕóÍöíÍò ÕóÑöíÍò¡ ßóãú ßóÇäó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáËøóÇäöí¿ æóåóáú ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúæóÞúÊö Ãóæú ÞóÈúáóåõ¿
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÑöæóÇíóÉð Úóäö ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÝóÃóãóÑó ÈöÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Úóáóì ÏóÇÑò áóåõ íõÞóÇáõ áóåóÇ ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó íõÄóÐøóäõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóáóÓó Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö ÃóÐøóäó ãõÄóÐøöäõåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ äóÒóáó ÃóÞóÇãó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó¡ æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò áóåõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö: ÝóÃóÐøóäó ÈöÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁö ÞóÈúáó ÎõÑõæÌöåö ; áöíóÚúáóãó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÞóÏú ÍóÖóÑóÊú¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÊóÈóíøóäó ÈöãóÇ ãóÖóì Ãóäøó ÚõËúãóÇäó ÃóÍúÏóËóåõ áöÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÏõÎõæáö æóÞúÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÞöíóÇÓðÇ Úóáóì ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö¡ ÝóÃóáúÍóÞó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÃóÈúÞóì ÎõÕõæÕöíøóÊóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Èóíúäó íóÏóíö ÇáúÎóØöíÈö¡ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ íõÑóÌøöÍõ ßóæúäóåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúæóÞúÊö æóÚöäúÏó ÎõÑõæÌö ÚõËúãóÇäó Ãóíú ãöäú ÈóíúÊöåö æóßóÇäó íóÓúßõäõ Åöáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÌöåóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÊóãóÔøóì ãóÚó ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ÅöíÌóÇÏö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ßóËõÑó(8/140)
ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÌóÚóáóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÞö áöÅöÚúáóÇãöåöãú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ ÝóÃóíøõ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉò ãöäúåõ¡ æóßóíúÝó íõÚóÏøõ ËóÇáöËðÇ¡ Åöäøóåõ íóßõæäõ ãöäú ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó áóÇ ãóäú ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö.
Ëõãøó Åöäøó ãóÓúßóäó ÚõËúãóÇäó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ßóÇäó ÈöÌöæóÇÑö ãóÓúÌöÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóãóÍóáøõåõ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÂäó¡ æóßóÇäó íõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöÑöÈóÇØö ÚõËúãóÇäó¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íóÌúÚóáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó ÚöäúÏó ÎõÑõæÌöåö ãóÚó ÈõÚúÏö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁö æóãóßóÇäö ÓõßúäóÇåõ.
Ëõãøó Åöäøó ãöäó ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó Èóíúäó íóÏóíö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö åõæó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚúÏó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ æóÊóÕöÍøõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ßóÇáúÃóæøóáö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáÕøõÈúÍö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ íóÊóÑóÌøóÍõ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö áóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ßóÇáúÃóæøóáö áöáÕøõÈúÍö áöíóÊóÍóÞøóÞó ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõÑóÇÚóì Ýöí Òóãóäöåö ãóÇ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáËøóÇäöí æóãóÇ íóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ Èöåö ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ÑõÌõæÚö Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõæÞö æóÊóåóíøõÆöåöãú áöáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóåóÐóÇ íóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö æóÇáúÈöáóÇÏö¡ æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö Ãóæú ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú Òóãóäò ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ íóÊóãóßøóäõ Ýöíåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáÓøõæÞö ãöäó ÇáúÍõÖõæÑö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáúÎõØúÈóÉö.
æóáóæú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÈöÚóíúäö ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ãóÇ æóÞóÚó áöÚõËúãóÇäó äóÝúÓöåö Òóãóäó ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - áóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó æóÚõãóÑõ íóÎúØõÈõ ÝóÚóÇÊóÈóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúÎöíÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÍúÏóËó ÚõËúãóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó Ýöí ÚóåúÏöåö áóæóÌóÏúäóÇ ÞóÑöíäóÉó ÊóÞúÏöíãöåö Úóäö ÇáúæóÞúÊö áöÆóáøóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ÝöíãóÇ íóÞóÚõ åõæó Ýöíåö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÓóíóÃúÊöí äóÕøõ ÇÈúäö ÇáúÍóÇÌøö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÂÎöÑõ ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ãöäú äöÏóÇÁóÇÊò ÃõÎúÑóì íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÇÓúÊõÍúÏöËó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇÈúÊõÏöÚó Ýöíåö¡ ãöãøóÇ áóíúÓó ãöäúåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö
ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÑóÌúãö ÇáúÍõÈúáóì ãöäó ÇáÒøöäóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËò Øóæöíáò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Òóãóäó ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÝöíåö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: «ÝóÌóáóÓó ÚõãóÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö æóáóãøóÇ ÓóßóÊó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõæäó ÞóÇãó ÝóÃóËúäóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÈöãóÇ åõæó Ãóåúáõåõ» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö.
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ ãöäó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó áöÚõãóÑó ãõÄóÐøöäõæäó¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íõÄóÐøöäõæäó Íöíäó íóÌúáöÓõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ æóßóÇäó íóÌúáöÓõ Åöáóì Ãóäú íóÝúÑóÛõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ Ëõãøó íóÞõæãõ ÝóíóÎúØõÈõ Ãóíú ßóÇäó ÃóÐóÇäõåõãú ßõáøöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúæóÞúÊö.(8/141)
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÍóÇÌøö Ýöí ÇáúãóÏúÎóáö¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ ËóáóÇËóÉð íõÄóÐøöäõæäó æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò¡ Ëõãøó ÒóÇÏó ÚõËúãóÇäõ ÃóÐóÇäðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÈöÇáÒøóæúÑóÇÁö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ ÝóÊóÍóÕøóáó ãöäú åóÐóÇ æõÌõæÏõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó áöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ Òóãóäó ÚõãóÑó ËóáóÇËóÉð æóßóÇäõæÇ íõÄóÐøöäõæäó ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞöíäó æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÃóíúÖðÇ Ööãúäó ßóáóÇãöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÊóÍúÊó ÚõäúæóÇäö «ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» ÑöæóÇíóÉð Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÍóÈöíÈò Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÞöíó ÇáúãöäúÈóÑó æóÌóáóÓó ÃóÐøóäó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõæäó æóßóÇäõæÇ ËóáóÇËóÉð æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑóÛó ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ÞóÇãó ÝóÎóØóÈó.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÏóÚúæóì ÊóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì Ïóáöíáò¡ æóáóãú íóÑöÏú Ðóáößó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞò ãõÊøóÕöáóÉò íóËúÈõÊõ ãöËúáõåóÇ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Ëõãøó æóÌóÏúÊõåõ Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑö ÇáúÈõæóíúØöíøö Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÝöí ÊóÚúáöíÞò áöÓóãóÇÍóÉö ÑóÆöíÓö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇÔöíóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóÎúØõæØóÉö ÇáÑøöíóÇÖö Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑö ÇáúãõÒóäöíøö: æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑö ÇáúÈõæóíúØöíøö Ãóæö ÇáúãõÒóäöíøö ÝóÅöäøó ÚóÒúæóåõ Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÕóÍöíÍñ æóÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò áóãú íõÚóáøöÞú Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóËóÑö ÈöÔóíúÁò.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö: ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÇáúÈõæóíúØöíøö: æóÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ íóßõæäõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõæäó íóÓúÊóÝúÊöÍõæäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó ÝóæúÞó ÇáúãóäóÇÑóÉö ÌõãúáóÉð Íöíäö íóÌúáöÓõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö ; áöíóÓúãóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ ÝóíóÃúÊõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑóÛõæÇ ÎóØóÈó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Èöåöãú¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ äóÕøõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö íóäúÞõáõåõ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Úóáóì ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóæúÞó ÇáúãóäóÇÑóÉö ÌõãúáóÉð¡ æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÙúåóÑõ ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö áöáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÞóÈúáó æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ãóäú Úóãóáö ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏöíäó¡ æóÝöí ÊóæóÝøõÑö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÖöíøöíäó - ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó - ãöãøóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó Ýöíåö ÅöÌúãóÇÚñ ÓõßõæÊöíøñ Ýöí æóÝúÑóÉò ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú - ßóãóÇ ËóÈóÊóÊú ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ãóäú ÝöÚúáö ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÃóíúÖðÇ æóÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó ÃóËóÑò Ýöíåö äöÞóÇÔñ ãóÑúÝõæÚò Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö áöÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö ÝóßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÈöáóÇáò æóÇÈúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäú ÈöáóÇáðÇ íõäóÇÏöí Èöáóíúáò¡ ÝóßõáõæÇ æóÇÔúÑóÈõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íõäóÇÏöíó ÇÈúäõ Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò» ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÝóÞóØú áöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ÇáúãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ãöäúåóÇ: «íõäóÇÏöí Èöáóíúáò ÝóßõáõæÇ æóÇÔúÑóÈõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íõäóÇÏöíó(8/142)
ÇÈúäõ Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò¡ Ãóíú Åöäøó ÃóÐóÇäó ÈöáóÇáò ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö íõÍöáøõ ÇáØøóÚóÇãó æóÃóÐóÇäó ÇÈúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò ÈóÚúÏó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúæóÞúÊö Íöíäó íóÍúÑõãõ ÇáØøóÚóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÇÆöãö.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: áóãú íóßõäö ÇÈúäõ Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò íõÄóÐøöäõ ÍóÊøóì íõÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóÕúÈóÍúÊó ÃóÕúÈóÍúÊó æóßóÇäó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáÒøóãóäö¡ ÝóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑöæóÇíóÇÊö Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó åóÐóÇ æóíóÑúÞóì åóÐóÇ. ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó:» áóÇ íóãúäóÚóäøó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú ÃóÐóÇäõ ÈöáóÇáò ãöäú ÓóÍõæÑöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÄóÐøöäõ Ãóæú ÞóÇáó: íõäóÇÏöí Èöáóíúáò ; áöíóÑúÌöÚó ÞóÇÆöãõßõãú æóíõæÞöÙó äóÇÆöãóßõãú «.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ: íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúÞóÇÆöãó ÇáúãõÊóåóÌøöÏó Åöáóì ÑóÇÍóÊöåö ; áöíóÞõæãó Åöáóì ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáÕøõÈúÍö äóÔöíØðÇ Ãóæú íóÊóÓóÍøóÑõ¡ Åöäú ßóÇäó áóåõ ÍóÇÌóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáÕøöíóÇãö¡ æóíõæÞöÙó ÇáäøóÇÆöãó ; áöíóÊóÃóåøóÈó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ÈöÇáúÛõÓúáö æóÇáúæõÖõæÁö¡ ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÊóæóÇáöíåöãóÇ ãóÚó ÝóÑúÞò íóÓöíÑò¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ íóÏõáøõ ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÞö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÕóÍöíÍõ ÇáÓøóäóÏö.
æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑó åóÐóÇ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò æóäóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: Åöäøó ÈöáóÇáðÇ ßóÇäó íõÄóÐøöäõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ æóíóÊóÑóÈøóÕõ ÈóÚúÏó ÃóÐóÇäöåö áöáÏøõÚóÇÁö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ Ëõãøó íóÑúÞõÈõ ÇáúÝóÌúÑó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇÑóÈó ØõáõæÚõåõ äóÒóáó ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑó ÇÈúäó Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò ÝóíóÊóÃóåøóÈõ ÇÈúäõ Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò ÈöÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó íóÑúÞóì æóíóÔúÑóÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ãóÚó Ãóæøóáö ØõáõæÚö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÊøóÝöÞõ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó:» áöíóÑúÌöÚó ÞóÇÆöãõßõãú æóíõæÞöÙó äóÇÆöãóßõãú Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö¡ æóíõÕóÏøöÞõåõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÃóËóÑö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò æóßóÇäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÃóÚúãóì ÝóáóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõ ÍóÊøóì íõÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóÕúÈóÍúÊó ÃóÕúÈóÍúÊó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ áöáúÝóÌúÑö åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ãöäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö¡ æóÍóãóáó ÃóÐóÇäó ÈöáóÇáò Úóáóì ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ: æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - áóãøóÇ ÃóÐøóäó ÈöáóÇáñ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÃóãóÑóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íóÑúÌöÚó ÝóíóÞõæáó: ÅöáóÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ÞóÏú äóÇãó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóËóÑõ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÍóÏöíËñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÍúÝõæÙò.
æóÝöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÞóÏöíÑö áöáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóáóÇ íõÄóÐøóäõ áöÕóáóÇÉò ÞóÈúáó ÏõÎõæáö æóÞúÊöåóÇ¡ æóíõÚóÇÏõ Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó: íóÌõæÒõ áöáúÝóÌúÑö Ýöí ÇáäøöÕúÝö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö ãöäó Çááøóíúáö¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÍö: æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÞóÇáó: áöÊóæóÇÑõËö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍóÑóãóíúäö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó(8/143)
- ÑóÍöãóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ - ÞóÏú æóÇÝóÞó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó Ýöí ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ æóÅöäøó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó áóíúÓó ÈöãóÍúÝõæÙò¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóæøóÒóåõ ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó Ýöí ÇáäøöÕúÝö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö ãöäó Çááøóíúáö.
æóÌóÇÁó äóÕøõ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõÏõÓö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑö Îóáöíáò: ÛóíúÑõ ãõÞóÏøóãò Úóáóì ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÕøõÈúÍó ÝóÈöÓõÏõÓö Çááøóíúáö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõäóÇ: æóíóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ áöáúÝóÌúÑö ÈóÚúÏó äöÕúÝö Çááøóíúáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö:
æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó ãõÄóÐøöäõ ãóÓúÌöÏö ÏöãóÔúÞó íõÄóÐøöäõ áöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáÕøõÈúÍö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÍóÑö ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóÓöíÑõ ÇáÑøóÇßöÈõ ÓöÊøóÉó ÃóãúíóÇáò ÝóáóÇ íõäúßöÑõ Ðóáößó ãóßúÍõæáñ æóáóÇ íóÞõæáõ Ýöíåö ÔóíúÆðÇ. ÇåÜ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: æóÞóÇáó ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÄóÐøöäóÇäö íõÄóÐøöäõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÞóÈúáó ØõáõæÚö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Ãóíú: áöíóÚúÑöÝó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáËøóÇäöí æóíóáúÊóÒöãóÇ ÈöÐóáößó ; áöíóÚúáóãó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇáúÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäóíúäö ßóãóÇ ßóÇäó Òóãóäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇäúÊóåóì ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó áöÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉö ÝóßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö åõæó ÍóÏöíËõ ÈöáóÇáò æóÇÈúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãõ ÐößúÑõåõ Ýöí ÕóáóÇÍö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇÓõæÇ Úóáóíúåö áöáúÍóÇÌóÉö ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÃúäóÓõæÇ áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÚõãóÑó æóÚõËúãóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: äóÓõæÞõ ãõæÌóÒó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö:
ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò: ÈóÇÈõ ÇÓúÊöÍúÈóÇÈö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ãõÄóÐøöäóíúäö áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ æóÓóÇÞó ßóáóÇãóåõ Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõÄóÐøöäóÇäö: ÈöáóÇáñ æóÇÈúäõ Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇÓúÊöÍúÈóÇÈõ ãõÄóÐøöäóíúäö áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ íõÄóÐøöäõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÚöäúÏó ØõáõæÚöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõäóÇ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇÍúÊóÇÌó Åöáóì ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãõÄóÐøöäóíúäö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ËóáóÇËóÉð¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚóÉð ÝóÃóßúËóÑó ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö.(8/144)
æóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÚõËúãóÇäõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉð áöáúÍóÇÌóÉö ÚöäúÏó ßóËúÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõäóÇ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóÊøóÈó áöáúÃóÐóÇäö ÇËúäóÇäö ÝóÕóÇÚöÏðÇ¡ ÝóÇáúãõÓúÊóÍóÈøõ ÃóáøóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõæÇ ÏóÝúÚóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ Èóáú Åöäö ÇÊøóÓóÚó ÇáúæóÞúÊõ ÊóÑóÊøóÈõæÇ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÊóäóÇÒóÚõæÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö ÃõÞúÑöÚó Èóíúäóåõãú¡ æóÅöäú ÖóÇÞó ÇáúæóÞúÊõ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ßóÈöíÑðÇ ÃóÐøóäõæÇ ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞöíäó Ýöí ÃóÞúØóÇÑöåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÖóíøöÞðÇ æóÞóÝõæÇ ãóÚðÇ æóÃóÐøóäõæÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõÄóÏøö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáúÃóÕúæóÇÊö Åöáóì ÊóÔúæöíÔò¡ ÝóÅöäú ÃóÏøóì Åöáóì Ðóáößó áóãú íõÄóÐøöäú ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ ÇåÜ.
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøõ Çáäøóæóæöíøö Úóáóì Þóæúáö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö Ãóíú: ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÓóÇÞóåõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõåóÐøóÈö Úóáóì äóÕøö ÇáúãóÊúäö ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÇÊöäõ: æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÍóÈøõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÇËúäóíúäö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÍóÏöíËó ÈöáóÇáò æóÇÈúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇÍúÊóÇÌó Åöáóì ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö ÌóÚóáóåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉð ; áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó áöÚõËúãóÇäó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ¡ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÍóÈøõ Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó æóÇÍöÏñ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÃóÈúáóÛõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãö.
ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÍö: ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ Úóáöíøò ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ: ÊóÌõæÒõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ Åöáóì ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò¡ Ëõãøó äóÇÞóÔó ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ãóÚó ãóäú ÎóÇáóÝóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÏö Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉõ ÈöÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ ÒóÇÏó ÚõËúãóÇäõ Åöáóì ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò áöáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÌóÇÒó áöÛóíúÑöåö ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ.
æóÐõßöÑó Úóäú ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÍóÇæöí Åöáóì ËóãóÇäöíóÉò¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÑúÚñ¡ æóÓóÇÞó Ýöíåö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö ãõÄóÐøöäóÇäö ÃóÐøóäó æóÇÍöÏñ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò¡ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöáóÇáñ æóÇÈúäõ Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò¡ ÝóÅöäú ÊóäóÇÒóÚõæÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö ÃõÞúÑöÚó Èóíúäóåõãú¡ ÝóÅöäú ÖóÇÞó ÇáúæóÞúÊõ æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ßóÈöíÑñ ÃóÐøóäõæÇ Ýöí ÃóÞúØóÇÑöåö ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò Ýöí ÞõØúÑò ; áöíóÓúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ Êöáúßó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÕóÛöíÑðÇ ÃóÐøóäõæÇ ãóÚðÇ æóÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõÄóÏøö Åöáóì ÊóåúæöíÔò.
ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÍóÇæöí æóÛóíúÑõåõ: æóíóÞöÝõæäó ÌóãöíÚðÇ Úóáóíúåö ßóáöãóÉð ßóáöãóÉð ÝóÅöäú ÃóÏøóì Åöáóì ÊóåúæöíÔò ÃóÐøóäó æóÇÍöÏñ. ÅöáóÎú.
æóÝöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö¡ ÈóÇÈõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: áöíõÄóÐøöäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö ãõÄóÐøöäñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÈöÓóäóÏöåö Úóäú ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÇáúÍõæóíúÑöËö: ÃóÊóíúÊõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí äóÝóÑò ãöäú Þóæúãöí¡ ÝóÃóÞóãúäóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÚöÔúÑöíäó áóíúáóÉð æóßóÇäó ÑóÍöíãðÇ æóÑóÝöíÞðÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÔóæúÞóäóÇ Åöáóì ÃóåóÇáöíäóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÇÑúÌöÚõæÇ ÝóßõæäõæÇ Ýöíåöãú¡ æóÚóáøöãõæåõãú æóÕóáøõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ ÝóáúíõÄóÐøöäú áóßõãú ÃóÍóÏõßõãú¡ æóáúíóÄõãøóßõãú ÃóßúÈóÑõßõãú» .
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÃóËúäóÇÁó ÇáÔøóÑúÍö: æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóáóÇ ãóÝúåõæãó áöÞóæúáöåö: ãõÄóÐøöäñ æóÇÍöÏñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö áöÃóäøó(8/145)
ÇáúÍóÖóÑó ÃóíúÖðÇ áóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõ Ýöíåö ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóáóæö ÇÍúÊöíÌó Åöáóì ÊóÚóÏøõÏöåöãú áöÊóÈóÇÚõÏö ÃóÞúØóÇÑö ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÃóÐøóäó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò Ýöí ÌöåóÉò æóáóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõæäó ÌóãöíÚðÇ.
æóÞóÏú Þöíáó: Åöäøó Ãóæøóáó ãóäú ÃóÍúÏóËó ÇáÊøóÃúÐöíäó ÌóãöíÚðÇ Èóäõæ ÃõãóíøóÉó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøö: æóÃõÍöÈøõ Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó ãõÄóÐøöäñ ÈóÚúÏó ãõÄóÐøöäò¡ æóáóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõæäó ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãóÓúÌöÏñ ßóÈöíÑñ ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó Ýöí ßõáøö ÌöåóÉò ãöäúåõ¡ ãõÄóÐøöäñ¡ íõÓúãöÚõ ãóäú íóáöíåö Ýöí æóÞúÊò æóÇÍöÏò. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáÔøóÇÑöÍõ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøö¡ æóáóßöäú ÈöáóÝúÙö ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó Ýöí ßõáøö ãóäóÇÑóÉò áóåõ ãõÄóÐøöäñ ÝóíõÓúãöÚõ ãóäú íóáöíåö Ýöí æóÞúÊò æóÇÍöÏò. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÏúÑõ ßóÇÝò áöÈóíóÇäö Þóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÚóÏøõÏó ÌóÇÆöÒñ ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö.
æóÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ÍóÏöíËõ ÈöáóÇáò æóÇÈúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóÇÌöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍöåö: æóíóÏõáøõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ãõÄóÐøöäóíúäö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏò íõÄóÐøöäóÇäö áöÕóáóÇÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò.
æóÑóæóì Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÒöíóÇÏò Úóäú ãóÇáößò: áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó áöáúÞóæúãö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö æóÇáúÍóÑóÓö æóÇáúãóÑúßöÈö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ãõÄóÐøöäöíäó æóÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Ãóäú íõÊøóÎóÐó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ãõÄóÐøöäöíäó æóÎóãúÓóÉñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÈöíÈò: æóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó ÝöíãóÇ ÇÊøóÓóÚó æóÞúÊõåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö¡ ßóÇáÕøõÈúÍö æóÇáÙøõåúÑö æóÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö¡ Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó ÎóãúÓóÉñ Åöáóì ÚóÔóÑóÉò æóÇÍöÏñ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉò Åöáóì ÎóãúÓóÉò¡ æóáóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ.
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøõ ãóÇáößò æóÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö Ýöí ÌóæóÇÒö ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ íõÄóÐøöäõæäó æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò.
æóÝöí ãóÊúäö Îóáöíáò ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÊóÚóÏøõÏõåõ æóÊóÑúÊöíÈõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈó¡ æóÌóãúÚõåõãú ßõáøñ Úóáóì ÃóÐóÇäò.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÍõ ÇáúÎõÑóÔöíøõ: ãöäú ÎóãúÓóÉò Åöáóì ÚóÔóÑóÉò Ýöí ÇáÕøõÈúÍö æóÇáÙøõåúÑö æóÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉò Åöáóì ÎóãúÓóÉò¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóÇÍöÏñ Ãóæú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ. ÅöáóÎú.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: ÝóÕúáñ¡ æóáóÇ íõÓúÊóÍóÈøõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ Úóáóì ãõÄóÐøöäóíúäö áöÍóÏöíËö(8/146)
ÈöáóÇáò æóÇÈúäö Ãõãøö ãóßúÊõæãò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÏúÚõæó ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÝóíóÌõæÒõ.
ÝóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÚõËúãóÇäó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó áóåõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ãõÄóÐøöäöíäó¡ æóÅöäú ÏóÚóÊö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ Åöáóì ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäúåõãú ßóÇäó ãóÔúÑõæÚðÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú æóÇÍöÏò æóßóÇäó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ íõÓúãöÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó¡ ÝóÇáúãõÓúÊóÚúÌóÈõ Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó æóÇÍöÏñ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò ; áöÃóäøó ãõÄóÐøöäöí ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãõ áóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöæóÇÍöÏò ÃóÐøóäõæÇ Úóáóì ÍóÓóÈö ãóÇ íõÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóíúåö¡ ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò Ýöí ãóäóÇÑóÉò Ãóæú äóÇÍöíóÉò Ãóæú ÏóÝúÚóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò æóÇÍöÏò.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: Åöäú ÃóÐøóäó ÚöÏøóÉñ Ýöí ãóäóÇÑóÉò ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó¡ æóÅöäú ÎóÇÝõæÇ ãóäú ÊóÃúÐöíäö æóÇÍöÏò ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò ÝóæóÇÊó Ãóæøóáö ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ ÃóÐøóäõæÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÏóÝúÚóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö: ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÞóÏöíÑö ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÅöÌóÇÈóÉö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö æóÍößóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ãõÄóÐøöäò ÃóÐøóäõæÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò¡ ÝóÇáúÍõÑúãóÉõ áöáúÃóæøóáö Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝõÑöÖó Ãóäú ÓóãöÚõæåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ãóÓúÌöÏöåö ÊóÍóÞøóÞó Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ¡ ÝóíóÕöíÑõ ßóÊóÚóÏøõÏöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÓóãöÚóåõãú ãóÚðÇ ÃóÌóÇÈó ãõÚúÊóÈöÑðÇ ßóæúäó ÌóæóÇÈöåö áöãõÄóÐøöäö ãóÓúÌöÏöåö.
åóÐöåö äõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÌóæóÇÒö ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó æóÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞöíäó Ãóæú ãõÌúÊóãöÚöíäó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÒúãò: æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó ÇËúäóÇäö ÝóÕóÇÚöÏðÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÝóÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ åõæó ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏöÆõ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
æóÌóÇÆöÒñ Ãóäú íõÄóÐøöäó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò áöáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ßõáøö Ðóáößó¡ Ýóáóãú íóãúäóÚú ÊóÚóÏøõÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö ãõÄóÐøöäöíäó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÓóáóÝö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö.
ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÝóÅöäøó ÃóÚúÙóãóåóÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÊöåö¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÔúÊóãóáó Úóáóì ÃõÕõæáö ÚóÞóÇÆöÏö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ÊõÚúáóäõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóáóÃö¡ ÊóãúáóÃõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÚó ÍóÊøóì ÕóÇÑó ÔöÚóÇÑó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóäõÞöáó Úóäö ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÚöíóÇÖò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Þóæúáõåõ:(8/147)
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó ßóáóÇãñ ÌóÇãöÚñ áöÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ãõÔúÊóãöáñ Úóáóì äóæúÚöåö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÞúáöíøóÇÊö æóÇáÓøóãúÚöíøóÇÊö¡ ÝóÃóæøóáõåõ: ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáÐøóÇÊö æóãóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõåõ ãöäó ÇáúßöãóÇáóÇÊö æóÇáÊøóäúÒöíåö Úóäú ÃóÖúÏóÇÏöåóÇ æóÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ æóåóÐöåö ÇááøóÝúÙóÉõ ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÑö áóÝúÙöåóÇ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ.
Ëõãøó íõÕóÑøöÍõ ÈöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúæóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö æóäóÝúíö ÖöÏøöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöíáóÉö Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåóÐöåö ÚõãúÏóÉõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãóÉö Úóáóì ßõáøö æóÙóÇÆöÝö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ Ëõãøó íõÕóÑøöÍõ ÈöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÈöÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö áöäóÈöíøöäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåöíó ÞóÇÚöÏóÉñ ÚóÙöíãóÉñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÈöÇáúæóÍúÏóÇäöíøóÉö¡ æóãóæúÖöÚõåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáúÌóÇÆöÒóÉö ÇáúæõÞõæÚö¡ æóÊöáúßó ÇáúãõÞóÏøöãóÇÊõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈóÇÊö æóÈóÚúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóæóÇÚöÏö ßóáöãóÇÊõ ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏö ÇáúÚóÞúáöíøóÇÊö¡ ÝóÏóÚóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÚóÞöÈó ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ áöÃóäøó ãóÚúÑöÝóÉó æõÌõæÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÚóÞúáö.
Ëõãøó ÏóÚóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö æóåõæó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ æóÇáúÈóÞóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÚöíãö ÇáúãõÞöíãö¡ æóÝöíåö ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÃõãõæÑö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóåöíó ÂÎöÑõ ÊóÑóÇÌöãö ÚóÞóÇÆöÏö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö. ÅöáóÎú.
æóãõÑóÇÏõåõ ÈöÇáúÚóÞúáöíøóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏö Ãóíú ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ æõÌõæÏö Çááøóåö æóÃóäøóåõ æóÇÍöÏñ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÈöÞóÇäõæäö ÇáúÅöáúÒóÇãö¡ ÇáøóÐöí íõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö: Åöäøó ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏó ÅöãøóÇ ÌóÇÆöÒõ ÇáúæõÌõæÏö Ãóæú æóÇÌöÈõåõ¡ ÝóÌóÇÆöÒõ ÇáúæõÌõæÏö ÌóÇÆöÒõ ÇáúÚóÏóãö ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåö æóÇÓúÊóæóì ÇáúæõÌõæÏõ æóÇáúÈóÞóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóãö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõæÌóÏó¡ ÝóÊóÑóÌøóÍó æõÌõæÏõåõ Úóáóì ÈóÞóÇÆöåö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÍõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó áóåõ ãöäú ãõÑóÌøöÍò æóåõæó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì. æóæóÇÌöÈõ ÇáúæõÌõæÏö áóãú íóÍúÊóÌú Åöáóì ãõæÌöÏò¡ æóáóãú íóÌõÒú Ýöí ÕöÝóÉö ÚóÏóãò æóÅöáøóÇ áóÇÍúÊóÇÌó ãõæÌöÏõåõ Åöáóì ãõæÌöÏò¡ æóãõÑóÌøöÍõ æõÌõæÏöåö Úóáóì ãóæúÌõæÏò.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÝóÇÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúÅöáúÒóÇãõ ÇáúÚóÞúáöíøõ æõÌõæÈó æõÌõæÏö ãõæÌöÏò æóÇÌöÈö ÇáúæõÌõæÏö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúæõÌõæÏõ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÞóÏú ÃõÏúÎöáó ÇáúÚóÞúáõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõåóÇ ÇáúæõÌõæÏõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÞúáó áóÇ ÏóÎúáó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊõ Ãóæö ÇáäøóÝúíõ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóãúÚöíøóÉñ æóáóÇ ÊõÄúÎóÐõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚö ÇáúÍóßöíãö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÞúáó íóÞúÕõÑõ Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ æóãõÑóÇÏõäóÇ ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóì ÅöÏúÎóÇáö ÇáúÚóÞúáöíøóÇÊö åõäóÇ ÝóÞóØú.
æóÞóÏú ÓõÞúäóÇ ßóáóÇãó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÚöíóÇÖò åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÍößúãóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö áöæóÌóÇåóÊöåö¡ æóáöÊóÚúáóãó ãöäú ÎõÕõæÕöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ Èöåö Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÕóáúÕóáóÉö äóÇÞõæÓò ÃóÌúæóÝó¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÕúæóÇÊö ÈõæÞò ÃóåúæóÌó¡ æóáóÇ ÏóÞøóÇÊö ØóÈúáò ÃóÑúÚóäó¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóÇáõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó¡ Èóáú åõæó ßóáöãóÇÊñ æóäöÏóÇÁñ íõæÞöÙõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈó ãöäú ÓõÈóÇÊöåóÇ¡ æóÊõÝöíÞõ ÇáäøõÝõæÓõ ãöäú ÛóÝúáóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÊóßõÝøõ ÇáúÃóÐúåóÇäõ Úóäú ÊóÔóÇÛõáöåóÇ¡ æóÊõåóíøöÆõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãó Åöáóì åóÐöåö(8/148)
ÇáúÝóÑöíÖóÉö ÇáúÚõÙúãóì¡ ËóÇäöíóÉö ÃóÑúßóÇäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÚóãõæÏöåö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÓóãöÚó Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ ÚóÙõãó Çááøóåõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÍúÖóÑó ÌóáóÇáóåõ æóÞóÏøóÓóåõ æóÇÓúÊóÕúÛóÑó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÈóÚúÏó Çááøóåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÔúÛóáõåõ ÔóíúÁñ Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÔúÛóáõ äóÝúÓóåõ Úóäúåõ Ãóíøõ ÔóíúÁò.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ Úóáöãó Ãóäøó ãöäú ÍóÞøöåö Úóáóíúåö ØóÇÚóÉó Çááøóåö æóÚöÈóÇÏóÊóåõ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Úóáöãó Ãóäøóåõ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉõ ÏóÇÚöí Çááøóåö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ Úóáöãó Ãóäøó ÝóáóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÕöáóÇÊöåö Ýöí æóÞúÊöåóÇ áóÇ ÝöíãóÇ íóÔúÛóáõåõ ÚóäúåóÇ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÝóßóÇäó ãóãúÔóÇåõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÊóÎóÔøõÚðÇ¡ æóÎõØóÇåõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÊóØóæøõÚðÇ ãóÚó ÍõÖõæÑö ÇáúÞóáúÈö æóÇÓúÊöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáÔøõÚõæÑö.
æóãöäú åõäóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ äõÏúÑößõ ÇáÓøöÑøó Ýöí ØóáóÈö ÇáÓøóÇãöÚö ãõÍóÇßóÇÉó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÊóÈóÚðÇ áöáúãõÄóÐøöäö áöíóÑúÊóÈöØó ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÅöÚúáóÇäöåö æóÚóÞöíÏóÊöåö æóÔõÚõæÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÃóËóÑö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Åöäøó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó íóÝúÖõáõæäóäóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Þõáú ãöËúáó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÊóåóíúÊó ÝóÇÓúÃóáú ÊõÚúØóåõ» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚó åõäóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóíúÓó ãöäú ãóäúåóÌö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóáóßöäú áöãõæÌöÈö ÇÞúÊöÖóÇÁò¡ æóáöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõæÌöÈõ Ýóåõæó Ãóäøöí ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãõäúÐõ ÃóíøóÇãò ÃóËúäóÇÁó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäú ÅöÐóÇÚóÉò áöÈóáóÏò ÚóÑóÈöíøò ãõÓúáöãò Ãóäøó ßóÇÊöÈðÇ ÇÓúÊóäúßóÑó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÕøõÈúÍö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÝöí ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÇáúãõßóÈøöÑö áöáÕøóæúÊö¡ æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ íõÑúåöÞõ ÇáúÃóÚúÕóÇÈó æóÎóÇÕøóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÃóÏóÇÁö ÇáäøóÇÓö áöÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú Ãóæú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäúåóÇ æóÇáúÚóæúÏóÉö áöÑóÇÍóÊöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÚöäúÏó äóæúãöåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó æóÞúÚõåõ ÃóáöíãðÇ Ãóäú íóÕúÏõÑó Ðóáößó æóíõäúÔóÑó¡ æóáóßöäú ÃóÌóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍóÏõ ÎõØóÈóÇÁö ÇáúÌõãóÚö Ýöí ÎõØúÈóÉò æóÇÝöíóÉò¡ æóÃóÝúåóãóåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÑúåóÇÞó æóÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈó ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÎúÈóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó íóÈõæáõ Ýöí ÃõÐõäö ÇáäøóÇÆöãö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóÚúÞöÏõ Úóáóíúåö ËóáóÇËó ÚõÞóÏò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóíúÞóÙó æóÐóßóÑó Çááøóåó ÇäúÍóáøóÊú ÚõÞúÏóÉñ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóæóÖøóÃó ÇäúÍóáøóÊú ÚõÞúÏóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ Õóáøóì ÇäúÍóáøóÊö ÇáúÚõÞúÏóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ¡ æóÃóÕúÈóÍó äóÔöíØðÇ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÑøóÏøö ÇáúßóÇÝöí.(8/149)
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ãöËúáó Êöáúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö áóÇ ÊóÕúÏõÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöãøóäú áóÇ íóÚöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö.
åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóæúÌóÈó ÚóÑúÖó ÇáúÍößúãóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ãõÌóÇäöÈóÉð áöãóäúåóÌö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóáóßöäú ÈöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö íõÛúÊóÝóÑõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ãõÍóÇßóÇÉõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö
ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ãõÍóÇßóÇÉõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö ÑóÈúØðÇ áöÓóÇãöÚö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÊóäúÈöíåðÇ áóåõ áöãóæúÖõæÚöåö¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: «ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõãõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó ÝóÞõæáõæÇ ãöËúáó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÚöäúÏóåõ Úóäú ãõÚóÇæöíóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ãóíú ãõÚóÇæöíóÉõ: æóåõæó Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö ãöËúáó Þóæúáö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ: Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÚóÇæöíóÉõ: áóÇ Íóæúáó æóáóÇ ÞõæøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó: Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: åóßóÐóÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ äóÈöíøóßõãú Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ßõäøóÇ ãóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÞóÇãó ÈöáóÇáñ íõäóÇÏöí¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÓóßóÊó ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ íóÞöíäðÇ ÏóÎóáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó» .
ßóíúÝöíøóÉõ ÇáúãõÍóÇßóÇÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: «ÝóÞõæáõæÇ ãöËúáóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ» æóåóßóÐóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõ ÈöÊóÊóÈøõÚöåö ÌõãúáóÉð ÌõãúáóÉð¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÓóßóÊó ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ» æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáÓøõßõæÊö ÊóäúØóÈöÞõ ÇáúãöËúáöíøóÉõ ÈöãóÌöÆö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÑóÇÛö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö¡ ÝóæóÞóÚó ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò æóÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ãóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ ÝóÚóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÍóÏõßõãú: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÃóÔúåóÏõ ÃóáøóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ ÃóáøóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÞóÇáó: áóÇ Íóæúáó æóáóÇ ÞõæøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Íóíøó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóáóÇÍö¡ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ Íóæúáó æóáóÇ ÞõæøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÞóÇáó: Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ Çááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÞóáúÈöåö ÏóÎóáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó» .
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ãõÍóÇßöíó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö íõÊóÇÈöÚõåõ ÌõãúáóÉð ÌõãúáóÉð Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáúÍóíúÚóáóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÃúÊöí ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóæúÞóáóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÍóíúÚóáóÊóíúäö äöÏóÇÁñ áöáúÅöÞúÈóÇáö Úóáóì ÇáúãõäóÇÏöí¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÕúÏõÞõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÍúßöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäó Ýóáóãú íóÑúÝóÚú ÕóæúÊóåõ æóáóÇ íóÕúÏõÞõ(8/150)
Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íõäóÇÏöíó ÛóíúÑóåõ ÝóáóÇ ÃóÌúÑó áóåõ Ýöí äõØúÞöåö ÈöåöãóÇ¡ ÝóíóÃúÊöí ÈöáóÇ Íóæúáò æóáóÇ ÞõæøóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö áöÃóãúÑóíúäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: Ãóäøóåõ ÐößúÑñ íõËóÇÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÓöÑøðÇ æóÚóáóÇäöíóÉð¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇÓúÊöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ Íóæúáó áóåõ Úóäú ãóÚúÕöíóÉò æóáóÇ ÞõæøóÉó áóåõ Úóáóì ØóÇÚóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóáöíøö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÝöíåö ÇÓúÊöÚóÇäóÉñ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍóæúáöåö æóÞõæøóÊöåö Úóáóì ÅöÌóÇÈóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóÃóÏóÇÁö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ãóÚó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÚõãóÑó ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò ÈöãõÍóÇßóÇÉö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÍúæö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò íóßúÊóÝöí Åöáóì ÇáúÍóæúÞóáóÉö áöÍóÏöíËö ãõÚóÇæöíóÉó. æóäóÕøõ ßõÊõÈö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö Ãóíú ãõÞóÇÈöáõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö ØóáóÈõ ÍößóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÌóãöíÚöåö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Úóáóì Îóáöíáò.
ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÇÊö Úóáóì ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÐößúÑõ ÇáúÍóæúÞóáóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóíúÚóáóÉö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö íóÞõæáõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉð: «æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏõ ÃóáøóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ¡ æóÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÚóÈúÏõåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ ÑóÖöíÊõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÑóÈøðÇ¡ æóÈöãõÍóãøóÏò ÑóÓõæáðÇ¡ æóÈöÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÏöíäðÇ ÛõÝöÑóÊú áóåõ ÐõäõæÈõåõ» .
ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÓõÄóÇáõ Çááøóåö áóåõ ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó.
æóÝöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: «ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõãõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó ÝóÞõæáõæÇ ãöËúáóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ¡ Ëõãøó ÕóáøõæÇ Úóáóíøó ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãóäú Õóáøóì Úóáóíøó ÕóáóÇÉð Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöåóÇ ÚóÔúÑðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÓóáõæÇ Çááøóåó áöíó ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãóäúÒöáóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áóÇ ÊóäúÈóÛöí ÅöáøóÇ áöÚóÈúÏò ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú Ãóßõæäó ÃóäóÇ åõæó¡ Ýóãóäú ÓóÃóáó áöíó ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó ÍóáøóÊú áóåõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉõ» æóåóÐóÇ ÚóÇãøñ áöáúÃóÐóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÇÊö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö Íóßóì Çáäøóæóæöíøõ: Ãóäøóåõ áóåõ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö: «Çááøóåõãøó åóÐóÇ ÅöÞúÈóÇáõ áóíúáößó¡ æóÅöÏúÈóÇÑõ äóåóÇÑößó æóÃóÕúæóÇÊõ ÏõÚóÇÆößó ÇÛúÝöÑú áöí» ¡ æóíóÏúÚõæ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõåóÐøóÈö æóÚóÒóÇåõ áöÍóÏöíËö Ãõãøö ÓóáóãóÉó¡ æóÃóÞóÑøóåõ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö.
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÓóãóÇÚö ÃóÐóÇäö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÚöäúÏó (ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çáäøóæúãö) : ÕóÏóÞúÊó æóÈóÑóÑúÊó¡ ÍóßóÇåõ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö.
æóÚóäö ÇáÑøóÇÝöÚöíøö íóÞõæáõ: ÕóÏóÞó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çáäøóæúãö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ äóÕøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÍúßöíåö ; áöÃóäøó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö(8/151)
áóÔõÛúáðÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚóåõ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÌóÇáöÓñ äóÕøó ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞõæãõ ÍóÇáðÇ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ÍóÊøóì íóÝúÑóÛó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ Ãóæú íóÞúÑõÈó.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó æóåõæó íõÄóÐøöäõ ÇÓúÊõÍöÈøó áóåõ ÇäúÊöÙóÇÑõåõ áöíóÝúÑóÛó æóíóÞõæáó ãöËúáó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÌóãúÚðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÊóíúäö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóÞõáú ßóÞóæúáöåö æóÇÝúÊóÊóÍó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõÛúäöí Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÅöÌóÇÈóÉõ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãõÄóÐøöäò
æóáöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãóÈúÍóËñ ÝöíãóÇ áóæú ÓóãöÚó ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãõÄóÐøöäò¡ ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ: áóãú ÃóÑó Ýöíåö ÔóíúÆðÇ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöäóÇ¡ æóÝöíåö ÎöáóÇÝñ áöáÓøóáóÝö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÚöíóÇÖñ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ãõÍúÊóãóáóÉñ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÇáúãõÊóÇÈóÚóÉõ ÓõäøóÉñ ãõÊóÃóßøöÏóÉñ íõßúÑóåõ ÊóÑúßõåóÇ áöÊóÕúÑöíÍö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÇáúÃóæøóáö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó áóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑó.
æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÝóÊúÍö æóÞóÇáó: æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö: íõÌöíÈõ ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ÈöÅöÌóÇÈóÉò áöÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö. ÇåÜ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö ÇáúÍóÞøõ áöáúÃóæøóáö.
æóÃóÕúáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ åóáö ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÊóßúÑóÇÑó ÇáúãóÃúãõæÑö Èöåö Ãóãú áóÇ¿
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚó ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÔóíúÎöäóÇ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö æóÍóÇÕöáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÅöãøóÇ ãõÞóíøóÏñ ÈöãóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑó Ãóæú ãõØúáóÞñ Úóäúåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÇáúãõØúáóÞó áóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑó Èóáú íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÚõåúÏóÊöåö ÈöãóÑøóÉò¡ Ëõãøó ÝóÕøóáó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÇáúÞóæúáó ÝöíãóÇ ÇÊøõÝöÞó Úóáóíúåö æóãóÇ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÍößóÇíóÉö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö æóÈóÍóËóåóÇ ÈöÃóæúÓóÚó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö Úóäú ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÝöÏúíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÝöíãóÇ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúãóäóÇØö åóáö ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ãöãøóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóÚóÏøõÏó¡ Ãóãú áóÇ¿
æóÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÞúÓóÇãò ÞöÓúãñ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑó ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ æóÞöÓúãñ áóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöíåö ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ æóÞöÓúãñ åõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúãõÞúÊóÖöíóÉö ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑó ÞóØúÚðÇ: ãóÇ áóæú æõáöÏó áóåõ ÊóæúÃóãóÇäö ÝóÅöäøó Úóáóíúåö ÚóÞöíÞóÊóíúäö¡(8/152)
æóãöäúåóÇ: áóæú ÖóÑóÈó ÍóÇãöáðÇ ÝóÃóÌúåóÖóÊú Ìóäöíäóíúäö áóæóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÛõÑøóÊóÇäö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑó ãóÇ áóæú ÃóÍúÏóËó ÚöÏøóÉó ÃóÍúÏóÇËò ãöäú äóæóÇÞöÖö ÇáúæõÖõæÁö ÝóÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÊóæóÖøóÃó ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íõßóÑøöÑõ ÇáúæõÖõæÁó ÈöÚóÏóÏö ÇáúÃóÍúÏóÇËö¡ æóíóßúÝöí æõÖõæÁñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãõæÌöÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÛõÓúáö áóæú ÊóÚóÏøóÏóÊú ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÛúÊóÓöáó ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóßúÝöíåö ÛõÓúáñ æóÇÍöÏñ Úóäö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö.
æóãöãøóÇ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÏóÇÆöÑðÇ Èóíúäó åóÐóÇ æóÐóÇßó¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö ÒóæúÌóÇÊò åóáú Úóáóíúåö ßóÝóÇÑøóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ äóÙóÑðÇ áöãóÇ ÃóæúÞóÚó ãöäú ÙöåóÇÑöÃõãøò Úóáóíúåö ÚöÏøóÉõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÇÊò äóÙóÑðÇ áöÚóÏóÏò ÙóÇåöÑò ãöäúåõäøó¿ æóßóÐóáößó ÅöÐóÇ æóáóÛó ÚöÏøóÉõ ßöáóÇÈò Ýöí ÅöäóÇÁò åóáú íõÚóÝøöÑõ ÇáúÅöäóÇÁó ãóÑøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ Ãóãú íóÊóÚóÏøóÏõ ÇáÊøóÚúÝöíÑõ áöÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúæõáõæÛö ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö ßöáóÇÈò¿
æóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæåõ Ýöí ÅöÌóÇÈóÉö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÚóÏøóÏó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõæäó ÊóÚóÏøóÏóÊö ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈõ¡ Ýóåóáú ÊóÊóÚóÏøóÏõ ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉõ Ãóãú íóßúÊóÝöí ÈöÅöÌóÇÈóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò¿ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Þóæúáõ Çáäøóæóæöíøö Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÌöÏú ÔóíúÆðÇ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ æóßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÚöÒøö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö ÈöÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉö æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøö¡ äóÌöÏõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó áóíúÓó ßóÊóÚóÏøõÏö äóæóÇÞöÖö ÇáúæõÖõæÁö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÊóæóÖøöÆó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËó ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó æõÖõæÁõåõ æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÊóæóÖøóÃó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏóËö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËó ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì áóãú íóÞóÚú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏóËõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Úóáóì ØõåúÑò æóáóãú íóÌöÏú ÍóÏóËðÇ ÂÎóÑó.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ãóåúãóÇ ÊóÚóÏøóÏóÊö ÇáúÃóÍúÏóÇËõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÑúÝóÚó ÍóÏóËóåõ ÝóíóßúÝöí Ýöíåö æõÖõæÁñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóáóßöäú ãõÓúÊóãöÚõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö ÍöíäóãóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáó Ýóåõæó ãõØóÇáóÈñ ÈöãõÍóÇßóÇÊöåö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÝóÑóÛó ãöäúåõ æóÓóãöÚó ãõÄóÐøöäðÇ ÂÎóÑó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãöäú ÍóÞøö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ãóäú íõÍóÇßöíóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áöÃóÐóÇäö åóÐóÇ ÈöÐóÇßó¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÊóÌóÏøõÏö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö æóÊóÚóÏøõÏöåö Ãóæú åõæó Åöáóíúåö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÓóãöÚó ÃóÐóÇäó ÇáÙøõåúÑö ÝóÃóÌóÇÈóåõ Ëõãøó ÓóãöÚó ÃóÐóÇäó ÇáúÚóÕúÑö ÝóáóÇ íóßúÝöí Úóäúåõ ÅöÌóÇÈóÉõ ÃóÐóÇäö ÇáÙøõåúÑö¡ ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúæóÞúÊõ æóÌóÇÁó ÃóÐóÇäñ ÌóÏöíÏñ¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: ÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÃóÐóÇäñ ÌóÏöíÏñ.
æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚöäúÏó ÐößúÑöåö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Âãöíäó Âãöíäó» ËóáóÇËó ãóÑøóÇÊò æóåõæó íóÕúÚóÏõ ÇáúãöäúÈóÑó¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÓõÆöáó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÞóÇáó: «ÃóÊóÇäöí ÌöÈúÑöíáõ ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ ãóäú ÐõßöÑúÊó ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóáóãú íõÕóáøö Úóáóíúßó ÈóÇÚóÏóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóÞõáú: Âãöíäó¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Âãöíäó» ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö ÝóÅöäøó ÈöåóÐóÇ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ ÊóßúÑóÇÑõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚöäúÏó ßõáøö ãóÇ íõÓúãóÚõ ÐößúÑõåõ ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÊóßúÑóÇÑõ ãõÍóÇßóÇÉö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÑóÌøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/153)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó æóåõæó Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉò ÝóáóÇ íóÞõæáõ ãöËúáó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉò¡ Ãóæú ÏõÚóÇÁò¡ Ãóæú ÐößúÑò ÎóÇÑöÌó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÞúØóÚõåõ æóíóÞõæáõ ãöËúáó Þóæúáö ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö.
ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊóÇæóì æóÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí¡ æóÇáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ÌõãõÚóÉð Ãóæú ÛóíúÑóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÐößúÑõåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÃóÏúÎóáóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ áóÇ ÃóÕúáó áóåõ¡ ßóÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö æóÇáÊøóÍúãöíÏö æóÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈöãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÈöÇáÊøóØúáöíÚö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ Ýóßõáøõ åóÐóÇ áóÇ äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúáó áóåõ.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí ÑóÏøðÇ Úóáóì ÇÈúäö ÇáúãõäöíÑö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÌóÚóáó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúåóíúÆóÇÊö Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ãöäú ãõßóãøöáóÇÊö ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò: æóÃóÛúÑóÈó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäöíÑö æóáóæú ßóÇäó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ Úóáóì ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö áóßóÇäó ãóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÕøõÈúÍö æóÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóáóíúÓó ßóÐóáößó áóÇ áõÛóÉð æóáóÇ ÔóÑúÚðÇ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÇÔöíóÉö áöáÔøóíúÎö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÈóÇÒò ÊóÚúáöíÞñ Úóáóì ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÇáúãõäöíÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåö åóÐóÇ Ýöíåö äóÙóÑñ. æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöäú ÑóÝúÚö ÇáÕøóæúÊö ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ ÈöÏúÚóÉñ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóì æõáóÇÉö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÅöäúßóÇÑõåóÇ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÏúÎõáó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ãóÇ áóíúÓó ãöäúåõ¡ æóÝöíãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ ÛõäúíóÉñ æßöÝóÇíóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúãõÍúÏóËóÇÊö¡ ÝóÊóäóÈøóåú.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóãóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÞóÈúáó æóÞúÊö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö Ïõæäó ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö Ãóæúáóì¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÍóÇÌøö Ýöí ÇáúãóÏúÎóáö ãõÌóáøóÏó 2 Õ 452¡ æóíóäúåóì ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäöíäó ÚóãøóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËõæåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ÈöÇááøóíúáö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÐößúÑõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÍóÓóäðÇ æóÚóáóäðÇ áóßöäú Ýöí ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÑóßóåóÇ ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóãú íõÚóíøöäú ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÚúáõæãðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÈöÞóáöíáò: æóßóÐóáößó íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóäúåóÇåõãú ÚóãøóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËõæåõ ãöäú ÕöÝóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚöäúÏó ØõáõæÚö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÃóßúÈóÑö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö(8/154)
æóÃóÌóáøöåóÇ¡ ÝóíóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóÓúáõßó ÈöåóÇ ãóÓúáóßóåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõæÖóÚõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚöåóÇ ÇáøóÊöí ÌõÚöáóÊú áóåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÅöÈúÏóÇÚö Ýöí ãóÖóÇÑøö ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÚö¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóãöäó ÇáúÈöÏóÚö ãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÈöÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ ÃóÚúäöí ãóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÒøóæóÇáö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áóãú íóßõäú Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ ÚóåúÏö ÇáÓøóáóÝö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Ýöí Ðóãøöåö æóÇÓúÊöÍúÓóÇäöåö. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ ãóÝúÑõæÛñ ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåóÇÊö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö áöÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÇáúÍóÇÌøö¡ æóÇÈúäö ÈóÇÒò.
æóÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøóÉõ ÇáúÝöÞúåöíøóÉõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö ãóÈúäóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóæúÞöíÝö¡ æóãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ÏöíäðÇ æóáóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÇáÓøóáóÝö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö ÝóáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó Åöáóíúåö Çáúíóæúãó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: áóäú íõÕúáöÍó ÂÎöÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÕúáóÍó ÃóæøóáóåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÅöÈúÏóÇÚö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÊóÇÑöíÎó ÅöÍúÏóÇËö ÑóÝúÚö ÇáÕøóæúÊö ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚóÞöÈó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÃóíøóÇãö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáäøóÇÕöÑö ÕóáóÇÍö ÇáÏøöíäö Èúäö ÃóíøõæÈó æóÈöÃóãúÑöåö Ýöí ãöÕúÑó æóÃóÚúãóÇáöåóÇ¡ áöÓóÈóÈò ãóÐúßõæÑò Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáÓøóÈóÈõ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÈöÏúÚóÉö ÇáúÝóÇØöãöíøöíäó ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÔúÎóÇÕö Úóáóì ÇáúãóäóÇÈöÑö æóÇáúãóäóÇÆöÑö¡ ÝóÛóíøóÑó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáúãóäóÇÈöÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö¡ æóÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö¡ æóÅöíÊóÇÁö Ðöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì¡ æóíóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö æóÇáúãõäúßóÑö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÛóíøóÑó ÕóáóÇÍõ ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÊóãóÓøõßö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÈöåóÐóíúäö ÇáúÚóãóáóíúäö åõæó ÃóáøóÇ íõÄóÐøóäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÝóÇÚúÊóÇÖõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÈöãóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÇáÊøóØúáöíÚó Ãóæú ÈöÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö Ãóíö: ÇáÊøóØúáöíÚóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáÊøóØúáöíÚóÉó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó¡ æóßóÐóáößó áóÇ íõÄóÐøöäõæäó áöáúÝóÌúÑö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÝóÇÓúÊóÚóÇÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö æóÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑö æóÛóíúÑöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚóÞöÈó ßõáøö ÃóÐóÇäò¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇÓõæÇ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóÇãöÚö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõãõ ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäó ÝóÞõæáõæÇ ãöËúáó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ¡ Ëõãøó ÕóáøõæÇ Úóáóíøó ; ÝóÅöäøó ãóäú Õóáøóì Úóáóíøó ãóÑøóÉð Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöåóÇ ÚóÔúÑðÇ» .
ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÇáúãõÄóÐøöäõ ÃóíúÖðÇ íõÕóáøöí æóíõÓóáøöãõ¡ Ëõãøó ÒóÇÏõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÎõØøóÉð æóÌóÚóáõæÇ ÕóáóÇÉó(8/155)
ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö æóÊóÓúáöíãóåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÕóæúÊò ãõÑúÊóÝöÚò ßóÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ ÃõãöíÊóÊú ÓõäøóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ æóäóÔóÃóÊú ÈöÏúÚóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÞöíóÇÓó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö Úóáóì ÇáÓøóÇãöÚö áóíúÓó ÓóáöíãðÇ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áóßó Ãóäøó ãõÍóÇßóÇÉó ÇáúãõÄóÐøöäö áöÑóÈúØö ÇáÓøóÇãöÚö ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ; áöíóÊóÌóÇæóÈó ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ãóÚóÇäöíåö¡ æóáóæú Þöíáó: Åöäøó áöáúãõÄóÐøöäö Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó æóíõÓóáøöãó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÓöÑøðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÑóÇÛö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÃóäú íóÓúÃóáó Çááøóåó ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó áöáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöíõÔóÇÑößó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÌúÑóíúäö: ÃóÌúÑö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÃóÌúÑö ÓõÄóÇáö ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉö áóßóÇäó áóåõ ÃóÌúÑñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Íóíøó Úóáóì ÎóíúÑö ÇáúÚóãóáö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö
ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ãöäú ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÍóßóÇåóÇ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Úóäö ÇáúÚöÊúÑóÉö¡ æóäóÇÞóÔó ãóÞóÇáóÊóåõãú æóÂËóÇÑóåóÇ ÈöÃóÓóÇäöíÏöåóÇ.
æóãöãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÃóËóÑñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõÄóÐøöäõ ÈöåóÇ ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ Úóäú Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: åõæó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóäú ßõáøö Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøó ÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ áóãú íóËúÈõÊú ÝöíåöãóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÕóÍøó ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ýóåõæó ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö áöÚóÏóãö ÐößúÑöåö ÝöíåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ÍóÏöíËðÇ Ýöí äóÓúÎö Ðóáößó¡ æóáóßöäú ãöäú ØóÑöíÞò áóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ ÇáäøóÓúÎõ ÈöãöËúáöåö. ÇåÜ. ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÌóãúÚö ÇáúÝóæóÇÆöÏö ÍóÏöíËðÇ Úóäú ÈöáóÇáò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõÄóÐøöäõ áöáÕøõÈúÍö ÝóíóÞõæáõ: Íóíøó Úóáóì ÎóíúÑö ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáó ãóßóÇäóåóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çáäøóæúãö¡ æóÊóÑóßó Íóíøó Úóáóì ÎóíúÑö ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÈöíÑö ÈöÖóÚúÝò. ÇåÜ.
æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóËóÑõ ÈöáóÇáò åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÚóäóÇåõ Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøò ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóËóÑõ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÖóÚöíÝðÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãóÑúÝõæÚñ¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈöÇáúãóäúÚö ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøöíÚóÉõ ÝóÞóØú.
æóãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóÞöíãõ ãóÚó ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍóÉö¡(8/156)
æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ËóÈóÊó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøó ÎóíúÑó ÇáúÚóãóáö ÃóãúÑñ äöÓúÈöíøñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÎóíúÑó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ßõáøöåóÇ åõæó ÃóæøóáðÇ æóÞóÈúáó ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÓõÆöáó: Ãóíøõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÃóÝúÖóáõ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÞóÇáó: «ÅöíãóÇäñ ÈöÇááøóåö» ¡ Þöíáó: Ëõãøó ãóÇÐóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ãóÑøóÉð: «ÇáúÌöåóÇÏõ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö» ¡ æóÞóÇáó ãóÑøóÉð: «ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Úóáóì Ãóæøóáö æóÞúÊöåóÇ» ¡ æóÞóÇáó ãóÑøóÉð: «ÈöÑøõ ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö» æóÝöí ßõáøö ãóÑøóÉò íõÞóÏøöãõ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö.
ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇááøóåö åõæó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóáóíúÓóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö Ýóåõæó ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÍóÇáö ÇáÓøóÇÆöáö æóÍóÇáóÉö ßõáøö ÔóÎúÕò¡ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó ÞóæöíøðÇ æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö ÍóÞøñ áöæóÇáöÏóíúåö¡ ÝóÇáúÌöåóÇÏõ ÃóÝúÖóáõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ãóÚó ÇáúÍöÝóÇÙö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÐóÇ æóÇáöÏóíúäö¡ ÝóÈöÑøõåõãóÇ ãõÞóÏøóãñ Úóáóì ßõáøö Úóãóáò¡ æóáöãó áóÇ! ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Úóáóì Ãóæøóáö æóÞúÊöåóÇ áöÛóíúÑö åóÄõáóÇÁö¡ ÝóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÚóãóáö Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ãóÚó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ãóäóÚó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöáóÇáðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáóåóÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ: ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäó Çáäøóæúãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÃóíøö ÃóÍóÏò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Èóíúäó ÃóÐóÇäö ÚõËúãóÇäó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäó íóÏóíö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö
ÊóÚóæøóÏó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö ÕóáóÇÉó ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÞóÚõ ÇáúÂäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóÞúÊö æóÞóÈúáó ÌõáõæÓö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÓóãøóì ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö ÈöÃóÐóÇäö ÚõËúãóÇäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÓóÇÁóáó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Úóäú åóÐöåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Ãóåöíó ÓõäøóÉñ Ãóãú áóÇ¿ æóíóÊóÌóÏøóÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ ãöäú Íöíäò Åöáóì ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÃóÌúãóÚõ ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ Ýöíåö åõæó ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÉò ÎóÇÕøóÉò¡ ÌóæóÇÈðÇ Úóáóì ÓõÄóÇáò æõÌøöåó Åöáóíúåö åóÐóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
åóáö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÚóáóåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö Ãóæö ÇáÊøóÇÈöÚöíäó Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö¡ Ãóãú áóÇ¿ æóåóáú åõæó ãóäúÕõæÕñ Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈò ãöäú ãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÃóÐóÇäóíúäö ÕóáóÇÉñ¡ åóáú åõæó ãóÎúÕõæÕñ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ Ãóãú åõæó ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóæúÞóÇÊö¿ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈó ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú íõÕóáøöí ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóáóÇ äõÞöáó åóÐóÇ Úóäú ÃóÍóÏò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ íõÄóÐøóäõ Úóáóì ÚóåúÏöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÚóÏó Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ æóíõÄóÐøöäõ ÈöáóÇáñ Ëõãøó íóÎúØõÈõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÎõØúÈóÊóíúäö¡ Ëõãøó íõÞöíãõ ÈöáóÇáñ ÝóíõÕóáøöí ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö áóÇ åõæó æóáóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÕóáøõæäó ãóÚóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ äõÞöáó Úóäú ÃóÍóÏò Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóáóÇ æóÞøóÊó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «ÕóáóÇÉñ ãõÞóÏøóÑóÉñ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» Èóáú ÃóáúÝóÇÙõåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÊøóÑúÛöíÈõ(8/157)
Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÏöãó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóæúÞöíÊò ßóÞóæúáöåö: «ãóäú ÈóßøóÑó æóÇÈúÊóßóÑó¡ æóãóÔóì æóáóãú íóÑúßóÈú¡ æóÕóáøóì ãóÇ ßõÊöÈó áóåõ» . . . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÃúËõæÑõ Úóäö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú - ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóæõÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö íõÕóáøõæäó ãöäú Íöíäö íóÏúÎõáõæäó ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó¡ ãöäúåõãú ãóäú íõÕóáøöí ËóãóÇäöíó ÑóßóÚóÇÊò¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íõÕóáøöí ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ãõÊøóÝöÞöíäó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÓõäøóÉñ ãõÄóÞøóÊóÉñ ÈöæóÞúÊò ãõÞóÏøóÑóÉñ ÈöÚóÏóÏò.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóßúËóÑö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ãöäú ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÍúãóÏó.
æóÐóåóÈó ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÓõäøóÉñ¡ Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚðÇ ÊóÔúÈöíåðÇ áóåóÇ ÈöÓõäøóÉö ÇáÙøõåúÑö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÙõåúÑñ ãóÞúÕõæÑóÉñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÎóØóÃñ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö æóÓóÇÞóåõãóÇ¡ æóÎõáóÇÕóÉõ ãóÇ ÓóÇÞóåõ ÝöíåöãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó áóåóÇ ÎóÕóÇÆöÕõ áóÇ ÊõæÌóÏõ Ýöí ÇáÙøõåúÑö ÝóáóíúÓóÊú ÙõåúÑðÇ ãóÞúÕõæÑóÉð.
æóßóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ÓóÝóÑöåö ÓõäøóÉð áöáÙøõåúÑö¡ Ãóíú: æóåöíó ãóÞúÕõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö ÝóáóÇ ÊóãóÓøõßó Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÃóãøóÇ Úóäú ÍóÏöíËö: «Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÃóÐóÇäóíúäö ÕóáóÇÉñ» ÝóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Åöäú Þöíáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÓõäøóÉñ ÑóÇÊöÈóÉñ ãõÞóÏøóÑóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÃóÐóÇäóíúäö ÕóáóÇÉñ» ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö: «áöãóäú ÔóÇÁó» .
æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ãóÔúÑõæÚóÉñ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó áóíúÓó ÈöÓõäøóÉò ÑóÇÊöÈóÉò¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÍúÊóÌøó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöåóÐóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö.
æóÚóÇÑóÖó ÛóíúÑõåõ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóì ÇáúãóäóÇÑóÉö áóãú íóßõäú Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóíóÊóæóÌøóåõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóÇäõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ áóãøóÇ Óóäøóåõ ÚõËúãóÇäõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - æóÇÊøóÝóÞó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ÕóÇÑó ÃóÐóÇäðÇ ÔóÑúÚöíøðÇ¡ æóÍöíäóÆöÐò ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö ÇáËøóÇäöí ÌóÇÆöÒóÉð ÍóÓóäóÉð¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú ÓõäøóÉð ÑóÇÊöÈóÉð ßóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö¡ æóÍöíäóÆöÐò Ýóãóäú ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó áóãú íõäúßóÑú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóãóäú ÊóÑóßó Ðóáößó áóãú íõäúßóÑú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÚúÏóáõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
æóßóáóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÍöíäóÆöÐò ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÊóÑúßõåóÇ ÃóÝúÖóáó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÌõåøóÇáõ íóÚúÊóÞöÏõæäó Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÓõäøóÉñ ÑóÇÊöÈóÉñ Ãóæú æóÇÌöÈóÉñ¡ áóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÇæóãó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóíóäúÈóÛöí ÊóÑúßõåóÇ ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí(8/158)
ÊóÑúßõ ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÌõáñ ãóÚó Þóæúãò íõÕóáøõæäóåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõØóÇÚðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóßóåóÇ æóÈóíøóäó áóåõãõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉó áóãú íõäúßöÑõæÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ Èóáú ÚóÑóÝõæÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉó¡ ÝóÊóÑúßõåóÇ ÍóÓóäñ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ãõØóÇÚðÇ æóÑóÃóì Ýöí ÕóáóÇÊöåóÇ ÊóÃúáöíÝðÇ áöÞõáõæÈöåöãú Åöáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÃóäúÝóÚõ¡ Ãóæú ÏóÝúÚðÇ áöáúÎöÕóÇãö æóÇáÔøóÑøö áöÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóãóßøõäö ãöäú ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÍóÞøö áóåõãú æóÞóæúáöåöãú áóåõ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäñ.
ÝóÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ íóßõæäõ ãõÓúÊóÍóÈøðÇ ÝöÚúáõåõ ÊóÇÑóÉð¡ æóÊóÑúßõåõ ÊóÇÑóÉð¡ ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ãóÇ íóÊóÑóÌøóÍõ ãöäú ãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÝöÚúáöåö æóÊóÑúßöåö ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö.
ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóßó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöäóÇÁó ÇáúÈóíúÊö Úóáóì ÞóæóÇÚöÏö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö. ÇåÜ ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
ÝóÃóäúÊó ÊóÑóÇåõ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÃóæøóáðÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ãóäú ÝöÚúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöÚóÏóãö æõÌõæÏö ãóßóÇäò áóåóÇ Ýöí ÚóåúÏöåö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÚóåúÏö ÕóÇÍöÈóíúåö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÝöÚúáóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÍóÏöíËö ÚõËúãóÇäó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - íóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÍóÇáö ÇáÔøóÎúÕö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÚóÇãøöíøðÇ ÇáúÊõãöÓó áóåõ ãóÎúÑóÌñ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö: «Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÃóÐóÇäóíúäö ÕóáóÇÉñ» ¡ áóÇ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÓõäøóÉñ ÑóÇÊöÈóÉñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóÇáöãõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÞúÊóÏóì Èöåö ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõØóÇÚðÇ ÝóÊóÑúßõåóÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ.
æóÊóÚúáöíãõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ãõÊóÚóíøóäñ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÛóíúÑó ãõØóÇÚò æóíóÑúÌõæ äóÝúÚóåõãú Ãóæú íóÎúÔóì ÎõÕõæãóÉð Úóáóíúåöãú ÊóÖöíÚõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóäúÝóÚóÊõåõãú ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÝóÚóáóåóÇ ÊóÃúáöíÝðÇ áöÞõáõæÈöåöãú¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÍóÓóäñ. ÇåÜ ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÃóÏóÞøö ãóÓóÇáößö ÓöíóÇÓóÉö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ ÍóíúËõ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÏøóÇÚöí Ãóäú íõÑóÇÚöíó ÍóÇáóÉó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö¡ æóÃóäú íóßõæäó ÈöÝöÚúáöåö ãõÄóËøöÑðÇ ßóÊóÃúËöíÑöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ãóÚó ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÕúáóÍõ áóåõãú ÝöíãóÇ Ýöíåö ÓóÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ÈöÓõäøóÉò ÑóÇÊöÈóÉò.
æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÖöãúäðÇ ßóáóÇãó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÌöÆö æóÞóÈúáó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáÏøóÇÎöáó áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÞúÊó ÇáúÎõØúÈóÉö ÝöíãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÊóÍöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö ÈóÚúÏó ãõäóÇÞóÔóÉö ßóáóÇãö ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö¡ ÞóÇáó:
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÝóÇáúÚõãúÏóÉõ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãóÚúÞöáò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö: «Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÃóÐóÇäóíúäö ÕóáóÇÉñ» ¡ æóÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Úóáóì ÇáÙøõåúÑö¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÚöíÓóì ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ Ãóäøó ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ãóÓúÚõæÏò ßóÇäó íõÕóáøöí ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚðÇ¡ æóÅöáóíúåö ÐóåóÈó ÓõÝúíóÇäõ ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäúåõãú Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ(8/159)
ÑóÇÊöÈóÉõ ÇáÙøõåúÑö ÇäúÊóÞóáóÊú Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ Èóáú ãöäú Íöíäö ãóÌöíÆöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóäóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ãöäú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈóíóÇäñ áöÅöÐóÇ æóÊóÝúÓöíÑñ áóåõ. ÇåÜ.
íóÚúäöí: ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó Ýóåöíó ÈóíóÇäñ áöÅöÐóÇ ÇáÙøóÑúÝöíøóÉö æóÊóÝúÓöíÑñ áóåóÇ.
ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÌöíãö æóÇáúãöíãö ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÌöíãö æóÊóÓúßöíäö Çáúãöíãö ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö æóÇáúÃóÚúãóÔö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ¡ æóåõãóÇ áõÛóÊóÇäö æóÌóãúÚõåõãóÇ ÌõãóÚñ æóÌõãõÚóÇÊñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ: íõÞóÇáõ ÇáúÌõãúÚóÉõ ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö Çáúãöíãö¡ æóÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÈöÖóãøöåóÇ æóÇáúÌõãóÚóÉõ ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáúãöíãö¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÕöÝóÉð áöáúíóæúãö Ãóíú íóÌúãóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: äóÒóáó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáÊøóËúÞöíáö æóÇáÊøóÝúÎöíãö ÝóÇÞúÑóÄõåóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉð¡ íóÚúäöí: ÈöÖóãøö Çáúãöíãö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: æóÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝõ ÃóÞúíóÓõ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ¡ ãöËúáó ÛõÑúÝóÉñ æóÛõÑóÝñ æóØõÑúÝóÉñ æóØõÑóÝñ æóÍõÌúÑóÉñ æóÍõÌóÑñ¡ æóÝóÊúÍõ Çáúãöíãö áõÛóÉõ Èóäöí ÚóÞöíáò¡ æóÞöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ áõÛóÉõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: ÞõÑöÆó Èöåöäøó ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõ: æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÕóÍøõ áöÞóæúáö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ.
æóÐõßöÑó Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö ÊóÓúãöíóÉö åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö ÚöÏøóÉõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÈò áóÇ ÊóäóÇÞõÖó Èóíúäó ÔóíúÁò ãöäúåóÇ.
ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãõÔúÊóÞøóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö íóÌúÊóãöÚõæäó Ýöíåö Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõÓúÈõæÚò.
æóãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ Êóãøó Ýöíåö ÎóáúÞõ ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Çáúíóæúãõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ ãöäó ÇáÓøöÊøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó¡ æóÝöíåö ÎóáóÞó ÂÏóãó íóÚúäöí ÌóãóÚó ÎóáúÞóåõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóäú ÓóáúãóÇäó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó áóåõ: «íóÇ ÓóáúãóÇäõ¡ ãóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» ¿ ÞõáúÊõ: Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö íóæúãñ ÌóãóÚó Çááøóåõ Ýöíåö ÃóÈóæóÇßõãú - Ãóæú - ÃóÈõæßõãú» ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ãöäú ßóáóÇãöåö äóÍúæõ åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó áóåõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÑøóÝúÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó(8/160)
Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö Ýöí ÝóÖúáö íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ãóäøóåõ: «ÎóíúÑõ íóæúãò ÊóØúáõÚõ Ýöíåö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ¡ Ýöíåö ÎõáöÞó ÂÏóãõ» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÈóíóÇäö ÝóÖúáöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö íóæúãõ ÇáúÚóÑõæÈóÉö.
æóäõÞöáó Úóäö ÇáÒøóÌøóÇÌö æóÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö æóÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÑóÈó ÇáúÚóÇÑöÈóÉó ßóÇäóÊú ÊõÓóãøöí ÇáúÃóíøóÇãó åóßóÐóÇ: ÇáÓøóÈúÊõ ÔõÈóÇÑñ¡ ÇáúÃóÍóÏõ Ãóæøóáõ¡ ÇáöÇËúäóíúäö Ãóåúæóäõ¡ ÇáËøõáóÇËóÇÁõ ÌõÈóÇÑñ¡ ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁõ ÏõÈóÇÑñ¡ ÇáúÎóãöíÓõ ãõÄúäöÓñ¡ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÇáúÚóÑõæÈóÉõ. æóÃóæøóáõ ãóäú äóÞóáó ÇáúÚóÑõæÈóÉó Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ßóÚúÈõ Èúäõ áõÄóíøò¡ äõÞöáó ãöäú ÈóÐúáö ÇáúãóÌúåõæÏö ÔóÑúÍö ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÞöíáó: Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ÓóãøóÇåõ ÈöÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ßóÚúÈõ Èúäõ áõÄóíøò¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúãö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö Ãóæøóáö ÌõãõÚóÉò ÕõáøöíóÊú ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: æóÃóæøóáõ ãóäú ÓóãøóÇåóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉð: ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑõ¡ æóäõÞöáó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÓöíÑöíäó Þóæúáõåõ: ÌóãøóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÞúÏóãó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó¡ æóÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóäúÒöáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóãøóæúåóÇ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó áöáúíóåõæÏö íóæúãðÇ íóÌúÊóãöÚõæäó Ýöíåö Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóÈúÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò íóæúãñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóÈúÊõ¡ æóáöáäøóÕóÇÑóì íóæúãñ ãöËúáõ Ðóáößó æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÍóÏõ¡ ÝóÊóÚóÇáóæúÇ ÝóáúäóÌúÊóãöÚú ÍóÊøóì äóÌúÚóáó íóæúãðÇ¡ áöäóÊóÐóÇßóÑó Çááøóåó¡ æóäõÕóáøöíó Ýöíåö æóäóÓúÊóÐúßöÑó Ãóæú ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: íóæúãõ ÇáÓøóÈúÊö áöáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóíóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÍóÏö áöáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÝóÇÌúÚóáõæåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÚóÑõæÈóÉö¡ ÝóÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÓóÚúÏö Èúäö ÒõÑóÇÑóÉó æóåõæó ÃóÈõæ ÃõãóÇãóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóÕóáøóì Èöåöãú íóæúãóÆöÐò ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö¡ æóÐóßøóÑóåõãú ÝóÓóãøóæúåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÍóÊøóì ÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ ÝóÐóÈóÍó áóåõãú ÓóÚúÏñ ÔóÇÉð ÝóÊóÚóÔøóæúÇ æóÊóÛóÏøõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ áöÞöáøóÊöåöãú.
ÝóåóÐöåö Ãóæøóáõ ÌõãõÚóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
ÃóãøóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÌõãõÚóÉò ÃóÞóÇãóåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýóåöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÞóÇãóåóÇ ãóÞúÏóãóåõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö Íöíäó äóÒóáó ÞõÈóÇÁð íóæúãó ÇáöÇËúäóíúäö æóãóßóËó ÇáËøõáóÇËóÇÁó æóÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁó æóÇáúÎóãöíÓó¡ æóÝöí ÕóÈöíÍóÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö äóÒóáó Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÝóÃóÏúÑóßóÊúåõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Ýöí Èóäöí ÓóÇáöãö Èúäö ÚóæúÝò Ýöí ÈóØúäö æóÇÏò áóåõãú¡ ÞóÏö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáúÞóæúãõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ ÝóÌóãøóÚó Èöåöãú - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÎóØóÈó¡ æóåõæó ãóæúÖöÚñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Åöáóì Çáúíóæúãö Ýöí Èóäöí ÇáäøóÌøóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÎõØúÈóÊóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö¡ Ëõãøó ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóáóÊúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉö ÌõæóÇäóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÍúÓóÇÁö Çáúíóæúãó.
æóÞóÏú ÎóÕøó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈöåóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö æóÝóÖøóáóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ áöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí(8/161)
åõÑóíúÑóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóãõÓúáöãò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «äóÍúäõ ÇáúÂÎöÑõæäó ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõæäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÈóíúÏó Ãóäøóåõãú ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöäóÇ¡ Ëõãøó Åöäøó åóÐóÇ íóæúãõåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóåóÏóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÝóÇáäøóÇÓõ áóäóÇ Ýöíåö ÊóÈóÚñ¡ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÛóÏðÇ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÈóÚúÏó ÛóÏò» ¡ áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö. æóÝöí áóÝúÙò áöãõÓúáöãò «ÃóÖóáøó Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãóäú ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáóäóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäó áöáúíóåõæÏö íóæúãõ ÇáÓøóÈúÊö¡ æóßóÇäó áöáäøóÕóÇÑóì íóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÍóÏö¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÈöäóÇ ÝóåóÏóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ áöíóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó æóÇáÓøóÈúÊó æóÇáúÃóÍóÏó¡ æóßóÐóáößó åõãú ÊóÈóÚñ áóäóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ äóÍúäõ ÇáúÂÎöÑõæäó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÇáúãóÞúÖöíøõ Èóíúäóåõãú ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö» ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö.
ßóãóÇ ÇÎúÊõÕøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Úóäú ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõÕøó íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö äóÝúÓõåõ ÈöÎóÕóÇÆöÕó Úóäú ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö¡ ÃóÌúãóÚõåóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãõæóØøóÃö ãóÇáößò Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÎóÑóÌúÊõ Åöáóì ÇáØøõæÑö ÝóáóÞöíÊõ ßóÚúÈó ÇáúÃóÍúÈóÇÑö ÝóÌóáóÓúÊõ ãóÚóåõ¡ ÝóÍóÏøóËóäöí Úóäö ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö¡ æóÍóÏøóËúÊõåõ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóßóÇäó ÝöíãóÇ ÍóÏøóËúÊõåõ Ãóäú ÞõáúÊõ: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÎóíúÑõ íóæúãò ØóáóÚóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ýöíåö ÎõáöÞó ÂÏóãõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÃõåúÈöØó ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÝöíåö ÊöíÈó Úóáóíúåö æóÝöíåö ãóÇÊó¡ æóÝöíåö ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ æóãóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÅöáøóÇ æóåöíó ãõÕöíÎóÉñ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäú Íöíäö ÊõÕúÈöÍõ ÍóÊøóì ÊóØúáõÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÔóÝóÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó¡ æóÝöíåö ÓóÇÚóÉñ áóÇ íõÕóÇÏöÝõåóÇ ÚóÈúÏñ ãõÓúáöãñ æóåõæó íõÕóáøöí íóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ» .
ÞóÇáó ßóÚúÈñ: Ðóáößó Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóäóÉò¡ ÞõáúÊõ: Èóáú Ýöí ßõáøö ÌõãõÚóÉò ÝóÞóÑóÃó ßóÚúÈñ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÕóÏóÞó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó: ÝóáóÞöíÊõ ÈóÕúÑóÉó Èúäó ÃóÈöí ÈóÕúÑóÉó ÇáúÛöÝóÇÑöíøó ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóäú Ãóíúäó ÃóÞúÈóáúÊó¿ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ãöäó ÇáØøõæÑö ÝóÞóÇáó: áóæú ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõßó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóÎúÑõÌó Åöáóíúåö ãóÇ ÎóÑóÌúÊó¡ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: «áóÇ ÊõÚúãóáõ ÇáúãóØöíøõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ãóÓóÇÌöÏó¡ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ æóÅöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ¡ æóÅöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏö ÅöíáöíóÇÁó - Ãóæú - ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö» íóÔõßøõ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ Ëõãøó áóÞöíÊõ ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåó Èúäó ÓóáóÇãò ÝóÍóÏøóËúÊõåõ ÈöãóÌúáöÓöí ãóÚó ßóÚúÈö ÇáúÃóÍúÈóÇÑö¡ æóãóÇ ÍóÏøóËúÊõåõ Èöåö Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ÞóÇáó ßóÚúÈñ: Ðóáößó Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóäóÉò íóæúãñ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÓóáóÇãò: ßóÐóÈó ßóÚúÈñ¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Ëõãøó ÞóÑóÃó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Èóáú åöíó Ýöí ßõáøö ÌõãõÚóÉò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÓóáóÇãò: ÕóÏóÞó ßóÚúÈñ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÓóáóÇãò: ÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ÃóíøóÉõ ÓóÇÚóÉò åöíó¿ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõ: ÃóÎúÈöÑúäöí ÈöåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÖöäøó Úóáóíøó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÓóáóÇãò: åöíó ÂÎöÑõ ÓóÇÚóÉò Ýöí íóæúãö(8/162)
ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó: ÝóÞõáúÊõ æóßóíúÝó Êóßõæäõ ÂÎöÑó ÓóÇÚóÉò Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ íõÕóÇÏöÝõåóÇ ÚóÈúÏñ ãõÓúáöãñ æóåõæó íõÕóáøöí» ¡ æóÊöáúßó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÓóÇÚóÉñ áóÇ íõÕóáøóì ÝöíåóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÓóáóÇãò: Ãóáóãú íóÞõáú ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÌóáóÓó ãóÌúáöÓðÇ íóäúÊóÙöÑõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉò ÍóÊøóì íõÕóáøöíó» ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó: ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Èóáóì¡ ÞóÇáó: Ýóåõæó ßóÐóáößó.
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ ÎóíúÑõ íóæúãò ØóáóÚóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ¡ Ëõãøó ÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóíúÑöíøóÉó Ýöíåö áöãóÇ æóÞóÚó Èöåö ãöäú ÃóÍúÏóÇËò¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö ÍóÑóßóÉñ ÝóáóßöíøóÉñ áóÇ ãóÒöíøóÉó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÎóÕøóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúæóÞóÇÆöÚö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÚóÏøóÏóÊú åõäóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÃóÈöíäóÇ ÂÏóãó - Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóáöÐóÇ Þöíáó: íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö íóæúãõ ÂÏóãó¡ æóíóæúãõ ÇáöÇËúäóíúäö íóæúãõ ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóíú áöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÓõÆöáó Úóäú ßóËúÑóÉö ÕöíóÇãöåö íóæúãó ÇáöÇËúäóíúäö ÞóÇáó: «Ðóáößó íóæúãõ æõáöÏúÊõ Ýöíåö¡ æóÚóáóíøó Ýöíåö ÃõäúÒöáó» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö åõæó íóæúãõ ÂÏóãó Ýöíåö ÎõáöÞó¡ æóÝöíåö ÃõÓúßöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó¡ æóÝöíåö ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÝöíåö ÊóÇÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÝöíåö ÞöíóÇãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäó íóæúãó ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ãöäú ÈóÏúÁö ÃóÈöíåöãú Åöáóì ãõäúÊóåóì ÍóíóÇÊöåöãú¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö íóæúãõ ÊóÒóæøõÏöåöãú Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÕöíÑö.
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æóãõÓúáöãñ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÞúÑóÃõ Çáã [32 \ 1] ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉó¡ æóåóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö [76 \ 1] Ýöí ÝóÌúÑö íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíøóÉó: æóÐóáößó áöãóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ ãöäú ÐößúÑö ÎóáúÞö Çááøóåö ÂÏóãó æóÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóãõäúÊóåóÇåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú æóáöíøò æóáóÇ ÔóÝöíÚò ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ëõãøó íóÚúÑõÌõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚõÏøõæäó Ðóáößó ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ æóÈóÏóÃó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú Øöíäò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó äóÓúáóåõ ãöäú ÓõáóÇáóÉò ãöäú ãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇåõ æóäóÝóÎó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöåö æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑó æóÇáúÃóÝúÆöÏóÉó ÞóáöíáðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó [32 \ 4 - 9] .
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö: åóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò äóÈúÊóáöíåö ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÓóãöíÚðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÓóáóÇÓöáó æóÃóÛúáóÇáðÇ æóÓóÚöíÑðÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 1 - 5] .(8/163)
ÝóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áöÎóáúÞö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ßõáøöåö ÌõãúáóÉð Ëõãøó ÎóáúÞö ÂÏóãó¡ Ëõãøó ÊóäóÇÓõáö äóÓúáöåö Ëõãøó ãõäúÊóåóÇåõãú æóãóÕöíÑöåöãú áöíóÊóÐóßøóÑó ÈöÎóáúÞö ÃóÈöíåö ÂÏóãó¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö ßóíúáóÇ íóäúÓóì æóáóÇ íóÓúåõæó Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóäóÇÞóÔó Íõßúãó ÞöÑóÇÁóÊöåöãóÇ æóÇáúãõÏóÇæóãóÉö ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ Ãóæú ÊóÑúßöåöãóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ãóÇ íõÞúÑóÃõ Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö.
æóÝöí ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó íóÞúÑóÃõ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáÕøõÈúÍö: Çáã ÊóäúÒöíáõ [32 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóåóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÝöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈöÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» æó «ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóãõÓúáöãñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ.
æóäóÇÞóÔó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ÇáÓøõÌõæÏó ÝöíåóÇ Ãóíú Ýöí ÝóÌúÑö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ãóæú Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÖóÉö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃó ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÓóÌúÏóÉõ ÊöáóÇæóÉò.
æóÍõßöíó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏõ Ýöí ÝóÌúÑö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Úóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÚõËúãóÇäó¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö æóÞóÇáó: åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ßóÑöåóåõ ãóÇáößñ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö¡ ÝóÑóÇÌöÚúåõ.
ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö
ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ßóáóÇãõ ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ãóÚó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÓóáóÇãò æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóßúËóÑö¡ æóíõæÌóÏõ ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò: ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÇ Èóíúäó Ãóäú íóÌúáöÓó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Åöáóì Ãóäú íóÝúÑóÛó ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóÍóßóì ÃóÞúæóÇáóåõãõ ÇáÒøóÑúÞóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÈöÓóäóÏò ÕóÍöíÍò: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÓóäóÏó ãóÇáößò áóãú íóØúÚóäú Ýöíåö ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÓóäóÏó ãõÓúáöãò ÞóÏú äóÞóáó ÇáÒøóÑúÞóÇäöíøõ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöíåö¡ æóãóäú Êóßóáøóãó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóáúÝöÊõ ÇáäøóÙóÑó ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÞöíóÇãö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóãóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÅöáøóÇ æóåöíó ãõÕöíÎóÉñ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäú Íöíäö ÊõÕúÈöÍõ ÍóÊøóì ÊóØúáõÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÔóÝóÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó» ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÝóÑøöÞõ Èöåö Èóíúäó ÃóíøóÇãö ÇáúÃõÓúÈõæÚö¡ æóÚöäúÏóåóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÇáúÅöÔúÝóÇÞõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó Êóßõæäõ Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÝöí Ãóæøóáöåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑðÇ ÛõíøöÈó ÚóäøóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÚóáóíúäóÇ Ãóäú äõÚúØöíó åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãó ÍóÞøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÐøößúÑö æóÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóáöíÞõ ãöäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö ÅöÔúÝóÇÞðÇ Ãóæú ÊóÒóæøõÏðÇ áöåóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö¡ áóÇ Ãóäú äóÌúÚóáóåõ ãóæúÖöÚó ÇáäøõÒúåóÉö æóÇááøóÚöÈö æóÇáÊøóÝúÑöíØö¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÅöÎúÝóÇÄõåóÇ ãóÏúÚóÇÉð áöáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö ßõáøó Çáúíóæúãö ßóáóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö¡ æóÞóÏú äóÝúåóãõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó áöÍóÏöíËö: «ãóäú ÑóÇÍó Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÞóÑøóÈó(8/164)
ÈóÏóäóÉð» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó Ýöíåö ãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÚöäúÏó ãõäóÇÞóÔóÉö æóÞúÊö ÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáØøõÑõÞóÇÊõ Ýöí ÃóíøóÇãö ÇáÓøóáóÝö æóÞúÊó ÇáÓøóÍóÑö æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÛóÇÕøóÉð ÈöÇáúãõÈóßøöÑöíäó Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö íóãúÔõæäó ÈöÇáÓøõÑõÌö. æóÞöíáó: Ãóæøóáõ ÈöÏúÚóÉò ÃõÍúÏöËóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÈõßõæÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÈõßõæÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö ÈöåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö.
ÞóÑóÃó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: (ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ) ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåóÇ ÚõãóÑõ: (ÝóÇãúÖõæÇ) ¡ Ñóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøóåõ Þöíáó áöÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Åöäøó ÃõÈóíøðÇ íóÞúÑóÄõåóÇ (ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ) ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóãóÇ Åöäøóåõ ÃóÞúÑóÄõäóÇ æóÃóÚúáóãõäóÇ ÈöÇáúãóäúÓõæÎö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó (ÝóÇãúÖõæÇ) .
æóÑõæöíó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÓóÇáöãò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÚõãóÑó ÞóØøõ íóÞúÑóÄõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÇãúÖõæÇ.
æóÈóæøóÈó áóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÞóÇáó ÈóÇÈõ Þóæúáöåö: æóÂÎóÑöíäó ãöäúåõãú áóãøóÇ íóáúÍóÞõæÇ Èöåöãú [62 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÚõãóÑõ: ÝóÇãúÖõæÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÑóÃóåõ: ÝóÇãúÖõæÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóæú ßóÇäóÊú (ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ) áóÓóÚóíúÊõ ÍóÊøóì íóÓúÞõØó ÑöÏóÇÆöí. ÇåÜ.
æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö ÝöíãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ äóÌöÏõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö áöÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ ÇáúÃóæøóáö: áöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÚõãóÑó äóÝúÓöåö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó ÃõÈóíøðÇ ÃóÞúÑóÄõåõãú æóÃóÚúáóãõåõãú ÈöÇáúãóäúÓõæÎö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ßóÐóáößó ÝóÇáúÞóæúáõ Þóæúáõåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõåõãú æóÃóÞúÑóÄõåõãú. ÃóãøóÇ ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Åöäøó ÓóäóÏóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ãõÊøóÕöáò ; áöÃóäøóåõ Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áóãú íóÓúãóÚú ãöäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÔóíúÆðÇ. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáÓøóÚúíö åõäóÇ¡ æóÍóÇÕöáõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöíåö Úóáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáò áóÇ íõÚóÇÑöÖõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáúÚóãóáõ áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáÊøóåóíøõÄõ ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåóÇ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇáúÞóÕúÏõ æóÇáäøöíøóÉõ Úóáóì ÅöÊúíóÇäöåóÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÇáÓøóÚúíõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇãö Ïõæäó ÇáÑøõßõæÈö.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöÐóáößó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÚúíó íõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ. æóÞóÇáó: åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ Êóæóáøóì ÓóÚóì Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [2 \ 205] ¡ æóÞóÇáó:(8/165)
Åöäøó ÓóÚúíóßõãú áóÔóÊøóì [92 \ 4] ¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÚóãóáó.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöáËøóÇäöí ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáúÍóÓóäö: æóÇááøóåö ãóÇ åõæó ÈöÓóÚúíò Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇãö¡ æóáóßöäú ÓóÚúíõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóÇáäøöíøóÉö.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöáËøóÇáöËö ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÚóÈúÓö Èúäö ÌóÈúÑò æóÇÓúãõåõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ æóßóÇäó ãöäú ßöÈóÇÑö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ãóÔóì Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÑóÇÌöáðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: «ãóäö ÇÛúÈóÑøóÊú ÞóÏóãóÇåõ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÍóÑøóãóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö» . ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑúåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö.
æóÈöÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö äóÌöÏõåóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÉð áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóÚúíö¡ æóÇáÓøóÚúíó ÃóÎóÕøõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó Èóíúäó ÃóÚóãøó æóÃóÎóÕøó¡ æóÇáäøöíøóÉõ ÔóÑúØñ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÃóæúáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ßõáøöåóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö: (ÝóÇãúÖõæÇ) ¡ Ýóåöíó ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö áöáÓøóÚúíö.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÖöíøó æóÇáÓøóÚúíó æóÇáÐøóåóÇÈó Ýöí ãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÚúíó íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ãóÚúäðì ÒóÇÆöÏðÇ æóåõæó ÇáúÌöÏøõ æóÇáúÍöÑúÕõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÕöíáö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÚóæúÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ãõÚóÇÌöÒöíäó [22 \ 51] ¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÍóÑöíÕõæäó Úóáóì Ðóáößó: æóåõæó ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÑøóÇÛöÈõ ÇáúÃóÕúÝóåóÇäöíøõ: ÇáÓøóÚúíõ ÇáúãóÔúíõ ÇáÓøóÑöíÚõ¡ æóåõæó Ïõæäó ÇáúÚóÏúæö¡ æóíõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ áöáúÌöÏøö Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÎóíúÑðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ÔóÑøðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÚóì Ýöí ÎóÑóÇÈöåóÇ [2 \ 114] . æóÅöÐóÇ Êóæóáøóì ÓóÚóì Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [2 \ 205] ¡ æóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó æóÓóÚóì áóåóÇ ÓóÚúíóåóÇ [17 \ 19] ¡ æóÌóãóÚó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÇáúÎóíúÑó æóÇáÔøóÑøó: æóÃóäú áóíúÓó áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÓóÚóì æóÃóäøó ÓóÚúíóåõ ÓóæúÝó íõÑóì [53 \ 39 - 40] ¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÊóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇááøõÛóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÒõåóíúÑö Èúäö ÃóÈöí Óõáúãóì:
ÓóÚóì ÓóÇÚöíðÇ ÛóíúÙó ÇÈúäö ãõÑøóÉó ÈóÚúÏóãóÇ ... ÊóÈóÒøóáó ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóÔöíÑóÉö ÈöÇáÏøóãö
æóßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
Åöäú ÃóÌúÒö ÚóáúÞóãóÉó Èúäó ÓóÚúÏò ÓóÚúíóåõ ... áóÇ ÃóÌúÒöåö ÈöÈóáóÇÁö íóæúãò æóÇÍöÏò(8/166)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÚúíó åõæó ÇáúãõÖöíøõ ãóÚó ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÇáÓøóßöíäóÉö æóÇáúæóÞóÇÑö áöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõãõ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉó ÝóÇãúÔõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÚóáóíúßõãõ ÇáÓøóßöíäóÉõ æóÇáúæóÞóÇÑõ¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÓúÑöÚõæÇ¡ ÝóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõãú ÝóÕóáøõæÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÝóÇÊóßõãú ÝóÃóÊöãøõæÇ» .
æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ÚóÇãøñ áößõáøö ÂÊò Åöáóì ßõáøö ÕóáóÇÉò æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö áöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÞóÇáó: ÈóíúäóãóÇ äóÍúäõ äõÕóáøöí ãóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöÐú ÓóãöÚó ÌóáóÈóÉó ÑöÌóÇáò ÝóáóãøóÇ Õóáøóì ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÔóÃúäõßõãú¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇÓúÊóÚúÌóáúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÝóáóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóíúÊõãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÝóÇãúÔõæÇ æóÚóáóíúßõãõ ÇáÓóßöíäóÉõ ÝóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõãú ÝóÕóáøõæÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÝóÇÊóßõãú ÝóÃóÊöãøõæÇ» . ÇåÜ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - áóãøóÇ ÑóßóÚó ÎóáúÝó ÇáÕøóÝøö æóÏóÈøó ÍóÊøóì ÏóÎóáó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÝøö æóåõæó ÑóÇßöÚñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÒóÇÏóßó Çááøóåõ ÍöÑúÕðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÚõÏú» Úóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÊóÚõÏú ãöäó ÇáúÚóæúÏö.
æóåõäóÇ íóÃúÊöí ãóÈúÍóËñ Èöãó ÊõÏúÑóßõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ¿
ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáøóÐöí Èöåö ÊõÏúÑóßõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ËóáóÇËóÉñ¡ æóÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ØóÑóÝóíúäö æóæóÇÓöØóÉð.
ÇáØøóÑóÝõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÏúÑóßõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáúÎõØúÈóÉö¡ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÒúãò Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò¡ æóÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóØóÇæõÓò¡ æóÚõãóÑó¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú áóåõ ÏóáöíáðÇ.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ: ÊõÏúÑóßõ æóáóæú ÈöÇáúÌõáõæÓö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÓóáøöãó¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇÈúäö ÍóÒúãò¡ Èóáú ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøóåõ áóæú Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ÓóåóÇ æóÓóÌóÏó¡ æóÝöí ÓõÌõæÏö ÇáÓøóåúæö ÃóÏúÑóßóåõ ÇáúãóÃúãõæãõ áóÃóÏúÑóßó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö ÓõÌõæÏó ÇáÓøóåúæö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú ÎóÇáóÝó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúæóÓóØõ åõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÏúÑóßõ ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÑóßúÚóÉò ßóÇãöáóÉò ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÑúÝóÚó ÑóÃúÓóåõ ãöäó ÇáÑøõßõæÚö Ýöí ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ ÝóÍöíäóÆöÐò íõÕóáøöí ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÑóßúÚóÉð Ëõãøó íõÖöíÝõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì æóÊóÊöãøõ ÌõãõÚóÊõåõ ÈöÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ Õóáøóì ÙõåúÑðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö áöáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÂÊöíóÉö:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ æóíõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõáúÊóãóÓó áöÞóÇÆöáöåö ÔõÈúåóÉñ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö(8/167)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó¡ áöÍóãúáö ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÎõØúÈóÉö áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞõÖöíóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ.
ÝóÓóãøóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÈöÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÓóãøóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÃóÎöíÑðÇ ÈöÇäúÞöÖóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóÐößúÑõ Çááøóåö ÌóÇÁó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóáóßöäú íóÑõÏøõåõ ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáúÂÊöí.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÍóÒúãò ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áóåõ ÈöÍóÏöíËö «ÝóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõãú ÝóÕóáøõæÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÝóÇÊóßõãú ÝóÃóÊöãøõæÇ» .
æóÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÑóßúÚóÊóÇäö ÝóÞóØú¡ ÝóÅöÊúãóÇãõåóÇ ÈöÊóãóÇãö ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö¡ æóÇÚúÊóÈóÑõæÇ ÅöÏúÑóÇßó Ãóíøö ÌõÒúÁò ãöäúåóÇ ÅöÏúÑóÇßðÇ áóåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóÇáóÝó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ áöÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáúÂÊöíóÉö:
æóÃóÏöáøóÉõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ãöäú ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÑóßúÚóÉð ÝóáúíõÖöÝú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì» Ãóíú ÝóÊóÊöãøõ áóåõ ÌõãõÚóÉñ ÈöÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö¡ æóÃóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú ãóÝúåõæãö ÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÑóßúÚóÉò¡ Ãóäøó ãóäú áóãú íõÏúÑößú ÑóßúÚóÉð ßóÇãöáóÉð ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ áóåõ Ãóäú íõÖöíÝó áóåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó ÙõåúÑðÇ.
æóÇáúÌóÇäöÈö ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö¡ æóåõæó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö: «ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÑóßúÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó» .
æóÞóÏú ÑóÏøó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóÇÚúÊóÈóÑõæÇ ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöÃóíøö ÌõÒúÁò.
æóÑóÏøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÈóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ Èöãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÑóßúÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóáúíõÖöÝú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÈõáõæÛö ÇáúãóÑóÇãö.
æóÞóÇáó: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú¡ æóÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áóåõ¡ æóÅöÓúäóÇÏõåõ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ áóßöäú Þóæøóì ÃóÈõæ ÍóÇÊöãò ÅöÑúÓóÇáóåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÕøóäúÚóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÍö: æóÞóÏú ÃõÎúÑöÌó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ãöäú ËóáóÇËó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ØóÑöíÞðÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóãöäú ËóáóÇËö ØõÑõÞò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÝöí ÌóãöíÚöåóÇ ãóÞóÇáñ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóáóßöäøó ßóËúÑóÉó ØõÑõÞöåö íõÞóæøöí ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÑøóÌóåõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ ãöäú ËóáóÇËö ØõÑõÞò:(8/168)
ÅöÍúÏóÇåóÇ: ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó: æóÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÔóÑúØö ÇáÔøóíúÎóíúäö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö: æóíõÛúäöí Úóäúåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÑóßúÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó» ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóåõæó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÅöÏúÑóÇßó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÑóßúÚóÉò¡ æóÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöÏúÑóÇßõ ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáúÌõáõæÓö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÓøóáóÇãö¡ áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÏóÎóáó ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö æóåõæó ÌóÇáöÓñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÔóåøõÏö áóÇ íõÚúÊóÏøõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ßóÇãöáóÉð.
æóÇáäøóÕøõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÑóßúÚóÉð ãöäú ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóáúíõÖöÝú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì íóÌúÚóáõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßó áöÑóßúÚóÉò ßóÇãöáóÉò íõÚúÊóÏøõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóãóäú áóãú íõÏúÑößú ÑóßúÚóÉð ßóÇãöáóÉð áóãú íóßõäú ãõÏúÑößðÇ áöáúÌõãõÚóÉö.
æóÞóÏú Íóßóì Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÊõÏúÑóßõ ÈöÑóßúÚóÉò ÊóÇãøóÉò áöÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÇÍúÊóÌøó Èöåö ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøö æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: áóãú ÊóÝõÊúåõ Êöáúßó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ æóãóäú áóãú ÊóÝõÊúåõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÕóáøóÇåóÇ ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÃóäóÓö Èúäö ãóÇáößò¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÇáúÃóÓúæóÏö¡ æóÚóáúÞóãóÉó¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøö¡ æóÚõÑúæóÉó Èúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò¡ æóÃóÈöí íõæÓõÝó.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí æóÇÝóÞó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãõÍóãøóÏñ áöãóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóÞóÇáó ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Åöäøó ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö Èóäóì ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó æóÅöäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÃóÞóáøóåóÇ Èóäóì ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÙøõåúÑó.
æóÝöí ÇáÔøóÑúÍö: Ãóäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö åõæó ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáÑøõßõæÚö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö.
æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö äóÌöÏõ ÑõÌúÍóÇäó ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö áöáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÞõæøóÉõ ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáöåöãú ÈöÚõãõæãö: «ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÑóßúÚóÉð¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÝöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö.
Ëõãøó ÈöÎõÕõæÕö: «ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ãöäó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÑóßúÚóÉð ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÝóáúíõÖöÝú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì» ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó(8/169)
ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÓóäóÏöåö æóÊóÞúæöíóÉö ØõÑõÞöåö ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖò.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö æóåõæó ãóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÏõ Èöåö Ýöí ÚóÏóÏö ÇáÑøóßóÚóÇÊö¡ æóåöíó äõÞúØóÉñ åóÇãøóÉñ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÅöÛúÝóÇáõåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÝúåõæãó ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÑóßúÚóÉð ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÝóáúíõÖöÝú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ Ãóäøó ãóäú áóãú íõÏúÑößú ÑóßúÚóÉð ßóÇãöáóÉð áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì áóåõ Ãóäú íõÖöíÝó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ Èóáú Úóáóíúåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó ÃóÑúÈóÚðÇ.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ÖóÚúÝõ ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö ÇáúãõÚóÇÑöÖö ; áöÃóäøó: «ãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõãú ÝóÕóáøõæÇ» Úóáóì ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ãöäó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÑóßúÚóÉð ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöåóÇ.
Ëõãøó Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö áóíúÓó ßóãóÇ ÐóåóÈó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÏöáøõ Åöáóíúåö¡ Èóáú áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÅöÏúÑóÇßðÇ áöãóÇ íõÚúÊóÏøõ Èöåö.
æóÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú áóãú íõÏúÑößú ÑóßúÚóÉð ßóÇãöáóÉð áóÇ íóÚúÊóÏøõ ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÚóÏóÏö ÇáÑøóßóÚóÇÊö¡ æóíõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑóÉó ÍóíúËõ ÑóßóÚó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÕöáó Åöáóì ÇáÕøóÝøö ; áöíõÏúÑößó ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÑúÝóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÑóÃúÓóåõ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÅöÏúÑóÇßõ ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö íóÊöãøõ ÈöÃóíøö ÌõÒúÁò ãöäúåóÇ áóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑóÉó åóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «åóÐóÇ ÒóÇÏóßó Çááøóåõ ÍöÑúÕðÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÚõÏú» .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ ÇÚúÊóÏøó ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö áöÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö ÇáÑøõßõæÚó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Ïóáöíáó áöãóäö ÇÔúÊóÑóØó ÅöÏúÑóÇßó ÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáúÎõØúÈóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßó ÑóßúÚóÉð ÝóÞóÏú ÝóÇÊóÊúåõ ÇáúÎõØúÈóÉõ ßõáøõåóÇ¡ æóÝóÇÊóÊúåõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäó ÇáÑøóßúÚóÊóíúäö¡ æóÃóÏúÑóßó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Íõßúãõ ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö.
Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáÓøóÚúíö ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáúæõÌõæÈó ãóÇ áóãú íõæÌóÏú áóåõ ÕóÇÑöÝñ¡ æóáóÇ ÕóÇÑöÝó áóåõ åõäóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäó íóßúÝöí ÍößóÇíóÉó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö Úóáóì æõÌõæÈöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö æóÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ æóäóÞóáóåõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóáóßöäú æõÌöÏó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó áóíúÓóÊú æóÇÌöÈóÉð¡ æóáóÚóáøóåõ Ùóäøó Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÕóÇÑöÝðÇ áöáúÃóãúÑö Úóäö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó Ðóáößõãú ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó áöÊóÍúÕöíáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÞóÏú äõÞöáó Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÊúÈóÇÚö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ãóÇ íõæåöãõ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ÈöÝóÑúÖò¡ æóåõæó ãõÓóØøóÑñ Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåöãú¡ ãöãøóÇ ÞóÏú íóÛúÊóÑøõ Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÈõÓóØóÇÁö æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ãóÚó ÖóÚúÝö(8/170)
ÇáúæóÇÒöÚö æóßóËúÑóÉö ÇáÔøóÇÛöáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂæöäóÉö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÅöíÑóÇÏóåõ æóÈóíóÇäó ÑóÏøöåö ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåöãú æóÃóÆöãøóÊöåöãú ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ.
ÝóÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö ÍößóÇíóÉõ ÇÈúäö æóåúÈò Úóäú ãóÇáößò Ãóäøó ÔõåõæÏóåóÇ ÓõäøóÉñ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö ÞóÇáó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈöíøõ: ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ åóáú åöíó ãöäú ÝõÑõæÖö ÇáúÃóÚúíóÇäö Ãóæú ãöäú ÝõÑõæÖö ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉö¿
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö: æóÞóÏú äõÓöÈó Åöáóì ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ÈöÝóÑúÖò.
æóßõáøõåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ãóÑúÏõæÏóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåöãú æóÃóÆöãøóÉö ãóÐóÇåöÈöåöãú¡ ÝóáóÒöãó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÍóÞøö ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõÊõÈöåöãú¡ æóãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåöãú¡ æóÅöáóíúßó ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó:
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ äõÓöÈó áöãóÇáößò - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÝóÞóÏú ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö Úóäö ÇÈúäö æóåúÈò æóÑóÏøóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÍóßóì ÇÈúäõ æóåúÈò Úóäú ãóÇáößò Ãóäøó ÔõåõæÏóåóÇ ÓõäøóÉñ¡ æóÑóÏøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáóåõ ÈöÊóÃúæöíáóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÇáößðÇ íõØúáöÞõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÖö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÓõäøóÉð Úóáóì ÕöÝóÊöåóÇ áóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõåóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÓóÇÆöÑõ ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö¡ ÍóÓóÈó ãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÝóÚóáóåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó¡ æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇÈúäõ æóåúÈò Úóäú ãóÇáößò: ÚóÒöíãóÉõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóäú ÓóãöÚó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó. ÇåÜ. äóÞúáðÇ ãöäú äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ Þóæúáó ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö Ýöí ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Úóäú ãóÇáößò æóÛóíúÑöåö Ýöí ÊóÍóÑøõÒöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÝõÊúíóÇ ãöäú Þóæúáö ÍóáóÇáò æóÍóÑóÇãò æóæóÇÌöÈò. . . ÅöáóÎú¡ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ãóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäú ÎöáóÇÝò æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáÊøóÚóÕøõÈö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇáößðÇ ÃóÔóÏøõ ÊóÍóÝøõÙðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ÇáúæóÌúåó ÇáËøóÇäöíó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÑöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉö ÈöãóÇ äóÕøõåõ ãóÇ Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò: ÅöÐóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚó ÇáúÃóÖúÍóì æóÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ Ãóæö ÇáúÝöØúÑõ ÝóÕóáøóì ÑóÌõáñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍóÖóÑö ÇáúÚöíÏó ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Ëõãøó ÃóÑóÇÏó ÃóáøóÇ íóÔúåóÏó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó åóáú íóÖóÚõ Ðóáößó Úóäúåõ ÔõåõæÏõ ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÚöíÏö ãóÇ æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¿ ÞóÇáó áóÇ¡ ßóÇäó ãóÇáößñ íóÞõæáõ: áóÇ íóÖóÚõ Ðóáößó Úóäúåõ ãóÇ æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: æóáóãú íóÈúáõÛúäöí Ãóäøó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÃóÐöäó áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÚóæóÇáöí ÅöáøóÇ ÚõËúãóÇäõ¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú ãóÇáößñ íóÑóì ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÚóáó ÚõËúãóÇäõ¡ æóßóÇäó íóÑóì Ãóäøó ãóäú æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ áóÇ íóÖóÚõåóÇ Úóäúåõ ÅöÐúäõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóÅöäú ÔóåöÏó ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ãöäú íóæúãöåö Ðóáößó ÚöíÏðÇ. ÇåÜ ãöäó ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉö¡ ÝóåóÐöåö äõÕõæÕñ ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Úóäú ãóÇáößò Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó æóÇÌöÈóÉñ áóÇ íóÖóÚõåóÇ Úóãøóäú æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÅöÐúäõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÈöÕóÑúÝö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Úóäú ÝöÞúåö ãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáúÚöíÏö æóÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ ãóÔúåõæÑðÇ¡ æóáóßöäú íõåöãøõäóÇ(8/171)
ÊóäúÕöíÕõ ãóÇáößò Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÝöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑö Îóáöíáò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóáóÒöãóÊö ÇáúãõßóáøóÝó ÇáúÍõÑøó ÇáÐøóßóÑó ÈöáóÇ ÚõÐúÑò¡ ÞóÇáó ÔóÇÑöÍõåõ ÇáúÎõÑóÔöíøõ: áóÒöãóÊú æóæóÌóÈó ÅöËúãõ ÊóÇÑößöåóÇ æóÚõÞõæÈóÊõåõ¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉõ ÝóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõåóÐøóÈö¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÇÌöÈóÉñ áöãóÇ Ñóæóì ÌóÇÈöÑñ æóÓóÇÞó ÍóÏöíËóåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõåóÐøóÈö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÊóÚóíøóäõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõßóáøóÝò ÍõÑøò ÐóßóÑò ãõÞöíãò ÈöáóÇ ãóÑóÖò æóäóÍúæöåö¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÃóãøóÇ Íõßúãõ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÝóÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÝóÑúÖõ Úóíúäò Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõßóáøóÝò ÛóíúÑó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÃóÚúÐóÇÑö¡ æóÇáäøóÞúÕõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Èóíúäó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãóÐúåóÈõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ áöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåö¡ æóÞóØóÚó Èöåö ÇáúÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáØøõÑõÞö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÃóÈõæ ÇáØøóíøöÈö Ýöí ÊóÚúáöíÞöåö æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÔøóÇãöáö æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÕúÍóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÛóáöØó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: åöíó ÝóÑúÖõ ßöÝóÇíóÉò¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÓóÈóÈõ ÛóáóØöåö Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøó ÞóÇáó: ãóäú æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúÚöíÏóíúäö¡ æóÛóáöØó ãóäú Ýóåöãóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ãõÑóÇÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ãóäú ÎõæØöÈó ÈöÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æõÌõæÈðÇ ÎõæØöÈó ÈöÇáúÚöíÏóíúäö ãõÊóÃóßøöÏðÇ¡ æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÃóÈõæ ÇáØøóíøöÈö æóÓóÇÆöÑõ ãóäú Íóßóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó Úóáóì ÛóáóØö ÞóÇÆöáöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÃóÈõæ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÇáúãóÑúæóÒöíøõ: áóÇ íóÍöáøõ Ãóäú íõÍúßóì åóÐóÇ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóáóÇ íõÎúÊóáóÝó Ãóäøó ãóÐúåóÈó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÝóÑúÖõ Úóíúäò¡ æóäóÞóáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈóíúåö ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö æóÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇÞö: ÅöÌúãóÇÚó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö. ÇåÜ ãöäó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö áöáäøóæóæöíøö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÍóßóÇåõ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö æóÇáúãóÑúæóÒöíøõ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö åõæó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÃõãøö áöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÌóáøóÏó (1) Õ 881 ÊóÍúÊó ÚõäúæóÇäö: ÅöíÌóÇÈõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈóÚúÏóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÏóáøóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ãöäú ÝóÑúÖö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Úóáóì ãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøóåö ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì æóÓóÇÞó ÍóÏöíËó: «äóÍúäõ ÇáúÂÎöÑõæäó ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõæäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÈóíúÏó Ãóäøóåõãú ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöäóÇ¡ æóÃõæÊöíäóÇåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú Ëõãøó åóÐóÇ íóæúãõåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÝõÑöÖó Úóáóíúåöãú íóÚúäöí ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÝóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóåóÏóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÝóÇáäøóÇÓõ áóäóÇ Ýöíåö ÊóÈóÚñ» Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÇáÊøóäúÒöíáõ Ëõãøó ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ íóÏõáøóÇäö Úóáóì ÅöíÌóÇÈö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóãóäú ßóÇäó ãõÞöíãðÇ ÈöÈóáóÏò ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ãöäú ÈóÇáöÛò ÍõÑøò áóÇ ÚõÐúÑó áóåõ æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ¡ ÝóåóÐöåö äõÕõæÕõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÚóÇãøóÉð Ýöí ÇáúæõÌõæÈö æóÎóÇÕøóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúíóÇäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ ßóÇÝò áöãóÐúåóÈö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ãöäú äóÕøö ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÇáúÃõãøö. ÇåÜ.
ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáøóÐöí ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: «äóÍúäõ ÇáúÂÎöÑõæäó ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõæäó» åõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáøóÐöí ÈóæøóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æõÌõæÈó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóæóÌúåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö ãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Ëõãøó åóÐóÇ íóæúãõåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÝõÑöÖó Úóáóíúåöãú» ÝóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóäúÕöíÕõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÖöíøóÉö.(8/172)
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÞóÏú äõÓöÈó Åöáóì ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ÈöÝóÑúÖò¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú Ìóåúáöåöãú¡ æóÓóÈóÈõ ÛóáóØöåöãú Þóæúáõ ÇáúÞõÏõæÑöíøö: æóãóäú Õóáøóì ÇáÙøõåúÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ýöí ãóäúÒöáöåö æóáóÇ ÚõÐúÑó áóåõ ßõÑöåó áóåõ Ðóáößó æóÌóÇÒóÊú ÕóáóÇÊõåõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÍóÑõãó Úóáóíúåö æóÕóÍøóÊö ÇáÙøõåúÑõ ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáúÝóÑúÖö¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõäóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÝóÑúÖñ ÂßóÏõ ãöäó ÇáÙøõåúÑö¡ æóÐóßóÑó Ãóæøóáó ÇáúÈóÇÈö¡ ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÝóÑöíÖóÉñ ãõÍúßóãóÉñ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö¡ ÝóÍõßöíó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚõ Úóáóì æõÌõæÈöåóÇ æóÌóåúáö ãóäú äóÓóÈó Åöáóì ãóÐúåóÈöåöãö ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÚóÏóãö ÝóÑúÖöíøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö ÂßóÏõ ãöäó ÇáÙøõåúÑö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöí ÝóÑúÖö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚõ¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÇáúÂíóÉó: ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: ÝóÕúáñ: æóÊóÌöÈõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ æóÇáÓøóÚúíõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ãóäú íõÞöíãõåóÇ ÓõäøöíøðÇ Ãóæú ãõÈúÊóÏöÚðÇ Ãóæú ÚóÏúáðÇ Ãóæú ÝóÇÓöÞðÇ¡ äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÚóãøõ æóÃóÔúãóáõ¡ ÍóÊøóì ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÚóÇÏöáö æóÛóíúÑö ÇáÓøõäøöíøö.
ÝóåóÐöåö äõÕõæÕõ ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÝóÑúÖöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúíóÇäö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó áöÃóÍóÏò ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÃóÏúäóì ÔõÈúåóÉò íóáúÊóãöÓõåóÇ ãöäú Ãóíøö ãóÐúåóÈò¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÈøõÚö ÔóæóÇÐøöåö áöáÊøóåóÇæõäö ÈöÝóÑúÖö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö áöäöíóÇÈóÉö ÇáÙøõåúÑö ÚóäúåóÇ.
Ëõãøó ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉð Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÕóÇÑöÝó áöáúÃóãúÑö Úóäú æõÌõæÈö ÇáÓøóÚúíö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ãóÚó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáÓøóÚúíö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáúÈóíúÚö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÈóíúÚö æóÇÌöÈðÇ ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåóÇ ÝóãóÇ æóÌóÈó åõæó ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåö ßóÇäó æõÌõæÈõåõ åõæó Ãóæúáóì¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: ÝóÃóãóÑó ÈöÇáÓøóÚúíö¡ æóíóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈó æóáóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÇáÓøóÚúíõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö¡ æóäóåóì Úóäö ÇáúÈóíúÚö áöÆóáøóÇ íõÔúÛóáó Èöåö ÚóäúåóÇ¡ Ýóáóæú áóãú Êóßõäú æóÇÌöÈóÉð áóãóÇ äóåóì Úóäö ÇáúÈóíúÚö ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåóÇ¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ Ýöí ÇáúæóÚöíÏö áöÊóÇÑößöåóÇ ÈöÏõæäö ÚõÐúÑò ãóÔúåõæÑóÉñ ÊõÄóßøöÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúæõÌõæÈó.
ãöäú Ðóáößó ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ÇáúÌóÚúÏö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÊóÑóßó ËóáóÇËó ÌõãóÚò ÊóåóÇæõäðÇ ÈöåóÇ ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÞóáúÈóåõ» ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÓóßóÊó Úóäúåõ.
æóÝöí ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì¡ ÞóÇáó: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉõ Ãóíú ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøó æóãõÓúáöãðÇ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÓóãöÚóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ Úóáóì ÃóÚúæóÇÏö ãöäúÈóÑöåö: «áóíóäúÊóåöíóäøó(8/173)
ÃóÞúæóÇãñ Úóäú æóÏúÚöåöãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÇÊö¡ Ãóæú áóíóÎúÊöãóäøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú¡ Ëõãøó áóíóßõæäõäøó ãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÝöáöíäó» ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ.
æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãò íóÊóÎóáøóÝõæäó Úóäö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö: «áóÞóÏú åóãóãúÊõ Ãóäú ÂãõÑó ÑóÌõáðÇ íõÕóáøöí ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö Ëõãøó ÃõÍóÑøöÞõ Úóáóì ÑöÌóÇáò íóÊóÎóáøóÝõæäó Úóäö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈõíõæÊóåõãú» ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóãõÓúáöãñ.
æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑó ÇáØøóÈúÚó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÇáúÌóÚúÏö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ØóÈúÚõ ÇáäøöÝóÇÞö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó» : Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó [63 \ 3] ¡ æóÞöíáó: ØóÈúÚõ ÖóáóÇáò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö. Ëõãøó íóßõæäõ Ãóíö: ÇáúÞóáúÈõ ßóÇáúßõæÒö ãõÌóÎøöíðÇ áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõ ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõäúßöÑõ ãõäúßóÑðÇ¡ äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉó æóÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó áóäóÇ æóáöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞó áöÝóÖúáö åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö ÇáøóÐöí ÎóÕøó Çááøóåõ Èöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉó.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ãóäö ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈõ ÈöÇáÓøóÚúíö åõäóÇ¿ ¡ Ãóíú: ãóäö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ¿ ÊóÓúÊóåöáøõ ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ¡ æóåõæó äöÏóÇÁñ ÚóÇãøñ áößõáøö ãõÄúãöäò ÐóßóÑò¡ æóÃõäúËóì¡ æóÍõÑøò¡ æóÚóÈúÏò ÕóÍöíÍò æóãóÑöíÖò¡ ÝóÔóãóáó ßõáøó ãõßóáøóÝò Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáÕøöíóÇãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: (ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ) ÇáúæóÇæõ Ýöíåö áöáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú áöáúãõÐóßøóÑö ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÚóÇÆöÏóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö æóåõæó ÚóÇãøñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ØóáóÈõ ÇáÓøóÚúíö ãõÊóæóÌøöåðÇ Åöáóì ßõáøö ãõßóáøóÝò ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÃóÕúäóÇÝðÇ¡ ãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúãõÎúÊóáóÝõ Ýöíåö.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö: ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäú Úõãõæãö ÎöØóÇÈö ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ßóÇáÕøóÛöíÑö æóÇáäøóÇÆöãö æóÇáúãóÌúäõæäö áöÍóÏöíËö «ÑõÝöÚó ÇáúÞóáóãõ Úóäú ËóáóÇËóÉò» .
æóãóÇ ÎóÑóÌó ãöäú ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ßóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóßóÇáúãóÑöíÖö ÝóáóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉó Úóáóíúåö ÇÊøöÝóÇÞðÇ ßóÐóáößó.
æóåõæó ãóäú íóÔõÞøõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóæú íóÒöíÏõ ãóÑóÖõåõ¡ æóãóäú íõãóÑøöÖõåõ ÊóÇÈöÚñ áóåõ¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑö(8/174)
æóÇáúãóãúáõæßö¡ æóãóäú Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑö æóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÈóæóÇÏöí.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÎöØóÇÈñ áöáúãõßóáøóÝöíäó ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚò æóíóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúãóÑúÖóì¡ æóÇáÒøóãúäóì¡ æóÇáúÚóÈöíÏõ¡ æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö¡ æóÇáúÚõãúíóÇäõ¡ æóÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóãúÔöí ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóÇÆöÏò ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó.
Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÑöíÖðÇ¡ Ãóæú ãõÓóÇÝöÑðÇ¡ Ãóæö ÇãúÑóÃóÉð¡ Ãóæú ÕóÈöíøðÇ¡ Ãóæú ãóãúáõæßðÇ¡ Ýóãóäö ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Èöáóåúæò¡ Ãóæú ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò¡ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ» ¡ ÎóÑøóÌóåõ ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ. ÇåÜ.
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÈõáõæÛö ÇáúãóÑóÇãö Úóäú ØóÇÑöÞö Èúäö ÔöåóÇÈò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÍóÞøñ æóÇÌöÈñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÓúáöãò Ýöí ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉð: ãóãúáõæßðÇ¡ æóÇãúÑóÃóÉð¡ æóÕóÈöíøðÇ¡ æóãóÑöíÖðÇ» ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÞóÇáó: ØóÇÑöÞñ áóãú íóÓúãóÚú ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÃóì ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóãú íóÓúãóÚú ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ØóÇÑöÞò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì. ÇåÜ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÕøóäúÚóÇäöíøõ: íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúãõÄóáøöÝõ ÈöåóÐóÇ¡ Ãóíú ÈöÑöæóÇíóÉò Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÕúÈóÍó ãõÊøóÕöáðÇ.
ÞóÇáó: æóÝöí ÇáúÈóÇÈö Úóäú Êóãöíãò ÇáÏøóÇÑöíøö¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó æóãóæúáðì áöÇÈúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ æóäóÇÞóÔó ÓóäóÏóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó: æóÝöíåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ «ÎóãúÓóÉñ áóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉó Úóáóíúåöãú: ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ¡ æóÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑõ¡ æóÇáúÚóÈúÏõ¡ æóÇáÕøóÈöíøõ¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÈóÇÏöíóÉö» . ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì ÍóÏöíËó ØóÇÑöÞò ßóãóÇ ÓóÇÞóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÈõáõæÛö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöíåö: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ: æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈöíøõ: áóíúÓó ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöÐóÇßó¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÕõÍúÈóÉó ØóÇÑöÞò¡ æóäóÞóáó Þóæúáó ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ËóÈóÊóÊú ÕõÍúÈóÊõåõ ÝóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóÛóÇíóÊõåõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõÑúÓóáó ÕóÍóÇÈöíøò æóåõæó ÍõÌøóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÎóÇáóÝó Ýöíåö ÃóÈõæ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÇáöÇÓúÝöÑóÇÆöíäöíøõ¡ Èóáö ÇÏøóÚóì ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãõÑúÓóáó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö ÍõÌøóÉñ. ÇåÜ.(8/175)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ: Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏö ÇäúÏóÝóÚó ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇáõ ÈöÇáúÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúÍóÇßöãö ãöäú ÐößúÑö ÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö¡ Ãóíú ÕóÇÑó ãóæúÕõæáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ.
æóæóÌúåõ ÍõÌøöíøóÉö ãõÑúÓóáö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö ÚöäúÏóåõãú¡ åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó æóáóãú íóÑúÝóÚúåõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýóíóßõæäõ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇÓöØóÉñ æóÊöáúßó ÇáúæóÇÓöØóÉõ åöíó ÕóÍóÇÈöíøñ ÂÎóÑõ æóÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøõ ËöÞóÉñ¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúæóÇÓöØóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÞöØóÉõ ËöÞóÉð¡ ÝóíóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÚóì ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö Ãóäøó ãõÑúÓóáó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö ÍõÌøóÉñ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÈóÈö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ãõäóÇÞóÔóÉõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö áöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÚõãõæãö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö íóÙúåóÑõ ãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚöåö ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ Åöáóì ÕöÍøóÉö Ðóáößó áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö.
ÃóãøóÇ Úóäö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÝóÝöíåö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉó Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÊóÑúßö ÇáúÈóíúÚö ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÇáöÇäúÊöÔóÇÑö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáöÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁö ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö æóÇáúßóÓúÈö íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ßõáøóåõ áöáÑøöÌóÇáö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ãóÍóáøõåóÇ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÑúäó Ýöí ÈõíõæÊößõäøó [33 \ 33] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöÝóÖöíáóÉö æóÇáöÏöäóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÈúÍóËñ ãõÝóÕøóáñ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈöÏóáöíáò ÞõÑúÂäöíøò Úóáóì ÓõÞõæØö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Úóäö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÈõíõæÊò ÃóÐöäó Çááøóåõ Ãóäú ÊõÑúÝóÚó æóíõÐúßóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÇÓúãõåõ íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÛõÏõæøö æóÇáúÂÕóÇáö ÑöÌóÇáñ [24 \ 36 - 37] . æóÈóíøóäó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÝúåõæãó (ÑöÌóÇáñ) åóáú åõæó ãóÝúåõæãõ ÕöÝóÉò Ãóæú ãóÝúåõæãõ áóÞóÈò¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÚóáóÇÞóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÈöÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ Çáúãóãúáõæßõ ÝóãöãøóÇ íóÓúÊóÃúäöí áóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÈóíúÚõ æóÇáÔøöÑóÇÁõ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁñ áóíúÓó ãöäú ÍóÞøö ÇáúÚóÈöíÏö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö ÇáÓøóíøöÏö. æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞõÖöíóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóÇäúÊóÔöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çáúãóãúáõæßó áóÇ íóäúÊóÔöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö ÇáÓøóíøöÏö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑõ ÝóáóíúÓó ãõÔúÊóÛöáðÇ ÈöÈóíúÚò æóáóÇ ãóÍóáøö ÇÔúÊöÛóÇáò Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ãõäúÊóÔöÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÓóÝóÑöåö æóÓóÝóÑõåõ ÔóÇÛöáñ áóåõ¡ æóÈöÓóÝóÑöåö íóÞúÕõÑõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóíóÌúãóÚõåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú Íóßóì ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö Úóáóì ÓõÞõæØö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Úóäö Çáúãóãúáõæßö ÅöáøóÇ ÏóÇæõÏó¡(8/176)
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÓóÇÆöÑðÇ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó äóÇÒöáðÇ¡ ÝóÎóÇáóÝó Ýöíåö ÏóÇæõÏõ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì ÓõÞõæØö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Úóäö ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑö æóÞúÊó äõÒõæáöåö ãóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäú ÝöÚúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÍóÌøóÉö ÇáúæóÏóÇÚö¡ ÅöÐú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúæóÞúÝóÉõ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - äóÇÒöáðÇ æóáóãú íõÕóáøö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÌúåóÑú ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö¡ æóäóÇÒóÚó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÒúãò æóÞóÇáó: ÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÌóåúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÌóåúÑöíøóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íõÈúØöáõåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó áóåõ: áóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÎõÐõæÇ Úóäøöí ãóäóÇÓößóßõãú» .
æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÃóËúäóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÌøö ãöãøóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇáúÌóãúÚö ÊóÞúÏöíãðÇ Ýöí ÚóÑóÝóÉó¡ æóÊóÃúÎöíÑðÇ Ýöí ãõÒúÏóáöÝóÉó¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì Ãóäú íõÊúÑóßó ÇáúÌóåúÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóåúÑöíøóÉö æóåõæó ÃóÞóáøõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö Ãóäøóåõ ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáúÃóæúáóì æóíóÃúãõÑóåõãú Ãóäú íóÃúÎõÐõæåõ Úóäúåõ.
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ÕóÍøó ãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉó Úóáóì ãóãúáõæßò æóáóÇ ãõÓóÇÝöÑò¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóÇáúãóÑöíÖö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÄúãóÑõ ÈöÍõÖõæÑö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ ÇáúÃóÍúÑóÇÑõ Ïõæäó ÇáúÚóÈöíÏö æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäö¡ æóíõÚúÐóÑõ ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑõ¡ æóÇáúãóÑöíÖõ¡ æóíõÊöãøõ ÇáúãóÑöíÖõ æóãóÇ ÃóÔúÈóåó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúÐóÇÑö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÓõÞõæØõåóÇ Úóäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóæóÇÏöí æóãóäú Ýöí Íõßúãöåöãú¡ Ýóåõæó Þóæúáñ áöáúÌõãúåõæÑö ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú Ýöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúãõäóÇØö Ýöí Ðóáößó Èóíúäó ÇáúãöÕúÑö æóÇáúÞóÑúíóÉö¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÏöíóÉö¡ æóÈöÇáÑøõÌõæÚö Åöáóì ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö äóÌöÏõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó ÇáúÂÊöí ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö Ýöí ãóßóÇäö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö.
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: áóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ãöÕúÑò ÌóÇãöÚò Ãóæú Ýöí ãõÕóáøóì ÇáúãöÕúÑö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉö áöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉó¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÔúÑöíÞó¡ æóáóÇ ÝöØúÑó¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÖúÍóì ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ãöÕúÑò ÌóÇãöÚò» .
æóÝóÓøóÑó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÍõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúåõãóÇãö ÇáúãöÕúÑó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúãöÕúÑõ ÇáúÌóÇãöÚõ ßõáøõ ãóæúÖöÚò áóåõ ÃóãöíÑñ æóÞóÇÖò íõäóÝøöÐõ ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãó æóíõÞöíãõ ÇáúÍõÏõæÏó¡ æóäóÇÞóÔó ÇáúÃóËóÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÇáúãõÕóäøöÝõ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ Úóáóì Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: áóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉó¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÔúÑöíÞó¡ æóáóÇ ÕóáóÇÉó ÝöØúÑò æóáóÇ ÃóÖúÍóì ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ãöÕúÑò ÌóÇãöÚò Ãóæú ãóÏöíäóÉò ÚóÙöíãóÉò¡ ÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÒúãò.
æóÑóæóÇåõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÓøõáóãöíøö Úóäú Úóáöíøò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÊóÔúÑöíÞó¡ æóáóÇ ÌõãõÚóÉó¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ãöÕúÑò ÌóÇãöÚò. ÇåÜ.(8/177)
æóÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóËóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ Úóáóì Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóÊúäö Îóáöíáò Ýöí ÝóÕúáö ÔõÑõæØö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÈöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäö ÈóáóÏò Ãóæú ÃóÎúÕóÇÕò áóÇ Îöíóãò.
æóÝóÓøóÑó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÍõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäó ÈöÇáúÚóÒúãö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö Úóáóì äöíøóÉö ÇáÊøóÃúÈöíÏö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóßúÝöí äöíøóÉõ ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö æóáóæú ØóÇáóÊú¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúãóÊúäö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóÒöãóÊö ÇáúãõßóáøóÝó ÇáúÍõÑøó ÇáÐøóßóÑó ÈöáóÇ ÚõÐúÑò ÇáúãõÊóæóØøöäó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÍõ Úóáóì ßóáöãóÉö ãõÊóæóØøöäðÇ: åõæó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÔõÑõæØö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ íóÚúäöí: Ãóäøóåõ íõÔúÊóÑóØõ Ýöí æõÌõæÈöåóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäõ ÈöÈóáóÏò íõÊóæóØøóäõ Ýöíåö æóíóßõæäõ ãóÍóáøðÇ áöáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö íõãúßöäõ ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁõ Ýöíåö¡ æóÅöäú ÈóÚõÏóÊú ÏóÇÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóäóÇÑóÉö ÓóãöÚó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó Ãóæú áóãú íóÓúãóÚú¡ æóáóæú Úóáóì ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóãúíóÇáò Ãóæú ÓöÊøóÉò ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ãõÓóÇÝöÑò¡ æóáóÇ ãõÞöíãò æóáóæú äóæóì ÅöÞóÇãóÉð ÒóãóäðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÈóÚðÇ. ÇåÜ. Ãóíú ÊóÈóÚðÇ áöÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõåóÐøóÈö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóáóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÃóÈúäöíóÉò íóÓúÊóæúØöäõåóÇ ãóäú ÊóäúÚóÞöÏõ Èöåöãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ãöäú ÈóáóÏò Ãóæú ÞóÑúíóÉò ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú ÊóÞõãú ÌõãõÚóÉñ Ýöí ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ Ýöí ÃóíøóÇãö ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÈóáóÏò Ãóæú ÞóÑúíóÉò¡ æóáóãú íõäúÞóáú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃõÞöíãóÊú Ýöí ÈóÏúæò¡ ÝóÅöäú ÎóÑóÌó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÈóáóÏö Åöáóì ÎóÇÑöÌö ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÝóÕóáøóæõÇ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó áóãú íóÌõÒú ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöæóØóäò Ýóáóãú ÊóÕöÍøó Ýöíåö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ßóÇáúÈóÏúæö¡ æóÅöäö ÇäúåóÏóãó ÇáúÈóáóÏõ ÝóÃóÞóÇãó Ãóåúáõåõ Úóáóì ÚöãóÇÑóÊöåö¡ ÝóÍóÖóÑóÊö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ áóÒöãóåõãú ÅöÞóÇãóÊõåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõãú Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚö ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäö.
ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÍö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõäóÇ: íõÔúÊóÑóØõ áöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ãóäú ÊõÞóÇãó Ýöí ÃóÈúäöíóÉò ãõÌúÊóãöÚóÉò íóÓúÊóæúØöäõåóÇ ÔöÊóÇÁð æóÕóíúÝðÇ ãóäú ÊóäúÚóÞöÏõ Èöåöãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ æóÇáúÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ: ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáúÈöäóÇÁõ ãöäú ÃóÍúÌóÇÑò¡ Ãóæú ÃóÎúÔóÇÈò¡ Ãóæú Øöíäò¡ Ãóæú ÞóÕóÈò¡ Ãóæú ÓóÚóÝò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöíåö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏõ ÇáúßöÈóÇÑõ ÐóæóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÓúæóÇÞö æóÇáúÞõÑóì ÇáÕøöÛóÇÑõ¡ æóÇáúÃóÓúÑóÇÈõ ÇáúãõÊøóÎóÐóÉõ æóØóäðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÃóÈúäöíóÉõ ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞóÉð áóãú ÊóÕöÍøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÚóÏøõ ÞóÑúíóÉð æóíõÑúÌóÚõ Ýöí ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö æóÇáÊøóÝóÑøõÞö Åöáóì ÇáúÚõÑúÝö.
æóÃóãøóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÎöíóÇãö ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ íóäúÊóÞöáõæäó ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚöåöãú ÔöÊóÇÁð æóÕóíúÝðÇ æóåöíó ãõÌúÊóãöÚóÉñ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖò ÝóÞóæúáóÇäö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÃóÕóÍøõåõãóÇ ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáúÃóÕúÍóÇÈö áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ æóáóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÈöåö ÞóØóÚó ÇáúÃóßúËóÑõæäó¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÇáÏøóáöíáó ÈöÞóæúáöåö áöÍóÏöíËö: «ÕóáøõæÇ ßóãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõãõæäöí ÃõÕóáøöí» ¡ æóáóãú íõÕóáøö åóßóÐóÇ.(8/178)
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
ÝóÕúáñ: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäõ Ýóåõæó ÔóÑúØñ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóåõæó ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäõ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò Úóáóì ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö áóÇ íóÙúÚóäõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ ÕóíúÝðÇ æóáóÇ ÔöÊóÇÁð¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ãõÓóÇÝöÑò¡ æóáóÇ Úóáóì ãõÞöíãò Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò íóÙúÚóäõ ÃóåúáõåóÇ ÚóäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøöÊóÇÁö Ïõæäó ÇáÕøóíúÝö¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÓøóäóÉö.
ÝóÅöäú ÎóÑöÈóÊö ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉõ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ æóÃóåúáõåóÇ ãõÞöíãõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÚóÇÒöãõæäó Úóáóì ÅöÕúáóÇÍöåóÇ ÝóÍõßúãõåóÇ ÈóÇÞò Ýöí ÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈöåóÇ æóÅöäú ÚóÒóãõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøõÞúáóÉö ÚóäúåóÇ áóãú ÊóÌöÈú Úóáóíúåöãú áöÚóÏóãö ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäö.
åóÐöåö ÎõáóÇÕóÉõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ãõÊøóÝöÞóÉñ Úóáóì ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÇáúæóØóäö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäö¡ æóÅöäö ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú Ýöí ÕöÝóÉö ÇáúæóØóäö ãöäú ãöÕúÑò Ãóæú ÞóÑúíóÉò Ãóæú äóÍúæöåóÇ ãóÈúäöíøóÉò ÈöÍóÌóÑò Ãóæú Øöíäò¡ Ãóæú ÃóÎúÔóÇÈò¡ Ãóæú ÎöíóÇãò ËóÇÈöÊóÉò ÕóíúÝðÇ æóÔöÊóÇÁò Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóÞóÏö ÇäúÝóÑóÏó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóãóÚóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó ÈöÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö æõÌõæÏö ÇáúÃóãöíÑö æóÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÇáøóÐöí íõÞöíãõ ÇáúÍõÏõæÏó ÇÍúÊöÑóÇÒðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÞöíãõ ÇáúÍõÏõæÏó¡ ßóÞóÇÖöí ÇáÓøõæÞö¡ Ãóæú ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãóäú íóáöí ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁó ÇãúÑóÃóÉð Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈöåö Ýöí Ðóáößó æóåöíó áóÇ ÊóÞúÖöí Ýöí ÇáúÍõÏõæÏö áöÚóÏóãö ÌóæóÇÒö ÔóåóÇÏóÊöåóÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÇßúÊóÝóì ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ÈöãõØúáóÞö ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäó íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáúÅöãóÇÑóÉó ÔóÑúÚðÇ æóÚóÞúáðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑúÚðÇ¡ ÝóáöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóÇ ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉò áóÇ íõÄóãøöÑõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóãöíÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇÓúÊóÍúæóÐó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ» .
æóÚóÞúáðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãõÓúÊóæúØöäöíäó áóÇ ÊóÓúáóãõ ÃóÍúæóÇáõåõãú ãöäú ÎöáóÇÝóÇÊò¡ æóãõÔóÇÍøóÉò ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÔóÎúÕò íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Åöáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóãöíÑö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäó íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáÓøõæÞó áöÍóæóÇÆöÌöåöãú ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ ÚõÑúÝðÇ.
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøó Ãóæøóáó ÌõãõÚóÉò ÌõãøöÚóÊú ÈóÚúÏó ÌõãõÚóÉò Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú ÞõÑóì ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö íõÞóÇáõ áóåóÇ ÌõæóÇËóì¡ æóÈöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÃõãóÇãóÉó Ãóäøóåõ ÌóãøóÚó Èöåöãú ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÞóÈúáó ãóÌöÆö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí åóÒúãò ãöäú ÍóÑøóÉö Èóäöí ÈóíóÇÖóÉó íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: äóÞöíÚõ ÇáúÎóÖóãóÇÊö¡ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáúãöÕúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÔúÊóÑóØóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.(8/179)
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇáúãõÚóÇÑóÖóÉö Èóíúäó ÍóÏöíËö Úóáöíøò æóÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÝöÚúáö ÃóÈöí ÃõãóÇãóÉó¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó Þóæúáó Úóáöíøò áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ÓóãóÇÚò¡ æóáöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö¡ áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö ÈöÅöäúÝóÇÞö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÅöÞóÇãóÊõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑóÇÑöí ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚöäúÏó ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Èóáú íõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÃóáøóÇ íóÙúÚóäó ÃóåúáõåóÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÕóíúÝðÇ æóáóÇ ÔöÊóÇÁð¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúãóßóÇäö ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏøóÑó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉó ãóäú ÃóÎóÐó ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉõ¡ æóÞóÏøóÑó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ ÇáúãöÕúÑó æóÞóÇáõæÇ: åõæó Ãóæúáóì áöäóÕøö ÍóÏöíËö Úóáöíøò: «ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ãöÕúÑò ÌóÇãöÚò» ¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÅöÞóÇãóÊóåóÇ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉö ÌõæóÇËóì ÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÊóÓúãöíóÉõ ÌõæóÇËóÇ ÞóÑúíóÉð¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÊøóÓúãöíóÉõ åöíó ÚõÑúÝõ ÇáÕøóÏúÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóåõæó áõÛóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæúáóÇ äõÒøöáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö ÚóÙöíãò [43 \ 31] Ãóíú: ãóßøóÉó æóÇáØøóÇÆöÝö¡ æóãóßøóÉõ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò ãöÕúÑñ¡ æóÝöí ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍö Ãóäøó ÌõæÇËóÇ ÍöÕúäñ ÈöÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö¡ Ýóåöíó ãöÕúÑñ ÅöÐö ÇáúÍöÕúäõ áóÇ íóÎúáõæ Úóäú ÍóÇßöãò Úóáóíúåöãú æóÚóÇáöãò¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÕóáóÇÉõ ÃóÈöí ÃõãóÇãóÉó Ýóáóãú Êóßõäú Úóäú Úöáúãò æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑöíÑò ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÔõÑöÚóÊö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ ÂäóÐóÇßó¡ ÝóáóÇ ÍõÌøóÉó Ýöíåö. æóÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöíåö ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÑóÃúíó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÃóÑúÌóÍõ. æóíóÊóãóÔøóì ãóÚó ÞóæóÇÚöÏö ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝó íóÊøóÝöÞõæäó ãóÚó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Úóáóì ÊóÓúãöíóÉö ÇáúãöÕúÑö ÞóÑúíóÉð ßóÊóÓúãöíóÉö ÇáØøóÇÆöÝö æóãóßøóÉó ÞõÑðì.
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: ãóßøóÉõ: Ãõãøó ÇáúÞõÑóì [6 \ 92] ¡ ÝóÇáúÞóÑúíóÉõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäó ÇáúãöÕúÑö¡ æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÚóÇãøö Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Ýöí ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «ÝöíãóÇ ÓóÞóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÚóÔúÑõ» ¡ ÝóÞóÏøóãóåõ Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËö: «áóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóæúÓõÞò ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» ¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö íóÊøóÖöÍõ Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöíØóÇäó ãõÌúãóÚñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö æóØóäò¡ æóáóÇ ÊóáúÒóãõ ÛóíúÑó ãõÓúÊóæúØöäò¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÏú ÎóÇáóÝó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉó¡ æóÔóÐøó Úóäö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó áóåõ ÓóáóÝñ ÝöíãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÓöíóÇÞõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ; áöÃóäøóäóÇ áóæú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÈöÚóíúäö ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÈöÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö¡ æóÊóÑúßö ÇáúÈóíúÚö ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÔúÛóáó ÚóäúåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÇáöÇäúÊöÔóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ÞóÖóÇÆöåóÇ ; áóÊóÍóÕøóáó ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÌúãõæÚö Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö Ãóäøó åõäóÇßó ÌóãóÇÚóÉð äõæÏöíóÊú æóßõáøöÝóÊú ÈöÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉö ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö æóÇáÓøóÚúíö¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúßóÝøö Úóäö ÇáúÈóíúÚö ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúÛóáõ Úóäö ÇáÓøóÚúíö¡ æóãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚö ÇáøóÐöí íõßóáøóÝõæäó ÈöÇáúßóÝøö Úóäúåõ æóÇáøóÐöí íõÎúÔóì ãöäúåõ ÔóÛúáõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóäö ÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÚóÞúÏðÇ Èóíúäó ÇËúäóíúäö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÚóãóáðÇ ÝóÑúÏöíøðÇ Èóáú íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ Úóãóáñ Èóíúäó ÃóÝúÑóÇÏò ÚóÏöíÏöíäó æóãõÈóÇíóÚóÇÊñ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉñ ãöãøóÇ íõÔóßøöáõ ÍóÇáóÉó ÇáÓøõæÞö¡ æóÇáÓøõæÞõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóæóÇÏöí Èóáú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑóì æóáöáúãõÓúÊóæúØöäöíäó.(8/180)
æóÇáúÚóÇÏóÉõ Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóæóÇÏöí íóäúÒöáõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúÞõÑóì æóÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö ; áöáÊøóÒóæøõÏö ãöäú ÃóÓúæóÇÞöåóÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ æõÌöÏó ÇáÓøõæÞõ¡ æóæõÌöÏóÊö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ¡ ÇÞúÊóÖóì Ðóáößó æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÍóÇßöãö áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö ÇáúãõÔóÇÍøóÉö æóÇáúãõäóÇÒóÚóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇÓúÊöáúÒóÇãõ Ðóáößó ÔóÑúÚðÇ æóÚóÞúáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞõÖöíóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóÇäúÊóÔöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇÏøóÉó ÇáöÇäúÊöÔóÇÑö áóÇ ÊõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö æóáóÇ ÇáöÇËúäóíúäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «ÇáúÈóíøöÚóÇäö ÈöÇáúÎöíóÇÑö ãóÇ áóãú íóÊóÝóÑøóÞóÇ» ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑö áóÇ íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóì ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Èóíúäó ÇËúäóíúäö¡ Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑó¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÊóßóÊøóãõæäó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóÝóÇÖó æóßóËõÑó ãóäú íóÚúÑöÝõåõ¡ Þöíáó áóåõ: ÇäúÊóÔóÑó ÇáúÎóÈóÑõ.
ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ãõÚúÌóãö ãóÞóÇíöíÓö ÇááøõÛóÉö Ýöí ãóÇÏøóÉö äóÔóÑó: Çáäøõæäõ æóÇáÔøöíäõ æóÇáÑøóÇÁõ ÃóÕúáñ ÕóÍöíÍñ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÝóÊúÍö ÔóíúÁò æóÊóÔóÚøõÈöåö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÊóÔóÚøõÈõåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó íõÞóÇáõ: ÇßúÊóÓóì ÇáúÈóÇÒöí ÑöíÔðÇ äóÔúÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãõäúÊóÔöÑðÇ æóÇÓöÚðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÑöíÔó ÇáúÈóÇÒöí ßóËöíÑñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝõ áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ãóäú äóÝóÑò ÞóáóÇÆöáó Ýöí ÈóÇÏöíóÉò¡ Èóáú áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ÊóÍóÞøõÞõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì ÇáúãõÓúÊóæúØöäöíäó. æóáóÚóáøóäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÎóÇÕøóÉð áöåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ßóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÊóÕöÍøõ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÚóÏóÏò Ýöí Ãóíøö ãóßóÇäò Úóáóì ÃóíøóÉö ÍóÇáóÉò ßóÇäõæÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáñ Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö áóãú íóßõäú áóåõãú Ýöíåö ÓóáóÝñ¡ æóÎóÇáóÝõæÇ Èöåö ÇáÓøóáóÝó æóÇáúÎóáóÝó¡ ãóÚó ãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú ãöäú åóÏúãö ÍößúãóÉö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö Ýöí ÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÅöäøóäóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÍößúãóÉó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÏö ÇáúÞóáöíáö¡ æóáöÃóåúáö ßõáøö ãóÓúÌöÏò Ýöí ßõáøö ÖóÇÍöíóÉò.
Ëõãøó äóÃóÊö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉö æóÇáúãöÕúÑö¡ æóãóäú Ýöí ÖóæóÇÍöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÈõÚúÏö ÎóãúÓóÉö Ãóæú ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóãúíóÇáò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉõ¡ æóßóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÓøóáóÝõ íóÃúÊõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö Òóãóäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÊóÌóãøõÚò áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì äöØóÇÞò ÃóæúÓóÚó ãöäú äöØóÇÞö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö.
Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÇáúÚöíÏõ æóåõæó Úóáóì äöØóÇÞò ÃóæúÓóÚó ÝóíóÔúãóáõ ÍóÊøóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ íóÍúÖõÑúäó Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãó¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÇáúÍóÌøõ íóÃúÊõæäó Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ßõáøö ÝóÌøò ÚóãöíÞò¡ æóáóÚóáøó ãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ æóíóÑõÏøõ Úóáóì ãóäú ÎóÇáóÝóåõ¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáúÚöíÏö æóÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÅöÐú ÎóíøóÑóåõãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Èóíúäó ÇáäøõÒõæáö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáöÇßúÊöÝóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÚöíÏö Ãóíú: Ãóåúáö ÇáÖøóæóÇÍöí.
Ëõãøó ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÓóíõÕóáøöí ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó¡ Ýóáóæú Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÊóÕöÍøõ ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ãóäóÇÒöáöåöãú æóÖóæóÇÍöíåöãú ; áóÃóÑúÔóÏóåõãú Åöáóì Ðóáößó æóÃóÚúÝóÇåõãú ãöäó ÇáäøõÒõæáö ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÚöíÏö ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ Ãóæú(8/181)
Ýöí ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö íóæúãö ÇáúÚöíÏö¡ Èóáú ßóÇäõæÇ íóäúÒöáõæäó ãöäú ÃóØúÑóÇÝö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÚóÏóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÇáúÚóÏóÏö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÞóÏú ßóËõÑó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ýóãöäú ÞóÇÆöáò: ÊóÕöÍøõ ÈöæóÇÍöÏò ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÑõÔúÏò áöáØøóÈóÑöíøö¡ æóãöäú ÞóÇÆöáò ÈöÇËúäóíúäö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö æóÚóÒóÇåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ áöáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóãöäú ÞóÇÆöáò ÈöËóáóÇËóÉò ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö æóÚõÒöíó áöÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóãöäú ÞóÇÆöáò ÈöÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ÑóÌõáðÇ¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ áöÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ æóãöäú ÞóÇÆöáò ÈöËóáóÇËöíäó¡ æóãöäú ÞóÇÆöáò ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÍúãóÏó. æóãöäú ÞóÇÆöáò Èößõáøö ÚóÏóÏò íóÊóÃóÊøóì Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãõÓúÊóæúØóäóÉò¡ æóÃóáøóÇ íóßõæäõæÇ ËóáóÇËóÉð æóäóÍúæóåóÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò. ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóÊúäö Îóáöíáò: æóÈöÌóãóÇÚóÉò ÊóÊóÞóÑøóì Èöåöãú ÞóÑúíóÉñ ÈöáóÇ ÍóÏøò.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÍö: Ãóíøõ ÌóãóÇÚóÉò íõãúßöäõåõãõ ÇáÏøóÝúÚõ Úóäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúßóËöíÑóÉö áóÇ ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó íóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúÌöåóÇÊö Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÃóÝúåóãõ ßóáóÇãö ÇáúãõÄóáøöÝö Ãóäøó ÇáöÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó áóÇ ÊóÊóÞóÑøóì Èöåöãú ÞóÑúíóÉñ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÈöáóÇ ÍóÏøò Ãóíú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáöÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ßõáøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö áóíúÓó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãõÓúÊóäóÏñ íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÏö¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ áóæú äóÞóÕó æóÇÍöÏñ ÈóØóáóÊú¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÍóÉö æóÇáúíõÓúÑö¡ åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ãóÇáößñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö ÌóãóÇÚóÉò áóåóÇ ÓõæÞñ¡ æóíóÊóÃóÊøóì ãöäúåóÇ ÇáöÇäúÊöÔóÇÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ÇäúÞöÖóÇÁö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóáóãú äõØöáö ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö áöÚóÏóãö æõÌõæÏö äóÕøò ÕóÑöíÍò ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóßõáøõ ãóÇ íõÓúÊóÏóáøõ Èöåö Ýóåõæó ÍößóÇíóÉõ ÍóÇáò ÊóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉó æóÇáäøóÞúÕó æóáóÇ íõÚúãóáõ ÈöãóÝóÇåöíãöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞõÖöíóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóÇäúÊóÔöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ãóÈúÍóËò ÃõÕõæáöíøò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóÙúÑö æóÃóÕóÍøõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö Ãóäøóåõ íõÑóÏøõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáúãóÍúÙõæÑõ Åöáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÞóÈúáó æõÑõæÏö ÇáúÍóÙúÑö Úóáóíúåö.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
æóÞúÊõ ÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÙóÇåöÑõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÚúíó íóßõæäõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÊóÑúßö ÇáúÈóíúÚö¡ æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ(8/182)
Ãóäøó ÞóÈúáó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö áóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÇáÓøóÚúíõ æóáóÇ ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÈóíúÚö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÕøö¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁóÊú äõÕõæÕñ áöáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÇáúÈõßõæÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÈóßøóÑó¡ æóÇÈúÊóßóÑó¡ æóãóÔóì æóáóãú íóÑúßóÈú¡ æóÕóáøóì ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó áóåõ» . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóÍóÏöíËõ: «ãóäú ÑóÇÍó Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÈõßõæÑõ ãóäúÏõæÈðÇ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ãõÓóáøóãñ Èöåö¡ æóáóßöäú æóÞóÚó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Èóíúäó ãóÇáößò æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Ýöí ãóÈúÏóÃö ÇáúÈõßõæÑö¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì Ãóíøö ÓóÇÚóÉò áõÛóæöíøóÉò Ãóæú ÒóãóäöíøóÉò¡ æóåóáú åöíó ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¿ ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: Åöäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó áõÛóæöíøóÉñ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÃõæáóì ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÇáÓøóÚúíõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóÞóÈúáóåõ áóÇ ÊóßúáöíÝó Èöåö.
æóÍóãóáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÇáÒøóãóäöíøóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃõæáóì åöíó ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ áöÚöÏøóÉö ÃõãõæÑò:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÈõßõæÑö ; áöÃóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÈõßõæÑö áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóæøóáö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÒøóæóÇáö ÈõßõæÑñ¡ Èóáú íõÓóãøóì ÚóÔöíøðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈõßúÑóÉð æóÚóÔöíøðÇ [19 \ 11] æóÊóßúÑóÇÑõ ÈóßøóÑó¡ æóÇÈúÊóßóÑó¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÈõßúÑóÉö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÃóæóÇÆöáöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó áóÝúÙóÉõ: «ãóäú ÑóÇÍó» áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóæóÇÍó áöÃóæøóáö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «æóÕóáøóì ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó» ¡ áóåõ Ïóáöíáñ ÞóÇØöÚñ Úóáóì Ãóäú åõäóÇßó ÒóãóäðÇ íóÊøóÓöÚõ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó áóåõ. ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò¡ ÝóáóÇ ãõÊøóÓóÚó áöÕóáóÇÉò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Ýöí Òóãóäöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãú íóßõäú ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÐóÇäñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÝóáóÇ ãõÊøóÓóÚó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÓøóáóÝö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõÕóáøöí ÃóÑúÈóÚðÇ æóËóãóÇäöíó æóÇËúäóÊóíú ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÑóßúÚóÉð¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ãóÚó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÇÊö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáØøõÑõÞóÇÊõ Ýöí ÃóíøóÇãö ÇáÓøóáóÝö æóÞúÊó ÇáÓøóÍóÑö æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ÛóÇÕøóÉð ÈöÇáúãõÈóßøöÑöíäó Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö íóãúÔõæäó ÈöÇáÓøõÑõÌö.
æóÞöíáó: Ãóæøóáõ ÈöÏúÚóÉò ÃõÍúÏöËóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÈõßõæÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöíåö ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ åõæó Ãóäøó Òóãóäó ÇáÓøóÚúíö áóåõ ÌöåóÊóÇäö:
ÌöåóÉõ æõÌõæÈò æóÅöáúÒóÇãò¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ßóÇäó ãóÍóáøõåõ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ áóæö ÇäúÊóÙóÑó ÍóÊøóì íõäóÇÏóì áóåóÇ áóÇ íõÏúÑößõåóÇ ÝóíóÊóÚóíøóäõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóÚúíõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÇÊøöÝóÇÞðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊóãóßøóäõ ãöäú(8/183)
ÃÏÇÁö ãóÇ æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÐóáößó.
æóãóÇ áóÇ íóÊöãøõ ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ ÅöáøóÇ Èöåö Ýóåõæó æóÇÌöÈñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÎúÕõæÕñ ãöäú ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáäøóÕøö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö.
ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÌöåóÉõ äóÏúÈò æóÇÓúÊöÍúÈóÇÈò¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÊóÞóíøóÏõ ÈöÒóãóäò æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÙõÑõæÝö ÇáÔøóÎúÕö¡ Ýóãóäú Êóãóßøóäó ãöäó ÇáúÈõßõæÑö¡ æóáóãú íóÊóÚóØøóáú ÈöÈõßõæÑöåö ãóÇ åõæó ÃóáúÒóãõ ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóíõäúÏóÈõ áóåõ ÇáúÈõßõæÑõ¡ æóÈöÍóÓóÈö ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÈõßõæÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÚóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö íóßõæäõ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÑö¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóãúÑóÇäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Úóáóì ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö íóßúÊõÈõæäó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ØóæóÊö ÇáÕøõÍõÝó æóÌóáóÓõæÇ íóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÇáÐøößúÑó¡ ÝóßöÊóÇÈóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáö ÞóÈúáó ÎõÑõæÌö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÝóÖúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáöíøóÉö ÞóÈúáó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóäóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ áößõáøö æóÇÌöÈò ãóäúÏõæÈðÇ æóÇáÓøóÚúíõ Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö æóÇÌöÈñ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ áóåõ ãóäúÏõæÈñ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóÚúíõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÕøöíóÇãö æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉö æóÇÌöÈñ æóãóäúÏõæÈñ¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó áöáÓøóÚúíö æóÇÌöÈñ æóãóäúÏõæÈñ¡ ÝóæóÇÌöÈõåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóãóäúÏõæÈõåõ ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÇáúÛõÓúáõ áöáúÌõãõÚóÉö
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö ÊóÑúÊöíÈõ ÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ãõÞóíøóÏñ ÈöÓóÈúÞö ÇáØøõåúÑö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÞõãúÊõãú Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÇÛúÓöáõæÇ æõÌõæåóßõãú [5 \ 6] ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊö ÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÇáúæõÖõæÁö ÔóÑúØðÇ Ýöí ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóåõäóÇ Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö áóãú íõÐúßóÑú ÔóíúÁñ Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáØøõåúÑö áóåóÇ ÈöæõÖõæÁò Ãóæú ÛõÓúáò.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ Ýöí ÛõÓúáö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò ãöäú Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÛõÓúáõ íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÇÌöÈñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÍúÊóáöãò» ¡ æóÝöí áóÝúÙò: «ØõåúÑõ íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÇÌöÈñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÍúÊóáöãò ßóØõåúÑö ÇáúÌóäóÇÈóÉö» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÛõÓúáö Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóäú ÈóáóÛó Óöäøó ÇáúÍõáõãö.
æóÌóÇÁó ÍóÏöíËñ ÂÎóÑõ: «ãóäú ÊóæóÖøóÃó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÈöåóÇ æóäöÚúãóÊú¡ æóãóäö ÇÛúÊóÓóáó ÝóÇáúÛõÓúáõ ÃóÝúÖóáõ» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÃóÝúÖóáöíøóÉö ÇáúÛõÓúáö Úóáóì ÇáúæõÖõæÁö¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÈöÇáúæõÖõæÁö æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö.(8/184)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð Ãóæú áóåúæðÇ ÇäúÝóÖøõæÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóÊóÑóßõæßó ÞóÇÆöãðÇ Þõáú ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çááøóåúæö æóãöäó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÇááøóåõ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöÞöíäó (11)
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö: Ãóäøó ÚõËúãóÇäó ÏóÎóáó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÚõãóÑõ íóÎúØõÈõ ÝóÚóÇÊóÈóåõ Úóáóì ÊóÃóÎøõÑöåö¡ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ Åöäú ÓóãöÚó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ÍóÊøóì ÊóæóÖøóÃó¡ æóÃóÊóì Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: æóÇáúæõÖõæÁó ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöãóÍúÖóÑò ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÃúãõÑúåõ ÈöÇáúÚóæúÏóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÛõÓúáö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó æóÇÌöÈðÇ áóãóÇ ÊóÑóßóåõ ÚõËúãóÇäõ ãöäú äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÞóÑøóåõ ÚõãóÑõ æóÊóÑóßóåõ Úóáóì æõÖõæÆöåö.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÞóÏú äõÓöÎó ÇáúæõÌõæÈõ Ýöíåö ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÝóÇÖóáóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÞöÕøóÉõ ÚõãóÑó ãóÚó ÚõËúãóÇäó åóÐöåö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Þóæúáõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÃóãúÑö åõãú ÝóÚóáóÉõ ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÝóßóÇäõæÇ íóÃúÊõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóíóÔúÊóÏøõ ÚóÑóÞõåõãú ÝóÊóÙúåóÑõ áóåõãú ÑóæóÇÆöÍõ ÝóÚóÒóãó Úóáóíúåöãú - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúÛõÓúáö¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÝóÊóÍó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÚõáõæÌõ æóßõÝõæÇ ãõÄúäóÉó ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÑõÎøöÕó áóåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö æõÌõæÈõ ÇáúÛõÓúáö¡ æóáóßöäú áöáúíóæúãö áóÇ áöáúÌõãõÚóÉö ; áöäóÕøö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÛõÓúáõ íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» æóáóãú íóÞõáö ÇáúÛõÓúáõ áöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöãóÇ ÐóåóÈõæÇ Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö Ýöí ÊóÚóåøõÏö ÇáÔøõÚõæÑö æóÇáúÃóÙóÇÝöÑö æóÇáúÛõÓúáö ÈöÕöíÛóÉò ÚóÇãøóÉò ßõáøó íóæúãò Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö¡ æóÞóíøóÏõæåõ Ýöí ÇáúÛõÓúáö ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÅöäøó ãóäú áóãú íóÛúÊóÓöáú ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÈúáó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÛúÊóÓöáó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÔóÑúØðÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú áöÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ åõæó ÕöÍøóÉõ ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö áöÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉõ ÇáúÛõÓúáö Ýöí åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö ÃóäúÓóÈõ ãóÇ Êóßõæäõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÌóãøõÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóåúÏóÑúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉó ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÛóíúÑõåõ ÓóæóÇÁð.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÓöíóÇÞó ÇáúÂíóÉö íõÔöíÑõ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉð ÎóÝöíøóÉð Åöáóì ÚóÏóãö æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÛõÓúáö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÐúßõÑú äóæúÚó ØöåóÇÑóÉò ÚöäúÏó ÇáÓøóÚúíö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ØõåúÑò áóåóÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÅöÍóÇáóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö Ýöí ßõáøö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö: ÅöÐóÇ ÞõãúÊõãú Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÇÛúÓöáõæÇ æõÌõæåóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÝóíõßúÊóÝóì ÈöÇáúæõÖõæÁö æóÊóÍúÕõáõ ÇáúÝóÖúáöíøóÉõ ÈöÇáúÛõÓúáö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð Ãóæú áóåúæðÇ ÇäúÝóÖøõæÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóÊóÑóßõæßó ÞóÇÆöãðÇ.
Ýöí ÚóæúÏö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Úóáóì ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÍúÏóåóÇ ãõÛóÇíóÑóÉñ áöÐößúÑö Çááøóåúæö ãóÚóåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: ÍõÐöÝó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÇäúÝóÖøõæÇ(8/185)
Åöáóíúåö íóÚõæÏõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Åöáóì Çááøóåúæö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÊóæúÌöíåñ ÞóÏú íóÓõæÛõ áõÛóÉð ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáö äóÇÈöÛóÉö ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
æóÞóÏú ÃóÑóÇäöí æóäõÚúãðÇ áóÇåöíóíúäö ÈöåóÇ ... æóÇáÏøóåúÑõ æóÇáúÚóíúÔõ áóãú íóåúãõãú ÈöÅöãúÑóÇÑö
ÝóÐóßóÑó ÇáÏøóåúÑó æóÇáúÚóíúÔó¡ æóÃóÚóÇÏó ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÖóãöíÑðÇ ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ ÇßúÊöÝóÇÁð ÈöÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö áöáúÚöáúãö Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò: æóÍóÐúÝõ ãóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ÌóÇÆöÒñ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - áöåóÐóÇ äóÙóÇÆöÑõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÚóæúÏö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ÓóÑóÇÈöíáó ÊóÞöíßõãõ ÇáúÍóÑøó æóÓóÑóÇÈöíáó ÊóÞöíßõãú ÈóÃúÓóßõãú [16 \ 81] ¡ ÝóÇáøóÊöí ÊóÞöí ÇáúÍóÑøó¡ ÊóÞöí ÇáúÈóÑúÏó¡ ÝóÇßúÊóÝóì ÈöÐößúÑö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ áöÏóáóÇáóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãó åõäóÇ ÎöáóÇÝõ Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ Úóäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö: áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó ãóÑúÌöÚö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö åõæó ÇáúÃóÍóÏõ ÇáÏøóÇÆöÑõ Èóíúäó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÇááøóåúæö¡ ÈöÏóáóÇáóÉö áóÝúÙóÉö Ãóæú Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó ÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÍúÏóåóÇ Ïõæäó Çááøóåúæö¡ ÝóÈóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ãõÝóÓøöÑöåö ÈóÚúÖõ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉò Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉó Ãóåóãøõ ãöäó Çááøóåúæö æóÃóÞúæóì ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇäúÝöÖóÇÖö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õáøì Çááå Úáíå æÓáã - áöÃóäøóåõãõ ÇäúÝóÖøõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÇáúÚöíÑö¡ æóÇááøóåúæõ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÞõÏõæãöåóÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇááøõÛóÉó íóÌõæÒõ ÝöíåóÇ ÑõÌõæÚõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑö áöÃóÍóÏö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ÞóÈúáóåõ. ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóØúÝö ÈöÃóæú ÝóæóÇÖöÍñ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóßúÓöÈú ÎóØöíÆóÉð Ãóæú ÅöËúãðÇ Ëõãøó íóÑúãö Èöåö ÈóÑöíÆðÇ [4 \ 112] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæóÇæõ Ýóåõæó ÝöíåóÇ ßóËöíÑñ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÓúÊóÚöíäõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóßóÈöíÑóÉñ [2 \ 45] æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú íõÑúÖõæåõ [9 \ 62] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóßúäöÒõæäó ÇáÐøóåóÈó æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉó æóáóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäóåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö [9 \ 34] . ÇåÜ.
Ãóíú: Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóãúËöáóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ íõÐúßóÑõ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóãúÑóÇäö¡ æóíóÚõæÏõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ.
æóÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÈö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - íõãúßöäõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøó ÚóæúÏó ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö¡ ÅöãøóÇ áöÊóÓóÇæöíåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÕóÏóÞó¡ æóÅöãøóÇ áöãóÚúäðì ÒóÇÆöÏò ÝöíãóÇ ÚóÇÏó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúãõÊóÓóÇæöíóíúäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóßúÓöÈú ÎóØöíÆóÉð Ãóæú ÅöËúãðÇ áöÊóÓóÇæöíåöãóÇ Ýöí Çáäøóåúíö æóÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö¡ æóãöãøóÇ áóåõ ãóÚúäðì ÒóÇÆöÏñ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúÊóÚöíäõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÅöäøóåóÇ Ãóíú: ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäú Úõãõæãö ÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ æóæõÌõæÏõ ÇáúÃóÎóÕøö íóÞúÊóÖöí æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÃóÚóãøö Ïõæäó ÇáúÚóßúÓö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÓöíáóÉñ áöáÕøóÈúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÒóÈóåõ ÃóãúÑõ åóãøò ÝóÒöÚó Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.(8/186)
æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóßúäöÒõæäó ÇáÐøóåóÈó æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉó æóáóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäóåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÇáúÝöÖøóÉó ; áöÃóäøó ßóäúÒó ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÃóæúÝóÑõ¡ æóßóÇäöÒõæåóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÝóÕõæÑóÉõ ÇáúßóäúÒö ÍóÇÕöáóÉñ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÕöÝóÉò ÃóæúÓóÚó¡ æóáóÏóì ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÊóæúÌöíåõ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóæúáóì¡ æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì áóãøóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáäøóÞúÏöíøóÉö ÃóÞóáøó ÞöíãóÉð¡ æóÇáÐøóåóÈõ ÃóÚúÙóãó¡ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÚóæúÏö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÈöÇáúÃóÏúäóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúáóì¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ ÃóÔúãóáõ æóÃóÚóãøõ¡ æóÃóÔóÏøõ ÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ áöãóäú íóßúäöÒõæäó ÇáÐøóåóÈó.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉõ åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåó ÇáøóÐöí æóÌøóåóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - áöÚóæúÏö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Úóáóì ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: Þõáú ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çááøóåúæö æóãöäó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö [62 \ 11] ¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó ÇáÓøóÈóÈóíúäö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóíúäö ; áöÇäúÝöÖóÇÖöåöãú Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ëõãøó ÚóÞøóÈóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÈöÇáÊøóÐúíöíáö ÇáúãõÔúÚöÑö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉó åöíó ÇáúÃóÕúáõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöÞöíäó [62 \ 11] ¡ æóÇáÑøöÒúÞõ ËóãóÑóÉõ ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÈóíóÇäðÇ ÞõÑúÂäöíøðÇ áöÚóæúÏö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö åõäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö Ïõæäó Çááøóåúæö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóØöíøóÉó: ÊÃóãøóáú Åöäú ÞõÏøöãóÊö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉõ Úóáóì Çááøóåúæö Ýöí ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ãóåóãøõ æóÃõÎøöÑóÊú ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö áöÊóÞóÚó ÇáäøóÝúÓõ ÃóæøóáðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÈúíóäö. ÇåÜ.
íõÑöíÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ýöí ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö: (æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ) ¡ æóÈöÞóæúáöåö: ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö: Þõáú ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çááøóåúæö æóãöäó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóäøó Çááøóåúæó ÃóÈúíóäõ Ýöí ÇáÙøõåõæÑö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåúæó áöáúæóÇÞöÚö ÝóÞóØú ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåúæó áóÇ ÎóíúÑó Ýöíåö ãõØúáóÞðÇ ÝóáóíúÓó ãóÍóáøðÇ áöáúãõÝóÇÖóáóÉö¡ æóÂÎøóÑó ÐößúÑó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö ; áöÊóßõæäó ÃóÞúÑóÈó áöÐößúÑö ÇáÑøöÒúÞö áöÇÑúÊöÈóÇØöåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ Ýóáóæú ÞõÏøöãóÊö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉõ åõäóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ áóßóÇäó ÐößúÑõ Çááøóåúæö ÝóÇÕöáðÇ ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöÞöíäó¡ æóåõæó áóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÞõ ãóÚó ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúãõÝóÇÖóáóÉö.(8/187)
ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóßó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ äóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÇááøóåõ íóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóßó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ äóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÇááøóåõ íóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö: ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó: ÌóãúÚõ ãõäóÇÝöÞò¡ æóåõæó ãóäú íõÙúåöÑõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó¡ æóíõÓöÑøõ ÇáúßõÝúÑó.
(ÞóÇáõæÇ äóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö) ¡ Ãóíú: ÞóÇáõæÇ Ðóáößó äöÝóÇÞðÇ æóÎóæúÝðÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÞõæáõæåõ ÎóÇáöÕðÇ ãöäú ÞõáõæÈöåöãú. æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ: æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÇááøóåõ íóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÔóåöÏó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúßóÐöÈö ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó Þóæúáöåöãú ÍóÞøñ ; áöÃóäøó ÈóæóÇØöäóåõãú ÊõßóÐøöÈõ ÙóæóÇåöÑóåõãú¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáó ÈöÇáäøöíøóÇÊö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÓúÑõ åóãúÒóÉö Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÝöÚúáò ãõÚóáøóÞò ÈöÇááøóÇãö¡ æóáóæúáóÇ Ðóáößó áóÝõÊöÍóÊú¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö.
æóáöÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó Þóæúáñ ÍóÓóäñ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõãú: (äóÔúåóÏõ) íóÌúÑöí ãóÌúÑóì Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóáöÐóáößó ÊõáõÞøöíó ÈöãóÇ íõÊóáóÞøóì Èöåö ÇáúÞóÓóãõ¡ æóßóÐóÇ ÝöÚúáõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ æóÇáúÚóáóãõ íóÌúÑöí ãóÌúÑóì ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ ÃóÚúäöí: ÈöÞóÕúÏö ÇáÊøóæúßöíÏö ÈöÅöäøó æóÇááøóÇãö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö Ãóäú íõæóÇØöìÁó ÇááøöÓóÇäõ ÇáúÞóáúÈó¡ åóÐóÇ ÈöÇáäøõØúÞö æóÐóáößó ÈöÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö ÝóÃóßúÐóÈóåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÝóÖóÍóåõãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÇááøóåõ íóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó.
Ãóíú: áóãú ÊõæóÇØöÆõ ÞõáõæÈõåõãú ÃóáúÓöäóÊóåõãú Úóáóì ÊóÕúÏöíÞößó¡ æóÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏõåõãú Ãóäøóßó ÛóíúÑõ ÑóÓõæáò¡ Ýóåõãú ßóÇÐöÈõæäó ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö æóÚöäúÏó ãóäú ÚóÑóÝó ÍóÇáóåõãú¡ Ãóæú ßóÇÐöÈõæäó ÚöäúÏó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ ÅöÐú Ãóäøóåõãú íóÚúÊóÞöÏõæäó Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõãú: Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈñ.
æóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõåõ¡ Èóíúäó ÔóåóÇÏóÊöåöãú æóÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãú ÅöíÐóÇäðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÔóåöíÏðÇ ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö [48 \ 28 - 29] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ(8/188)
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÈúÍóËñ ÈóáóÇÛöíøñ Ýöí ÊóÞúÓöíãö ÇáúßóáóÇãö Åöáóì ÎóÈóÑò æóÅöäúÔóÇÁò ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÎóÈóÑõ ãóÇ ÇÍúÊóãóáó ÇáÕøöÏúÞó æóÇáúßóÐöÈó áöÐóÇÊöåö¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ íóäúÍóÕöÑõ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÈöáóÇ æóÇÓöØóÉò¡ æóÇáúãõÎúÈöÑõ ÅöãøóÇ ÕóÇÏöÞñ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÇÐöÈñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ãõØóÇÈóÞóÉö ÇáúÎóÈóÑö áöáúæóÇÞöÚö Ãóæú ÚóÏóãö ãõØóÇÈóÞóÊöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áóåõ ÈöÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøóÚúÏõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóáúÎöíÕö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö: ÕöÏúÞõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑö æóßóÐöÈõåõ ãõØóÇÈóÞóÊõåõ áöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö ÇáúãõÎúÈöÑö¡ áóÇ áöáúæóÇÞöÚö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöÐóáößó ÈöÃóäøó ÚóÏóãó ãõØóÇÈóÞóÊöåö áöáúæóÇÞöÚö íóßõæäõ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáúÎóØóÃö¡ áóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáúßóÐöÈö.
æóáöÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó: ãóÇ ßóÐóÈó æóáóßöäøóåõ æóåöãó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÌóÇÍöÙö æóåõæó ÕöÏúÞõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑö ãõØóÇÈóÞóÊõåõ áöáúæóÇÞöÚö ãóÚó ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö ÇáúãõÎúÈöÑö ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÇááøóåõ íóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó¡ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåöãú: Åöäøóßó áóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ ÝóßóÐøóÈóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÎóÈóÑóåõãú ãõØóÇÈöÞñ áöáúæóÇÞöÚö¡ áóßöäøóåõãú áóãú íóÚúÊóÞöÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóßóÐøóÈóåõãõ Çááøóåõ áöÐóáößó.
æóãõÞúÊóÖóì ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÌóÇÍöÙö ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöæõÌõæÏö æóÇÓöØóÉò Èóíúäó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúßóÐöÈö¡ æóåöíó ÚóÏóãõ ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö ÇáúãõÎúÈöÑö áöãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Èöåö¡ æóáóæú ØóÇÈóÞó ÇáúæóÇÞöÚó¡ æóáóßöäú ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó íóÑõÏøõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÐúåóÈó æóíõÈúØöáõ ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó ÇáúÌóÇÍöÙö æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÊóßúÐöíÈó Çááøóåö ÅöíøóÇåõãú ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåöãú ÞóÇáõæÇ äóÔúåóÏõ¡ æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáúÎóÈóÑö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõãú ÖóãøóäõæÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÊóåõãõ ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏó ÇáúãõÔúÚöÑó ÈöÇáúÞóÓóãö æóÇáúãõæÍöíó ÈöãõØóÇÈóÞóÉö ÇáúÞóæúáö áöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞóáúÈö æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ æóåõæó ãóÞóÇãõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö¡ ÝóÃóßúÐóÈóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßóæúäö ÅöÎúÈóÇÑöåöãú ÈöÕõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö æóÇáúÍóÇáö Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÃúÊõæÇ ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö Úóáóì æóÌúåöåóÇ æóåõæó ÚóÏóãõ ãõØóÇÈóÞóÊöåóÇ áöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏöåöãú.
æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ íóäúÝöí æõÌõæÏó æóÇÓöØóÉò Èóíúäó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúßóÐöÈö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇÐóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóÞøö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÖøóáóÇáõ [10 \ 32] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÝöÞúåõ Çáúíóãöíäö æóãóÇ ÊóäúÚóÞöÏõ Èöåö æóÃóÍúßóÇãõåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõÄóÇÎöÐõßõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÇááøóÛúæö Ýöí ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 89] .(8/189)
ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÃóíúãóÇäóåõãú ÌõäøóÉð ÝóÕóÏøõæÇ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö Åöäøóåõãú ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó (2)
æóÐõßöÑó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì áóÛúæö Çáúíóãöíäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÞóæúáóÇäö:
ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåõãóÇ: åõæó Ãóäú íóÍúáöÝó Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÚúÊóÞöÏõåõ ÝóíõÙúåöÑõ ÎöáóÇÝóåõ æóÚóÒóÇåõ áöãóÇáößò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó¡ æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö Þóæúáóíúåö¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÃóÓúãóÇÁó ßóËöíÑöíäó¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú äõÝóÑøöÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÏøö ÇááøõÛóæöíøö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó¡ æóÇáúÍóÏøö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøö ÍóíúËõ íõÞúÈóáõ ÔóÑúÚðÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÈúäóÇåõ Úóáóì ÛóáóÈóÉö ÇáÙøóäøö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÏøõ Úöáúãöåö¡ æóáöÚóÏóãö ÇáúãõÄóÇÎóÐóÉö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÃóíúãóÇäóåõãú ÌõäøóÉð.
ÞõÑöÆó (ÃóíúãóÇäóåõãú) ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉö ÌóãúÚõ íóãöíäò¡ æóÞõÑöÆó ÈößóÓúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÖöÏøö ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃóÙúåóÑõæåõ ãöäú ÃõãõæÑö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóÇäö¡ æóÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ íõÑóÌøöÍõ ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ßóáóÇãõ ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó ÊóÎúÑöíÌóåõ Úóáóì Çáúíóãöíäö.
æóáöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáÊøóÏúÑöíÓö Þóæúáõåõ: ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäõ ÌõãóÚõ íóãöíäò¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÍóáöÝõ æóÇáúÌõäøóÉõ ÇáÊøõÑúÓõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãöÌóäøõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÊøóÞóì Èöåö ÇáÓøõíõæÝõ æóÇáäøöÈóÇáõ æóÇáÓøöåóÇãõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúÈö¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÙóåóÑó ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú äöÝóÇÞöåöãú Ãóæú ÓõãöÚóÊú Úóäúåõãú ßóáöãóÉõ ßõÝúÑò¡ ÍóáóÝõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ðóáößó æóãóÇ ÝóÚóáõæåõ¡ ÝóíóÌúÚóáõæäó ÍóáöÝóåõãú ÊõÑúÓðÇ íóÞöíåöãú ãöäú ãõÄóÇÎóÐóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÍúáöÝõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ æóáóÞóÏú ÞóÇáõæÇ ßóáöãóÉó ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 74] . æóÞóÇáó: æóíóÍúáöÝõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö Åöäøóåõãú áóãöäúßõãú æóãóÇ åõãú ãöäúßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 56] . æóÞóÇáó: íóÍúáöÝõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö áóßõãú áöíõÑúÖõæßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 62] ¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóåóÐöåö äõÕõæÕñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íóÍúáöÝõæäó ÃóíúãóÇäðÇ Úóáóì ÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú.
æóãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøó ÃóíúãóÇäóåõãú æóÍóáöÝóåõãú ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ÏóÚúæóì ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú¡ ÝóáóÇ ÇäúÝößóÇßó Èóíúäó Çáúíóãöíäö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ; áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÍúáöÝõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõÄúãöäõæäó¡ æóÇáúíóãöíäõ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóÍóãúáõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÎóÕøö íóÞúÊóÖöí æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÃóÚóãøö¡ ÝóÇáúÍóáöÝõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÒöíóÇÏóÉð¡ æóãõÌóÑøóÏõ ÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏó ÈöÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãö æóÇáúÍóáöÝö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÕóÏøõæÇ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö.(8/190)
Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó (3)
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: Ãóíú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐöåöãú ÃóíúãóÇäóåõãú ÌõäøóÉð æóÎóÝóÇÁö ßõÝúÑöåöãõ ÇáúÈóÇØöäö¡ ÊóãóßøóäõæÇ ãöäú ÕóÏøö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó íóÙõäøõæäóåõãú ÅöÎúæóÇäðÇ æóåõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁñ¡ æóÔóÑøõ ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö ãóäú ÊóÙõäøõ Ãóäøóåõ ÕóÏöíÞñ æóáöÐóÇ ÍóÐøóÑó Çááøóåõ äóÈöíóåõ ãöäúåõãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: åõãõ ÇáúÚóÏõæøõ ÝóÇÍúÐóÑúåõãú [63 \ 4] ¡ æóÕóÏøõåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÓó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ßóÊóÚúæöíÞöåöãú Úóäö ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ; ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú íóÚúáóãõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÚóæøöÞöíäó ãöäúßõãú æóÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó áöÅöÎúæóÇäöåöãú åóáõãøó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 18] . æóÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóÇ ÊóäúÝöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑøö ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 81] . æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ áöÅöÎúæóÇäöåöãú æóÞóÚóÏõæÇ áóæú ÃóØóÇÚõæäóÇ ãóÇ ÞõÊöáõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 168] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõãú ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: (ÓóÇÁó) ÝöÚúáñ ÌóÇãöÏñ áöÅöäúÔóÇÁö ÇáÐøóãøö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÈöÆúÓó. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉó ãöäó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ÌöåóÇÊò ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÎóÇÏöÚõæäó Çááøóåó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [2 \ 9] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó íõÎóÇÏöÚõæäó Çááøóåó æóåõæó ÎóÇÏöÚõåõãú [4 \ 142] .
æóßóÇäó ÎöÏóÇÚõåõãú ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö æóÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóÎöÏóÇÚõåõãú ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: íóÞõæáõæäó ÈöÃóáúÓöäóÊöåöãú ãóÇ áóíúÓó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú [48 \ 11] .
æóÎöÏóÇÚõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇãõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÞóÇãõæÇ ßõÓóÇáóì íõÑóÇÁõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó [4 \ 142] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö Þóæúáõåõãú: Åöäøó ÈõíõæÊóäóÇ ÚóæúÑóÉñ æóãóÇ åöíó ÈöÚóæúÑóÉò Åöäú íõÑöíÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÑóÇÑðÇ [33 \ 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö äóÕøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáØøóÈúÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú äóÊöíÌóÉñ áößõÝúÑöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú¡ æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú [4 \ 155] . æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú [61 \ 5] .(8/191)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ Êõáúåößõãú ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóãóäú íóÝúÚóáú Ðóáößó ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑõæäó (9)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÃóáúÓöäóÊöåöãú äöÝóÇÞðÇ Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÞõáõæÈöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö. ÇåÜ.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö ÎóÊóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú [2 \ 7] Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáØøóÈúÚö¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóÊúãö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ [18 \ 57] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõãõ ÇáúÚóÏõæøõ ÝóÇÍúÐóÑúåõãú.
Ýöíåö ãóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÍóÕúÑö ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ãóÚó æõÌõæÏöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÅöÙúåóÇÑó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÔöÑúßóåõãú¡ æóÅöÚúáóÇäó ÇáúíóåõæÏö ßõÝúÑóåõãú ãóÏúÚóÇÉñ áöáúÍóÐóÑö ØóÈúÚðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÝóÇÏøöÚóÇÄõåõãõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó æóÍóáöÝõåõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ ÞóÏú íõæÍöí ÈöÇáÑøõßõæäö Åöáóíúåöãú æóáóæú ÑóÛúÈóÉð Ýöí ÊóÃúáöíÝöåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇäõæÇ Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ãöäúåõãú áöÔöÏøóÉö ÚóÏóÇæóÊöåöãú æóáöÞõæøóÉö ãõÏóÇÎóáóÊöåöãú ãóÚó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ãöãøóÇ íõãóßøöäõåõãú ãöäó ÇáöÇØøöáóÇÚö Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÔõÆõæäöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ßõáøöåö ßóÇÔöÝðÇ áöÍóÞöíÞóÊöåöãú æóãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÔöÏøóÉó ÚóÏóÇæóÊöåöãú ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: áóÇ ÊõäúÝöÞõæÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÍóÊøóì íóäúÝóÖøõæÇ [63 \ 7] ¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ÊóÂãõÑöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: áóÆöäú ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö áóíõÎúÑöÌóäøó ÇáúÃóÚóÒøõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóáøó [63 \ 8] . æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó [63 \ 6] .
(åõãú) åõäóÇ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞõæäó [9 \ 67] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöáøóåö ÎóÒóÇÆöäõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõåõ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö [39 \ 63] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÞõæáõæäó áóÆöäú ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö áóíõÎúÑöÌóäøó ÇáúÃóÚóÒøõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóáøó æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ æóáöÑóÓõæáöåö.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáúãõæÌöÈö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ Êõáúåößõãú ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö.(8/192)
æóáóäú íõÄóÎøöÑó Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåóÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó (11)
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúãóÇáõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ [18 \ 46] ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÓóÈóÈó áóåúæö ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúæóáóÏö Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö¡ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó íõÝúÊóäõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÂÊöí Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÊøóÛóÇÈõäö» : ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÝöÊúäóÉñ æóÇááøóåõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÃóÌúÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ [64 \ 15] .
Ãóíú: áöãóäú ÓóÎøóÑó ÇáúãóÇáó Ýöí ØóÇÚóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÂÎöÑö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ äóÌöÏõ ÇÊøöÍóÇÏðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö æóÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö.
ÝóåõäóÇßó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð Ãóæú áóåúæðÇ ÇäúÝóÖøõæÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóÊóÑóßõæßó ÞóÇÆöãðÇ Þõáú ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó Çááøóåúæö æóãöäó ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÇááøóåõ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöÞöíäó [62 \ 11] .
æóÌóÇÁó ÚóÞöÈóåõ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð ÓõæÑóÉõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóßó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó [63 \ 1] ¡ æóáóÚóáøóåõ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÈóÇÏóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÎõÑõæÌö áöáúÚöíÑö åõãõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó¡ æóÊóÈöÚóåõãõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó áöÍóÇÌóÊöåöãú áöãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ÇáúÚöíÑõ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÈóÚúÏóãóÇ Ñóßóäó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó áöáúãóÇáö ÌóÇÁó: áóÇ ÊõäúÝöÞõæÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÍóÊøóì íóäúÝóÖøõæÇ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÃóãúæóÇáõåõãú ÝöÊúäóÉð áóåõãú Ýöí ãóÞóÇáóÊöåöãú Êöáúßó¡ ÝóÍóÐøóÑó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áóÇ Êõáúåößõãú ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÎõÕõæÕó ÐößúÑö ÇáúÎõØúÈóÉö æóÇáúÚöíÑö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÐößúÑõåõãóÇ¡ Ãóæú Úõãõæãó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö æóÇáúãõßúÊóÓóÈóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÝöÞõæÇ ãöäú ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇßõãú.
Ýöíåö ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞóåõãú¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» : æóãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú íõäúÝöÞõæäó [2 \ 3] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóäú íõÄóÎøöÑó Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåóÇ.
æóßóÐóáößó áóÇ íõÞóÏøöãõåóÇ Úóáóíúåö ; ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áößõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÃóÌóáñ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåõãú ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÃúÎöÑõæäó ÓóÇÚóÉð æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÞúÏöãõæäó [10 \ 49] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóÏóãó ÊóÃóÎøõÑöåöãú ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú æõÚöÏõæÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú íóÕøóÏøóÞõæäó æóíóßõæäõæäó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó¡ ãõÔöíÑðÇ áöáÓøóÈóÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [64 \ 11] Ãóíú: áóæú ÃóÎøóÑóßõãú ; áóÃóäøó ÔöíãóÊóßõãõ ÇáúßóÐöÈõ æóÎóáúÝõ ÇáúæóÚúÏö¡ æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÏóÃóÈõ ÃóãúËóÇáöåöãú ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÃóäúÐöÑö ÇáäøóÇÓó íóæúãó íóÃúÊöíåöãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÎøöÑúäóÇ Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ÞóÑöíÈò äõÌöÈú ÏóÚúæóÊóßó æóäóÊøóÈöÚö ÇáÑøõÓõáó Ãóæóáóãú ÊóßõæäõæÇ ÃóÞúÓóãúÊõãú ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú ÒóæóÇáò(8/193)
[14 \ 44] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÍóÏóåõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÇÑúÌöÚõæäö áóÚóáøöí ÃóÚúãóáõ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÑóßúÊõ ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉñ åõæó ÞóÇÆöáõåóÇ [23 \ 99 - 100] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉñ åõæó ÞóÇÆöáõåóÇ¡ ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ Ýöí ãóÇÕóÏóÞöåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó.
Ãóíú: áóæú ÃóÎøóÑóåõãú áóäú íóÕúÏõÞõæÇ¡ æóáóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÍöíØñ Úöáúãõåõ ÈöãóÇ Óóíóßõæäõ¡ ßóÅöÍóÇØóÊöåö ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏú ßóÇäó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/194)
ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÃóíúãóÇäóåõãú ÌõäøóÉð ÝóÕóÏøõæÇ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö Åöäøóåõãú ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó (2)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÊøóÛóÇÈõäö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÓóÈøöÍõ áöáøóåö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ æóáóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö æóãóÏúáõæáö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» æó «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ÂÎöÑõ ÇáÓøõæóÑö ÇáúãõÝúÊóÊóÍóÉö ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö¡ æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ åõäóÇ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö ÇáÏøóÇáøö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÌóÏøõÏö æóÇáúÍõÏõæËö¡ æóÇáÊøóÐúíöíáõ åõäóÇ ÈöÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ æóáóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ¡ áöáúÅöÔúÚóÇÑö ÈöÃóäøó Çáúãõáúßó áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ¡ äóÇÝöÐñ Ýöíåö ÃóãúÑõåõ¡ ãóÇÖò Ýöíåö Íõßúãõåõ ÈöíóÏöåö ÃóÒöãøóÉõ ÃóãúÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [67 \ 1] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» : ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö ãóáóßõæÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [36 \ 82 - 83] .
æóãöäú ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ æóÊóÕúÑöíÝöåö áöÃõãõæÑö ãõáúßöåö ßóíúÝó íóÔóÇÁõ¡ Ãóäú ÌóÚóáó ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ßõáøóåõ íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ÈöÍóãúÏöåö ÊóäúÝöíÐðÇ áöÍößúãóÉò Ýöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóáóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [28 \ 70] ¡ ÝóÌóãóÚó ÇáúÍóãúÏó æóÇáúÍõßúãó ãóÚðÇ áöÌóáóÇáóÉö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóßóãóÇáö ÕöÝóÇÊöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú Ýóãöäúßõãú ßóÇÝöÑñ æóãöäúßõãú ãõÄúãöäñ æóÇááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÈóÕöíÑñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö: ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÞóÏøóÑó Úóáóì Þóæúãò ãöäúßõãõ ÇáúßõÝúÑó¡ æóÚóáóì Þóæúãò ãöäúßõãõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó íóåúÏöí ßõáøðÇ áöãóÇ ÞóÏøóÑóåõ Úóáóíúåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóÑó ÝóåóÏóì [87 \ 3] ¡ ÝóíóÓøóÑó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó Åöáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóíóÓøóÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó áöáúÚóãóáö ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇÚúãóáõæÇ Ýóßõáøñ ãõíóÓøóÑñ áöãóÇ ÎõáöÞó áóåõ» . ÇåÜ.
æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÕøó ãöäú ãóÃúÒöÞö ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö æóÇáúÌóÈúÑöíøóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö íõÄúãöäõæäó Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ÈöÞóÏóÑö Çááøóåö æóãóÔöíÆóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÇáúæóÇÓöØöíøóÉö: æóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÓóØñ Èóíúäó(8/195)
Þóæúáö: Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ãóÌúÈõæÑñ Úóáóì Úóãóáöåö áóÇ ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑó áóåõ ßóÇáúæóÑóÞóÉö Ýöí ãóåóÈøö ÇáÑøöíÍö. æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáö: Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó íóÎúáõÞõ ÝöÚúáóåõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóíóÝúÚóáõ ãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö.
æóÃóåúáõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉö íóÞõæáõæäó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãóäú ÔóÇÁó ãöäúßõãú Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÞöíãó æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [81 \ 29] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÊóíúäö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóáößõáøö ØóÇÆöÝóÉò ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøóÊú Èöåö¡ ÇáúÃõæáóì Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ýöí ÈóØúäö Ãõãøöåö ßóÇÝöÑðÇ¡ æóÎóáóÞó íóÍúíóì Èúäó ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Ýöí ÈóØúäö Ãõãøöåö ãõÄúãöäðÇ» .
ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú áóíóÚúãóáõ ÈöÚóãóáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÍóÊøóì ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÐöÑóÇÚñ Ãóæú ÈóÇÚñ¡ ÝóíóÓúÈöÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóíóÚúãóáõ ÈöÚóãóáö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóíóÏúÎõáõåóÇ¡ æóÅöäøó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú áóíóÚúãóáõ ÈöÚóãóáö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÍóÊøóì áóãú íóÈúÞó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÐöÑóÇÚñ Ãóæú ÈóÇÚñ¡ ÝóíóÓúÈöÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ¡ ÝóíóÚúãóáõ ÈöÚóãóáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÝóíóÏúÎõáõåóÇ» .
æóÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÚõáóãóÇÄõäóÇ: ÊóÚóáøóÞó ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÇáúÃóÒóáöíøõ Èößõáøö ãóÚúáõæãò¡ ÝóíóÌúÑöí ãóÇ Úóáöãó æóÃóÑóÇÏó æóÍóßóãó.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóÂãóäõæÇ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÊóãóÇãõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú¡ Ëõãøó æóÕóÝóåõãú ÝóÞóÇáó: Ýóãöäúßõãú ßóÇÝöÑñ æóãöäúßõãú ãõÄúãöäñ.
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÎóáóÞó ßõáøó ÏóÇÈøóÉò ãöäú ãóÇÁò Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóãúÔöí Úóáóì ÈóØúäöåö [24 \ 45] ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÝóÇááøóåõ ÎóáóÞóåõãú æóÇáúãóÔúíõ ÝöÚúáõåõãú.
æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇáúÍõÓóíúäõ Èúäõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö¡ ÞóÇáó: áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ÎóáóÞóåõãú ßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóãõÄúãöäöíäó áóãóÇ æóÕóÝóåõãú ÈöÝöÚúáöåöãú¡ æóÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ßõáøõ ãóæúáõæÏò íõæáóÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉö» . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. ÇåÜ.
æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Ýöí åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÞóÇáóÊóíúäö äóÌöÏõ ÇáúÂÊöíó:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÞóÇáóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö áóÇ íóÓúáóãõ ; áöÃóäøó æóÕúÝó ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáúãóÔúíö áóíúÓó æóÕúÝðÇ ÝöÚúáöíøðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú Ööãúäö ÎóáúÞöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áóåóÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú ãöäúåóÇ ÝöÚúáñ Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøóÊú Èöåö ßõáøõ ØóÇÆöÝóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö áóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáúÃóæøóáó: «Åöäøó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú áóíóÚúãóáõ» áöÈóíóÇäö ÇáúãóÕöíÑö æóÇáúãõäúÊóåóì¡ æóÝúÞó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇáúÃóÒóáöíøö æóÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö.(8/196)
ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÕóæøóÑóßõãú ÝóÃóÍúÓóäó ÕõæóÑóßõãú æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ (3) íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊõÓöÑøõæäó æóãóÇ ÊõÚúáöäõæäó æóÇááøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö (4)
æóÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáËøóÇäöíó áöÈóíóÇäö ãóÈúÏóÃö æõÌõæÏö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÃóäøóåõ íõæáóÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉö ÍöíäóãóÇ íõæáóÏõ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ãóÕöíÑõåõ ÝóÈöÍóÓóÈö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóÑó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏú äóÞóáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ßóáóÇãðÇ áöáÒøóÌøóÇÌö æóÞóÇáó Úóäúåõ: åõæó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö æóäóÕøõåõ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó¡ æóßõÝúÑõåõ ÝöÚúáñ áóåõ æóßóÓúÈñ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÎóáóÞó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó¡ æóÅöíãóÇäõåõ ÝöÚúáñ áóåõ æóßóÓúÈñ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö. æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ íóßúÝõÑõ æóíóÎúÊóÇÑõ ÇáúßõÝúÑó ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏøóÑó Ðóáößó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáöãóåõ ãöäúåõ¡ áöÃóäøó æõÌõæÏó ÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑö ÚóÌúÒñ¡ æóæõÌõæÏó ÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ìóåúáñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö. ÇåÜ.
æóáóÚóáøó ãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÞóæúáö ÇáÒøóÌøóÇÌö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [37 \ 96] .
åóÐóÇ ÍóÇÕöáõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÞöÝõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ãóÃúÒöÞö ÇáúÞóÏóÑö æóÇáúÌóÈúÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÒóáøóÊú Ýöíåö ÃóÞúÏóÇãñ æóÖóáøóÊú Ýöíåö ÃóÝúåóÇãñ¡ æóÈöÊóÃóãøõáö ÇáäøóÕøö æóãóÇ íóßúÊóäöÝõåõ ãöäú äõÕõæÕò Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãöãøóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ æóÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ äóÌöÏõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó æóÇáÊøóæúÌöíåó ÇáÓøóáöíãó¡ æóÐóáößó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ æóáóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ.
Ýóßóæúäõ Çáúãõáúßö áóåõ áóÇ íóÞóÚõ Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ¡ æóßóæúäõåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ íóÝúÚóáõ Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú Ýóãöäúßõãú ßóÇÝöÑñ æóãöäúßõãú ãõÄúãöäñ æóÇááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÈóÕöíÑñ.
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÕóæøóÑóßõãú ÝóÃóÍúÓóäó ÕõæóÑóßõãú æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊõÓöÑøõæäó æóãóÇ ÊõÚúáöäõæäó æóÇááøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö.
ÝóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÕõæÑóÉò ÂíóÊóÇäö ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö [40 \ 57] .
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö: Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÎóáúÞò Úóáöíãñ [36 \ 79] .(8/197)
æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÚóÞöÈóåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ.
Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö æóÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ áóåõãú: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ÂíóÇÊö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÈóÚúËößõãú¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÎóáúÞõßõãú æóÊóÕúæöíÑõßõãú Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ ÝóßóÃóäøó ãõæÌöÈó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÈóÚúËößõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí ÅöíãóÇäõßõãú ÈöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ãöäú ÍöÓóÇÈò æóÌóÒóÇÁò æóÌóäøóÉò æóäóÇÑò¡ æóáóßöäú Ýóãöäúßõãú ßóÇÝöÑñ æóãöäúßõãú ãõÄúãöäñ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö ÇáúÃõãóãö ÞóÈúáóåõãú æóÈóíóÇäö ÃóÍúæóÇáöåöãú ÌóÇÁó ÊóÝúäöíÏõ ÒóÚúãö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãõ Úóáóì æõÞõæÚöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÒóÚóãó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú áóäú íõÈúÚóËõæÇ Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊõÈúÚóËõäøó Ëõãøó áóÊõäóÈøóÄõäøó ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáúÊõãú æóÐóáößó Úóáóì Çááøóåö íóÓöíÑñ [64 \ 7] ; áöÃóäøó ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö: åóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò äóÈúÊóáöíåö ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÓóãöíÚðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 1 - 3] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú [64 \ 2] .
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÓóãöíÚðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ¡ æóåõãóÇ ÍóÇÓøóÊóÇ ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö æóÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ãóÚó ÇÓúÊöÚúÏóÇÏöåö áöáúÞóÈõæáö æóÇáÑøóÝúÖö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ¡ ãöËúáõ Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: Ýóãöäúßõãú ßóÇÝöÑñ æóãöäúßõãú ãõÄúãöäñ [64 \ 2] ¡ Ãóíú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö æóÇáäøóÙóÑö æóåöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: ÝóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÇáäøõæÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ [64 \ 8] .
æóÈößõáøö ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö íóÙúåóÑõ áóäóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó áóåõ ÓóãúÚðÇ æóÈóÕóÑðÇ æóäóÕóÈó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó Úóáóì æõÌõæÏöåö æóÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÈóÚúËö ÇáúãóæúÊóì¡ æóãöäú Ëóãøó ãõÌóÇÒóÇÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú æóÃóÑúÓóáó Åöáóíúåö ÑõÓõáóåõ æóåõÏóÇåõ ÇáäøóÌúÏóíúäö¡ Ëõãøó åõæó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ æóáóæö ÇÍúÊóÌøó ÅöäúÓóÇäñ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÏóÑö áóÞöíáó áóåõ: åóáú ÚöäúÏóßó Úöáúãñ ÈöãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó Ýöí Úöáúãö Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßó¡ Ãóãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóãóÑóßó æóäóåóÇßó æóÈóíøóäó áóßó ÇáØøóÑöíÞó.(8/198)
Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÔóÑñ íóåúÏõæäóäóÇ ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ æóÊóæóáøóæúÇ æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Çááøóåõ æóÇááøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ (6)
æóÚóáóì ßõáøò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÞóÖöíøóÉó ÇáúÞóÏóÑö ãöäú ÃóÎúØóÑö ÇáúÞóÖóÇíóÇ æóÃóÛúãóÖöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóáöíøñ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáúÞóÏóÑõ ÓöÑøõ Çááøóåö Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåö.
æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁõ ÝóÃóãúÓößõæÇ» ¡ æóáóßöäú Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÇáäøóÙóÑõ ÝöíãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ãöäú æóÍúíò æóÈóÚóËó ãöäú ÑõÓõáò.
æóÃóåóãøõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö åõæó ÌóÑúíõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑö Úóáóì ãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãóæúÞöÝñ Úóãóáöíøñ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÈóÏúÑò¡ íõæóÖøöÍõ ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÞóÏóÑö æóíõÙúåöÑõ ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÚöÈóÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú íõÑöíßóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ãóäóÇãößó ÞóáöíáðÇ æóáóæú ÃóÑóÇßóåõãú ßóËöíÑðÇ áóÝóÔöáúÊõãú æóáóÊóäóÇÒóÚúÊõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó Óóáøóãó Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [8 \ 43] .
Ýóåõæó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáøóÐöí Óóáøóãó ãöäú ãõæÌöÈóÇÊö ÇáÊøóäóÇÒõÚö æóÇáúÝóÔóáö ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì Úöáúãöåö ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÅöÐú íõÑöíßõãõæåõãú ÅöÐö ÇáúÊóÞóíúÊõãú Ýöí ÃóÚúíõäößõãú ÞóáöíáðÇ æóíõÞóáøöáõßõãú Ýöí ÃóÚúíõäöåöãú áöíóÞúÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÃóãúÑðÇ ßóÇäó ãóÝúÚõæáðÇ æóÅöáóì Çááøóåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ [8 \ 44] ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÌúÑóì ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈó Úóáóì ãõÞúÊóÖóì ÅöÑóÇÏóÊöåö ÝóÞóáøóáó ßõáøðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö Ýöí ÃóÚúíõäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ; áöíóÞúÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÃóãúÑðÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÓóÇÈöÞö Úöáúãöåö ãóÝúÚõæáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúãõäúÊóåóì¡: æóÅöáóì Çááøóåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÔóÑñ íóåúÏõæäóäóÇ ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ æóÊóæóáøóæúÇ æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Çááøóåõ æóÇááøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ.
Ýöíåö ÇÓúÊöäúßóÇÑõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöäú íóåúÏöíåöãú ÈóÔóÑðÇ áóÇ ãóáóßðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 94] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöäøóÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ äóÊøóÈöÚõåõ [54 \ 25] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÉö: ÝóÔõÈúåóÊõåõãú åóÐöåö ÇáúÈóÇØöáóÉõ ÑóÏøóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ãóáóßðÇ áóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÑóÌõáðÇ [6 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÑöÌóÇáðÇ [12 \ 109] Ãóíú: áóÇ ãóáóÇÆößóÉð æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÞóÈúáóßó ãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ Åöäøóåõãú áóíóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó æóíóãúÔõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúæóÇÞö ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 20] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ æóÊóæóáøóæúÇ æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Çááøóåõ æóÇááøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöáøóåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÍöÌøõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö(8/199)
ÝóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÇáäøõæÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÎóÈöíÑñ (8)
Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Ûóäöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [3 \ 97] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÒóÚóãó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú áóäú íõÈúÚóËõæÇ Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊõÈúÚóËõäøó Ëõãøó áóÊõäóÈøóÄõäøó ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáúÊõãú æóÐóáößó Úóáóì Çááøóåö íóÓöíÑñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ãóíú: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÇÏøóÚóæúÇ Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÈúÚóËõæäó ÞóÇÆöáöíäó: Åöäøó ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó ÇáÑøóãöíãó áóÇ ÊõÍúíóÇ¡ Þõáú áóåõãú íóÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö: Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊõÈúÚóËõäøó¡ æóÈóáóì ÍóÑúÝñ íóÃúÊöí áöÃóÍóÏö ãóÚúäóíóíúäö ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÑóÏøõ äóÝúíò¡ ßóãóÇ åõäóÇ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÌóæóÇÈõ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãò ãõÞúÊóÑöäò ÈöäóÝúíò äóÍúæó Þóæúáöåö: ÃóáóÓúÊõ ÈöÑóÈøößõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì [7 \ 172] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÑóÈøöí ÞóÓóãñ ÈöÇáÑøóÈøö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÅöÍúíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÓóãó Èöåö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ËóáóÇËó ãóÑøóÇÊò¡ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ åóÐóÇ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí Þóæúáõåõ: æóíóÓúÊóäúÈöÆõæäóßó ÃóÍóÞøñ åõæó Þõáú Åöí æóÑóÈøöí Åöäøóåõ áóÍóÞøñ [10 \ 53] .
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ Þóæúáõåõ: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíäóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊóÃúÊöíóäøóßõãú [34 \ 3] . ÇåÜ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ëõãøó áóÊõäóÈøóÄõäøó ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáúÊõãú¡ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 13 - 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÐóáößó Úóáóì Çááøóåö íóÓöíÑñ ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóíõÓúÑõåõ ÃóãúÑñ ãõÓóáøóãñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÚóÇÏóÉó Ãóåúæóäõ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÏúÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò [36 \ 78 - 79] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÎóáúÞõßõãú æóáóÇ ÈóÚúËõßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ßóäóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò [31 \ 28] ¡ æóÞóÇáó æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõåõ æóåõæó Ãóåúæóäõ Úóáóíúåö [30 \ 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÇáäøõæÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ.
ÇáäøõæÑõ åõäóÇ åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ æóáóßöäú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [42 \ 52] ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõäóÒøöáõ Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÂíóÇÊò ÈóíøöäóÇÊò [57 \ 9] ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÓóãøóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇÔöÝñ(8/200)
íóæúãó íóÌúãóÚõßõãú áöíóæúãö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ðóáößó íóæúãõ ÇáÊøóÛóÇÈõäö æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö æóíóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ íõßóÝøöÑú Úóäúåõ ÓóíøöÆóÇÊöåö æóíõÏúÎöáúåõ ÌóäøóÇÊò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ (9)
ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÌóåúáö¡ æóÇáÔøóßøö¡ æóÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ æóÇáäøöÝóÇÞö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÌúãóÚõßõãú áöíóæúãö ÇáúÌóãúÚö.
íóæúãõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: ÙóÑúÝñ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÇÐúßõÑú ãõÞóÏøóÑóÉò Ãóæú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÎóÈöíÑñ [64 \ 8] .
Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøóåõ íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöÃóÚúãóÇáößõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóãú íóÎúÝó Úóáóíúåö ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÝóíõÌóÇÒöíßõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ Óõãøöíó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íõÌúãóÚõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó æóÇáúÂÎöÑõæäó Ýöí ÕóÚöíÏò æóÇÍöÏò¡ íóÓúãóÚõåõãõ ÇáÏøóÇÚöí æóíóäúÝõÐõåõãõ ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó áóãóÌúãõæÚõæäó Åöáóì ãöíÞóÇÊö íóæúãò ãóÚúáõæãò [56 \ 49 - 50] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáËøóÇáöËö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÌúãõæÚñ áóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ [11 \ 103] .
æóãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó áóãóÌúãõæÚõæäó [56 \ 49 - 50] .
æóãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Ýöíåö: ÂíóÉõ «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» : æóÊõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [42 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó íóæúãó ÇáÊøóÛóÇÈõäö.
ÇáúÛóÈúäõ: ÇáÔøõÚõæÑõ ÈöÇáäøóÞúÕö æóãöËúáõåõ ÇáúÎóÈúäõ áöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÑúÝóíúäö ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÝöÞúåö ÇááøõÛóÉö: ÝóÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÊóÞóÇÑõÈñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóÊóÞóÇÑõÈöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúÝö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÛóíúäõ æóÇáúÎóÇÁõ æóáöÎóÝóÇÁö ÇáúÛóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÍóáúÞö æóÙõåõæÑö ÇáúÎóÇÁö ÚóäúåóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÛóÈúäõ áöãóÇ ÎóÝöíó¡ æóÇáúÎóÈúäõ áöãóÇ ÙóåóÑó.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõæÌöÈó ÇáúÛóÈúäö áöáúÛóÇÈöäö æóÇáúãóÛúÈõæäö ÝóÞóÇáó: æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö æóíóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ íõßóÝøöÑú Úóäúåõ ÓóíøöÆóÇÊöåö æóíõÏúÎöáúåõ ÌóäøóÇÊò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ [64 \ 9] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÍóÇáó ÇáúãóÛúÈõæäö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ æóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ [64 \ 10] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÛóÈúäö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö ÈöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò áóåõ ãóßóÇäñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóãóßóÇäñ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáó Ãóåúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇáäøóÇÑó ÈóÞöíóÊú ÃóãóÇßöäõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáúÌóäøóÉó(8/201)
ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈó ãöäú ãõÕöíÈóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö íóåúÏö ÞóáúÈóåõ æóÇááøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ (11)
ÈóÞöíóÊú ÃóãóÇßöäõåõãú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóåõäóÇßó Êóßõæäõ ãóäóÇÒöáõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö áöÃóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóãóäóÇÒöáõ Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö íóÊóæóÇÑóËõæäóåóÇ Úóäúåõãú¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÛóÈúäõ ÇáúÃóáöíãõ¡ æóåõæó ÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáõ ãóßóÇäò Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÈöãóßóÇäò Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÑöËõæÇ ÃóãóÇßöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÐóåóÈõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈó ãöäú ãõÕöíÈóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö íóåúÏö ÞóáúÈóåõ æóÇááøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ ÈöÃóäøó ãóÇ íõÕöíÈõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãõÕöíÈóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÐóáößó ãóÇ íõÕöíÈõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÎóíúÑñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ÓóÑóÇÈöíáó ÊóÞöíßõãõ ÇáúÍóÑøó [16 \ 81] Ãóíú: æóÇáúÈóÑúÏó.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáÊøóäúÕöíÕó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÕöíÈóÉö åõäóÇ ; áöíóÏõáøó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò íóäóÇáõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌöÈöáøóÉó ÊóÃúÈóì ÇáúãóÕóÇÆöÈó æóÊóÊóæóÞøóÇåóÇ¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó ÊõÕöíÈõåõ¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ãóÞúÏõæÑöåö ÏóÝúÚõåóÇ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ ÞóÏú íóÏøóÚöí Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÕøóáóåõ ÈöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏò ãöäúåõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÑõæäõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõæÊöíÊõåõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò ÚöäúÏöí [28 \ 78] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö íóåúÏö ÞóáúÈóåõ¡ ÞõÑöÆõ (íóåúÏóÃú) ÈöÇáúåóãúÒö ãöäó ÇáúåõÏõæÁö¡ æó (ÞóáúÈõåõ) ÈöÇáÑøóÝúÚö¡ æóåöíó ÈöãóÚúäóì íóåúÏöí ÞóáúÈóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóåõ áóãú íóßõäú áöíõÎúØöÆóåõ¡ ÝóíóÓúÊóÑúÌöÚõ ÝóíóØúãóÆöäøõ ÞóáúÈõåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ æóáóÇ íóÌúÒóÚõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÚóÌóÈðÇ áöÃóãúÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö Åöäú ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúåõ ÓóÑøóÇÁõ ÔóßóÑó ÝóßóÇäó ÎóíúÑðÇ áóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúåõ ÖóÑøóÇÁõ ÕóÈóÑó¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÎóíúÑðÇ áóåõ ÍóÊøóì ÇáÔøóæúßóÉö íõÔóÇßõåóÇ Ýöí ÞóÏóãöåö» .
æóãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóäóÈúáõæóäøóßõãú ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáúÎóæúÝö æóÇáúÌõæÚö æóäóÞúÕò ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóäúÝõÓö æóÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö æóÈóÔøöÑö ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúåõãú ãõÕöíÈóÉñ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ áöáøóåö æóÅöäøóÇ Åöáóíúåö ÑóÇÌöÚõæäó ÃõæáóÆößó Úóáóíúåöãú ÕóáóæóÇÊñ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÑóÍúãóÉñ æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõåúÊóÏõæäó [2 \ 155 - 157] .
Ãóíú: Åöáóì ãóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõãú ãöäö ÇãúÊöËóÇáò æóÕóÈúÑò æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó [64 \ 12] .(8/202)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Åöäøó ãöäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌößõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏößõãú ÚóÏõæøðÇ áóßõãú ÝóÇÍúÐóÑõæåõãú æóÅöäú ÊóÚúÝõæÇ æóÊóÕúÝóÍõæÇ æóÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ (14)
æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì íõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈó ãöäú ãõÕöíÈóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáúãóÕóÇÆöÈö.
æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö íóåúÏö ÞóáúÈóåõ æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáäøöÚóãö¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÞóÇÆöáñ: Åöäú ßóÇäó ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÐóäúÈõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö æóãóÇ ÝóÖúáõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäö¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó¡ ÈóíóÇäðÇ áöãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏó¡ æóåõæó ØóÇÚóÉõ ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÝöíãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæÇ Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóãúáößõ Óöæóì Ðóáößó.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóåúÏö ÞóáúÈóåõ ãöäú äöÓúÈóÉö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÞóáúÈö ÈóíóÇäñ áöÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [42 \ 52] ¡ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [28 \ 56] .
ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÅöÑúÔóÇÏò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóåóÏóíúäóÇåõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì [41 \ 17] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: åöÏóÇíóÉõ ÊóæúÝöíÞò æóÅöÑúÔóÇÏò æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó ÔöÈúåõ ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ãöäó Çááøóåö áöÞóáúÈö ãóäú íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó¡ ÈöÊóßúÑóÇÑö ÝöÚúáö ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ØóÇÚóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÊóáúÒóãõ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉð.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöÊóÔúÑöíÚóÇÊò ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉò æóÈöÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ [59 \ 7] .
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóØöíÚõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó æóÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö ãöäúßõãú [4 \ 59] ¡ ÝóßóÑøóÑó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáøóåö æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö¡ æóáóãú íõßóÑøöÑúåõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö ; áöÃóäøó ØóÇÚóÊóåõãú áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÇÓúÊöÞúáóÇáðÇ Èóáú ÊóÈóÚðÇ áöØóÇÚóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóØóÇÚóÉö ÑóÓõæáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «áóÇ ØóÇÚóÉó áöãóÎúáõæÞò Ýöí ãóÚúÕöíóÉö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Åöäøó ãöäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌößõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏößõãú ÚóÏõæøðÇ áóßõãú ÝóÇÍúÐóÑõæåõãú.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúãóÇáõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ(8/203)
ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú æóÇÓúãóÚõæÇ æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ æóÃóäúÝöÞõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ áöÃóäúÝõÓößõãú æóãóäú íõæÞó ÔõÍøó äóÝúÓöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÍõæäó (16)
[18 \ 46] .
æóãöãøóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÊóæúÌöíåðÇ ÞõÑúÂäöíøðÇ áöÚöáóÇÌö ãóÔóÇßöáö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÒøóæúÌöíøóÉö¡ æóÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáÊøóÚúÞöíÈõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóÚúÝõæÇ æóÊóÕúÝóÍõæÇ æóÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ [64 \ 14] ¡ Ãóíú: Åöäøó ÚóÏóÇæóÉó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú ÊõÞóÇÈóáó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóÝúæö æóÇáÕøóÝúÍö æóÇáúÛõÝúÑóÇäö¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó íõÎóÝøöÝõ Ãóæú íõÐúåöÈõ Ãóæú íõÌóäøöÈõ ÇáÒøóæúÌó æóÇáúæóÇáöÏó äóÊóÇÆöÌó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÏóÇÁö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÔóÇÍøóÉö æóÇáúÎöÕóÇãö.
æóÝöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÝöÊúäóÉñ [64 \ 15] Ãóíú: ÞóÏú ÊóÝúÊöäõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö: áóÇ Êõáúåößõãú ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö [63 \ 9] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú.
íõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝó Ýöí ÍõÏõæÏö ÇáöÇÓúÊöØóÇÚóÉö¡ æóíõÈóíøöäõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõßóáøöÝõ Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ [2 \ 286] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóáóÇ ÊõÍóãøöáúäóÇ ãóÇ áóÇ ØóÇÞóÉó áóäóÇ Èöåö [2 \ 286] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÞóÏú ÝóÚóáúÊõ» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑö Ïõæäó ÇáäøóæóÇåöí ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóæóÇåöíó ÊõÑõæßñ.
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö: «ãóÇ ÃóãóÑúÊõßõãú Èöåö ÝóÃúÊõæÇ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú¡ æóãóÇ äóåóíúÊõßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇÌúÊóäöÈõæåõ» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö.
ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó ÃóæóÇÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ æóÊóÍúÞöíÞõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÑõÎóÕö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÇáÕøöíóÇãö æóäóÍúæöåöãóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõæÞó ÔõÍøó äóÝúÓöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÍõæäó.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáÔøõÍøõ¡ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáúÈõÎúáö¡ æóÞöíáó ÇáúÈõÎúáõ: Ãóäú ÊóÖöäøó ÈöãóÇáößó¡ æóÇáÔøõÍøõ Ãóäú ÊóÖöäøó ÈöãóÇáö ÛóíúÑößó¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøõÍøó ãõäúÊóåóì ÇáúÈõÎúáö¡ æóÅöäú ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÝöÊúäóÊöåöãú æóÚóÏóÇæóÊöåöãú¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáÓøóãúÚö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉö æóÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇÓúãóÚõæÇ æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ æóÃóäúÝöÞõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ áöÃóäúÝõÓößõãú [64 \ 16] ¡ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÇáÒøóæúÌöíøóÉö ãóäúÔóÄõåóÇ ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúãóÇáö(8/204)
Åöäú ÊõÞúÑöÖõæÇ Çááøóåó ÞóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ íõÖóÇÚöÝúåõ áóßõãú æóíóÛúÝöÑú áóßõãú æóÇááøóåõ ÔóßõæÑñ Íóáöíãñ (17)
ÍöÑúÕðÇ Úóáóíúåö Ãóæú ÈõÎúáðÇ Èöåö¡ ÍöÑúÕðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóíúåö ÈöÓóÈóÈöåöãú¡ ÝóÞóÏú íõÝúÊóäõ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÔõÍøðÇ Èöåö ÈóÚúÏó ÊóÍúÕöíáöåö ÝóÞóÏú íõÚóÇÏõæäóåõ Ýöíåö.
æóÇáúÚöáóÇÌõ ÇáäøóÇÌöÚõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞõ æóÊóæóÞøöí ÇáÔøõÍøö¡ æóÇáÔøõÍøõ ãöäú ÌöÈöáøóÉö ÇáäøóÝúÓö æóÃõÍúÖöÑóÊö ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓõ ÇáÔøõÍøó [4 \ 128] ¡ æóÝöí ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáÔøõÍøö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÝúÓö ãóÚó ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Åöáóì ÇáúÞóáúÈö ÓöÑøñ áöØóíúÝñ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøõÍøó ÌöÈöáøóÉõ ÇáúÈóÔóÑöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉó ãöäúÍóÉñ ÅöáóåöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÃõæáóì ÞõæøóÉñ ÍóíóæóÇäöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÞõæøóÉñ ÑõæÍöíøóÉñ.
ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãö Ãóäú íõÛóÇáöÈó ÈöÇáúÞõæøóÉö ÇáÑøõæÍöíøóÉö ãóÇ ÌõÈöáó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÞõæøóÉò ÈóÔóÑöíøóÉò ; áöíóäóÇáó ÇáúÝóáóÇÍó æóÇáúÝóæúÒó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáúãóÇáõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊõ ÎóíúÑñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ËóæóÇÈðÇ æóÎóíúÑñ ÃóãóáðÇ [18 \ 46] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúãóÚõæÇ æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ.
Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ æóÚóÕóíúäóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ßóÞóæúãö äõæÍò ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáó Úóäúåõãú: æóÅöäøöí ßõáøóãóÇ ÏóÚóæúÊõåõãú áöÊóÛúÝöÑó áóåõãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ ÃóÕóÇÈöÚóåõãú Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÇÓúÊóÛúÔóæúÇ ËöíóÇÈóåõãú æóÃóÕóÑøõæÇ æóÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑðÇ [71 \ 7] .
æóÞóÏú äóÏøóÏó ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáúÛóæúÇ Ýöíåö [41 \ 26] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: ÇÓúãóÚõæÇ ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áóßõãú¡ æóÃóØöíÚõæÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõãú¡ áóÇ ßóãóäú ÞóÈúáóßõãõ ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊõÞúÑöÖõæÇ Çááøóåó ÞóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ íõÖóÇÚöÝúåõ áóßõãú æóíóÛúÝöÑú áóßõãú æóÇááøóåõ ÔóßõæÑñ Íóáöíãñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ íõÖóÇÚöÝõ ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞó ÓóÈúÚóãöÇÆóÉò Åöáóì ÃóßúËóÑó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íõäúÝöÞõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ßóãóËóáö ÍóÈøóÉò ÃóäúÈóÊóÊú ÓóÈúÚó ÓóäóÇÈöáó¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ íõÖóÇÚöÝõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [2 \ 261] .
æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÞóÑúÖö Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö: ÇáúÞóØúÚõ æóÝöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ÞóØúÚõ ÌõÒúÁò ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö íõÚúØöíåö áöãóäú íóäúÊóÝöÚõ Èöåö Ëõãøó íóÑõÏøõåõ¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÑõÏøõ ÃóÖúÚóÇÝðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Óóãøóì ãõÚóÇãóáóÊóåõ ãóÚó ÚóÈöíÏöåö ÞóÑúÖðÇ æóÈóíúÚðÇ æóÔöÑóÇÁð æóÊöÌóÇÑóÉð.(8/205)
æóãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó íóÚúãóáõ áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íõÚúØöíåö ËóæóÇÈó Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊõÞúÑöÖõæÇ Çááøóåó ÞóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ íõÖóÇÚöÝúåõ áóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [64 \ 17] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÔúÊóÑóì ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÈöÃóäøó áóåõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó [9 \ 111] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæÇ ÈöÈóíúÚößõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÇíóÚúÊõãú Èöåö [9 \ 111] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: åóáú ÃóÏõáøõßõãú Úóáóì ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò ÊõäúÌöíßõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò ÊõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÊõÌóÇåöÏõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÈöÃóãúæóÇáößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [61 \ 10 - 11] ¡ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð áóäú ÊóÈõæÑó [35 \ 29] .
æóÇáúÞóÑúÖõ ÇáúÍóÓóäõ åõæó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäó ÇáúßóÓúÈö ÇáØøóíøöÈö ÎóÇáöÕðÇ áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö. ÇåÜ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÞóæúáöåö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóÑúÖö ÇáúÍóÓóäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊõÈúØöáõæÇ ÕóÏóÞóÇÊößõãú ÈöÇáúãóäøö æóÇáúÃóÐóì ßóÇáøóÐöí íõäúÝöÞõ ãóÇáóåõ ÑöÆóÇÁó ÇáäøóÇÓö [2 \ 264] ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó áóãú íõäúÝöÞú ÈöÅöÎúáóÇÕò áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö¡ æóãóÌöÆõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÑúÖö ÇáúÍóÓóäö åõäóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáÒøóæúÌöíøóÉö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÊóæóÞøöí ÇáÔøõÍøö íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÑúÖö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ãóÚó Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó ãóÇÐóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäó Þõáú ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞúÊõãú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ÝóáöáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö æóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó [2 \ 215] .
æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö åõãõ ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏõ æóÇáÒøóæúÌóÉõ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö: «ÍóÊøóì ÇááøõÞúãóÉó íóÖóÚõåóÇ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ Ýöí Ýöí ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇááøóåõ ÔóßõæÑñ Íóáöíãñ [64 \ 17] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: ÔõßúÑõ Çááøóåö áöÚóÈúÏöåö åõæó ãõÌóÇÒóÇÊõåõ áóåõ ÈöÇáúÃóÌúÑö ÇáúÌóÒöíáö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáúÞóáöíáö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Íóáöíãñ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íõÚóÌøöáõ ÈöÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö Èóáú íóÓúÊõÑõ æóíóÊóÌóÇæóÒõ Úóäú ÐõäõæÈò. æóãóÌöÆõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÐúíöíáö åõäóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö äóæóÇÍöí ÅöÕúáóÇÍö ÇáúÃõÓúÑóÉö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäú íóÞúÈóáó ßõáøñ ãöäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö Úóãóáó ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÈöÔõßúÑò¡ æóíõÞóÇÈöáõ ßõáøó ÅöÓóÇÁóÉò ÈöÍöáúãò áöíóÊöãøó ãóÚúäóì ÍõÓúäö ÇáúÚöÔúÑóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞó íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉó ÈöÇáÔøõßúÑö æóÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉó ÊõÞóÇÈóáõ ÈöÇáúÍöáúãö.(8/206)
ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ (18)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö.
ãóÌöÆõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáöÇÓúãöíóÉö íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÇáúÍóÕúÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó Èöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó [6 \ 59] ¡ æóãóÌöíÆõåõ åõäóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÞóÇÈóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÃõÓúÑóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ íóßõæäóÇäö Ýöí ÚõÒúáóÉò Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóáóÇ íóØøóáöÚõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ Ãóíú ÝóáúíõÑóÇÞöÈú ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ ÚóÇáöãó ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö¡ æóãõÌóÇÒöíðÇ ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÝöÚúáöåö.(8/207)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÅöÐóÇ ØóáøóÞúÊõãõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó ÝóØóáøöÞõæåõäøó áöÚöÏøóÊöåöäøó æóÃóÍúÕõæÇ ÇáúÚöÏøóÉó æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ÑóÈøóßõãú áóÇ ÊõÎúÑöÌõæåõäøó ãöäú ÈõíõæÊöåöäøó æóáóÇ íóÎúÑõÌúäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíäó ÈöÝóÇÍöÔóÉò ãõÈóíøöäóÉò æóÊöáúßó ÍõÏõæÏõ Çááøóåö æóãóäú íóÊóÚóÏøó ÍõÏõæÏó Çááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú Ùóáóãó äóÝúÓóåõ áóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí áóÚóáøó Çááøóåó íõÍúÏöËõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÃóãúÑðÇ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáØøóáóÇÞö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÅöÐóÇ ØóáøóÞúÊõãõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó ÝóØóáøöÞõæåõäøó áöÚöÏøóÊöåöäøó æóÃóÍúÕõæÇ ÇáúÚöÏøóÉó æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ÑóÈøóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó.
Þöíáó Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö äõÒõæáöåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ØóáøóÞó ÍóÝúÕóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÝóäóÒóáóÊú¡ æóÞöíáó ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøò ÝóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉõ ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ãóÇ áóæú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÈöÚóíúäö ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáäøóÓóÞó ÇáúßóÑöíãó Èóíúäó ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö¡ ÍóíúËõ ßóÇäó ÂÎöÑó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ãóæúÖõæÚõ ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö ãöäú ÝöÊúäóÉò æóÚóÏóÇÁò.
æóÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì ÚöáóÇÌö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ãöäú ÅöäúÝóÇÞò æóÊóÓóÇãõÍò Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóíúåö ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ åõäóÇßó¡ ÝóÅöäú ÕóáõÍó ãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÐóÇßó ÝóÈöåóÇ æóäöÚúãóÊú¡ æóÅöäú ÊóÚóÐøóÑó ãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÉõ ãõÊóÍóÊøöãóÉð ÝóÌóÇÁóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ Úóáóì ÅöËúÑöåóÇ ÊõÈóíøöäõ ØóÑöíÞóÉó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÉö ÇáÓøóáöíãóÉö Ýöí ÇáØøóáóÇÞö æóÊóÔúÑöíÚöåö æóãóÇ íóÊúÈóÚõåõ ãöäú ÚöÏóÏò æóÅöäúÝóÇÞò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ¡ ÈöÇáäøöÏóÇÁö áöáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ØóáøóÞúÊõãõ ÈöÎöØóÇÈò áöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ßóÇäó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ áöáúÃõãøóÉö ÊóßúÑöíãðÇ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÊóßúáöíÝðÇ áöáúÃõãøóÉö. æóÞöíáó: ÎõæØöÈóÊö ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ Ýöí ÔóÎúÕöíøóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Ýöí ÔóÎúÕöíøóÉö ÑóÆöíÓöåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: æóáöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóßõæäõ ÏóÇÎöáðÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó ÇáúãõæóÌøóåó áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÞúÓóÇãò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÞóÏú íóÊóæóÌøóåõ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ Åöáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÏóÇÎöáðÇ Ýöíåö ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÈöÑøö ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ æóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ßóÑöíãðÇ æóÇÎúÝöÖú áóåõãóÇ ÌóäóÇÍó ÇáÐøõáøö ãöäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö æóÞõáú ÑóÈøöí ÇÑúÍóãúåõãóÇ ßóãóÇ ÑóÈøóíóÇäöí ÕóÛöíÑðÇ(8/208)
[17 \ 23 - 24] .
Ýóßõáøõ ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö åõäóÇ ãõæóÌøóåóÉñ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåõæó ÞóØúÚðÇ áóíúÓó ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÈöÐóáößó áöÚóÏóãö æõÌõæÏö æóÇáöÏóíúäö¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÚöäúÏó äõÒõæáöåóÇ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÎóÇÕøðÇ Èöåö áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ ãóÚóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ äóÍúæó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇãúÑóÃóÉð ãõÄúãöäóÉð Åöäú æóåóÈóÊú äóÝúÓóåóÇ áöáäøóÈöíøö Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóäúßöÍóåóÇ ÎóÇáöÕóÉð áóßó ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [33 \ 50] .
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: åõæó ÇáÔøóÇãöáõ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáöÛóíúÑöåö ÈöÏóáöíáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÃóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó ÊóÈúÊóÛöí ãóÑúÖóÇÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌößó [66 \ 1] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ÎöØóÇÈñ ãõæóÌøóåñ áóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÈöÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö: ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú [66 \ 2] ÝóÏóáøó Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó [66 \ 1] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞò.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÈöÃóÞúæóì Ïóáöíáò ÝöíåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÞöãú æóÌúåóßó áöáÏøöíäö ÍóäöíÝðÇ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ãõäöíÈöíäó Åöáóíúåö [30 - 31] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ØóáøóÞúÊõãõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö íõØóáøóÞúäó áöÚöÏøóÊöåöäøó æóÊõÍúÕóì ÚöÏøóÊõåõäøó.
æóÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇÁõ ÇáúÚóÏóÏõ ãóÃúÎõæÐñ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÕóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÕóÇ ÇáÕøóÛöíÑõ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÓúÊóÚúãöáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÏö áöÃõãøöíøóÊöåöãú¡ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÈóÚúÖó ÚöÏóÏò áöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÇÊö æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ÌóãöíÚóåõäøó ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÇÊö ãóäú áóÇ ÚöÏøóÉó áóåõäøó æóåõäøó ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÏúÎõæáö Èöåöäøó¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÇÊö ãóäú áóãú íóÐúßõÑú ÚöÏøóÊóåõäøó åõäóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ Úõãõæãó æóáóÇ ÊóÎúÕöíÕó ; áöÃóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÇÓúãõ ÌöäúÓò íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì Çáúßõáøö æóÚóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúÖö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃõØúáöÞó åõäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúÖö æóåõæó ÇáúãõÈóíøóäõ Íõßúãõåõäøó ÈöÐößúÑö ÚöÏøóÊöåöäøó¡ æóåõäøó ÇááøóÇÊöí íóÆöÓúäó æóÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÇÊõ æóÐóæóÇÊõ ÇáúÍóãúáö¡ æóÍóÇÕöáõ ÚöÏóÏö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÊóÊóáóÎøóÕõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÊöí¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÉó ÅöãøóÇ ÈöÍóíóÇÉò Ãóæú ÈöãóæúÊò¡ æóÇáúãõÝóÇÑóÞóÉõ ÅöãøóÇ ÍóÇãöáñ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõ ÍóÇãöáò¡ ÝóÇáúÍóÇãöáõ ÚöÏøóÊõåóÇ ÈöæóÖúÚö ÍóãúáöåóÇ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Ýöí Ðóáößó áöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö¡ æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÍóÇãöáö ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóÔúåõÑò æóÚóÔúÑò(8/209)
ãóÏúÎõæáñ ÈöåóÇ æóÛóíúÑõ ãóÏúÎõæáò¡ æóÇáúãõÝóÇÑóÞóÉõ ÈöÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÅöãøóÇ ãóÏúÎõæáñ ÈöåóÇ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõ ãóÏúÎõæáò ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÏúÎõæáö ÈöåóÇ áóÇ ÚöÏøóÉó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÏúÎõæáõ ÈöåóÇ ÅöãøóÇ ãöäú ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÇÁö ÝóÚöÏøóÊõåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÞõÑõæÁò Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝò Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÁö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú áóíúÓóÊú ãöäú ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÇÁö¡ ßóÇáúíóÇÆöÓóÉö æóÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉö¡ ÝóÚöÏøóÊõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÔúåõÑò.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÇÊõ íóÊóÑóÈøóÕúäó ÈöÃóäúÝõÓöåöäøó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÞõÑõæÁò [2 \ 228] ¡ æóÝóÕúáõ ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÇÊö ÇáúãóÏúÎõæáö Èöåöäøó æóÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÏúÎõæáö Èöåöäøó¡ æóÃóäúæóÇÚõ ÇáúÚöÏóÏö ÈöÇáúÃóÞúÑóÇÁö Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÍóãúáö¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÇáúÌóãúÚó Èóíúäó ÇáúÚõãõæãóÇÊö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ãöãøóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäö ÇáúÅöÚóÇÏóÉö åõäóÇ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÔóÃúäö ÇáúÚöÏøóÉö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÍóÑóÇÆöÑö¡ æóÈóÞöíó ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöãóÇÁõ: ÝóÇáúÍóæóÇãöáõ ãöäúåõäøó ßóÇáúÍóÑóÇÆöÑö ÓóæóÇÁñ ÈöÓóæóÇÁò¡ æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÍóæóÇãöáö ÝóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäó ÇáúÍõÑøóÉö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóíúÖóÉó áóãøóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÊóÌóÒøóÃõ ÝóÌõÚöáóÊú ÚöÏøóÊõåóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóíúÖóÊóíúäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÐóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö¡ ÝóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÚúÊóÏøõ ÔóåúÑðÇ æóäöÕúÝðÇ¡ æóÎóÇáóÝó ãóÇáößñ ÝóÌóÚóáó áóåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÔúåõÑò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÇáößñ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - æóÇÝóÞó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó Ýöí ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÍóíúÖö¡ æóÎóÇáóÝó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó Ýöí ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÎúØóÃó ÇÈúäõ ÑõÔúÏò ãóÚó ãóÇáößò Ýöí äöÞóÇÔöåö ãóÚóåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÈöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúãõÌúÊóåöÏö:
æóÞóÏú ÇÖúØóÑóÈó Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈöÇáäøóÕøö ÃóÎóÐó æóáóÇ ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö Úóãöáó¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÃúÎõÐú ÈöÇáäøóÕøö Ýöí ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÍóíúÖö ÝóíóÌúÚóáú áóåõäøó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÞõÑõæÁò¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÎóÐó Èöåö Ýöí ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÌóÚóáó áóåõäøó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÔúåõÑò ÈöÇáäøóÕøö¡ æóáóÇ ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö Úóãöáó¡ Ãóíú: Ýóáóãú íõäóÕøöÝö ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑó ÞöíóÇÓðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóíúÖö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãóÐúåóÈõåõ ãõáóÝøóÞðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö Ýöí ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÍóíúÖö¡ æóÇáäøóÕøö Ýöí ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö¡ ÝóÎóÇáóÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉó ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉó.
æóÇÖúØóÑóÈó Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí äóÙóÑö ÇÈúäö ÑõÔúÏò ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóØøóÑöÏö ÇáúÞöíóÇÓó ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÚúãóáó ÇáäøóÕøó ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝöíøóÉö áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÚúÑóÝó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö æöÌúåóÉö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Úóäö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝö¡ ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ãõÍöÞøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÝöÚúáðÇ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö.(8/210)
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö ÃóÔóÇÑó ÇáúÚóÏóæöíøõ Ýöí ÍóÇÔöíóÊöåö: ÈöÃóäøó æöÌúåóÉó äóÙóÑö ãóÇáößò åöíó ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóì ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäó ÇáúÚöÏøóÉö æóåõæó ÈóÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáÑøóÍöãö¡ æóÇáÔøóåúÑõ æóÇáäøöÕúÝõ áóÇ íóßúÝöí áöáúãóÑúÃóÉö äóÝúÓöåóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÎúÈöÑó Úóäú äóÝúÓöåóÇ ÚóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÍóÇãöáðÇ Ãóãú áóÇ¡ ÝóÃóßúãóáó áóåóÇ ÇáúãõÏøóÉó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕó ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóíúÖóÊóÇäö: ÝóÝöíåöãóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áöÈóÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÑøóÍöãö. ÇåÜ. ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÚóÏóæöíøõ áóåõ ÃóÕúáñ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ; áöÃóäøó ÐóÇÊó ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÇÁö æóÌóÏúäóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøõæóÑö ÊóÚúÊóÏøõ ÈöÍóíúÖóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÕøõ Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÚóÉö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ÎöáóÇÝñ¡ æóæóÌóÏúäóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÉó ÊóËúÈõÊõ ÈóÑóÇÁóÉõ ÑóÍöãöåóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÈöÍóíúÖóÊóíúäö ÞóØúÚðÇ¡ æóåöíó ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÓõÑøöíøóÉð áöãóÇáößöåóÇ ÝóÃóÑóÇÏó ÈóíúÚóåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÓúÊóÈúÑöÆõåóÇ ÈöÍóíúÖóÉò¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúÊóÑöíåóÇ íóÓúÊóÈúÑöÆõåóÇ ÈöÍóíúÖóÉò ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóãóÓøóåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó åõæó íóÝúÊóÑöÔõåóÇ æóíóÃúãóäõ ãöäú Ãóäú íóÓúÞöíó ãóÇÁóåõ ÒóÑúÚó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóÚóáöãúäóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÍóíúÖóÊóíúäö ÈóÑóÇÁóÉð áöáÑøóÍöãö¡ ÝóÇßúÊóÝóì ÈöåöãóÇ ãóÇáößñ æóæóÇÝóÞó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÔøóåúÑõ æóÇáäøöÕúÝõ ÝóÅöäøóåõãóÇ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú ÊóÊóÈóíøóäó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÍóãúáðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÏøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÇáúÃõæáóì æóåöíó ãóÑúÍóáóÉõ ÇáäøõØúÝóÉö¡ ÝóÙóåóÑó ÈöåóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó ãóÚó ãóÇáößò¡ æóÃóäøó ÇÈúäó ÑõÔúÏò åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÖúØóÑóÈóÊú ãóÞóÇáóÊõåõ Úóáóì ãóÇáößò¡ æóÞóÏú ÓõÞúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåó áöÈóíóÇäö æóÇÌöÈö ØóÇáöÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÃóãóÇãó ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝöíøóÉö ãöäú ÖóÑõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÍúËö Úóäö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö æóæöÌúåóÉö äóÙóÑö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝö æóÚóÏóãö ÇáúãõÈóÇÏóÑóÉö áöáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ áöÃóäú íóßõæäó åõæó ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöÃóäú íõäúßóÑó Úóáóíúåö æóáóÇ íõÓóÇÑöÚó áöÑóÏøö Þóæúáò ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ Þóæúáõåõ åõæó Ãóæúáóì ÈöÃóäú íõÑóÏøó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóØóáøöÞõæåõäøó áöÚöÏøóÊöåöäøó¡ ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó áöÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáö ÚöÏøóÊöåöäøó æóÝöíåö ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáØøóáóÇÞö ÇáÓøõäøöíøö æóÇáúÈöÏúÚöíøö. æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÇãöáó æóÛóíúÑó ÇáúãóÏúÎõæáö ÈöåóÇ áóÇ ÈöÏúÚóÉó Ýöí ØóáóÇÞöåöãóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóÃõáúÍöÞóÊú ÈöåöãóÇ ÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉõ¡ æóÇáØøóáóÇÞõ ÇáúÈöÏúÚöíøõ åõæó ÌóãúÚõ ÇáËøóáóÇËö Ýöí ãóÑøóÉò Ãóæö ÇáØøóáóÇÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíúÖóÉö Ãóæú Ýöí ØõåúÑò ãóÓøóåóÇ Ýöíåö. æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: íõÝóÑøöÞõ ÇáØøóáóÞóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉö ßõáøó ØóáúÞóÉò Ýöí ÔóåúÑò æóáóÇ íóÌúãóÚõåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ØóÇáó ÇáúÈóÍúËõ Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáØøóáóÇÞö ÇáúÈöÏúÚöíøö¡ åóáú íóÞóÚõ æóíõÍúÊóÓóÈõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõØóáøöÞö¡ Ãóãú áóÇ¿
æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöíåö ÍóÏöíËõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ØóáøóÞó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ æóåöíó ÍóÇÆöÖñ¡ ÝóÈóáøóÛó Ðóáößó ÚõãóÑó ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãõÑúåõ ÝóáúíõÑóÇÌöÚúåóÇ» .
æóÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúÊóÏøõ ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáØøóáúÞóÉö¡ æóãóäú ÎóÇáóÝó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉó¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäú(8/211)
æóíóÑúÒõÞúåõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÍúÊóÓöÈõ æóãóäú íóÊóæóßøóáú Úóáóì Çááøóåö Ýóåõæó ÍóÓúÈõåõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÈóÇáöÛõ ÃóãúÑöåö ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏúÑðÇ (3)
íõÑóÇÌöÚóåóÇ¡ æóáúíóÚúãóáú ßóãóÇ ÃóãóÑó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóáúíõãúÓößúåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóØúåõÑó¡ Ëõãøó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó ÃóãúÓóßóåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÇÁó ØóáøóÞóåóÇ Ýöí ØõåúÑò áóãú íóãóÓøóåóÇ Ýöíåö¡ Ãóíú: áöÊóÓúÊóÞúÈöáú ÚöÏøóÊóåóÇ ãóÇ áóãú Êóßõäö ÇáØøóáúÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ Ãóæú ÈöÇáËøóáóÇËö Úóáóì ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ.
æóÞóÏú ÓõÆöáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Úóäö ÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÏö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáØøóáúÞóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍóíúÖóÉö ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÝóáúíõÑóÇÌöÚúåóÇ» ¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÏö ÈöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÑóÌúÚóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ØóáóÇÞò.
æóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÏóÞöíÞö ÇáúÚöíÏö ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÅöÍúßóÇãö ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö æóÛóíúÑöåö ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ÏóÇÚöíó Åöáóì ÓóÑúÏöåö¡ æóÍóÇÕöáõåõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÏö ÈöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö æóÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÇÈöÚöíäó.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóØóáøöÞõæåõäøó áöÚöÏøóÊöåöäøó Úóáóì ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÏö ÈöÇáØøóáóÇÞö ÓõäøöíøðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ÈöÏúÚöíøðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛúäó ÃóÌóáóåõäøó ÝóÃóãúÓößõæåõäøó ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò Ãóæú ÝóÇÑöÞõæåõäøó ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò.
ÙóÇåöÑõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöãúÓóÇßó ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛúäó ÃóÌóáóåõäøó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõäøó ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛúäó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúÍóÏøö ÎóÑóÌúäó ãöäó ÇáúÚöÏøóÉö æóÇäúÊóåóì æóÌúåõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÌóÚóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó åõäóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇÑóÈúäó ÃóÌóáóåõäøó æóáóãú íóÊóÌóÇæóÒúäóåõ Ãóæú íóÕöáúäó Åöáóíúåö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÞóÇÑóÈó ÇáÔøóíúÁó íõÚúØóì Íõßúãõåõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÝóÇÓúÊóÚöÐú ÈöÇááøóåö ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÇáÑøóÌöíãö [16 \ 98] .
æóãöËúáõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóì ÃóÍóÏõßõãõ ÇáúÎóáóÇÁó ÝóáúíóÞõáú: Çááøóåõãøó Åöäøöí ÃóÚõæÐõ Èößó ãöäó ÇáúÎõÈúËö æóÇáúÎóÈóÇÆöËö» ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäö Ãóæú ÃóËúäóÇÁóåõ áóÇ íóÍöÞøõ áóåõ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó Ðóáößó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇÑóÈó ÏõÎõæáóåõ¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó åõäóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÉõ ËóáóÇËðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóÍúËðÇ æóÇÝöíðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáØøóáóÇÞõ ãóÑøóÊóÇäö [2 \ 229] ¡ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ãóÒöíÏó Úóáóíúåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏúÑðÇ.
ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÅöÍúÕóÇÁö ÇáúÚöÏøóÉö¡ æóßóæúäö ÇáúÚöÏóÏö ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉó ÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚö ãöäú ÃóÞúÑóÇÁò Åöáóì ÃóÔúåõÑò Åöáóì æóÖúÚö ÇáúÍóãúáö¡ æóÇáúãõÚúÊóÏøóÇÊõ ãõÊóÝóÇæöÊóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÇÁö æóÃóãóÏö ÇáúÍóãúáö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáöåö Ãóæú æóÓóØöåö Ãóæú ÂÎöÑöåö¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÅöÍúÕóÇÆöåö áöãóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÍõÑúãóÉò æóÍöáøöíøóÉò¡ ÝóÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö åóÐóÇ æóÊóÍöáøõ(8/212)
áöÐóÇßó.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÒöãõæÇ ÚõÞúÏóÉó ÇáäøößóÇÍö ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÃóÌóáóåõ [2 \ 235] æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇÁö.
æóÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇÁõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ áöãõÞóÏøóÑò ãóÚúáõæãò¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏúÑðÇ¡ ãõÄóßøöÏñ áöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó Ýöíåö äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö ÃóíøðÇ ßóÇäó åõæó ÞóÏúÑðÇ áóÇ íóÊóÚóÏøóÇåõ áóÇ ÈöÒöíóÇÏóÉò æóáóÇ ÈöäóÞúÕò¡ æóáóÝúÙõ ÔóíúÁò ÃóÚóãøõ ÇáúÚõãõæãóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÚóÇãøóÉñ æóÎóÇÕøóÉñ¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò [54 \ 49] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÎóáóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ ÊóÞúÏöíÑðÇ [25 \ 2] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑò [13 \ 8] . æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÇáúÚóÇãøó æóÇáúÎóÇÕøó Þóæúáõåõ: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÎóÒóÇÆöäõåõ æóãóÇ äõäóÒøöáõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÚúáõæãò [15 \ 21] .
æóãöäó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Ýöí ãóÎúÕõæÕö Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÊóÌúÑöí áöãõÓúÊóÞóÑøò áóåóÇ Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ÞóÏøóÑúäóÇåõ ãóäóÇÒöáó ÍóÊøóì ÚóÇÏó ßóÇáúÚõÑúÌõæäö ÇáúÞóÏöíãö áóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÏúÑößó ÇáúÞóãóÑó æóáóÇ Çááøóíúáõ ÓóÇÈöÞõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóßõáøñ Ýöí Ýóáóßò íóÓúÈóÍõæäó [36 \ 38 - 40] .
ÅöäøóåóÇ ÞõÏúÑóÉñ ÈóÇåöÑóÉñ æóÍößúãóÉñ ÈóÇáöÛóÉñ¡ æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉñ ÞóÇåöÑóÉñ¡ æóÓõáúØóÉñ ÛóÇáöÈóÉñ¡ ÞõÏúÑóÉõ ãóäú ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö: Ãóäøó ÍöÓóÇÈó ãóÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÝúáóÇßö Ýöí ãóäóÇÒöáöåóÇ ÃóÏóÞøõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäú ãöÆóÇÊö ÃóÌúÒóÇÁö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ æóáóæö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö áóÇÎúÊóáøó äöÙóÇãõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãö æóáóãóÇ ÕóáõÍóÊú Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÍóíóÇÉñ¡ æóäóÍúäõ äõÔóÇåöÏõ ÍóÑóßóÉó Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóäõÞúÕóÇäóåõãóÇ æóÒöíóÇÏóÊóåõãóÇ æóÝõÕõæáó ÇáÓøóäóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ íõÞóÏøöÑõ Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó Úóáöãó Ãóäú áóäú ÊõÍúÕõæåõ [73 \ 20] .
æóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäõåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì íõÍúÕöíåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÞóÈúáó æóÈóÚúÏó æõÌõæÏöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÎóáóÞóåõ ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ [80 \ 18 - 19] ¡ Ãóíú: ÞóÏøóÑó ÎóáúÞóåõ æóÕõæÑóÊóåõ æóäóæúÚóåõ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: íóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÇáÐøõßõæÑó Ãóæú íõÒóæøöÌõåõãú ÐõßúÑóÇäðÇ æóÅöäóÇËðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÞóÏöíÑñ [42 \ 49 - 50] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö íóÑõÏøõ ÈöåóÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Úóáóì ãóäú ÌóÍóÏó æõÌõæÏó Çááøóåö æóßóÝóÑó ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö(8/213)
ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãõÓúÊóåóáøöåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ [80 \ 17 - 18] .
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉö ãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò¡ æóáóßöäú ÞóÏøóÑó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊóåóÇ æóÕõæÑóÊóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÕóÇÑóÊú ÎóáúÞðÇ ÓóæöíøðÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó áóåõ æóåõæó Ýöí ÈóØúäö Ãõãøöåö Úóíúäóíúäö¡ æóáöÓóÇäðÇ¡ æóÔóÝóÊóíúäö Ãóíú: æóÃóäúÝðÇ æóÃõÐõäóíúäö æóíóÏóíúäö æóÑöÌúáóíúäö æóßõáøó ÌöåóÇÒò Ýöíåö ÍóíøóÑó ÇáúÍõßóãóÇÁó Ýöí ÕõäúÚöåö æóäöÙóÇãöåö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÏøóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÑúÒóÇÞóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåö íóæúãó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ÂíóÉð Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóÚóÇÊóÈó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåö: Þõáú ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö æóÊóÌúÚóáõæäó áóåõ ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ Ðóáößó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåóÇ æóÈóÇÑóßó ÝöíåóÇ æóÞóÏøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇÊóåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò ÓóæóÇÁð áöáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó [41 \ 9 - 10] .
æóÈóÚúÏó æõÌõæÏö Çáúßóæúäö æóÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÞóÏøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúãóØóÑö: ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöáóì ØóÚóÇãöåö ÃóäøóÇ ÕóÈóÈúäóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÕóÈøðÇ Ëõãøó ÔóÞóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÔóÞøðÇ ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÈøðÇ æóÚöäóÈðÇ [41 \ 24 - 28] .
Ëõãøó Åöäøó ÕóÈøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁö ßóÇäó ÈöÞóÏóÑò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÈöÞóÏóÑò [23 \ 18] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóßöäú íõäóÒøöáõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ Åöäøóåõ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈóÕöíÑñ [42 \ 27] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íõÕúáöÍõåõãú æóáóæú ÒóÇÏóåõ áóÝóÓóÏó ÍóÇáõåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ: æóáóæú ÈóÓóØó Çááøóåõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö áóÈóÛóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóßöäú íõäóÒøöáõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ [24 \ 27] ¡ æóÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÕúáóÍóÊöåöãú íõäóÒøöáõ áóåõãú ÃóÑúÒóÇÞóåõãú.
ßóãóÇ äóÈøóåó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóíóØúÛóì Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì [96 \ 6 - 7] .
åóÐöåö áóãúÍóÉñ Úóäú ÍößúãóÉö ÊóÞúÏöíÑö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóÑó ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁó ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåóÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóÑó ÝóåóÏóì [87 \ 3] .
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÞóáóãö æóßöÊóÇÈóÉö ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåö ÈöÒóãóÇäöåö æóãóßóÇäöåö æóãöÞúÏóÇÑöåö¡ Åöäøó ÂíóÉó ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö æóÈóíóÇäó ÇáúÚóÌúÒö ÞõÏúÑóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö æóÚóÌúÒõ ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÊóÃúÎöÑõæäó ÓóÇÚóÉð æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÞúÏöãõæäó [7 \ 34] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íõÚóãøóÑõ ãöäú ãõÚóãøóÑò æóáóÇ íõäúÞóÕõ ãöäú ÚõãõÑöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò [35 \ 11] Ãóíú:(8/214)
ÃóÓúßöäõæåõäøó ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÓóßóäúÊõãú ãöäú æõÌúÏößõãú æóáóÇ ÊõÖóÇÑøõæåõäøó áöÊõÖóíøöÞõæÇ Úóáóíúåöäøó æóÅöäú ßõäøó ÃõæáóÇÊö Íóãúáò ÝóÃóäúÝöÞõæÇ Úóáóíúåöäøó ÍóÊøóì íóÖóÚúäó Íóãúáóåõäøó ÝóÅöäú ÃóÑúÖóÚúäó áóßõãú ÝóÂÊõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó æóÃúÊóãöÑõæÇ Èóíúäóßõãú ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò æóÅöäú ÊóÚóÇÓóÑúÊõãú ÝóÓóÊõÑúÖöÚõ áóåõ ÃõÎúÑóì (6)
áóÇ íóÊóÚóÏøóÇåõ æóáóÇ íóÊóÎóØøóÇåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÍóÏøóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóæúáóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáúÍõáúÞõæãó æóÃóäúÊõãú ÍöíäóÆöÐò ÊóäúÙõÑõæäó æóäóÍúäõ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäúßõãú æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó ÝóáóæúáóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÛóíúÑó ãóÏöíäöíäó ÊóÑúÌöÚõæäóåóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [56 \ 83 \ - 87] ßóáøóÇ Åöäøóåõãú ãóÏöíäõæäó æóáóäú íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæÇ ÅöÑúÌóÇÚóåóÇ.
æóåõäóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áöáÏøóåúÑöíøöíäó æóÇáÔøõíõæÚöíøöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÚúÊóÑöÝõæäó ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÝóÇÚöáò ãõÎúÊóÇÑò æóÚóÒöíÒò ÞóåøóÇÑò¡ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ Çáúßóæúäó ÈöÊóÞúÏöíÑóÇÊöåö æóäõÙõãöåö áóÂíóÉñ ÔóÇåöÏóÉñ æóÈóíøöäóÉñ ÚóÇÏöáóÉñ Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö ãóáóßõæÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [36 \ 83] .
ßóãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóíúÖðÇ Åöäøó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ äóÇÝöÐñ¡ æóãóÇ ÞõÏøöÑó áöáúÚóÈúÏö ÂÊöíåö¡ æóãóÇ áóãú íõÞóÏøóÑú áóåõ áóäú íóÕöáó Åöáóíúåö¡ ØõæöíóÊö ÇáÕøõÍõÝõ æóÌóÝøóÊö ÇáúÃóÞúáóÇãõ: áóÇ ÊóÃúÓóæúÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÝóÇÊóßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÝúÑóÍõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãú [57 \ 23] .
æóíõÞóÇáõ ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì: ÇÚúãóáõæÇ ßõáøñ ãõíóÓøóÑñ áöãóÇ ÎõáöÞó áóåõ¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõæáóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÍúãóÇáö ÃóÌóáõåõäøó Ãóäú íóÖóÚúäó Íóãúáóåõäøó.
Ýöíåö ÅöØúáóÇÞñ áöæóÖúÚö ÇáúÍóãúáö Úóáóì Ãóíøö ÕöÝóÉò ßóÇäó åõæó¡ æóÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÕúÏõÞó ÈöæóÖúÚöåö ÍóíøðÇ Ãóæú ãóíøöÊðÇ¡ æóáóßöäö ÇÔúÊõÑöØó Ýöíåö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÞóÏú ÙóåóÑóÊú Ýöíåö ÎöáúÞóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö áóÇ ãõÖúÛóÉð æóáóÇ ÚóáóÞóÉð¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáúÃóÌóáö ÓóæóÇÁñ áöáúãõØóáøóÞóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúãõÊóæóÝøóì ÚóäúåóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ íóäúÞóÖöí ÃóÌóáõ ÇáúÍóæóÇãöáö ÈöæóÖúÚö ÇáúÍóãúáö. æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - æóåõäóÇ ãóÈúÍóËõ ÃóÞóáøö ÇáúÍóãúáö æóÃóßúËóÑöåö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ áöáÔøóíúÎö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ßõáøõ ÃõäúËóì ÇáúÂíóÉó (13 \ 8) .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ÃóÑúÖóÚúäó áóßõãú ÝóÂÊõæåõäøó ÃõÌõæÑóåõäøó æóÃúÊóãöÑõæÇ Èóíúäóßõãú ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò.
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÏøóÉó ÇáÑøóÖóÇÚö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúæóÇáöÏóÇÊõ íõÑúÖöÚúäó ÃóæúáóÇÏóåõäøó Íóæúáóíúäö ßóÇãöáóíúäö áöãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íõÊöãøó ÇáÑøóÖóÇÚóÉó [2 \ 233] .
æóÌóÚóáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÔúåõÑò ÒöíóÇÏóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÍóæúáóíúäö áöÊóãúÑöíäö ÇáØøöÝúáö Úóáóì ÇáúÝöØóÇãö¡ æóÐóáößó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íõÊöãøó ÇáÑøóÖóÇÚóÉó.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ Ãóãúßóäó ÝöØóÇãõ ÇáØøöÝúáö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÈöÏõæäö ãóÖóÑøóÉò Úóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúæóÇáöÏö ÅöíÊóÇÁõ ÇáúÃõÌúÑóÉö Úóáóì ãõÏøóÉö ÇáÑøóÖóÇÚö Åöáóì ÇáúÝöØóÇãö ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãõÏøóÉó ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉó ßóãóÇ åõäóÇ Ãóæö ÇáúÝöÚúáöíøóÉó ÞóÈúáóåóÇ. æóáóíúÓó(8/215)
æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚóÊóÊú Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóÑõÓõáöåö ÝóÍóÇÓóÈúäóÇåóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ æóÚóÐøóÈúäóÇåóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ äõßúÑðÇ (8)
ãõáúÒóãðÇ ÈöãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Úóáóì ÇáúÍóæúáóíúäö Ýöí äóÕøö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóÇáöÇÆúÊöãóÇÑõ ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó áöáúÚõÑúÝö ÏóÎúáðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ åõæó ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÕóÑöíÍñ ÈöÃóäú áóÇ íõÖóÇÑøó ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÈöæóáóÏöåö æóÃóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáúãõÝóÇåóãóÉõ Èóíúäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÉö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÑøóÖóÇÚö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö ãóÈúäóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáÊøóÓóÇãõÍö æóÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö æóÝóÇÁð áöÍóÞøö ÇáúÚöÔúÑóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóäúÓóæõÇ ÇáúÝóÖúáó Èóíúäóßõãú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚóÊóÊú Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÐóßóÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÅöãúáóÇÁö Ãóäøó ßóÃóíøöäú ÈöãóÚúäóì ßóãú Ýóåöíó ÅöÎúÈóÇÑñ ÈöÚóÏóÏò ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÅöÚúÑóÇÈóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ßóËöíÑñ ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚóÊóÊú Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ Ãóíú: ÊóßóÈøóÑóÊú æóØóÛóÊú æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ áöáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÇáúÃóãúËöáóÉö æóÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåóÇ [22 \ 45] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» .
æóãöãøóÇ ÞóÏøóãóåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - æóãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú áóãøóÇ ÙóáóãõæÇ [18 \ 59] ¡ ÈóíóÇäñ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøöÆóÇÓóÉö æóÑöÌóÇáö ÇáÓøöíóÇÓóÉö Ãóäøó åóáóÇßó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÝóÓóÇÏö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóÃóäøó Ãóãúäó ÇáúÞõÑóì æóØõãóÃúäöíäóÉó ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ÈöÇáúÍöÝóÇÙö Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíäö.
æóãöäú åõäóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö¡ æóÇáäøóåúíõ Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö Ýöí ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö áöáúÍöÝóÇÙö Úóáóì Ïöíäöåöãú æóÓóáóÇãóÉö ÏõäúíóÇåõãú¡ ÝóÍóãøóáó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ ãõåöãøóÊóåõ áöáúÃõãøóÉö ßõáøöåóÇ ßõáøñ ÈöÍóÓóÈöåö ÈöÇáúíóÏö Ãóæú ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö Ãóæö ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ ÃóÖúÚóÝõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóãóÚó ÖóÚúÝöåö ÝóÝöíåö ÇáúÅöÈúÞóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÏóæóÇãö ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇÓö ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö Åöáóì Ãóäú íóÞúÏöÑó åõæó Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõåõ Úóáóì ÊóÛúíöíÑöåö.
ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãó ÈöÈóíóÇäö ÍóÇáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ãóßøóäóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöäóÕúÑöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó Åöäú ãóßøóäøóÇåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊóæõÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÃóãóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóäóåóæúÇ Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóáöáøóåö ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑö [22 \ 41] .
Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÃõãóãó ÇáøóÊöí ßóÐøóÈóÊú æóÚóÊóÊú ãöäú Þóæúãö äõæÍò æóÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó æóáõæØò æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ãóÏúíóäó.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÝóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåóÇ æóåöíó ÙóÇáöãóÉñ Ýóåöíó ÎóÇæöíóÉñ Úóáóì ÚõÑõæÔöåóÇ æóÈöÆúÑò ãõÚóØøóáóÉò æóÞóÕúÑò ãóÔöíÏò [22 \ 45] .(8/216)
Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöËúáóåõäøó íóÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Èóíúäóåõäøó áöÊóÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏú ÃóÍóÇØó Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÚöáúãðÇ (12)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöËúáóåõäøó.
ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóÈúÚñ ØöÈóÇÞñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò ØöÈóÇÞðÇ [67 \ 3] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö Ãóäøó ãóÇ Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò æóÓóãóÇÁò ãóÓöíÑóÉõ ÎóãúÓöãöÇÆóÉö ÚóÇãò¡ æóÌóÇÁó áóÝúÙõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãõÝúÑóÏðÇ æóÌóãúÚðÇ¡ ÝóÇáúãõÝúÑóÏõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóãóÇ ÈóäóÇåóÇ [91 \ 5] . æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð [2 \ 22] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ Ýóáóãú íóÃúÊö áóÝúÙõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãõÝúÑóÏðÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÃúÊö ÊóÝúÕöíáõåóÇ ßóÊóÝúÕöíáö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÓóÈúÚðÇ ØöÈóÇÞðÇ¡ ÝóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãöËúáöíøóÉö ÝóÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöËúáöíøóÉñ ÊóÇãøóÉñ ÚóÏóÏðÇ æóØöÈóÇÞðÇ æóÎóáúÞðÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÚóÏóÏðÇ æóÃóÞóÇáöíãó íóÝúÕöáõåóÇ ÇáúÈöÍóÇÑõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÚóÏóÏðÇ ØöÈóÇÞðÇ ãõÊóÑóÇßöãóÉð ßóØóÈóÞóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÕóáóÉö ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóáóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÇáúãõÞóÏøöãóÉö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóæúÌõåö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõæÌóÏú Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóæõÌöÏó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÈóíøóäõ ÈöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ æóÍúíñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÓóÈúÚõ ÃóÑóÖöíäó ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «ãóäö ÇÛúÊóÕóÈó ÃóÑúÖðÇ Ãóæú ãóäú ÃóÎóÐó ÔöÈúÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ØõæøöÞóåõ ãöäú ÓóÈúÚö ÃóÑóÖöíäó» ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ãõæÓóì áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó: «íóÇ ÑóÈøö Úóáøöãúäöí ÔóíúÆðÇ ÃóÏúÚõæßó Èöåö ÝóÞóÇáó: Þõáú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÈøö ßõáøõ ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÞõæáõæäó Ðóáößó¡ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ãõæÓóì¡ áóæú Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÈúÚó æóÚóÇãöÑóåõäøó ÛóíúÑöí æóÇáúÃóÑóÖöíäó ÇáÓøóÈúÚó Ýöí ßöÝøóÉò æóáóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÝøóÉò áóãóÇáóÊú Èöåöäøó áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ ÃóËúÈóÊóÊú Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑóÖöíäó ÓóÈúÚñ¡ æóáóãú íóÃúÊö ÊóÝúÕöíáñ áöáúßóíúÝöíøóÉö æóáóÇ áöáúåóíúÆóÉö ÝóËóÈóÊó ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÇáúÚóÏóÏõ æóáóãú íóËúÈõÊú ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ ÝóäõËúÈöÊõåõ æóäóßöáõ ÛóíúÑóåõ áöÚöáúãö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ËõÈõæÊó ÇáúÚóÏóÏö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö Ãóäøó ãöËúáöíøóÉó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö áöáÓøóãóÇÁö áóãú ÊõÐúßóÑú ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÐößúÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãõÌúãóáóÉð ãóÚó ÐößúÑö ÇáúÚóÏóÏö æóáóãú íõÐúßóÑú ÚöäúÏó ÊóÝúÕöíáöåóÇ ÈöØöÈóÇÞò ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãöäó ÇáúãöËúáöíøóÉö ÇáúÚóÏóÏõ¡ æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÊóäóÇÝóì ãóÚó ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇááøóÝúÙö ; áöÃóäøó ÌóãúÚóåõ ÔóÇÐøñ.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò:
æóÃóÑóÖõæäó ÔóÐøó æóÇáÓøõäõæäó(8/217)
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöáóì Ãóäøó åõäóÇßó ãöäú ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇ áóãú íóÚúáóãúåõ ÇáúÎóáúÞõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÎóáúÞó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú [18 \ 51] ¡ æóåõãú áóÇ íóÒóÇáõæäó ÚóÇÌöÒöíäó Úóäú ßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÎóáúÞö ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÝúÕöíáóÇÊò ÌõÒúÆöíøóÉð¡ æóÇáúãõåöãøõ ãöäó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö æóÇáúÛóÑóÖö ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøö¡ ÊóäúÈöíåõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö Úóáóì ÚöÙóãö ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöÊóÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏú ÃóÍóÇØó Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÚöáúãðÇ [65 \ 12] .(8/218)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó ÊóÈúÊóÛöí ãóÑúÖóÇÊó ÃóÒúæóÇÌößó æóÇááøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ÚóáóÇÞóÉö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÈöÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóåõ Èóíúäó ßóæúäöåö ÇáúÚóÓóáó Ãóæú åõæó ãóÇÑöíóÉõ ÌóÇÑöíóÊõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍöåö Úóäö ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Íõßúãöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó ÊóÈúÊóÛöí ãóÑúÖóÇÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌößó [66 \ 1] ¡ ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöíåö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚöÊóÇÈö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøóåõ íóÒøóßøóì [80 \ 1 - 3] .
æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ áóåõ ÚóáóÇÞóÉñ ÈöÇáúÌóÇäöÈö ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøö ÓóæóÇÁñ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁõ ãóÑúÖóÇÉö ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö¡ Ãóæö ÇÓúÊöÑúÖóÇÁõ ÕóäóÇÏöíÏö ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøó áóÇ ãóÏúÎóáó áöáúÃóÛúÑóÇÖö ÇáÔøóÎúÕöíøóÉö Ýöíåö.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ äóÃúÎõÐõ ÈöÞöíóÇÓö ÇáúÚóßúÓö ÏóáöíáðÇ æóÇÖöÍðÇ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö Þóæúáö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó: Åöäøó ÅöÚúãóÇÑóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ãöäó ÇáÊøóäúÚöíãö ßóÇäó ÊóØúíöíÈðÇ áöÎóÇØöÑöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ áöÃóÍóÏò ÛóíúÑóåóÇ.
æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö åõæó Ãóäøó ãóäú áóíúÓó áóåõ ÍóÞøñ Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ãóÑúÖóÇÉö ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö áóÇ íóÍöáøõ áóåõ ÅöÍúáóÇáõ æóÊóÌúæöíÒõ ãóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ãóÑúÖóÇÊöåöäøó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑñ Èóíøöäñ¡ æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÍöáøóÉõ Çáúíóãöíäö æóßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÇáúÍóäúËö æóÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõåõ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõÄóÇÎöÐõßõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÇááøóÛúæö Ýöí ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú [2 \ 225] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö åõäóÇ¡ æóäóæúÚõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóåóáú ßóÝøóÑó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú Ðóáößó Ãóãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÛóÝóÑó áóåõ Ýóáóãú íóÍúÊóÌú áöÊóßúÝöíÑò¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÅöãúáóÇÁö ÚöäúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.(8/219)
Åöäú ÊóÊõæÈóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÛóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãóÇ æóÅöäú ÊóÙóÇåóÑóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ãóæúáóÇåõ æóÌöÈúÑöíáõ æóÕóÇáöÍõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÙóåöíÑñ (4)
æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» : æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßõãõ ÇááøóÇÆöí ÊõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäúåõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú [33 \ 4] ¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö äóÍúæõ ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÞóæúáðÇ¡ æóÑóÌøóÍó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó ÙöåóÇÑñ áöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáøóÐöí íóáöíåö Ãóäøóåõ íóãöíäñ¡ æóäóÇÞóÔó ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåóÇ åõäóÇßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊóÊõæÈóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÛóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãóÇ.
ÃõØúáöÞóÊö ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉõ åõäóÇ æóÞõíøöÏóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóæúÈóÉñ äóÕõæÍñ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóæúÈóÉð äóÕõæÍðÇ [66 \ 8] .
æóÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö ÇáäøóÕõæÍö æóÔõÑõæØõåóÇ æóÂËóÇÑõåóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó [24 \ 31] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÛóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãóÇ. ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: (ÕóÛóÊú) : ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÇáóÊú æóÑóÖöíóÊú æóÃóÍóÈøóÊú ãóÇ ßóÑöåó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÇáó: (æóÞõáõæÈõßõãóÇ) ÌóãúÚñ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ áöÇËúäóÊóíúäö åõãóÇ ÍóÝúÕóÉõ æóÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÚúáõæãñ æóÇáúÌóãúÚó ÃóÎóÝøõ ãöäó ÇáúãõËóäøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÃõÖöíÝó. æóÞöíáó åõæó ãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊõÏöáøó Èöåö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÃóÞóáøó ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÇËúäóíúäö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóåõ ÅöÎúæóÉñ [4 \ 11] .
æóÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóÑúØö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊóÊõæÈóÇ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ¡ ÝóÐóáößó æóÇÌöÈñ ÚóáóíúßõãóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÞõáõæÈóßõãóÇ ãóÇáóÊú Åöáóì ãóÇ áóÇ íõÍöÈøõåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏøóÑóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÈöÐóáößó ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú æóãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ ãõÊóÞóÇÑöÈñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóÙóÇåóÑóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ãóæúáóÇåõ æóÌöÈúÑöíáõ æóÕóÇáöÍõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÙóåöíÑñ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÇáúæóÞúÝõ Úóáóì (ãóæúáóÇåõ) ¡ æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ ÎóÇÕøóÉð ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóíóßõæäõ (ÌöÈúÑöíáõ) ãõÈúÊóÏóÃð æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÚõØöÝó Úóáóíúåö¡ (æóÙóåöíÑñ) ÎóÈóÑñ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö íóßõæäõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ ÐõßöÑó ãóÑøóÊóíúäö ÈöÇáúÎõÕõæÕö ÃóæøóáðÇ æóÈöÇáúÚõãõæãö ËóÇäöíðÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúæóÞúÝõ Úóáóì (ÌöÈúÑöíáó) ãóÚúØõæÝðÇ Úóáóì áóÝúÙö ÇáúÌóáóÇáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúæöáóÇíóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÇÈúÊõÏöÆó ÈöÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÚõØöÝó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåöãú ÌöÈúÑöíáõ ÖöãúäðÇ. ÇåÜ.(8/220)
ÚóÓóì ÑóÈøõåõ Åöäú ØóáøóÞóßõäøó Ãóäú íõÈúÏöáóåõ ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúßõäøó ãõÓúáöãóÇÊò ãõÄúãöäóÇÊò ÞóÇäöÊóÇÊò ÊóÇÆöÈóÇÊò ÚóÇÈöÏóÇÊò ÓóÇÆöÍóÇÊò ËóíøöÈóÇÊò æóÃóÈúßóÇÑðÇ (5)
ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúæóÞúÝö ÇáúÃóæøóáö íóßõæäõ ÏóÑúÌõ ÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Èóíúäó ÌöÈúÑöíáó æóÈóíúäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ Úóáóì Úõáõæøö ãóäúÒöáóÉö ÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÈóíóÇäö ãóäúÒöáóÊöåöãú ãöäú Úõãõæãö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÌöÈúÑöíáó¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúæóÞúÝö ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöíåö ÚöØúÝõ ÌöÈúÑöíáó Úóáóì áóÝúÙö ÇáúÌóáóÇáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉö ÈöÇáúæóÇæö¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöíåö ãóÇ íõæåöãõ ÇáÊøóÚóÇÑõÖó ãóÚó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí Ëõãøó ÅöÐú ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÚóØúÝö åõæó ÇáúæöáóÇíóÉõ¡ æóåöíó ÞóÏúÑñ ãõãúßöäñ ãöäó ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóíøóÏóßó ÈöäóÕúÑöåö æóÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [8 \ 62] áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÕúÑó íóßõæäõ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóíóßõæäõ ãöäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÃóÎúÐö ÈöÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö: ÅöáøóÇ ÊóäúÕõÑõæåõ ÝóÞóÏú äóÕóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ [9 \ 40] .
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóäúÕõÑõæäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ [59 \ 8] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóäú ÃóäúÕóÇÑöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö [3 \ 52] ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäó Ýöí ãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉö ÍöíäóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøõ: ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ æóÔöÆúÊó. ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃóÌóÚóáúÊóäöí áöáøóåö äöÏøðÇ¿ Þõáú ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ» ; áöÃóäøó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉö áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [81 \ 29] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: Èóáú áöáøóåö ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ [13 \ 31] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: áöáøóåö ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóãöäú ÈóÚúÏõ [30 \ 4] .
æóãöäó ÇááøóØóÇÆöÝö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóÙóÇåóÑóÇ Úóáóíúåö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõåõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÊóÙóÇåöÑóÊóíúäö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇãúÑóÃóÊóÇäö ÝóÞóØú ÊóÂãóÑóÊóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÝöíãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúãõæóÇáöíäó áóåõ ÖöÏøóåõãóÇ ßõáøó ãóäú ÐõßöÑó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö. ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ãóæúáóÇåõ æóÌöÈúÑöíáõ æóÕóÇáöÍõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚöÙóãö ßóíúÏöåöäøó æóÖóÚúÝö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ÃóãóÇãóåõäøó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ßóíúÏóßõäøó ÚóÙöíãñ [12 \ 28] ¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ßóíúÏö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö: Åöäøó ßóíúÏó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ßóÇäó ÖóÚöíÝðÇ [4 \ 76] .
æóÞóÏú ÚóÈøóÑó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÚúÙóãó ÇáúÅöáóåõ ßóíúÏóåõäøóåú ... ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóäøóåõäøó åõäøó åõäøóåú
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÓóì ÑóÈøõåõ Åöäú ØóáøóÞóßõäøó Ãóäú íõÈúÏöáóåõ ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúßõäøó ãõÓúáöãóÇÊò ãõÄúãöäóÇÊò ÞóÇäöÊóÇÊò ÊóÇÆöÈóÇÊò ÚóÇÈöÏóÇÊò ÓóÇÆöÍóÇÊò ËóíøöÈóÇÊò æóÃóÈúßóÇÑðÇ.
Ýöíåö ÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóíúÑöíøóÉó ÇáøóÊöí íóÎúÊóÇÑõåóÇ Çááøóåõ áöÑóÓõæáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö åöíó Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÍö.(8/221)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúÊóÐöÑõæÇ Çáúíóæúãó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõÌúÒóæúäó ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó (7)
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ «ÝóÚóáóíúßó ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÏøöíäö ÊóÑöÈóÊú íóãöíäõßó» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÃóãóÉñ ãõÄúãöäóÉñ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ãõÔúÑößóÉò æóáóæú ÃóÚúÌóÈóÊúßõãú [2 \ 221] .
æóÝöí ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáËøóíøöÈóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÈúßóÇÑö åõäóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÊøóÎúíöíÑö ãóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóæúáóæöíøóÊöåöäøó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó: «åóáøóÇ ÈößúÑðÇ ÊõÏóÇÚöÈõßó æóÊõÏóÇÚöÈõåóÇ» ¡ æóäöÓóÇÁõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áóãú íóØúãöËúåõäøó ÅöäúÓñ ÞóÈúáóåõãú æóáóÇ ÌóÇäøñ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÃóæúáóæöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÈúßóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ áöáÊøóäúæöíÚö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáËøóíøöÈóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÃóÈúßóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ßóãóÑúíóãó ÇÈúäóÉö ÚöãúÑóÇäó¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ãóÞóÇãö ÇáöÇäúÊöÕóÇÑö áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÊóäúÈöíåöåöäøó áöãóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöãóÞóÇãöåö ÚöäúÏóåõäøó ÐóßóÑó ãöäó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÇáöíóÉö ÏöíäðÇ æóÎõáõÞðÇ¡ æóÞóÏøóãó ÇáËøóíøöÈóÇÊö ; áöíõÈóíøöäó Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóíúÑöíøóÉó Ýöíåöäøó ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúÚöÔúÑóÉö æóãóÍóÇÓöäö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÓóì ÑóÈøõåõ Åöäú ØóáøóÞóßõäøó¡ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åóáú ØóáøóÞóåõäøó¡ Ãóãú áóÇ¿ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÚóÓóì ãöäó Çááøóåö áöáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ áóãú íóÞóÚú ØóáóÇÞõåõäøó ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» ¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎóíøóÑóåõäøó Èóíúäó Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÒöíäóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÇÎúÊóÑúäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ æóÇáÏøóÇÑó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó Ýóáóãú íõØóáøöÞúåõäøó¡ æóáóãú íõÈúÏöáúåõ ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåõäøó.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó æóÅöÎúáóÇáó ÇáÒøóæóÇÌö Åöáóíúåö æóÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏóåõäøó Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÍúáóáúäóÇ áóßó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 50] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÊõÑúÌöí ãóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ ãöäúåõäøó [33 \ 51] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: áóÇ íóÍöáøõ áóßó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏõ æóáóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÈóÏøóáó Èöåöäøó ãöäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌò æóáóæú ÃóÚúÌóÈóßó ÍõÓúäõåõäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 52] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÇáäøóÇÓöÎó ãöäó ÇáúãóäúÓõæÎö Ýöí Ðóáößó Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúÊóÐöÑõæÇ Çáúíóæúãó.
áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ äóæúÚó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÐóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöí äõåõæÇ Úóäúåõ æóáóÇ ÓóÈóÈó Çáäøóåúíö Úóäúåõ áöãóÇÐóÇ¿ æóáóÇ Òóãóäóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì äóæúÚó ÇÚúÊöÐóÇÑöåöãú Ýöí ãöËúáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÇÑóßõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÞóÇáóÊú ÃõÎúÑóÇåõãú áöÃõæáóÇåõãú ÑóÈøóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÃóÖóáøõæäóÇ ÝóÂÊöåöãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÖöÚúÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö [7 \ 38] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó áóãú Êóßõäú ÝöÊúäóÊõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÇááøóåö ÑóÈøöäóÇ ãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇäúÙõÑú ßóíúÝó ßóÐóÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú [6 \ 23] .(8/222)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÌóÇåöÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÇÛúáõÙú Úóáóíúåöãú æóãóÃúæóÇåõãú Ìóåóäøóãõ æóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ (9)
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐú æõÞöÝõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇáóíúÊóäóÇ äõÑóÏøõ æóáóÇ äõßóÐøöÈó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöäóÇ æóäóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [6 \ 27] ÝóåóÐóÇ ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáöÇÚúÊöÐóÇÑö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõãú äõåõæÇ Úóäúåõ æóÐóáößó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöÐú æõÞöÝõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇáóíúÊóäóÇ äõÑóÏøõ¡ Ãóíú: Åöáóì ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóÞóÏú äõåõæÇ Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÐóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóíóæúãóÆöÐò áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ãóÚúÐöÑóÊõåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íõÓúÊóÚúÊóÈõæäó [30 \ 57] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ãóÚúÐöÑóÊõåõãú æóáóåõãõ ÇááøóÚúäóÉõ æóáóåõãú ÓõæÁõ ÇáÏøóÇÑö [40 \ 52] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóæúÈóÉð äóÕõæÍðÇ.
ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉõ Úóáóì ßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö¡ æóÔõÑõæØö ßóæúäöåóÇ äóÕõæÍðÇ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ [24 \ 31] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: äõæÑõåõãú íóÓúÚóì Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÈöÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáäøõæÑö æóÍóÇáóÊöåöãú Êöáúßó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö íóÓúÚóì äõæÑõåõãú Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÈöÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú [57 \ 12] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÌóÇåöÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÇÛúáõÙú Úóáóíúåöãú.
Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÞöÊóÇáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÇáúÛöáúÙóÉö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇÊóáó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó¡ æóáóãú íõÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇÊóáó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÞöÊóÇáóåõ áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÝóãóÇ äóæøóÚó ÞöÊóÇáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÈóíøóäóåõ¿ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÇåöÏúåõãú Èöåö ÌöåóÇÏðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [25 \ 52] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöÞóæúáöåö ÞóÈúáóåõ: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇåõ Èóíúäóåõãú áöíóÐøóßøóÑõæÇ ÝóÃóÈóì ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöáøóÇ ßõÝõæÑðÇ æóáóæú ÔöÆúäóÇ áóÈóÚóËúäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÞóÑúíóÉò äóÐöíÑðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊõØöÚö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÌóÇåöÏúåõãú Èöåö ÌöåóÇÏðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [25 \ 50] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ßóÇÝöÑõæäó¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÌöåóÇÏõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö æóãóÚó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.(8/223)
ÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ãóËóáðÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÊó äõæÍò æóÇãúÑóÃóÊó áõæØò ßóÇäóÊóÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÚóÈúÏóíúäö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÕóÇáöÍóíúäö ÝóÎóÇäóÊóÇåõãóÇ Ýóáóãú íõÛúäöíóÇ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÞöíáó ÇÏúÎõáóÇ ÇáäøóÇÑó ãóÚó ÇáÏøóÇÎöáöíäó (10)
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÞóÊúáöåöãú ; áöÆóáøóÇ íóÊóÍóÏøóËó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ íóÞúÊõáõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈóåõ¡ æóáóßöäú ßóÇäó ÌöåóÇÏõåõãú ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áóÇ íóÞöáøõ ÔöÏøóÉð Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóíúÝö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí ÎóæúÝò æóÐõÚúÑò íóÍúÓóÈõæäó ßõáøó ÕóíúÍóÉò Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ÞõáõæÈõåõãú ÎóÇæöíóÉð ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÎõÔõÈñ ãõÓóäøóÏóÉñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÔóÏøõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáúãõáóÇÞóÇÉö ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ãóËóáðÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÉó äõæÍò æóÇãúÑóÃóÉó áõæØò ßóÇäóÊóÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÚóÈúÏóíúäö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÕóÇáöÍóíúäö ÝóÎóÇäóÊóÇåõãóÇ Ýóáóãú íõÛúäöíóÇ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ.
ÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó åõäóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöíóÇäóÉó áóíúÓóÊú ÒóæúÌöíøóÉð.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: äöÓóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ãóÚúÕõæãóÇÊñ¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ ÎöíóÇäóÉñ ÏöíäöíøóÉñ ÈöÚóÏóãö ÅöÓúáóÇãöåöäøó æóÅöÎúÈóÇÑö ÃóÞúæóÇãöåöäøó Èöãóäú íõÄúãöäøó ãóÚó ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöäøó. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú íõÓúÊóÃúäóÓõ áöÞóæúáö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò åóÐóÇ ÈöÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáÊøóÒóæøõÌö ãöäú äöÓóÇÁö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóÇáÊøóÚúáöíáõ áóåõ ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó íõÄúÐöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ãóäú ÊõÄúÐõæÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö æóáóÇ Ãóäú ÊóäúßöÍõæÇ ÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ Åöäøó Ðóáößõãú ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÚóÙöíãðÇ [33 \ 53] .
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÊóÓóÇÄõáõåõäøó ÈöÏõæäö ÍöÌóÇÈò íõÄúÐöíåö¡ æóÇáÒøóæóÇÌõ Èöåöäøó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÚóÙöíãñ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÛóíúÑõ ÇáÊøóÓóÇÄõáö æóÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáÒøóæóÇÌö¿ Åöäøó ãóßóÇäóÉó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóáóãú íõÛúäöíóÇ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ Ýöíåö ÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóáóÇÞóÉó ÇáÒøóæúÌöíøóÉó áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÚó ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÇ åõæó Ãóåóãøõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÇÊö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ãóÇáñ æóáóÇ Èóäõæäó [26 \ 88] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó íóÝöÑøõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãöäú ÃóÎöíåö æóÃõãøöåö æóÃóÈöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [80 \ 34 - 35] .
æóÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÊóíúäö ãóËóáðÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ æóåõæó ÔóÇãöáñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÞóÇÑöÈö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ãõÍóÇÖóÑóÉò áóåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöØúÑóÇÏó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÞöÕøóÉó åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÊóíúäö¡ æóÞöÕøóÉó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãóÚó ÃóÈöíåö æóäõæÍò ãóÚó æóáóÏöåö¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóßúãóáó ÌöåóÇÊö ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÇÊö ÒóæúÌóÉò ãóÚó ÒóæúÌöåóÇ¡ æóæóáóÏò ãóÚó æóÇáöÏöåö¡ æóæóÇáöÏò ãóÚó æóáóÏöåö. æóÐóßóÑó ÍóÏöíËó. «íóÇ ÝóÇØöãóÉõ ÇÚúãóáöí ; ÝóÅöäøöí áóÇ ÃõÛúäöí Úóäúßö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ» .
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: áöíóÚúáóãö ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ Ãóäøó ÃóÍóÏðÇ áóÇ íóãúáößõ äóÝúÚó ÃóÍóÏò íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÞóÑöíÈò(8/224)
æóãóÑúíóãó ÇÈúäóÊó ÚöãúÑóÇäó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÍúÕóäóÊú ÝóÑúÌóåóÇ ÝóäóÝóÎúäóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöäóÇ æóÕóÏøóÞóÊú ÈößóáöãóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóßõÊõÈöåö æóßóÇäóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇäöÊöíäó (12)
ÅöáøóÇ ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÈöãóÇ íõßúÑöãõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÈöÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚóÊúåõãú ÐõÑøöíøóÊõåõãú ÈöÅöíãóÇäò ÃóáúÍóÞúäóÇ Èöåöãú ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [52 \ 21] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ãóËóáðÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÉó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáóÊú ÑóÈøö ÇÈúäö áöí ÚöäúÏóßó ÈóíúÊðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóäóÌøöäöí ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÚóãóáöåö æóäóÌøöäöí ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó.
ÌóÇÁó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóËóáö ÈóíóÇäñ ãõÞóÇÈöáñ áöáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö æóÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝö áóåõ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó áóÇ ÊóÖõÑøõåõ ãõÚóÇÔóÑóÉõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõåõ ãõÚóÇÔóÑóÉõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóËóáö ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÅöãúáóÇÁö:
áóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóÇÑóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉõ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ýöí ØóáóÈöåóÇ ÍõÓúäó ÇáúÌöæóÇÑö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÏøóÇÑö. ÇåÜ.
Ãóíú: Ýöí ÞóæúáöåóÇ: ÇÈúäö áöí ÚöäúÏóßó ÈóíúÊðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [66 \ 11] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÑúíóãó ÇÈúäóÉó ÚöãúÑóÇäó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÍúÕóäóÊú ÝóÑúÌóåóÇ ÝóäóÝóÎúäóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöäóÇ.
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÑøõæÍö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÑõæÍóäóÇ ÝóÊóãóËøóáó áóåóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÓóæöíøðÇ [19 \ 17] ¡ æóåõæó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ.
ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: äóÒóáó Èöåö ÇáÑøõæÍõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ Ãóíú äóÒóáó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáóåõãú ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö æóãöäú ÑõæÍöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ¡ æóÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÏøö Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÑõæÍóäóÇ ÊóÚúÏöíóÉõ ÃóÑúÓóáó ÈöäóÝúÓöåö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõÑúÓöáó íõãúßöäõ ÅöÑúÓóÇáõåõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóåõæó ÝóÑúÞñ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇááøõÛóÉö¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ íõÑúÓöáõ äóÝúÓóåõ æóãóÇ íõÑúÓöáõ ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö ßóÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáúåóÏöíøóÉö¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö: ÃóÑúÓóáúÊõ Åöáóíúåö ÈößóÐóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøöí ãõÑúÓöáóÉñ Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöåóÏöíøóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 35] .
ÝóÇáúåóÏöíøóÉõ áóÇ ÊõÑúÓóáõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ æóãöËúáõåõ ÈóÚóËúÊõ¡ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÈóÚóËúÊõ ÇáúÈóÚöíÑó ãöäú ãóßóÇäöåö¡ æóÈóÚóËúÊõ ãóÈúÚõæËðÇ¡ æóÈóÚóËúÊõ ÈöÑöÓóÇáóÉò¡ ËóÇäöíðÇ Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóÊóãóËøóáó áóåóÇ áóÝúÙõ ÇáÑøõæÍö ãõÄóäøóËñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóæúáóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáúÍõáúÞõæãó æóÃóäúÊõãú ÍöíäóÆöÐò ÊóäúÙõÑõæäó [56 \ 83 - 84] ¡ ÃóäøóËó ÇáúÝöÚúáó Ýöí ÈóáóÛóÊú¡ æóåõäóÇ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ãõÐóßøóÑñ ÚóÇÆöÏñ áöÌöÈúÑöíáó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÊóãóËøóáó áóåóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÓóæöíøðÇ¡ æóáóæú Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÑõæÍö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóãúËöíáö.(8/225)
ËóÇáöËðÇ Þóæúáõåõ áóåóÇ: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ ÑóÈøößö [19 \ 19] æóÑóÓõæáõ ÑóÈøöåóÇ åõæó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóáóíúÓó ÑõæÍóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÑóÇÈöÚðÇ: Þóæúáõåõ: áöÃóåóÈó áóßö ÛõáóÇãðÇ ÒóßöíøðÇ [19 \ 19] ¡ æóáóãú íõÞóáú áöÃóåóÈó áóßö ÑõæÍðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö.
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö: Åöäøöí ÎóÇáöÞñ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöäú Øöíäò [38 \ 71] íóÚúäöí ÂÏóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÓóæøóíúÊõåõ æóäóÝóÎúÊõ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöí [15 \ 29] ¡ Ãóíú: äóÝóÎúÊõ Ýöíåö ÇáÑøõæÍó ÇáøóÊöí ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ: ÝóÞóÚõæÇ áóåõ ÓóÇÌöÏöíäó [15 \ 29] . Ýóáóæú Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõæÍó ãöäó Çááøóåö áóßóÇäó ÂÏóãõ Ãóæúáóì ãöäú ÚöíÓóì ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÐúßõÑú ÅöÑúÓóÇáó ÑóÓõæáò áóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ãóËóáó ÚöíÓóì ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ßóãóËóáö ÂÏóãó ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [3 \ 59] ¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - áóãøóÇ ÈóÔøóÑóÊúåóÇ Èöåö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ: ÞóÇáóÊú ÑóÈøö Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áöí æóáóÏñ æóáóãú íóãúÓóÓúäöí ÈóÔóÑñ ÞóÇáó ßóÐóáößö Çááøóåõ íóÎúáõÞõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÖóì ÃóãúÑðÇ ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [3 \ 47] ¡ Ýóßõáøñ ãöäú ÂÏóãó æóÚöíÓóì¡ ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõäú ÝóßóÇäó æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/226)
ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú æóÇááøóåõ ãóæúáóÇßõãú æóåõæó ÇáúÚóáöíãõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ (2)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ Çáúãõáúßö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÚúäóì ÊóÈóÇÑóßó¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝóåõãú Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ. æóÑóÌøóÍó Ãóäøóåõ ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö æóÇáöÇÔúÊöÞóÇÞö Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÝóÇÚõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÑóßóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÊóßóÇËóÑóÊö ÇáúÈóÑóßóÇÊõ æóÇáúÎóíúÑóÇÊõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÚóÙóãóÊóåõ æóÊóÞúÏöíÓóåõ. . ÅöáóÎú.
Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÊóÕúÑöíÝöåóÇ æóÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕöåóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ. Ãóíú: äõÝõæÐõ ÇáúãóÞúÏõæÑö Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò íóÊóÕóÑøóÝõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÈöãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ áóÇ ãõÚóÞøöÈó áöÍõßúãöåö. ÇåÜ.
æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãõ áöáúãóæúÕõæáö æóÕöáóÊöåö åõäóÇ ÈöÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö Èöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÙóãóÉö ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö ãóáóßõæÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [36 \ 83] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãó ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö æóåõæó ÇáÊøóäúÒöíåõ íõÓóÇæöí ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó¡ æóÇáúãóæúÕõæáõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ÈöÕöáóÊöåö ßóÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ÈóÚúÏó ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÕöáóÊöåö ÓóæóÇÁñ ÈöÓóæóÇÁò¡ æóåóÐóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö. æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó Çáúãóáößö æóÇáúãóÇáößö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ [59 \ 23] ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÊóÌúÊóãöÚõ ÇáÕøöÝóÊóÇäö¡ ÝóÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóãóáóßõæÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò åõæó ÇáúãóÇáößõ áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúãóæúÊó æóÇáúÍóíóÇÉó áöíóÈúáõæóßõãú Ãóíøõßõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöãóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõåóÇ ãöäú(8/227)
ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò ØöÈóÇÞðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÑóì Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ãöäú ÊóÝóÇæõÊò ÝóÇÑúÌöÚö ÇáúÈóÕóÑó åóáú ÊóÑóì ãöäú ÝõØõæÑò (3)
ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæäö [51 \ 56] ¡ æóÞóÈúáóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíóÈúáõæóßõãú Ãóíøõßõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ [11 \ 7] .
æóÞóÇáó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: ÌóÚóáó áöáúÚóÇáóãö ãóæúÊóÊóíúäö æóÅöÍúíóÇÁóÊóíúäö¡ æóÈóíøóäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóíúÝó ÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóßõäúÊõãú ÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ ÝóÃóÍúíóÇßõãú Ëõãøó íõãöíÊõßõãú Ëõãøó íõÍúíöíßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 28] .
æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóäú Ãóäøó ÇáúãóæúÊó ÃóãúÑñ æõÌõæÏöíøñ áóÇ ÚóÏóãöíøñ ßóãóÇ ÒóÚóãó ÇáúÝóáóÇÓöÝóÉõ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó ÚóÏóãöíøðÇ áóãóÇ ÊóÚóáøóÞó Èöåö ÇáúÎóáúÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãÇæóÇÊò ØöÈóÇÞÇð ãÇ ÊóÑóì Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ãöäú ÊóÝóÇæõÊò} [Çáãáß: 3] ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÐößúÑõ ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÈúÚö ÇáØøöÈóÇÞö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÍúæö Ïõæäó ÊóÝóÇæõÊò Ãóæú ÝõØõæÑò ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÎóáúÞó åóÐöåö ÇáÓøóÈúÚö ãöäú ßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ööãúäó ÊóäúÈöíåò ÚóÞóÏóåõ Ýöí ÃóæóÇÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö» .
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉö áóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóäúÙõÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóæúÞóåõãú ßóíúÝó ÈóäóíúäóÇåóÇ æóÒóíøóäøóÇåóÇ æóãóÇ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÝõÑõæÌò [50 \ 6] æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊöåö¡ ãöäú ãóÚúäóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö æóÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóÇáÏøöÞøóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøõäúÚö¡ æóÊóÏúÎõáõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÕõäúÚó Çááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÊúÞóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò [27 \ 88] . æóÅöÊúÞóÇäõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÈöÍóÓóÈöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõäóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúØóì ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáúÞóåõ Ëõãøó åóÏóì [20 \ 50] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ æóÈóÏóÃó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú Øöíäò [32 \ 7] . æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÇáõ áöáÓøóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÓóÊóäúÝóØöÑõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÝóØóÑóÊú [82 \ 1] : ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÔóÞøóÊú [84 \ 1] : æóíóæúãó ÊóÔóÞøóÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈöÇáúÛóãóÇãö [25 \ 25] æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÑúÌöÚö ÇáúÈóÕóÑó åóáú ÊóÑóì ãöäú ÝõØõæÑò.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÓóÞúÝðÇ ãóÍúÝõæÙðÇ(8/228)
Ëõãøó ÇÑúÌöÚö ÇáúÈóÕóÑó ßóÑøóÊóíúäö íóäúÞóáöÈú Åöáóíúßó ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ ÎóÇÓöÆðÇ æóåõæó ÍóÓöíÑñ (4) æóáóÞóÏú ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöãóÕóÇÈöíÍó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÑõÌõæãðÇ áöáÔøóíóÇØöíäö æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö (5)
[21 \ 32] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö.
æóÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóáóãú íóäúÙõÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóæúÞóåõãú [50 \ 6] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» æóáóÚóáøó ãóÌöÆó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈóÚúÏó: áöíóÈúáõæóßõãú Ãóíøõßõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ [67 \ 2] ÊóæúÌöíåñ Åöáóì ÍõÓúäö ÕõäúÚö Çááøóåö æóÅöÈúÏóÇÚöåö Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåö: ãóÇ ÊóÑóì Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ãöäú ÊóÝóÇæõÊò [67 \ 3] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöãóÕóÇÈöíÍó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÑõÌõæãðÇ áöáÔøóíóÇØöíäö æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÒöíäóÉö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈöÇáúãóÕóÇÈöíÍö¡ æóÌóÚúáöåóÇ ÑõÌõæãðÇ áöáÔøóíóÇØöíäö ÈóíóÇäðÇ ßóÇãöáðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈõÑõæÌðÇ æóÒóíøóäøóÇåóÇ áöáäøóÇÙöÑöíäó æóÍóÝöÙúäóÇåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúØóÇäò ÑóÌöíãò ÅöáøóÇ ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÑóÞó ÇáÓøóãúÚó ÝóÃóÊúÈóÚóåõ ÔöåóÇÈñ ãõÈöíäñ [15 \ 16 - 18] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú Öóãøöåö Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö åõäóÇßó ; áöÇÑúÊöÈóÇØö ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖò.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÝóÞóÏú ÙóåóÑóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúãõÎúÊóÑóÚóÇÊõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉõ¡ æóäóÇÏóì ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÙóÑöíøóÇÊö ÇáúÌóÏöíÏóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓõ íóäúÞóÓöãõæäó Åöáóì ÞöÓúãóíúäö: ÞöÓúãñ íõÈóÇÏöÑõ ÈöÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ æóÂÎóÑõ íõÓóÇÑöÚõ áöáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö¡ æóÞóÏú íóÓúÊóÏöáøõ ßõáøñ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ÈöäõÕõæÕò ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóæö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö. æóáóÚóáøó ãöäó ÇáúÃóæúáóì Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáäøóÙóÑöíøóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉó ÞöÓúãóÇäö: äóÙóÑöíøóÉñ ÊóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚó ÕóÑöíÍö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ãóÑúÏõæÏóÉñ ÈöáóÇ äöÒóÇÚò ßóäóÙóÑöíøóÉö ËõÈõæÊö ÇáÔøóãúÓö ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÊóÌúÑöí áöãõÓúÊóÞóÑøò áóåóÇ [36 \ 38] .
æóäóÙóÑöíøóÉñ áóÇ ÊóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚó äóÕøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóáóãú íóäõÕøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ãöäú æóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÑúÝõÖõåóÇ. ÝóÇáúÃóæúáóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóæúÞöÝõäóÇ ãóæúÞöÝó ÇáÊøóËóÈøõÊö æóáóÇ äõÈóÇÏöÑõ ÈöÍõßúãò ÞóÇØöÚò ÅöíÌóÇÈðÇ Ãóæú äóÝúíðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ÃóÎúÐðÇ ãöäú ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúåõÏúåõÏö æóÓóÈóÃò ãóÚó äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó áóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó íõÎúÈöÑõåõãú¡ æóßóÇäó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - áóãú íóÚúáóãú Úóäúåõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ Ýóáóãú íõßóÐøöÈö ÇáúÎóÈóÑó Èößóæúäöåö ãöäó ÇáúåõÏúåõÏö æóáóãú íõÕóÏøöÞúåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÚúáóãú Úóäúåõãú ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ æóÕóÝó ÍóÇáóåõãú æóÕúÝðÇ ÏóÞöíÞðÇ.
æóßóÇäó ãóæúÞöÝõåõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ãóæúÞöÝó ÇáÊøóËóÈøõÊö ãóÚó ãóÇ áóÏóíúåö ãöäú ÅöãúßóÇäöíøóÇÊö ÇáúßóÔúÝö æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ãöäó(8/229)
ÇáÑøöíÍö¡ æóÇáØøóíúÑö¡ æóÇáúÌöäøö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áöáúãõÎúÈöÑö æóåõæó ÇáúåõÏúåõÏõ: ÓóäóäúÙõÑõ¡ ÃóÕúÏóÞúÊó Ãóãú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÐöÈöíäó.
æóäóÍúäõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂæöäóÉö áóÓúäóÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ÅöãúßóÇäöíøóÇÊò ãöäú äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÂäóÐóÇßó¡ æóáóíúÓó ÇáúãõÎúÈöÑõæäó Úóäú ãöËúáö åóÐöåö ÇáäøóÙóÑöíøóÇÊö ÃóÞóáøó ãöäó ÇáúåõÏúåõÏö¡ Ýóáúíóßõäú ãóæúÞöÝõäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞóáøö ãóæúÞöÝó ãóäú ÓóíóäúÙõÑõ ÃóíõÕóÏøöÞõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑó Ãóãú íõÙúåöÑõ ßóÐöÈóåõ¿ æóÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö åõæó ÃóáøóÇ äõÍóãøöáó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÝöíãóÇ åõæó áóíúÓó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöíåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÍúÊóãöáõåõ¡ Ëõãøó íóÙúåóÑõ ßóÐöÈõ ÇáäøóÙóÑöíøóÉö Ãóæú ÕöÏúÞõåóÇ¡ ÝóäóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉö ãóÚó ÇáäøóÙóÑöíøóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÉö¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÝóæúÞó Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö: áóÇ íóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ ãöäú Èóíúäö íóÏóíúåö æóáóÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÝöåö ÊóäúÒöíáñ ãöäú Íóßöíãò ÍóãöíÏò [41 \ 42] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÇÑúÌöÚö ÇáúÈóÕóÑó ßóÑøóÊóíúäö íóäúÞóáöÈú Åöáóíúßó ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ ÎóÇÓöÆðÇ æóåõæó ÍóÓöíÑñ.
ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ åõäóÇ ÅöÑúÌóÇÚõ ÇáúÈóÕóÑö ßóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóáóßöäú ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇáäøóÙóÑö ÃóÑúÈóÚõ ãóÑøóÇÊò.
ÇáúÃõæáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÊóÑóì Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ãöäú ÊóÝóÇæõÊò [67 \ 3] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÑúÌöÚö ÇáúÈóÕóÑó åóáú ÊóÑóì ãöäú ÝõØõæÑò [67 \ 3] .
æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ æóÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó ÇÑúÌöÚö ÇáúÈóÕóÑó ßóÑøóÊóíúäö [67 \ 4] .
æóáóíúÓó ÈóÚúÏó ãõÚóÇæóÏóÉö ÇáäøóÙóÑö ÃóÑúÈóÚó ãóÑøóÇÊò ãöäú ÊóÃúßöíÏò¡ æóÇáúÍóÓöíÑõ: ÇáúÚóíöíøõ Çáúßóáöíáõ ÇáúÚóÇÌöÒõ ÇáúãõÊóÞóØøöÚõ Ïõæäó ÛóÇíóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ãóäú ãóÏøó ØóÑóÝðÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÝóæúÞó ÛóÇíóÊöåö ... ÇÑúÊóÏøó ÎóÓúÂäó ãöäó ÇáØøóÑóÝö ÞóÏú ÍóÓóÑóÇ
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: íõÞóÇáõ ÞóÏú ÍóÓõÑó ÈóÕóÑõåõ íóÍúÓõÑõ ÍõÓõæÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ßóáøó æóÇäúÞóØóÚó äóÙóÑõåõ ãöäú Øõæáö ãóÏðì¡ æóãóÇ ÃóÔúÈóåó Ðóáößó Ýóåõæó ÍóÓöíÑñ æóãóÍúÓõæÑñ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ÞóÇáó:
äóÙóÑúÊõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÕøóÈö ãöäú ãöäðì ... ÝóÚóÇÏó Åöáóíøó ÇáØøóÑóÝõ æóåõæó ÍóÓöíÑõ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
ÝóÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÊóÃúäöíËõ ÇáúÃóÏúäóì Ãóíö: ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇáúãõæóÇáöíóÉõ áöáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ Ãóäøó ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö áóíúÓóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ãóÕóÇÈöíÍõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáäøõÌõæãõ æóÇáúßóæóÇßöÈõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÈöÒöíäóÉò ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö [37 \ 6] . æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ(8/230)
ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÌóÚóáó ÇáäøõÌõæãó áöËóáóÇËóÉö ÃõãõæÑò: ÃóãúÑóÇäö åõäóÇ¡ æóåõãóÇ: ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÑõÌõæãðÇ áöáÔøóíóÇØöíäö. æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ÚóáóÇãóÇÊñ æóÇåúÊöÏóÇÁñ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó áóÇ ÊóäúÝõÐõ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÌúÑóÇãñ ãóÍúÝõæÙóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö: «áóåóÇ ÃóÈúæóÇÈñ æóÊõØúÑóÞõ æóáóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäò» .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÝóÊøóÍõ áóåõãú ÃóÈúæóÇÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö [7 \ 40] .
æóßóÐóáößó áóíúÓó åõäóÇßó ãóäú íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÇåúÊöÏóÇÁò ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÓóíúÑöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ßõáøñ Ýöí æóÖúÚöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÌóÏóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÒøöíäóÉó áóäú ÊõÑóì áöæõÌõæÏö ÌöÑúãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÝóËóÈóÊó Ãóäøó ÇáäøõÌõæãó ÎóÇÕøóÉñ ÈöÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÒöíäóÉò ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö æóÍöÝúÙðÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúØóÇäò ãóÇÑöÏò [37 \ 6 - 7] .
æóãóÝúåõæãõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÚóÏóãõ æõÌõæÏöåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ æõÌõæÏó áöáÔøóíúØóÇäö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÑõÌõæãðÇ áöáÔøóíóÇØöíäö.
åöíó ÇáÔøõåõÈõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÇáÔøõåõÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóæú ÂÊöíßõãú ÈöÔöåóÇÈò ÞóÈóÓò áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÕúØóáõæäó [27 \ 7] ¡ æóÇáÑøõÌõæãõ æóÇáÔøõåõÈõ åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÑúãóì ÈöåóÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäõ ÚöäúÏó ÇÓúÊöÑóÇÞö ÇáÓøóãúÚö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íóÓúÊóãöÚö ÇáúÂäó íóÌöÏú áóåõ ÔöåóÇÈðÇ ÑóÕóÏðÇ [72 \ 9] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÎóØöÝó ÇáúÎóØúÝóÉó ÝóÃóÊúÈóÚóåõ ÔöåóÇÈñ ËóÇÞöÈñ [37 \ 10] .
æóåõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ¡ æóåõæó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÌöäøõ ãöäú äóÇÑò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÎóáóÞó ÇáúÌóÇäøó ãöäú ãóÇÑöÌò ãöäú äóÇÑò [55 \ 15] ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÊóÍúÑöÞõåõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ¿
ÝóÃóÌóÇÈó Úóäúåõ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáäøóÇÑó íóßõæäõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÃóÞúæóì ãöäú ÈóÚúÖò¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÞúæóì íõÄóËøöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÖúÚóÝö¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [67 \ 5] æóÇáÓøóÚöíÑõ: ÃóÔóÏøõ ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÑó ØóÈóÞóÇÊñ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÃóÔóÏøõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ãóáúãõæÓñ¡ ÝóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ÇáúÂáóÉõ ãóÕúäõæÚóÉð ãöäú ÍóÏöíÏò æóÊõÓóáøóØó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÂáóÉñ ãöäú ÍóÏöíÏò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÃóÞúæóì ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÊóßúÓöÑõåóÇ.(8/231)
ÅöÐóÇ ÃõáúÞõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ áóåóÇ ÔóåöíÞðÇ æóåöíó ÊóÝõæÑõ (7)
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó: áóÇ íóÝöáøõ ÇáúÍóÏöíÏó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíÏõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ßóæúäõ ÃóÕúáöåö ãöäú äóÇÑò ÃóáøóÇ íóÊóÚóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú Øöíäò ãöäú ÍóãóÃò ãóÓúäõæäò¡ æóãöäú ÕóáúÕóÇáò ßóÇáúÝóÎøóÇÑö¡ æóÈóÚúÏó ÎóáúÞöåö ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈó ÈöÇáÕøóáúÕóÇáö æóáóÇ ÈöÇáúÝóÎøóÇÑö¡ ÝóÞóÏú íõÞúÖóì Úóáóíúåö ÈöÖóÑúÈóÉò ãöäú ÞöØúÚóÉò ãöäú ÝóÎøóÇÑò. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÃõáúÞõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ áóåóÇ ÔóåöíÞðÇ æóåöíó ÊóÝõæÑõ ÊóßóÇÏõ ÊóãóíøóÒõ ãöäó ÇáúÛóíúÙö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÅöËúÈóÇÊñ Ãóäøó áöáäøóÇÑö ÍöÓøðÇ æóÅöÏúÑóÇßðÇ æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉð¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÃóËúÈóÊó áöáäøóÇÑö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÛúÊóÇÙõ æóÊõÈúÕöÑõ æóÊóÊóßóáøóãõ æóÊóØúáõÈõ ÇáúãóÒöíÏó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó åõäóÇ: ÊóßóÇÏõ ÊóãóíøóÒõ ãöäó ÇáúÛóíúÙö [67 \ 8] .
æóÞóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóÊúåõãú ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈóÚöíÏò ÓóãöÚõæÇ áóåóÇ ÊóÛóíøõÙðÇ æóÒóÝöíÑðÇ [25 \ 12] .
æóÞóÇáó: íóæúãó äóÞõæáõ áöÌóåóäøóãó åóáö ÇãúÊóáóÃúÊö æóÊóÞõæáõ åóáú ãöäú ãóÒöíÏò [50] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøóãóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóæúÌñ ÓóÃóáóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ.
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó áöáäøóÇÑö ÎóÒóäóÉð¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÎóÒóäóÉó åõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Çáúãõæóßøóáõæäó ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãóáóÇÆößóÉñ ÛöáóÇÙñ ÔöÏóÇÏñ áóÇ íóÚúÕõæäó Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãú æóíóÝúÚóáõæäó ãóÇ íõÄúãóÑõæäó [66 \ 6] .
ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÚöÏøóÊóåõãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÊöÓúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó [74] .
æóÞóÇáó: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö ÅöáøóÇ ãóáóÇÆößóÉð æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚöÏøóÊóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ [74 \ 31] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáäøóÇÑö íóÏúÎõáõæäóåóÇ ÌóãóÇÚóÉð ÈóÚúÏó ÌóãóÇÚóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøóãóÇ ÏóÎóáóÊú ÃõãøóÉñ áóÚóäóÊú ÃõÎúÊóåóÇ [8 \ 38] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú äóÐöíÑñ.
ÞóÇáó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: åóÐóÇ ÓõÄóÇáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö áöÃóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÇáäøóÐöíÑõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ Ýóåõæó ÝóÚöíáñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãõÝúÚöáò¡ æóÅöäú ÐõßöÑó Úóäö ÇáúÃóÕúãóÚöíøö ÅöäúßóÇÑóåõ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäó(8/232)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ßõäøóÇ äóÓúãóÚõ Ãóæú äóÚúÞöáõ ãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Ýöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö (10)
ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: ÈóÏöíÚõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö [2 \ 117] : ÈöãóÚúäóì ãõÈúÏöÚò¡ æóÃóáöíãñ [2 \ 10] : ÈöãóÚúäóì ãõÄúáöãò.
æóãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ãóÚúÏöíßóÑöÈó:
Ãóãöäú ÑóíúÍóÇäóÉó ÇáÏøóÇÚöí ÇáÓøóãöíÚö ... íõÄóÑøöÞõäöí æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöí åõÌõæÚõ
ÝóÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÓúãöÚö.
æóÞóæúáõ ÛóíúáóÇäó:
æóíóÑúÝóÚõ ãöäú ÕõÏõæÑö ÔóãóÑúÏóáóÇÊò ... íóÕõÏøõ æõÌõæåóåóÇ æóåóÌñ Ãóáöíãñ
Ãóíú: ãõÄúáöãñ¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ ÅöÚúáóÇãñ ãõÞúÊóÑöäñ ÈöÊóÎúæöíÝò.
æóÞóÇáó: æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì áóÇ íõÚóÐøöÈõ ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú íõäúÐöÑóåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåö ÈöÊóæóÓøõÚò ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] ¡ æóÓóÇÞó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó åõäóÇßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóäóÇ äóÐöíÑñ.
ÞóÏú ÇÚúÊóÑóÝõæÇ ÈöãóÌöÆö ÇáäøóÐöíÑö Åöáóíúåöãú.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÃõãøóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÎóáóÇ ÝöíåóÇ äóÐöíÑñ [35 \ 24] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ßõäøóÇ äóÓúãóÚõ Ãóæú äóÚúÞöáõ ãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Ýöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: Ãóíú: ÞóÇáó Ãóåúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö: (áóæú ßõäøóÇ äóÓúãóÚõ) ãóäú íóÚúÞöáõ Úóäö Çááøóåö ÍõÌóÌóåõ (Ãóæú äóÚúÞöáõ) ÍõÌóÌó Çááøóåö (ãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Ýöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö) ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ Ýóåõãú íóÓúãóÚõæäó¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóíóÚúÞöáõæäó æóáóßöäú áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÇáó: ÎóÊóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú æóÚóáóì ÓóãúÚöåöãú [2 \ 7] .
æóÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [18 \ 57] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöÏøóÉõ äõÕõæÕò ÕóÑöíÍóÉò Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ãöäúåóÇ ÃóÕúáõ ÎöáúÞóÊöåöãõ ÇáúßóÇãöáóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò äóÈúÊóáöíåö ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÓóãöíÚðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ(8/233)
ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÝõæÇ ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú ÝóÓõÍúÞðÇ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö (11)
[76 \ 2] .
æóÝöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáúãõáúßö» åóÐöåö Þóæúáõåõ: Þõáú åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóßõãú æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑó æóÇáúÃóÝúÆöÏóÉó ÞóáöíáðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó [67 \ 23] .
æóáóßöäøóåõãú ÓóãöÚõæÇ æóÚóÕóæúÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÓóãöÚúäóÇ æóÚóÕóíúäóÇ æóÃõÔúÑöÈõæÇ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáúÚöÌúáó ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú [2 \ 93] .
æóåóÐóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö: æóáóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ æóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó [8 \ 21] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúäóÇ áóæú äóÔóÇÁõ áóÞõáúäóÇ ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ [8 \ 21] .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúäóÇ áóæú äóÔóÇÁõ áóÞõáúäóÇ ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ [8 \ 31] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Úóäúåõãú: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáúÛóæúÇ Ýöíåö [41 \ 26] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÓóÈóÈó ÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöÝóÇÏóÊöåöãú ÈöãóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíúáñ áößõáøö ÃóÝøóÇßò ÃóËöíãò íóÓúãóÚõ ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö Ëõãøó íõÕöÑøõ ãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåóÇ ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò æóÅöÐóÇ Úóáöãó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐóåóÇ åóÒõæðÇ [45 \ 7 - 9] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ æóáøóì ãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåóÇ [31 \ 7] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõãú åõäóÇ: áóæú ßõäøóÇ äóÓúãóÚõ Ãóæú äóÚúÞöáõ¡ Ãóíú: ÓóãóÇÚó ÊóÚóÞøõáò æóÊóÝóåøõãò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÝõæÇ ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú ÝóÓõÍúÞðÇ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö.
ÞóÇáó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÅöãúáóÇÆöåö: ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝõ ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑõ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÞóÑøõæÇ ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑõ æóÇáäøóÏóãõ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áóåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÈöÅöÞúÑóÇÑöåöãú åóÐóÇ ÈöÊóæóÓøõÚò ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÃúÊöí ÊóÃúæöíáõåõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ýóåóáú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÔõÝóÚóÇÁó ÝóíóÔúÝóÚõæÇ áóäóÇ Ãóæú äõÑóÏøõ ÝóäóÚúãóáó ÛóíúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ßõäøóÇ äóÚúãóáõ [7 \ 53] .
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÂíóÉö «Çáúãõáúßö» åõäóÇßó.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö Ãóäøó ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝóåõãú æóÅöíãóÇäóåõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÝóæóÇÊö ÇáúÃóæóÇäö ÈöÇáúãõÚóÇíóäóÉö¡(8/234)
Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö áóåõãú ãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ æóÃóÌúÑñ ßóÈöíÑñ (12)
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßóåõ ÇáúÛóÑóÞõ ÞóÇáó ÂãóäúÊõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÂãóäóÊú Èöåö Èóäõæ ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó æóÃóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó [10 \ 90] ¡ ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ: ÂáúÂäó æóÞóÏú ÚóÕóíúÊó ÞóÈúáõ æóßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó [10 \ 91] .
æóÌóÇÁó ÃóÕúÑóÍó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóæúãó íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÖõ ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÂãóäóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ Ãóæú ßóÓóÈóÊú Ýöí ÅöíãóÇäöåóÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ [6 \ 158] .
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÖõ ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóÙóåóÑó ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ áóãú íóßõäú áöáúÅöíãóÇäö ãóÍóáøñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãõÚóÇíóäóÉö: áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö ÇáúãõÚóÇíóäóÉö ßóÍóÇáóÉö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞõ ÈöÇáúãõÛóíøóÈóÇÊö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÇíóäóåóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÍöíäóÐóÇßó ÛóíúÈðÇ¡ ÝóíóÝõæÊõ æóÞúÊõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö: «ãóÇ áóãú íõÛóÑúÛöÑú» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö áóåõãú ãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ æóÃóÌúÑñ ßóÈöíÑñ.
ÇáúÎóÔúíóÉõ: ÔöÏøóÉõ ÇáúÎóæúÝö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ãõÔúÝöÞõæäó [21 \ 49] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÍóáøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÎóÔúíóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÎúÔóì Çááøóåó ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ [35 \ 28] ; áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÍóÞøó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóíõÑóÇÞöÈõæäóåõ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö: æóÅöäøó ãöäó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö áóãóÇ íóÊóÝóÌøóÑõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ æóÅöäøó ãöäúåóÇ áóãóÇ íóÔøóÞøóÞõ ÝóíóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúãóÇÁõ æóÅöäøó ãöäúåóÇ áóãóÇ íóåúÈöØõ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö [2 \ 74] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóæú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Úóáóì ÌóÈóáò áóÑóÃóíúÊóåõ ÎóÇÔöÚðÇ ãõÊóÕóÏøöÚðÇ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö [59 \ 21] .
ÝóÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÍóÞøó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú æóãõÑóÇÞóÈóÊóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõãú Ýöí ÇáÓøöÑøö æóÇáúÚóáóäö¡ æóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ãõØøóáöÚñ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóåúãóÇ ÊóÎóÓøóÝõæÇ æóÊóÓóÊøóÑõæÇ æóåõãú ÏóÇÆöãðÇ ãõäöíÈõæäó Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÊõæÚóÏõæäó áößõáøö ÃóæøóÇÈò ÍóÝöíÙò ãóäú ÎóÔöíó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÌóÇÁó ÈöÞóáúÈò ãõäöíÈò [50 \ 32 - 33] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÃóÚúáóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáÓøõáõæßö ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóäúÒöáóÉõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
æóÞóÏú ÚóÇÈó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóÎúÝõæäó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÎúÝõæäó ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóíóÎúÔóæúäó(8/235)
æóÃóÓöÑøõæÇ Þóæúáóßõãú Ãóæö ÇÌúåóÑõæÇ Èöåö Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö (13)
ÇáäøóÇÓó¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÔóæúäó Çááøóåó: ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú ÊóÎúÔóæúåõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó [9 \ 13] .
æóÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÎóÔúíóÉö ãóäúÒöáóÉõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÈóáøöÛõæäó ÑöÓóÇáóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóíóÎúÔóæúäóåõ æóáóÇ íóÎúÔóæúäó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [33 \ 39] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö: æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóãúÏóÍõ ãóäú íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÎóáúæóÊöåö ßóãóÔúåóÏöåö ãóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ãõÓúáöãö Èúäö ÇáúæóáöíÏö:
íóÊóÌóäøóÈõ ÇáúåóÝóæóÇÊö Ýöí ÎóáóæóÇÊöåö ÚóÝøõ ÇáÓøóÑöíÑóÉö ÛóíúÈõåõ ßóÇáúãóÔúåóÏö
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÉó¡ æóåöíó ÎóÔúíóÉõ Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ÃóÓóÇÓõ Úóãóáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ßõáøöåö¡ æóãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÈöÅöíãóÇäöåö ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ÓóíóÚúãóáõ ßõáøó ÎóíúÑò ØóãóÚðÇ Ýöí ËóæóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãõÓúÊóåóáøö ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝö: Çáã Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 1 - 3] .
æóÈöãóÎóÇÝóÉö Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ÓóíóÊóÌóäøóÈõ ßõáøó ÓõæÁò¡ ÝóíóÓúáóãõ æóíóÊóÍóÕøóáõ áóåõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ æóÃóÌúÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ [5 \ 9] ¡ (ãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ) ãöäú ÐõäõæÈöåö: æóÃóÌúÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ Úóáóì ÃóÚúãóÇáöåö. ÑóÒóÞóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ÎóÔúíóÊóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøöÑøö æóÇáúÚóáóäö.
æóáúíõÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ãöãøóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö áóÇ ÓóíøöÏöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö: «Ãóäú ÊóÚúÈõÏó Çááøóåó ßóÃóäøóßó ÊóÑóÇåõ ÝóÅöäú áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÑóÇåõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÑóÇßó» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇÓõ åõæó ÃóÞúæóì ÚóÇãöáò Úóáóì ÇßúÊöÓóÇÈö ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÓöÑøõæÇ Þóæúáóßõãú Ãóæö ÇÌúåóÑõæÇ Èöåö Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö.
Ýöíåö ÏóáóÇáóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÓøöÑøó æóÇáúÌóåúÑó ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö æóÝöí Úöáúãö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÍóÏøò ÓóæóÇÁò ; áöÃóäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö íóÚúáóãõ ÎóÇÆöäóÉó ÇáúÃóÚúíõäö æóãóÇ ÊõÎúÝöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóæóÇÁñ ãöäúßõãú ãóäú ÃóÓóÑøó ÇáúÞóæúáó æóãóäú ÌóåóÑó Èöåö [13 \ 10] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÅöäú ÊóÌúåóÑú ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÇáÓøöÑøó æóÃóÎúÝóì [20 \ 7] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÚöäúÏó ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.(8/236)
ÃóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóäú ÎóáóÞó æóåõæó ÇááøóØöíÝõ ÇáúÎóÈöíÑõ (14)
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚó Çááøóåõ Þóæúáó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÌóÇÏöáõßó Ýöí ÒóæúÌöåóÇ æóÊóÔúÊóßöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [58 \ 1] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó æóäóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊõæóÓúæöÓõ Èöåö äóÝúÓõåõ [50 \ 16] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö» ÞóÈúáó åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÃóÓóÑøó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö ÍóÏöíËðÇ ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÈøóÃóÊú Èöåö æóÃóÙúåóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [66 \ 3] ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÈóíóÇäñ Úóãóáöíøñ ãõÔóÇåóÏñ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÚúáóãõ ÇáÓøöÑøó æóÃóÎúÝóì¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ:
ÃóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóäú ÎóáóÞó æóåõæó ÇááøóØöíÝõ ÇáúÎóÈöíÑõ.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö» : ÞóÇáóÊú ãóäú ÃóäúÈóÃóßó åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó äóÈøóÃóäöíó ÇáúÚóáöíãõ ÇáúÎóÈöíÑõ [66 \ 3] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ äóÞúáðÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÇáúÅöÓúÝöÑóÇÆöíäöíøö: ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáÐøóÇÊö ãóÇ åõæó áöáúÚöáúãö ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõ ÊóÝúåöíãõ ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÚúáõæãóÇÊö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúÎóÈöíÑõ¡ æóíóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÃóäú íóÚúáóãó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóßõæäó¡ æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúÍóßöíãõ æóíóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÏóÞóÇÆöÞó ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáÔøóåöíÏõ æóíóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÃóäú íóÚúáóãó ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈó æóÇáúÍóÇÖöÑó¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõ ÃóáøóÇ íóÛöíÈó Úóäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ. æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ æóíóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóäúÓóì¡ æóãöäúåóÇ: ÇáúãõÍúÕöí æóíóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóÔúÛóáõåõ ÇáúßóËúÑóÉõ Úóäö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöËúáó ÖóæúÁö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÇÔúÊöÏóÇÏö ÇáÑøöíÍö æóÊóÓóÇÞõØö ÇáúÃóæúÑóÇÞö¡ ÝóíóÚúáóãõ ÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó ÃóÌúÒóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÑóßóÇÊö Ýöí ßõáøö æóÑóÞóÉò¡ æóßóíúÝó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÎúáõÞõ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó: ÃóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóäú ÎóáóÞó æóåõæó ÇááøóØöíÝõ ÇáúÎóÈöíÑõ¡ (æóãóäú) Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóäú ÎóáóÞó¡ ÃóÌóÇÒõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÝóÇÚöáó (íóÚúáóãõ) ¡ æóåõæó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ãóíú: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó æóãöäúåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö.
æóÃóÌóÇÒõæÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ãóÝúÚõæáðÇ æóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÖóãöíÑñ ãõÓúÊóÊöÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö (íóÚúáóãõ) ¡ ÐóßóÑóåõãóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ æóãõÍúÊóãóáñ.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÝúÚõæáñ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ [42 \ 12] : íóÚúáóãõ ÎóÇÆöäóÉó ÇáúÃóÚúíõäö æóãóÇ ÊõÎúÝöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑõ [40 \ 19] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇááøóåõ ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [37 \ 96] ¡ æóãöäú ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú ãóÇ íõÓöÑøõæäó¡ æóãóÇ íóÌúåóÑõæäó. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÐóáõæáðÇ ÝóÇãúÔõæÇ Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈöåóÇ æóßõáõæÇ ãöäú ÑöÒúÞöåö æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáäøõÔõæÑõ.(8/237)
åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÐóáõæáðÇ ÝóÇãúÔõæÇ Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈöåóÇ æóßõáõæÇ ãöäú ÑöÒúÞöåö æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáäøõÔõæÑõ (15)
ÇáÐøóáõæáõ ÝóÚõæáñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÝúÚõæáò¡ æóåõæó ãõÈóÇáóÛóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÐøõáøö.
ÊóÞõæáõ: ÏóÇÈøóÉñ Ðóáõæáñ ÈóíøöäóÉõ ÇáÐøõáøö¡ æóÞöíáó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÊóÐúáöíáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÚöÏøóÉõ ÃóÞúæóÇáò áóÇ ÊóäóÇÝöíó ÈóíúäóåóÇ¡ æóãóÌúãõæÚõåóÇ ÏóÇÆöÑñ Úóáóì Êóãúßöíäö ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ãöäúåóÇ Úóäú ÊóÓúåöíáö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÑö ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÊóËúÈöíÊöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú æóáöÃóäúÚóÇãößõãú [79 \ 32 - 33] .
æóãöäú ÅöãúßóÇäö ÇáÒøóÑúÚö ÝöíåóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÈøðÇ æóÚöäóÈðÇ æóÞóÖúÈðÇ [80 \ 27 - 28] Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ: ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú æóáöÃóäúÚóÇãößõãú [80 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌõãöÚó ÃóßúËóÑõåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ßöÝóÇÊðÇ ÃóÍúíóÇÁð æóÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó ÔóÇãöÎóÇÊò æóÃóÓúÞóíúäóÇßõãú ãóÇÁð ÝõÑóÇÊðÇ [77 \ 25 - 27] .
æóßõäúÊõ ÃóÓúãóÚõ ÇáÔøóíúÎó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - íóÞõæáõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÊóÓúÎöíÑö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóäú ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ßöÝóÇÊðÇ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö ÈöÊóÓúåöíáö ãóÚöíÔóÊöåö ãöäúåóÇ æóÍóíóÇÊöåö Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇÊó ßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ßöÝóÇÊðÇ ÈöÏóÝúäöåö ÝöíåóÇ.
æóíóÞõæáõ: áóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÍóÏöíÏðÇ¡ æóäõÍóÇÓðÇ ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ãóäú íóÍúÑõËó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÝöÑó æóáóÇ íóÈúäöíó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇÊó áóÇ íóÌöÏõ ãóÏúÝóäðÇ ÝöíåóÇ.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ßõáøöåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇãúÔõæÇ Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈöåóÇ æóßõáõæÇ ãöäú ÑöÒúÞöåö [67 \ 15] ; áöÊóÑóÊøõÈöåö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÊóÐúáöíáöåóÇ ÈöÊóíúÓöíÑö ÇáúãóÔúíö Ýöí ÃóÑúÌóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóØóáóÈö ÇáÑøöÒúÞö Ýöí ÃóäúÍóÇÆöåóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÓóÈøõÈö ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÒöÑóÇÚóÉò æóÕöäóÇÚóÉò æóÊöÌóÇÑóÉò ÅöáóÎú.
æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇãúÔõæÇ Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈöåóÇ æóßõáõæÇ ãöäú ÑöÒúÞöåö áöáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÐóáõæáðÇ Ýöíåö ÇãúÊöäóÇäñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ Ãóäøó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÊóæúÌöíåðÇ æóÍóËøðÇ áöáúÃõãøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÓøóÚúíö æóÇáúÚóãóáö æóÇáúÌöÏøö¡ æóÇáúãóÔúíö Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ßõáøö ÌóÇäöÈò ; áöÊóÓúÎöíÑöåóÇ æóÊóÐúáöíáöåóÇ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉó ÃóÍóÞøó ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÝõáúßó ÊóÌúÑöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöÃóãúÑöåö [22 \ 65] .(8/238)
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ãöäúåõ [45 \ 13] ¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãóäú ÑóÃóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÓúÎöíÑó ÇÚúÊóÑóÝó áöáøóåö ÈöÇáúÝóÖúáö æóÇáúÞöíóÇãö áöáøóåö ÈöÇáúÍóãúÏö¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáÔøõßúÑö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÈõÏúäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú ÔóÚóÇÆöÑö Çááøóåö áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ÝóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ ÇÓúãó Çááøóåö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÕóæóÇÝøó ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóÌóÈóÊú ÌõäõæÈõåóÇ ÝóßõáõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóÃóØúÚöãõæÇ ÇáúÞóÇäöÚó æóÇáúãõÚúÊóÑøó ßóÐóáößó ÓóÎøóÑúäóÇåóÇ áóßõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó [22 \ 36] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÝõáúßö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ãóÇ ÊóÑúßóÈõæäó áöÊóÓúÊóæõæÇ Úóáóì ÙõåõæÑöåö Ëõãøó ÊóÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÉó ÑóÈøößõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóæóíúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö æóÊóÞõæáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó áóäóÇ åóÐóÇ æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóåõ ãõÞúÑöäöíäó æóÅöäøóÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöäóÇ áóãõäúÞóáöÈõæäó [43 \ 12 - 14] .
Ãóíú: ãóÚó ÔõßúÑö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö ÇáöÇÊøöÚóÇÙõ æóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉõ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúãóÚóÇÏõ æóÇáúãõäúÞóáóÈõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáäøõÔõæÑõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóÔúíö Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÊóØóáøõÈö ÇáÑøöÒúÞö æóãóÇ íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑö æóÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö Ýöí ãõÓóÈøóÈöÇÊö ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö æóÊóÓúÎöíÑö Çááøóåö áóåóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöäóÇ áóãõäúÞóáöÈõæäó ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö: ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ Ãóíö: ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝó¡ æóÊóÓúÎöíÑõ ÇáúÝõáúßö¡ æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö æóÇáúÈóÑøö Ýöíåö ÖöãúäðÇ ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúãóÔúíõ Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÎúÏóÇãõ ãóäóÇßöÈöåóÇ¡ æóÇÓúÊöÛúáóÇáõ ËóÑóæóÇÊöåóÇ æóÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚõ ãöäú ÎóíúÑóÇÊöåóÇ áóÇ áöØóáóÈö ÇáÑøöÒúÞö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ áóßóÇäó íõãúßöäõ ÓóæúÞõåõ Åöáóíúåöãú¡ æóáóßöäú áöáúÃóÎúÐö ÈöÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóáöáäøóÙóÑö Ýöí ÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈöÇÊö æóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö æóÇáÊøóÒóæøõÏö áöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóãóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» : ÝóÇäúÊóÔöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö æóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ßóËöíÑðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÝúáöÍõæäó [62 \ 10] .
Ãóíú: ÚöäúÏó ãõÔóÇåóÏóÉö ÂíóÇÊö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóÚóÙöíãö ÇãúÊöäóÇäöåö.
æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÞóÏú æóÖóÚó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉó Ýöí ÃóÚóÒøö ãóæóÇÖöÚö ÇáúÛöäóì¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúäóÇÁö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöËúãóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöäúÊóÇÌö¡ ÝóãóÇ äóÞóÕó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÃõãõæÑö ÏõäúíóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÞóÕøóÑóÊú åöíó Ýöí ÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáö æóÃóÖóÇÚóÊú ãöäú ÍóÞøöåóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúæõÌõæÏö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö: Åöäøó Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö Ãóäú ÊóÚúãóáó Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöËúãóÇÑö(8/239)
ÃóÃóãöäúÊõãú ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èößõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÊóãõæÑõ (16)
æóÅöäúÊóÇÌö ßõáøö ÍóÇÌöíóÇÊöåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÅöÈúÑóÉö ; áöÊóÓúÊóÛúäöíó Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÇÍúÊóÇÌóÊú Åöáóì ÇáúÛóíúÑö ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÞóÕøóÑóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÊóÇÌö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó æóÇÞöÚõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãö Çáúíóæúãó¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÊóÇÌöíøóÉõ åöíó ÇáúãõÊóÍóßøöãóÉõ æóÐóÇÊõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáÏøóæúáöíøóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÚúØóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøó ÇáúÃóæúáóæöíøóÉó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåöãú Ãóäú íóÍúÊóáøõæÇ ãóßóÇäóåõãú¡ æóíõÍóÇÝöÙõæÇ Úóáóì ãóßóÇäóÊöåöãú¡ æóíõÔóíøöÏõæÇ ßöíóÇäóåõãú ÈöÇáÏøöíäö æóÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãóÚðÇ. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÁóÃóãöäúÊõãú ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èößõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÊóãõæÑõ.
ÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö: ÁóÃóãöäúÊõãú ÚöÏøóÉó ÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊò ãöäú ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúåóãúÒóÊóíúäö¡ æóãöäú ÊóÓúåöíáö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö æóãöäú ÅöÏúÎóÇáö ÃóáöÝò ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÎóÓúÝõ ÐóåóÇÈõåóÇ ÓõÝúáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÎõÓöÝó ÈöÞóÇÑõæäó¡ æóÇáúãóæúÑõ ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉõ ÇáúãõÖúØóÑöÈóÉõ Ãóæö ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉõ ÈöÓõÑúÚóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú ËóÈøóÊóåóÇ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÃóæúÊóÇÏðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú [79 \ 32 - 33] æó (ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö) . ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì. ÇåÜ.
æóÚóÒóÇåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ áöÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ: ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöäú ÎóÓúÝö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÇáúÍóÇÕöÈö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáäøóÕøö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ íõÑóÏøõ Úóáóì ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö ÝöíãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö æóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóåõ Úóáóíúåö ßóÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÊóÞúÏöíÑö ãóÍúÐõæÝò ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö¡ æóãóÌóÇÒõåõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ãóäøó ãóáóßõæÊóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóíú: Úóáóì ÍóÐúÝö ãõÖóÇÝò¡ æóãóáóßõæÊõåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ æóáóßöäú ÎóÕøó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÓúßóäõ ãóáóÇÆößóÊöåö¡ æóËóãøó ÚöÒøóÊõåõ æóßõÑúÓöíøõåõ æóÇááøóæúÍõ ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙõ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÊóäóÒøóáõ ÞóÖóÇíóÇåõ æóßõÊõÈõåõ æóÃóæóÇãöÑõåõ æóäóåúíõåõ¡ ÅöáóÎú.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ Çáúãõæóßøóáõ ÈöÇáúÎóÓúÝö¡ æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ãõÌóÇÑóÇÉñ áóåõãú Ýöí ãõÚúÊóÞóÏöåöãú ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáõ ãóÈúäóÇåóÇ Úóáóì äóÝúíö ÕöÝóÉö ÇáúÚõáõæøö áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÝöÑóÇÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö Ýöí äóÙóÑöåöãú¡ æóáóßöäú ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÝõ ÎöáóÇÝõ ãóÇ ÐóåóÈõæÇ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóãõÚúÊóÞóÏõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö åõæó ØöÈúÞõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò áöÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö: " Ãóíúäó Çááøóåõ¿ " ÞóÇáóÊú: Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇÚúÊöÞúåóÇ ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãõÄúãöäóÉñ "¡ æóáöÚöÏøóÉö ÂíóÇÊò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËó ÈöÃóæúÓóÚö æóÃóæúÖóÍö ãóÇ íõãúßöäõ ãöãøóÇ áóãú íóÏóÚú áóÈúÓðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÊúÑõßõ ÔõÈúåóÉð¡ æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÛúäöí Úóäúåõ ãõÓúáöãñ ÚóÇáöãðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ãõÊóÚóáøöãðÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÚóÇáöãõ íóÃúÎõÐõ ãöäúåõ ãóäúåóÌó ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö ÇáÓøóáöíãö æóÃõÓúáõæÈó ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÍóßöíãö¡ æóÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöãõ íóÃúÎõÐõ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú(8/240)
Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Åöáóì ÇáØøóíúÑö ÝóæúÞóåõãú ÕóÇÝøóÇÊò æóíóÞúÈöÖúäó ãóÇ íõãúÓößõåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ Åöäøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÈóÕöíÑñ (19)
ãõÚúÊóÞóÏò Þóæöíãò æóÇÖöÍò Ìóáöíøò Óóáöíãò.
æóÞóÏú íõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì (Ýöí) åõæó ÇáÙøóÑúÝöíøóÉõ¡ ÝóäóÌúÚóáõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÙóÑúÝðÇ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåó ÈöÇáúãõÊóÍóíøöÒö.
ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãõäóÒøóåñ Úóäö ÇáÙøóÑúÝöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Úóáóì äóÝúíö Ðóáößó Úóäúåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÇÓúÊöÍóÇáóÊöåö ÚóÞúáðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: " ãóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚõ Ýöí ÇáúßõÑúÓöíøö ÅöáøóÇ ßóÍóáúÞóÉò Ãóæú ÏóÑóÇåöãó Ýöí ÊõÑúÓò¡ æóãóÇ ÇáúßõÑúÓöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÅöáøóÇ ßóÍóáúÞóÉò Ýöí ÝóáóÇÉò¡ æóãóÇ ÇáúÚóÑúÔõ Ýöí ßóÝøö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÅöáøóÇ ßóÍóÈøóÉö ÎóÑúÏóáò Ýöí ßóÝøö ÃóÍóÏößõãú " ÝóÇäúÊóÝóÊú ÙóÑúÝöíøóÉõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö áóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö áóäóÇ ; æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ãõÓúÊóæò Úóáóì ÚóÑúÔöåö.
æóÝöíãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö ÔöÝóÇÁñ æóÛóäóÇÁñ¡ æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ æóÇáúãöäøóÉõ. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: (Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö) ÈöãóÚúäóì ÝóæúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÓöíÍõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [9 \ 2] Ãóíú: ÝóæúÞóåóÇ áóÇ ÈöÇáúãõãóÇÓøóÉö æóÇáÊøóÍóíøõÒö.
æóÞöíáó: (Ýöí) : ÈöãóÚúäóì Úóáóì ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÃõÕóáøöÈóäøóßõãú Ýöí ÌõÐõæÚö ÇáäøóÎúáö [20 \ 71] Ãóíú: ÚóáóíúåóÇ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈö ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ ãõäúÊóÔöÑóÉñ ãõÔöíÑóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáúÚõáõæøö¡ áóÇ íóÏúÝóÚõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãõáúÍöÏñ Ãóæú ÌóÇåöáñ Ãóæú ãõÚóÇäöÏñ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÊóæúÞöíÑõåõ æóÊóäúÒöíåõåõ Úóäö ÇáÓøõÝúáö æóÇáÊøóÍúÊö æóæóÕúÝõåõ ÈöÇáúÚõáõæøö. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõæó Úóíúäõ ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáÓøóáóÝö¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ßóáóÇãðÇ ÂÎöÑõåõ Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáõ æóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóäúÒöíåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Åöáóì ÇáØøóíúÑö ÝóæúÞóåõãú ÕóÇÝøóÇÊò æóíóÞúÈöÖúäó ãóÇ íõãúÓößõåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ Åöäøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÈóÕöíÑñ.
ÇáØøóíúÑõ ÕóÇÝøóÇÊñ: Ãóíú: ãóÇÏøóÇÊñ ÃóÌúäöÍóÊóåóÇ (æóíóÞúÈöÖúäó) : Ãóíú: íóÖõãøóäøóåóÇ Åöáóì ÃóÌúÓóÇãöåóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÚóØúÝñ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö æóíóÞúÈöÖúäó Úóáóì ÇáöÇÓúãö¡ ÕóÇÝøóÇÊò¡ æóáóãú íóÚúØöÝú ÈöÇÓúãö ÞóÇÈöÖóÇÊò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ýöí ÇáØøóíóÑóÇäö åõæó ÈóÓúØõ ÇáúÌóäóÇÍö¡ æóÇáúÞóÈúÖõ ØóÇÑöÆñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ(8/241)
Ãóãøóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú Åöäú ÃóãúÓóßó ÑöÒúÞóåõ Èóáú áóÌøõæÇ Ýöí ÚõÊõæøò æóäõÝõæÑò (21)
ÍóíøóÇäó: ÌóÇÑò Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõãú ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúãó áöáÏøóæóÇãö æóÇáËøõÈõæÊö¡ æóÇáúÝöÚúáó áöáÊøóÌóÏøõÏö æóÇáúÍõÏõæËö¡ ÝóÇáúÍóÑóßóÉõ ÇáÏøóÇÆöãóÉõ Ýöí ÇáØøóíóÑóÇäö åöíó ÕóÝøõ ÇáúÌóäóÇÍö¡ æóÇáúÌóÏöíÏõ Úóáóíúåö åõæó ÇáúÞóÈúÖõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íõãúÓößõåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÂíóÉñ áöÎóáúÞöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Åöáóì ÇáØøóíúÑö ãõÓóÎøóÑóÇÊò Ýöí Ìóæøö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇ íõãúÓößõåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íõÄúãöäõæäó [16 \ 79] .
Ýóåöíó ÂíóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõãúÓößõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõãúÓößõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ãóäú ÊóÒõæáóÇ æóáóÆöäú ÒóÇáóÊóÇ Åöäú ÃóãúÓóßóåõãóÇ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÍóáöíãðÇ ÛóÝõæÑðÇ [35 \ 41] .
Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäõåõ ãõãúÓößõåõãóÇ ÈöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ãóäú ÊóÒõæáóÇ¡ æóáóæú ÞõÏøöÑó ÝóÑúÖðÇ ÒóæóÇáõåõãóÇ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÅöãúÓóÇßöåöãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó¡ æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÝõáúßó ÊóÌúÑöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöÃóãúÑöåö æóíõãúÓößõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó Ãóäú ÊóÞóÚó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö [22 \ 65] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
æóáóÚóáøó ãöãøóÇ íóÓúÊóÏúÚöí ÇáöÇäúÊöÈóÇåó ÊóæúÌöíåõ ÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÇáØøóíúÑö Ýöí ÇáúåóæóÇÁö (ÕóÇÝøóÇÊò æóíóÞúÈöÖúäó ãóÇ íõãúÓößõåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ) ¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóÎúæöíÝö ÈöÎóÓúÝö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãõÚóáøóÞóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúåóæóÇÁö ßóÊóÚóáøõÞö ÇáØøóíúÑö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏö Åöáóíúßõãú ãóÇ íõãúÓößõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÅöíÞóÇÚõ ÇáúÎóÓúÝö ÈöåóÇ¡ ßóÅöÓúÞóÇØö ÇáØøóíúÑö ãöäó ÇáúåóæóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó ãóÇ íõãúÓößõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÓúÝö ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ÅöÓúÞóÇØö ÇáØøóíúÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãøóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú Åöäú ÃóãúÓóßó ÑöÒúÞóåõ.
íóÞõæáõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó: ãóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÛóíúÑõåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú¡ Åöäú ÃóãúÓóßó Çááøóåõ Úóäúßõãú ÑöÒúÞóåõ.
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: áóÇ ÃóÍóÏó íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó æóáóÇ íóãúáößõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö æóÌóæóÇÈöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóäú íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Þõáö Çááøóåõ [34 \ 24] .
Ãóíú: áóÇ ÃóÍóÏó ÓöæóÇåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞò ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÝóÃóäøóì ÊõÄúÝóßõæäó(8/242)
[35 \ 3] .
æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóáúÞö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóãúáößõ ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÑøöÒúÞö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóäú íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãøóäú íóãúáößõ ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑó æóãóäú íõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúÍóíøó ãöäó ÇáúãóíøöÊö æóíõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúãóíøöÊó ãöäó ÇáúÍóíøö æóãóäú íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÝóÓóíóÞõæáõæäó Çááøóåõ ÝóÞõáú ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÞõæäó [10 \ 31] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú Ëõãøó ÑóÒóÞóßõãú Ëõãøó íõãöíÊõßõãú Ëõãøó íõÍúíöíßõãú [30 \ 40] .
æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÍúíóÇÁö æóÇáúÅöãóÇÊóÉö æóÇáÑøöÒúÞö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áöãóäú ÈöíóÏöåö ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ æóÊóÏúÈöíÑõ ÔõÆõæäö ÇáúÎóáúÞö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ Åöäøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ [42 \ 12] ¡ Ãóíú: íóÈúÓõØõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ¡ íóÚúáóãõ áóÇ Úóäú äóÞúÕò æóáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉò¡ æóáóßöäú íóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÕóÇáöÍö ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ Çááøóåõ áóØöíÝñ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö íóÑúÒõÞõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóåõæó ÇáúÞóæöíøõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ [42 \ 19] Ãóíú: íõÚóÇãöáõåõãú ÈöáõØúÝöåö æóåõæó Þóæöíøñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÑúÒõÞó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó ÑöÒúÞðÇ æóÇÓöÚðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ Ýöí ãõáúßöåö¡ Ýóåõæó íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåó íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ [39 \ 52] Ãóíú: ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇááøõØúÝö æóÇáúÚöáúãö: æóãóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÑöÒúÞõåóÇ [11 \ 6] .
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö íõÑóÏøõ Úóáóì ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóØúáõÈõæäó ÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑöåö ÇáÑøöÒúÞó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóíóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóãúáößõ áóåõãú ÑöÒúÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó [16 \ 73] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÊóæúÈöíÎóåõãú æóÊóæúÌöíåóåõãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóæúËóÇäðÇ æóÊóÎúáõÞõæäó ÅöÝúßðÇ Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áóÇ íóãúáößõæäó áóßõãú ÑöÒúÞðÇ ÝóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÇáÑøöÒúÞó æóÇÚúÈõÏõæåõ æóÇÔúßõÑõæÇ áóåõ Åöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [29 \ 17] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÖöíøóÉó ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÇáÑøöÒúÞö æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ßõáøóåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæäö ãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ ãöäúåõãú ãöäú ÑöÒúÞò æóãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íõØúÚöãõæäö Åöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞõ Ðõæ ÇáúÞõæøóÉö ÇáúãóÊöíäõ [51 \ 56 - 58] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íóÑúÒõÞõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌõãúáóÉð.(8/243)
Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÃóÕúÈóÍó ãóÇÄõßõãú ÛóæúÑðÇ Ýóãóäú íóÃúÊöíßõãú ÈöãóÇÁò ãóÚöíäò (30)
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎúÑóì ßóíúÝöíøóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøöÒúÞö ÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÚúÌöÒõ ÇáúÎóáúÞõ Úóäú ÝöÚúáöåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöáóì ØóÚóÇãöåö ÃóäøóÇ ÕóÈóÈúäóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÕóÈøðÇ Ëõãøó ÔóÞóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÔóÞøðÇ ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÈøðÇ æóÚöäóÈðÇ æóÞóÖúÈðÇ æóÒóíúÊõæäðÇ æóäóÎúáðÇ æóÍóÏóÇÆöÞó ÛõáúÈðÇ æóÝóÇßöåóÉð æóÃóÈøðÇ ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú æóáöÃóäúÚóÇãößõãú [80 \ 24 - 32] .
ÝóÌóãöíÚõ ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÑøöÒúÞö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ãöäú ÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúãóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ Ëõãøó íóäúÔóÃõ Úóäúåõ ÅöÔúÞóÇÞõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö ÈöÃóäúæóÇÚöåö ÍóÈøðÇ æóÚöäóÈðÇ æóÒóíúÊõæäðÇ æóäóÎúáðÇ æóÍóÏóÇÆöÞó æóÝóÇßöåóÉð¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÞóÖúÈðÇ æóÃóÈøðÇ áöáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãõ ÃóÑúÒóÇÞñ ÃóíúÖðÇ áóÍúãðÇ æóáóÈóäðÇ¡ æóÌóãöíÚõ Ðóáößó ÞöæóÇãõåõ ÅöäúÒóÇáõ ÇáúãóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóãúÓóßóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÎóáúÞö áóÇ íóÞúæóì ãóÎúáõæÞñ Úóáóì ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ Úóáöãó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÒóÇÞó ÈöíóÏö ÇáúÎóáøóÇÞö¡ æóãóäú ÈöíóÏöåö ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóäú íóÊøóÌöåó ÈöÑóÛúÈóÉò æóáóÇ íóÊóæóÌøóåó ÈöÓõÄóÇáò ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ãõæÞöäðÇ ÍóÞøó ÇáúíóÞöíäö Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ åõæó ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞõ Ðõæ ÇáúÞõæøóÉö ÇáúãóÊöíäõ.
æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÝöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÑöÒúÞõßõãú æóãóÇ ÊõæÚóÏõæäó ÝóæóÑóÈøö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Åöäøóåõ áóÍóÞøñ ãöËúáó ãóÇ Ãóäøóßõãú ÊóäúØöÞõæäó [51 \ 22 - 23] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÞóæúáõåóÇ: æóÇááøóåö áóÇ íóßúãõáõ ÅöíãóÇäõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäó íóÞöíäõåõ ÈöãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÃóÚúÙóãó ãöãøóÇ ÈöíóÏöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÃóÕúÈóÍó ãóÇÄõßõãú ÛóæúÑðÇ Ýóãóäú íóÃúÊöíßõãú ÈöãóÇÁò ãóÚöíäò.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõåõ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÈöÞóÏóÑò ÝóÃóÓúßóäøóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÐóåóÇÈò Èöåö áóÞóÇÏöÑõæäó [23 \ 18] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» .(8/244)
ä æóÇáúÞóáóãö æóãóÇ íóÓúØõÑõæäó (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÞóáóãö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ä.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò: æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáó ßõáøóåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÞúæóÇáò:
ÝóÞöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóÃúËóÑó Çááøóåõ ÈöÚöáúãöåö Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóæú ãõÑóßøóÈóÉñ ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö ÍõÑõæÝò ßõáøõ ÍóÑúÝò ãöäö ÇÓúãò¡ Ãóæú ÃóÓúãóÇÁñ áöáÓøõæóÑö¡ Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ áöáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö¡ æóÈóíøóäó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - æóÌúåó ßõáøö Þóæúáò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÑóÌøóÍó ÇáúÃóÎöíÑó¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ áöáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøóåõ íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÏóÇÆöãðÇ ÇáöÇäúÊöÕóÇÑõ áöáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóÓóØó ÇáúÈóÍúËó ÈöãóÇ íóßúÝöí æóíóÔúÝöí.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÈöÃóÞúæóÇáò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó: ä ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÏøóæóÇÉö Ãóíú: ÈöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÐößúÑö ÇáúÞóáóãö¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Ýöíåö ÍóÏöíËðÇ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ¡ æóáóßöäú ÛóÑöíÈñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóåõæó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÎóáóÞó Çáäøõæäó æóåöíó ÇáÏøóæóÇÉõ¡ æóÎóáóÞó ÇáúÞóáóãó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇßúÊõÈú» ¡ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóÚóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: «ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ Çáäøõæäó æóåöíó ÇáÏøóæóÇÉõ» .
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ßõáøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÌõåö æóÒóÇÏó ÃóæúÌõåðÇ ÃõÎúÑóì: ãöäúåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇÝúÊöÊóÇÍöíøóÇÊñ áöÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö ÊóÓúÊóÑúÚöí ÇäúÊöÈóÇåó ÇáúãõÓúÊóãöÚöíäó¡ Ëõãøó íõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: åöíó ãöäú ÍöÓóÇÈö ÇáúÌõãóáö æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÚöäúÏó Ãóæøóáö «ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøõæÑóì» : Íã ÚÓÞ [42 \ 1 - 2] ÃóËóÑðÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇÓúÊóÛúÑóÈóåõ æóÇÓúÊóäúßóÑóåõ¡ æóáóßöäú æóÞóÚó ãóÇ íóÞúÑõÈõ ãöäú ãöÕúÏóÇÞöåö æóãõØóÇÈóÞóÊöåö ãõØóÇÈóÞóÉð ÊóÇãøóÉð.
æóäóÕøõåõ ãöäö ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ Åöáóì ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ æóÚöäúÏóåõ ÍõÐóíúÝóÉõ Èúäõ ÇáúíóãóÇäö: ÃóÎúÈöÑúäöí Úóäú ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáö Çááøóåö: Íã ÚÓÞ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÃóØúÑóÞó Ëõãøó ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäúåõ¡ Ëõãøó ßóÑøóÑó ãóÞóÇáóÊóåõ ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó Ýóáóãú íõÌöÈúåõ ÈöÔóíúÁò¡ æóßóÑöåó ãóÞóÇáóÊóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ßóÑøóÑóåóÇ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉó Ýóáóãú íõÌöÈúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ.(8/245)
ãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÈöãóÌúäõæäò (2) æóÅöäøó áóßó áóÃóÌúÑðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóãúäõæäò (3) æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáóì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò (4)
ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÍõÐóíúÝóÉõ: ÃóäóÇ ÃõäúÈöÆõßó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúÊõ Èöãó ßóÑöåóåóÇ¡ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÑóÌõáò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÈóíúÊöåö íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÅöáóåö Ãóæú ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö íóäúÒöáõ Úóáóì äóåúÑò ãöäú ÃóäúåóÇÑö ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö ÊóäúÈóäöí Úóáóíúåö ãóÏöíäóÊóÇäö ÝóÔóÞøó ÇáäøóåúÑó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÔóÞøðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÐöäó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÒóæóÇáö ãõáúßöåöãú æóÇäúÞöØóÇÚö ÏóæúáóÊöåöãú æóãõÏõäöåöãú¡ ÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ äóÇÑðÇ áóíúáðÇ ÝóÊõÕúÈöÍõ ÓóæúÏóÇÁó ãõÙúáöãóÉð ÞóÏö ÇÍúÊóÑóÞóÊú¡ ßóÃóäøóåóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ãóßóÇäóåóÇ¡ æóÊõÕúÈöÍõ ÕóÇÍöÈóÊõåóÇ ãõÊóÚóÌøöÈóÉð ßóíúÝó ÃóÝúáóÊóÊú¡ ÝóãóÇ åõæó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóíóÇÖõ íóæúãöåóÇ Ðóáößó ÍóÊøóì íóÌúÊóãöÚó ÝöíåóÇ ßõáøõ ÌóÈøóÇÑò ÚóäöíÏò ãöäúåõãú¡ Ëõãøó íóÎúÓöÝõ Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÇ æóÈöåöãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ ÝóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: Íã ÚÓÞ íóÚúäöí ÚóÒöíãóÉð ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóÝöÊúäóÉð¡ æóÞóÖóÇÁð.
Íã ÚÓÞ íóÚúäöí ÚóÏúáðÇ ãöäúåõ: Óíä íóÚúäöí Óóíóßõæäõ æóÞ íóÚúäöí æóÇÞöÚñ ÈöåóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÊóíúäö. ÇåÜ.
æóãóÚó ÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÈö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò ÅöíøóÇåõ æóÇÓúÊöäúßóÇÑöåö áóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ãöËúáõ ãóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóáóì ËóæúÑóÉö ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÅöáóåö Ýöí ÈóÛúÏóÇÏó¡ ÍóíúËõ íóÔõÞøõåóÇ ÇáäøóåúÑõ ÔóÞøóíúäö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãöäú Âáö ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ æóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ÈöåóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó æóÕúÝõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóËóÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÈöãóÌúäõæäò æóÅöäøó áóßó áóÃóÌúÑðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóãúäõæäò æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáÑøóÏøö Úóáóì ãóÞóÇáóÊöåöãú Êöáúßó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú íóÞõæáõæäó Èöåö ÌöäøóÉñ Èóáú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 70] ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» .
æóÓóÇÞó ÇáäøõÕõæÕó¡ æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö. ÇåÜ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú¡ æóíóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó áóßó áóÃóÌúÑðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóãúäõæäò Ãóíú Úóáóì ãóÇ ÌöÆúÊó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÞõãúÊó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛö Úóäö Çááøóåö æóÇáÕøóÈúÑö Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÑóÏøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõßõãú ÈöãóÌúäõæäò [81 \ 22] .
æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÑóÓõæáöåö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãö: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÌúäõæäó ÓóÝöíåñ áóÇ íóÚúäöí ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÍúÓöäõ Ãóíøó ÊóÕóÑøõÝò.
æóÇáúÎõáõÞõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÃóÑúÞóì ãóäóÇÒöáö ÇáúßóãóÇáö Ýöí ÚõÙóãóÇÁö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö.(8/246)
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó áóßó áóÃóÌúÑðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóãúäõæäò¡ Çáúãóäøõ: ÇáúÞóØúÚõ. Ãóíú: Åöäøó ÃóÌúÑóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÛóíúÑõ ãõäúÞóØöÚò.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ: \ 5
áöãõÚóÝøóÑò ÞóåúÏò ÊóäóÇÒóÚó Ôöáúæóåõ ... ÛõÈúÓñ ßóæóÇÓöÈõ áóÇ íõãóäøõ ØóÚóÇãõåóÇ
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÏóæóÇãó ÃóÌúÑöåö Ïõæäó ÇäúÞöØóÇÚò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó æóãóáóÇÆößóÊóåõ íõÕóáøõæäó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÕóáøõæÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøöãõæÇ ÊóÓúáöíãðÇ [33 \ 56] .
æóÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÕóáóæóÇÊõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó áóÇ ÊóäúÞóØöÚõ áóíúáðÇ æóáóÇ äóåóÇÑðÇ æóåöíó ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÑóÍúãóÉñ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö æóÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÏõÚóÇÁñ.
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÊöíö: «ÇáÖøõÍóì» æó «Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú» ÈößóÇãöáöåóÇ: ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó æóãóÇ Þóáóì æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóßó ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì æóáóÓóæúÝó íõÚúØöíßó ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÊóÑúÖóì [93 \ 3 - 5] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ áóßó ÐößúÑóßó [94 \ 4] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ ãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Ãóäøó ãóäú Ïóáøó Úóáóì ÎóíúÑò Ýóáóåõ ãöËúáõ ãóäú Úóãöáó Èöåö¡ ÝóãóÇ ãöäú ãõÓúáöãò ÊõßúÊóÈõ áóåõ ÍóÓóäóÉñ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÝóÊöåö ÅöáøóÇ æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöËúáõåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇÊó ÇÈúäõ ÂÏóãó ÇäúÞóØóÚó Úóãóáõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ËóáóÇËò» .
æóãöäúåóÇ: «Ãóæú Úöáúãò íõäúÊóÝóÚõ Èöåö» ¡ æóÃóíøõ Úöáúãò ÃóÚóãøõ äóÝúÚðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÊóÑóßóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó: «ÊóÑóßúÊõ Ýöíßõãú ãóÇ Åöäú ÊóãóÓøóßúÊõãú Èöåö áóäú ÊóÖöáøõæÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ßöÊóÇÈó Çááøóåö æóÓõäøóÊöí» ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÏóæóÇãö ÃóÌúÑöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÌóÒóÇÄõåõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÝóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ ÞóÏúÑóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáÑøóÏøö Úóáóì ÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÃóæøóáðÇ Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÑóãúíöåö ÈöÇáúÌõäõæäö ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÎúáóÇÞó ÇáúãóÌóÇäöíäö ãóÐúãõæãóÉñ Èóáú áóÇ ÃóÎúáóÇÞó áóåõãú¡ æóåõäóÇ ÃóÞúÕóì ãóÑóÇÊöÈö ÇáúÚõáõæøö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáõÞö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóßøóÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞó ÈöÚóæóÇãöáö ÇáúãõÄóßøöÏóÇÊö ÈöÇäúÏöÑóÇÌöåö Ýöí ÌóæóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÈöÃóäøó ÇááøóÇãó Ýöí (áóÚóáóì) ¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÈöÚóáóì ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúáóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóãóßøõäö ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú Ðõæ(8/247)
ãóËóáðÇ: Ðõæ ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò áöÈóíóÇäö ÞõæøóÉö ÇáÊøóãóßøõäö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúáóÇÁö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóæúÞó ßõáøö ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò ãõÊóãóßøöäñ ãöäúåõ ãõÓúÊóÚúáò Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóáó ÇáúÎõáõÞó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó åõäóÇ æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóÚóãøö ãóÇ ÇãúÊóÏóÍó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÑóÓõæáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÔóÏóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - Åöáóì ãóÇ Èóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáó ÍöíäóãóÇ ÓõÆöáóÊú Úóäú ÎõáõÞöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí ÇãúÊõÏöÍó Èöåö ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: «ßóÇäó ÎõáõÞõåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó» ÊóÚúäöí æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÃúÊóãöÑõ ÈöÃóãúÑöåö æóíóäúÊóåöí ÈöäóæóÇåöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ [59 \ 7] .
æóßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] .
æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóäú íõÄúãöäó ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäó åóæóÇåõ ÊóÈóÚðÇ áöãóÇ ÌöÆúÊõ Èöåö» ¡ ÝóßóÇäó åõæó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõãúÊóËöáðÇ áöÊóÚóÇáöíãö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÓöíÑóÊöåö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑóäóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí Èöåö ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãöäú Ãóåóãøö ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ãóÚúÑöÝóÉõ ÊóÝúÕöíáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö ; áöíóÊöãøó ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöí ÇáúãóØúáõæÈõ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐóÊú ÞóÖöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö ÚóÇãøóÉð¡ æóÃóÎúáóÇÞõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÎóÇÕøóÉð ãóÍóáøó ÇáÕøóÏóÇÑóÉö ãöäú ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáúÈóÇÍöËöíäó¡ æóÊóÞúÑöíÑö ÇáúãõÑúÔöÏöíäó¡ Ýóåöíó ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáúÚõãõæãö ÃóÓóÇÓõ ÞöæóÇãö ÇáúÃõãóãö¡ æóÚóÇãöáõ ÇáúÍöÝóÇÙö Úóáóì ÈóÞóÇÆöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÃõãóãõ ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞõ ãóÇ ÈóÞöíóÊú ... ÝóÅöäú åõãõ ÐóåóÈóÊú ÃóÎúáóÇÞõåõãú ÐóåóÈõæÇ
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÈöÚúËóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ Ýöí ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÈõÚöËúÊõ ; áöÃõÊóãøöãó ãóßóÇÑöãó ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö» .
æóÞóÏú Úõäöíó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÞóÖöíøóÉö ÃóÎúáóÇÞöåö ÈóÚúÏó äõÒõæáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÝóÓóÃóáõæÇ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - Úóäú Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: «ßóÇäó ÎõáõÞõåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó» ¡ æóÚõäöíó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÈöÇáÊøóÃúáöíÝö¡ ßóÇáÔøóãóÇÆöáö áöáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáõÞö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáúãóÚúäöíøö åõäóÇ Ýóåöíó Úóáóì Þóæúáóíúäö¡ áóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ:
ãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáÏøöíäõ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú.
æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ Þóæúáõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó: «ßóÇäó ÎõáõÞõåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó» ¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ æóÇáÏøöíäõ ãõÑúÊóÈöØóÇäö. æóáóßöäú áóãú íóÒóáö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáõ ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ. æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö äóÌöÏõ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÈóíóÇäö áöãóÇ ßóÇäó(8/248)
Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÚóÙöíãö ÇáúÎõáõÞö ãöËúáó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎõÐö ÇáúÚóÝúæó æóÃúãõÑú ÈöÇáúÚõÑúÝö æóÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíäó [7 \ 199] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: áóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÚóÒöíÒñ Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÚóäöÊøõãú ÍóÑöíÕñ Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÑóÁõæÝñ ÑóÍöíãñ [9 \ 128] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÈöãóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö áöäúÊó áóåõãú æóáóæú ßõäúÊó ÝóÙøðÇ ÛóáöíÙó ÇáúÞóáúÈö áóÇäúÝóÖøõæÇ ãöäú Íóæúáößó ÝóÇÚúÝõ Úóäúåõãú [3 \ 159] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇÏúÚõ Åöáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÑóÈøößó ÈöÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóÇáúãóæúÚöÙóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö æóÌóÇÏöáúåõãú ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ [16 \ 125] .
æóãöËúáõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåõ Ãóæö ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÈöãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÎõáõÞõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó¡ ÝóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ.
æóÇáúãõÊóÃóãøöáõ áöáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí åóÏúíöåö íóÌöÏõ ãóÈúÏóÃó ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö Ýöí ßõáøö ÊóÔúÑöíÚò Ýöíåö ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö. ÝóÝöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÎõÔõæÚñ æóÎõÖõæÚñ æóÓóßöíäóÉñ æóæóÞóÇÑñ¡ ÝóÃúÊõæåóÇ æóÚóáóíúßõãõ ÇáÓøóßöíäóÉõ æóÇáúæóÞóÇÑõ.
æóÝöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãõÑõæÁóÉñ æóßóÑóãñ íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊõÈúØöáõæÇ ÕóÏóÞóÇÊößõãú ÈöÇáúãóäøö æóÇáúÃóÐóì [2 \ 264] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ äõØúÚöãõßõãú áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö áóÇ äõÑöíÏõ ãöäúßõãú ÌóÒóÇÁð æóáóÇ ÔõßõæÑðÇ [76 \ 9] .
æóÝöí ÇáÕøöíóÇãö: «ãóäú áóãú íóÏóÚú Þóæúáó ÇáÒøõæÑö æóÇáúÚóãóáó Èöåö ÝóáóíúÓó áöáøóåö ÍóÇÌóÉð Ýöí Ãóäú íóÏóÚó ØóÚóÇãóåõ æóÔóÑóÇÈóåõ» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇáÕøöíóÇãõ ÌõäøóÉñ» .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÌøö: ÝóáóÇ ÑóÝóËó æóáóÇ ÝõÓõæÞó æóáóÇ ÌöÏóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÌøö.
æóÝöí ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöíøóÇÊö: ÎõæØöÈó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÃóÚúáóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö¡ ÍóÊøóì æóáóæú áóãú íóßõäú ÏóÇÎöáðÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÎóÇÑöÌðÇ Úóäú äöØóÇÞö ÇáØøóáóÈö: æóÞóÖóì ÑóÈøõßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ æóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ßóÑöíãðÇ æóÇÎúÝöÖú áóåõãóÇ ÌóäóÇÍó ÇáÐøõáøö ãöäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö æóÞõáú ÑóÈøöí ÇÑúÍóãúåõãóÇ ßóãóÇ ÑóÈøóíóÇäöí ÕóÛöíÑðÇ(8/249)
[17 \ 23 - 24] ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó æóÇáöÏóíúåö áóãú íóßõäú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ ÚöäúÏó äõÒõæáöåóÇ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÚóÇáöíãö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÔúÊóãóáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ.
æóÞóÏú Úõäöíó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö ÍóÊøóì ßóÇäó íõæÕöí ÈöåóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÚõæËöíäó Ýöí ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÕóì ãõÚóÇÐó Èúäó ÌóÈóáò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «ÇÊøóÞö Çááøóåó ÍóíúËõãóÇ ßõäúÊó¡ æóÃóÊúÈöÚö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉó ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉó ÊóãúÍõåóÇ¡ æóÎóÇáöÞö ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÎõáõÞò ÍóÓóäò» .
æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ãöãøóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö: ÅöÐóÇ áóãú ÊóÓúÊóÍö ÝóÇÕúäóÚú ãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõ» ¡ Ãóíú: Åöäøó ÇáúÍóíóÇÁó æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóÎóÕøö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö ÓöíóÇÌñ ãöäó ÇáÑøóÐóÇÆöáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎõáõÞó ÇáúÍóÓóäó íóÍúãöáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÖóÇÆöáö¡ æóíóãúäóÚõ ãöäó ÇáÑøóÐóÇÆöáö¡ ßóãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí Ðóáößó:
Åöäøó ÇáúßóÑöíãó ÅöÐóÇ Êóãóßøóäó ãöäú ÃóÐðì ... ÌóÇÁóÊúåõ ÃóÎúáóÇÞõ ÇáúßöÑóÇãö ÝóÃóÞúáóÚóÇ
æóÊóÑóì ÇááøóÆöíãó ÅöÐóÇ Êóãóßøóäó ãöäú ÃóÐðì ... íóØúÛóì ÝóáóÇ íõÈúÞöí áöÕõáúÍò ãóæúÖöÚðÇ
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÇäöÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõäúÝöÞõæäó Ýöí ÇáÓøóÑøóÇÁö æóÇáÖøóÑøóÇÁö æóÇáúßóÇÙöãöíäó ÇáúÛóíúÙó æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíäó Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÇááøóåõ íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó [3 \ 134] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Åöäøó ãöäú Ãóåóãøö ÞóÖóÇíóÇ ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö ÈóíóÇäõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÈõÚöËúÊõ ; áöÃõÊóãøöãó ãóßóÇÑöãó ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö» .
ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÈöÚúËóÊóåõ ÈöÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö¡ æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊö¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞó åöíó ÇáúÈöÚúËóÉõ.
æóÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉò ãóäúØöÞöíøóÉò ÞóØúÚöíøóÉò ÍóãúáöíøóÉò¡ ãõÞóÏøöãóÊõåóÇ ÍóÏöíËñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóåõæó: «ÇáÏøöíäõ ÍõÓúäõ ÇáúÎõáõÞö» ¡ æóÇáúßõÈúÑóì ÂíóÉñ ßóÑöíãóÉñ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóíúÓó ÇáúÈöÑøó Ãóäú ÊõæóáøõæÇ æõÌõæåóßõãú ÞöÈóáó ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÈöÑøó ãóäú Âãóäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÂÊóì ÇáúãóÇáó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö Ðóæöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäó æóÇÈúäó ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóÇáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó æóÝöí ÇáÑøöÞóÇÈö æóÃóÞóÇãó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊóì ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÇáúãõæÝõæäó ÈöÚóåúÏöåöãú ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÇåóÏõæÇ æóÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÃúÓóÇÁö æóÇáÖøóÑøóÇÁö æóÍöíäó ÇáúÈóÃúÓö ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÕóÏóÞõæÇ æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞõæäó [2 \ 177] .
æóáöãõÓóÇæóÇÉö ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáÕøõÛúÑóì Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÕóÏóÞö¡ æóåõæó: «ÇáÏøöíäõ ÍõÓúäõ ÇáúÎõáõÞö» ¡ íóßõæäõ ÇáÊøóÑúßöíÈõ ÇáúãóäúØöÞöíøõ ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÑóÇäöíøö ÍõÓúäõ ÇáúÎõáõÞö åõæó ÇáúÈöÑøõ¡ æóÇáúÈöÑøõ åõæó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö(8/250)
ÇáúÂÎöÑö¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ íóäúÊõÌõ ÍõÓúäõ ÇáúÎõáõÞö åõæó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö æóãóÇ ÚõØöÝó Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíäö ßõáøöåö ÈöÃóÞúÓóÇãöåö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö:
ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ãöäú ÕóáóÇÉò æóÒóßóÇÉò. ÅáÎ.
æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö æóãóáóÇÆößóÊöåö. ÅáÎ.
æóãöäú ÅöÍúÓóÇäò Ýöí æóÝóÇÁò æóÕöÏúÞò æóÕóÈúÑò¡ æóÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ÅöÐú åöíó ãõÑóÇÞóÈóÉõ Çááøóåö ÓöÑøðÇ æóÚóáóäðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÙóåóÑóÊú äóÊöíÌóÉõ ÚöÙóãö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáÔøóÇãöáóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [21 \ 107] .
æóßóÐóáößó áöáúÃõãøóÉö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÃóÞúÑóÈõßõãú ãöäøöí ãóäúÒöáóÉð íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÃóÍóÇÓöäõßõãú ÃóÎúáóÇÞðÇ» .
æóåöíó ÞóÖöíøóÉñ ãóäúØöÞöíøóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì: «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÈõÚöËúÊõ áöÃõÊóãøöãó ãóßóÇÑöãó ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö» ¡ æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
ÝóãóßóÇÑöãõ ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö ÑóÍúãóÉñ áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóãóäúÒöáóÉñ ÚõáúíóÇ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö Ãóäøó ÃõÓõÓó ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ:
åöíó: ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÚöÝøóÉõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÌóÇÚóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉõ.
æóíõÞóÇÈöáõåóÇ ÑóÐóÇÆöáõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ:
åöíó ÇáúÌóåúáõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÑóåõ¡ æóÇáúÌõÈúäõ¡ æóÇáúÌóæúÑõ.
æóíóÊóÝóÑøóÚõ Úóäú ßõáøö ÝóÖöíáóÉò ÝõÑõæÚõåóÇ:
ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ: ÇáÐøóßóÇÁõ æóÓõåõæáóÉõ ÇáúÝóåúãö¡ æóÓöÚóÉõ ÇáúÚöáúãö. æóÚóäö ÇáÚöÝøóÉö: ÇáúÞóäóÇÚóÉõ¡ æóÇáúæóÑóÚõ¡ æóÇáúÍóíóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáÓøóÎóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáÏøóÚóÉõ¡ æóÇáÕøóÈúÑõ¡ æóÇáúÍõÑøöíøóÉõ. æóÚóäö ÇáÔøóÌóÇÚóÉö: ÇáäøóÌúÏóÉõ¡ æóÚöÙóãõ ÇáúåöãøóÉö. æóÚóäö ÇáÓøóãóÇÍóÉö: ÇáúßóÑóãõ¡ æóÇáúÅöíËóÇÑõ¡ æóÇáúãõæóÇÓóÇÉõ¡ æóÇáúãõÓóÇãóÍóÉõ.(8/251)
ÝóáóÇ ÊõØöÚö ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó (8) æóÏøõæÇ áóæú ÊõÏúåöäõ ÝóíõÏúåöäõæäó (9) æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ßõáøó ÍóáøóÇÝò ãóåöíäò (10) åóãøóÇÒò ãóÔøóÇÁò Èöäóãöíãò (11) ãóäøóÇÚò áöáúÎóíúÑö ãõÚúÊóÏò ÃóËöíãò (12) ÚõÊõáøò ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Òóäöíãò (13) Ãóäú ßóÇäó ÐóÇ ãóÇáò æóÈóäöíäó (14) ÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÓóÇØöíÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó (15) ÓóäóÓöãõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎõÑúØõæãö (16)
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉõ - æóåöíó Ãõãøõ ÇáúÝóÖóÇÆöáö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞöíøóÉö - ÝóíóÊóÝóÑøóÚõ ÚóäúåóÇ: ÇáÕøóÏóÇÞóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÃõáúÝóÉõ¡ æóÕöáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÍöãö¡ æóÊóÑúßõ ÇáúÍöÞúÏö¡ æóãõßóÇÝóÃóÉõ ÇáÔøóÑøö ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõ ÇááøõØúÝö. ÝóåóÐöåö ÃõÕõæáõ ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö æóÝõÑõæÚõåóÇ¡ Ýóáóãú ÊóÈúÞó ÎóÕúáóÉñ ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ æóåöíó ãõßúÊóãöáóÉñ Ýöíåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÑøóÃóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÑóÐöíáóÉò¡ ÝóÊóÍóÞøóÞó Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò¡ ÝöÚúáðÇ æóÚóÞúáðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò. æóÇáúÎõáõÞõ ãóÇ ÊóÎóáøóÞó Èöåö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó áöäóÈöíøöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó åóÏóì Çááøóåõ ÝóÈöåõÏóÇåõãõ ÇÞúÊóÏöåö [6 \ 90] ¡ æóáóÇ ÈõÏøó áößõáøö äóÈöíøò ãöäú ÎóÕúáóÉò ÝóÇÖöáóÉò. ÝóÇÌúÊóãóÚó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÌóãöíÚõ ÎöÕóÇáö ÇáúÝóÖúáö ÚöäúÏó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö. æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóåõ æóÌúåñ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó æóÇÞöÚó ÓöíÑóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö æóÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ãõáóÞøóÈðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞõÑóÔöíøöíäó ÈöÇáúÃóãöíäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö æóÖúÚö ÇáúÍóÌóÑö Ýöí ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö ; ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ Úóäúåõ: ÇáúÃóãöíäõ ÇÑúÊóÖóíúäóÇåõ.
æóÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÍóÇÑöËóÉó¡ áóãøóÇ ÃõÎöÐó ÃóÓöíÑðÇ æóÃóåúÏóÊúåõ ÎóÏöíÌóÉõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - áöÎöÏúãóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. æóÌóÇÁó Ãóåúáõåõ ÈöÇáúÝöÏóÇÁö íõÝóÇÏõæäóåõ ãöäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãõ: «ÇÏúÚõæåõ æóÃóÎúÈöÑõæåõ¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇÎúÊóÇÑóßõãú Ýóåõæó áóßõãú ÈöÏõæäö ÝöÏóÇÁò) ÝóÞóÇáó ÒóíúÏñ: æóÇááøóåö áóÇ ÃóÎúÊóÇÑõ Úóáóì ÕõÍúÈóÊößó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ Ãóåúáõåõ: æóíúÍóßó! ÃóÊóÎúÊóÇÑõ ÇáÑøöÞøó Úóáóì ÇáúÍõÑøöíøóÉö¿ ! ÝóÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú¡ æóÇááøóåö áóÞóÏú ÕóÍöÈúÊõåõ Ýóáóãú íóÞõáú áöí áöÔóíúÁò ÝóÚóáúÊõåõ: áöãó ÝóÚóáúÊóåõ ÞóØøõ. æóáóÇ áöÔóíúÁò áóãú ÃóÝúÚóáúåõ: áöãó áóãú ÊóÝúÚóáúåõ ÞóØøõ:» æóÑóÌóÚó Þóæúãõåõ¡ æóÈóÞöíó åõæó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÈöíóÏöåö¡ æóÃóÚúáóäó ÊóÈóäøöíóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÚúåõæÏðÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö.
ÅöäøóäóÇ áóæú ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑó Çááøóåö ÅöíøóÇåõ ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåö¡ æóÊóÚóåøõÏó Çááøóåö ÅöíøóÇåõ ÈóÚúÏó æõÌõæÏöåö ; ãöäú ÔóÞøö ÇáÕøóÏúÑö Ýöí ØõÝõæáóÊöåö¡ æóãöäú ãóæúÊö ÃóÈóæóíúåö æóÑöÚóÇíóÉö Çááøóåö áóåõ.
ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ æóÏøóÚóßó ÑóÈøõßó æóãóÇ Þóáóì Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó íóÊöíãðÇ ÝóÂæóì æóæóÌóÏóßó ÖóÇáøðÇ ÝóåóÏóì æóæóÌóÏóßó ÚóÇÆöáðÇ ÝóÃóÛúäóì ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúíóÊöíãó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúåóÑú æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÆöáó ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑú æóÃóãøóÇ ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÝóÍóÏøöËú [93 \ 3 - 11] .
ÅöäøóåóÇ äöÚúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÚóáóì ÃõãøóÊöåö ãóÚóåõ - ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö - æóÑóÒóÞóäóÇ ÇáÊøóÃóÓøöíó Èöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóáóÇ ÊõØöÚö ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó æóÏøõæÇ áóæú ÊõÏúåöäõ ÝóíõÏúåöäõæäó æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ßõáøó ÍóáøóÇÝò ãóåöíäò åóãøóÇÒò ãóÔøóÇÁò Èöäóãöíãò ãóäøóÇÚò áöáúÎóíúÑö ãõÚúÊóÏò ÃóËöíãò ÚõÊõáøò ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Òóäöíãò Ãóäú ßóÇäó ÐóÇ ãóÇáò æóÈóäöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÓóÇØöíÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ÓóäóÓöãõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎõÑúØõæãö(8/252)
ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ãóÌöíÁö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÈúáó åóÐöåö: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ÏóÚúæóÇåõãõ ÇáúßóÇÐöÈóÉö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúÌõäõæäö.
ÝóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóäúÒöíåõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöãøóÇ ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÑóÐóÇÆöáó æóäóÞóÇÆöÕó æóÇÝúÊöÖóÇÍñ áóåõãú. æóÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÝóÑúÞö æóÇáúÈóæúäö ÇáÔøóÇÓöÚö Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäóåõãú. ÝóÝöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí æóÕóÝóåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò¡ æóÕóÝóåõãú ÈöÚóßúÓö Ðóáößó ãöäú: ßóÐöÈò¡ æóãõÏóÇåóäóÉò¡ æóßóËúÑóÉö ÍóáöÝò¡ æóãóåóÇäóÉò¡ æóåóãúÒò¡ æóãóÔúíò ÈöäóãöíãóÉò¡ æóãóäúÚò áöáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóÚõÊõáøò¡ æóÊóÌóÈøóÑò¡ æóÇÚúÊöÏóÇÁò¡ æóÙõáúãò¡ æóÇäúÞöØóÇÚö Òóäöíãò¡ ÚóÔúÑõ ÎöÕóÇáò ÐóãöíãóÉñ. æóäóÊöíÌóÊõåóÇ ÇáúæóÓúãõ ÈöÇáúÎöÒúíö Úóáóì ÇáúÃõäõæÝö ÕóÛóÇÑðÇ áóåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÊõÈóíøöäõ ãóÓóÇæöÆó Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö æóÊõÍóÐøöÑõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÓóÚõäóÇ ÅöíÑóÇÏõåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóÊóßúÝöí ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ; ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ íóÓúÎóÑú Þóæãñ ãöäú Þóæúãò ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåõãú æóáóÇ äöÓóÇÁñ ãöäú äöÓóÇÁò ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóßõäøó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåõäøó æóáóÇ ÊóáúãöÒõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóäóÇÈóÒõæÇ ÈöÇáúÃóáúÞóÇÈö ÈöÆúÓó ÇáöÇÓúãõ ÇáúÝõÓõæÞõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóãóäú áóãú íóÊõÈú ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøóäøö Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÙøóäøö ÅöËúãñ æóáóÇ ÊóÌóÓøóÓõæÇ æóáóÇ íóÛúÊóÈú ÈóÚúÖõßõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÃóíõÍöÈøõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú Ãóäú íóÃúßõáó áóÍúãó ÃóÎöíåö ãóíúÊðÇ ÝóßóÑöåúÊõãõæåõ æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóæøóÇÈñ ÑóÍöíãñ [49 \ 11 - 12]
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÏøõæÇ áóæú ÊõÏúåöäõ ÝóíõÏúåöäõæäó
ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ áöãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúãõÏóÇåóäóÉö ÝóæúÞó ÚóÔóÑóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáò ÃóÑúÌóÍõåóÇ ÇáúãõáóÇíóäóÉõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ æóÏóÇÏóÊóåõãú æóÊóãóäøöíóåõãõ ÇáúãõÏóÇåóäóÉó¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú áóäóÇ åóáú ÏóÇåóäóåõãú - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóãú áóÇ¿ æóåóáú íõÑöíÏõæäó ÈöÐóáößó ãóÕúáóÍóÉð Ãóãú áóÇ¿ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ ; ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ ÇáÊøóÏóÑøõÌó ãöäó ÇáúãõÏóÇåóäóÉö æóãõáóÇíóäóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÚóåõãú¡ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãöäú ÊóÚúØöíáö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÏøó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ¡ áóæú Êóáöíäõ áóåõãú Ýöí Ïöíäößó ; ÈöÅöÌóÇÈóÊößó ÅöíøóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáÑøõßõæäö Åöáóì ÂáöåóÊöåöãú Ýóíóáöíäõæäó áóßó Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊößó Åöáóåóßó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Ìóáøó ËóäóÇÄõåõ -: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ËóÈøóÊúäóÇßó áóÞóÏú ßöÏúÊó ÊóÑúßóäõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ [17 \ 74] ÇåÜ.
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö äõÒõæáö ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó) .(8/253)
ÝóÇÕúÈöÑú áöÍõßúãö ÑóÈøößó æóáóÇ Êóßõäú ßóÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÍõæÊö ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì æóåõæó ãóßúÙõæãñ (48)
ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ. ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó [109 \ 1 - 3] .
æóãöãøóÇ åõæó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÞóÕúÏöåöãú ÈöÇáúãõÏóÇåóäóÉö¡ æóÇáÏøóÇÝöÚõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÏøó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóæú íóÑõÏøõæäóßõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÅöíãóÇäößõãú ßõÝøóÇÑðÇ ÍóÓóÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ [2 \ 109] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ãóæúÞöÝó ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÍóÇæóáóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÚúÝõæÇ æóÇÕúÝóÍõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÃúÊöíó Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóãúÑöåö [2 \ 109] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóãúÑöåö ÍóßóãðÇ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäóåõãú¡ æóåõäóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ßõáøó ãõÏóÇåóäóÉò Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÚó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÊóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ßõáøó ÍóáøóÇÝò ãóåöíäò ÅöÔóÇÑóÉð Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõØóÇÚõæäó Ýöí ãõÏóÇåóäóÊöåöãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ÓóíóÈúÐõáõæäó ßõáøó ãóÇ Ýöí æõÓúÚöåöãú; áöÊóÑúæöíÌö ãõÏóÇåóäóÊöåöãú æóáóæú ÈößóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÍóáöÝö¡ æóÝóÑúÞñ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÏóÇåóäóÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóÇáúãõáóÇØóÝóÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ Ãóæö ÇáÊøóÚóÇæõäö æóÊóÈóÇÏõáö ÇáúãóäóÇÝöÚö ÇáÏøõäúíóæöíøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [60 \ 8] . æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÊóÓúÃóáõåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ Ýóåõãú ãöäú ãóÛúÑóãò ãõËúÞóáõæäó
åóÐóÇ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãñ ÅöäúßóÇÑöíøñ ; íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÓúÃóáúåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ Úóáóì ÏóÚúæóÊöåö ÅöíøóÇåõãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì [42 \ 23] . ÝóÇáúÃóÌúÑõ ÇáúãóÓúÆõæáõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÝúåóãõ Úóäúåõ åõæó ÇáúÃóÌúÑõ ÇáúãóÇÏøöíøõ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö æóäóÍúæöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáúÃóÌúÑö Úóáóì ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÑøõÓõáö - ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó -¡ æóãóÈúÍóËõ ÃóÎúÐö ÇáúÃõÌúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãóÒöíøóÉõ Çááøóåö ; ÈóÍúËðÇ æóÇÝöíðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÇ Þóæúãö áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ãóÇáðÇ Åöäú ÃóÌúÑöíó ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö [11 \ 29] ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÕúÈöÑú áöÍõßúãö ÑóÈøößó æóáóÇ Êóßõäú ßóÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÍõæÊö ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì æóåõæó ãóßúÙõæãñ
áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ãóäú åõæó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÍõæÊö¡ æóáóÇ äöÏóÇÁóåõ æóåõæó ãóßúÙõæãñ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó Çáúãóäúåöíøó Úóäúåõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöËúáóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÕóÇÍöÈó ÇáúÍõæÊö Ýöí (ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö) Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó íõæäõÓó(8/254)
ÝóÇÌúÊóÈóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÌóÚóáóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó (50)
áóãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöÐú ÃóÈóÞó Åöáóì ÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáúãóÔúÍõæäö. Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇáúÊóÞóãóåõ ÇáúÍõæÊõ æóåõæó ãõáöíãñ
[37 \ 139 - 142] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: ÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö) ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÐóÇ Çáäøõæäö ÅöÐú ÐóåóÈó ãõÛóÇÖöÈðÇ ÝóÙóäøó Ãóäú áóäú äóÞúÏöÑó Úóáóíúåö ÝóäóÇÏóì Ýöí ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó Åöäøöí ßõäúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúäóÇ áóåõ æóäóÌøóíúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÛóãøö æóßóÐóáößó äõäúÌöí ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [21 \ 87 - 88] .
ÝóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÍõæÊö åõæó íõæäõÓõ¡ æóäöÏóÇÄõåõ åõæó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÍóÇáóÉõ äöÏóÇÆöåö æóåõæó ãóßúÙõæãñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ Çáúãóäúåöíøõ Úóäú Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöËúáóåõ: Ýóåõæó ÇáúÍóÇáõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÛóÖóÈöåö¡ æóåõæó ãóßúÙõæãñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áöÌóÇäöÈò ãöäú ÎõáõÞöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÊóÎóáøõÞöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÕúÈöÑú Ãóíú: Úóáóì ÅöíÐóÇÁö Þóæúãößó¡ æóáóÚóáøó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö æóÎóæóÇÕøö ÊóæúÌöíåóÇÊö Çááøóåö Åöáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÚóÇÞóÈúÊõãú ÝóÚóÇÞöÈõæÇ ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÚõæÞöÈúÊõãú Èöåö æóáóÆöäú ÕóÈóÑúÊõãú áóåõæó ÎóíúÑñ áöáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó æóÇÕúÈöÑú æóãóÇ ÕóÈúÑõßó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö [16 \ 126 - 127] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎõáõÞðÇ ÝóÇÖöáðÇ ÚóÇãøðÇ áöáúÃõãøóÉö: Ýöí ÍõÓúäö ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÉö æóÇáÕøóÝúÍö.
Ëõãøó ÎóÕøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÕúÈöÑú Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊõÚóÇÞöÈö ÇäúÊöÞóÇãðÇ æóáóæú ÈöÇáúãöËúáöíøóÉö æóáóßöäö ÇÕúÈöÑú¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöÕúÏóÇÞõ Ðóáößó ; Ýöí ÑõÌõæÚöåö ãöäú ËóÞöíÝò ÍöíäóãóÇ ÂÐóæúåõ¡ æóÌóÇÁóåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -¡ æóãóÚóåõ ãóáóßõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö íóÃúÊóãöÑõ ÈöÃóãúÑöåö¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: (áóÇ¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÇåúÏö Þóæúãöí ; ÝóÅöäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó. . Åöäøöí áóÃóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÕúáóÇÈöåöãú ãóäú íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇááøóåö) . ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÝóÍó æóÕóÈóÑó¡ æóÑóÌóì ãöäó Çááøóåö ÅöíãóÇäó ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÃóÕúáóÇÈöåöãú.
æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÞúÕóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóÝúÍö¡ æóÃóÚúÙóãõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáúÎõáõÞö ÇáúßóÑöíãö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóäõÈöÐó ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÇÁö æóåõæó ãóÐúãõæãñ.
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõäúÈóÐú ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÇÁö Úóáóì ÕöÝóÉò ãóÐúãõæãóÉò¡ Èóáú Åöäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóäúÈóÊó Úóáóíúåö ÔóÌóÑóÉð ÊõÙöáøõåõ æóÊóÓúÊõÑõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÔóÌóÑóÉð ãöäú íóÞúØöíäò [37 \ 146] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÌúÊóÈóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÌóÚóáóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó(8/255)
æóÅöäú íóßóÇÏõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóíõÒúáöÞõæäóßó ÈöÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ÇáÐøößúÑó æóíóÞõæáõæäó Åöäøóåõ áóãóÌúäõæäñ (51)
Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇåõ Åöáóì ãöÇÆóÉö ÃóáúÝò Ãóæú íóÒöíÏõæäó ÝóÂãóäõæÇ ÝóãóÊøóÚúäóÇåõãú Åöáóì Íöíäò [37 \ 147 - 148] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú íóßóÇÏõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóíõÒúáöÞõæäóßó ÈöÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ÇáÐøößúÑó æóíóÞõæáõæäó Åöäøóåõ áóãóÌúäõæäñ æóãóÇ åõæó ÅöáøóÇ ÐößúÑñ áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó
Ýöíåö ÚóæúÏõ ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Úóáóì ÃóæøóáöåóÇ. æóÃóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ÇáÐøößúÑó ÔóÎóÕóÊú ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú äóÍúæó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóíóÑúãõæäóåõ ÈöÇáúÌõäõæäö. æóÇáÑøóÏøõ Úóáóíúåöãú: ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóãöÚõæåõ áóíúÓó ÈöåóÐóíóÇäö ÇáúãóÌúäõæäö¡ æóãóÇ åõæó ÅöáøóÇ ÐößúÑñ áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ æóÝöíåö ÊóÑúÌöíÍõ ÇáúÞóæúáö: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöäöÚúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ãóÇ ÃóæúÍóÇåõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáÐøößúÑö.(8/256)
ßóÐøóÈóÊú ËóãõæÏõ æóÚóÇÏñ ÈöÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉö (4)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ ãóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ.
(ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉõ) : ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ßóÐøóÈóÊú ËóãõæÏõ æóÚóÇÏñ ÈöÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉö [69 \ 4] . æóåöíó ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ íóæúãó íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö ÇáúÂíóÉó [101 \ 3 - 4] .
ÓõãøöíóÊú ÈöÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉö; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÍöÞøõ ÝöíåóÇ æóÚúÏõ Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ æóÓõãøöíóÊú ÈöÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÚõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈó ÈöåóæúáöåóÇ: æóÊóÑóì ÇáäøóÇÓó ÓõßóÇÑóì æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÓõßóÇÑóì [22 \ 2] .
ßóãóÇ ÓõãøöíóÊö: ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉõ áóíúÓó áöæóÞúÚóÊöåóÇ ßóÇÐöÈóÉñ [56 \ 1 - 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐøóÈóÊú ËóãõæÏõ æóÚóÇÏñ ÈöÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉö ÝóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö
æóÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉõ ÝóÇÚöáóÉñ ãöäó ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö¡ æóåõæó ãõÌóÇæóÒóÉõ ÇáúÍóÏøö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ áóãøóÇ ØóÛóì ÇáúãóÇÁõ [69 \ 11] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóíóØúÛóì [96 \ 6] .
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Þóæúãñ: ØóÇÛöíóÉñ: ÚóÇÞöÑõ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐøóÈóÊú ËóãõæÏõ ÈöØóÛúæóÇåóÇ ÅöÐö ÇäúÈóÚóËó ÃóÔúÞóÇåóÇ [91 \ 11 - 12] ¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÈóÇÁõ ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉð¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÓóÈóÈö ØóÇÛöíóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉõ: ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóåúáóßóÊúåõãú¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÕóíúÍóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóßóÇäõæÇ ßóåóÔöíãö ÇáúãõÍúÊóÙöÑö [54 \ 31] ¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÈóÇÁõ ÂáöíøóÉð¡ ßóÞóæúáößó: ßóÊóÈúÊõ ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö¡ æóÞóØóÚúÊõ ÈöÇáÓøößøöíäö.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ åõæó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáËøóÇäöí ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÝöí ËóãõæÏó ÅöÐú Þöíáó áóåõãú ÊóãóÊøóÚõæÇ ÍóÊøóì Íöíäò ÝóÚóÊóæúÇ Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉõ æóåõãú íóäúÙõÑõæäó [51 \ 44] . æóÞöíáó: áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ; áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÇäö ÊóáóÇÒõãó ÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈö áöáÓøóÈóÈö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÓóÈóÈõ ÇáËøóÇäöí áóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ¡ æóíõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÚóÊóæúÇ Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉõ.(8/257)
æóÌóÇÁó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ æóãóäú ÞóÈúáóåõ æóÇáúãõÄúÊóÝößóÇÊõ ÈöÇáúÎóÇØöÆóÉö (9)
ÝóÇáúÚõÊõæøõ åõæó ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉõ åöíó ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏóÉõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóÈóØó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóãøóÇ ÚóÇÏñ ÝóÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÑöíÍò ÕóÑúÕóÑò ÚóÇÊöíóÉò ÓóÎøóÑóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÓóÈúÚó áóíóÇáò æóËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò ÍõÓõæãðÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -¡ ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÑöíÍðÇ ÕóÑúÕóÑðÇ Ýöí ÃóíøóÇãò äóÍöÓóÇÊò [41 \ 16] ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ýöí ÝõÕøöáóÊú¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö áößóíúÝöíøóÉö ÅöåúáóÇßö ÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó ÈóíóÇäñ áöãóÇ ÃõÌúãöáó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúÝóÌúÑö) ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÕóÈøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÈøõßó ÓóæúØó ÚóÐóÇÈò [89 \ 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÇÁó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ æóãóäú ÞóÈúáóåõ æóÇáúãõÄúÊóÝößóÇÊõ ÈöÇáúÎóÇØöÆóÉö
ÇáúãõÄúÊóÝößóÇÊõ: ÇáúãõäúÞóáöÈóÇÊõ¡ æóåöíó ÞõÑóì Þóæúãö áõæØò.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÊóÝúÕöíáõ Ðóáößó¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí (åõæÏò) ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõäóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 82] .
æóÝöí (ÇáäøóÌúãö) ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúãõÄúÊóÝößóÉó Ãóåúæóì [53 \ 53] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
äóÕøó ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ Ãóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóãóäú ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ æóÇáúãõÄúÊóÝößóÇÊö ÌóÇÁõæÇ ÈöÇáúÎóÇØöÆóÉö¡ æóåöíó: ÝóÚóÕóæúÇ ÑóÓõæáó ÑóÈøöåöãú [69 \ 10] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÚóÇÏñ æóËóãõæÏõ ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÇÑöÚóÉö. ÝóÇáúÌóãöíÚõ ÇÔúÊóÑóßó Ýöí ÇáúÎóÇØöÆóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÚöÕúíóÇäõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÝóÚóÕóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó [73 \ 16] ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐóåõãú ÃóÎúÐóÉð ÑóÇÈöíóÉð.
æóäóæøóÚó Ýöí ÃóÎúÐöåöãú Ðóáößó: ÝóÃóÛúÑóÞó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãó äõæÍò¡ æóÃóÎóÐó ËóãõæÏó ÈöÇáÕøóíúÍóÉö¡ æóÚóÇÏðÇ ÈöÑöíÍò¡ æóÞóæúãó áõæØò ÈöÞóáúÈö ÞõÑóÇåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÎóÐó ÌóíúÔó ÃóÈúÑóåóÉó ÈöØóíúÑò ÃóÈóÇÈöíáó¡ Ýóåóáú Ýöí Ðóáößó ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉñ Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò æóÚõÞõæÈóÊöåóÇ¡ Ãóãú Ãóäøóåõ áöáÊøóäúæöíÚö Ýöí ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö; áöÈóíóÇäö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÊóäúßöíáöåö ÈöÇáúÚõÕóÇÉö áöÑõÓõáö Çááøóåö.
ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó Ãóíøó äóæúÚò ãöäó ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö Ýöíåö ÂíóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóÝöíåö Êóäúßöíáñ Èöãóäú æóÞóÚó Èöåöãú¡ æóáóßöäøó ÊóÎúÕöíÕó ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÈöãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÚóáóíúåóÇ íõËöíÑõ ÊóÓóÇÄõáðÇ¡ æóáóÚóáøó ãöãøóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉð ÎóÝöíÝóÉð åõæó(8/258)
íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊõÚúÑóÖõæäó áóÇ ÊóÎúÝóì ãöäúßõãú ÎóÇÝöíóÉñ (18)
ÇáúÂÊöí.
ÃóãøóÇ ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: ÃóáóíúÓó áöí ãõáúßõ ãöÕúÑó æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöí [43 \ 51] ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóÊóØóÇæóáõ ÈöåóÇ ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ åóáóÇßóåõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÌöäúÓöåóÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúãõ äõæÍò¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ íóÆöÓó ãöäúåõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÃóáúÝö ÓóäóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÚóÇãðÇ¡ æóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ áóÇ íóáöÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÇÌöÑðÇ ßóÝøóÇÑðÇ¡ ÝóáóÒöãó ÊóØúåöíÑõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäúåõãú¡ æóáóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ áöÐóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáØøõæÝóÇäõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ¡ ÝóÃõÎöÐõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóíúÍóÉö ÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú äóÇÏóæúÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõãú ÝóÊóÚóÇØóì ÝóÚóÞóÑó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó äöÏóÇÄõåõãú ÕóÇÍöÈóåõãú ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ÚóÞúÑö ÇáäøóÇÞóÉö¡ ßóÇäó åóáóÇßõåõãú ÈöÇáÕøóíúÍóÉö ÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÚóÇÏñ¡ ÝóáöØõÛúíóÇäöåöãú ÈöÞõæøóÊöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöíåöãú: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó ßóíúÝó ÝóÚóáó ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÚóÇÏò ÅöÑóãó ÐóÇÊö ÇáúÚöãóÇÏö ÇáøóÊöí áóãú íõÎúáóÞú ãöËúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö [89 \ 6 - 8] ¡ æóÓóæóÇÁñ ÚöãóÇÏõ ÈõíõæÊöåöãú æóÞõÕõæÑöåöãú¡ Ýóåõæó ßöäóÇíóÉñ Úóäú Øõæáö ÃóÌúÓóÇãöåöãú¡ æóæóÝúÑóÉö ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÊóæóÇÝõÑö ÇáúÞõæøóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõãú¡ ÝóÃõÎöÐõæÇ ÈöÇáÑøöíÍö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÑóÞøõ æóÃóáúØóÝõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ¡ ãöãøóÇ áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ íóÊóæóÞøóÚõæäó ãöäúåõ ÃóíøóÉó ãóÖóÑøóÉò æóáóÇ ÔöÏøóÉò.
æóßóÐóáößó ÌóíúÔõ ÃóÈóÑúåóÉó¡ áóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõÏúáò ÈöÚóÏóÏöåö æóÚõÏøóÊöåö¡ æóÌóÇÁó ãóÚóåõ ÈöÇáúÝöíáö ÃóÞúæóì ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö¡ ÓóáøóØó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóÖúÚóÝó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö: ÇáØøõíõæÑó æóÃóÑúÓóáó Úóáóíúåöãú ØóíúÑðÇ ÃóÈóÇÈöíáó ÊóÑúãöíåöãú ÈöÍöÌóÇÑóÉò ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò [105 \ 3 - 4] .
ÃóãøóÇ Þóæúãõ áõæØò¡ Ýóáößóæúäöåöãú ÞóáóÈõæÇ ÇáúÃóæúÖóÇÚó ÈöÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇáÐøõßõæÑö Ïõæäó ÇáúÅöäóÇËö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÞóáóÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÞõÑóÇåõãú. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ áöÞõÑóíúÔò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍõãöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóÏõßøóÊóÇ ÏóßøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõåõ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúßóåúÝö) ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó äõÓóíøöÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó [18 \ 47] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊõÚúÑóÖõæäó áóÇ ÊóÎúÝóì ãöäúßõãú ÎóÇÝöíóÉñ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõåõ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ [18 \ 49] .(8/259)
ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäøöí ãóÇáöíóåú (28)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÈóíóÇäõ ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÃóÎúÐö ÇáúßõÊõÈö æóÍóÞöíÞóÊöåóÇ¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ [18 \ 49] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúßóåúÝö) .
æóßóÐóáößó ÈóÍóËóåóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ æóÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÇáËøóÇáöËö ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÙóåúÑöåö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö æóÊóÓúÌöíáö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö æóÅöíÊóÇÆöåóÇ ÈöäõÕõæÕò ÕóÑöíÍóÉò æóÇÖöÍóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö [18 \ 49] .
æóÞóæúáöåöãú ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð: íóÇæóíúáóÊóäóÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ [18 \ 49] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ íóáúÝöÙõ ãöäú Þóæúáò ÅöáøóÇ áóÏóíúåö ÑóÞöíÈñ ÚóÊöíÏñ [50 \ 18] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 14] ¡ Ýóåõæó ßöÊóÇÈñ ãóßúÊõæÈñ íõäúÔóÑõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÞúÑóÄõåõ ßõáøõ ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÑõÏøõ Þóæúáó ãóäú íóÌúÚóáõ ÃóÎúÐó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö Ãóæö ÇáÔøöãóÇáö ßöäóÇíóÉð Úóäö Çáúíõãúäö æóÇáÔøõÄúãö. æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÔõÄúãö ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáö ÇáúÝóÇÓöÏö¡ æóÈöÏõæäö Ïóáöíáò Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúãõÓóãøóì ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó ÈöÇááøóÚöÈö. äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóì ÙóäóäúÊõ Ãóäøóì ãõáóÇÞò ÍöÓóÇÈöíóåú
æóÇáÙøóäøõ æóÇÓöØóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóßøö æóÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚöáúãö ÅöÐóÇ æõÌöÏóÊö ÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäõ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÈóíóÇäõåõ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÃóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ÇáäøóÇÑó ÝóÙóäøõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõæóÇÞöÚõæåóÇ [18 \ 53] ¡ Ãóíú: ÚóáöãõæÇ ÈöÞóÑöíäóÉö Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãú íóÌöÏõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ãóÕúÑöÝðÇ [18 \ 53] ¡ æóåõæó åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚöáúãö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏó áóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÙøóäøõ¡ æóáóÇ ÈõÏøó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáúÌóÒúãö.
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÙøóäøó ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ÈöãóÝúåõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÙøóäøö ÅöËúãñ [49 \ 12] ¡ ÝóãóÝúåõæãõåõ Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖóåõ áóíúÓó ÅöËúãðÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ ÑóÈøöåöãú [2 \ 46] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäøöí ãóÇáöíóåú.(8/260)
Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö (33) æóáóÇ íóÍõÖøõ Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö (34)
Þöíáó Ýöí (ãóÇ) : ÅöäøóåóÇ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãöíøóÉñ ; ÈöãóÚúäóì Ãóíøõ ÔóíúÁò ÃóÛúäóì Úóäøöí ãóÇáöíóåú¡ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó¡ æóÞöíáó: äóÇÝöíóÉñ¡ Ãóíú: áóãú íõÛúäö Úóäøöí ãóÇáöíóåú ÔóíúÆðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáËøóÇäöí Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íóæúãó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ãóÇáñ æóáóÇ Èóäõæäó [26 \ 88] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ æóãóÇ ßóÓóÈó [111 \ 2] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúßóåúÝö) Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÆöäú ÑõÏöÏúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí [18 \ 36] .
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö) ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð áóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 36] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáóßó Úóäøóí ÓõáúØóÇäöíóåú
Ãóíú: áóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäó æóáóÇ ÌóÇåó æóáóÇ ÓõáúØóÉó áöÃóÍóÏò Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚõÑöÖõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÕóÝøðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò [18 \ 48] : ÍõÝóÇÉð ÚõÑóÇÉð.
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ÝõÑóÇÏóì ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóÊóÑóßúÊõãú ãóÇ ÎóæøóáúäóÇßõãú æóÑóÇÁó ÙõåõæÑößõãú [6 \ 94] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö æóáóÇ íóÍõÖøõ Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö
Ýöíåö ÚóØúÝõ ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÍóÖøö Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó íõÚóÐøóÈõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÈúÍóËõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö (ÝõÕøöáóÊú) ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúÊõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó [41 \ 6 - 7] ¡ æóßõäúÊõ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäúåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Þóæúáóåõ: ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó íóÒöíÏõ ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö¡ æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõ íõËóÇÈõ Úóáóì ÅöíãóÇäöåö æóÚóáóì ØóÇÚóÊöåö¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ íóÒúÏóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí. æóíõÌóÇÒóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåö æóÚóáóì ÚöÕúíóÇäöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóÕóÏøõæÇ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÒöÏúäóÇåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íõÝúÓöÏõæäó [16 \ 88] .
ÝóÚóÐóÇÈñ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÚóÐóÇÈñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÝúÓóÇÏö¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó(8/261)
æóáóæú ÊóÞóæøóáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÞóÇæöíáö (44)
ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú Ëõãøó ÇÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ßõÝúÑðÇ áóäú ÊõÞúÈóáó ÊóæúÈóÊõåõãú [3 \ 90] ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ãóÈúÍóËõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÚöäúÏó ÂíóÉö (ÇáäøóÍúáö) .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò
ÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúáö Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÇáúßóÑöíãö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóäúÒöíáñ ãöäú ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [69 \ 43] æóÇáÑøóÓõæáõ íóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóíóÍúÊóãöáõ ÌöÈúÑöíáó¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÌöÈúÑöíáó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò Ðöí ÞõæøóÉò ÚöäúÏó Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ãóßöíäò ãõØóÇÚò Ëóãøó Ãóãöíäò [81 \ 19 - 21] .
æóåõäóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÞóÑöíäóÉö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÞóæúáö ÔóÇÚöÑò [69 \ 41] æóãóÇ ÚõØöÝó Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäö ÇÊøõåöãó ÈöÐóáößó åõæó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóäóÝóÇåõ Ðóáößó Úóäúåõ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö áöÓóäóÏö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ãõÍóãøóÏò Úóäú ÌöÈúÑöíáó Úóäö Çááøóåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó áöÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãõØóÇÚò Ëóãøó Ãóãöíäò æóãóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõßõãú ÈöãóÌúäõæäò [81 \ 21 - 22] .
ÝóÃóËúÈóÊó ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó æóÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉó áöÑõÓõáö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÊóÈúáöíÛö ßóáóÇãö Çááøóåö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ÞõÑóíúÔò ãóÇ ÇÊøóåóãóÊú Èöåö ÇáÑøóÓõæáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. æóÝöíåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáÑøóÏøõ Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÇÝöÖóÉö ÏóÚúæóÇåõãõ ÇáÊøóÛúíöíÑó Ãóæö ÇáäøóÞúÕó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÊóÞóæøóáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÞóÇæöíáö
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì ÙóÇåöÑöåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú íóÞõæáõæäó ÇÝúÊóÑóÇåõ Þõáú Åöäö ÇÝúÊóÑóíúÊõåõ ÝóáóÇ Êóãúáößõæäó áöí ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [46 \ 8] ¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáöÇÝúÊöÑóÇÖö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí (ÊóÞóæøóáó) ÑóÇÌöÚðÇ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ; áöÇÓúÊöÍóÇáóÉö æõÞõæÚö Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÞõÑöÆóÊú ÈöÇáúãóÈúäöíøö áöáúãóÌúåõæáö æóÑóÝúÚö (ÈóÚúÖò) ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö íóßõæäõ ÝóÇÚöáõ (ÊóÞóæøóáó) ãõÞóÏøóÑðÇ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: æóáóæú ÊóÞóæøóáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ãõÊóÞóæøöáñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Êöáúßó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ßõáøñ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö æóÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö¡ æóáóßöäú áóãú íóÐúßõÑúåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóáóÇ ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ æóáóÇ ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøõ ãöãøóäú íõÚúäóæúäó ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ Ýöí ÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ äóÙóÑðÇ¡ Ýóáóæú ÕóÍøóÊú áóßóÇäóÊú ãõæóÌøóåóÉð æóáóßöäú ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏóåõ ÃóÈõæ(8/262)
æóÅöäøóåõ áóÍóÞøõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö (51)
ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóãóäóÚóåõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åõæó Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóáóßöäú Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáöÇÝúÊöÑóÇÖö ÝóáóíúÓó ãóãúäõæÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáöÇÝúÊöÑóÇÖõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÝöíãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó [43 \ 81] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóæú ßóÇäó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÂáöåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÝóÓóÏóÊóÇ [21 \ 22] ¡ æóÇáäøóÕøõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍõ Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ: Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Þõáú Åöäö ÇÝúÊóÑóíúÊõåõ ÝóáóÇ Êóãúáößõæäó áöí ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ [46 \ 8] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÍóÞøõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö ÝóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÚóÙöíãö
Ýöí åóÐóÇ äóÝúíõ ßõáøö ÈóÇØöáò: ãöäú ÔöÚúÑò Ãóæú ßöåóÇäóÉò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóáößõáøö äóÞúÕò Ãóæú ÒöíóÇÏóÉò.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúÍóÞøö áöáúíóÞöíäö¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó ÚöäúÏó ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö) ¡ æóÍóÞøõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö åõæó ãõäúÊóåóì ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúíóÞöíäõ ËóáóÇËõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊò:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Úöáúãõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Úóíúäõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÍóÞøõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö ßóáøóÇ áóæú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Úöáúãó ÇáúíóÞöíäö áóÊóÑóæõäøó ÇáúÌóÍöíãó Ëõãøó áóÊóÑóæõäøóåóÇ Úóíúäó ÇáúíóÞöíäö [102 \ 5 - 7] ÝóåóÇÊóÇäö ÏóÑóÌóÊóÇäö¡ æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáõæåóÇ ßóÇäó ÍóÞøó ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ æóãöËúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ: ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö æóÇáÊøóæóÌøõåõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÑõÄúíóÊõåóÇ Úóíúäõ ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ Ëõãøó ÈöÇáÏøõÎõæáö ÝöíåóÇ íóßõæäõ ÍóÞøó ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ æóßóãóÇ äõÓóÈøöÍõ Çááøóåó æóåõæó ÊóäúÒöíåõåõ¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó äõäóÒøöåõ ßóáóÇãóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÕöÝóÉñ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåö.(8/263)
ÓóÃóáó ÓóÇÆöáñ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò æóÇÞöÚò (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãóÚóÇÑöÌö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóÃóáó ÓóÇÆöáñ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò æóÇÞöÚò
ÇáúãóÚúáõæãõ Ãóäøó ãóÇÏøóÉó ÓóÃóáó áóÇ ÊóÊóÚóÏøóì ÈöÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ ßóÊóÚóÏøöíåóÇ åõäóÇ. æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: Åöäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó Öõãøöäó ãóÚúäóì ÝöÚúáò ÂÎóÑó íóÊóÚóÏøóì ÈöÇáúÈóÇÁö æóåõæó ãõÞóÏøóÑñ: ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÚúÌóáó¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóíóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäóßó ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö [29 \ 53] ¡ æóÐõßöÑó Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò: Ãóäøó ÓóÃóáó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÏóÚóÇ.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøó ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó ÝóÃóãúØöÑú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóæö ÇÆúÊöäóÇ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò [8 \ 32] ¡ æóÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò.
æóÞõÑöÆó (ÓóÇáó) ÈöÏõæäö åóãúÒóÉò ãöäó ÇáÓøóíúáö¡ ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: åõæó æóÇÏò Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó¡ æóÞöíáó: ãõÎóÝøóÝõ (ÓóÃóáó) ÇåÜ.
æóáóÚóáøó ãöãøóÇ íõÑóÌøöÍõ Þóæúáó ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó Öõãøöäó ãóÚúäóì ãóËóáò ÂÎóÑó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 18] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøó ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó ÝóÃóãúØöÑú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö [8 \ 32] ¡ æóÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì ÓõæÑóÉö (ÓóÃóáó) æóÞóÇáó: æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó åõäóÇßó: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõãú íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÌóåóÇáóÊöåöãú ; ÍóíúËõ áóãú íóØúáõÈõæÇ ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉó Åöáóíúåö Åöäú ßóÇäó åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøó.
æóÍóíúËõ Åöäøóåõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍö ; ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÓöÈó ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ: (ÓóÃóáó ÓóÇÆöáñ) ÈöãóÚúäóì: ÇÓúÊóÚúÌóáó Ãóæú ÏóÚóÇ ; áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáöÇÑúÊöÈóÇØö Èóíúäó ÂíóÉö (ÓóÃóáó) æóÂíóÉö: Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö. ÝóÅöäøóåõãóÇ ãõÑúÊóÈöØóÇäö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö.(8/264)
áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó áóíúÓó áóåõ ÏóÇÝöÚñ (2) ãöäó Çááøóåö Ðöí ÇáúãóÚóÇÑöÌö (3)
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóÃóáó ÓóÇÆöáñ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÏóÚóÇ ÏóÇÚò (ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò æóÇÞöÚò) . ÞóÇáó: åõæó Þóæúáõåõãú Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøó ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó ÝóÃóãúØöÑú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóÇáúÞóÇÆöáõ åõæó ÇáäøóÖúÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö Èúäö ßóáúÏóÉó.
æóÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍõ Çáúãõäóæøóåõ Úóäúåõ íõãúßöäõ ÇÓúÊöäúÊóÇÌõåõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÈúØö¡ æóãöäú Þóæúáöåö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -: Åöäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÌóåóÇáóÊöåöãú¡ æóÈóíóÇäö ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ åóáú æõÞõæÚõåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¿ .
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó ÌóåóÇáóÉó ÞõÑóíúÔò Ïóáøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÚóÞúáõ æóÇáäøóÞúáõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÞúáó íóÞúÖöí ÈöØóáóÈö ÇáäøóÝúÚö æóÏóÝúÚö ÇáÖøõÑøö ßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
áöãóÇ äóÇÝöÚò íóÓúÚóì ÇááøóÈöíÈõ ÝóáóÇ Êóßõäú ÓóÇÚöíðÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøóÞúáõ ; ÝóáöÃóäøó ãöãøóÇ ÞóÕøó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ: Ãóäøó ÓóÍóÑóÉó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁõæÇ ãõÊóÍóÏøöíäó ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáÊøóÍóÏøöí áöãõæÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -¡ æóáóßöäøóåõãú áóãøóÇ ÚóÇíóäõæÇ ÇáúÍóÞøó¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÂãóäøóÇ¡ æóÎóÑøõæÇ ÓõÌøóÏðÇ æóáóãú íõßóÇÈöÑõæÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÕøó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ãöäú äóÈóÆöåöãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃõáúÞöíó ÇáÓøóÍóÑóÉõ ÓõÌøóÏðÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÑóÈøö åóÇÑõæäó æóãõæÓóì æóáóãøóÇ ÇÚúÊóÑóÖó Úóáóíúåöãú ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÂãóäúÊõãú áóåõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÂÐóäó áóßõãú Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ßóáóÇãöåö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ æóåõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö åõäóÇ: (áóäú äõÄúËöÑóßó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö æóÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäóÇ) æóáóãú íõÈóÇáõæÇ ÈöæóÚöíÏöåö æóáóÇ ÈöÊóåúÏöíÏöåö. æóÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÎúÝóÇÝò: (ÝóÇÞúÖö ãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÞóÇÖò) [20 \ 70 - 72] ¡ Ýóåõãú áóãøóÇ ÚóÇíóäõæÇ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÎóÑøõæÇ ÓõÌøóÏðÇ æóÃóÚúáóäõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäóåõãú¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ßõÝøóÇÑõ ÞõÑóíúÔò íóÞõæáõæäó ãóÞóÇáóÊóåõãú Êöáúßó.
ÃóãøóÇ æõÞõæÚõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúãóÓúÆõæáö Úóäúåõ ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ æóÇÞöÚñ Èöåöãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÚóÈøóÑó ÈöÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö ÇáÏøóÇáøö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáö ; áöáÊøóÃúßöíÏö Úóáóì æõÞõæÚöåö¡ æóßóÃóäøóåõ ãõÔóÇåóÏñ¡ æóÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: åõæó äóÙöíÑõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÊóì ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæåõ [16 \ 1] .
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó áóíúÓó áóåõ ÏóÇÝöÚñ ãöäó Çááøóåö Ðöí ÇáúãóÚóÇÑöÌö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÊóÃúßöíÏö æõÞõæÚöåö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóåõ ÏóÇÝöÚñ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú æõÞõæÚöåö. ÃóãøóÇ ãóÊóì íóßõæäõ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÉõ (ÇáØøõæÑö) äóÙöíÑõÉõ åóÐöåö Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Óóíóßõæäõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÑóÈøößó áóæóÇÞöÚñ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÏóÇÝöÚò [52 \ 7 - 8] ¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÙóÑúÝó æõÞõæÚöåö: íóæúãó ÊóãõæÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ãóæúÑðÇ æóÊóÓöíÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÓóíúÑðÇ [52 \ 9 - 10] ¡ æóÝöí ÓöíóÇÞö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó Êóßõæäõ(8/265)
ÊóÚúÑõÌõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò (4)
ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ßóÇáúãõåúáö æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ßóÇáúÚöåúäö æóáóÇ íóÓúÃóáõ Íóãöíãñ ÍóãöíãðÇ íõÈóÕøóÑõæäóåõãú Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÏúÚõæÇ ãóäú ÃóÏúÈóÑó æóÊóæóáøóì æóÌóãóÚó ÝóÃóæúÚóì [70 \ 8 - 18] ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÍúæóÇáö íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÏóáøó ÈöÐóáößó Úóáóì Òóãóäö æõÞõæÚöåö. æóáóÚóáøó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÏúÚõæÇ ãóäú ÃóÏúÈóÑó æóÊóæóáøóì æóÌóãóÚó ÝóÃóæúÚóì ÑóÏøðÇ Úóáóì ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÎöÝøöíäó ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚúÌöáöíäó Èöåö ; ãõÌóÇÒóÇÉð áóåõãú ÈöÇáúãöËúáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÏóÚóæúÇ æóØóáóÈõæÇ áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇÓúÊöÎúÝóÇÝðÇ ; Ýóåöíó ÊóÏúÚõæåõãú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÒóÌúÑðÇ æóÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ¡ ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉó ÏõÚóÇÁò ÈöÏõÚóÇÁò¡ Ãóíú: Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÏóÚóæúÊõãú ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÝóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ íóÏúÚõæßõãú Åöáóíúåö ÊóÏúÚõæÇ ãóäú ÃóÏúÈóÑó Úóäú ÓóãóÇÚö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö¡ æóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ æóÊóæóáøóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÏøõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåõ ãöäú ÊóÛúíöíÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ßóÇáúãõåúáö¡ æóÊóÓúíöíÑö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ßóÇáúÚöåúäö¡ æóÊóÞóØøõÚö ÃóæóÇÕöÑö ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÝóÒóÚö æóÇáúåóæúáö ãöãøóÇ íóÎúáóÚõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈó¡ ßóãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÞöÕøóÉó ÌõÈóíúÑö Èúäö ãõØúÚöãò.
ÞóÇáó: ÞóÏöãúÊõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó áöÃóÓúÃóáó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÃóÓóÇÑóì ÈóÏúÑò¡ ÝóÓóãöÚúÊõåõ íóÞúÑóÃõ: æóÇáØøõæÑö æóßöÊóÇÈò ãóÓúØõæÑò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÑóÈøößó áóæóÇÞöÚñ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÏóÇÝöÚò [52 \ 1 - 8] ¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÕõÏöÚó ÞóáúÈöí ÝóÃóÓúáóãúÊõ ; ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäú äõÒõæáö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ÃóÙõäøõ Ãóäú ÃóÞõæãó ãöäú ãóÞóÇãöí ÍóÊøóì íóÞóÚó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú åöÔóÇãö Èúäö ÍóÓøóÇäó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇäúØóáóÞúÊõ ÃóäóÇ æóãóÇáößõ Èúäõ ÏöíäóÇÑò Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõ ÑóÌõáñ íóÞúÑóÃõ: (æóÇáØøõæÑö) ÍóÊøóì ÈóáóÛó: Åöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÑóÈøößó áóæóÇÞöÚñ¡ ÝóÈóßóì ÇáúÍóÓóäõ æóÈóßóì ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó ãóÇáößñ íóÖúØóÑöÈõ ÍóÊøóì ÛõÔöíó Úóáóíúåö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -: Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÚõÓøõ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÐóÇÊó áóíúáóÉò¡ ÅöÐú ÓóãöÚó ÑóÌõáðÇ íóÞúÑóÃõ ÈöÇáØøõæÑö; ÝóÑóÈóÇ áóåóÇ ÃõÚöíÏó ãöäúåóÇ ÚöÔúÑöíäó áóíúáóÉð¡ ÝóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÇáúãõÝúÒöÚõ ÑóÏøðÇ Úóáóì ÐóÇßó ÇáØøóáóÈö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÎöÝøö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ. æóäóÃúãõáõ Ãóäú äóßõæäó ÞóÏú æóÝøóíúäóÇ ÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÑóÇÏóåõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÚúÑõÌõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöÞúÏóÇÑõ åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö ÎóãúÓõæäó ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÃóáúÝõ ÓóäóÉò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó íóæúãðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ßóÃóáúÝö ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚõÏøõæäó [22 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ëõãøó íóÚúÑõÌõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò [32 \ 5](8/266)
æóáóÇ íóÓúÃóáõ Íóãöíãñ ÍóãöíãðÇ (10)
ÝóßóÇäó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãõÛóÇíöÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúãöÞúÏóÇÑö ÈöÎóãúÓöíäó ãóÑøóÉð.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúÍóÌøö) ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó íóæúãðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 47] .
æóãöãøóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõáóÇÍóÙó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãó ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉñ: ÝóÝöí (ÓóÃóáó) åõæó íóæúãõ ÚõÑõæÌö ÇáÑøõæÍö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö) åõæó íóæúãõ ÚõÑõæÌö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ; ÝóáóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó Êóßõæäõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ßóÇáúãõåúáö
Çáúãóåúáõ: ÏóÑöíÏöíøõ ÇáÒøóíúÊö¡ æóÞöíáó ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö) ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÔóÞøóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÝóßóÇäóÊú æóÑúÏóÉð ßóÇáÏøöåóÇäö [55 \ 37] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ßóÇáúÚöåúäö
ÇáúÚöåúäõ: ÇáÕøõæÝõ¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì æóÕúÝõ ÇáúÚöåúäö ÈöÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ßóÇáúÚöåúäö ÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö [101 \ 4 - 5] ¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú áóåóÇ ÚöÏøóÉõ ÍóÇáóÇÊò ÃõÎúÑóì: ßóÇáúßóËöíÈö Çáúãóåöíáö¡ æóßóÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ßõáøö Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó äõÓóíøöÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó [18 \ 47] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúßóåúÝö) .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÓúÃóáõ Íóãöíãñ ÍóãöíãðÇ
ÇáúÍóãöíãõ: ÇáúÞóÑöíÈõ æóÇáÕøóÏöíÞõ æóÇáúæóáöíøõ ÇáúãõæóÇáöí¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÏúÝóÚú ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäóåõ ÚóÏóÇæóÉñ ßóÃóäøóåõ æóáöíøñ Íóãöíãñ [41 \ 34] .
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÇ íóÓúÃóáõ Íóãöíãñ ÍóãöíãðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÈóÕøóÑõæäóåõãú ÈöÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú. æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõæÌöÈó Ðóáößó æóåõæó ÇÔúÊöÛóÇáõ ßõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(8/267)
ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó (22)
áößõáøö ÇãúÑöÆò ãöäúåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò ÔóÃúäñ íõÛúäöíåö [80 \ 37] ¡ æóßõáøñ íóÝöÑøõ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö íóÞõæáõ: äóÝúÓöí äóÝúÓöí¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÝöÑøõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãöäú ÃóÎöíåö æóÃõãøöåö æóÃóÈöíåö æóÕóÇÍöÈóÊöåö æóÈóäöíåö áößõáøö ÇãúÑöÆò ãöäúåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò ÔóÃúäñ íõÛúäöíåö [80 \ 34 - 37] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö ; ßõáøõ äóÈöíøò íóÞõæáõ: äóÝúÓöí äóÝúÓöí¡ æóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÑóæúäóåóÇ ÊóÐúåóáõ ßõáøõ ãõÑúÖöÚóÉò ÚóãøóÇ ÃóÑúÖóÚóÊú [22 \ 2] ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÝóÒóÚò ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó: æóåõãú ãöäú ÝóÒóÚò íóæúãóÆöÐò Âãöäõæäó [27 \ 89] ¡ ÌóÚóáóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäúåõãú. Âãöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÎõáöÞó åóáõæÚðÇ
ÇáúåóáõæÚõ: ÝóÚõæáñ ãöäó ÇáúåóáóÚö ÕöíÛóÉõ ãõÈóÇáóÛóÉò¡ æóÇáúåóáóÚõ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö: ÔöÏøóÉõ ÓõÑúÚóÉö ÇáúÌóÒóÚö ÚöäúÏó ãóÓøö ÇáúãóßúÑõæåö¡ æóÓõÑúÚóÉõ ÇáúãóäúÚö ÚöäúÏó ãóÓøö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÓøóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÌóÒõæÚðÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ãóäõæÚðÇ [70 \ 20 - 21] .
æóáóÝúÙõ: (ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö) åõäóÇ ãõÝúÑóÏñ¡ æóáóßöäú ÃõÑöíÏó Èöåö ÇáúÌöäúÓõ¡ Ãóíú: ÌöäúÓõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ; ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó ÈóÚúÏóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó [70 \ 22] ¡ æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÝöí ÎõÓúÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö [103 \ 1 - 3] æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ßóËöíÑñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝó ÈöÇáúåóáóÚö Ýöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóãúÑóÇäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÊóÝúÓöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöäúåõ ; áöÃóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ßõáøóåóÇ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÚóÞøóÈó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃõæáóÆößó Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊò ãõßúÑóãõæäó [70 \ 35] ¡ æóãóÝúåõæãõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäúåõ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ: «ÚóÌóÈðÇ áöÃóãúÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö! ÔóÃúäõåõ ßõáøõåõ ÎóíúÑñ: Åöäú ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúåõ ÖóÑøóÇÁõ ÕóÈóÑó ÝóßóÇäó ÎóíúÑðÇ áóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúåõ ÓóÑøóÇÁõ ÔóßóÑó ÝóßóÇäó ÎóíúÑðÇ áóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ áöáúãõÄúãöäö» ¡ ÝóãóÝúåõæãõåõ Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóäúØóÈöÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ åóáõæÚñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Úóáóì ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÏóÇÆöãõæäó
æóÕóÝó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóäö ÇÓúÊóËúäóÇåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúåóáõæÚö ÈöÊöÓúÚö ÕöÝóÇÊò:(8/268)
ÇËúäóÊóÇäö ãöäúåóÇ ÊóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáúÃóÎöíÑóÉõ ; ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÃóåóãøöíøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóæõÌõæÈö ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáöÇåúÊöãóÇãö ÈöåóÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóáøóãóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ; áöãóßóÇäóÊöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÝöí æóÕúÝöåöãú åõäóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú: (Úóáóì ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÏóÇÆöãõæäó) ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö: (Úóáóì ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú íõÍóÇÝöÙõæäó) [70 \ 34] .
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö: ÇáÏøóæóÇãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãõæóÇÙóÈóÉõ Úóáóì ÃóÏóÇÆöåóÇ áóÇ íõÎöáøõæäó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÔúÊóÛöáõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáÔøóæóÇÛöáö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÍóÏöíËó ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: «ÃóÍóÈøõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÃóÏúæóãõåóÇ æóáóæú Þóáøó» .
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÈõíõæÊò ÃóÐöäó Çááøóåõ Ãóäú ÊõÑúÝóÚó æóíõÐúßóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÇÓúãõåõ íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÛõÏõæøö æóÇáúÂÕóÇáö ÑöÌóÇáñ áóÇ Êõáúåöíåöãú ÊöÌóÇÑóÉñ æóáóÇ ÈóíúÚñ Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÅöÞóÇãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÅöíÊóÇÁö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö íóÎóÇÝõæäó íóæúãðÇ [24 \ 36 - 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ äõæÏöíó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóÇÓúÚóæúÇ Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóíúÚó [62 \ 9] .
ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ãóäú íõÑóÇÚõæÇ ÅöÓúÈóÇÛó ÇáúæõÖõæÁö áóåóÇ æóãóæóÇÞöíÊóåóÇ¡ æóíõÞöíãõæÇ ÃóÑúßóÇäóåóÇ æóíõßúãöáõæåóÇ ÈöÓõäóäöåóÇ æóÂÏóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Ýöí ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú ÎóÇÔöÚõæäó [23 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÓöíÁö ÕóáóÇÊöåö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÇÑúÌöÚú ÝóÕóáøö ; ÝóÅöäøóßó áóãú ÊõÕóáøö» ¡ ÝóäóÝóì Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì ãóÚó ÅöíÞóÇÚöåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÃóãóÇãóåõ ; æóÐóáößó áöÚóÏóãö ÇáúÍöÝóÇÙö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÊóæúÝöíóÊöåóÇ ÍóÞøóåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÏóÃó Çááøóåõ ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóíúäó æóÎóÊóãóåõãú ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÝöíÏõ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÃóÕúáñ áößõáøö ÎóíúÑò¡ æóãóÈúÏóÃñ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ßõáøöåö ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúÊóÚöíäõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóßóÈöíÑóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÇÔöÚöíäó [2 \ 45] ¡ Ýóåöíó Úóæúäñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÎóíúÑò.
æóáöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Êóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö æóÇáúãõäúßóÑö [29 \ 45] ¡ Ýóåöíó ÓöíóÇÌñ ãöäú ßõáøö ãõäúßóÑò¡ ÝóÌóãóÚóÊú ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáúãóÞúÕöÏö ÔóÑúÚðÇ¡ æóåõãóÇ ÇáúÚóæúäõ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáúÍöÝóÇÙõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ Ãóíú: ÌóáúÈõ ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö æóÏóÑúÁõ ÇáúãóÝóÇÓöÏö ; æóáöÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏú Úõäöíó ÈöåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßõáøó ÚöäóÇíóÊöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÏøö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞó æóÇáúÝóíúÕóáó Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÇáúßõÝúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÇáúÚóåúÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóíúäóäóÇ(8/269)
æóÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÍóÞøñ ãóÚúáõæãñ (24)
æóÈóíúäóåõãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ ãóäú ÊóÑóßó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÝóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑó» .
æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - Úóáóì ÞóÊúáö ÊóÇÑößöåóÇ. æóßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Úóáóì ÃóËóÑö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Úóáóì ÞóáúÈö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö æóÑõæÍöåö æóÔõÚõæÑöåö¡ æóãóÇ ÊõßúÓöÈõåõ ãöäú ØõãóÃúäöíäóÉò æóÇÑúÊöíóÇÍò¡ ßóáóÇãñ ßóËöíÑñ ÌöÏøðÇ ÊõæÍöí Èöåö ßõáøöåö ãóÚóÇäöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö) .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÍóÞøñ ãóÚúáõæãñ áöáÓøóÇÆöáö æóÇáúãóÍúÑõæãö
åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóíõÓóÇæöí ÅöíÊóÇÁó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÝúÑõæÖö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó. æóáóÇ íóãúäóÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ãóßøöíøóÉñ ; ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÈöãóßøóÉó¡ æóíóÃúÊöí ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáÓøóäóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ãöäó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóåõäóÇ ÅöÌúãóÇáñ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö. Ãóíö: ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáúãõÎúÑóÌö¡ æóáóãú ÊóÃúÊö ÂíóÉñ ÊõÝóÕøöáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáó ÅöáøóÇ ÂíóÉõ: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ [59 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáó.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáõ¡ Ýóåöíó áöÅöÖóÇÝóÊöåóÇ ÊóÚõãøõ ßõáøó ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú¡ æóáóíúÓó áöáúÃóãúÑö ßóÐóáößó¡ ÝóÇáúÃóãúæóÇáõ ÇáÒøóßóæöíøóÉõ ÈóÚúÖñ ãöäó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóÃõÕõæáõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó åöíó:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÇáäøóÞúÏóÇäö: ÇáÐøóåóÈõ æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÍõÈõæÈò æóËöãóÇÑò.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ÚõÑõæÖõ ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö.
ÑóÇÈöÚðÇ: ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäõ¡ æóáóåóÇ ÔõÑõæØñ æóÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁõ. æóÝöí ßõáøò ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÊóÝúÕöíáñ¡ æóÝöí ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ßõáøö ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÃóÍúßóÇãöåóÇ ÌõãúáóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÂíóÊóíú: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóßúäöÒõæäó ÇáÐøóåóÈó æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉó æóáóÇ íõäúÝöÞõæäóåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö [9 \ 34] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÊõæÇ ÍóÞøóåõ íóæúãó ÍóÕóÇÏöåö [63 \ 141] ¡ æóáóãú íóÊóÞóÏøóãú ÐößúÑñ áöÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö(8/270)
æóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö äóÓõæÞõ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó áöÊóÝúÕöíáö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæ ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ áöÐößúÑöåö ãöäú ãóÈóÇÍöËó Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóÇáúÎõáúØóÉö ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúãõÒóßøóì¡ æóÇáÑøóÇÌöÍö ÝöíãóÇ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö¡ Ëõãøó äõÊúÈöÚõ Ðóáößó ÈöãõÞóÇÑóäóÉò Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö Ýöí ÈóåöíãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ; áöÈóíóÇäö ÞõæøóÉö ÇáÊøóÑóÇÈõØö Èóíúäó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóÏöÞøóÉö ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑö.
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáäøóæúÚö ÇáÒøóßóæöíøö ãöäó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö.
ÇÚúáóãú - ÑóÍöãóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÅöíøóÇßó -: Ãóäøó ãóÐúåóÈó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÈóåöíãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö: ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóÇáúÈóÞóÑö¡ æóÇáúÛóäóãö¡ ÇáÖøóÃúäõ æóÇáúãóÚöÒõ ÓóæóÇÁñ. æóÃõáúÍöÞó ÈöÇáúÈóÞóÑö ÇáúÌóæóÇãöíÓõ¡ æóÇáúÅöÈöáõ ÊóÔúãóáõ ÇáúÚöÑóÇÈó æóÇáúÈóÎóÇÊöíøó¡ æóÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúáö.
æóáöÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ïóáöíáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áöæõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúáö ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö Ýöí ÍóãúáöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú áöáäøóÓúáö Ãóíú: ßóÇäóÊú ÐõßõæÑðÇ æóÅöäóÇËðÇ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ßõáøõåóÇ ÐõßõæÑðÇ ÈöÌóÇãöÚö ÇáÊøóäóÇÓõáö Ýöí ßõáøò æóÇÔúÊóÑóØó áóåóÇ ÇáÓøóæúãó ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÈöÍóÏöíËö: " ãóÇ ãöäú ÕóÇÍöÈö ÐóåóÈò áóÇ íõÄóÏøöí ÒóßóÇÊóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÕõÝøöÍó áóåõ ÕóÝóÇÆöÍõ ãöäú äóÇÑò¡ ÝóÊõßúæóì ÈöåóÇ ÌóÈöíäõåõ æóÌóäúÈõåõ æóÙóåúÑõåõ " ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóÝöíåö ÐößúÑõ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáÒøóßóæöíøóÉö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóÇáúÈóÞóÑö¡ æóÇáúÛóäóãö. ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÇáúÎóíúáõ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó " ÇáúÎóíúáõ ËóáóÇËóÉñ: åöíó áöÑóÌõáò ÃóÌúÑñ¡ æóáöÑóÌõáò ÓóÊúÑñ¡ æóáöÑóÌõáò æöÒúÑñ. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÊöí áöÑóÌõáò ÃóÌúÑñ: ÝóÑóÌõáñ ÑóÈóØóåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÃóØóÇáó áóåóÇ Ýöí ãóÑúÌò Ãóæú ÑóæúÖóÉò " Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöÓúãö. æóÑóÌõáñ ÑóÈóØóåóÇ ÊóÛóäøöíðÇ æóÊóÚóÝøõÝðÇ¡ Ëõãøó áóãú íóäúÓó ÍóÞøó Çááøóåö Ýöí ÑöÞóÇÈöåóÇ æóáóÇ ÙõåõæÑöåóÇ Ýóåöíó áöÐóáößó ÓóÊúÑñ. æóÑóÌõáñ ÑóÈóØóåóÇ ÑöíóÇÁð æóÝóæóÇÁð áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ; Ýóåöíó Úóáóì Ðóáößó æöÒúÑñ.
ÝóÞóÇáó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -: Åöäøó ÍóÞøó Çááøóåö Ýöí ÑöÞóÇÈöåóÇ æóÙõåõæÑöåóÇ åõæó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ. æóÞóÏú ÎóÇáóÝóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÕóÇÍöÈóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó æóãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ æóæóÇÝóÞóåõ ÒõÝóÑõ¡ æóÈöãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ æóÇáúÎóØöíÈõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÌóÇÈöÑò ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ " Ýöí ßõáøö ÝóÑóÓò ÓóÇÆöãóÉò ÏöíäóÇÑñ Ãóæú ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÏóÑóÇåöãó ".
ÃóÏöáøóÉõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö(8/271)
æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÝöíåóÇ æóÇáÑøóÏøõ Úóáóì ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -:
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãö Ýöí ÚóÈúÏöåö æóáóÇ ÝóÑóÓöåö ÕóÏóÞóÉñ ".
æóÇáúÝóÑóÓõ ÇÓúãõ ÌöäúÓò íóÚõãøõ¡ æóÈöÚóÏóãö ÐößúÑöåóÇ ãóÚó ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÍóÊøóì ÓõÆöáó ÚóäúåóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ãöËúáóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö áóãóÇ ÊóÑóßóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÐøößúÑö.
æóÍóÏöíËõ " ÞóÏú ÚóÝóæúÊõ Úóäö ÇáÎóíúáö ; ÝóåóÇÊõæÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáÑøöÞøóÉö ". ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ ÈöÃóäøó ÍóÞøó Çááøóåö Ýöí ÑöÞóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóÙõåõæÑöåóÇ ÅöÚóÇÑóÊõåóÇ¡ æóØóÑúÞõåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ØõáöÈó Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ.
ßóãóÇ ÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËö ÌóÇÈöÑò ÈöãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ æóÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ: áóÇ ÊóÞõæãõ Èöåö ÍõÌøóÉñ.
æóÑóÏøó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó Úóáóì Ïóáöíáö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: ÈöÃóäøó ÝóÑóÓóåõ ãõÌúãóáñ¡ æóåõæó íóÞõæáõ ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÝóÑóÓõ áöáúÎöÏúãóÉö. ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÎóíúáõ áöáÊøóäóÇÓõáö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÎóÕøóåóÇ ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ¡ æóÚóáóì ÍóÏöíËö (ÚóÝóæúÊõ Úóäö ÇáúÎóíúáö) ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóËúÈõÊú¡ æóåóÐöåö ÏóÚúæóì ÊóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊò¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÓóäñ.
æóáóÚóáøó ãöãøóÇ íóÑõÏøõ ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ãöäú ÞóÑöíäóÉö ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóäóÇØó ÇáúÃóÌúÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ÃóáúÒóãó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÑö Ãóæú ÃóÚóãøó ãöäó ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ Êóßõæäõ áöãóäú áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÇáúÌöåóÇÏó: ßóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ãóËóáðÇ ÝóÊõÒóßøöí ; Ýóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ áóãóÇ ÎóÑóÌóÊú Úóäú ÞöÓúãö ÇáúÃóÌúÑö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: áóæú ßóÇäó ÍóÞøõ Çááøóåö Ýöí ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö åõæó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó áóãóÇ ÊõÑößó áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÊóÐóßøõÑöåóÇ æóÎöíÝó ÊóÚóÑøõÖñ áöáäøöÓúíóÇäö ; áöÃóäøó ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì áóãú ÊõÊúÑóßú áöÐóáößó Èóáú íõØóÇáóÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ¡ æóíóÃúÊöí ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ ÝóíóÃúÎõÐõåóÇ¡ æóÅöäö ÇãúÊóäóÚó ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ ÃõÎöÐóÊú ÌóÈúÑðÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ÑõÌúÍóÇäõ ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö.
æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÝöíãóÇ ÊõÚóÇãóáõ Èöåö¡ æóÝöíãóÇ íõÎúÑóÌõ Ýöí ÒóßóÇÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ãõÎóíøóÑñ Èóíúäó Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó Úóäú ßõáøö ÝóÑóÓò ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ Ãóæú ÚóÔóÑóÉó ÏóÑóÇåöãó¡ æóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íõÞóæøöãóåóÇ æóíóÏúÝóÚó Úóäú ßõáøö ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÏöÑúåóãò ÎóãúÓóÉó ÏóÑóÇåöãó.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ ÒóßóÇÊóåóÇ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÏóÎúáó áöáúÚóÇãöáö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõÌúÈöÑõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡(8/272)
æóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóÚóáøó ÃóÍúÓóäó ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ýöí Óõäóäö ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó äóÇÓñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÔøóÇãö Åöáóì ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöäøóÇ ÞóÏú ÃóÕóÈúäóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáðÇ æóÎóíúáðÇ æóÑóÞöíÞðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóÇ äõÍöÈøõ Ãóäú äõÒóßøöíóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÝóÚóáóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈóÇíó ÞóÈúáöí ÝóÃóÝúÚóáõåõ ÃóäóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÔóÇÑó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÍóÓóäñ¡ æóÓóßóÊó Úóáöíøñ¡ ÝóÓóÃóáóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: åõæó ÍóÓóäñ áóæú áóãú Êóßõäú ÌöÒúíóÉð ÑóÇÊöÈóÉð íõÄúÎóÐõæäó ÈöåóÇ ÈóÚúÏóßó. ÝóÃóÎóÐó ãöäó ÇáúÝóÑóÓö ÚóÔóÑóÉó ÏóÑóÇåöãó¡ æóÝöíåö: ÝóæóÖóÚó Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑóÓö ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ.
æóÝöí ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: äõÍöÈøõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÒóßóÇÉñ æóØóåõæÑñ¡ Ýóåöíó ÅöÐðÇ ÏóÇÆöÑóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÍúÈóÇÈö æóÇáÊøóÑúßö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáØøóæöíáö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÇáúÍõãõÑõ íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó " ãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíøó ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÅöáøóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉõ ÇáúÝóÇÐøóÉõ: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ [99 \ 7] ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÓøöÊøóÉõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ.
æóÚóáóíúåö ; ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó äóÕøñ Ýöí ÇáúæõÌõæÈö Ãóæú áöáÊøóÑúßö áóãú ÊóÕúáõÍú áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÙõåõæÑöåóÇ æóÑöÞóÇÈöåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö: Åöäøóåõ ãõÌúãóáñ¡ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú Ýöí ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÑúÝõæÚóÉö ãõÊóãóÓøóßñ áöáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: ÈöæõÌõæÈö ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÎóíúáö¡ æóÈóÞöíó ãóÝúåõæãõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÝúåõæãõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ; ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ÇáøóÊöí Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÝöÚúáõ ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÝóÝöíåö ÞóÑóÇÆöäõ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ Èóáú ÃóÏöáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö¡ æóåöíó:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: áöÃóäøóåõãú åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ØóáóÈõæÇ ãöäúåõ Ãóäú íõÒóßøöíóåóÇ æóíõØóåøöÑóåóÇ ÈöÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóÅöíÌóÇÈõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö áóÇ íóÊóæóÞøóÝõ Úóáóì ÑóÛúÈóÉö ÇáúãóÇáößö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ÊóæóÞøõÝõ ÚõãóÑó æóÚóÏóãõ ÃóÎúÐöåóÇ ãöäúåõãú áöÃóæøóáö ãóÑøóÉò¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ãóÚúáõæãóÉð áóåõ ãõÒóßøóÇÉð áóãóÇ ÎóÝöíóÊú Úóáóíúåö æóáóãóÇ ÊóæóÞøóÝó.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ÊóÕúÑöíÍõåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÝúÚóáúåõ ÕóÇÍöÈóÇåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íóÝúÚóáõåõ åõæó¿ ! .
ÑóÇÈöÚðÇ: Þóæúáõ Úóáöíøò: ãóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÌöÒúíóÉð ãöäú ÈóÚúÏößó. Ãóíú: Åöäú ÃóÎóÐóåóÇ ÚõãóÑõ ÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉð áöÑóÛúÈóÉö ÃõæáóÆößó ÝóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó áöÊóÈóÑøõÚöåöãú ÈöåóÇ¡ ãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Ðóáößó ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöÌóÚúáöåóÇ áóÇÒöãóÉð Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåöãú ÝóÊóßõæäó ßóÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÓúÊóÏóáøõ Èöåö áöáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÍóÏöíËõ: " ÞóÏú ÚóÝóæúÊõ Úóäö ÇáÎóíúáö æóÇáÑøóÞöíÞö ÝóÃóÏøõæÇ ÒóßóÇÉó(8/273)
ÃóãúæóÇáößõãú ". ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏò ÍóÓóäò: æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÊøóÝöÞõ ãóÚó ÍóÏöíËö: " áóíúÓó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãö Ýöí ÝóÑóÓöåö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÚóÈúÏöåö " ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ Úóáóì ÊóÑóÏøõÏö ÚõãóÑó: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóíúáó áóãú Êóßõäú ÊõÚúÑóÝõ ÓóÇÆöãóÉð áöáäøóÓúáö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ ÙóåóÑóÊú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝõÊõæÍóÇÊö Ýöí ÚóåúÏö ÚõãóÑó. æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö äóÙóÑñ. æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóì æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúáö ÝóÊóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÃóÕúáöíøóÉö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ áóãú íóÃúÊö áöáúÎóíúáö ÐößúÑñ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÈóåöíãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ æóáóÇ íóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóÞóÑó áóãú íóÃúÊö ÐößúÑõåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáúÈóÞóÑö ÌóÇÁóÊú ÝöíåóÇ äõÕõæÕñ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉñ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøõäóäö.
æóáöáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóÛóíúÑöåö ÈóíóÇäõ ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö æóãóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ÝöíåóÇ: ãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÃúÊö äóÕøñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö íõÝóÕøöáõ Ðóáößó¡ æóáóßöäú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÈóíóÇäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ æóåõæó äóæúÚñ ãöäú ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ [59 \ 7] .
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÃóÑúßóÇäó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö: ßóÚóÏóÏö ÇáÑøóßóÚóÇÊö æóÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ãõÝóÕøóáóÉð æóãóäóÇÓößö ÇáúÍóÌøö.
ÝóßóÐóáößó ÈóíøóäóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ãõÌúãóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÝöí Ãóíøö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö¡ æóÅöäøó ÃóÌúãóÚó äóÕøò Ýöí Ðóáößó åõæó ßöÊóÇÈõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí ßóÊóÈóåõ æóÞóÑóäóåõ ÈöÓóíúÝöåö¡ æóÞóÏú Úóãöáó Èöåö ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò æóÚõãóÑõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - æóãóÖóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ.
æóÞóÏú ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ Úóäú ÃóäóÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóáó Åöáóíøó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ßöÊóÇÈðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó äóÞúÔõ ÇáúÎóÇÊóãö Úóáóíúåö: " ãõÍóãøóÏñ " ÓóØúÑñ¡ æó " ÑóÓõæáõ " ÓóØúÑñ¡ æó " Çááøóåö " ÓóØúÑñ:
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö¡ åóÐöåö ÝóÑöíÖóÉõ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÝóÑóÖóåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÇáøóÊöí ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÇ ÑóÓõæáóåõ¡ Ýóãóäú ÓõÆöáóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì æóÌúåöåóÇ ÝóáúíõÚúØöåóÇ¡ æóãóäú ÓõÆöáó ÝóæúÞóåóÇ ÝóáóÇ íõÚúØöåö: Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÝóãóÇ ÏõæäóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÛóäóãö Ýöí ßõáøö ÎóãúÓò ÔóÇÉñ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÎóãúÓðÇ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó Åöáóì ÎóãúÓò æóËóáóÇËöíäó ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÈöäúÊõ ãóÎóÇÖò¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú Êóßõäú ÈöäúÊõ ãóÎóÇÖò ÝóÇÈúäõ áóÈõæäò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÓöÊøðÇ æóËóáóÇËöíäó Åöáóì ÎóãúÓò æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÈöäúÊõ áóÈõæäò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÓöÊøðÇ æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó Åöáóì ÓöÊøöíäó ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÍöÞøóÉñ ØóÑõæÞóÉõ ÇáúÝóÍúáö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú æóÇÍöÏóÉð æóÓöÊøöíäó Åöáóì ÎóãúÓò æóÓóÈúÚöíäó ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÌóÐóÚóÉñ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÓöÊøðÇ æóÓóÈúÚöíäó Åöáóì ÊöÓúÚöíäó(8/274)
ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÈöäúÊóÇ áóÈõæäò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÅöÍúÏóì æóÊöÓúÚöíäó Åöáóì ÚöÔúÑöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉò ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÍöÞøóÊóÇäö ØóÑõæÞóÊóÇ ÇáúÝóÍúáö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÒóÇÏóÊú Úóáóì ÚöÔúÑöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉò ÝóÝöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÇÈúäóÉõ áóÈõæäò¡ æóÝöí ßõáøö ÎóãúÓöíäó ÍöÞøóÉñ¡ æóãóäú áóãú íóßõäú ãóÚóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÝóáóíúÓóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉð ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÎóãúÓðÇ ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÔóÇÉñ.
æóÕóÏóÞóÉõ ÇáúÛóäóãö Ýöí ÓóÇÆöãóÊöåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó Åöáóì ÚöÔúÑöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉò ÔóÇÉñ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÒóÇÏóÊú Úóáóì ÚöÔúÑöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉò Åöáóì ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö ÝöíåóÇ ÔóÇÊóÇäö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÒóÇÏóÊú Úóáóì ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö Åöáóì ËóáóÇËöãöÇÆóÉò ÝóÝöíåóÇ ËóáóÇËõ ÔöíóÇåò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÒóÇÏóÊú Úóáóì ËóáóÇËãöÇÆóÉò ÝóÝöí ßõáøö ãöÇÆóÉò ÔóÇÉñ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÓóÇÆöãóÉõ ÇáÑøóÌõáö äóÇÞöÕóÉð Úóäú ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð¡ æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóáóíúÓó ÝöíåóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÌúÊóãóÚõ Èóíúäó ãõÝúÊóÑöÞò æóáóÇ íõÝóÑøóÞõ Èóíúäó ãõÌúÊóãöÚò ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÎóáöíØóíúäö ÝóÅöäøóåõãóÇ íóÊóÑóÇÌóÚóÇäö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö. ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁó ÇáúÅöÈöáö æóÇáúÛóäóãö æóãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÊóÚóÑøóÖú áöÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÇáúÈóÞúÑö¡ æóáóßöäú Èóíøóäó ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁó ÇáúÈóÞúÑö ÍóÏöíËõ ãõÚóÇÐò ÚöäúÏó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøõäóäö.
ÞóÇáó: ÃóãóÑóäöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Íöíäó ÈóÚóËóäöí Åöáóì Çáúíóãóäö¡ ÃóáøóÇ ÂÎõÐó ãöäó ÇáúÈóÞúÑö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ËóáóÇËöíäó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú: ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÚöÌúáñ ÊóÈöíÚñ ÌóÐóÚñ Ãóæú ÌóÐóÚóÉñ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÝóÝöíåóÇ ãõÓöäøóÉñ.
æóáöåóÐóíúäó ÇáäøóÕøóíúäö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö íóßúÊóãöáõ ÈóíóÇäõ ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÈóåöíãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö: ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóÇáúÈóÞóÑö¡ æóÇáúÛóäóãö. æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÚóãóáõ.
æóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö: Ýöí ßõáøö ÚóÔúÑò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÞóÑö ÔóÇÉñ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËöíäó ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÊóÈöíÚñ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÚúãóáú Èöåö ÃóÍóÏñ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÕö Ýöí ÈóåöíãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÒóßóÇÉñ¡ æóÇáúæóÞúÕõ åõæó ãóÇ Èóíúäó ßõáøö äöÕóÇÈò æóÇáøóÐöí íóáöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉö æóÇáÊøöÓúÚóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó æóÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉó ãöäó ÇáúÛóäóãö¡ æóãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáËøóáóÇËöíäó æóÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÈóÞóÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞò¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÎöáóÇÝñ áöáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö Ýöí æóÞúÕö ÇáúÈóÞóÑö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ; áöÍóÏöíËö ãõÚóÇÐò áöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÝóÝöíåóÇ ãõÓöäøóÉñ» ¡ ÝóãóÝúåõæãõåõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáËøóáóÇËöíäó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÈúáõÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ ÝóãóÇ Èóíúäó(8/275)
ÇáËøóáóÇËöíäó æóÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöíåö.
æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó íóÞõæáõ Ýöíåö ÈöäöÓúÈóÉò ãöäó ÇáÊøóÈöíÚö¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÔúÊóÑóØó áöÒóßóÇÉö ÈóåöíãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÇáäøóÓúáó æóÇáÓøóæúãó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúáõæÝóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáøóÊöí áöáúÚóãóáö: ßóÇáúÅöÈöáö áöáúÍóãúáö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÈóÞóÑö áöáúÍóÑúËö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúáõæÝóÉö æóÝöí ÇáúÚóæóÇãöáö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÅö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÇáäøóæóÇÖöÍö æóÇáúÈóÞóÑö ÇáÓøóæóÇÞöí æóÈóÞóÑö ÇáúÍóÑúËö ; Åöäøöí ÃóÑóì Ãóäú íõÄúÎóÐó ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÅöÐóÇ æóÌóÈóÊú Ýöíåö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ. æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöãóÇáößò Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáö: ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ; ÝóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÚóÇãøðÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ýöí ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÝóãóÇ Ïõæäóåõ ÇáúÛóäóãõ¡ Ýöí ßõáøö ÎóãúÓò ÔóÇÉñ¡ áöÚõãõæãöåö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö æóÇáúãóÚúáõæÝóÉö. åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÛóäóãö Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð ÔóÇÉñ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÏõæäö ÞóíúÏö ÇáÓøóæúãö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóÇÌöíøõ: Åöäøó ßóËúÑóÉó ÇáäøóÝóÞóÇÊö æóÞöáøóÊóåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóËøóÑóÊú Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊõÄóËøöÑõ Ýöí ÊóÎúÝöíÝöåóÇ æóÊóËúÞöíáöåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊõÄóËøöÑõ Ýöí ÅöÓúÞóÇØöåóÇ æóáóÇ ÅöËúÈóÇÊöåóÇ: ßóÇáúÎõáúØóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøóÝúÑöÞóÉö¡ æóÇáÓøóÞúíö¡ æóÇáäøóÖúÍö¡ æóÇáÓøóÈúÍö¡ æóáóÇ ÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö æóÇáúãóÚúáõæÝóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÎúÝöíÝó ÇáäøóÝóÞóÉö æóÊóËúÞöíáóåóÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóãóßøõäõ ãöäó ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ÈöåóÇ ÝóÚóáóì ÍóÏøò æóÇÍöÏò áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÚóáúÝõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÏøóÑøö æóÇáäøóÓúáö¡ æóÑóÏøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì ÃóÏöáøóÉö ãóÇáößò ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáö: ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ: ÝóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÈóåúÒö Èúäö Íóßöíãò¡ æóÝöíåö: «Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÓóÇÆöãóÉñ ÇÈúäóÉõ áóÈõæäò» ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÛóäóãö ÍóÏöíËõ: «Ýöí ÓóÇÆöãóÉö ÇáúÛóäóãö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ» æóåõæó ÍóÏöíËñ ÕóÍöíÍñ.
æóÝöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò æóÚõãóÑó¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÌóÇÁó ÞóíúÏõ ÇáÓøóæúãö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö¡ æóÃóÏöáøóÉõ ãóÇáößò ãõØúáóÞóÉñ ; æóíõÍúãóáõ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.(8/276)
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÑõÌúÍóÇäö ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: Ãóäøó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÛóäóãó ÌóÇÁó ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÚóÏóÏö Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð ÔóÇÉñ¡ Ýóåõæó áöÈóíóÇäö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäúåõ áöÈóíóÇäö ÇáúæóÕúÝö.
æóÍóÏöíËõ: «Ýöí ÓóÇÆöãóÉö ÇáúÛóäóãö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ» : áöÈóíóÇäö ãóÍóáøö ÇáúæõÌõæÈö ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäúåõ áöÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÚóÏóÏö¡ æóãöäú ÌöåóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÇäö ãõÊóÑóÇÈöØóíúäö¡ æóÃóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÚóÇãøñ ãöäú æóÌúåò¡ ÎóÇÕøñ ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó¡ ÝóÍóÏöíËõ: «Ýöí ÓóÇÆöãóÉö ÇáúÛóäóãö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ» ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÇáúÛóäóãö ÈöÏõæäö ÚóÏóÏò¡ ÎóÇÕøñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÆöãóÉö.
æóÍóÏöíËõ: «Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð ÔóÇÉñ» . ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÇáÔøöíóÇåö¡ ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó. ÝóíõÎóÕøóÕõ Úõãõæãõ ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: Ýöí ÓóÇÆöãóÉö ÇáúÛóäóãö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊú ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ: Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð ÔóÇÉñ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÓóÇÆöãóÉð¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóáúÊóÆöãõ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈöáö æóÇáúÛóäóãö ; áöÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÇáÓøóæúãö æóÊóÍúÏöíÏö ÇáúÚóÏóÏö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÈóÞóÑõ: ÝóÞóÏú Íõßöíó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚõ Úóáóì ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáÓøóæúãö¡ æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóæúãó æóÇáäøóÓúáó áöáäøóãóÇÁö¡ ÝóíóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáúãõæóÇÓóÇÉó¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÚúáõæÝóÉõ æóÇáúÚóæóÇãöáõ ÝóáóíúÓóÊú ÊóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáúãõæóÇÓóÇÉó. æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó íóÊóÑóÌøóÍõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Ýöí ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÇáÓøóæúãö æóÇáäøóÓúáö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáúØóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÇÎúÊöáóÇØõ ÇáúãóÇáóíúäö ãóÚðÇ áöÑóÌõáóíúäö Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑó¡ æóåöíó Úóáóì ÞöÓúãóíúäö:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÎõáúØóÉõ ÃóÚúíóÇäò.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ÎõáúØóÉõ ÃóæúÕóÇÝò.
ÝóÎõáúØóÉõ ÇáúÃóÚúíóÇäö: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãóÇáõ ãõÔúÊóÑóßðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÎõáóØóÇÁö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãóÔóÇÚö¡ ßóãóäú æóÑöËõæÇ ÛóäóãðÇ Ãóæú ÈóÞóÑðÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóáóãú íóÞúÊóÓöãõæåõ¡ Ãóæú ÃõåúÏöíó Åöáóíúåöãú æóáóãú íóÞúÊóÓöãõæåõ. æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÎõáúØóÉõ íóßõæäõ Íõßúãõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÝöíåóÇ ßóÍõßúãöåö áóæú ßóÇäó áöÔóÎúÕò æóÇÍöÏò¡ Ãóæú ÎóáúØóÉõ ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö¡ Ýóåöíó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãóÇáõ ãõÊóãóíøöÒðÇ¡ æóßõáøñ ãöäúåõãú íóÚúÑöÝõ ÍöÕøóÊóåõ æóãóÇáóåõ ÈöÚóÏóÏò æóÃóæúÕóÇÝò¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÈöÃóáúæóÇäöåóÇ Ãóæú ÈöæóÓúãöåóÇ Ãóæú äóÍúæö Ðóáößó. æóáóßöäøóåõãú ÎóáóØõæÇ ÇáúãóÇáó áöíóÓúåõáó ÇáúÞöíóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóÇÎúÊöáóÇØöåöãú Ýöí ÇáÑøóÇÚöí æóÇáúãóÑúÚóì¡ æóÇáúãóÓúÑóÍö æóÇáúãóÑóÇÍö¡ æóÇáúÝóÍúáö æóÇáÏøóáúæö æóÇáúãóÍúáóÈö.
æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ åõæó ãóäúÕõæÕñ Úóáóíúåö ; áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáÑøöÝúÞö æóÇáöÇßúÊöÝóÇÁö ÈöæóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ßõáøö Ðóáößó áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóáóæú ÝõÑøöÞó áóÇÍúÊóÇÌó ßõáøõ ãóÇáò ãöäúåõ Åöáóì æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÎõáúØóÉõ áóåóÇ ÊóÃúËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö: ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏó - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ -¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÃúËöíÑó áóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí(8/277)
ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáÊøóÃúËöíÑõ ÚöäúÏóåõ Ýöí ÎõáúØóÉö ÇáúãóÔóÇÚö.
æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÊóÃúËöíÑöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Úóáóì ãóäú ÊõÄóËøöÑõ:
ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: ÊõÄóËøöÑõ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÎõáóØóÇÁö¡ ãóäú íóãúáößõæäó äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ æóãóäú áóÇ íóãúáößõ.
æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: áóÇ ÊõÄóËøöÑõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ãóáóßó äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÝóÃóßúËóÑó¡ æóãóäú áóÇ íóãúáößõ äöÕóÇÈðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÃúËöíÑó áóåóÇ Úóáóíúåö. æóÏóáöíáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Úóáóì ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó Ýöí ÊóÃúËöíÑöåóÇ åõæó Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÈóíóÇäö ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö: (æóáóÇ íõÝóÑøóÞõ Èóíúäó ãõÌúÊóãöÚò¡ æóáóÇ íõÌúãóÚõ Èóíúäó ãõÝúÊóÑöÞò ; ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÎóáöíØóíúäö ; ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íóÊóÑóÇÌóÚóÇäö ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö) .
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: Çáäøóåúíõ Úóäú ÊóÝúÑöíÞö ÇáúãõÌúÊóãöÚö áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö ; áöÃóäøó ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚó ÇáúãóÔóÇÚö áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì ÊóÝúÑöíÞõåõ ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÊøóÑóÇÌõÚõ ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö áóÇ íõÞóÇáõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÎõáúØóÉö ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö ; áöÃóäøó ÎõáúØóÉó ÇáúãóÔóÇÚö ãóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÃúÎõæÐñ ãöäó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö æóÚóáóì ÇáúãóÔóÇÚö ÃóíúÖðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÔóÑöíßò Úóáóì ÇáúãóÔóÇÚö áóåõ ÍöÕøóÊõåõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóÇÉò Úóáóì ÇáúãóÔóÇÚö.
ãöËóÇáõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóÅöáóíúßó ÇáúãöËóÇáõ áöáúÌóãöíÚö: áóæú Ãóäøó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÔúÎóÇÕò íóãúáößõ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãú Úóáóì ÍöÏóÉò¡ ÝóÚóáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÔóÇÉñ¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇÎúÊóáóØõæÇ ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÔóÇÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö Èóíúäóåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ãóÌúãõæÚóåõãú ãöÇÆóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó¡ æóåõæó ÍóÏøõ ÇáÔøóÇÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó ÈöÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúÎõáúØóÉö: ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóáóæú Ãóäøó áöáúÃóæøóáö ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÔóÇÉð æóáöáËøóÇäöí ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó æóáöáËøóÇáöËö ÓöÊøöíäó¡ ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÔóÇÉñ.
æóáóßöäú ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ßõáøñ ÈöÍöÕøóÊöåö¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÔøóÇÉõ ÈöÓöÊøöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ¡ áóßóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÏóÑóÇåöãó ÈöäöÓúÈóÉö Ûóäóãöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí ÚöÔúÑõæäó¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇáöËö ËóáóÇËõæäó ; ßõáøñ ÈöäöÓúÈóÉö Ûóäóãöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö.
æóÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóãúáößú äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÉõ Úóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí æóÇáËøóÇáöËö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÈöäöÓúÈóÉö ÛóäóãöåöãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí ÎõãúÓóÇ ÇáúÞöíãóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó. æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇáöËö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÎúãóÇÓöåóÇ ÓöÊøóÉñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ æóåóßóÐóÇ.(8/278)
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóÇ íõÝóÑøóÞõ Èóíúäó ãõÌúÊóãöÚò¡ æóáóÇ íõÌúãóÚõ Èóíúäó ãõÝúÊóÑöÞò ; ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÎóáöíØóíúäö ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÊóÑóÇÌóÚóÇäö ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö» .
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: Çáäøóåúíõ Úóäú ÊóÝúÑöíÞö ÇáúãõÌúÊóãöÚö æóÊóÞóÇÓõãöåöãóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúÎõáúØóÉö Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ; áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÅöÑúÝóÇÞò.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóÇÌöíøõ: ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÑúÝóÇÞö Ýöí ÓóÞúíö ÇáúÍóÑúËö ãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÇáäøóÖúÍö æóãóÇ ÓõÞöíó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáäøóÖúÍö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÎóáöíØóíúäö íóÚúäöí: ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö¡ æóáóßöäú íóÑõÏøõåõ Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «íóÊóÑóÇÌóÚóÇäö ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö» ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÑóÇÌõÚó áóÇ íóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÎõáúØóÉö ÇáúÌöæóÇÑö æóÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö.
æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: áóÇ ÊóÃúËöíÑó áöáúÎõáúØóÉö Úóáóì ãóäú áóãú íóãúáößö ÇáäøöÕóÇÈó ; áöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð ÔóÇÉñ» ¡ Ýóãóäú áóãú íóãúáößú ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð ÝóáóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÃúËöíÑó áöáúÎõáúØóÉö Úóáóíúåö. æóáóÚóáøó ãöäó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãóÉö íóßõæäõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ãóÐúåóÈó ÃóÍúãóÏó æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúÎõáúØóÉö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÇáÔøõÑõæØõ ÇáúãõÄóËøöÑóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáúØóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó ÈöåóÇ ßóÇáúÂÊöí: ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóæúÕóÇÝò¡ æóåöíó ÇÊøöÍóÇÏõ ÇáúãóÇáóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÂÊöí: ÇáúãóÑúÚóì. ÇáúãóÓúÑóÍö. ÇáúãóÈöíÊö. ÇáúãóÍúáóÈö. ÇáúÝóÍúáö.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÐóßóÑó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ ÚóÔóÑóÉó ÃóæúÕóÇÝò¡ ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì. æóÒóÇÏó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáÔøóÑöíßóÇäö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãóÇáõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöØõ äöÕóÇÈðÇ¡ Ãóäú íóãúÖöíó Úóáóíúåöãú Íóæúáñ ßóÇãöáñ¡ ÇÊøöÍóÇÏõ ÇáúãóÔúÑóÈö¡ ÇÊøöÍóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÇÚöí.
æóÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò: ÇáÑøóÇÚöí¡ æóÇáúÝóÍúáõ¡ æóÇáúãóÑóÇÍõ¡ æóÇáÏøóáúæõ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÏøóáúæö: ÇáúãóÔúÑóÈõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö: íóßõæäõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ ãõÊøóÝöÞöíäó ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö¡ æóãóÇ ÒóÇÏóåõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ãóÚúáõæãñ ÔóÑúÚðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÔõÑõæØñ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö æõÌõæÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö. æóáóßöäö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö: åóáú ÊõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÌóãöíÚõåóÇ Ãóæú íóßúÝöí æõÌõæÏõ ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ¿ .
ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ äóÕøó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóáóßöäú íóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúãóäóÇØö ÝöíãóÇ íóßõæäõ Èöåö ÇáúÅöÑúÝóÇÞõ¡ ÝóãóÇáößñ ÇßúÊóÝóì ÈöÈóÚúÖöåóÇ: ßóÇáúÝóÍúáö¡ æóÇáúãóÑúÚóì¡ æóÇáÑøóÇÚöí. æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: ÇÔúÊóÑóØó ÊóæóÝøõÑó ÌóãöíÚö Êöáúßó(8/279)
ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÇáúÎõáúØóÉõ ãõÄóËøöÑóÉð¡ æóáößõáøò Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈöåö ÎöáóÇÝñ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö áóÇ äõØöíáõ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÈöÊóÊóÈøõÚöåö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõåöãøõäóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍö ÝöíãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÙóåóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍó åõæó ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÕöÍøóÉõ ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúÎõáúØóÉö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØõ ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÎõáúØóÉõ ÚõÑúÝðÇ.
ãóáúÍõæÙóÉñ.
áóÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúäóÇ ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁó ÈóåöíãóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÌõãúáóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ¡ æóÈóÞöíó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉõ Úóäú ÓõÄóÇáò ØóÇáó ãóÇ ÌóÇáó ÊóÝóßøõÑõ ßõáøö ÏóÇÑöÓò Ýöíåö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö: Åöäøó ÇáúãóÞóÇÏöíÑó ÊóæúÞöíÝöíøóÉñ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö. æóãóÚúäóì ÊóæúÞöíÝöíøóÉò: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú åóáú åöíó ÌóÇÁóÊú áõÛóæöíøóÉð¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøó Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØðÇ æóäöÓúÈóÉð ãõØøóÑöÏóÉð.
ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ: Ãóäøóåõ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÓúáöãò - æóÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ÞóÏöíãðÇ æóÍóÏöíËðÇ - åõæó ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáõ æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóäóÇ áóãøóÇ ßõäøóÇ Ýöí ÚóÕúÑò ãóÇÏøöíøò¡ æóÇáäøöÙóÇãõ ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøõ åõæó ÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÓóÉö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö Çáúíóæúãó ; ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÈóÚúÖó ÞóÏú íóÊóØóáøóÚõ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉö Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö.
æóÞóÏú ÍóÇæóáúÊõ ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÚóãóáö ãõÞóÇÑóäóÉò ÚóÇãøóÉò ÊõæÌóÏõ ÈöåóÇ äöÓúÈóÉñ ãõØøóÑöÏóÉñ ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ýöí ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö ; ãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó äöÕóÇÈó ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÚöÔúÑõæäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ¡ æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóÝöí ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÑõÈúÚõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö¡ æóßóÇäó ÕóÑúÝõ ÇáÏøöíäóÇÑö ÚóÔóÑóÉó ÏóÑóÇåöãó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ äöÕóÇÈõ ÇáÐøóåóÈö ãöäú ÖóÑúÈö ÚöÔúÑöíäó Ýöí ÚóÔóÑóÉò ÝóíõÓóÇæöí ãöÇÆóÊóíúäö¡ Ýóåöíó äöÓúÈóÉñ ãõØøóÑöÏóÉñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ áöáäøöÓúÈóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö - æóåöíó ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö - æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÛóäóãö äóÌöÏõ ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚõÑúæóÉó ÇáúÈóÇÑöÞöíøö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ ; áöíóÊúÔóÑöíó áóåõãú ÔóÇÉð¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó æóÃóÊóÇåõãú ÈöÔóÇÉò æóÏöíäóÇÑò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóÇÐóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊó¿» ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊõ ÔóÇÊóíúäö ÈöÇáÏøöíäóÇÑö¡ Ëõãøó áóÞöíóäöí ÑóÌõáñ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÊóÈöíÚõäöí ÔóÇÉð ÝóÈöÚúÊõåõ ÔóÇÉð ÈöÏöíäóÇÑò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - «ÈóÇÑóßó Çááøóåõ áóßó Ýöí ÕóÝúÞóÉö íóãöíäößó» .
ãóÚúäóì åóÐóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíäóÇÑó ÞöíãóÊõåõ ÇáÔøöÑóÇÆöíøóÉõ ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÔóÇÊóíúäö¡ ãöäú ÖóÑúÈö ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ Ýöí ÇËúäóÊóíúäö ÝóíõÓóÇæöí ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó äöÕóÇÈõ ÇáúÛóäóãö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÔóÇÉð ÔóÇÉñ¡ æóÞöíãóÊõåóÇ ÇáÔøöÑóÇÆöíøóÉõ äöÕúÝõ ÇáÏøöíäóÇÑö¡ æóåöíó ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÏóÑóÇåöãó æóåöíó ãóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ Ýöí ÇáúÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáóÇ ; ÝóÇØøóÑóÏóÊö ÇáäøöÓúÈóÉõ ÃóíúÖðÇ(8/280)
Èóíúäó ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÛóäóãö.
ÃóãøóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÛóäóãö æóÇáúÅöÈöáö: ÝóÞóÏú æóÌóÏúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóÏóäóÉó Úóäú ÓóÈúÚö ÔöíóÇåò Ýöí ÇáúåóÏúíö¡ æóäöÕóÇÈõ ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÎóãúÓóÉñ æóÊóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈúÚò ÝóíõÓóÇæöí ÎóãúÓóÉð æóËóáóÇËöíäó¡ æóáóæú ÌõÚöáóÊú ÓöÊøðÇ áóßóÇäóÊú ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÇËúäóíúäö æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÞóáøö ; ÇÍúÊöíóÇØðÇ áöÍóÞøö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ ÝóßóÇäó Èóíúäó äöÕóÇÈö ÇáúÅöÈöáö æóäöÕóÇÈö ÇáúÛóäóãö äöÓúÈóÉñ ãõØøóÑöÏóÉñ.
æóßóÐóáößó äöÕóÇÈõ ÇáúÛóäóãö æóäöÕóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö äöÓúÈóÉñ ãõØøóÑöÏóÉñ. ÝóÙóåóÑóÊö ÇáÏøöÞøóÉõ æóÇØøöÑóÇÏõ ÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö.
ãóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÃóÎúÐõåõ æóãóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÃóÎúÐõåõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö.
ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊõÄúÎóÐõ ÇáÐøõßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÅöáøóÇ ÇÈúäõ áóÈõæäò áöãóäú áóãú Êóßõäú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöäúÊõ ãóÎóÇÖò.
æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó ÝöíãóÇ áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ßõáøõåõ ÐõßõæÑðÇ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ äóÇÏöÑñ¡ æóáóßöäö ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊõÄúÎóÐõ ÇáÓøöÎóÇáõ ãóÚó æõÌõæÈö ÇáöÇÚúÊöÏóÇÏö ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ.
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -: ÇÚúÊóÏøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáÓøóÎúáóÉö íóÃúÊöí ÈöåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÚöí¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÃúÎõÐúåóÇ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÃóÎúÐõ ÝóÍúáö ÇáúÅöÈöáö æóáóÇ ÊóíúÓö ÇáúÛóäóãö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáÑøõÈóì¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúÍóáõæÈóÉö ; áöãóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóÖóÑøóÉö Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúãóÇáö.
ßóãóÇ áóÇ ÊõÄúÎóÐõ ÇáÓøóÎúáóÉõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÚóÌúÝóÇÁõ ; áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ãóÖóÑøóÉö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ãóÇáößñ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇÚúÊóÏøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáÓøóÎúáóÉö íóÍúãöáõåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÚöí¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÃúÎõÐúåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÃúÎõÐö ÇáúÃóßõæáóÉó¡ æóáóÇ ÇáÑøõÈóì¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóÇÎöÖó¡ æóáóÇ ÝóÍúáó ÇáúÛóäóãö¡ æóÊóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáúÌóÐóÚóÉó æóÇáËøóäöíøóÉó¡ æóÐóáößó ÚóÏúáñ Èóíúäó ÛöÐóÇÁö ÇáúÛóäóãö æóÎöíóÇÑöåóÇ¡ æóÛöÐóÇÁõ ÇáúÛóäóãö ÕöÛóÇÑõåóÇ¡ æóÎöíóÇÑõåóÇ ßöÈóÇÑõåóÇ æóÃóÓúãóäõåóÇ ; Ýóåöíó ÚóÏúáñ¡ Ãóíú: æóÓóØñ.
æóåõäóÇ ÊóÊóÍóÊøóãõ ßóáöãóÉñ¡ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ßõáøõ äöÙóÇãò ãóÇáöíøò Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇáóãö äöÙóÇãðÇ ãóÇÏøöíøðÇ ÈóÍúÊðÇ íóÞõæãõ Úóáóì ãóÈóÇäöí ÇáúÃóÑúÞóÇãö æóÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇÁö¡ Ýóåõæó ÌóÇÝøñ Ýöí Ôóßúáöåö¡ ßóÇáúÌöÓúãö ÈöÏõæäö ÑõæÍò¡ ÅöáøóÇ äöÙóÇãó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ; Ýóåõæó äöÙóÇãñ Íóíøñ áóåõ ÑõæÍõåõ æóÚóÇØöÝóÊõåõ.
ÝóÝöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí íõáúÒöãõ ÇáúÛóäöíøó ÈöÏóÝúÚö ÞöÓúØò áöáúÝóÞöíÑö¡ íóÍúÙõÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇãöáö Ãóäú íóÃúÎõÐó ÝóæúÞó(8/281)
ãóÇ æóÌóÈó¡ Ãóæú ÃóÍúÓóäó ãóÇ æóÌóÏó.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «æóÅöíøóÇßó æóßóÑóÇÆöãó ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú» .
æóÝöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí íóÏúÝóÚõ ÇáúÛóäöíøõ Ýöíåö ÌõÒúÁðÇ ãöäú ãóÇáöåö¡ íóÓúÊóÔúÚöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ íóÏúÝóÚõåõ áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö æóíóäúÊóÙöÑõ ÃóÌúÑóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍóÊö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Èóíúäó ÚóÇãöáò ãõÊóÍóÝøöÙò æóÈóíúäó ãóÇáößò ãõÊóØóæøöÚò¡ ÚóÇãöáò íóÎúÔóì Þóæúáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «æóÇÊøóÞö ÏóÚúæóÉó ÇáúãóÙúáõæãö ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó Çááøóåö ÍöÌóÇÈñ» ¡ æóãóÇáößò íóÑúÌõæ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö ÚóÔúÑó ÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ æóÓóÈúÚóãöÇÆóÉò¡ æóÒöíóÇÏóÉð ãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉð.
æóÞóÏú æóÞóÚóÊú ÞóÖöíøóÉñ ãõÐúåöáóÉñ áóãú íóÔúåóÏú äöÙóÇãñ ãóÇáöíøñ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ãöËúáóåóÇ¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøóåõ: ÐóåóÈó ÚóÇãöáõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ ÝóãóÑøó ÈöÑóÌõáò Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ÞóÑöíÈóÉò ãöäó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÈöÕóÇÍöÈö ÅöÈöáò¡ ÝóÍóÓóÈóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áöÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ: ÃóÎúÑöÌú ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò. ÝóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÅöÈöáö: ßóíúÝó ÃõÎúÑöÌõ ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ; æóåöíó áóÇ ÙóåúÑó íõÑúßóÈõ æóáóÇ ÖóÑúÚó íõÍúáóÈõ¡ æóáóßöäú åóÐöåö äóÇÞóÉñ ßóæúãóÇÁõ¡ ÝóÎõÐúåóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö. ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ: æóßóíúÝó ÂÎõÐõ ÔóíúÆðÇ áóãú íóÌöÈú Úóáóíúßó¿ ÝóÊóáóÇÍóíóÇ ãóÚðÇ - ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãóÇáö - æóÃóÎóÐóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ: Åöäú ßõäúÊó æóáóÇ ÈõÏøó ãõÕöÑøðÇ¡ ÝóåóÇ åõæó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õáøì Çááå Úáíå æÓáã - ãöäúßó ÞóÑöíÈñ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö. ÇÐúåóÈú ÈöåóÇ Åöáóíúåö ÝóÅöäú ÞóÈöáóåóÇ ãöäúßó ÃóÎóÐúÊõåóÇ¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÃóÚóäú ØöíÈö äóÝúÓò¿» ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö. ÝóÃóãóÑó ÇáúÚóÇãöáó ÈöÃóÎúÐöåóÇ¡ ÝóÏóÚóÇ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúÈóÑóßóÉö ; ÝóÚóÇÔó ÍóÊøóì ÚóåúÏö ãõÚóÇæöíóÉó. ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÒóßóÇÉõ ÅöÈöáöåö åóÐöåö åöíó ÑõæÍó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ áóÇ ãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö Ýöí ÇáäøõÙõãö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì.
ÃóãøóÇ äöÙóÇãõ ÇáÖøóÑóÇÆöÈö ÍóíúËõ íóÊóåóÑøóÈõæäó¡ æóíõÞóáøöáõæäó æóíóÊøóÎöÐõæäó ÏóÝóÇÊöÑó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉð ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ áöãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÇáÖøóÑóÇÆöÈö íõÞóáøöáõ ÝöíåóÇ ÏóÎúáóåõ æóßóÓúÈóåõ áöÊóÎöÝøó ÇáÖøóÑöíÈóÉõ Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÑóÇåóÇ ãóÛúÑóãðÇ ßóÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåóÇ áöäóÝúÓöåö áöíóÚúÑöÝó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ãóÇáöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ: ÝóÅöäøó ãóÇáößóåóÇ íõÞóÏøöãõ ÒóßóÇÊóåóÇ áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö ; áöíõØóåøöÑó ãóÇáóåõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎõÐú ãöäú ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÕóÏóÞóÉð ÊõØóåøöÑõåõãú æóÊõÒóßøöíåöãú ÈöåóÇ [9 \ 103] .
æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Åöäøó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú áóíóÊóÕóÏøóÞõ ÈöÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÊóÞóÚõ Ãóæøóáó ãóÇ ÊóÞóÚõ Ýöí ßóÝøö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÝóíõäóãøöíåóÇ áóåõ ßóãóÇ íõäóãøöí ÃóÍóÏõßõãú Ýóáõæøóåõ - Ãóíú: æóáóÏó ÝóÑóÓöåö - ÍóÊøóì Êóßõæäó ãöËúáó ÌóÈóáö ÃõÍõÏò» .(8/282)
æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóÇ äóÞóÕóÊú ÕóÏóÞóÉñ ãöäú ãóÇáò» .
ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúÝöØúÑö.
Åöäøó Ãóåóãøó ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö åöíó ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÍõßúãõåóÇ¡ ÕóÏúÑõ ÊóÔúÑöíÚöåóÇ.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: Úóáóì ãóäú Êóßõæäõ.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ãöãøó Êóßõæäõ.
ÑóÇÈöÚðÇ: ßóãú Êóßõæäõ.
ÎóÇãöÓðÇ: ãóÊóì Êóßõæäõ.
ÓóÇÏöÓðÇ: åóáú ÊóÌúÒöÆõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÞöíãóÉõ Ãóãú áóÇ¿
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÞöíãóÉõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÒøóßóæóÇÊö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÍõßúãõåóÇ: Ýóåöíó ÝóÑúÖõ Úóíúäò ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó åöíó æóÇÌöÈñ Úóáóì ÇÕúØöáóÇÍöåö¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ æóÌóÈó ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÇÌöÈóÉñ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÓõäøóÉñ.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑö Îóáöíáö Èúäö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: íóÌöÈõ ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáÕøóÇÚõ. ÅáÎ.
æóÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Ýöí ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú åóÐóÇ¡ åóáú åöíó ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Ýöí Úõãõæãö: æóÂÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó [2 \ 43] ¡ Ãóíú: ÔõÑöÚóÊú ÈöÃóÕúáö ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ Ãóãú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÔõÑöÚóÊú ÈöäóÕøò ãõÓúÊóÞöáøò ÚóäúåóÇ.
Ýóãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÝóÑúÖöíøóÊöåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÅöíÌóÇÈö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöæõÌõæÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇÕúØöáóÇÍñ áöáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö. æóáóÇ íóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ýöí äóÊöíÌóÉö ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÚöäúÏóåõãú áóÇ íóßúÝõÑõ ÈöÌõÍõæÏöåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉõ: íóÌöÈõ ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÕóÇÚñ ãöäú ÈõÑøò ÅáÎ. Ãóíú: Ãóäøó æõÌõæÈóåóÇ ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö áóÇ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö.
æóÚöäúÏóåõãú: áóÇ íõÞóÇÊóáõ Ãóåúáõ ÈóáóÏò Úóáóì ãóäúÚöåóÇ¡ æóíõÞúÊóáõ ãóäú ÌóÍóÏó ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÊóåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝö.(8/283)
æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÑóÉö ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÝöíãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÑøóÌõáö ãöäú ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö: Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌõáó íõÄóÏøöí Ðóáößó Úóäú ßõáøö ãóäú íóÖúãóäõ äóÝóÞóÊóåõ. ÅáÎ.
æóãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - äõÕõæÕõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõãú: ÝóÑóÖó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò¡ Ãóæú ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÔóÚöíÑò. ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
ÝóáóÝúÙóÉõ ÝóÑóÖó: ÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåóÇ ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÖöíøóÉö¡ æóÃóÎóÐó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÞóÏøóÑó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÖó: ÇáúÞóÏúÑõ æóÇáúÞóØúÚõ.
æóÍóÏöíËõ ÞóíúÓö Èúäö ÓóÚúÏö Èúäö ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÃóãóÑóäóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÕóÏóÞóÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóäúÒöáó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ áóãú íóÃúãõÑúäóÇ æóáóãú íóäúåóäóÇ æóäóÍúäõ äóÝúÚóáõåõ» .
Ýóãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÇáúæõÌõæÈö æóÇáúÝóÑúÖö. ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÃóãúÑõ áöáúÃóæøóáö áöáúæõÌõæÈö¡ æóÝóÑúÖöíøóÉõ ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúãóÇáö ÔóãóáóÊúåóÇ ÈöÚõãõæãöåóÇ. Ýóáóãú íõÍúÊóÌú ãóÚóåóÇ áöÊóÌúÏöíÏö ÃóãúÑò æóáóãú ÊõäúÓóÎú Ýóäóåóì ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóÈóÞöíóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÈö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ: «ÝóÑóÖó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáúÝöØúÑö ; ØõåúÑóÉð áöáÕøóÇÆöãö ãöäó ÇááøóÛúæö æóÇáÑøóÝóËö æóØõÚúãóÉð áöáúãóÓóÇßöíäö¡ ãóäú ÃóÏøóÇåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýóåöíó ÒóßóÇÉñ ãóÞúÈõæáóÉñ¡ æóãóäú ÃóÏøóÇåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýóåöíó ÕóÏóÞóÉñ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö» . Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÞõáú ÈöÝóÑúÖöíøóÊöåóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ØõåúÑóÉñ áöáÕøóÇÆöãö æóØõÚúãóÉñ áöáúãóÓóÇßöíäö¡ Ýóåöíó áöÚöáøóÉò ãóÑúÈõæØóÉò ÈöåóÇ æóÊóÝõæÊõ ÈöÝóæóÇÊö æóÞúÊöåóÇ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÝóÑúÖðÇ áóãóÇ ÝóÇÊóÊú ÈöÝóæóÇÊö ÇáúæóÞúÊö. æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÈóÇÏóÑóÉö áöÃóÏóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÝóÑúÖðÇ æóÃóäú Êóßõæäó ØõåúÑóÉð.
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎõÐú ãöäú ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÕóÏóÞóÉð ÊõØóåøöÑõåõãú æóÊõÒóßøöíåöãú ÈöåóÇ [9 \ 103] ¡ Ýóåöíó ÝóÑöíÖóÉñ æóåöíó ØõåúÑóÉñ. æóÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÝóÑúÖñ ; áöáóÝúÙö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö «ÝóÑóÖó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò» ; áöÃóäøó áóÝúÙó ÝóÑóÖó Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð Ýóåõæó áöáúæõÌõæÈö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÞóÏøóÑó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúæõÌõæÈõ ÈöÚõãõæãö ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÞúæóì.
æóÍóÏöíËõ «ÎóØóÈóäóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó ÈöÕóÏóÞóÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó. æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ áöáúæõÌõæÈö¡ æóáóÇ ÕóÇÑöÝó áóåõ åõäóÇ.(8/284)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÇáúæõÌõæÈö åõæó Þóæúáõ ÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÈúÑóÃõ Èöåö ÇáÐøöãøóÉõ¡ æóíóÎúÑõÌõ Èöåö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÚõåúÏóÉö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ãöãøó Êóßõæäõ: ÝóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃóËóÑõ ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúÎõÏúÑöíøö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö Úóäúåõ.
ÞóÇáó: ßõäøóÇ äõÎúÑöÌõ ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ØóÚóÇãò¡ Ãóæú ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÃóÞöØò¡ Ãóæú ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÔóÚöíÑò¡ Ãóæú ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò¡ Ãóæú ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÒóÈöíÈò.
æóÌóÇÁó áóÝúÙõ ÇáÓøõáúÊö¡ æóÌóÇÁó áóÝúÙõ ÇáÏøóÞöíÞö¡ æóÌóÇÁó áóÝúÙõ ÇáÓøóæöíÞö. ÝóæóÞóÝó Þóæúãñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö ÝóÞóØú æóåõãõ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉõ. æóäóÙóÑó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Åöáóì Úõãõæãö ÇáØøóÚóÇãö æóÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÊöåóÇ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝò Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö íóÌõæÒõ ÅöÎúÑóÇÌõåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÞõæÊò ; áöÃóËóÑö ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóÝöíåö áóÝúÙõ ÇáØøóÚóÇãö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ãöäú ÛóÇáöÈö ÞõæÊö ÇáúãõßóáøóÝö ÈöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÝóÇÖöáõ Úóäú ÞõæÊöåö.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ãöäú ÛóÇáöÈö ÞõæÊö ÇáúÈóáóÏö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÞøñ íóÌöÈõ Ýöí ÇáÐøöãøóÉö ÊóÚóáøóÞó ÈöÇáØøóÚóÇãö ßóÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ: ÊóÌõæÒõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÍóÈøö ãõÚóÔøóÑò¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÞöØö ÎöáóÇÝñ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö.
Ñóæóì ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ÍóÏöíËó ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãó. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóÇÌöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍöåö: ÊõÎúÑóÌõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõæÊö¡ æóäõÞöáó Úóäú ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕóÑö: íõÄóÏøöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÞõæÊöåö. æóåõæó ãöËúáõ Þóæúáö Çáäøóæóæöíøö: ãöäú ßõáøö ÍóÈøö ãõÚóÔøóÑò. æóäóÇÞóÔó ÇáúÈóÇÌöíøõ ãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÅöÌúÒóÇÆöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃõÑúÒö æóÇáÐøõÑóÉö æóÇáÏøõÎúäö. ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ãöäúåóÇ ÚöäúÏ ÃóÔúåóÈó æóíóÌõæÒõ ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò. æóäóÇÞóÔó ÇáúÞóØøóÇäöíøõ: ÇáúÍöãøóÕó¡ æóÇáÊøõÑúãõÓó¡ æóÇáúÌõáõÈøóÇäó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇáößñ íõÌóæøöÒõåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÞõæÊóåõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÍóÈöíÈò: áóÇ íõÌóæøöÒõåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ãöäó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö.
æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóØúÚõæãó ÇáøóÐöí íõÖóÇÝõ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ßóÇáúÃóÈóÇÒöíÑö: ßõÒúÈóÑóÉò¡ æóßóãøõæäò æóäóÍúæöåö¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÌúÒöÆõ.
ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉõ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: ãöäú ßõáøö ÍóÈøóÉò æóËóãóÑóÉò ÊõÞúÊóÇÊõ.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÍö: Ãóíú ÚöäúÏö ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóíõÌúÒöÆõ ßõáøõ ãõÞúÊóÇÊò ãöäó ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö.(8/285)
ÞóÇáó: æóÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõåõ ÇáúãõÞúÊóÇÊõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ßóÇááøóÍúãö æóÇááøóÈóäö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÇäúÚöÏóÇãö åóÐöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ íõÚúØöí ãóÇ ÞóÇãó ãóÞóÇãó ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÍóÇãöÏò ÚöäúÏóåõãú: ÍóÊøóì áóÍúãõ ÇáúÍöíÊóÇäö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ æóáóÇ íóÑõÏøõæäó Åöáóì ÃóÞúÑóÈö ÞõæÊö ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö¡ æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÇáúÃóÞöØõ áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÈóÇÏöíóÉö Åöäú ßóÇäó ÞõæÊóåõãú. æóÚöäúÏóåõãú: ãóäú ÞóÏóÑó Úóáóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÛóíúÑóåõ áóãú íõÌúÒöåö.
ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ: ÊóÌõæÒõ ãöäó ÇáúÈõÑøö¡ æóÇáÊøóãúÑö¡ æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáÒøóÈöíÈö¡ æóÇáÓøóæöíÞö¡ æóÇáÏøóÞöíÞö. æóãöäó ÇáúÎõÈúÒö ãóÚó ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇáúÞöíãóÉö¡ æóÊóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÞöíãóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÚöæóÖðÇ Úóäö ÇáÌóãöíÚö¡ ãóÚó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýöí ãöÞúÏóÇÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝö Èóíúäó ÇáÕøóÇÚö Ãóæú äöÕúÝö ÇáÕøóÇÚö¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔóåõãõ ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö:
æóãóäú ÃóÚúØóì ÇáúÞöíãóÉó áóãú ÊõÌúÒöÆúåõ¡ æóäõÞöáó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó: ÃóÎóÇÝõ ÃóáøóÇ ÊõÌúÒöÆóåõ ÎöáóÇÝó ÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÑúÖö äóÌöÏõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÃóËóÑö ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóÒóÇÏó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö: ÅöãøóÇ ÈöÚõãõæãö áóÝúÙö ÇáØøóÚóÇãö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÚõÑúÝðÇ ÇáúÞóãúÍõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö æóåõæó ÇáúÚõÑúÝõ ÇááøõÛóæöíøõ. æóÅöãøóÇ ÈöÚõãõæãö ãóÏúáõæáö ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö¡ æóÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÞöØö. æóÇáäøóÕøõ íóÞúÖöí Èöåö.
æóÇäúÝóÑóÏó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö áöãóÚúäóì ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ØõÚúãóÉð áöáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ æóØõåúÑóÉð áöáÕøóÇÆöãö» . æóÞóæúáõåõ: (ÃóÛúäõæåõãú ÈöåóÇ Úóäö ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö) . áóæóÌóÏúäóÇ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉð Åöáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóÇ åõæó ØõÚúãóÉñ áöáúãóÓóÇßöíäö¡ æóáóÇ äóÍõÏøõåõ ÈöÍóÏøò Ãóæú äõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÈöÕöäúÝò¡ ÝóÅöáúÍóÇÞõ ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö ÈöÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö ÈöÌóÇãöÚö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ãõÊøóÌöåñ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞöíãóÉõ: ÝóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔó ãóÓúÃóáóÊóåóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÞóÏöíÑö ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö¡ æóÚõãúÏóÉõ ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãõ ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Èóíúäó ÇáúÌóÐóÚóÉö æóÇáúãõÓöäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÈöÔóÇÊóíúäö.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: Þóæúáõ ãõÚóÇÐò áöÃóåúáö Çáúíóãóäö: «ÇÆúÊõæäöí ÈöÎóãöíÓò Ãóæú áóÈöíÓò ãóßóÇäó ÇáÐøõÑóÉö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¿ Ãóåúæóäõ Úóáóíúßõãú¡ æóÎóíúÑñ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ.(8/286)
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ÑóÃóì ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - äóÇÞóÉð ÍóÓóäóÉð Ýöí ÅöÈöáö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ãóÇ åóÐöåö¿» ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö: Åöäøöí ÇÑúÊóÌóÚúÊõåóÇ ÈöÈóÚöíÑóíúäö ãöäú ÍóæóÇÔöí ÇáúÅöÈöáö¿ . ÞóÇáó: «äóÚóãú» .
ÑóÇÈöÚðÇ: ãöËúáõåóÇ ãöËúáõ ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö ; íõÄúÎóÐõ ÝöíåóÇ ÞóÏúÑõ ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö ßóãóÇ ÊõÄúÎóÐõ Úóíúäõåõ. æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ßóÇáúÂÊöí: ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóÚúæöíÖõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÌóÐóÚóÉö æóÇáúãõÓöäøóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúÍöÞøóÉö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÈöÔóÇÊóíúäö Ãóæú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóäóÓò Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÃóäúÕöÈóÇÁö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö¡ æóäóÕøõåõ: æóãóäú ÈóáóÛóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÕóÏóÞóÉõ ÇáúÌóÐóÚóÉö æóáóíúÓóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõ ÍöÞøóÉñ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÍöÞøóÉõ¡ æóíóÌúÚóáõ ãóÚóåóÇ ÔóÇÊóíúäö Ãóæú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ¡ æóãóäú ÈóáóÛóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÕóÏóÞóÉõ ÇáúÍöÞøóÉö æóáóíúÓóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáúÌóÐóÚóÉõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ãöäúåõ æóíõÚúØöíåö ÇáúãõÕóÏøöÞõ ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ Ãóæú ÔóÇÊóíúäö¡ æóãóäú ÈóáóÛóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÕóÏóÞóÉõ ÇáúÍöÞøóÉö æóáóíúÓóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇÈúäóÉõ áóÈõæäò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ãöäúåõ ÇÈúäóÉõ áóÈõæäò æóíõÚúØöí ÔóÇÊóíúäö Ãóæú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ. Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö.
ÝóáóíúÓó Ýöí åóÐóÇ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÞóÈõæáö ÇáúÞöíãóÉö Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö ; áöÃóäøó äóÕøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýóãóäú æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóíúåö Óöäøñ ãõÚóíøóäóÉñ æóáóíúÓóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõ ÃóÚúáóì Ãóæú ÃóäúÒóáõ ãöäúåóÇ ; ÝóáöáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÇáößö æóÇáúãöÓúßöíäö ÌõÚöáó ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ áöÚóÏóãö ÇáúÍóíúÝö¡ æóáóãú íóÎúÑõÌú Úóäö ÇáúÃóÕúáö æóáóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÃóÎúÐõ ÇáúÞöíãóÉö ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉð¡ Èóáú Ýöíåö ÃóÎúÐõ ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÈúÑõ ÇáäøóÇÞöÕö.
Ýóáóæú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÞöíãóÉõ ÈöÐóÇÊöåóÇ æóÍúÏóåóÇ ÊõÌúÒöÆõ áóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöåóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇÝúÊöÞóÇÏö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö¡ æóÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝõ ÇáúãóØúáõæÈóÉõ Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÚõÏöãóÊú Ãóãúßóäó ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö ãöãøóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÌöäúÓöåö áóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÞöíãóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö: áóæú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÞöíãóÉõ ãóÞúÕõæÏóÉð áóÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú ÍóÓóÈó ÇáÒøóãóÇäö æóÇáúãóßóÇäö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÊóÞúÏöíÑñ ÔóÑúÚöíøñ.
ÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõ ãõÚóÇÐò áöÃóåúáö Çáúíóãóäö: «ÇÆúÊõæäöí ÈöÎóãöíÓò Ãóæú áóÈöíÓò ãóßóÇäó ÇáÐøõÑóÉö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö» . ÝóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáÓøóäóÏõ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì. æóáóßöäøó ÇáÓøóäóÏó ËóÇÈöÊñ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ÝóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉö.
æóÑõÏøó åóÐóÇ: ÈöÃóäøó Ýöíåö ãóßóÇäó ÇáÐøõÑóÉö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÇáúÌöÒúíóÉõ áóíúÓóÊú ãöäúåóÇ.(8/287)
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú íóÓúÊóáöãó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈóÉó ãöäú ÃóÌúäóÇÓöåóÇ íóÓúÊóÈúÏöáõåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÈóíúÚö æóÇáúãõÚóÇæóÖóÉö ÚóãóáðÇ ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉõ áöáØøóÑóÝóíúäö.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏñ ãöäúåõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõ ÃóÚúÑóÝöåöãú ÈöÇáúÍóáóÇáö æóÇáúÍóÑóÇãö Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÕóÑøõÝñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáöÇÓúÊöáóÇãö æóÈõáõæÛöåóÇ ãóÍöáøóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ãóÚó äóÞúáöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÝóáóíúÓóÊú ÊõäúÞóáõ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð¡ æóáöÃóäøó ãõåöãøóÉó ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúãóÇáö ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú ãõåöãøóÉö ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö ; ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÇáäøóÞúÏóÇäö æóÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÝóØõÚúãóÉñ áöáúãöÓúßöíäö Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÝöØúÑö ; ÝóáóÇ ÊõÞóÇÓõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉõ ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÑóÂåóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäú ÈóÚöíÑóíúäö¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáö ÈöÇáúÌöäúÓö ÚóãóáðÇ áöáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö¡ áóãú ÊóÎúÑõÌú Úóäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉõ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåóÇ ÞóÏúÑõ ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö: ÝóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöíåö ; ÅöÐú ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÝöíåóÇ ÌóÇäöÈõ ÊóÚóÈøõÏò æóÇÑúÊöÈóÇØò ÈöÑõßúäò Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉõ: Ýóåöíó ÚõÞõæÈóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøöãøóÉö Úóäú íóÏò æóåõãú ÕóÇÛöÑõæäó¡ ÝóÃóíøõãóÇ ÃõÎöÐó ãöäúåõãú Ýóåõæó æóÇÝò ÈöÇáúÛóÑóÖö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó áöáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö ãõÓúÊóäóÏñ ÕóÇáöÍñ¡ ÝóÖúáðÇ Úóäú ÚóÏóãö ÇáäøóÕøö ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóÎöÊóÇãðÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö Ýöíåö ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉñ áöáúÃõÕõæáö ãöäú ÌöåóÊóíúäö:
ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝó áóãú íóÐúßõÑú ãóÚóåóÇ ÇáúÞöíãóÉó æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÌóÇÆöÒóÉð áóÐóßóÑóåóÇ ãóÚó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÚöæóÖó Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóåõæó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÔúÝóÞõ æóÃóÑúÍóãõ ÈöÇáúãöÓúßöíäö ãöäú ßõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò.
ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: - æóåöíó ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉõ - Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõäúÊóÞóáõ Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÏóáö ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÝóÞúÏö ÇáúãõÈúÏóáö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÚó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó íóÚõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö ÈöÇáúÈõØúáóÇäö Ýóåõæó ÈóÇØöáñ.
ßóãóÇ ÑóÏøó ÇÈúäõ ÏóÞöíÞö ÇáúÚöíÏö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö Þóæúáóåõãú: Åöäøó ÇáúÃõÔúäóÇäó íõÌúÒöÆõ Úóäö ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö Ýöí ÇáúæõáõæÛö. Ãóíú: áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãóäú ÌöäúÓöåö æóíóÓúÞõØõ ÇáúÚóãóáõ Èöåö.
æóßóÐóáößó áóæú Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÎóÐõæÇ ÈöÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáúÞöíãóÉö ; áóÊóÚóØøóáó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕóÉö¡(8/288)
ÝóßóÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÚó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÞöíãóÉõ ÓóíóÚõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáØøóÚóÇãõ ÈöÇáúÅöÈúØóÇáö¡ ÝóíóÈúØõáõ.
æóãöËúáõ ãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Çáúíóæúãó Ýöí ÇáúåóÏúíö Èöãöäðì ãöËúáðÇ ÈöãöËúáò¡ ÚöáúãðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝó áóÇ íõÌöíÒõæäó ÇáúÞöíãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúåóÏúíö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúåóÏúíó Ýöíåö ÌóÇäöÈõ ÊóÚóÈøõÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇáäøõÓõßõ.
æóíõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÃóíúÖðÇ: Åöäøó ÒóßóÇÉó ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÝöíåóÇ ÌóÇäöÈõ ÊóÚóÈøõÏò ; ØõåúÑóÉñ áöáÕøóÇÆöãö¡ æóØõÚúãóÉñ áöáúãóÓóÇßöíäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÚóãóáöíøóÉó ÔöÑóÇÆöåóÇ æóãõßóíøóáóÊöåóÇ æóÊóÞúÏöíãöåóÇ Ýöíåö ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö. ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÞúÏöíãõåóÇ äóÞúÏðÇ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÑúÞñ Úóäú Ãóíøö ÕóÏóÞóÉò ãöäó ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö¡ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇÓõ ÈöÇáúæóÇÌöÈö æóÇáÔøõÚõæÑö ÈöÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóØóáúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö ÝöíåóÇ ÌóÑøóÃó ÇáäøóÇÓó Úóáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÇáúÞöíãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúåóÏúíö æóåõæó ãóÇ áóãú íóÞõáúåõ ÃóÍóÏñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ÍóÊøóì æóáóÇ ÇáúÃóÍúäóÇÝõ.
ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö
ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó Ýöí ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóÎúÕò Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÕóÇÚñ ÈöÕóÇÚö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÐößúÑõåóÇ.
æóÎóÇáóÝó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞóãúÍö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: äöÕúÝõ ÇáÕøóÇÚö ÝóÞóØú ãöäúåóÇ íóßúÝöí. æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍö Ýöí Ðóáößó. Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
Ëõãøó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Ýöí ãöÞúÏóÇÑö ÇáÕøóÇÚö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúæóÒúäõ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: åõæó ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: åõæó ËóãóÇäöíóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò¡ æóÎóÇáóÝóåõ ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó¡ æóæóÇÝóÞó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó. ãóÇ ãöÞúÏóÇÑõ ÇáÕøóÇÚö¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÚõÑúÝö Çáúßóíúáõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÑúÈóÚõ ÍóÝóäóÇÊò ÈößóÝøóíú ÑóÌõáò ãõÚúÊóÏöáö ÇáúßóÝøóíúäö¡ æóáöÊóÝóÇæõÊö ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÚóãóÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Åöáóì ÈóíóÇäö ãöÞúÏóÇÑöåö ÈöÇáúæóÒúäö.
æóÞóÏú äóÈøóåó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãöÞúÏóÇÑó ÈöÇáúæóÒúäö ÊóÞúÑöíÈöíøñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõßóíøóáóÇÊö ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõ Ýöí ÇáúæóÒúäö ËöÞóáðÇ æóÎöÝøóÉð ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÃóÌúäóÇÓöåóÇ: ßóÇáúÚóÏóÓö¡ æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÚõÑúÝõåõ Çáúßóíúáõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÖóÈúØõåõ ÈöÇáúæóÒúäö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö.
æóáöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõÛúäöí: Åöäøó ãóäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÈöÇáúæóÒúäö Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÒöíÏó ÈöÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ íõÓóÇæöí Çáúßóíúáó¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãóæúÒõæäõ ËóÞöíáðÇ.(8/289)
æóäõÞöáó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó æóÒúäó ÇáËøóÞöíáö ãöäó ÇáúÎóÝöíÝö íóßõæäõ ÞóÏú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó ÈöÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏö.
ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí æóÒúäö ÇáÕøóÇÚö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: åõæó ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ¡ ÇáÑøöØúáõ ÈöÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -: åõæó ËóãóÇäöíóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò¡ æóÎóÇáóÝóåõ ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÓóÈóÈõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö åõæó: Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÃóÎóÐó ÈöÞóæúáö ÃóäóÓò: «Åöäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÊóæóÖøóÃó ÈöãõÏøò» æóåõæó ÑöØúáóÇäö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÇÚó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÃóãúÏóÇÏò¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö íóßõæäõ ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÑúØóÇáò.
æóÏóáöíáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ýöí Çáúßóíúáö åõæó ÚõÑúÝõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ýöí ÇáúæóÒúäö åõæó ÚõÑúÝõ ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÚõÑúÝõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö Ýöí ÕóÇÚö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ. ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÎóÐúÊõ ÇáÕøóÇÚó ãöäú ÃóÈöí ÇáäøóÖúÑö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáäøóÖúÑö: ÃóÎóÐúÊõåõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÐõÄóíúÈò¡ æóÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÕóÇÚõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö: ÝóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÇáúÚóÏóÓó ÝóÚóÈøóÑúäóÇ Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕúáóÍõ ãóÇ æóÞóÝúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö íõßóÇáõ Èöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊóÌóÇÝóì Úóäú ãóæúÖöÚöåö¡ ÝóßöáúäóÇ Èöåö¡ Ëõãøó æóÒóäøóÇåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ¡ æóÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÃóÕúáóÍõ ãóÇ æóÞóÝúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóäóÇ ãöäú ÕóÇÚö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÕøóÇÚõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáúËðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈõÑøö æóÇáúÚóÏóÓö æóåõãóÇ ÃóËúÞóáõ ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåõãóÇ ãöäú ÃóÌúäóÇÓö ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉö ÃóÎóÝøõ ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃõÎúÑöÌó ãöäúåõãóÇ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ Ýóåöíó ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÕóÇÚò.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ: äóÞóáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÍóÞøö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÍóÒúãò: Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: æóÌóÏúäóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö áóÇ íóÎúÊóáöÝõ ãöäúåõãõ ÇËúäóÇäö Ýöí Ãóäøó ãõÏøó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí íõÄóÏøöí Èöåö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö áóíúÓó ÈöÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÑöØúáò æóäöÕúÝò¡ æóáóÇ Ïõæäó ÑöØúáò æóÑõÈõÚò.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åõæó ÑöØúáñ æóËõáõËñ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÍóÓóÈö ÑóÒúäöåö ÈöÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ Ãóíú: ÑóÒóÇäóÊöåö æóËöÞóáöåö ãöäó ÇáúÈõÑøö æóÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö. ÞóÇáó: æóÕóÇÚõ ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÐõÄóíúÈò ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò(8/290)
æóËõáõËñ¡ æóåõæó ÕóÇÚõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóÓóÈóÈö ÑõÌõæÚö ÃóÈöí íõæÓõÝó Úóäú Þóæúáö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí æóÛóíúÑöåö: Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ íõæÓõÝó áóãøóÇ ÞóÏöãó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó æóÓóÃóáóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÕøóÇÚö¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ¡ ÝóØóÇáóÈóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍõÌøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÛóÏðÇ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÛóÏö ÓóÈúÚõæäó ÔóíúÎðÇ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÃóÎóÐó ÕóÇÚðÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÑöÏóÇÆöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÕóÇÚöí æóÑóËúÊõåõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí æóæóÑöËóåõ ÃóÈöí Úóäú ÌóÏøöí¡ ÍóÊøóì ÇäúÊóåóæúÇ Èöåö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó íõÞóÇÑöäõåóÇ ÝóæóÌóÏóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ÓóæóÇÁð¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐõæÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóÚóÇíóÑóåõ ÈöÇáúãóÇÔøö - æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÏóÓõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÏúÔõæÔö -¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËðÇ¡ ÝóÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì Þóæúáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö.
æóÝöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: ÃóÊóíúÊõßõãú ÈöÚöáúãò ÌóÏöíÏò ; ÇáÕøóÇÚõ ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóËõáõËñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ: ÎóÇáóÝúÊó ÔóíúÎó ÇáúÞóæúãö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÌóÏúÊõ ÃóãúÑðÇ áóãú ÃóÌöÏú áóåõ ãóÏúÝóÚðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ æóÒúäõ ÇáÑøöØúáö ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö ÝóÃóÓóÇÓõ ÇáúæóÍúÏóÉö Ýöíåö åöíó ÇáÏøöÑúåóãõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Úóäúåõ ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÞúæóÇáò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõ ãöÇÆóÉñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÈöÏóÑóÇåöãö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ãöÇÆóÉñ æóËóãóÇäöíóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøóåõ ãöÇÆóÉñ æóËóãóÇäöíóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ æóÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÚö ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóåöíó ÊöÓúÚõæäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: æóÞóÏú ÒóÇÏõæåõ ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ ÝóÕóÇÑó æóÇÍöÏðÇ æóÊöÓúÚöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ¡ æóßóãõáó Èöåö ãöÇÆóÉñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ¡ æóÞóÕóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö ÅöÒóÇáóÉó ßóÓúÑö ÇáÏøöÑúåóãö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúØóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóßóÇáúÂÊöí äóÞúáðÇ ãöäú ßóÔøóÇÝö ÇáúÞöäóÇÚö:
ÇáÑøöØúáõ ÇáúÈóÚúáöíøõ: ÊöÓúÚõãöÇÆóÉö ÏöÑúåóãò.
æóÇáúÞõÏúÓöíøõ: ËóãóÇäöãöÇÆóÉò.
æóÇáúÍóáóÈöíøõ: ÓóÈúÚõãöÇÆóÉò æóÚöÔúÑõæäó.
æóÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøõ: ÓöÊøõãöÇÆóÉò.
æóÇáúãöÕúÑöíøõ: ãöÇÆóÉñ æóÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ æóÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó. æóßõáøõ ÑöØúáò ÇËúäóÊóÇ ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÃõæÞöíøóÉð Ýöí ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö¡ ãóÞúÓõæãñ(8/291)
ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãõ.
æóÚóáóíúåö ; ÝóÇáÕøóÇÚõ íõÓóÇæöí ÓöÊøóãöÇÆóÉò æóÎóãúÓóÉð æóËóãóÇäöíäó æóÎóãúÓóÉó ÃóÓúÈóÇÚö ÇáÏøöÑúåóãö¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚóãöÇÆóÉò æóËóãóÇäöíäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ; íóßõæäõ ÇáÕøóÇÚõ ÈöÇáúÃóÑúØóÇáö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì. åõæó ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÃóÑúØóÇáò æóÊöÓúÚõ ÃóæóÇÞò æóÓõÈúÚõ ÃõæÞöíøóÉò¡ æóÈöÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøö ÑöØúáñ æóÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÚö ÃõæÞöíøóÉò. æóÈöÇáúÍóáóÈöíøö ÃóÍóÏó ÚóÔóÑó ÑöØúáðÇ æóËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÚö ÃõæÞöíøóÉò¡ æóÈöÇáúÞõÏúÓöíøö ÚóÔúÑõ ÃóæóÇÞò æóÓõÈúÚóÇ ÃõæÞöíøóÉò.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãö Çáúíóæúãó ÞóÏú ÊóÍóæøóáóÊú Åöáóì ãóæóÇÒöíäó ÝóÑóäúÓöíøóÉò¡ æóåöíó ÈöÇáúßöíáõæÌöÑóÇãö¡ æóÇáúßöíáõæ ÃóáúÝõ ÌöÑóÇãò¡ ÝóáóÒöãó ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö ÈöÇáúÌöÑóÇãö¡ æóåöíó: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõßóíøóáóÇÊö ÊóÊóÝóÇæóÊõ ËöÞóáðÇ æóßóËóÇÝóÉð¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐúÊõ ÇáÕøóÇÚó ÇáøóÐöí ÚöäúÏöí¡ æóÚóÇíóÑúÊõåõ ÃóæøóáðÇ Úóáóì ÕóÇÚò ÂÎóÑó ÞóÏöíãðÇ¡ ÝóæóÌóÏóÊú ÃóãúÑðÇ ãõáúÝöÊðÇ áöáäøóÙóÑö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÇÚó ÇáøóÐöí ÚöäúÏöí íóÒöíÏõ Úóäö ÇáÕøóÇÚö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÞóÏúÑó ãóáúÁö ÇáúßóÝøö¡ ÝóäóÙóÑúÊõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÞöÏúÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóæúÞó ÝóÊúÍóÉö ÇáÕøóÇÚóíúäö ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉñ ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÍóÏó ÇáÕøóÇÚóíúäö ÝõÊúÍóÊõåõ ÃóæúÓóÚõ. ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÌõÒúÁõ ÇáúãõÚóáøóì ÝóæúÞó ÝóÊúÍóÊöåö íõÔóßøöáõ ãõËóáøóËðÇ ÞóÇÚöÏóÊõåõ ÃóØúæóáõ ãöäú ÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ÇáúãõËóáøóËö ÝóæúÞó ÇáÕøóÇÚö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÝóÚóÇíóÑúÊõåõãóÇ ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì Úóáóì ÍóÏøö ÇáúÝõÊúÍóÉö ÝóÞóØú ÈöÏõæäö ÒöíóÇÏóÉò ÝóßóÇäóÇ ÓóæóÇÁð. ÝóÚóÇíóÑúÊõåõãóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÇÁö ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÇáúãóÇÁó áóÇ íóÎúÊóáöÝõ æóÒúäõåõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ ãóÇ ÏóÇãó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ áöáÔøõÑúÈö æóáóíúÓó ãóÇáöÍðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúãóÍõ ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÞóÏúÑò ÒóÇÆöÏò ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÍóÇÝøóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäó æóÒúäõ ÇáÕøóÇÚö ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏö åõæó ÈöÇáúÚóÏóÓö ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÔö 2¡ 600 ßóíáõæóíúäö æóÓöÊøóãöÇÆóÉö ÌöÑóÇãò.
æóÈöÇáúãóÇÁö 3¡ 100 ËóáóÇËóÉó ßöíáõæóÇÊò æóãöÇÆóÉó ÌöÑóÇãò.
æóÃóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú íóßõæäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ßóÇÝöíðÇ áöÈóíóÇäö ÇáúæóÒúäö ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈöíøö áöáÕøóÇÚö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö.
ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúæóÑóÞö ÇáúãõÊóÏóÇæöáö.
ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÚóÇãõáó ÈöÇáúæóÑóÞö ÈóÏóáðÇ Úóäö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÃóãúÑñ ÞóÏú ÍóÏóËó ÈóÚúÏó ÚõÕõæÑö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö¡ æóÚõÕõæÑö ÊóÏúæöíäö ÇáúÝöÞúåö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö¡ æóãóÇ ÇäúÊóÔóÑóÊú ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÑúäö ÇáËøóÇãöäó ÚóÔóÑó ãöíáóÇÏöíøðÇ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú áöÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ÑóÃúíñ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóãõäúÐõ Ãóäú æõÌöÏóÊú æóÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó Ýöí ÊóÞúíöíãöåóÇ æóÝöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ãóÇåöíøóÊöåóÇ ãóÇ Èóíúäó ßóæúäöåóÇ ÓóäóÏóÇÊò: Úóäú ÐóåóÈò Ãóæú ÝöÖøóÉò¡ Ãóæú ÚõÑõæÖö ÊöÌóÇÑóÉò¡ Ãóæú äóÞúÏò ÈöÐóÇÊöåóÇ.
æóÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãóÔúåõæÑñ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: ÃóäøóåóÇ æóËóÇÆöÞõ ÖóãóÇäò(8/292)
ãöäó ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÅöÈúÏóÇÁõ æöÌúåóÉö äóÙóÑöåö ÝöíåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøöÈóÇ¡ æóåóáú íõÈóÇÚõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáÐøóåóÈõ æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ äóÓöíÆóÉð Ãóãú áóÇ¿
æóãóåúãóÇ íóßõäú ãöäú äóÙóÑöíøóÇÊò Ýöí ãóÇåöíøóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ãóÇáðÇ¡ æóåöíó ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Ýöí Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÝöí ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú [70 \ 24] ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú Ëóãóäó ÇáúãóÈöíÚóÇÊö æóÚöæóÖó ÇáÓøöáóÚö.
ÝöÚúáóíúåö Êóßõæäõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÝöíåóÇ æóÇÌöÈóÉð. æóÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÈöãóÇ íõÔúÊóÑóì ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò æóÝöÖøóÉò Ýöí Ãóíøö ÚõãúáóÉò ßóÇäóÊú åöíó.
ÝóÝöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏöíøóÉö ãóËóáðÇ íõäúÙóÑõ ßóãú íõÔúÊóÑóì ÈöåóÇ ÚöÔúÑõæäó ãöËúÞóÇáðÇ ÐóåóÈðÇ¡ Ãóæú ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÏöÑúåóãò ÝöÖøóÉð¡ ÝóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÏúÑõ åõæó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ¡ æóåõæó ÑõÈúÚõ ÇáúÚõÔúÑö ÓóæóÇÁð ÈöÓóæóÇÁò.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ãöËúáõ ÇáúÅöÓúÊöÑúáöíäöíøö¡ æóÇáÑøõæÈöíøóÉö æóÇáÏøõæáóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÚõãúáóÉò ãöäú Ðóáößó æóËöíÞóÉõ ÖóãóÇäò ãöäó ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÕúÏóÑóåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÇáÏøóæúáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÕúÏóÑóÊúåóÇ. ÓóæóÇÁñ Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó ÝöíãóÇ ÖóãöäóÊúåõ Êöáúßó ÇáúæóËöíÞóÉõ¡ Ãóæú ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ÞöíãóÊöåóÇ ßóÚóÑóÖò¡ Ýóåöíó áóäú ÊóÎúÑõÌó ÈöÍóÇáò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö Úóäú ÏóÇÆöÑóÉö ÇáÊøóãóæøõáö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáö¡ æóÅöäøó ÊóÍúÕöíáó ÇáúÝóÞöíÑö áöÔóíúÁò ãöäúåóÇ ÃóíøðÇ ßóÇäóÊú ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÈöåóÇ ÓóíóÍúÕõáõ Úóáóì ãóØúáõæÈöåö ãöäú ãóÃúßóáò æóãóáúÈóÓò æóãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ãóÕóÇáöÍó æóÝúÞó ãóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÚóíúäö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö.
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: áóÇ ÒóßóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ÈöäóÞúÏö ÐóåóÈò æóáóÇ ÝöÖøóÉò¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ÅöÓúÞóÇØó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÚóäúåóÇ ÅöÓúÞóÇØñ áöáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöäú ÃóÛúáóÈöíøóÉö ÇáúÚóÇáóãö¡ Åöäú áóãú íóßõäú ãöäú ÌóãöíÚöåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÓóÈóÞó Ãóäú ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãóæúÖõæÚö ÒóßóÇÉö ÇáúÚõÑõæÖö Ýöí Þóæúáö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö:
íõÔúÊóÑóØõ Ãóäú íóäõÕøó Ýöí íóÏö ÇáÊøóÇÌöÑö ÇáúãõÏöíÑö æóáóæú ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÃóËúäóÇÁó ÇáúÍóæúáö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ áóãóÇ æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÒóßóÇÉñ Ýöí ÚõÑõæÖö ÊöÌóÇÑóÊöåö.
ÝóÞóÇáó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -: áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÇáößñ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ Çáúíóæúãó áóãú íóÞöáú Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãó Çáúíóæúãó ßõáøóåõ áóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íóÚúÑöÝõ ÅöáøóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÑóÇÞó¡ æóÞóÏú áóÇ íóäõÕøõ Ýöí íóÏöåö ÏöÑúåóãñ(8/293)
æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú áöÝõÑõæÌöåöãú ÍóÇÝöÙõæäó (29)
æóÇÍöÏñ ÝöÖøóÉð. æóíóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÅöÓúÞóÇØõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Úóäú ÚõÑõæÖö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÛóÇáöÈõ ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö Çáúíóæúãó.
ÝóßóÐóáößó íõÞóÇáõ áöãóäú áóÇ íóÑóì ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæúÑóÇÞö ÇáäøóÞúÏöíøóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÈóÇØöáñ ÎóØöíÑñ ; æóåõæó ÊóÚúØöíáõ Ñóßúäö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóÍöÑúãóÇäõ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö ãöäú ÍóÞøöåö ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÑóÊøóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÈóÇØöáñ ; Ýóåõæó ÈóÇØöáñ.
æóáóÚóáøóäóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÑúÖö ÇáúãõæÌóÒö¡ äóßõæäõ ÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ ÚõÌóÇáóÉó ãóÇ ÈóÞöíó ãöäú ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ÇáúãóÚúåõæÏö ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóäú íõÌóÇÑóì Ýöí ÊóÝúÕöíáöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÊóÊóÈøõÚó ÇáúÌõÒúÆöíøóÇÊö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö ÓóíõØöíáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉó¡ æóåõæó - ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö - ãóÈúÓõæØñ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáúÝöÞúåö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞóÕóÏúäóÇ ÈóíóÇäó Ãóåóãøö ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö¡ æóÈóíóÇäó ãóÇ åõæó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍõ ÝöíãóÇ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÕóÏøöÞõæäó Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö
íóæúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö: åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö. ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö (ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö) .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö ÑóÈøöåöãú ãõÔúÝöÞõæäó
Ãóíú: ÎóÇÆöÝõæäó ; ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáöãóäú ÎóÇÝó ãóÞóÇãó ÑóÈøöåö ÌóäøóÊóÇäö [55 \ 46] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÞóÈúáõ Ýöí ÃóåúáöäóÇ ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó Ýóãóäøó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóæóÞóÇäóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáÓøóãõæãö [52 \ 26 - 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú áöÝõÑõæÌöåöãú ÍóÇÝöÙõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú Ãóæú ãóÇ ãóáóßóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõåõãú ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÛóíúÑõ ãóáõæãöíäó Ýóãóäö ÇÈúÊóÛóì æóÑóÇÁó Ðóáößó ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÚóÇÏõæäó.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó¡ æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãõÈúÊóÛò æóÑóÇÁó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö æóãöáúßö Çáúíóãöíäö Ýóåõæó ÏóÇÎöáñ ÊóÍúÊó Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÚóÇÏõæäó¡ æóÎóÇÕøóÉð ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöäößóÇÍö ÇáúãõÊúÚóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÓúÊóãúÊóÚó ÈöåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ÒóæúÌóÉð æóáóíúÓóÊú ÃóãóÉð ãóãúáõæßóÉð.(8/294)
æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÞóÇÆöãõæäó (33)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
æóÇáúÌóÏöíÑõ ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÈúÞó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöäößóÇÍö ÇáúãõÊúÚóÉö ßóãóÐúåóÈò áöØóÇÆöÝóÉò ãóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøöíÚóÉõ ÈöÕóÑúÝö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Úóãøóäú ÎóÇáóÝó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÔøöíÚóÉó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú ÔöÈúåõ ãõÊóäóÇÞöÖöíäó Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåöãú¡ ÅöÐú íóäõÕøõ ÇáúÍõáóáöíøõ - æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóÆöãøóÊöåöãú - Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáäøößóÇÍö: Ãóäøó áöáúÍõÑøö æóáöáúÚóÈúÏö Úóáóì ÇáÓøóæóÇÁö Ãóäú íóäúßöÍó äößóÇÍðÇ ãõÄóÞøóÊðÇ¡ æóåõæó äößóÇÍõ ÇáúãõÊúÚóÉö¡ ÈöÃóíøö ÚóÏóÏò ÔóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóÈöÏõæäö ÍóÏøò¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÞúÏó ßóãöáúßö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóÇáúÍóÇáõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÞõæÏó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍõÑøóÉñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõÊóäóÇÞöÖñ.
æóÝöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÉó ËóáóÇËðÇ áóÇ íõÍöáøõåóÇ áöÒóæúÌöåóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóäúßöÍó ÒóæúÌðÇ ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ Ýöí äößóÇÍò ÏóÇÆöãò æóáóíúÓó ãõÄóÞøóÊðÇ.
æóåõäóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áóåõãú: ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÚúÊóÏøõæÇ ÈöäößóÇÍöåóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÇáúãõÄóÞøóÊö¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõ Ãóäú íõÍöáøóåóÇ áöáúÃóæøóáö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: ÍóÊøóì ÊóäúßöÍó ÒóæúÌðÇ ÛóíúÑóåõ [2 \ 230] ¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇÚúÊóÈóÑúÊõãõæåõ äößóÇÍðÇ áóÒöãó ÅöÍúáóÇáõåóÇ Èöåö áöáÒøóæúÌö ÇáúÃóæøóáö. æóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÚúÊóÈöÑõæåõ äößóÇÍðÇ áóÒöãóßõãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÈõØúáóÇäöåö æóåõæó ÇáúãóØúáõæÈõ.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ãõÈúÊóÛöí æóÑóÇÁó Ðóáößó¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú Ãóæú ãóÇ ãóáóßóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõåõãú ÝóÅöäøóåõãú åõãõ ÇáúÚóÇÏõæäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú áöÃóãóÇäóÇÊöåöãú æóÚóåúÏöåöãú ÑóÇÚõæäó
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó.
æóÝöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉö ãöäú ãóÓóÇÆöáö ãóÈúÍóËö: æóÏóÇæõÏó æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÅöÐú íóÍúßõãóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúËö [21 \ 78] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÞóÇÆöãõæäó
ÞõÑöÆó " ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú " ÈöÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóÞõÑöÆó " ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÊöåöãú " ÈöÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏó íõÄóÏøöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌóãúÚö áöáúãóÕúÏóÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÃóäúßóÑó ÇáúÃóÕúæóÇÊö áóÕóæúÊõ ÇáúÍóãöíÑö [31 \ 19] . ÝóÃóÝúÑóÏó Ýöí ÇáÕøóæúÊö ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÕúæóÇÊõ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ áöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ãõÞöíãõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ. æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ áöÊóäóæøõÚö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÇÊö ÈöÍóÓóÈö ãõÊóÚóáøöÞöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ; ÝóãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ [41 \ 30] .(8/295)
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -: Ãóíú ÏóÇãõæÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÍóÊøóì ãóÇÊõæÇ Úóáóíúåö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöáËøóÇäöí ÚõãõæãóÇÊõ ÂíóÉö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõÊóäóæøöÚóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÚö¡ æóÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøóíúäö¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÚöÏøóÉõ ãóÓóÇÆöáó:
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáúÞöíóÇãó ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö åõäóÇ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÞöíóÇãóåõãú ÈöåóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó áöáøóåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉó áöáøóåö [65 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ßõæäõæÇ ÞóæøóÇãöíäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö ÔõåóÏóÇÁó áöáøóåö æóáóæú Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú [4 \ 135] .
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Þóæúáõåõ: ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÞóÇÆöãõæäó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáúãóÏúÍö¡ æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌõåõãú ãöäú æóÕúÝö Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÎõáöÞó åóáõæÚðÇ [70 \ 19] íóÏõáøõ ÈöãóÝúåõæãöåö Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÞóÇÆöãöíäó ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÛóíúÑõ ÎóÇÑöÌöíäó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáÐøóãöíãö.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö¡ ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóßúÊõãõæÇ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉó æóãóäú íóßúÊõãúåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÂËöãñ ÞóáúÈõåõ [2 \ 283] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ äóßúÊõãõ ÔóåóÇÏóÉó Çááøóåö ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóãöäó ÇáúÂËöãöíäó [5 \ 106] .
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáúãóÏúÍö Ýöí æóÕúÝö ÚöÈóÇÏö ÇáÑøóÍöãóäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÔúåóÏõæäó ÇáÒøõæÑó [25 \ 72] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãöäú ÚöÙóãö ÌõÑúãö ÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáÒøõæÑö¡ æóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãõÊøóßöÆðÇ ÝóÌóáóÓó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó " ÃóáóÇ æóÔóåóÇÏóÉó ÇáÒøõæÑö¡ ÃóáóÇ æóÔóåóÇÏóÉó ÇáÒøõæÑö "¡ ÝóãóÇ ÒóÇáó íõßóÑøöÑõåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÞõáúäóÇ: áóíúÊóåõ ÓóßóÊó ".
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
Þóæúáõåõ: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÞóÇÆöãõæäó¡ íõÝöíÏõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãó ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóÌóÇÁó Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ íóÃúÈó ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÏõÚõæÇ [2 \ 282] ¡ ÝóÞóíøóÏó ÇáúÞöíóÇãó ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÈöÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: " ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÔøõåõæÏö ãóäú íóÃúÊöí ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÓúÃóáóåóÇ ".(8/296)
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí Ðóãøö ÇáúãõÈóÇÏóÑóÉö ÈöåóÇ¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõæäó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÓúÊóÔúåóÏõæÇ. æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö ; ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÚóÏóãö ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö áóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäú ÔóåóÇÏóÉò¡ Ãóæú íóÊóæóÞøóÝõ Úóáóì ÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåö ÍóÞøñ ÔóÑúÚöíøñ: ßóÑöÖóÇÚò¡ æóØóáóÇÞò æóäóÍúæöåö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí ÈöÚóßúÓö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÇÈúäõ ÝóÑúÍõæäó: Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉó Ýöí ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÞöÓúãóíúäö: ÞöÓúãñ ÊóÓúÊóÏöíãõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÍõÑúãóÉõ: ßóÇáäøößóÇÍö¡ æóÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÊúÑõßõåóÇ¡ æóÊóÑúßõåóÇ ÌóÑúÍóÉñ Ýöí ÚóÏóÇáóÊöåö. æóÞöÓúãñ áóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÏöíãõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÍõÑúãóÉõ: ßóÇáÒøöäóì¡ æóÇáÔøõÑúÈö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÊóÑúßóåóÇ ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãóÇ áóãú íõÏúÚó áöÃóÏóÇÆöåóÇ ; áöÍóÏöíËö åóÒøóÇáò Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ãóÇÚöÒò ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " åóáøóÇ ÓóÊóÑúÊóåõ ÈöÑöÏóÇÆößó ".
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ãóæóÇØöäõ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÇáøóÊöí íóÌöÈõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ äóÓõæÞõåóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáúÅöÔúåóÇÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÚö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÔúåöÏõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÈóÇíóÚúÊõãú [2 \ 282] .
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇáØøóáóÇÞõ¡ æóÇáÑøóÌúÚóÉõ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛúäó ÃóÌóáóåõäøó ÝóÃóãúÓößõæåõäøó ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò Ãóæú ÝóÇÑöÞõæåõäøó ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò æóÃóÔúåöÏõæÇ Ðóæóíú ÚóÏúáò ãöäúßõãú [65 \ 2] .
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ßöÊóÇÈóÉõ ÇáÏøóíúäö ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóáúíõãúáöáú æóáöíøõåõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇÓúÊóÔúåöÏõæÇ ÔóåöíÏóíúäö ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáößõãú [2 \ 282] .
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ÇáúæóÕöíøóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ Èóíúäößõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑó ÃóÍóÏóßõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ Íöíäó ÇáúæóÕöíøóÉö ÇËúäóÇäö ÐóæóÇ ÚóÏúáò ãöäúßõãú [5 \ 106] .
ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: ÏóÝúÚõ ãóÇáö ÇáúíóÊöíãö Åöáóíúåö ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÔóÏó ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÏóÝóÚúÊõãú Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÝóÃóÔúåöÏõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú [4 \ 6] .
ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ: ÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáúÍõÏõæÏö ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáúíóÔúåóÏú ÚóÐóÇÈóåõãóÇ ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [24 \ 2] .
ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ: Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÚóÞúÏõ ÇáäøößóÇÍö ; áöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " áóÇ äößóÇÍó ÅöáøóÇ Èóæóáöíøò æóÔóÇåöÏóíú ÚóÏúáò "¡ æóåóÐöåö ßõáøõåóÇ ãóæóÇØöäõ åóÇãøóÉñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÍóÞøö Çááøóåö¡ æóÍóÞøö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ãöäú: ÍöÝúÙò áöáúãóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÚöÑúÖö¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÈö¡ æóÝöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÍóíøö æóÇáúãóíøöÊö¡ æóÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÇáúßóÈöíÑö¡ Ýóåöíó Ýöí ÔóÊøóì ãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÇÓúÊóæúÌóÈóÊö ÇáúÍóËøó Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöåóÇ: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÞóÇÆöãõæäó¡ æóÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑó ãöäú ßöÊúãóÇäöåóÇ: æóáóÇ ÊóßúÊõãõæÇ ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉó æóãóäú(8/297)
íóßúÊõãúåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÂËöãñ ÞóáúÈõåõ [2 \ 283] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ßóÊóãó ÔóåóÇÏóÉð ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö [2 \ 140] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ íóÃúÈó ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÏõÚõæÇ [2 \ 282] .
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÞóÇÆöãõæäó¡ ßõáøõåóÇ ÕöíóÛõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ ÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ãöäú ÝóÑúÏò¡ æóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ãöäó ÇËúäóíúäö¡ æóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ãöäú ÌóãóÇÚóÉò.
æóÌõãúáóÉõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ãöäú ÍóËøö ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö Êóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÍúæö ÇáúÂÊöí ÅöÌúãóÇáðÇ: ÑóÌõáñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÑóÌõáñ æóíóãöíäñ¡ æóÑóÌõáñ æóÇãúÑóÃóÊóÇäö¡ æóÑóÌõáóÇäö¡ æóËóáóÇËóÉõ ÑöÌóÇáò¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ¡ æóØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÇãúÑóÃóÉñ¡ æóÇãúÑóÃóÊóÇäö¡ æóÌóãóÇÚóÉõ ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ÈöÐóáößó ÕóÑöíÍóÉð. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÔóåöÏó ÔóÇåöÏñ ãöäú ÃóåúáöåóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÞóãöíÕõåõ ÞõÏøó ãöäú ÞõÈõáò [12 \ 26] .
Ýóåõæó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõáúÝöÊó ÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉö Ýöí ÔóÞøö ÇáúÞóãöíÕö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÔóÇåöÏñ æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö: ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÎõÒóíúãóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ áóãøóÇ ÔóåöÏó áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÔöÑóÇÁö ÇáúÝóÑóÓö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøö¡ æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÑóÌõáóíúäö.
æóÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöËõÈõæÊö ÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáØøóÈöíÈö¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÆöÝö¡ æóÇáúÎóÇÑöÕö¡ æóäóÍúæöåöãú.
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ËõÈõæÊö ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÈöáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÔóåóÇÏóÉó ÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøò¡ æóÞóÈöáó ÔóåóÇÏóÉó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÞóÈõæáõåóÇ ÇßúÊöÝóÇÁð ÈöåóÇ Ãóæö ÇÍúÊöíóÇØðÇ áöÑóãóÖóÇäó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö æóíóãöíäõ ÇáúãõÏøóÚöí¡ ÝóáöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: " ÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáÔøóÇåöÏö æóÇáúíóãöíäö " æóÊóßóáøóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö¡ æóÃóØóÇáó Ýöí ÊóÕúÍöíÍöåö æóÊóæúÌöíåöåö.
æóÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò¡ æóãóÐúåóÈñ áöÃóÍúãóÏó ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóíúäö¡ æóíóãöíäõ ÇáúãõÏøóÚöí¡ æóÎóÇáóÝóåõãóÇ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÑóÌõáò æóÇãúÑóÃóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóáöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõæäóÇ ÑóÌõáóíúäö ÝóÑóÌõáñ æóÇãúÑóÃóÊóÇäö ãöãøóäú ÊóÑúÖóæúäó ãöäó ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö [2 \ 282] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÊóæúÌöíåó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ãóäú ÊóÖöáøó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÝóÊõÐóßøöÑó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì [2 \ 282] .(8/298)
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÕøö ÑóÏøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ãóÐúåóÈó ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáúãóÐúåóÈó ÇáúãóÍúßöíøó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóäúÞõáú ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚó äöÓúæóÉò æóáóãú ÊóÓúÊóÞöáøó ÇáÊøóÓúæöíóÉõ ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÑøóÌõáóíúäö ; ÝóáöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúÊóÔúåöÏõæÇ ÔóåöíÏóíúäö ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáößõãú [2 \ 282] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÑöÌóÇáò¡ ÝóáöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÝóÇÞóÉö æóÇáúÅöÚúÓóÇÑö: " ÍóÊøóì íóÞõæãó ËóáóÇËóÉñ ãöäú Ðóæöí ÇáúÍöÌóÇ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõæäó: áóÞóÏú ÃóÕóÇÈóÊú ÝõáóÇäóÉó ÝóÇÞóÉñ " ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóåõæó ÍóÏöíËõ ÞóÈöíÕóÉó ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò æóÃóÍúãóÏó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÝóÝöí ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáÒøöäóÇ ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ðóáößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáäøõæÑö ".
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÉõ ÝóÝöí ÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÍõÏõæÏö ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáúíóÔúåóÏú ÚóÐóÇÈóåõãóÇ ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [24 \ 2] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÝóÝöí ÃóÍúæóÇáö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚõÞúÈóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö: " ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: Åöäøöí ÃóÑúÖóÚúÊõåõãóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - " ÝóÇÑöÞúåóÇ "¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ßóíúÝó ÃõÝóÇÑöÞõåóÇ áöÞóæúáö ÇãúÑóÃóÉò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: " ßóíúÝó æóÞóÏú Þöíáó¿ " æóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÞóÈõæáö ÔóåóÇÏóÊöåóÇ æóÍúÏóåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÊóÇäö ÝóÚöäúÏó ãóäú áóãú íóÞúÈóáú ÔóåóÇÏóÉó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö¡ æóÞöíáó ÚöäúÏó ÇÓúÊöåúáóÇáö ÇáÕøóÈöíøö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÛóÇáöÈó ÍõÖõæÑõ ÃóßúËóÑö ãöäú æóÇÍöÏóÉò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÌóãóÇÚóÉõ ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäö ÝóÝöí ÌöäóÇíóÇÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ æóáóãú íóÏúÎõáú Ýöíåöãú ßóÈöíÑñ. æóÝöíåö ÎöáóÇÝñ.
æóÑóÌøóÍó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÝöÞúåö¡ Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáÕøöÛóÇÑö.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ: ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÏóÎúáó áöáäøöÓóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÏõæÏö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ Êóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö Ãóæú ãóÇ íóÆõæáõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóÝöíãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÇáËøöíóÇÈö ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö.
æóÝöí ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ãóÈóÇÍöËõ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ ãóÈúÓõæØóÉñ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáúÝöÞúåö æóßõÊõÈö ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö¡ ßóÊóÈúÕöÑóÉö ÇáúÍõßøóÇãö(8/299)
áöÇÈúäö ÝóÑúÍõæäó æóÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÓóØó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáØøõÑõÞö ÇáúÍößóãöíøóÉö¡ æóÇÈúä ÝóÑúÍõæäó Ýöí ÊóÈúÕöÑóÉö ÇáúÍõßøóÇãö¡ áöãóäú ÃóÍóÈøó ÇáÑøõÌõæÚó Åöáóíúåö¡ æóáóßöäú ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäúåõ åõæó ÔõÑõæØõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÈóÑóÉõ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÊóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÍúÕõáõ Èöåö ÇáØøõãóÃúäöíäóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö Èöåö ; áöÃóãúÑóíúäö ÃóÓóÇÓöíøóíúäö åõãóÇ: ÇáÖøóÈúØõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáäøöÓúæóÉö: Ãóäú ÊóÖöáøó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÝóÊõÐóßøöÑó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì [2 \ 282] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉõ¡ æóÇáÕøöÏúÞõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÝóÇÓöÞñ ÈöäóÈóÅò ÝóÊóÈóíøóäõæÇ [49 \ 6] .
æóåõäóÇ ãóÈúÍóËñ ãóÔúåõæÑñ¡ æóåõæó: åóáö ÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉõ ÍóÊøóì íóÙúåóÑó ÌóÑúÍõåõ Ãóãö ÇáúÚóßúÓõ¿
æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÇáúÚóãóáõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Åöáóì Ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö áöÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóÏúÑößö ÇáäøóÇÓó ; áóÞóÏú ÊóÝóÔøóÊú ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÒøõæÑö. ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: ÈöÊóÒúßöíóÉö ÇáÔøõåõæÏö æóÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÚóÏóÇáóÊöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏó ÇÈúäõ ÝóÑúÍõæäó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÊöÈö ÇáÔøõåõæÏö ÅöÍúÏóì ÚóÔúÑóÉó ãóÑúÊóÈóÉð¡ æóåöíó:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÇáúãõÈóÑøóÒõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö ÇáúÚóÇáöãõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ Èöåö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ¡ ÝóÊóÌõæÒõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóÊóÌúÑöíÍõåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ßóíúÝöíøóÉö Úöáúãöåö ÈöãóÇ ÔóåöÏó Èöåö ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÈúåóãóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÌúÑöíÍõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÇáúãõÈóÑøóÒõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÚóÇáöãö ÈöãóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ Èöåö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ¡ ÝóÍõßúãõåõ ßóÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ßóíúÝöíøóÉö Úöáúãöåö ÈöãóÇ ÔóåöÏó Èöåö ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÈúåóãó Ðóáößó.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö ÇáúÚóÇáöãõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ Èöåö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ¡ ÝóÊóÌõæÒõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÓöÊøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó Úóáóì ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝò Ýöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó: ÇáÊøóÒúßöíóÉõ¡ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ áöÃóÎöíåö æóáöãóæúáóÇåõ æóáöÕóÏöíÞöåö ÇáúãõáóÇØöÝö æóáöÔóÑöíßöåö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÔóåóÇÏóÊöåö Ãóæú äóÞóÕó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóíõÞúÈóáõ Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÌúÑöíÍõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ßóíúÝöíøóÉö Úöáúãöåö ÈöãóÇ ÔóåöÏó Èöåö ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÈúåóãó Ðóáößó.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÚóÇáöãö ÈöãóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ Èöåö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ¡ Íõßúãõåõ ßóÐóáößó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ßóíúÝöíøóÉö Úöáúãöåö ÈöãóÇ ÔóåöÏó Èöåö ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÈúåóãó Ðóáößó.(8/300)
ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ: ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉö ; ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÐóÝó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÍóÏøó¡ ÝóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÞóÈõæáö ÔóåóÇÏóÊöåö¡ æóÃóÌóÇÒóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò.
ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉõ: ÇáøóÐöí íõÊóæóÓøóãõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉõ ; ÊóÌõæÒõ Ïõæäó ÊóÒúßöíóÉò ÝöíãóÇ íóÞóÚõ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö ãöäó ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊö¡ æóÝöíãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ Ðóáößó áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÊóÒúßöíóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÈöãóÌúåõæáö ÇáúÍóÇáö.
æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøó ãöËúáóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÍóÑøöí Úóäúåõ ÍóÊøóì íóäúßóÔöÝó ÃóãúÑõåõ.
ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÊóæóÓøóãõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÌóÑúÍóÉõ ; ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö Ïõæäó ÊóÒúßöíóÉò¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÔóåóÇÏóÊóåõ Êóßõæäõ ÔóÈöíåóÉð Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö ÚöäúÏó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÝóÊõæÌöÈõ Çáúíóãöíäó¡ æóÊõæÌöÈõ ÇáúÍóãöíáó¡ æóÊóæúÞöíÝó ÇáÔøóíúÁö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåö.
ÇáËøóÇãöäóÉõ: ÇáøóÐöí íõÊóæóÓøóãõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÌóÑúÍóÉõ ; ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ Ïõæäó ÊóÒúßöíóÉò¡ æóáóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ ÔõÈúåóÉð ÊõæÌöÈõ ÍõßúãðÇ.
ÇáÊøóÇÓöÚóÉõ: ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ËóÈóÊó Úóáóíúåö ÌóÑúÍóÉñ ÞóÏöíãóÉñ Ãóæú íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ Ýöíåö ; ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ Ïõæäó ÊóÒúßöíóÉò¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÒúßöíóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ãöãøóäú Úóáöãó ÈöÌóÑúÍóÊöåö ÅöÐóÇ ÔóåöÏó Úóáóì ÊóæúÈóÊöåö ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóäõÒõæÚöåö ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÍúÏõæÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÐúÝö ÈöãóäúÒöáóÊöåö Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò ; áöÃóäøó ÊóÒúßöíóÊóåõ áóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÈöãóÚúÑöÝóÉò ÊõÒöíÏõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóÈóÑö.
ÇáúÚóÇÔöÑóÉõ: ÇáúãõÞöíãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóÑúÍóÉö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ ÈöåóÇ ; ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ÇáÊøóÒúßöíóÉõ Ýöíåö æóÅöäú Òõßøöíó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ÊóÒúßöíóÊõåõ ÝöíãóÇ íõÓúÊóÞúÈóáõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÇÈó.
ÇáúÍóÇÏöíóÉó ÚóÔúÑóÉó: ÔóÇåöÏõ ÇáÒøõæÑö ; ÝóáóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ æóÅöäú ÊóÇÈó æóÍóÓõäóÊú ÍóÇáõåõ¡ æóÑóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÒóíúÏò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö: Ãóäøó ÔóåóÇÏóÊóåõ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÇÈó æóÚõÑöÝóÊú ÊóæúÈóÊõåõ ÈöÊóÒóíøõÏö ÍóÇáöåö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÍö.
ÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáö ãóÇáößò¡ ÝóÞöíáó: Åöäøó Ðóáößó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝñ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö.
æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóì ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí ÒóíúÏò ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÊóÇÆöÈðÇ ãõÞöÑøðÇ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáÒøõæÑö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóÙúåóÑó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ. æóÇááøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÑóÇÊöÈó ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóãöáóÊú ÃóäúæóÇÚó ÇáÔøõåõæÏö ÞõæøóÉð æóÖóÚúÝðÇ¡ æóÝöíãóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ÔóåóÇÏóÇÊõåõãú.(8/301)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
æóÞóÏú Þöíáó Ýöí ÊóÝúÑöíÞö ÇáÔøõåõæÏö: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáÒøöäóÇ ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÞöíáó: áöáúÞóÇÖöí Ãóäú íõÝóÑøöÞóåõãú ãóÊóì ãóÇ ÑóÃóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóäøó Ãóæøóáó ãóäú ÝóÑøóÞóåõãú Úóáöíøñ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÊóÝúÑöíÞó ÇáÔøõåõæÏö Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ æóåõæó ßóáóÇãñ Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÑõãöíóÊú ÈöÇáÒøöäóÇ¡ æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÊóÍúáöíÝö ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö.
ÝóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: áóÇ íõÍóáøóÝõ¡ æóÑóÌøóÍó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö ÌóæóÇÒóåõ ÝöíãóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõ áöáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö ßóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö¡ æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö¡ æóãóÏóÇÑõ ÞóÈõæáö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö Úóáóì ÇáØøõãóÃúäöíäóÉö áöÕöÏúÞö ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö¡ æóÐóáößó íóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì ÃóÕúáóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó ÇáÖøóÇÈöØõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäú ÊóÖöáøó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÝóÊõÐóßøöÑó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì [2 \ 282] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇáúÚóÏóÇáóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÝóÇÓöÞñ ÈöäóÈóÅò ÝóÊóÈóíøóäõæÇ [49 \ 6] ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóáöáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ãóÈóÇÍöËõ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ ÇßúÊóÝóíúäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÈóÍóËó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ãóÈóÇÍöËó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÚóÏóÏõ æóÇáúãóæúÖõæÚõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáØøõÑõÞö ÇáúÍößóãöíøóÉö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
áöáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÚóáóÇÞóÉñ ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÔóÇåöÏóÇäö Ãóæú íóãöíäõåõ» .
ÝóãóÇ åöíó Êöáúßó ÇáúÚóáóÇÞóÉõ¿ æóÈóíøóäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÚóáóÇÞóÉó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Ãóíøõ ÔóíúÁò ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÔóåóÇÏóÉð Þõáö Çááøóåõ ÔóåöíÏñ Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäóßõãú [6 \ 19] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ãóæóáóãú íóßúÝö ÈöÑóÈøößó Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÔóåöíÏñ [41 \ 53] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóßõäøóÇ áöÍõßúãöåöãú ÔóÇåöÏöíäó [21 \ 78] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: åõæó ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ ÊõÝöíÖõæäó Ýöíåö ßóÝóì Èöåö ÔóåöíÏðÇ Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäóßõãú [46 \ 8] . æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÔóÇåöÏñ æóãõØøóáöÚñ Úóáóì ÃóÍúæóÇáö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö áóÇ ÊóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ÎóÇÝöíóÉñ¡ íóÚúáóãõ(8/302)
ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú ãöãøóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó (39)
ÎóÇÆöäóÉó ÇáúÃóÚúíõäö æóãóÇ ÊõÎúÝöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÚúæóÒó ÇáúãõÏøóÚöí ÔóÇåöÏðÇ ÍóáóÝó ãóÚó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ßóÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÓúÊóÔúåöÏõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí íóÚúáóãõ ãöäøöí ÕöÏúÞó ÏóÚúæóÇíó.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÌóÒó ÇáúãõÏøóÚöí Úóäö ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉö æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáÏøóÚúæóì ãõÊóæóÌøöåóÉð¡ æóãöãøóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ¡ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉõ: ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåö íóÞõæáõ: áóÏóíøó ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ËõÈõæÊö ãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóì Èöåö Úóáóíøó¡ ÃóáóÇ æóåõæó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó.
ãóäú åõæó ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÔóåóÇÏóÉð ãöãøóÇ ÚóÌóÒó ÚóäúåóÇ ÇáúãõÏøóÚöí ÃóáóÇ æóåõæó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÔúåóÇÏõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóíóÍúáöÝõ Úóáóì ÈóÑóÇÁóÉö ÐöãøóÊöåö ãöãøóÇ ÇÏøóÚóì Èöåö Úóáóíúåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
æóãöäú åõäóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóäú ÍóáóÝó ÈöÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔúÑóßó» Ãóíú ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÇáöÝó íõÞöíãõ ÇáúãóÍúáõæÝó Èöåö ãóÞóÇãó ÇáÔøõåõæÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÑóÃóæúÇ Ãóæú ÓóãöÚõæÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÎúáõæÞõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÛóÇÆöÈðÇ áóÇ íóÑóì æóáóÇ íóÓúãóÚõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÍóáóÝó Èöåö ßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÕöÝóÇÊö ãóäú íóÑóì æóíóÓúãóÚõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÇáõ Ãóäøóåõ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó¡ æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì ÇáúÍóÇáöÝõ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÍúáöÝõ ÈöÇááøóåö íóÚúáóãóÇäö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóäúÊóÞöãó ãöäú ÕóÇÍöÈö Çáúíóãöíäö ÇáúÛóãõæÓö¡ æóÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÍõáöÝó Èöåö áóÇ íóÞúæóì æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÞöÈóáóßó ãõåúØöÚöíäó Úóäö Çáúíóãöíäö æóÚóäö ÇáÔøöãóÇáö ÚöÒöíäó
«ãõåúØöÚöíäó» : Ãóíú ãõÓúÑöÚöíäó äóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ «æóÚöÒöíäó» ÌóãúÚõ ÚöÒóÉò¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÈóÇáõ ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáúãõäúÕóÑöÝöíäó Úóäúßó ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞöíäó¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Þóæúáõ ÇáúßõãóíúÊö:
æóäóÍúäõ æóÌóäúÏóáñ ÈóÇÛò ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ... ßóÊóÇÆöÈó ÌóäúÏóáò ÔóÊøóì ÚöÒöíäó
æóßóÐóáößó åõäóÇ Ýóåõãú ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞõæäó Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊò ãöäú ßõáøö ÌöåóÉò Úóäö Çáúíóãöíäö æóÚóäö ÇáÔøöãóÇáö. ÊóÝóÑøóÞóÊú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóåúæóÇÁõ¡ æóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÍóíúÑóÉõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ áóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö ãõÚúÑöÖöíäó ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÍõãõÑñ ãõÓúÊóäúÝöÑóÉñ ÝóÑøóÊú ãöäú ÞóÓúæóÑóÉò [74 \ 49 - 51] .
æóäóÞóáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóåúæóÇÁö¡ Ýóåõãú ãõÎóÇáöÝõæäó áöáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó¡ ãõÊøóÝöÞõæäó Úóáóì ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú ãöãøóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó(8/303)
ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈö ÅöäøóÇ áóÞóÇÏöÑõæäó (40)
ÃóÌúãóáõ ãóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó Ýöí ãóÇ ÇáúãóæúÕõæáóÉö «ãöãøóÇ» ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóÑóÇÍöáó: ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò. æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò¡ æóÃóÕúÑóÍõ äóÕøò Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóáóãú äóÎúáõÞúßõãú ãöäú ãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò [77 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãöãøó ÎõáöÞó ÎõáöÞó ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÇáÕøõáúÈö æóÇáÊøóÑóÇÆöÈö [86 \ 5 - 7] Ãóíú: ãóÇÁõ ÇáÑøóÌõáö æóãóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö íóÎúÊóáöØóÇäö ãóÚðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò [76 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú ãöãøóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [70 \ 39] áóíúÓó áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó¡ æóÇáúÚóÇáöãõ áóíúÓó Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ÅöÎúÈóÇÑò¡ æóáóßöäú íõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÐóáößó áóÇÒöãõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑö¡ æóåõæó ÅöÝúåóÇãõåõãú ÈöÃóäøó ãóäú ÎóáóÞóåõãú ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÚúáóãõæäó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåöãú æóÈóÚúËöåöãú æóãõÌóÇÒóÇÊöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÏøóåúÑö» ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò äóÈúÊóáöíåö ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÓóãöíÚðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ [76 \ 2] . Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 3] . Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúãóÕöíÑó ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÓóáóÇÓöáó æóÃóÛúáóÇáðÇ æóÓóÚöíÑðÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 4 - 5] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÙóÇåöÑõåõ ÇáäøóÝúíõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÇáõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÞúÓóãó ÈöÏóáöíáö ÌóæóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÅöäøóÇ áóÞóÇÏöÑõæäó Úóáóì Ãóäú äõÈóÏøöáó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåõãú [70 \ 40 - 41] ¡ æóáöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ãóÌöíÁö «áóÇ» åóÐöåö ßóáóÇãñ ßóËöíÑñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóáóÏö» ¡ æóÓóíõØúÈóÚõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóÊöãøóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈö [70 \ 40] Ýóåõæó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÑóÈøõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóãóáöíßõåõ¡ æóÞóÏú äóÕøó Úóáóì äóÙöíÑöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» : ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞóíúäö æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈóíúäö ÝóÈöÃóíøö ÂáóÇÁö ÑóÈøößõãóÇ ÊõßóÐøöÈóÇäö [55 \ 17 - 18] .
æóÞóÏú ÌõãöÚóÊö «ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞõ» åõäóÇ¡ æóËõäøöíóÊú Ýöí «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» æóÃõÝúÑöÏóÊú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóáöáøóåö ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞõ æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈõ [2 \ 115] ¡ ÝóÇáúÌóãúÚõ Úóáóì ãóÔóÇÑöÞö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Ýöí ÇáÓøóäóÉö áößõáøö íóæúãò ãóÔúÑöÞñ(8/304)
ÎóÇÔöÚóÉð ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú ÊóÑúåóÞõåõãú ÐöáøóÉñ Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäõæÇ íõæÚóÏõæäó (44)
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÇáÊøóËúäöíóÉõ áöãóÔúÑöÞö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö æóÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌöåóÉö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÃóíúÖðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö ÓöÑóÇÚðÇ
Èóíøóäó åõäóÇ ÍóÇáóÉó ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö æóåöíó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑõ¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøóåõãú íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ÓöÑóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøóåõãú íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãõÈóÚúËóÑöíäó åõäóÇ æóåõäóÇßó. Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÈõÚúËöÑó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö [100 \ 9] ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÕúÏõÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ áöíõÑóæúÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú [99 \ 6] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóÇÔöÚóÉð ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú ÊóÑúåóÞõåõãú ÐöáøóÉñ
ÍóÇáóÉñ ËóÇäöíóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÇáúÍóÇáóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íóæúãó íóÏúÚõæ ÇáÏøóÇÚöí Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò äõßõÑò ÎõÔøóÚðÇ ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÌóÑóÇÏñ ãõäúÊóÔöÑñ ãõåúØöÚöíäó Åöáóì ÇáÏøóÇÚöí íóÞõæáõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åóÐóÇ íóæúãñ ÚóÓöÑñ [54 \ 6 - 8] . äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉó.
æóÝöí ÎöÊóÇãö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝö æóÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö ÊóÃúíöíÏñ áöáúÞóæúáö ; ÈöÃóäøó ÓõÄóÇáóåõãú Ýöí ÃóæøóáöåóÇ «ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò æóÇÞöÚò» ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÇÓúÊöÎúÝóÇÝñ æóÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏñ. ÝóÈóíøóäó áóåõãú ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏó ÚóÑúÖö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö äöåóÇíóÉó ãóÇ íõÓúÊóÞúÈóáõæäó Èöåö ; áöíóÃúÎõÐõæÇ ÍöÐúÑóåõãú æóíóÑúÌöÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú. ÝóÇÑúÊóÈóØó ÂÎöÑõ ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈöÃóæøóáöåóÇ.(8/305)
ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö Åöäøöí ÏóÚóæúÊõ Þóæúãöí áóíúáðÇ æóäóåóÇÑðÇ (5)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ äõæÍò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ äõæÍðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãöåö Ãóäú ÃóäúÐöÑú Þóæúãóßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ
Ýöíåö ÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÑúÓóáó ÑóÓõæáóåõ äõæÍðÇ áöíõäúÐöÑó Þóæúãóåõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ¡ ÝóÇáäøöÐóÇÑóÉõ ÃóæøóáðÇ æóåöíó ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãóãö æóÇáÑøõÓõáö.
ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] ; æóÐóáößó áöÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑõÓõáðÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó áöÆóáøóÇ íóßõæäó áöáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÍõÌøóÉñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÑøõÓõáö [4 \ 165] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÇÊøóÞõæåõ æóÃóØöíÚõæäö íóÛúÝöÑú áóßõãú ãöäú ÐõäõæÈößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÌóÚóáó ÇáØøóÇÚóÉó åõäóÇ áöäóÈöíøö Çááøóåö äõæÍò - Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóÚóáøóÞó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãóÛúÝöÑóÉó Çááøóåö áöÐõäõæÈöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ØóÇÚóÉó ÇáäøóÈöíøö åöíó ØóÇÚóÉõ Çááøóåö¡ Ýóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö ØóÇÚóÉñ áöáøóåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÈóáøöÛñ Úóäö Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» æóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó áöáäøóÇÓö ÑóÓõæáðÇ æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÔóåöíÏðÇ ãóäú íõØöÚö ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇÚó Çááøóåó [4 \ 79 - 80] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö Åöäøöí ÏóÚóæúÊõ Þóæúãöí áóíúáðÇ æóäóåóÇÑðÇ
Ãóíú: Úóáóì ÇáÏøóæóÇãö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: Ëõãøó Åöäøöí ÏóÚóæúÊõåõãú ÌöåóÇÑðÇ Ëõãøó Åöäøöí ÃóÚúáóäúÊõ áóåõãú æóÃóÓúÑóÑúÊõ áóåõãú ÅöÓúÑóÇÑðÇ [71 \ 8 - 9] .
Ãóíú: Ãóäøó äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö äõæÍðÇ Úóáóíúåö - æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÈóÐóáó ßõáøó ãóÇ íõãúßöäõåõ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÏøóÉó ãõßúËöåö Ýöíåöãú Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÈöËó Ýöíåöãú ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÚóÇãðÇ [29 \ 14] .(8/306)
æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞóßõãú ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ (14)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóÚóáõæÇ ÃóÕóÇÈöÚóåõãú Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÇÓúÊóÛúÔóæúÇ ËöíóÇÈóåõãú æóÃóÕóÑøõæÇ æóÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑðÇ
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÛóÑóÖó ãöäú ÌóÚúáö ÇáúÃóÕóÇÈöÚö Ýöí ÇáúÂÐóÇäö áöÚóÏóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÚö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö [41 \ 26] ¡ æóÅöÕúÑóÇÑõåõãú æóÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑõåõãú ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ãóÇ ÏóÚóÇåõãú Åöáóíúåö äõæÍñ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãóÇ äóÑóÇßó ÇÊøóÈóÚóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÃóÑóÇÐöáõäóÇ ÈóÇÏöíó ÇáÑøóÃúíö æóãóÇ äóÑóì áóßõãú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáò [11 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÈõÑó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö [42 \ 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞõáúÊõ ÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÛóÝøóÇÑðÇ íõÑúÓöáö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó Úóáóíúßõãú ãöÏúÑóÇÑðÇ
ÑóÊøóÈó ÅöÑúÓóÇáó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Úóáóíúåöãú ãöÏúÑóÇÑðÇ Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑöåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑó æóÇáÊøóæúÈóÉó æóÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍó ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ÊóíúÓöíÑö ÇáÑøöÒúÞö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íõäúÓóÃó áóåõ Ýöí ÚõãúÑöåö¡ æóíõæóÓøóÚó áóåõ Ýöí ÑöÒúÞöåö ; ÝóáúíóÕöáú ÑóÍöãóåõ» .
æóÞóÏú Êóßóáøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäö ÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú Ëõãøó ÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóíúåö íõãóÊøöÚúßõãú ãóÊóÇÚðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ [11 \ 3] .
ßóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉó ÓóÈóÈñ áöáúåóáóÇßö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöãøóÇ ÎóØöíÆóÇÊöåöãú ÃõÛúÑöÞõæÇ ÝóÃõÏúÎöáõæÇ äóÇÑðÇ [71 \ 25] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞóßõãú ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ åöíó ÇáúãõÈöíøóäóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÓõáóÇáóÉò ãöäú Øöíäò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõØúÝóÉð Ýöí ÞóÑóÇÑò ãóßöíäò Ëõãøó ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáäøõØúÝóÉó ÚóáóÞóÉð ÝóÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉó ãõÖúÛóÉð ÝóÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúãõÖúÛóÉó ÚöÙóÇãðÇ ÝóßóÓóæúäóÇ ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó áóÍúãðÇ Ëõãøó ÃóäúÔóÃúäóÇåõ ÎóáúÞðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÝóÊóÈóÇÑóßó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞöíäó [12 \ 12 - 14] .
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ ãóÚúäóÇåõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ.
æóÞöíáó: «ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ» : ÔóÈóÇÈðÇ¡ æóÔõíõæÎðÇ¡ æóÖõÚóÝóÇÁð.
æóÞöíáó: «ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ» Ãóíú: ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ: ÕóÍöíÍðÇ¡ æóÓóÞöíãðÇ¡ æóÈóÕöíÑðÇ¡ æóÖóÑöíÑðÇ¡ æóÛóäöíøðÇ¡ æóÝóÞöíÑðÇ.(8/307)
æóÞöíáó: «ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ» : ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö æóÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ.
æóáóßöäú ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÚóÏøóÏóÊö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö æóßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÈóíøöäõåõ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÞóÑöíäóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó åõæó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ ÕóÍöíÍðÇ¡ æóÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ åöíó Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóåõæó ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö ÕöÝóÇÊñ ÚóÇÑöÖóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó äóÙöíÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐõíøöáóÊú ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÊóÈóÇÑóßó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞöíäó [23 \ 14] .
æóãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÓöíÞóÊú Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÈóÚúËöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåöãú áöãõÌóÇÒóÇÊöåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÃóäúÓóÈõ ÈöåóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞõåóÇ ßóãóÇáó ÇáúÎöáúÞóÉö æóÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö.
æóÇáúÃóäúÓóÈõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì åõæó ÎóáúÞõåõãú ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò æóãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò¡ Ëõãøó ÊóØúæöíÑõåóÇ Åöáóì ÚóáóÞóÉò¡ Ëõãøó ÊóØúæöíÑõ ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö ãõÖúÛóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúãõÖúÛóÉö ÚöÙóÇãðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ßóÓúæõ ÇáúÚöÙóÇãö áóÍúãðÇ. Ëõãøó äóÔúÃóÊõåõ äóÔúÃóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì.
ÅöäøóåóÇ ÞõÏúÑóÉñ ÈóÇåöÑóÉñ æóÓõáúØóÉñ ÞóÇåöÑóÉñ.
æóãöËúáõåõ Ýöí «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» : ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ Êõãúäõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÎúáõÞõæäóåõ Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó [56 \ 58 - 59] .
æóÝöí «ÇáØøõæÑö» Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÎöáúÞóÉö: Ãóãú ÎõáöÞõæÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÔóíúÁò Ãóãú åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó [52 \ 35] .
Åöäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÎöáúÞóÉö æóÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÞúæóì Ïóáöíáò Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÌóÇÈõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞõÊöáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÝóÑóåõ [80 \ 17] Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ãöäú Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÎóáóÞóåõ ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ [80 \ 18 - 19] Ðóáößó ßõáøõåõ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÃóØúæóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ åõæó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÇáúãõÔúÊóãöáóÉõ Úóáóíúåö ÓõæÑóÉõ «ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
Åöäøó ÈóíóÇäó ÃóØúæóÇÑö ÎöáúÞóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÍúæö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÃóÞúæóì Ýöí ÇäúÊöÒóÇÚö ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝö ÈöÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö(8/308)
Ãóáóãú ÊóÑóæúÇ ßóíúÝó ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò ØöÈóÇÞðÇ (15) æóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÞóãóÑó Ýöíåöäøó äõæÑðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÓöÑóÇÌðÇ (16) æóÇááøóåõ ÃóäúÈóÊóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö äóÈóÇÊðÇ (17) Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõßõãú ÝöíåóÇ æóíõÎúÑöÌõßõãú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌðÇ (18)
ãöäó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö¡ ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞó ÌõãúáóÉð ; áöÃóäøóåõ íõæÞöÝõåõ Úóáóì ÚöÏøóÉö ãóÑóÇÍöáó ãöäú ÍóíóÇÊöåö æóÅöíÌóÇÏöåö¡ æóßõáøõ ØóæúÑò ãöäúåóÇ ÂíóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåõ ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ÇáÙøóæóÇåöÑö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÓóãóÇÁò æóÃóÑúÖò¡ ÝóÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ßóÇäóÊú ÏõÎóÇäðÇ æóßóÇäóÊú ÑóÊúÞðÇ ÝóÝóÊóÞóåõãóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ åöíó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂäó¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈóäóÇåóÇ ÑóÝóÚó ÓóãúßóåóÇ ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ æóÃóÛúØóÔó áóíúáóåóÇ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÖõÍóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ [79 \ 27 - 32] . æóÃóÌúãóÚõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» Þõáú ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö æóÊóÌúÚóáõæäó áóåõ ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ Ðóáößó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåóÇ æóÈóÇÑóßó ÝöíåóÇ æóÞóÏøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇÊóåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò ÓóæóÇÁð áöáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóåöíó ÏõÎóÇäñ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ æóáöáúÃóÑúÖö ÇöÆúÊöíóÇ ØóæúÚðÇ Ãóæú ßóÑúåðÇ ÞóÇáóÊóÇ ÃóÊóíúäóÇ ØóÇÆöÚöíäó ÝóÞóÖóÇåõäøó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö æóÃóæúÍóì Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò ÃóãúÑóåóÇ æóÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöãóÕóÇÈöíÍó æóÍöÝúÙðÇ [41 \ 9 - 12] . Ëõãøó ÎóÊóãó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáó ÇáúßóÇãöáó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö [41 \ 12] ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÈóíóÇäñ Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóØúæóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö ÈöÊóÞúÏöíÑò ãõÚóíøóäò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÈöÚöáúãò¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãöäó Çáúãõãúßöäö ÎóáúÞõåóÇ ÏóÝúÚóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÚóÑúÖó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ÃóÈúÚóÏõ ÃóËóÑðÇ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáÓøóÇãöÚö æóÃóÔóÏøõ ÊóÃúËöíÑðÇ Úóáóíúåö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑóæúÇ ßóíúÝó ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò ØöÈóÇÞðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÞóãóÑó Ýöíåöäøó äõæÑðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÓöÑóÇÌðÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóäúÈóÊóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö äóÈóÇÊðÇ Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõßõãú ÝöíåóÇ æóíõÎúÑöÌõßõãú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌðÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÚó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÈóÑóÇåöíäó ãöäú ÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßóËõÑó ãóÌöíÆõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö: Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò [36 \ 79] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö [40 \ 57] .(8/309)
æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÅöÍúíóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÇåúÊóÒøóÊú æóÑóÈóÊú Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúíóÇåóÇ áóãõÍúíöí ÇáúãóæúÊóì [41 \ 39] .
æóÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ÇáøóÐöí áóãú äóÐúßõÑú åõäóÇ åõæó ÅöÍúíóÇÁõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ßóÞóÊöíáö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó: ÝóÞõáúäóÇ ÇÖúÑöÈõæåõ ÈöÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ßóÐóáößó íõÍúíöí Çááøóåõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì [2 \ 73] .
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÊóÝúÕöíáõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - æóåõäóÇ ÓöíóÇÞõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäö áöáÑøóÏøö Úóáóì ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÅöÔúßóÇáñ ÝöíãóÇ íóÈúÏõæ ßóÈöíÑñ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑóæúÇ ßóíúÝó ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò ØöÈóÇÞðÇ [71 \ 15] .
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ áöáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö ÈöÇáúãóÚúáõæãö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÌúåõæáö ÇáúÛóíúÈöíøö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ ãóÍúÓõæÓñ ãõÔóÇåóÏñ æóãõÓóáøóãñ Èöåö¡ æóÅöäúÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÅöØúÚóÇãöåö ãöäú äóÈóÇÊöåóÇ¡ æóÅöÍúíóÇÄõåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ¡ æóÇåúÊöÒóÇÒõåóÇ¡ æóÅöäúÈóÇÊõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈóÇÊó ÃóãúÑñ ãóÍúÓõæÓñ.
æóíõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó áöáúãõÎóÇØóÈö: ßóãóÇ ÔóÇåóÏúÊó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú ÚóÏóãò æóÊóØóæøõÑóåõ ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÔóÇåóÏúÊó ÅöÍúíóÇÁó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóíøöÊóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó æóÃóÍúíóÇ áóßó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÇáúãóíøöÊóÉó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÚöíÏóßó æóíõÎúÑöÌóßó ãöäúåóÇ ÅöÎúÑóÇÌðÇ.
æóáóßöäú ßóíúÝó ÊóÞõæáõ: æóßóãóÇ ÔóÇåóÏúÊó ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÓóÈúÚðÇ ØöÈóÇÞðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÈóÚúËößó. æóÇáúÍóÇáõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóãú íõÔóÇåöÏú ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÓóÈúÚðÇ ØöÈóÇÞðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÑóÃóì ßóíúÝó ÎóáóÞóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÓóÈúÚðÇ ØöÈóÇÞðÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáõ åõäóÇ åõæó ßóíúÝó Þöíáó áóåõãú: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑóæúÇ ßóíúÝó [71 \ 15] .
æóÇáúßóíúÝõ áöáúÍóÇáóÉö æóÇáúåóíúÆóÉö¡ æóåõãú áóãú íõÔóÇåöÏõæåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÎóáúÞó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú [18 \ 51] .
æóßóíúÝó íóÓúÊóÏöáøõæäó ÈöÇáúãóÌúåõæáö ÚöäúÏóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúãõÛóíøóÈö Úóäúåõãú¿
æóåõäóÇ ÊóÓóÇÁóáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÊóÓóÇÄõáðÇ æóÇÑöÏðÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: ØöÈóÇÞðÇ Ãóíú: æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóæúÞó æóÇÍöÏóÉò¡ æóåóáú åóÐóÇ íõÊóáóÞøóì ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáÓøóãúÚö ÝóÞóØú¿ Ãóæú åõæó ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúãõÏúÑóßóÉö ÈöÇáúÍöÓøö¡ ãöãøóÇ Úõáöãó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÓúíöíÑö æóÇáúßõÓõæÝóÇÊö. æóÃóÙõäøõåõ íóÚúäöí ÇáÊøóÓúíöíÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøóíúÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉó ÇáÓøóíøóÇÑóÉó íóßúÓöÝõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ ÝóÃóÏúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúÞóãóÑõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÈúÚö¡ æóßóáóÇãó Ãóåúáö ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö æóáóãú íóÊóÚóÑøóÖú áöáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ÈöÍóáøò íõÑúßóäõ Åöáóíúåö.(8/310)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑóæúÇ ßóíúÝó Úóáóì ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö áóÇ ÇáúãõÚóÇíóäóÉö.
ßóãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó ßóíúÝó ÝóÚóáúÊõ ÈöÝõáóÇäò ßóÐóÇ¿
æóÚóáóì ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö íóÑöÏõ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íõÌúÚóáõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑõ ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì ÎóÈóÑò ÂÎóÑó áóÇ íõÏúÑóßõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóãúÚö¿
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ãõÌúãóáðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ßóÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: Åöäøó ÊóÓóÇÄõáó ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò åóáú íõÊóáóÞøóì Ðóáößó ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáÓøóãúÚö ÝóÞóØú¿ Ãóæú åõæó ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúãõÏúÑóßóÉö ÈöÇáúÍöÓøö¡ áóÇ ãóÍóáøó áóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ØóÑöíÞó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáäøóÞúáõ ÝóÞóØú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÎóáúÞó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú [18 \ 51] ¡ Ãóíú: ÂÏóãõ. Ýóáóãú äóÚúáóãú ßóíúÝó ÎõáöÞó¡ æóáóÇ ßóíúÝó ÓóÇÑóÊö ÇáÑøõæÍõ Ýöí ÌöÓúãö ÌóãóÇÏò ÕóáúÕóÇáò¡ ÝóÊóÍóæøóáó Åöáóì ÌöÓúãò ÍóÓøóÇÓò äóÇãò äóÇØöÞò.
æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö: Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö áóÇ ÇáúãõÚóÇíóäóÉö¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ.
æóíõÌöíÈõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö æóÊóÌúÚóáõæäó áóåõ ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ Ðóáößó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåóÇ æóÈóÇÑóßó ÝöíåóÇ æóÞóÏøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇÊóåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò ÓóæóÇÁð áöáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóåöíó ÏõÎóÇäñ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ æóáöáúÃóÑúÖö ÇöÆúÊöíóÇ ØóæúÚðÇ Ãóæú ßóÑúåðÇ ÞóÇáóÊóÇ ÃóÊóíúäóÇ ØóÇÆöÚöíäó ÝóÞóÖóÇåõäøó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö æóÃóæúÍóì Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò ÃóãúÑóåóÇ æóÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöãóÕóÇÈöíÍó æóÍöÝúÙðÇ Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö ÝóÅöäú ÃóÚúÑóÖõæÇ ÝóÞõáú ÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉð ãöËúáó ÕóÇÚöÞóÉö ÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó [41 \ 9 - 13] ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎóÇØóÈó åõäóÇ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÞóØúÚðÇ ; áöÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö.
æóÎóÇØóÈóåõãú ÈöÃõãõæÑò ãõÝóÕøóáóÉò áóãú íóÔúåóÏõæåóÇ ÞóØúÚðÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö¡ æóãöäú ÊóÞúÏöíÑö ÃóÞúæóÇÊöåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò¡ æóãöäó ÇÓúÊöæóÇÆöåö Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóåöíó ÏõÎóÇäñ.
æóãöäú Þóæúáöåö áóåóÇ æóáöáúÃóÑúÖö: ÇöÆúÊöíóÇ ØóæúÚðÇ Ãóæú ßóÑúåðÇ.
æóãöäú ÞóæúáöåöãóÇ: ÃóÊóíúäóÇ ØóÇÆöÚöíäó.(8/311)
æóÞóÇáó äõæÍñ ÑóÈøö áóÇ ÊóÐóÑú Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÏóíøóÇÑðÇ (26) Åöäøóßó Åöäú ÊóÐóÑúåõãú íõÖöáøõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóßó æóáóÇ íóáöÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÇÌöÑðÇ ßóÝøóÇÑðÇ (27)
æóãöäú ÞóÖóÇÆöåöäøó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö.
æóãöäú æóÍúíöåö Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò ÃóãúÑóåóÇ.
ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÊóÝúÕöíáñ áöÃõãõæÑò áóãú íóÔúåóÏõæåóÇ æóáóãú íóÚúáóãõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò¡ æóãöäú ÖöãúäöåóÇ ÞóÖóÇÄõåõ ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò¡ ÝóßóÇäó ßõáøõåõ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö áöÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóÚóÞøóÈóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö ; ÝóßóÇäó ãõÞúÊóÖóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö æóãõæÌöÈõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö¡ Ãóäú íõÕóÏøöÞõæÇ Ãóæú Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö ßõáøö ÅöÎúÈóÇÑò íóßõæäõ ãóÞúØõæÚðÇ ÈöÕöÏúÞöåö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóäú åõæó æóÇËöÞñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: íóÞõæáõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑó¡ æóßóÇäó áöÞõæøóÉö ÕöÏúÞöåö ãõáúÒöãðÇ áöÓóÇãöÚöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÈóÇáöí ÞóÇÆöáõåõ ÈöÞóÈõæáö ÇáÓøóÇãöÚö áóåõ Ãóæú ÅöÚúÑóÇÖöåö Úóäúåõ.
æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð: ÝóÅöäú ÃóÚúÑóÖõæÇ Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÚúáóÇãöåöãú ÈöÐóáößó ßõáøöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ Úóáóíúßó ãöäúåõãú: ÝóÞõáú ÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉð ãöËúáó ÕóÇÚöÞóÉö ÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó.
æóÍóíúËõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÇØóÈóåõãú åõäóÇ Ãóáóãú ÊóÑóæúÇ ßóíúÝó ÝóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑðÇ áöÝóÑúØö ÕöÏúÞö ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö Èöåö¡ ßóÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏö ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÓö ÇáúãõáúÒöãö áóåõãú
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ æóÈóíøóäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóÈúÚñ ØöÈóÇÞñ¡ Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò æóÇáøóÊöí ÊóáöíåóÇ ãóÓöíÑóÉõ ÎóãúÓöãöÇÆóÉö ÚóÇãò¡ æóÔóãúáõ ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò æóÓõãúßõ ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò ãóÓöíÑóÉõ ÎóãúÓöãöÇÆóÉö ÚóÇãò.
æóÞóÏú íõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉó åõäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÍóÇÕöáóÉñ ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö ãóÍúÓõæÓóÉñ¡ æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÔóÎúÕöíøóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóíúáóÉó ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö æóÇáúãöÚúÑóÇÌö ; ÍóíúËõ ÚõÑöÌó Èöåö æóÑóÃóì ÇáÓøóÈúÚó ÇáØøöÈóÇÞó¡ æóßóÇäó íóÓúÊóÃúÐöäõ áößõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò. æóãõÔóÇåóÏóÉõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ãöäó ÇáúÌöäúÓö ßóãõÔóÇåóÏóÉö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóäóÇ ÔóÇåóÏúäóÇåóÇ ßõáøõäóÇ áöÅöíãóÇäöäóÇ ÈöÕöÏúÞöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáöÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãóÚúÑöÝóÊöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÇáÕøöÏúÞö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ãóäú áóãú íóÒöÏúåõ ãóÇáõåõ æóæóáóÏõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÎóÓóÇÑðÇ íóäõÕøõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúãó äõæÍò ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ãóäú åóÐóÇ æóÕúÝõåõ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÇáó íóÒöíÏõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó äóÝúÚðÇ. æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÇáó ÝöÚúáðÇ ÞóÏú íõæÑöËõ ÎóÓóÇÑóÉð æóåóáóÇßðÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóíóØúÛóì Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì [96 \ 6 - 7] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö íóßõæäõ ÅöåúáóÇßðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó äõæÍñ ÑóÈøö áóÇ ÊóÐóÑú Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÏóíøóÇÑðÇ Åöäøóßó Åöäú ÊóÐóÑúåõãú íõÖöáøõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóßó æóáóÇ íóáöÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÇÌöÑðÇ ßóÝøóÇÑðÇ(8/312)
Ýöí åóÐóÇ äóÕøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö äõæÍðÇ ØóáóÈó ãöäó Çááøóåö ÅöåúáóÇßó ãóäú Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÚóÇÏóÉó ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÇáÕøóÈúÑõ Úóáóì Ãõãóãöåöãú¡ æóÝöíåö ÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö äõæÍò Úóãøóäú ÓóíõæáóÏõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú áóãú íóáöÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÇÌöÑðÇ ßóÝøóÇÑðÇ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÏóÚóÇ Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó¡ æóßóíúÝó Íóßóãó Úóáóì ÇáúãóæóÇáöíÏö ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ¿
æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ Èóíøóäó åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóãú íóÏúÚõ Úóáóíúåöãú åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊóÍóÏøóæúåõ æóíóÆöÓó ãöäúåõãú¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÍóÏøöíåöãú ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåöãú: íóÇäõæÍõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÏóáúÊóäóÇ ÝóÃóßúËóÑúÊó ÌöÏóÇáóäóÇ ÝóÃúÊöäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚöÏõäóÇ [11 \ 32] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÐøóÈóÊú ÞóÈúáóåõãú Þóæúãõ äõæÍò ÝóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÚóÈúÏóäóÇ æóÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÌúäõæäñ æóÇÒúÏõÌöÑó ÝóÏóÚóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ Ãóäøöí ãóÛúáõæÈñ ÝóÇäúÊóÕöÑú [54 \ 9 - 10] .
æóÃóãøóÇ íóÃúÓõåõ ãöäúåõãú ; ÝóáöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõæÍöíó Åöáóì äõæÍò Ãóäøóåõ áóäú íõÄúãöäó ãöäú Þóæúãößó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÞóÏú Âãóäó [11 \ 36] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑõåõ Úóãøóäú ÓóíõæáóÏõ: ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóäú íõæáóÏó áóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÇÌöÑñ ßóÝøóÇÑñ¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÂäöÝðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõÄúãöäú ãöäú Þóæúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÞóÏú Âãóäó¡ ÝóÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö Ãóæö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö¡ æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ ãõÚúÊóÈóÑñ ÔóÑúÚðÇ æóÚóÞúáðÇ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ ãóßóËó Ýöíåöãú ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÚóÇãðÇ æóãóÇ Âãóäó ãóÚóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Þóáöíáñ¡ ßóÇäõæÇ åõãú æóãóäú ãóÚóåõãú ÛóíúÑõåõãú Íöãúáó ÓóÝöíäóÉò ÝóÞóØú¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö Ãóäøóåõãú ÝõÊöäõæÇ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö æóáóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ áóåõ¡ æóåõæó Ïóáöíáõ äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøóäóÇ Åöäøóßó ÂÊóíúÊó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóãóáóÃóåõ ÒöíäóÉð æóÃóãúæóÇáðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ áöíõÖöáøõæÇ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáößó ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÇØúãöÓú Úóáóì ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú æóÇÔúÏõÏú Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÝóáóÇ íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó [10 \ 88] .
ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑó äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì Úóäú Þóæúãöåö: Ãóäøóåõãú áóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó¡ æóÐóáößó ãöäó ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö ÍóÇáöåöãú Ýöí ãöÕúÑó áóãøóÇ ÃóÑóÇåõãõ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì: ÝóßóÐøóÈó æóÚóÕóì Ëõãøó ÃóÏúÈóÑó íóÓúÚóì ÝóÍóÔóÑó ÝóäóÇÏóì ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ ÑóÈøõßõãõ ÇáúÃóÚúáóì [79 \ 21 - 24] .
æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäö ÇÈúÊóáóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÕøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:(8/313)
ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáØøõæÝóÇäó æóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏó æóÇáúÞõãøóáó æóÇáÖøóÝóÇÏöÚó æóÇáÏøóãó ÂíóÇÊò ãõÝóÕøóáóÇÊò ÝóÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ãõÌúÑöãöíäó [7 \ 133] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóáóãøóÇ æóÞóÚó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÒõ ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇãõæÓóì ÇÏúÚõ áóäóÇ ÑóÈøóßó ÈöãóÇ ÚóåöÏó ÚöäúÏóßó áóÆöäú ßóÔóÝúÊó ÚóäøóÇ ÇáÑøöÌúÒó áóäõÄúãöäóäøó áóßó æóáóäõÑúÓöáóäøó ãóÚóßó Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÒó Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò åõãú ÈóÇáöÛõæåõ ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóäúßõËõæäó [7 \ 134 - 135] .
Ýóãóäú ßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÍóÇáóÊõåõ æóãõæÓóì íõÚóÇíöäõ Ðóáößó ãöäúåõãú¡ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ íóÍúßõãõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ãóäøóåõãú áóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó.
æóßóÐóáößó ßóÇäó Ïóáöíáõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí Þóæúãöåö¡ ÇÓúÊõÏöáøó Èöåö Úóáóì ÚóßúÓö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇãö ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ ÑóÌóÚó ãöäó ÇáØøóÇÆöÝö¡ æóÝóÚóáóÊú ãóÚóåõ ËóÞöíÝñ ãóÇ ÝóÚóáóÊú ÝóÃóÏúãóæúÇ ÞóÏóãóíúåö¡ æóÌóÇÁóåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ æóãóÚóåõ ãóáóßõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÃúÐóäóåõ Ýöí Ãóäú íõØúÈöÞó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÃóÎúÔóÈóíúäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «áóÇ¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÇåúÏö Þóæúãöí ÝóÅöäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó¡ Åöäøöí áóÃóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÕúáóÇÈöåöãú ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ» æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáöãó ÈöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö ÍóÇáöåöãú ; Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó Ýóåõãú íóãúÊóäöÚõæäó Úóäö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö áöÞöáøóÉö ÊóÚóáøõãöåöãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú Ýöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚõáøöãõæÇ ÊóÚóáøóãõæÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ØóÈöíÚóÊóåõãú ÞóÇÈöáóÉñ áöáÊøóÚúáöíãö áóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÛóíúÑöåöãú Ýöí ÅöÕúÑóÇÑöåöãú ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÔóÇåóÏó ãöäú ßöÈóÇÑöåöãú ÅöÐóÇ ÚõÑöÖó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóÎõæØöÈõæÇ ÈöÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÞúáö¡ æóæóÚóæúÇ ãóÇ íõÎóÇØóÈõæäó Èöåö¡ æóÓóáöãõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö æóÇáäøóæóÇÒöÚö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæäó ÍóÇáðÇ ßóãóÇ ÍóÏóËó áöÚõãóÑó æóÛóíúÑöåö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú - ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÚúáóãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÍóÇáöåö ãöËúáó: ÇáúæóáöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö: ÐóÑúäöí æóãóäú ÎóáóÞúÊõ æóÍöíÏðÇ æóÌóÚóáúÊõ áóåõ ãóÇáðÇ ãóãúÏõæÏðÇ æóÈóäöíäó ÔõåõæÏðÇ æóãóåøóÏúÊõ áóåõ ÊóãúåöíÏðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó áöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÚóäöíÏðÇ ÓóÃõÑúåöÞõåõ ÕóÚõæÏðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÓóÃõÕúáöíåö ÓóÞóÑó [74 \ 11 - 26] ÝóÚóáöãó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÍóÇáóåõ æóãóÂáóåõ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóÚóÇ Úóáóíúåö íóæúãó ÈóÏúÑò.
æóãöËúáõåõ ÃóÈõæ áóåóÈò áóãøóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó ÍóÇáõåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóíóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ ÐóÇÊó áóåóÈò æóÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ ÍóãøóÇáóÉó ÇáúÍóØóÈö [111 \ 3 - 4] Ýóáößóæúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Ãóåúáó ÝöØúÑóÉò¡ æóáößóæúäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ïöíäó ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉõ Åöáóíúåö ÃóÞúÑóÈó.
ÇäúÙõÑú ãõÏøóÉó ãõßúËöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö Åöáóì ÇäúÊöÞóÇáöåö Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÝöíÞö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì ËóáóÇËðÇ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÓóäóÉð¡ ßóãú ÚóÏóÏõ ãóäú ÃóÓúáóãó ÝöíåóÇ ÈóíúäóãóÇ äõæÍñ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - íóãúßõËõ ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÚóÇãðÇ¡ Ýóáóãú íõÄúãöäú ãóÚóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóáöíáõ.(8/314)
æóáöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Þóæúáõ äõæÍò Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: æóáóÇ íóáöÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÇÌöÑðÇ ßóÝøóÇÑðÇ¡ ßóÇäó ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö ãöäú Þóæúãöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó äõæÍñ ÑóÈøö áóÇ ÊóÐóÑú Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÏóíøóÇÑðÇ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ åóáö ÇÓúÊõÌöíÈó áóåõ Ãóãú áóÇ¿ æóÈóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: æóäõæÍðÇ ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúäóÇ áóåõ [21 \ 76] .
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö äóÝúÓöåóÇ æóÞóÈúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöãøóÇ ÎóØöíÆóÇÊöåöãú ÃõÛúÑöÞõæÇ ÝóÃõÏúÎöáõæÇ äóÇÑðÇ Ýóáóãú íóÌöÏõæÇ áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóäúÕóÇÑðÇ [71 \ 25] ¡ ÝóÌóãóÚó Çááøóåõ áóåõãú ÃóÞúÕóì ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÊóíúäö: ÇáúÅöÛúÑóÇÞó¡ æóÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇÞó¡ ãõÞóÇÈöáó ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáÐøóäúÈóíúäö: ÇáÖøóáóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÅöÖúáóÇáö.
æóßóÐóáößó Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÅöåúáóÇßö Þóæúãöåö æóäóÌóÇÊöåö åõæó æóÃóåúáõåõ æóãóäú ãóÚóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÏóÚóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ Ãóäøöí ãóÛúáõæÈñ ÝóÇäúÊóÕöÑú ÝóÝóÊóÍúäóÇ ÃóÈúæóÇÈó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈöãóÇÁò ãõäúåóãöÑò æóÝóÌøóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÚõíõæäðÇ ÝóÇáúÊóÞóì ÇáúãóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑò ÞóÏú ÞõÏöÑó æóÍóãóáúäóÇåõ Úóáóì ÐóÇÊö ÃóáúæóÇÍò æóÏõÓõÑò ÊóÌúÑöí ÈöÃóÚúíõäöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [54 \ 10 - 14] .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: áóÞóÏú ÃóÛúÑóÞó Çááøóåõ ßõáøó ãóäú Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÍóÊøóì æóáóÏó äõæÍò ãöäú ÕõáúÈöåö. æóåõäóÇ ÊóäúÈöíåñ Úóáóì ÞóÖöíøóÉö æóáóÏö äõæÍò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö íóÇÈõäóíøó ÇÑúßóÈú ãóÚóäóÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÛúÑóÞöíäó [11 \ 42 - 43] áóãøóÇ ÃóÎóÐóÊú äõæÍðÇ ÇáúÚóÇØöÝóÉõ Úóáóì æóáóÏöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÑóÈøö Åöäøó ÇÈúäöí ãöäú Ãóåúáöí¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäú Ãóåúáößó [11 \ 45 - 46] ÃóËóÇÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÊóÓóÇÄõáðÇ Íóæúáó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö: Åöäøóåõ Úóãóáñ ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÇáöÍò [11 \ 46] Åöäøóåõ Úóãóáñ ãóÇÖò íóÚúãóáõ¡ Ãóíú: ÈößõÝúÑöåö.
æóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Íóæúáó ÕöÍøóÉö äóÓóÈöåö¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú ÚóÕóãó äöÓóÇÁó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ; ÅößúÑóÇãðÇ áóåõãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÇÈúäõåõ ÍóÞøðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇÈúäöí ãöäú Ãóåúáöí ÊóÖóãøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÃóãúÑóíúäö: äöÓúÈóÊóåõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÈõäõæøóÊöåö¡ ËóÇäöíðÇ: äöÓúÈóÊóåõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí Ãóåúáöåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÈöäóÝúíö ÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö áóÇ ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ «Åöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäú Ãóåúáößó» . æóáóãú íóÞõáú: Åöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÇÈúäóßó¡ æóÇáúÃóåúáõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäó ÇáöÇÈúäö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó äóÝúíó ÇáúÃóÎóÕøö áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ äóÝúíó ÇáúÃóÚóãøö¡ æóÇáúÚóßúÓõ ÈöÇáúÚóßúÓö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÝóì äöÓúÈóÊóåõ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ÚóáöãúäóÇ Ãóäøó äöÓúÈóÊóåõ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÇáúÈõäõæøóÉö ÈóÇÞöíóÉñ¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóßõäö ÇÈúäóåõ áöÕõáúÈöåö áóßóÇäó ÇáäøóÝúíõ íóäúÕóÈøõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóíõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÇÈúäóßó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ äóÝóì Úóäúåõ ÇáúÈõäõæøóÉó ÇäúÊóÝóÊú Úóäúåõ äöÓúÈóÊõåõ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ(8/315)
ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: æóáóÇ ÊõÎóÇØöÈúäöí Ýöí ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ [11 \ 37] Ãóíú ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó áóíúÓõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóåúáö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáÏøöíäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÏøöíäó íóÑúÈöØõ ÇáúÈóÚöíÏöíäó¡ æóÇáÙøõáúãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö íõÝóÑøöÞõ ÇáúÞóÑöíÈöíäó. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(8/316)
æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ ÓóÝöíåõäóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÔóØóØðÇ (4)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÌöäøö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíøó Ãóäøóåõ ÇÓúÊóãóÚó äóÝóÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ íóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÇáÑøõÔúÏö ÝóÂãóäøóÇ Èöåö æóáóäú äõÔúÑößó ÈöÑóÈøöäóÇ ÃóÍóÏðÇ
Ýöíåö ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÓóãóÇÚö ÇáúÌöäøö áöáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÅöÚúÌóÇÈöåöãú Èöåö¡ æóåöÏóÇíóÊöåöãú ÈöåóÏúíöåö¡ æóÅöíãóÇäöåöãú ÈöÇááøóåö. æóÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÐóáößó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÝö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÕóÑóÝúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó äóÝóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö íóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó [46 \ 29] ¡ æóÝöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÝö» ÈóíóÇäñ áöãóÇ ÞóÇãó Èöåö ÇáäøóÝóÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ÈóÚúÏó ÓóãóÇÚöåöãõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóãøóÇ ÞõÖöíó ÓóãóÇÚõåõãú æóáøóæúÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãöåöãú ãõäúÐöÑöíäó.
æóÝöíåóÇ: ÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÚóÇáöãõæäó ÈößöÊóÇÈö ãõæÓóì æóåõæó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÔóåöÏõæÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ãõÕóÏøöÞñ áöãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó åõäóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: íóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÇáÑøõÔúÏö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ ÓóÝöíåõäóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÔóØóØðÇ
æóÇáÔøóØóØõ: ÇáúÈóÚöíÏõ ÇáúãõÝúÑöØõ Ýöí ÇáúÈõÚúÏö¡ ÞóÇáó ÚóäúÊóÑóÉõ Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
ÔóØøóÊú ãóÒóÇÑõ ÇáúÚóÇÔöÞöíäó ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ... ÚöÓöÑðÇ Úóáóì ØõáøóÇÈöåóÇ ÇÈúäóÉõ ãóÎúÑóãö
æóÑõæöíó:
ÍóáøóÊú ÈöÃóÑúÖö ÇáÒøóÇÆöÑöíäó ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú
æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÃóíúÖðÇ áöÛóíúÑöåö:
ÔóØøó ÇáúãóÒóÇÑõ ÈöÌóÐúæöí æóÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÃóãóáõ
ÝóÝöí ßöáóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊóíúäö ÇáÔøóØóØõ: ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇØõ Ýöí ÇáúÈõÚúÏö¡ ÅöÐú Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÞóÇáó: ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ÚóÓöÑðÇ Úóáóì ØõáøóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöí ÞóÇáó: æóÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÃóãóáõ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÔøóØóØö ÇáúÈõÚúÏõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ¡(8/317)
æóÃóäøóÇ áóÇ äóÏúÑöí ÃóÔóÑøñ ÃõÑöíÏó Èöãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú ÃóÑóÇÏó Èöåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÑóÔóÏðÇ (10)
æóåõæó ÇáúÈõÚúÏõ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÍúßõãú ÈóíúäóäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóáóÇ ÊõÔúØöØú [38 \ 22] .
æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÈõÚúÏõ Úóäú ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö Åöáóì ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ åõäóÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóäú äóÏúÚõæó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáóåðÇ áóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÔóØóØðÇ [18 \ 14] ; áöÃóäøó ÏõÚóÇÁóåõãú ÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ÃóÈúÚóÏõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö.
æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó åõäóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: ÝóÂãóäøóÇ Èöåö æóáóäú äõÔúÑößó ÈöÑóÈøöäóÇ ÃóÍóÏðÇ [72 \ 2
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøóÇ áóãóÓúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÝóæóÌóÏúäóÇåóÇ ãõáöÆóÊú ÍóÑóÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ æóÔõåõÈðÇ
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÍöÑóÇÓóÉö: ÈöÃóäøóåõ áöÍöÝúÙöåóÇ Úóäö ÇÓúÊöÑóÇÞö ÇáÓøóãúÚö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÒöíäóÉò ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö æóÍöÝúÙðÇ [37 \ 6 - 7] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÍóÇáóåõãú ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÞúÚõÏõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÞóÇÚöÏó áöáÓøóãúÚö¡ ÝóíóÓúÊóÑöÞõæäó ÇáúßóáöãóÉó æóíóäúÒöáõæäó ÈöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúßóÇåöäö¡ ÝóíóßúÐöÈõ ãóÚóåóÇ ãöÇÆóÉó ßöÐúÈóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøõåõÈó ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäó ÇáäøõÌõæãö.
ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöãóÕóÇÈöíÍó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÑõÌõæãðÇ áöáÔøóíóÇØöíäö [67 \ 5] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøóÇ áóÇ äóÏúÑöí ÃóÔóÑøñ ÃõÑöíÏó Èöãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú ÃóÑóÇÏó Èöåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÑóÔóÏðÇ
Ýöíåö äóÕøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÌöäøó áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈó¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÎóÑøó ÊóÈóíøóäóÊö ÇáúÌöäøõ Ãóäú áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó ÇáúÛóíúÈó ãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Çáúãõåöíäö [34 \ 14] .
æóÞóÏú íóÈúÏõæ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöÔúßóÇáñ¡ ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÅöäøóÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ íóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÇáÑøõÔúÏö ÝóÂãóäøóÇ Èöåö [72 \ 1 - 2] Ëõãøó íóÞõæáõæäó æóÃóäøóÇ áóÇ äóÏúÑöí ÃóÔóÑøñ ÃõÑöíÏó Èöãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú ÃóÑóÇÏó Èöåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÑóÔóÏðÇ [72 \ 10] æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ áóãøóÇ áóãóÓõæÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÝóãõäöÚõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ áöÔöÏøóÉö ÍöÑóÇÓóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÃóÞóÑøõæÇ ÃóÎöíÑðÇ áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó æóÚóáöãõæÇ ÇáÓøóÈóÈó Ýöí ÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÍöÑóÇÓóÉö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú áóãøóÇ ãõäöÚõæÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÎúØõÑõ ÈöÈóÇáöåöãú Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÇáúæóÍúíö ; áöÞóæúáöåö æóÃóäøóåõãú ÙóäøõæÇ ßóãóÇ ÙóäóäúÊõãú Ãóäú áóäú íóÈúÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ [72 \ 7] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøóÇ áóãóÓúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÝóæóÌóÏúäóÇåóÇ ãõáöÆóÊú ÍóÑóÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ æóÔõåõÈðÇ [72 \ 8] íóÏõáøõ ÈöÝóÍúæóÇåõ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõäöÚõæÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãúÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Ýóãóäú íóÓúÊóãöÚö ÇáúÂäó íóÌöÏú áóåõ ÔöåóÇÈðÇ ÑóÕóÏðÇ [72 \ 9](8/318)
æóÃóáøóæö ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáØøóÑöíÞóÉö áóÃóÓúÞóíúäóÇåõãú ãóÇÁð ÛóÏóÞðÇ (16)
æóáóßöäú ÞóÏú íóÙõäøõ ÙóÇäøñ Ãóäøóåõãú íõÍóÇæöáõæäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÚó æóáóæú ãóÚó ÇáúÍöÑóÇÓóÉö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóãú æóáóäú íóÓúÊóãöÚõæÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÓøóãúÚö áóãóÚúÒõæáõæäó [26 \ 212] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäú áóæö ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáØøóÑöíÞóÉö áóÃóÓúÞóíúäóÇåõãú ãóÇÁð ÛóÏóÞðÇ æóåóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó æóÇáúÅöäúÌöíáó æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú áóÃóßóáõæÇ ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú æóãöäú ÊóÍúÊö ÃóÑúÌõáöåöãú [5 \ 66] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóæú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÂãóäõæÇ æóÇÊøóÞóæúÇ áóÝóÊóÍúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈóÑóßóÇÊò ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö [7 \ 96] ÝóßõáøõåóÇ äõÕõæÕñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃõãøóÉó ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãóÊú Úóáóì ÇáØøóÑöíÞóÉö ÇáúÞóæöíãóÉö ÔöÑúÚóÉö Çááøóåö áóÝóÊóÍó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈóÑóßóÇÊò ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
æóãöËúáõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞõáúÊõ ÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÛóÝøóÇÑðÇ íõÑúÓöáö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó Úóáóíúßõãú ãöÏúÑóÇÑðÇ æóíõãúÏöÏúßõãú ÈöÃóãúæóÇáò æóÈóäöíäó æóíóÌúÚóáú áóßõãú ÌóäøóÇÊò æóíóÌúÚóáú áóßõãú ÃóäúåóÇÑðÇ [71 \ 10 - 12] .
æóãóÝúåõæãõ Ðóáößó: Ãóäøó ãóäú áóãú íóÓúÊóÞöãú Úóáóì ÇáØøóÑöíÞóÉö ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇäúÍöÑóÇÝõåõ Ãóæú ÔöÑúßõåõ ãõæÌöÈðÇ áöÍöÑúãóÇäöåö ãöäú äöÚúãóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇÖúÑöÈú áóåõãú ãóËóáðÇ ÑóÌõáóíúäö ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÌóäøóÊóíúäö ãöäú ÃóÚúäóÇÈò æóÍóÝóÝúäóÇåõãóÇ ÈöäóÎúáò æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÒóÑúÚðÇ ßöáúÊóÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÊóíúäö ÂÊóÊú ÃõßõáóåóÇ æóáóãú ÊóÙúáöãú ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÝóÌøóÑúäóÇ ÎöáóÇáóåõãóÇ äóåóÑðÇ æóßóÇäó áóåõ ËóãóÑñ [18 \ 10 - 34] .
ÝóåóÐöåö äöÚúãóÉñ ßóÇãöáóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ æóÕóÝó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóÞóÇáó áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö æóåõæó íõÍóÇæöÑõåõ ÃóäóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäúßó ãóÇáðÇ æóÃóÚóÒøõ äóÝóÑðÇ æóÏóÎóáó ÌóäøóÊóåõ æóåõæó ÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö ÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ Ãóäú ÊóÈöíÏó åóÐöåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð æóáóÆöäú ÑõÏöÏúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí áóÃóÌöÏóäøó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãõäúÞóáóÈðÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ æóåõæó íõÍóÇæöÑõåõ ÃóßóÝóÑúÊó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇßó ÑóÌõáðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÃõÍöíØó ÈöËóãóÑöåö ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍó íõÞóáøöÈõ ßóÝøóíúåö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÞó ÝöíåóÇ æóåöíó ÎóÇæöíóÉñ Úóáóì ÚõÑõæÔöåóÇ æóíóÞõæáõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí áóãú ÃõÔúÑößú ÈöÑóÈøöí ÃóÍóÏðÇ æóáóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÝöÆóÉñ íóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõäúÊóÕöÑðÇ [18 \ 34 - 43] .
æóãóÇ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÇááøóíúáóÉó ÈöÇáúÈóÇÑöÍóÉö ÝöíãóÇ íóÚöíÔõåõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøõ Çáúíóæúãó Èóíúäó ÇáöÇÊøöÌóÇåóíúäö ÇáúãõÊóäóÇÞöÖóíúäö ÇáÔøõíõæÚöíøö æóÇáÑøóÃúÓöãóÇáöíøö. æóãóÇ ÃóËúÈóÊóåõ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÚóÓúßóÑó ÇáÔøõíõæÚöíøó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúßóÑó æõÌõæÏó Çááøóåö¡ æóßóÝóÑó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇåõ ÑóÌõáðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ æóßõáøõ ãóäú íóÓöíÑõ Ýöí Ýóáóßöåö ãóÚó ãóÏóì ÊóÞóÏøõãöåö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãõÝúÊóÞöÑñ áößóÇÝøóÉö ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ÇÓúÊöíÑóÇÏö ÇáúÞóãúÍö¡ æóÅöäøó ÑõæÓúíóÇ ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ(8/319)
æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó áöáøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæÇ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ (18)
áóÊõÝúÑöÌõ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇÍúÊöíóÇØöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÐøóåóÈö áöÊóÔúÊóÑöíó ÞóãúÍðÇ. æóáóÇ ÒóÇáóÊú ÊóÔúÊóÑöíåö ãöäó ÇáúãõÚóÓúßóÑö ÇáÑøóÃúÓöãóÇáöíøö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáÏøõæóáõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÃúÎõÐõ Ýöí ÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøóÇÊöåóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÐúåóÈö ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßöíøö ÇáúãõÊóÝóÑøöÚö ãöäó ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö ÇáÔøõíõæÚöíøö ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÝöíÖõ ÈöÅöäúÊóÇÌöåóÇ ÇáÒøöÑóÇÚöíøö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ÊóÓúÊóæúÑöÏõ áóæóÇÒöãóåóÇ ÇáúÛöÐóÇÆöíøóÉó ãöäú ÎóÇÑöÌöåóÇ¡ æóÊöáúßó ÓõäøóÉõ Çááøóåö Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäõæÇ ãõÓúáöãöíäó ßóãóÇ ÞóÕøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÞöÕøóÉó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö: ÅöÐú ÃóÞúÓóãõæÇ áóíóÕúÑöãõäøóåóÇ ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóËúäõæäó ÝóØóÇÝó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ØóÇÆöÝñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó æóåõãú äóÇÆöãõæäó¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ßóÇáÕøóÑöíãö¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÙóÇáöãöíäó [68 \ 17 - 29] .
æóáöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ØõåúÑóÉð áöáúãóÇáö æóäóãóÇÁð áóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ áöäóÝúÊöäóåõãú Ýöíåö [72 \ 17] ¡ Ãóíú: äóÎúÊóÈöÑóåõãú ÝöíãóÇ åõãú ÝóÇÚöáõæäó ãöäú ÔõßúÑö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö æóÕóÑúÝöåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó¡ Ãóãö ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö ÈöåóÇ æóãóäúÚö ÍóÞøöåóÇ¿ Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóíóØúÛóì Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì [96 \ 6 - 7] ¡ ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ áöäóÈúáõæóåõãú Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ [18 \ 7] ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÝöÊúäóÉñ æóÇááøóåõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÃóÌúÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú [64 \ 15 - 16] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó áöáøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæÇ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ
«ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏõ» : ÌóãúÚõ ãóÓúÌöÏò. æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ áõÛóÉð ÇÓúãõ ãóßóÇäò Úóáóì æóÒúäò ãóÝúÚöáò¡ ßóãóÌúáöÓò Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ãóßóÇäõ ÇáúÌõáõæÓö¡ æóåõæó áõÛóÉð íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò ÕóÇáöÍò áöáÓøõÌõæÏö.
æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó ãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ßõáøóåóÇ ÕóÇáöÍóÉñ áöÐóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «æóÌõÚöáóÊú áöíó ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ æóØóåõæÑðÇ» ¡ æóÇÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäúåóÇ ÃóãóÇßöäó ÎóÇÕøóÉð äóåóì Úóäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝöíåóÇ ; áöÃóæúÕóÇÝò ØóÇÑöÆóÉò ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúãóÒúÈóáóÉõ¡ æóÇáúãóÌúÒóÑóÉõ¡ æóÇáúãóÞúÈóÑóÉõ¡ æóÞóÇÑöÚóÉõ ÇáØøóÑöíÞö¡ æóÝóæúÞó ÇáúÍóãøóÇãö¡ æóãóæóÇÖöÚõ ÇáúÎóÓúÝö¡ æóãóÚóÇØöäõ ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóÇáúãóßóÇäõ ÇáúãóÛúÕõæÈõ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝò Ýöíåö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáÕøöÍøóÉõ æóÚóÏóãõåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÈöíóÚõ.
æóÞóÏú ÚóÏøó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÊöÓúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑö ãóæúÖöÚðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ßóÐøóÈó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÍöÌúÑö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó [15 \ 80] Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Íõßúãö ÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö¡ æóãõæóÇØöäö ÇáúÎóÓúÝö¡ æóÓóÇÞó ßõáøó ãóæúÖöÚò ÈöÏóáöíáöåö¡ æóåõæó ÈóÍúËñ ãõØóæøóáñ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì ; æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÚõÑúÝðÇ(8/320)
ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÎõÕøöÕó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö åõäóÇ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåöíó ÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ ÊóÔúÑöíÝò æóÊóßúÑöíãò ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÔúÚóÇÑö ÈöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕöåóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö æóÐößúÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÈõíõæÊò ÃóÐöäó Çááøóåõ Ãóäú ÊõÑúÝóÚó æóíõÐúßóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÇÓúãõåõ íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÛõÏõæøö æóÇáúÂÕóÇáö ÑöÌóÇáñ áóÇ Êõáúåöíåöãú ÊöÌóÇÑóÉñ æóáóÇ ÈóíúÚñ Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÅöÞóÇãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö [24 \ 36 - 37] .
æóáöåóÐóÇ ãõäöÚóÊú ãöäó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐöåóÇ áöÃõãõæÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú ÈóíúÚò æóÊöÌóÇÑóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóäú íóÈöíÚõ Ãóæú íóÈúÊóÇÚõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÝóÞõæáõæÇ áóåõ: áóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÍó Çááøóåõ ÊöÌóÇÑóÊóßó» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÍóÓøóäóåõ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÅöäúÔóÇÏõ ÇáÖøóÇáøóÉö ; áöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõãú ãóäú íóäúÔõÏõ ÖóÇáøóÉð ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÝóÞõæáõæÇ áóåõ: áóÇ ÑóÏøóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßó ; ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó áóãú ÊõÈúäó áöÐóáößó» ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ.
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøö ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÞóÇáó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó áóãú ÊõÈúäó áöÐóáößó ; ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó áöÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ æóÇáóÇåõ» ¡ æóÝöí ãõæóØøóÃö ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Èóäóì ÑóÍúÈóÉð Ýöí äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÊõÓóãøóì: ÇáúÈóØúÍóÇÁó. æóÞóÇáó: ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóáúÛóØó Ãóæú íõäúÔöÏó ÔöÚúÑðÇ¡ Ãóæú íóÑúÝóÚó ÕóæúÊóåõ¡ ÝóáúíóÎúÑõÌú Åöáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÑøóÍúÈóÉö.
æóÇááøóÛóØõ åõæó: ÇáúßóáóÇãõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÌóáóÈóÉñ æóÇÎúÊöáóÇØñ. æóÃóáú Ýöí ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö: áöáöÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÞö ; ÝóÊõÝöíÏõ Ôõãõæáó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Ýöí ÚõãõæãöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉö¡ æóáóßöäú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÊõÎóÕøöÕõ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÈöãóÒöíÏö ÝóÖúáò æóÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕò¡ æóåöíó:
ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ ; ÎóÕøóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Ãóæøóáó ÈóíúÊò æõÖöÚó áöáäøóÇÓö áóáøóÐöí ÈöÈóßøóÉó ãõÈóÇÑóßðÇ æóåõÏðì áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó Ýöíåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÈóíøöäóÇÊñ ãóÞóÇãõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãóäú ÏóÎóáóåõ ßóÇäó ÂãöäðÇ æóáöáøóåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÍöÌøõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö [3 \ 96 - 97] . ÝóÐóßóÑó åõäóÇ ÓóÈúÚó ÎöÕóÇáò áóíúÓóÊú áöÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ: Ãóæøóáõ ÈóíúÊò æõÖöÚó áöáäøóÇÓö¡ æóãõÈóÇÑóßñ¡ æóåõÏðì áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ æóÝöíåö ÂíóÇÊõ ÈóíøöäóÇÊñ¡ æóãóÞóÇãõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóãóäú ÏóÎóáóåõ ßóÇäó ÂãöäðÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóÌøõ æóÇáúÚõãúÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ.
æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì ; ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÓúÑóì ÈöÚóÈúÏöåö áóíúáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÇÑóßúäóÇ Íóæúáóåõ áöäõÑöíóåõ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ Åöäøóå åõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ [17 \ 1] ÝóÎõÕøó Èößóæúäöåö ãóÓúÑóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÈöÇáúÈóÑóßóÉö Íóæúáóåõ¡ æóÃõÑöíó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöíåö ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö.(8/321)
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ãöäó Çáúãõãúßöäö Ãóäú íóÚúÑõÌó Èöåö Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãöäú ÌóæúÝö ãóßøóÉó¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ æóáóßöäú áöíõÑöíóåõ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö: ßóÚóáóÇãóÇÊö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö ; áöÊóßõæäó ÏóáöíáðÇ áóåõ Úóáóì ÞõÑóíúÔò Ýöí ÅöÎúÈóÇÑöåö ÈöÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö æóÇáúãöÚúÑóÇÌö¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíãö ÌöÈúÑöíáó áóåõ ÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇÍó ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉó: ÈöÇáúãóÇÁö¡ æóÇááøóÈóäö¡ æóÇáúÎóãúÑö¡ æóÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåö ÇááøóÈóäó ÑóãúÒðÇ áöáúÝöØúÑóÉö. æóÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö áóåõ æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Èöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ ÑóÂåõãú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÈúÚö¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÃõÑöíóåóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì.
æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáäøóÈóæöíøõ¡ æóãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò: ÝóãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò: äóÒóáó Ýöíåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóãóÓúÌöÏñ ÃõÓøöÓó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ãöäú Ãóæøóáö íóæúãò ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú ÊóÞõæãó Ýöíåö Ýöíåö ÑöÌóÇáñ íõÍöÈøõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóØóåøóÑõæÇ æóÇááøóåõ íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõØøóåøöÑöíäó [9 \ 108] .
ÝóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò: Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÓóÚöíÏò ÓóÃóáó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: Ãóíøõ ãóÓúÌöÏò ÃõÓøöÓó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ãöäú Ãóæøóáö íóæúãò¿ ÝóÃóÎóÐó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÍóÝúäóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÍóÕúÈóÇÁö æóÖóÑóÈó ÈöåóÇ ÃóÑúÖó ãóÓúÌöÏöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó: «ãóÓúÌöÏõßõãú åóÐóÇ» .
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÈõáõæÛö ÇáúãóÑóÇãö æóÛóíúÑöåö: ÍóÏöíËõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÓóÃóáó Ãóåúáó ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõËúäöí Úóáóíúßõãú» ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöäøóÇ äõÊúÈöÚõ ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉó ÇáúãóÇÁó¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑõ ÈöÓóäóÏò ÖóÚöíÝò.
ÞÇá Ýí ÓÈá ÇáÓáÇã æÃÕáå Ýí ÃÈí ÏÇæÏ æÇáÊÑãÐí Ýí ÇáÓää Úä ÃÈí åÑíÑÉ Úä ÇáäÈí Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞÇá: "äÒáÊ åÐå ÇáÂíÉ Ýí Ãåá ÞÈÇÁ {Ýöíåö ÑöÌóÇáñ íõÍöÈøõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóØóåøóÑõæÇ} [9/108] .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò: æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÎõÒóíúãóÉó ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÈöÏõæäö ÐößúÑö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ æóÝóÇÁö ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö: æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÔóíúÈóÉó ãöäú ØõÑõÞò ãóÇ ÍóÇÕöáõåõ Ãóäøó: ÇáúÂíóÉó áóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú ÃóÊóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóåúáó ÞõÈóÇÁò.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: Ãóåúáó Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: Èóäöí ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÚóæúÝò. ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏú ÃóÍúÓóäó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáËøóäóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáØøõåõæÑö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãöäú ØõåõæÑößõãú¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: äóÓúÊóäúÌöí ÈöÇáúãóÇÁö» .
ÞóÇáó: æóÑóæóì ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áöÃóÍúãóÏó Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇäúØóáóÞúÊõ Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ÃóäóÇ æóÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚõãóÑó æóÓóãõÑóÉõ Èúäõ ÌõäúÏõÈò¡ ÝóÃóÊóíúäóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ áóäóÇ: ÇäúØóáöÞõæÇ Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ ÝóÇäúØóáóÞúäóÇ äóÍúæóåõ. ÝóÇÓúÊóÞúÈóáóäóÇ íóÏóÇåõ Úóáóì ßóÇåöáö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò æóÚõãóÑó ÝóËõÑúäóÇ Ýöí æóÌúåöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóäú åóÄõáóÇÁö íóÇ ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÌõäúÏõÈñ.(8/322)
ÝóÍóÏöíËõ ãõÓúáöãò Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÊöáúßó ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -: æóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÃõÓøöÓó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöíåö ÑöÌóÇáñ íõÍöÈøõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóØóåøóÑõæÇ [9 \ 108] ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÞõÈóÇÁò.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÍóÏöíËó ãõÓúáöãò Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÌóÇÁó ÑóÏøðÇ Úóáóì ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÑóÌõáóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúãóÚúäöíøö ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÑóÇÏó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íõÈóíøöäó áóåõãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó áóíúÓóÊú ÎóÇÕøóÉð ÈöãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÓúÌöÏò ÃõÓøöÓó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö.
æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÅöÐðÇ ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú æóÊóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóÓúÌöÏò ÃóíúäóãóÇ ßóÇäó¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóÓóÇÓõåõ ãöäú Ãóæøóáö íóæúãö ÈöäóÇÆöåö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó ÓöíóÇÞõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÞöÕøóÉõ ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáÖøöÑóÇÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ ÖöÑóÇÑðÇ æóßõÝúÑðÇ æóÊóÝúÑöíÞðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÅöÑúÕóÇÏðÇ áöãóäú ÍóÇÑóÈó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóáóíóÍúáöÝõäøó Åöäú ÃóÑóÏúäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì æóÇááøóåõ íóÔúåóÏõ Åöäøóåõãú áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó áóÇ ÊóÞõãú Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ áóãóÓúÌöÏñ ÃõÓøöÓó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ãöäú Ãóæøóáö íóæúãò ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú ÊóÞõæãó Ýöíåö [9 \ 107 - 108] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ãóÓúÌöÏó ÇáÖøöÑóÇÑö ßóÇäó ÈöãöäúØóÞóÉö ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ æóØóáóÈõæÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó áóåõãú Ýöíåö ÊóÈóÑøõßðÇ Ýöí ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóÊóÞúÑöíÑðÇ áöæõÌõæÏöåö íóÊóÐóÑøóÚõæäó ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÔóÝó Úóäú ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåöãú.
æóÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÈöãõÞóÇÑóäóÉò Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏóíúäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì áóåõ: áóÇ ÊóÞõãú Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ áóãóÓúÌöÏñ ÃõÓøöÓó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ãöäú Ãóæøóáö íóæúãò ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú ÊóÞõæãó Ýöíåö Ýöíåö ÑöÌóÇáñ íõÍöÈøõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóØóåøóÑõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 108] .
æóÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð áöáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉö ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ÃóÚóãøó ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóãóäú ÃóÓøóÓó ÈõäúíóÇäóåõ Úóáóì ÊóÞúæóì ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÖúæóÇäò ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú ãóäú ÃóÓøóÓó ÈõäúíóÇäóåõ Úóáóì ÔóÝóÇ ÌõÑõÝò åóÇÑò ÝóÇäúåóÇÑó Èöåö Ýöí äóÇÑö Ìóåóäøóãó æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóåúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó áóÇ íóÒóÇáõ ÈõäúíóÇäõåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóäóæúÇ ÑöíÈóÉð Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú [9 \ 109 - 110] .
æóÈöåóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Ýöí äõÒõæáö ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉõ Èóíúäó ãóÈúÏóÃóíúäö ãõÊóÛóÇíöÑóíúäö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú Ãóæøóáö íóæúãò [9 \ 108] ÃóæøóáöíøóÉñ äöÓúÈöíøóÉñ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áößõáøö ãóÓúÌöÏò Ýöí Ãóæøóáö(8/323)
íóæúãö ÈöäóÇÆöåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóæøóáöíøóÉð ÒóãóÇäöíøóÉð ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóåõæó Ãóæøóáõ íóæúãò æóÕóáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó¡ æóäóÒóáó ÈöÞõÈóÇÁò¡ æóÊóÙóáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóäóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóæúÌõæÏóÉð Åöáóì ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÒóãóÇäò æóãóßóÇäò ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõÕøóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÈöÃõãõæÑò ÊóÑúÈöØõ ÈóíúäóåóÇ ÈöÑóæóÇÈöØó ÚóÏöíÏóÉò¡ ÃóåóãøõåóÇ: ÊóÍúÏöíÏõ ãóßóÇäöåóÇ ÍóíúËõ ßóÇäó ÈöæóÍúíò Ãóæú ÔöÈúåö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÈóæøóÃúäóÇ áöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãóßóÇäó ÇáúÈóíúÊö [22 \ 26] .
æóÝöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÃóËóÑö Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóì äóÈöíøöåö ÏóÇæõÏó Ãóäö ÇÈúäö áöí ÈóíúÊðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÃóíúäó ÊõÑöíÏõäöí ÃóÈúäöíåö áóßó íóÇ ÑóÈøö¿ ÞóÇáó: ÍóíúËõ ÊóÑóì ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓó ÇáúãõÚóáøöãó ÔóÇåöÑðÇ ÓóíúÝóåõ. ÝóÑóÂåõ Ýöí ãóßóÇäöåö ÇáúÂäó¡ æóßóÇäó ÍóæúÔðÇ áöÑóÌõáò ãöäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó. Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö.
æóÝöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò ÈöÓóäóÏò Ýöíåö ÖóÚúÝñ. áóãøóÇ äóÒóáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ ÞóÇáó: «ãóäú íóÑúßóÈõ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó» Åöáóì Ãóäú ÑóßöÈóåóÇ Úóáöíøñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: «ÃóÑúÎö ÒöãóÇãóåóÇ» ÝóÇÓúÊóäøóÊú¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÎõØøõæÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÍóíúËõ ÇÓúÊóäøóÊú» .
æóÝöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö: ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÑö ßõáøöåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ßõáøóãóÇ ãóÑøó ÈöÍóíøò ãöäú ÃóÍúíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ: åóáõãøó Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÏóÏö æóÇáúÚõÏøóÉö¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ: «ÎóáøõæÇ ÓóÈöíáóåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãóÃúãõæÑóÉñ» ¡ ÍóÊøóì æóÕóáóÊú Åöáóì ÃóãóÇãö ÈóíúÊö ÃóÈöí ÃóíøõæÈó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -. æóßóÇäó ÃóãóÇãóåõ ãöÑúÈóÏñ áöÃóíúÊóÇãò æóãóÞúÈóÑóÉñ áöíóåõæÏó¡ ÝóÇÔúÊóÑóì ÇáúãóßóÇäó æóäóÈóÔó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑó æóÈóäóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó.
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÈöäóÇÁö ÝóßõáøõåóÇ ÈöäóÇÁõ ÑõÓõáö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ ÈóäóÇåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÈöäóÇÁõ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ æóãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ Ýöíåö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊñ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáËøóÇÈöÊó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú íóÑúÝóÚõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÇáúÞóæóÇÚöÏó ãöäó ÇáúÈóíúÊö æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ [2 \ 127] .
æóßóÐóáößó ÈóíúÊõ ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö¡ æóÈóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÓóäóÉð¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö¡ Ãóíú: ÊóÌúÏöíÏõ ÈöäóÇÆöåö.
æóßóÐóáößó ãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÔóÇÑóßó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÈöäóÇÆöåö¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÈöäóÇÆöåö Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ áóÞöíó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÍóÇãöáðÇ ÍóÌóÑðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÏóÚúäöí ÃóÍúãöáúåõ Úóäúßó íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: «ÇäúØóáöÞú æóÎõÐú ÛóíúÑóåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÓúÊó ÈöÃóÍúæóÌó ãöäó ÇáËøóæóÇÈö ãöäøöí» .
æóßóÐóáößó ãóÓúÌöÏõåõ ÇáÔøóÑöíÝõ ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö¡ Íöíäó ÈóäóÇåõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ãöäú ÌõÐõæÚö ÇáäøóÎúáö æóÌóÑöíÏöåö(8/324)
Ëõãøó ÈóäóÇåõ ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏó ÚóæúÏóÊöåö ãöäú ÊóÈõæßó.
æóáöåóÐöåö ÇáúÎõÕõæÕöíøóÇÊö áöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö¡ ÊóãóíøóÒóÊú Úóäú Úõãõæãö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóãöäú Ãóåóãøö Ðóáößó ãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÃóÕúáõåóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÈóæøóÈó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÈóÇÈõ ÝóÖúáö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ãóßøóÉó æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö. æóÓóÇÞó ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÍóÏöíËõ: «áóÇ ÊóÔõÏøõæÇ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáó ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ãóÓóÇÌöÏó: ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ¡ æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì¡ æóãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -» .
æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÕóáóÇÉñ Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò ÝöíãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÇáúÍóÑóÇãó» .
ßóãóÇ ÇÎúÊõÕøó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáäøóÈóæöíøõ ÈöÑóæúÖóÊöåö¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÑóæúÖóÉñ ãöäú ÑöíóÇÖö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
æóÈöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «æóãöäúÈóÑöí Úóáóì ÊõÑúÚóÉò ãöäú ÊõÑóÚö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö» ¡ æóåõæó ÍóÏöíËñ ãóÔúåõæÑñ: «ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÈóíúÊöí æóãöäúÈóÑöí ÑóæúÖóÉñ ãöäú ÑöíóÇÖö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóãöäúÈóÑöí Úóáóì ÊõÑúÚóÉò ãöäú ÊõÑóÚö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö» .
æóÇÎúÊõÕøó ãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò ÈöÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóäú ÊóØóåøóÑó Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÊóì ãóÓúÌöÏó ÞõÈóÇÁò ÝóÕóáøóì Ýöíåö ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö¡ ßóÇäó áóåõ ßóÃóÌúÑö ÚõãúÑóÉò» ¡ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú æóÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÔóÈøóÉó ÈöÓóäóÏò ÌóíøöÏò¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÕóÍöíÍñ ÈöÓóäóÏò.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí æóÝóÇÁö ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö: æóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÔóÈøóÉó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõæöíÏõ Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò¡ ÞóÇáó ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóíøõæÈõ Èúäõ ÍóíóÇãò¡ Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáÑøõÞóíúÔö ÇáúÃóÓóÏöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ÃóäóÓõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößò Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ ÝóÕóáøóì ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøóæóÇÑöí¡ Ëõãøó Óóáøóãó æóÌóáóÓó æóÌóáóÓúäóÇ Íóæúáóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö! : ãóÇ ÃóÚúÙóãó ÍóÞøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó Úóáóì ãóÓöíÑóÉö ÔóåúÑò ßóÇäó ÃóåúáðÇ Ãóäú íõÄúÊóì¡ ãóäú ÎóÑóÌó ãöäú ÈóíúÊöåö íõÑöíÏõåõ ãõÚúÊóãöÏðÇ Åöáóíúåö áöíõÕóáøöíó Ýöíåö ÃóÑúÈóÚó ÑóßóÚóÇÊò ÃóÞúáóÈóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÌúÑö ÚõãúÑóÉò.
æóÞóÏö ÇÔúÊõåöÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍöãóäö Èúäõ ÇáúÍóßóãö Ýöí ÔöÚúÑò áóåõ:
ÝóÅöäú Ãóåúáößú ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÑóÑúÊõ ÚóíúäðÇ ... ãöäó ÇáúãõÚúÊóãöÑóÇÊö Åöáóì ÞõÈóÇÁò
ãöäó ÇááøóÇÆöí ÓóæóÇáöÝõåõäøó ÛöíÏñ ... Úóáóíúåöäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÍóÉõ ÈöÇáúÈóåóÇÁö(8/325)
æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÔóÈøóÉó ÈöÓóäóÏò ÕóÍöíÍò ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÈöäúÊö ÓóÚúÏö Èúäö ÃóÈöí æóÞøóÇÕò¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÃóÈöí íóÞõæáõ: áóÃóäú ÃõÕóáøöíó Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö ÃóÍóÈøõ Åöáóíøó ãöäú Ãóäú ÂÊöíó ÈóíúÊó ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö ãóÑøóÊóíúäö. áóæú íóÚúáóãõæäó ãóÇ Ýöí ÞõÈóÇÁò ; áóÖóÑóÈõæÇ Åöáóíúåö ÃóßúÈóÇÏó ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóÛóíúÑó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂËóÇÑö ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉð æóãóæúÞõæÝóÉð¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãöäú Ãóäøó ÞõÈóÇÁð ÇÎúÊõÕøó ÈöÃóäøó ãóäú ÊóØóåøóÑó Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö æóÃóÊóì Åöáóíúåö ÚóÇãöÏðÇ¡ æóÕóáøóì Ýöíåö ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö ; ßóÇäó áóåõ ßóÃóÌúÑö ÚõãúÑóÉò.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
æóåõäóÇ ÓõÄóÇáñ íóÝúÑöÖõ äóÝúÓóåõ: áöãóÇÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóáöãóÇÐóÇ ÇÔúÊõÑöØó ÇáÊøóØóåøõÑõ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö áóÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¿ æóáóÞóÏú ÊóØóáøóÈúÊõ Ðóáößó ØóæöíáðÇ Ýóáóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì Þóæúáò Ýöíåö¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÏóÇ áöí ãöäú æóÇÞöÚö ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö¡ æóÇÑúÊöÈóÇØöåö ÈöæóÇÞöÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö: Ãóäøó ãóÓúÌöÏó ÞõÈóÇÁò áóåõ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØóÇÊñ ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáÒøóãóäö¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÓúÈóÞõ ãöäú ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö.
æóãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíøóÉö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ Ãóæøóáõ ÈóíúÊò æõÖöÚó áöáäøóÇÓö.
æóãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò Ãóæøóáõ ãóÓúÌöÏò ÈóäóÇåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó.
æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ ÈóäóÇåõ ÇáúÎóáöíáõ.
æóãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò ÈóäóÇåõ ÎóÇÊóãõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó.
æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ ßóÇäó ãóßóÇäõåõ ÈöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑò ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóÔóÈöíåñ Èöåö ãóßóÇäõ ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò.
æóãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚöíøóÉõ; ÝóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ ãóÃúãóäñ æóãóæúÆöáñ áöáúÚóÇßöÝö æóÇáúÈóÇÏö.
æóãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò ãóÃúãóäñ æóãóÓúßóäñ æóãóæúÆöáñ áöáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó¡ æóáöÃóåúáö ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ ÝóßóÇäó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöíåö ÔöÏøóÉõ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØò ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÊóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúãõÊóØóåøöÑó Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö æóÇáúÞóÇÕöÏó Åöáóíúåö áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöíåö ßóÃóÌúÑö ÚõãúÑóÉò. æóáóæú Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØó ÇáÊøóØúåöíÑö Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö áóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÔöÏøóÉõ ÚöäóÇíóÉò Èöåö ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóÊóãúÍöíÕõ ÇáúÞóÕúÏö Åöáóíúåö ËóÇäöíðÇ¡ æóÊóÔúÈöíåñ Ãóæú ÞóÑöíÈñ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö ãöäó ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö áöáúÚõãúÑóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÍöáøö¡ áóÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÇáúÈóíúÊö Ýöí ÇáúÚõãúÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö¡ áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóÚöíÏðÇ. ÝóÇáÊøóØóåøõÑõ ãöäú ÈóíúÊöåö æóÇáÐøóåóÇÈõ Åöáóì ÞõÈóÇÁò áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöíåö ßóÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö ãöäó ÇáúÍöáøö æóÇáÏøõÎõæáö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóãö áöáØøóæóÇÝö æóÇáÓøóÚúíö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöíåö ÊóÚúæöíÖõ ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÚóãøóÇ ÝóÇÊóåõãú ãöäú ÌöæóÇÑö ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö. - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -.(8/326)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
Åöäøó ãöãøóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõÚúáóãó: Ãóäøó áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö Ýöí ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ÑöÓóÇáóÉð ÚõÙúãóì¡ ÃóáúÒóãó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÅöÍúíóÇÄõåóÇ: æóåöíó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó áóåõãú åõæó ÈóíúÊõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö Ýöíåöãú¡ áöÌóãöíÚö ãóÕóÇáöÍöåöãõ ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ áóåõ¡ ÝóßóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÇáäøóÈóæöíøó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÃóãúÑö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáúãöËóÇáõ áöÐóáößó.
ÅöÐú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÕóáøóì ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÊóÖóÇÚóÝõ Ýöíåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ æóßóÇäó ÇáúãóÚúåóÏó áöÊóáóÞøöí ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóãöäú ÌöÈúÑöíáó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö æóÑóËóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõ - ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö - ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «íõæÔößõ Ãóäú íóÖúÑöÈó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóßúÈóÇÏó ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÝóáóÇ íóÌöÏõæäó ÚóÇáöãðÇ ßóÚóÇáöãö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö» .
æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: «ãóäú ÑóÇÍó Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöí áöÚöáúãò íóÊóÚóáøóãõåõ Ãóæú íõÚóáøöãõåõ ßóÇäó ßóãóäú ÛóÒóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö» ¡ æóßóÇäó Ýöíåö ÊóÚúáöíãõ ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäö áöáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõ ßóÐóáößó Åöáóì Çáúíóæúãö - ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö -¡ æóßóÇäó ãóÞóÑøðÇ áöáúÅöÝúÊóÇÁö¡ æóãóÌúáöÓðÇ áöáúÞóÖóÇÁö¡ æóãóÞóÑøðÇ áöáÖøöíóÇÝóÉö¡ æóãóäúÒöáðÇ áöáúÃóÓóÇÑóì¡ æóãóÕóÍøðÇ áöáúÌóÑúÍóì.
æóÞóÏú ÖõÑöÈóÊú áöÓóÚúÏò Ýöíåö ÞõÈøóÉñ áóãøóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóåõ Óóåúãñ áöíóÚõæÏóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÞóÑöíÈò¡ æóãóÞóÑøðÇ áöáúÞöíóÇÏóÉö¡ ÝóÊõÚúÞóÏõ Ýöíåö ÃóáúæöíóÉõ ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö¡ æóÊõÈúÑóãõ Ýöíåö ãõÚóÇåóÏóÇÊõ ÇáÕøõáúÍö¡ æóãóäúÒöáðÇ áöáúæõÝõæÏö: ßóæóÝúÏö Êóãöíãò æóÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÞóíúÓö¡ æóÈóíúÊðÇ áöáúãóÇáö: ßóãóÌöíÁö ãóÇáö ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö æóÍöÑóÇÓóÉö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó áóåõ.
æóáóãøóÇ äõÞöÈó ÈóíúÊõ ãóÇáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - áöÚóÇãöáöåö åõäóÇßó: ÇäúÞõáúåõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÝóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ Ýöíåö ãõÕóáøöí¡ Ãóíú: áöíóÊóæóáøóì ÍöÑóÇÓóÊóåõ æóãóÞöíáðÇ áöáúÚõÒøóÇÈö æóãóÈöíÊðÇ áöáúÛõÑóÈóÇÁö. Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ Ýöí Ãóíøö ãõÄóÓøóÓóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì. æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÃóÊøóì ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ ÑöÓóÇáóÉó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóíóÓúÊóÏúÚöí ÇáöÇäúÊöÈóÇåó Åöáóíúåö æóÍõÓúäó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝóÇÏóÉö ãöäúåõ.
æóÈöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÈöãóÒöíÏö ÇáúÝóÖúáö æóÒöíóÇÏóÉö ãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÎóÇÕøóÉð ÚöÏøóÉó ãóÈóÇÍöËó ØóÇáóãóÇ ÃõÔöíÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóæóÇÖöÚó æóåöíó ãöäó ÇáúÃóåóãøöíøóÉö ÈöãóßóÇäò¡ æóÃóåóãøõåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ãóÈóÇÍöËó äõæÑöÏõåóÇ ÈöÅöíÌóÇÒò¡ æóåöíó:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÈöÃóáúÝò. æóåóáú åöíó ÎóÇÕøóÉñ ÈöãóÓúÌöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó ãöäú ÈöäóÇÆöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ãóãú íóÔúãóáõ Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÏóÎóáóåõ ãöäú ÒöíóÇÏóÇÊò.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇãúÊöÏóÇÏõ ÇáÕøõÝõæÝö ÎóÇÑöÌóåõ Úóäö ÇáÒøóÍúãóÉö¡ æóåóáú åöíó Ýöí ÇáúÝóÑúÖö ÝóÞóØú Ãóãú Ýöíåö æóÝöí ÇáäøóÝúáö¿ ¡ æóåóáú åöíó áöáÑøöÌóÇáö æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Ãóãú áöáÑøöÌóÇáö ÝóÞóØú¿ .(8/327)
æóÞóÖöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÕóáóÇÉð ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóæúÓöÚóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì áöÚõãóÑó æóÚõËúãóÇäó¡ æóäóÞúáö ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö Åöáóì ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö Úóäö ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö¡ ÝóÃóíøõ ÇáÕøóÝøóíúäö ÃóÝúÖóáõ¿ ÇáÕøóÝøõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ãóãú ÕõÝõæÝõ ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúãóÃúãõæãöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÇáÒøöÍóÇãö ÃóãóÇãó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÍóÏöíËõ ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö æóÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ãóÈúÍóËñ ãõæÌöÈñ ÇáÑøóÈúØó Èóíúäó Ãóæøóáö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÂÎöÑöåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó áöáøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæÇ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ
áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáÊøóäúæöíåö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ãóÚó ÊóãúÍöíÕö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ.
æóÊöáúßó ÇáúãóÈóÇÍöËõ ßõäúÊõ ÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáúÊõåóÇ Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÊóÈúÊõåóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ æóäõÌúãöáõ Ðóáößó åõäóÇ.
ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
åóáö ÇáúÝóÖúáöíøóÉõ ÎóÇÕøóÉñ ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÖö¡ Ãóãú ÈöÇáäøóÝúáö¿ ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÖö¡ æóæóÞóÚó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÝúáö¡ ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÊóÍöíøóÉó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÇáäøóæóÇÝöáö ÇáÑøóÇÊöÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö æóÝöí ÞöíóÇãö Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÓóÈóÈõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö åõæó Úõãõæãõ: «ÕóáóÇÉñ Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò ÝöíãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõ» Ýóãóäú Íóãóáóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö Ôóãóáóåõ ÈöÇáäøóÇÝöáóÉö¡ æóãóäú Íóãóáó ÇáúÚõãõæãó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö Ýöíåö ÞóÕóÑóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑöíÖóÉö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÚóÇãøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÎóÕøö ãöäúåõ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÝóÑöíÖóÉõ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÍóÏöíËõ ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÛóíúÑöåö: «ÃóÝúÖóáõ ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúãóÑúÁö Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈóÉó» .
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈöãóÓúÌöÏöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «ÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáúãóÑúÁö Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäú ÕóáóÇÊöåö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈóÉó» .
æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö Ýöí ÇáÔøóãóÇÆöáö æóãóÌúãóÚö ÇáÒøóæóÇÆöÏö: Ãóäøó ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ÓóÚúÏò ÓóÃóáó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÞóÏú ÊóÑóì ãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÈóíúÊöí ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ; ÝóáóÃóäú ÃõÕóáøöíó Ýöí ÈóíúÊöí ÃóÍóÈøõ Åöáóíøó ãöäú Ãóäú ÃõÕóáöíó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈóÉó» .
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: «ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó ÞõÑúÈó ÈóíúÊöí ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¿» ¡ ÞóÇáó: Èóáóì. ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÅöäøöí(8/328)
ÃõÕóáøöí ÇáäøóÇÝöáóÉó Ýöí ÈóíúÊöí» .
ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáËøóÇäöí.
ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ -¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ßóÇáÊøóÇáöí:
Þóæúáõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó: Åöäøó ÇáäøóÇÝöáóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÃóÝúÖóáõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚóÊú Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ßóÇäó áóåóÇ äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÃóÌúÑö¡ Ãóíú: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýöí ßõáøö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö. æóáóßöäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÃóÝúÖóáõ åöíó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö: ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò ÇáúÚõãõæãó. æóÌóÇÁó Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ ÇáúÎõÕõæÕó æóÅöäú áóãú íõÕóÑøöÍú Èöåö.
æóÇáäøõÕõæÕõ Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáäøóÇÝöáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÚóÏöíÏóÉñ¡ ãöäúåóÇ: «ÇÌúÚóáõæÇ ÕóáóÇÊóßõãú Ýöí ÈõíõæÊößõãú» .
æóãöäúåóÇ: «ÃóßúÑöãõæÇ ÈõíõæÊóßõãú ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÕóáóÇÊößõãú» .
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ãõÓúáöãò: «ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÖóì ÃóÍóÏõßõãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö ; ÝóáúíóÌúÚóáú áöÈóíúÊöåö äóÕöíÈðÇ ãöäú ÕöáóÇÊöåö» .
æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö: íóÚõãøõ ÇáúÝóÑúÖó æóÇáäøóÝúáó¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áöÐóáößó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇäö¡ æóÇáäøóßöÑóÉõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇäö ÊóÚõãøõ¡ Ãóíú Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÕóáóÇÉñ Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò ÝöíãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõ» ¡ ÝóÕóáóÇÉñ áóÝúÙñ äóßöÑóÉñ.
æóÝöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇäö æóÇáÊøóÝóÖøõáö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÌúÑö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÚóÇãøðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÑúÖö æóÇáäøóÝúáö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö. ÅöÐú ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáúÃóáúÝö ÍóÇÕöáóÉñ áößõáøö ÕóáóÇÉò ÕóáøóÇåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ýöíåö ÝóÑúÖðÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ãóæú äóÝúáðÇ.
æóÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáäøóÇÝöáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö Êóßõæäõ ÃóÝúÖóáó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÈöÏóæóÇãö ÕóáóÇÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáäøóæóÇÝöáó Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãóÚó ÞõÑúÈö ÈóíúÊöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÉó ÊóÔúãóáõ ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáÑøóÌõáö æóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö.(8/329)
æóáóßöäøó ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ãóÚó Ðóáößó ÃóÝúÖóáõ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ Ãóíú: ÃóíøõåõãóÇ ÃóÝúÖóáõ áöáúãóÑúÃóÉö: ÕóáóÇÊõåóÇ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ Ãóãú Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¿ .
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÞóÏú ÈóÍóËóåóÇ ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÈõíõæÊò ÃóÐöäó Çááøóåõ Ãóäú ÊõÑúÝóÚó æóíõÐúßóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÇÓúãõåõ íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÛõÏõæøö æóÇáúÂÕóÇáö ÑöÌóÇáñ [24 \ 37] .
æóÃóäøó ãóÝúåõæãó «ÑöÌóÇáñ» ãóÝúåõæãõ ÕöÝóÉò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö áóÇ ãóÝúåõæãó áóÞóÈò ; æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ íõÓóÈøöÍúäó Ýöí ÈõíõæÊöåöäøó¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÇáúÈóÍúËó æóÇÝöíðÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö æóÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóßúÝöí ÊóæóÓøõÚðÇ.
ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ.
æóåõæó: åóáö ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉõ ÎóÇÕøóÉñ ÈöãóÓúÌöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí ÈóäóÇåõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ ÃóËúäóÇÁó ÍóíóÇÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõæÌóÏõ Ýöíåö æóÝöíãóÇ ÏóÎóáóåõ ãöäó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóËóÇÑõ ÇáúÈóÍúËö åõæó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí äóÕøö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ãóæúÖõæÚñ áöáÊøóÚúíöíäö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúæóÖúÚö: Åöäøóåõ ãóæúÖõæÚñ ÈöæóÖúÚò ÚóÇãøò áöãóæúÖõæÚò áóåõ ÎóÇÕøò¡ ÝóíóÎúÊóÕøõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÈöãõÝúÑóÏò ãõÚóíøóäò¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ áöáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÍöÓøöíøóÉö¡ æóåõæó Úóíúäõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ Òóãóäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉó áóãú ÊóÊóäóÇæóáö ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉó ÇáøóÊöí æõÌöÏóÊú ÈóÚúÏó Êöáúßó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö¡ Ýóãöäú åõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ æóÇáÊøóÓóÇÄõáõ.
æóÞóÏú äóÔóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÓóÇÄõáõ Ýöí Òóãóäö ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÚöäúÏó Ãóæøóáö ÒöíóÇÏóÉò ÒóÇÏóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¡ ÝóÑóÃóì ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö íóÊóÌóäøóÈõæäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö æóíóÑúÛóÈõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏöíãö ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: áóæúáóÇ Ãóäøöí ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íõÑöíÏõ ÊóæúÓöÚóÉó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö áóãóÇ æóÓøóÚúÊõåõ¡ æóæóÇááøóåö Åöäøóåõ áóãóÓúÌöÏõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóæö ÇãúÊóÏøó Åöáóì Ðöí ÇáúÍõáóíúÝóÉö¡ Ãóæú æóáóæö ÇãúÊóÏøó Åöáóì ÕóäúÚóÇÁó¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ãóËóÇÑõ ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÓóÈóÈõåõ.
æóáóßöäú áóæú Þöíáó: Åöäøóåõ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãóÈúÍóËñ áõÛóæöíøñ ÂÎóÑõ æóåõæó Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Ýöí(8/330)
ãóÓúÌöÏöí» ¡ ÈöÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Åöáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ ÊõÝöíÏõ ÇáÊøóÎúÕöíÕó Ãóæö ÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÝó.
æóÝöíåö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö æóÇáÔøõãõæáö¡ æóÇáúÂäó ãóÚó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ßõáøö ÒóãóÇäò æóÚóáóì ãóÑøö ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóãú íóÒóáú åõæó ãóÓúÌöÏõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ßóÇäó ÊóÕúÑöíÍõ ÚõãóÑó: Åöäøóåõ áóãóÓúÌöÏõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉó Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóÌúÒóÇÆöåö ÈöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóäõÞöáó Úóäö Çáäøóæóæöíøö Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÎóÇÕøóÉñ ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÞóÈúáó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ÑóÌóÚó Úóäúåõ. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõåóÐøóÈö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó ÎöáóÇÝñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÝóÑúÍõæäó: æóÞóÝúÊõ Úóáóì ßóáóÇãò áöãóÇáößò¡ ÓõÆöáó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇåõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÃóÔóÇÑó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ» ÅöáøóÇ áöãóÇ Óóíóßõæäõ ãöäú ãóÓúÌöÏò ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóØúáóÚóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúÊõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉó Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóãöÚó ãöäó ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÑóÛúÈóÊóåõ Ýöí ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÊóÃúíöíÏðÇ áöÞóæúáö ãóÇáößò - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -. æóÑõæöíó ÃóíúÖðÇ: Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó íóæúãðÇ æóåõæó Ýöí ãõÕóáøóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö: «áóæú ÒöÏúäóÇ Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöäóÇ» ¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó ÈöíóÏöåö äóÍúæó ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: «Åöäøöí ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú ÃóÒöíÏó Ýöí ÞöÈúáóÉö ãóÓúÌöÏöäóÇ» ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉó ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÍõÓúÈóÇäö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóãóÚó ÇáÑøóÛúÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö áóãú ÊóÃúÊö ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì ãóÇ íõÛóíøöÑõ Íõßúãó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõäúÊóÙóÑóÉö¡ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåóÇ áóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÇ Íõßúãñ ; áöÃóäøóäóÇ ÑóÃóíúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÏú ÑóÊøóÈó ÃóÍúßóÇãðÇ Úóáóì ÃõãõæÑò áóãú ÊõæÌóÏú ÈóÚúÏõ: ßóãóæóÇÞöíÊö ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøö æóÇáÔøóÇãöíøö æóÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÓóÊõÝúÊóÍõ Çáúíóãóäõ¡ æóÓóÊõÝúÊóÍõ ÇáÔøóÇãõ¡ æóÓóÊõÝúÊóÍõ ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞõ» ¡ æóãóÚó ßõáøò ãöäúåóÇ íóÞõæáõ: «ÓóíõÄúÊóì ÈöÃóÞúæóÇãò íóÈõÓøõæäó åóáõãøó Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÎóÇÁö æóÇáÓøóÚóÉö ÝóíóÍúãöáõæäó ÈöÃóåúáöíåöãú æóãóäú ÃóØóÇÚóåõãú¡ æóÇáúãóÏöíäóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ áóåõãú áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó» .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóÚúÖõ: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ» áöÏóÝúÚö Êóæóåøõãö ÏõÎõæáö ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáúãóäúÓõæÈóÉö Åöáóíúåö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÛóíúÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ áóÇ áöÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ãóÇ ÓóíõÒóÇÏõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö. ÞóÇáóåõ(8/331)
ÇáÓøóãúåõæÏöíøõ. ÇåÜ.
æóáóßöäú áóãú íõÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäóÊú åõäóÇßó ÚöÏøóÉõ ãóÓóÇÌöÏó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ æóÇáúãõÕóáøóì¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÃõØúáöÞóÊú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇÕúØöáóÇÍðÇ.
æóáöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó ßóáóÇãñ ãõæÌóÒñ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉó ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÚóåúÏóíú ÚõãóÑó æóÚõËúãóÇäó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ -.
æóÞóÚóÊú ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ ßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ Õóáøóì ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö ÞóÇãó Ýöí ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö¡ ÝóíóãúÊóäöÚõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö áóíúÓóÊú áóåóÇ ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÅöÐú íóáúÒóãõ Úóáóíúåö ÕóáóÇÉõ ÚõãóÑó æóÚõËúãóÇäó ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóÚóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÕøõÝõæÝö ÇáúÃõæáóì Ýöí ÇáúãóßóÇäö ÇáúãóÝúÖõæáö ãóÚó ÊóÑúßö ÇáúÃóÝúÖóáö. ÇåÜ.
æóãöäú ßõáøö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ íóÊøóÖöÍõ Ãóäøó: Íõßúãó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ßóÍõßúãö ÇáúÃóÕúáö Ýöí ãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö ÇáúÃóÌúÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóáúÝö.
æóÞóÏú ßõäúÊõ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Ðóáößó - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÕóáóÇÉð¡ æóÕóáóÇÉõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÝøö ÎóÇÑöÌó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉõ ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßóíúÝö áóÇ Ýöí Çáúßóãøö¡ Ýóáóæú Ãóäøó Úóáóì ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÝóæóÇÆöÊó íóæúãò ÎóãúÓó ÕóáóæóÇÊò¡ æóÕóáøóì ÕóáóÇÉð åöíó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò¡ áóäú ÊõÓúÞöØó Úóäúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÝóæóÇÆöÊö¡ Ýóåöíó Ýöí äóÙóÑöí ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ËóæúÈò æóËóæúÈò ÂÎóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÞöíãóÊõåõ ÃóáúÝõ ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÈöÏöÑúåóãò æóÇÍöÏò¡ Ýóßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ËóæúÈñ Ýöí ãõåöãøóÊöåö¡ æóáóäú íóáúÈóÓóåõ ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÔóÎúÕò Ýöí æóÞúÊò ãóåúãóÇ ßóÇäó Ëóãóäõåõ.
æóßóÐóáößó ßóÇáúÞóáóãö æóÇáúÞóáóãö¡ ÝóãóåúãóÇ ÛóáóÇ Ëóãóäõ ÇáúÞóáóãö¡ Ýóáóäú íóßúÊõÈó Èöåö ÔóÎúÕóÇäö Ýöí æóÞúÊò æóÇÍöÏò.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑõ.
ãöãøóÇ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö Ãóäøó áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøö ÎóÕóÇÆöÕó áóãú ÊõæÌóÏú Ýöí ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö: ßóÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö. æóÇáúãöäúÈóÑö Úóáóì ÊõÑúÚóÉò ãöäú ÊõÑóÚö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÓøóæóÇÑöí ÐóÇÊö ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö.(8/332)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóÎúÕõ ÓóíõÕóáøöí ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ Ãóæú äóÝúáðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÃóÝúÖóáó Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÝöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÊóÍóÑøóì ÇáÕøóÝøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÝöí Ãóíøö ãóßóÇäò ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúÞõæáõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì. æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö.
ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ.
æóåõæó ÈóÚúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóæúÓöÚóÉö æóÇäúÊöÞóÇáö ÇáÕøóÝøö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Úóäö ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö¡ Ýóåóáö ÇáúÃóÝúÖóáõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÝøö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ Ãóãú Ýöí ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö ãóÚó ÊóÎóáøõÝöåö Úóäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¿ æóáöÊóÕúæöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö äõÞóÏøöãõ ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÃóãóÇãó ÇáúãõÕóáøóì ãóæúÖöÚóÇäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉõ ; ÈöÝóÖúáöåóÇ ÑóæúÖóÉñ ãöäú ÑöíóÇÖö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
æóÇáÕøóÝøõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: æóÝöíåö: «áóæú íóÚúáóãõæäó ãóÇ ÇáÕøóÝøõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ áóÇÓúÊóåóãõæÇ Úóáóíúåö» ¡ ÝóÃóíøõ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö íõÞóÏøóãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¿
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóæúÓöÚóÉö íõãúßöäõåõãõ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÖöíáóÊóíúäö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÕøóÝøõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÂäó æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóæúÓöÚóÉö ÝóÞóÏö ÇäúÝóÕóáó ÇáÕøóÝøõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Úóäö ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö¡ ãóÇ ÏóÇãó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóáóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì ÊóÝúÕöíáò Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
æóáóßöäú ÚõãõæãóÇÊñ áöáäøóæóæöíøö¡ æóáöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó - Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö Ôõãõæáö ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö áöáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö¡ æóáóßöäú ÊõæÌóÏõ ÞóÖöíøóÉñ íõãúßöäõ ÇÓúÊöäúÊóÇÌõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóæúÓöÚóÉö ßóÇäó áöáÕøóÝøö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ãóíúãóäóÉñ æóãóíúÓóÑóÉñ¡ æóßóÇäó áöáúãóíúãóäóÉö ÝóÖöíáóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúãóíúÓóÑóÉö. æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ãóíúãóäóÉó ÇáÕøóÝøö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóæúÓöÚóÉö ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÞóÚõ ÛóÑúÈöíøó ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ Ãóíú: ÎóÇÑöÌóÉð Úóäö ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóíúÓóÑóÉõ ßõáøõåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇäõæÇ íõÝóÖøöáõæäó ÇáúãóíúãóäóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúãóíúÓóÑóÉö áöÐóÇÊöåóÇ¡ Úóäö ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö áöÐóÇÊöåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãóíúãóäóÉõ - æóåöíó ÎóÇÑöÌó ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö - ãõÞóÏøóãóÉñ ÚöäúÏóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö¡ ÝóáóÃóäú íõÞóÏøóãó ÇáÕøóÝøõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈò Ãóæúáóì.
æóåõäóÇßó ÍóÞöíÞóÉñ ÝöÞúåöíøóÉñ ÐóßóÑóåóÇ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ¡ æóåöíó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáÐøóÇÊöíøö Úóáóì ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÇáúÚóÑóÖöíøö¡ æóåõæó åõäóÇ ÇáÕøóÝøõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ æóÕúÝñ ÐóÇÊöíøñ áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö. æóÝóÖúáõ ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö æóÕúÝñ ÚóÑóÖöíøñ áöáúãóßóÇäö. Ãóíú: áößõáøö ÍóÇáò ãöäú ÐößúÑò Ãóæú ÕóáóÇÉö ÝóÑöíÖóÉò Ãóæú äóÇÝöáóÉò¡ ÝóÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáÕøóÝøö ÇáúÃóæøóáö áößóæúäöåö ÐóÇÊöíøðÇ(8/333)
ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Ãóæúáóì ãöäú ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö ; áößóæúäöåö æóÕúÝðÇ ÚóÑóÖöíøðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ãóËøóáó áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉö Çáäøóæóæöíøõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ýóáóæú Ãóäøó ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ Ýöí ØóÑöíÞöåö Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÝóæóÌóÏó ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ ÂÎóÑó íõÕóáøöí ÌóãóÇÚóÉð¡ ÝóßóÇäó Èóíúäó Ãóäú íõÏúÑößó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉó ãóÚó åóÄõáóÇÁö Ãóæú íóÊúÑõßóåóÇ æóíóãúÖöíó Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¡ æóÊóÝõæÊõåõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóíõÕóáøöí ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ ÈöÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: íõÕóáøöí Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÌóãóÇÚóÉð Ãóæúáóì áóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÍúÕöíáõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö æóÕúÝñ ÐóÇÊöíøñ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÊóÍúÕöíáõ ÎóíúÑò ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò æóÕúÝñ ÚóÑóÖöíøñ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÝóÖúáö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö. ÇåÜ. ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóÞóÏú íõÞóÇáõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ãõßóáøóÝñ ÈöÅöíÞóÇÚö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäúåõ ÊóßúáöíÝðÇ ÈöÅöíÞóÇÚöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÇáõ ; ÝóÅöäøóÇ ãõØóÇáóÈõæäó ÈöÇáÕøóÝøö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ÍóíúËõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó¡ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäøóÇ ãõØóÇáóÈóÉð ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ.
æóåõæó Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÇÒúÏöÍóÇãö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÇãúÊöÏóÇÏö ÇáÕøõÝõæÝö Åöáóì ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚö Ãóæö ÇáúÈóÑúÍóÉö¡ Ýóåóáú áöÇãúÊöÏóÇÏö ÇáÕøõÝõæÝö Êöáúßó ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉõ Ãóãú áóÇ¿
áöäóÚúáóãó Ãóäøó ÝóÖöíáóÉó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÍóÇÕöáóÉñ ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉõ Åöáóì ÃóáúÝò¡ Ýóáóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì äóÕøò ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÃóáúÊõ ÇáÔøóíúÎó - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Úóäú Ðóáößó ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúÃõæáóì: ãóÇáó Åöáóì ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóÑøóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö - æóÈóíúäóåõãóÇ äóÍúæñ ãöäú ÚóÔúÑö ÓóäóæóÇÊò -: ãóÇáó Åöáóì Úõãõæãö ÇáúÃóÌúÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó ãóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: Åöäøó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉó ÊóÝóÖøõáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇãúÊöäóÇäñ Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ ÝóÇáúãõÄóãøóáõ Ýöí ÓöÚóÉö ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÑóÌõáóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÝøö ãõÊóÌóÇæöÑóíúäö ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÚóÊóÈóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö Åöáóì ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÏøóÇÎöáö¡ æóíõÚúØöí åóÐóÇ ÃóáúÝðÇ æóíõÚúØöí åóÐóÇ æóÇÍöÏóÉð. æóßóÊöÝóÇåõãóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÕöÞóÊóÇäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ. æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ Ýöí ãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö äóÕøðÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑöåöãú ãöãøóäú íóÔúÊóÑöØõæäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó áöáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ãõÊøóÝöÞõæäó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøõÝõæÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÇãúÊóÏøóÊú Åöáóì ÇáÔøóæóÇÑöÚö æóÇáÑøóÍóÈóÇÊö ÎóÇÑöÌó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉó ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóæúÞóÚõæåóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ áóßöäú áóãøóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÕøõÝõæÝõ ãõãúÊóÏøóÉð ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö Åöáóì ÎóÇÑöÌöåö ÇäúÌóÑøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Íõßúãõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÕóÍøóÊö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉõ.
ÝóäóÞõæáõ åõäóÇ: ßóÐóáößó áóãøóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÕøõÝõæÝõ ÎóÇÑöÌóÉð Úóäö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö: íóäúÌóÑøõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ Íõßúãõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ -. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/334)
æóÞóÏú íõÓúÊóÏóáøõ áöÐóáößó ÈöÇáúÚõÑúÝö æóåõæó: áóæú ÓóÃóáúÊó ãóäú Õóáøóì Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó: Ãóíúäó ÕóáøóíúÊó¿ ÃóÝöí ÞõÈóÇÁò¿ Ãóãú Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¿ áóÞóÇáó: Èóáú Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö. Ýóáóãú íóÎúÑõÌú ÈöÐóáößó Úóäú ãõÓóãøóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÚõÑúÝðÇ.
ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ.
æóåõæó ÚöäúÏó ÇáÒøöÍóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÝöí ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÚóÇãøóÉð. ÍöíäóãóÇ íóÖöíÞõ ÇáúãóßóÇäõ æóíõÖúØóÑøõ ÇáúãõÕóáøõæäó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÕõÝõæÝò ÚóÏöíÏóÉò ÎóÇÑöÌó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÃóãóÇãó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ãõÊóÞóÏøöãöíäó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÚöÏøóÉö ÕõÝõæÝò¡ ÝóãóÇ Íõßúãõ ÕóáóÇÉö åóÄõáóÇÁö¿
ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö. æóÃóäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó ãöäó ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö åõæó ÇáÕøöÍøóÉõ ãóÚó ÇáúßóÑóÇåóÉö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉõ ÇáÕøöÍøóÉó ßóÐóáößó¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áóåóÇ ÈöÕóáóÇÉö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÐóÇÊó áóíúáóÉò ÚöäúÏó ãóíúãõæäóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÈöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÂäóÐóÇßó ÛõáóÇãñ¡ ÝóÞóÇãó Úóáóì íóÓóÇÑöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú íóãöíäöåö ; ÊóßúÑöíãðÇ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÔóÚóÑó Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÈøóÑó æóÏóÎóáó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöíóÏöåö æóäóÞóáóåõ ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöåö¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú íóãöíäöåö ÈöÍöÐóÇÆöåö Ýöí ãóæúÞöÝö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ ãöäú Íõßúãö ÇáúãõäúÝóÑöÏö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö.
æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö Ýöí Ðóáößó åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÌöåóÇÊö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÑúÈóÚñ: ÎóáúÝóåõ ; æóåöíó áöáúßóËöíÑöíäó ãöäó ÇËúäóíúäö ÝóÕóÇÚöÏðÇ. æóÚóäú íóãöíäöåö ; æóåõæó ãóæúÞöÝõ ÇáúÝóÑúÏö¡ æóíóÓóÇÑóåõ æóÃóãóÇãóåõ. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúíóÓóÇÑõ ; ÝóÞóÏú æóÞóÝó Ýöíåö ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóáóíúÓó ÈöãóæúÞöÝò¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÌóÚóáóåõ Úóäú íóãöíäöåö.
æóáóßöäú ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÏóÎóáó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÃóæúÞóÚó ÈóÚúÖó ÕöáóÇÊöåö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÍøóÊú ÕóáóÇÊõåõ ÍóíúËõ Èóäóì Úóáóì ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÈóÞó Ãóäú ÃóæúÞóÚóåõ Úóäö ÇáúíóÓóÇÑö ; áöÖóÑõæÑóÉö ÇáúÌóåúáö ÈöÇáúãóæúÞöÝö.
æóÈóÞöíóÊú ÌöåóÉõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ; ÝóáóíúÓóÊú ÈöÌöåóÉö ãóæúÞöÝò¡ æóáóßöäú ÚöäúÏó ÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö æóáöáÒøóÍúãóÉö áóãú íóßõäú ãöäó ÇáÊøóÞóÏøõãö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÈõÏøñ¡ ÝóÌóÇÒóÊú Ãóæú ÝóÕóÍøóÊú áöáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÕóÍøóÊú Úóäú íóÓóÇÑöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -.
æóíõÞóæøöí åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó: Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÌóÇÁó ÔóÎúÕñ Åöáóì ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö æóáóãú íóÌöÏú áóåõ ãóßóÇäðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÌöæóÇÑö(8/335)
ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÞöÝõ Úóäú íóãöíäöåö ÈöÌöæóÇÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ßóÇäó ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ ãóÚó æõÌõæÏö ÇáÕøõÝõæÝö ÇáúÚóÏöíÏóÉö. æóáóßöäú ÕóÍøó æõÞõæÝõåõ áöáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö.
ÇáúãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ.
ãóæúÖõæÚõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÕóáóÇÉð¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÌöåóÉò ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¡ æóãöäú ÌöåóÉò ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÓúÌöÏò¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÕóáóÇÉð Èóáú ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó íóæúãðÇ. ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íóÎõÕøõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÇáäøóÈóæöíøó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóäóÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ãóäú Õóáøóì Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÕóáóÇÉð áóÇ ÊóÝõæÊõåõ ÕóáóÇÉñ ; ßõÊöÈóÊú áóåõ ÈóÑóÇÁóÉñ æóäóÌóÇÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóÈóÑöÆó ãöäó ÇáäøöÝóÇÞö» .
ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõäúÐöÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÛöíÈö æóÇáÊøóÑúåöíÈö: ÑõæóÇÊõåõ ÑõæóÇÉõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö. ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ãõÓúäóÏöåö æóÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóæúÓóØö.
æóÝöí ãóÌúãóÚö ÇáÒøóæóÇÆöÏö: ÑöÌóÇáõåõ ËöÞóÇÊñ. æóåõæó ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö ÈöáóÝúÙö: «ãóäú Õóáøóì ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó íóæúãðÇ Ýöí ÌóãóÇÚóÉò¡ íõÏúÑößõ ÇáÊøóßúÈöíÑóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ ßõÊöÈó áóåõ ÈóÑóÇÁóÊóÇäö: ÈóÑóÇÁóÉñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÈóÑóÇÁóÉñ ãöäó ÇáäøöÝóÇÞö» .
ÞóÇáó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ: åõæó ãóæúÞõæÝñ Úóáóì ÃóäóÓò¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÑóÝóÚóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ãõáøóÇ Úóáöíøò ÇáúÞóÇÑøöíøö: ãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ áóÇ íõÞóÇáõ ÈöÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóÞóÏú Êóßóáøóãó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöÑöæóÇíóÊóíúäö:
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÝóÈöÓóÈóÈö äõÈóíúØö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ýóãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáÑøóÝúÚö æóÇáúæóÞúÝö. æóÞóÏú ÊóÊóÈøóÚó åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÇáÊøóÏúÞöíÞö Ýöí ÇáÓøóäóÏö¡ æóÃóËúÈóÊó ÕöÍøóÉó ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÍõßúãó ÇáÑøóÝúÚö áöáËøóÇäöí. æóÞóÏú ÃóÝúÑóÏóåõãóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÍóãøóÇÏñ ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ ÈöÑöÓóÇáóÉò ÑóÏøó ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ãóäú Êóßóáøóãó ÝöíåöãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑöíäó. äõæÌöÒõ ßóáóÇãóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÊöí:
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÊóÚúÌöíáö ÇáúãóäúÝóÚóÉö Ýöí ÒóæóÇÆöÏö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö: äõÈóíúØõ Èúäõ ÚõãóÑó¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáËøöÞóÇÊö¡ ÝóÇÌúÊóãóÚó Úóáóì ÊóæúËöíÞö äõÈóíúØò ßõáøñ ãöäó ÇÈúäö ÍöÈøóÇäó æóÇáúãõäúÐöÑöíøö æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö æóÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò¡ æóáóãú íõÌóÑøöÍúåõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÃóÆöãøóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÃúäö. Ýóãöäú Ëóãøó áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áöÃóÍóÏò Ãóäú íóØúÚóäó æóáóÇ Ãóäú íõÖóÚøöÝó ãóäú æóËøóÞóåõ ÃóÆöãøóÉñ ãõÚúÊóÈóÑõæäó¡ æóáóãú íõÎóÇáöÝúåõãú ÅöãóÇãñ ãöäú ÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÌóÑúÍö æóÇáÊøóÚúÏöíáö. æóßóÝóì ãóäú ÐóßóÑõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÆöãøóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÃúäö ÞõÏúæóÉð.(8/336)
Ðóáößó ; æóáóæú ÝõÑöÖó æóÞõÏøöÑó ÌóÏóáðÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóäóÏö ãóÞóÇáñ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÃóÆöãøóÉó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö áóÇ íóãúäóÚõæäó ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÍóáóÇáñ Ãóæú ÍóÑóÇãñ Ãóæú ÚóÞöíÏóÉñ¡ Èóáú ßóÇäó ÈóÇÈõ ÝóÖóÇÆöáö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö áóÇ íóãúäóÚõæäó ÇáúÚóãóáó Èöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÈóÇÈó ÇáúÝóÖóÇÆöáö áóÇ íõÔóÏøóÏõ Ýöíåö åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏó.
æóäóÞóáó ÇáÓøõíõæØöíøõ ãöËúáó Ðóáößó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÊóßúÈöíÑóÉö ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö Ýöí Ãóíøö ãóÓúÌöÏò¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú ãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÇáøóÐöí äóÊóÍóÏøóËõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóßõáøõ ÃóÓóÇäöíÏöåö ÖóÚöíÝóÉñ¡ æóáóßöäú ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò: íóäúÏóÑöÌõ Ööãúäó ãóÇ íõÚúãóáõ Èöåö Ýöí ÝóÖóÇÆöáö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö. ÇäúÊóåóì ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóËøõ Úóáóì ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÕóáóÇÉð Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¡ áóÚóáøóåõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÇáÊøóÚóæøõÏö æóÇáÊøóÒóæøõÏö¡ áöãóÇ íõßúÓöÈõåõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ãöäú ãõÏóÇæóãóÉò¡ æóÍöÑúÕò Úóáóì ÃóÏóÇÁö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò Ýöí ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ æóÇÔúÊöÛóÇáöåö ÇáÏøóÇÆöãö ÈöÔóÃúäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÍöÑúÕöåö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ ÊóÝõæÊóåõ ÕóáóÇÉñ ãöãøóÇ íõÚóáøöÞõ ÞóáúÈóåõ ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÝóÊõÕúÈöÍõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ áóåõ ãóáóßóÉð¡ æóíõÕúÈöÍõ ãõÑúÊóÇÍðÇ áöÇÑúÊöíóÇÏö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÍóÑöíÕðÇ Úóáóì ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö Ýöí ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÃóíøóÇãöåö áóÇ ÊóÝõæÊõåõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÚõÐúÑò.
Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÒóÇÆöÑðÇ æóÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì ÈöáóÇÏöåö ÑóÌóÚó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÎóÕúáóÉö ÇáúÍóãöíÏóÉö¡ æóáóÚóáøó Ýöí ãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÈöÃóáúÝò Êóßõæäõ ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáÏøóæóÇÁö ÇáúãõßóËøóÝö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö ÇáúÝóÚóÇáöíóÉö¡ ÇáÓøóÑöíÚö ÇáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö¡ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó íóæúãðÇ áóÇ ÊóÝõæÊõåõ ÊóßúÈöíÑóÉõ ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÕóáóÇÉð Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÃóáúÝó ÕóáóÇÉò ÝöíãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõ¡ æóåöíó ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÍóæóÇáóíú ÕóáóæóÇÊö ÇËúäóíúäö æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÓóäóÉð.
æóáóæú ÑóÇÚóíúäóÇ ÃóÌúÑó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö: ÎóãúÓðÇ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏóÑóÌóÉð¡ áóßóÇäóÊú ÊõÚóÇÏöáõ ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáúãõäúÝóÑöÏö: ÎóãúÓóãöÇÆóÉò æóÎóãúÓöíäó ÓóäóÉð¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáúÃóÌúÑö æóÇáËøóæóÇÈö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÏö¡ Ãóíú: ßóíúÝðÇ áóÇ ßóãøðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ. æóÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö ÚóÙöíãñ.
æóáúíõÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÛóÑóÖó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó åõæó ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ ÇáÊøóÚóæøõÏõ æóÇáúÍöÑúÕõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ áóæú ÑóÌóÚó ÝóÊóÑóßó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉó æóÊóåóÇæóäó Ýöí ÔóÃúäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáäøóßúÓóÉö. äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉó¡ ßóãóÇ äóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÕóáóÇÉð áóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áóåóÇ áóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÌøö æóáóÇ ÈöÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÂÏóÇÈö ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍõÌõÑóÇÊö» .
æóÃóäøó ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉó ÊóÊöãøõ ÈöÕóáóÇÉö ÑóßúÚóÊóíú ÊóÍöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÚóáóì(8/337)
ÕóÇÍöÈóíúåö - ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåöãú -¡ Ëõãøó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö áöäóÝúÓöåö æóáöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ Ëõãøó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó ÇäúÕóÑóÝó Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÇÁó ÌóáóÓó ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó áóåõ. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÌóÇäöÈò ãöäú ÌóæóÇäöÈö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäú ÊóÍúÈóØó ÃóÚúãóÇáõßõãú æóÃóäúÊõãú áóÇ ÊóÔúÚõÑõæäó [49 \ 2] Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ãöäú ãõÈúØöáóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö æóÈóíóÇäö ãóÇ åõæó ÍóÞøñ áöáøóåö ÝóáóÇ íõÕúÑóÝõ áöÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóãóÇ åõæó ÍóÞøñ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóáóÇ íõÊóÌóÇæóÒõ Èöåö.
æóÞóÏú íóÌõÑøõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóäö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÝóÖúáöåö æóÝóÖöíáóÊöåö Åöáóì ãóæúÖõæÚö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÅöáóì ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
ÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö áöáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóãöãøóÇ ÇÎúÊõÕøó Èöåö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáäøóÈóæöíøõ¡ Èóáú æóãöäú Ãóåóãøö ÎóÕóÇÆöÕöåö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÏóÇÎöáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÞóÏöíãðÇ æóÍóÏöíËðÇ.
ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: «ãóÇ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóíøó ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíøó ÑõæÍöí¡ ÝóÃóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãó» æóãõÌúãöÚõæäó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó íóÍúÕõáõ áöãóäú Óóáøóãó Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÞóÑöíÈò¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ íóæúãðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÞóÈúáó Ãóæú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÏúÎóÇáö ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Ãóæøóáó ÂÏóÇÈö ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö æóÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÇáúÈóÏúÁõ ÈöÕóáóÇÉö ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö ÊóÍöíøóÉó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáÓøóáóÇãö íóäúÕóÑöÝõ Úóäö ÇáúãõæóÇÌóåóÉö¡ æóíóÏúÚõæ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó æóåõæó Ýöí Ãóíøö ãóßóÇäò ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
æóåõäóÇ ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ ØóÇáóãóÇ ÃõËöíÑó ÇáäøöÒóÇÚõ ÝöíåóÇ: æóåöíó ÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö áöáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóåöíó Åöäú ßóÇäó ãóÍóáøõåóÇ ãóÈúÍóËó ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö æóÃóÍúßóÇãöåóÇ æóÂÏóÇÈöåóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóäóÇ äóÓõæÞõ ãõæÌóÒðÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÍóÏöíËö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö¡ æóäóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉó æóÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞó.
ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö åõæó ÍóÏöíËõ: «áóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ãóÓóÇÌöÏó» ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãõ ÐößúÑõåõ ; áöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú Ýöí ÊóÞúÏöíÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäúåõ. æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö Åöáóíúåö Ýöí Êöáúßó(8/338)
ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö¡ Ãóåõæó ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ãóãú áöáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¿ .
æóáöäóÊóÕóæøóÑó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú äóÚúáóãó ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóÍúËó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö áóåõ ËóáóÇËõ ÍóÇáóÇÊò:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö áöáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö. æóåóÐóÇ ãõÌúãóÚñ Úóáóíúåö.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÒöíóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÞóÑöíÈò ÈöÏõæäö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÌúãóÚñ Úóáóíúåö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö áöáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö ÝóÞóØú. æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ åöíó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÈóÍúËö ÚöäúÏóåõãú¡ æóãóËóÇÑõ ÇáäøöÞóÇÔö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö: ÞóÇáó ÇáúßöÑúãóÇäöíøõ: æóÞóÏú æóÞóÚó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ÚóÕúÑöäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÇáÔøóÇãöíøóÉö ãõäóÇÙóÑóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóÕõäøöÝóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ãóÓóÇÆöáõ ãöäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö.
ÞõáúÊõ: - Ãóíö: ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò - íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÑóÏøó Èöåö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÊóÞöíøõ ÇáÏøöíäö ÇáÓøõÈúßöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Úóáóì ÊóÞöíøö ÇáÏøöíäö Èúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó¡ æóãóÇ ÇäúÊóÕóÑó Èöåö ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ: ÔóãúÓõ ÇáÏøöíäö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúåóÇÏöí æóÛóíúÑõåõ áöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó¡ æóåöíó ãóÔúåõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöäóÇ. ÇåÜ. æóåóÐóÇ íõÚúØöíäóÇ ãóÏóì ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÝöíåóÇ æóÊóÇÑöíÎöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Åöáóì ãõÌúãóáö ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó ÃóÌóÇÒõæÇ ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÔóÏøó ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö áöÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÅöäøó ÍóÏöíËó: «áóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ» ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÞúÕóÏõ Èöåö ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó ãóßóÇäñ Ãóæúáóì ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÊõÔóÏøõ áóåõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ; áöãóÇ ÎõÕøóÊú ãöäú ÝóÖöíáóÉö ãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝöíåóÇ.
ÊóÞöíøõ ÇáÏøöíäö ÌóÚóáó ãóæúÖõæÚó Çáäøóåúíö Úóäú ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö ÚóÇãøðÇ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ. æóÇÚúÊõÑöÖó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö áöÃóíøö ãóßóÇäò ; áöÚöÏøóÉö ÃõãõæÑò ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
æóãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊõÏöáøó Èöåö Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö¡ ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ãóÇáößò: ßóÑóÇåöíóÉõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÒõÑúÊõ ÞóÈúÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÃõÌöíÈó Úóäú Ðóáößó: ÈöÃóäøó ßóÑóÇåöíóÉó ãóÇáößò áöáøóÝúÙö ÝóÞóØú ÊóÃóÏøõÈðÇ áóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÑöåó ÃóÕúáó ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÝúÖóáö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö¡ æóÃóÌóáøö ÇáúÞõÑõÈóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÕøöáóÉö Åöáóì Ðöí ÇáúÌóáóÇáö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÊóåóÇ ãóÍóáøõ ÅöÌúãóÇÚò(8/339)
ÈöáóÇ äöÒóÇÚò. æóÇááøóåõ ÇáúåóÇÏöí Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæóÇÈö. ÇåÜ.
æóáóÚóáøó ãóÐúåóÈó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÍóÓóÈó ÕóäöíÚöåö åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÊóì Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÈóÇÈö¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÍóÏöíËö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð ÈöÍóÏöíËö: «ÕóáóÇÉñ Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò ÝöíãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõ» ¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÕóÏó ÈóíóÇäó ãõæÌöÈö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö åõæó ÝóÖöíáóÉõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Çáäøóåúíõ Úóäú ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö ãõÎúÊóÕøðÇ ÈöÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö¡ æóáöÃóÌúáö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ; áöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕöåóÇ ÈöãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝöíåóÇ Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö æóÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì.
æóÞóÏú äóÇÞóÔó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò áóÝúÙó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÑóÌøóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÐúåóÈó ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó:
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÍóÞøöÞöíäó: Þóæúáõåõ: «ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ãóÓóÇÌöÏó» ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäúåõ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ. ÝóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íõÞóÏøóÑó ÚóÇãøðÇ ÝóíóÕöíÑó áóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ Åöáóì ãóßóÇäò Ýöí Ãóíøö ÃóãúÑò ßóÇäó ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö. Ãóæú ÃóÎóÕøó ãöäú Ðóáößó. áóÇ ÓóÈöíáó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö áöÅöÝúÖóÇÆöåö Åöáóì ÓóÏøö ÈóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÝóÑö áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÕöáóÉö ÇáÑøóÍöãö æóØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÚóíøóäó ÇáËøóÇäöí.
æóÇáúÃóæúáóì: Ãóäú íõÞóÏøóÑó ãóÇ åõæó ÃóßúËóÑõ ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉð¡ æóåõæó áóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏò áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöíåö ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö. ÝóíóÈúØõáõ ÈöÐóáößó Þóæúáõ: ãóäú ãóäóÚó ÔóÏøó ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö Åöáóì ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÞóÈúÑöåö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. æóÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú ÞõÈõæÑö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó. æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõÈúßöíøõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ: áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈõÞúÚóÉñ ÊõÝóÖøóáõ áöÐóÇÊöåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÔóÏøó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö. æóãõÑóÇÏöí ÈöÇáúÝóÖúáö: ãóÇ ÔóåöÏó ÇáÔøóÑúÚõ ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑöåö¡ æóÑóÊøóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÍõßúãðÇ ÔóÑúÚöíøðÇ. ÃóãøóÇ ÛóíúÑõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ áöÐóÇÊöåóÇ¡ Èóáú áöÒöíóÇÑóÉò Ãóæú ÌöåóÇÏò Ãóæú Úöáúãò Ãóæú äóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóäúÏõæÈóÇÊö Ãóæö ÇáúãõÈóÇÍóÇÊö.
ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏö ÇáúÊóÈóÓó Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖöåöãú¡ ÝóÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÔóÏøó ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö áöãóäú Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöí ÇáúãóäúÚö æóåõæó ÎóØóÃñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁó ÅöäøóãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäúåõ. ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: áóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏò ãöäó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö Ãóæú Åöáóì ãóßóÇäò ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúßöäóÉö áöÃóÌúáö Ðóáößó ÇáúãóßóÇäö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö. æóÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö Åöáóì ÒöíóÇÑóÉò Ãóæú ØóáóÈò áóíúÓó Åöáóì ÇáúãóßóÇäö¡ Èóáú Åöáóì ãóäú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóßóÇäö. æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. ÇåÜ.(8/340)
æóÈöÊóÃóãøõáö ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò¡ äóÌöÏõåõ íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÅöÌúÑóÇÁó ãõÚóÇÏóáóÉò Úóáóì äóÕøö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöÃóäøó áóåõ ÍóÇáóÊóíúäö ÝóÞóØú:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö áöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ áöÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö áöÃóÌúáö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Çáäøóåúíõ ãõäúÕóÈøðÇ Úóáóì ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö áöÃóíøö ãóßóÇäò Óöæóì ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ; ãöäú ÃóÌúáö Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó ÝöíãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåóÇ. ÝóíóÈúÞóì ÛóíúÑõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÎóÇÑöÌðÇ Úóäö Çáäøóåúíö ; ÝóÊõÔóÏøõ áóåõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ áöÃóíøö ãóßóÇäò ßóÇäó.
æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö íóÔúãóáõ: ØóáóÈó ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉó¡ æóÇáäøõÒúåóÉó¡ æóÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑó¡ æóÇáúÌöåóÇÏó¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáäøõÕõæÕõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ãõÊóÖóÇÝöÑóÉñ.
ÝóÝöí ØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú äõÕõæÕò¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóÍóáó äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì Åöáóì ÇáúÎóÖöÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì áöÝóÊóÇåõ áóÇ ÃóÈúÑóÍõ ÍóÊøóì ÃóÈúáõÛó ãóÌúãóÚó ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö Ãóæú ÃóãúÖöíó ÍõÞõÈðÇ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áóÞóÏú áóÞöíäóÇ ãöäú ÓóÝóÑöäóÇ åóÐóÇ äóÕóÈðÇ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó áóåõ ãõæÓóì åóáú ÃóÊøóÈöÚõßó Úóáóì Ãóäú ÊõÚóáøöãóäöí ãöãøóÇ ÚõáøöãúÊó ÑõÔúÏðÇ [18 \ 60 - 66] .
æóÝöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö áöáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÎóÑõæäó íóÖúÑöÈõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö [73 \ 20] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÐóáõæáðÇ ÝóÇãúÔõæÇ Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈöåóÇ æóßõáõæÇ ãöäú ÑöÒúÞöåö [67 \ 15] ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÇáÓøóÝóÑõ áöáúÚöÈúÑóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÇäúÙõÑõæÇ [27 \ 69] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ëõãøó ÏóãøóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóãõÑøõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó æóÈöÇááøóíúáö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó [37 \ 136 - 138] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåóÇ æóåöíó ÙóÇáöãóÉñ Ýóåöíó ÎóÇæöíóÉñ Úóáóì ÚõÑõæÔöåóÇ æóÈöÆúÑò ãõÚóØøóáóÉò æóÞóÕúÑò ãóÔöíÏò ÃóÝóáóãú íóÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÊóßõæäó áóåõãú ÞõáõæÈñ íóÚúÞöáõæäó ÈöåóÇ Ãóæú ÂÐóÇäñ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÈöåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ æóáóßöäú ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [22 \ 45 - 46] .
ÝóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏó ÈöÇáÓøóíúÑö ; áöíóÚúÞöáõæÇ ÈöÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÍóÇáóÉó Êöáúßó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÇáúÎóÇæöíóÉö áöíóÊøóÚöÙõæÇ ÈöÃóÍúæóÇáö ÃóåúáöåóÇ.(8/341)
ÝóåóÐöåö äõÕõæÕõ ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáÓøóÝóÑö áöÚöÏøóÉö ÃõãõæÑò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãöäú ÖöãúäöåóÇ ÇáÓøóÝóÑõ áöÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö. ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÇáÓøóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚóÉö ÈöáóÇ äöÒóÇÚò¡ æóÇáúÍóÇáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäú íóßõæäó Çáäøóåúíõ ÚóÇãøðÇ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ; ÝóáóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ ÞóØøõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö æóÈõáúÏóÇäöåóÇ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö. æóáóßöäú áóÇ áöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝóÞóØú¡ Èóáú áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãóÔúÑõæÚò ÈöÃóÕúáöåö ãöãøóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÃóäúæóÇÚóåõ ãöäú ØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÇáúÚöÙóÉö æóÇáäøõÒúåóÉö æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó: ßóÕóæúãò¡ æóÇÚúÊößóÇÝò¡ æóãõÌóÇæóÑóÉò¡ æóÍóÌøò¡ æóÚõãúÑóÉò¡ æóÕöáóÉö ÑóÍöãò¡ æóãõÔóÇåóÏóÉö ãóÚóÇáöãó ÊóÇÑöíÎöíøóÉò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÔóÏøó ÇáÑøöÍóÇáó Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ßóÇäó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóáóÇ ãõÚóÇÑóÖóÉó Úóáóì ÍóÇáóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÍóÇáóÊóíúäö¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚóåõãóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ¡ Úóáóì Ãóíøö ÊóÞúÏöíÑò ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäúåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö.
æõÌúåóÉõ äóÙóÑò.
æóÈöÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö æóÅöËóÇÑóÉö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö ÝöíåóÇ¡ íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÒóÇÚó æóÇáúÌöÏóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÍúÊóãöáõ¡ æóåõæó Åöáóì ÇáÔøóßúáöíøö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãöäúåõ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøö. æóáóÇ æõÌõæÏó áóåõ ÚóãóáöíøðÇ.
æóÊóÍúÞöíÞõ Ðóáößó ßóÇáúÂÊöí: æóåõæó ãóÇ ÏóÇãõæÇ ãõÊøóÝöÞöíäó Úóáóì ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö áöáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóãõÊøóÝöÞõæäó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÏõæäö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö ; Ýóáóäú íóÊóÃóÊøóì áöÅöäúÓóÇäò Ãóäú íóÔõÏøó ÇáÑøöÍóÇáó áöáÓøóáóÇãö Ïõæäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúØõÑõ Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÈóÇáö ÅöäúÓóÇäò¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøóÍúáö áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö Ïõæäó Ãóäú íõÓóáøöãó Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóäú íóÎúØõÑó Úóáóì ÈóÇáö ÅöäúÓóÇäò. æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÇäúÝößóÇßó áöÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÇáäøóÈóæöíøó ãóÇ åõæó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóíúÊõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóåóáú ÈóíúÊõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáÑøóæúÖóÉö: «ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÈóíúÊöí æóãöäúÈóÑöí ÑóæúÖóÉñ ãöäú ÑöíóÇÖö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö» .
ÝóåóÐóÇ ÞõæøóÉõ ÑóÈúØò Èóíúäó ÈóíúÊöåö æóãöäúÈóÑöåö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö.
æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì: åóáú íõÓóáøöãõ ÃóÍóÏñ Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÞóÑöíÈò¡ áöíóäóÇáó ÝóÖúáó ÑóÏøö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóäú ÞõÑúÈò æóãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö äóÝúÓöåö¿(8/342)
æóåóáú Êóßõæäõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉõ ÓõäøöíøóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó æóÕóáøóì ÃóæøóáðÇ ÊóÍöíøóÉó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¿
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ; ÝóáóÇ ÇäúÝößóÇßó áöÔóÏøö ÇáÑøóÍúáö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö Úóäú ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóáóÇ áöÒöíóÇÑóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÝóáóÇ ãõæÌöÈó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö.
æóåõäóÇ æõÌúåóÉõ äóÙóÑò ÃõÎúÑóì æóåöíó: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóÇ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóíøó ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíøó ÑõæÍöí¡ ÝóÃóÑõÏøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãó» . ÝóÅöäøó ÅöØúáóÇÞóåõ Úóäú ßõáøö ÞóíúÏò ãöäú ÞõÑúÈò Ãóæú ÈõÚúÏò ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúãóÌöíÁõ áöáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö.
ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÝóÖöíáóÉñ ÚóÙöíãóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì áöáúÈóÚöíÏö ÊóÍúÕöíáõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ßóæóÓöíáóÉò áöÊóÍúÕöíáöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúæóÓöíáóÉõ ÊóÃúÎõÐõ Íõßúãó ÇáúÛóÇíóÉö ãöäú æõÌõæÈò Ãóæú äóÏúÈò Ãóæú ÅöÈóÇÍóÉò¡ ßóÇáÓøóÚúíö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÇÌöÈñ ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÏóÇÁó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö æóÇÌöÈñ¡ æóÅöÚúÏóÇÏó ÇáËøöíóÇÈö ÇáúÌóãöíáóÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãóËóáðÇ ãóäúÏõæÈñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÌóãøõáó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãóäúÏõæÈñ¡ æóãöËúáõåõ ÅöÚúÏóÇÏõ ÇáØøöíÈö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÍõÖõæÑöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ áöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó ãõäóÇÞóÔóÉó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÌóÇÁó ÈöÃóãúËöáóÉò ÞóÇÈöáóÉò åöíó áöáäøöÞóÇÔö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó ßõáøõ ÛóÇíóÉò ãóÔúÑõæÚóÉò Êóßõæäõ æóÓöíáóÊõåóÇ ãóÔúÑõæÚóÉð¡ ßóÍóÌøö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóÎõÑõæÌöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ãóÔúÑõæØñ Ýöíåö æõÌõæÏõ ÇáúãóÍúÑóãö. æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ãóÔúÑõæØñ Ýöíåö ÅöÐúäõ ÇáÒøóæúÌö.
æóÇáäøöÞóÇÔõ áóåóÇ Ãóäøó ÓóÝóÑó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ãõØúáóÞðÇ ãóãúäõæÚñ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÚó ÇáúãóÍúÑóãö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóáöáúÍóÌøö Ãóæú áöÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÎõÑõæÌõåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö áóíúÓó ÈöãóØúáõæÈò ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö¡ æóáóßöäú ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÈóÊö ÇáúÅöÐúäó íõÄúÐóäõ áóåóÇ. ÝóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöíåö ÇáúãóäúÚõ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÍúÕõáó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÐúäö.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: áóæú ßóÇäó ÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøóÍúáö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóÔúÑõæÚò¡ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöÝóÇÚöáöåö äóÕöíÈñ Ýöí ÝóÖúáöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ Úóáóì ÑóÏøö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóáóæú ßóÇäó ßóÐóáößó áóáóÒöãó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó ÈóíóÇäö ÝóÖöíáóÊöåö ; áöÚóÏóãö ÊóÃúÎöíÑö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö¡ ÝóßóÃóäú íõÞóÇáõ ãóËóáðÇ: ÝóÃóÑõÏøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãó¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÔóÏøó ÇáÑøóÍúáó áöÐóáößó. Ãóæú íõÞóÇáõ: ãóäú ÃóÊóÇäöí ãöäú ÞóÑöíÈò ÝóÓóáøóãó Úóáóíøó. . . ÅáÎ. æóáóßöäú áóãú íóÃúÊö ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö æóÈóÞöíó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóáóì Úõãõæãöåö.
æóáúíõÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÊóíúãöíóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - íõÝóÑøöÞõ Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÈóíúäó ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ áöãóÇ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÍõÞõæÞò æóÎóÕóÇÆöÕó áóíúÓóÊú áöÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú: æõÌõæÈö ãóÍóÈøóÉò¡ æóÊóÚúÙöíãò¡ æóÝóÑúÖöíøóÉö ÕóáóÇÉò¡(8/343)
æóÊóÓúáöíãò Ýöí ÕóáóæóÇÊöäóÇ¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö æóÇáúÎõÑõæÌö ãöäúåóÇ¡ Èóáú æóÚöäúÏó ÓóãóÇÚö ÐößúÑöåö ãöãøóÇ áóíúÓó áöÛóíúÑöåö ÞóØøõ.
ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÒöíóÇÑóÉó ÛóíúÑöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöáÏøõÚóÇÁö áóåõ æóÇáÊøóÑóÍøõãö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ ÒöíóÇÑóÊõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö ; áöíóÑõÏøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö ÑõæÍóåõ ÝóíóÑõÏøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáÓøóáóÇãó.
æóÒöíóÇÑóÉõ ÛóíúÑöåö Ýöí Ãóíøö ãóßóÇäò ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇáóãö áóÇ ãóÒöíøóÉó áóåõ¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ ÒöíóÇÑóÊõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ãóÓúÌöÏöåö æóÞóÏú ÎõÕøó ÈöãóÇ áóãú íóÎúÊóÕøó Èöåö ÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÃóÚúÊóÞöÏõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó áóæúáóÇ äöÒóÇÚõ ãõÚóÇÕöÑöí ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåóÇ ãóÍóáøñ æóáóÇ ãóÌóÇáñ.
æóáóßöäøóåõãú æóÌóÏõæåóÇ ÍóÓøóÇÓóÉð æóáóåóÇ ãóÓóÇÓñ ÈöÇáúÚóÇØöÝóÉö¡ æóãóÍóÈøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÃóËóÇÑõæåóÇ æóÍóßóãõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáöÇáúÊöÒóÇãö. Ãóíú: íõáóÇÒöãõ ßóáóÇãóåõ ÍöíäóãóÇ ÞóÇáó:
áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö¡ Èóáú Êóßõæäõ áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö¡ ÚóãóáðÇ ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ ÝóÊóÞóæøóáõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ áóãú íóÞõáúåõ ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð. æóáóæú Íõãöáó ßóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúíö ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäó Çáäøóåúíö áóßóÇäó ãõæóÇÝöÞðÇ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóãúäóÚú ÒöíóÇÑóÊóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ ÇáÓøóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö¡ Èóáú íóÌúÚóáõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÖóÇÆöáö æóÇáúÞõÑõÈóÇÊö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóáúÊóÒöãõ ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÌóÚúáö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøöÍóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóáößõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóãöäúåõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåö.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑóÓóÇÆöáöåö æóÑõÏõæÏöåö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
ÝóÕúáñ
ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúÊõ ÝöíãóÇ ßóÊóÈúÊõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóäóÇÓößö: Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÝóÑó Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö æóÒöíóÇÑóÉó ÞóÈúÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõ ÃóÆöãøóÉõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí ãóäóÇÓößö ÇáúÍóÌøö Úóãóáñ ÕóÇáöÍñ ãõÓúÊóÍóÈøñ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúÊõ Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóäóÇÓößö ÇáúÍóÌøö ÇáÓøõäøóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó æóßóíúÝó íõÓóáøóãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåóáú íóÓúÊóÞúÈöáõ ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉó Ãóãö ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉó Úóáóì Þóæúáóíúäö. ÝóÇáúÃóßúËóÑõæäó íóÞõæáõæäó: íóÓúÊóÞúÈöáõ ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉó¡ ßóãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÊõÞúÕóÑõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÝóÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍóÈøö ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ áóãú íóÞõáú ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÃóÆöãøóÉö(8/344)
ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÝóÑó áóÇ ÊõÞúÕóÑõ Ýöíåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ æóáóÇ äóåóì ÃóÍóÏñ Úóäö ÇáÓøóÝóÑö Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑõ Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö íóÒõæÑõ ÞóÈúÑóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Èóáú åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÃóÝúÖóáö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ßóáóÇãöí æóßóáóÇãö ÛóíúÑöí äóåúíñ Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ æóáóÇ äóåúíñ Úóäö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚö Ýöí ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÞõÈõæÑö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó¡ æóáóÇ Úóäö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚö Ýöí ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö.
Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÒöíóÇÑóÉõ ÞõÈõæÑö Úõãõæãö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãóÔúÑõæÚóÉð¡ ÝóÒöíóÇÑóÉõ ÞõÈõæÑö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó Ãóæúáóì.
æóáóßöäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóåõ ÎóÇÕøöíøóÉñ áóíúÓóÊú áöÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó¡ æóåõæó Ãóäú ÃóãóÑóäóÇ Ãóäú äõÕóáøöíó Úóáóíúåö æóäõÓóáøöãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ßõáøö ÕóáóÇÉò¡ æóíóÊóÃóßøóÏõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóÏúÚöíóÉö¡ æóÃóäú äõÕóáøöíó æóäõÓóáøöãó Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ãóÓúÌöÏöåö æóÛóíúÑö ãóÓúÌöÏöåö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö ãöäúåõ ; Ýóßõáøõ ãóäú ÏóÎóáó ãóÓúÌöÏóåõ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó Ýöíåö æóíõÓóáøöãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóÇáÓøóÝóÑõ Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö ãóÔúÑõæÚñ¡ áóßöäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ Íöíäó ßóÑöåó ãóÇáößñ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÒõÑúÊõ ÞóÈúÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏó ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøó ÈöÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÇáÏøõÚóÇÁõ áóåõãú¡ æóÐóáößó ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ æóÇáÏøõÚóÇÁõ ÞóÏú ÍóÕóáó Úóáóì Ãóßúãóáö ÇáúæõÌõæåö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö æóÛóíúÑö ãóÓúÌöÏöåö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÓóãóÇÚö ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö æóÚöäúÏó ßõáøö ÏõÚóÇÁò. ÝóÊõÔúÑóÚõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó ßõáøö ÏõÚóÇÁò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú. ÇåÜ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ßóáóÇãóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÔóßúáöíøóÉñ æóáóíúÓóÊú ÍóÞöíÞöíøóÉð. ÅöÐú Ãóäøóåõ íõÞóÑøöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÝóÑó Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÔúÑõæÚñ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó íóÒõæÑõ ÞóÈúÑóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóíõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóÝúÖóáö ÇáúÞõÑõÈóÇÊö æóãöäú ÕóÇáóÍö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö.
Ãóíú: æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉõ ãóÞúÕõæÏóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÇáÓøóÝóÑö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÓøóÝóÑõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö áóÇ íóäúÝóßøõ Úóäö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö áóÇ íóäúÝóßøõ Úóäö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö. ÝóáóÇ ãõæÌöÈó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÞóÇÔö¡ æóÌóÚúáö åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ãóËóÇÑó äöÒóÇÚò Ãóæú ÌöÏóÇáò.
æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöãóÇ íóÞúÑõÈõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ãöäú ßóáóÇãöåö¡ ÅöÐú íóÞõæáõ Ýöí Ì 27 Õ 342 ãöäó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:(8/345)
Ýóãóäú ÓóÇÝóÑó Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì¡ Ãóæú ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÕóáøóì Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö æóÕóáøóì Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ æóÒóÇÑó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑó ßóãóÇ ÞóÖóÊú Èöåö ÓõäøóÉõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí Úóãöáó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍó.
æóãóäú ÃóäúßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÝóÑó¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÇÝöÑñ íõÓúÊóÊóÇÈõ¡ ÝóÅöäú ÊóÇÈó æóÅöáøóÇ ÞõÊöáó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÞóÕóÏó ÇáÓøóÝóÑó áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö æóáóãú íóÞúÕöÏö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÓóÇÝóÑó Åöáóì ãóÏöíäóÊöåö Ýóáóãú íõÕóáøö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ Èóáú ÃóÊóì ÇáúÞóÈúÑó Ëõãøó ÑóÌóÚó ; ÝóåóÐóÇ ãõÈúÊóÏöÚñ ÖóÇáøñ¡ ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóáöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ æóáöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö.
æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÐõßöÑó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞóæúáóÇäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ãõÍóÑøóãñ. æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÌúÑó áóåõ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó åõæó ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉõ íõÕóáøõæäó Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóíõÓóáøöãõæäó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõÎõæáö áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÝöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÔúÑõæÚñ ÈöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÐóßóÑúÊõ Ãóäøóåõ íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÚóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈóíúåö. ÇåÜ.
ÝóÃóíøõ ãõæÌöÈò áöäöÒóÇÚò Ãóæú ÎöáóÇÝò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöíãóäú ÞóÕóÏó ÇáÓøóÝóÑó áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö¡ æóáóãú íóÞúÕöÏö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÓóÇÝóÑó Åöáóì ãóÏöíäóÊöåö Ýóáóãú íõÕóáøö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóÇ Óóáøóãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Èóáú ÃóÊóì ÇáúÞóÈúÑó Ëõãøó ÑóÌóÚó ; ÝóåóÐóÇ ãõÈúÊóÏöÚñ. . ÅáÎ.
Ýóãóäú ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó íõÌöíÒõ áöãõÓúáöãò: Ãóäú íóÔõÏøó ÑóÍúáóåõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ; áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö Ïõæäó ÞóÕúÏö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÏõæäó Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóåõæó íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÃóáúÝö ÕóáóÇÉò.
ÝóÏóáøó ßóáóÇãõåõ Ãóäøó ÒöíóÇÑóÉó ÇáúÞóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ãõÑúÊóÈöØóÊóÇäö¡ æóãóäö ÇÏøóÚóì ÇäúÝößóÇßóåõãóÇ ÚóãóáöíøðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÎóÇáóÝó ÇáúæóÇÞöÚó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ËóÈóÊóÊö ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÇäúÊóÝóì ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ æóÒóÇáó ãõæÌöÈõ ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö. æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
æóÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Õ 346 Ýöí ÞóÕúÑö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝóÑö áöÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÞõÈõæÑö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó Úóäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÃóÍúãóÏó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÞúæóÇáò. ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ãöäúåóÇ: ÊõÞúÕóÑõ Åöáóì ÞóÈúÑö äóÈöíøöäóÇ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íõÕóáøõæÇ Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö(8/346)
Ýóßõáøõ ãóäú ÓóÇÝóÑó Åöáóì ÞóÈúÑöåö ÇáúãõßóÑøóãö ÝóÞóÏú ÓóÇÝóÑó Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö ÇáúãõÝóÖøóáö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóßóÐóáößó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö íõØúáöÞõ ÇáÓøóÝóÑó Åöáóì ÞóÈúÑöåö ÇáúãõßóÑøóãö¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõãú Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáÓøóÝóÑó Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö¡ ÅöÐú ßóÇäó ßõáøõ ãõÓúáöãò áóÇ ÈõÏøó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóì ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉó ÇáúãõßóÑøóãóÉó Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö ÝóåõãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÇäö.
æóÈóÚúÏó äóÞúáöåö áöÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÞóÇáó ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö Ãóäøó ÝöÚúáó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö ãöäú áóæóÇÒöãö åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÝóÑö¡ Ýóßõáøõ ãóäú ÓóÇÝóÑó Åöáóì ÞóÈúÑöåö ÇáúãõßóÑøóãö áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú ÊóÍúÕõáó áóåõ ØóÇÚóÉñ æóÞõÑúÈóÉñ¡ íõËóÇÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÞóÕúÏö¡ ÝóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö íóÞúÕöÏõæäó ÇáÓøóÝóÑó Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö¡ æóÅöäú ÞóÕúÏó ãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÕóÏó ÇáÓøóÝóÑó Åöáóì ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóÚúáóãö Çáäøóåúíó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍö ãöäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÇäúÝößóÇßó ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Èóíúäó ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÚöäúÏó ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÌóÇåöáö: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú áóãú íóÚúÑöÝú åóÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏú áóÇ íóÞúÕöÏõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÓøóÝóÑó Åöáóì ÇáúÞóÈúÑö¡ Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏöåö ÝóíõËóÇÈó Úóáóì Ðóáößó. æóãóÇ ÝóÚóáóåõ æóåõæó ãóäúåöíøñ Úóäúåõ æóáóãú íóÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ãóäúåöíøñ Úóäúåõ áóÇ íõÚóÇÞóÈõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóíóÍúÕõáõ áóåõ ÃóÌõÑñ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóáóíúåö æöÒúÑñ. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ ÇáäøõÞõæáó Úóäúåõ ; áöãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ãóäú áóíúÓó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö Úóáóì ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí ÝöíåóÇ: æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãóÇ ÃõÎöÐó Úóáóì ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó¡ Ýóåöíó æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÔóåóÇÏóÉð ãöäó ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÔóÏøõ ãóÇ ÃõÎöÐó Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó ãóÇ Ñõãöíó Èöåö ãöäú ÎõÕõæãöåö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏö æóãõÍóÇÑóÈóÉö ÇáúÈöÏóÚö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ - ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö - ÈóÚúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáäøõÞõæáö Úóäúåõ ãöäú ÕóÑöíÍö ßóáóÇãò áóãú íóÚõÏú ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ íóÊóÚóÇÙóãõ ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÚóáóì ßõáøö ãõÊóßóáøöãò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ãóäú íóÑúÌöÚó Åöáóì ÃóÞúæóÇáöåö Ýóáóãú íóÊúÑõßú ÌóÇäöÈðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æóÈóíøóäóåõ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÚóÇáöãö Ãóæö ÇáúÌóÇåöáö. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
åóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÓøóÝóÑö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãõäóæøóÑóÉö áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóáöáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö ãóÚðÇ¡ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉó¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøöÍóÇáõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ áöáÕøóáóÇÉö Ãóæö ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö Ãóæö ÇáöÇÚúÊößóÇÝö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ãóÒöíøóÉó áóåóÇ Ýöí ãóßóÇäò Ïõæäó ÂÎóÑó ÞóØøõ¡ ÃóíøðÇ ßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÈõÞúÚóÉõ Ãóæú(8/347)
ßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉõ. æóÐóáößó áöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó: " ÎóÑóÌúÊõ Åöáóì ÇáØøõæÑö¡ ÝóáóÞöíÊõ ßóÚúÈó ÇáúÃóÍúÈóÇÑö ÝóÌóáóÓúÊõ ãóÚóåõ¡ ÝóÍóÏøóËóäöí Úóäö ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö¡ æóÍóÏøóËúÊõåõ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÝöíãóÇ ÍóÏøóËúÊõåõ Ãóäú ÞõáúÊõ áóåõ: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " ÎóíúÑõ íóæúãò ØóáóÚóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ; Ýöíåö ÎõáöÞó ÂÏóãõ æóÝöíåö ÃõåúÈöØó¡ æóÝöíåö ÊöíÈó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÝöíåö ãóÇÊó¡ æóÝöíåö ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ¡ æóãóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÅöáøóÇ æóåöíó ãõÕöíÎóÉñ íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ãöäú Íöíäö ÊóØúáõÚõ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ; ÔóÝóÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÌöäøõ æóÇáúÅöäúÓõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÓóÇÚóÉñ áóÇ íõÕóÇÏöÝõåóÇ ÚóÈúÏñ ãõÓúáöãñ æóåõæó íõÕóáøöí íóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ ".
ÞóÇáó ßóÚúÈñ: Ðóáößó Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóäóÉò íóæúãñ. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Èóáú Ýöí ßõáøö ÌõãõÚóÉò¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃó ßóÚúÈñ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÕóÏóÞó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó: ÝóáóÞöíÊõ ÈõÕúÑóÉó Èúäó ÃóÈöí ÈõÕúÑóÉó ÇáúÛöÝóÇÑöíøó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãöäú Ãóíúäó ÃóÞúÈóáúÊó¿ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ãöäó ÇáØøõæÑö. ÝóÞóÇáó: áóæú ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõßó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóÎúÑõÌó Åöáóíúåö ãóÇ ÎóÑóÌúÊó¡ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: " áóÇ ÊõÚúãóáõ ÇáúãóØöíøõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ãóÓóÇÌöÏó: Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ æóÅöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöí åóÐóÇ¡ æóÅöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏö ÅöíáöíóÇÁó Ãóæú ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö " íóÔõßøõ ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó.
Ëõãøó áóÞöíÊõ ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ÓóáóÇãò¡ ÝóÍóÏøóËúÊõåõ ÈöãóÌúáöÓöí ãóÚó ßóÚúÈö ÇáúÃóÍúÈóÇÑö æóãóÇ ÍóÏøóËúÊõåõ Èöåö Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÙöíãö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóÇÌöíøõ: Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: ÎõÑõæÌõ ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Åöáóì ÇáØøõæÑö íõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó áöÍóÇÌóÉò ÚóäøóÊú áóåõ Ýöíåö¡ æóíõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÞóÕóÏóåõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö æóÇáÊøóÞóÑøõÈö ÈöÅöÊúíóÇäöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ÈõÕúÑóÉó: áóæú ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõßó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóÎúÑõÌó Åöáóíúåö ãóÇ ÎóÑóÌúÊó. Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäú Ýóåöãó ãöäúåõ ÇáÊøóÞóÑøõÈó ÈöÞóÕúÏöåö. æóÓõßõæÊõ ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Íöíäó ÃóäúßóÑó Úóáóíúåö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí Ýóåöãó ãöäúåõ ßóÇäó ÞóÕúÏóåõ. ÃóÞõæáõ: áóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ãóÌúãóÚö ÇáÒøóæóÇÆöÏö áöÃóÍúãóÏó Úóäú ÔóåúÑò¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÍóÓóäñ.
æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú äóÐóÑó ÕóáóÇÉð ÈöãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÈóÕúÑóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúßõæÝóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íõÕóáøöí ÈöãóæúÖöÚöåö æóáóÇ íóÃúÊöíåö ; áöÍóÏöíËö ÈõÕúÑóÉó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÐúÑó íóßõæäõ ÝöíãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúÞõÑúÈóÉõ. æóáóÇ ÝóÖöíáóÉó áöãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÇáúÈóÚúÖö¡ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÞóÕúÏóåõ ÈöÅöÚúãóÇáö ÇáúãóØöíøö Åöáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÇáúÝóÖöíáóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú äóÐóÑó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÇáÕøöíóÇãó Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáËøõÛõæÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÅöÊúíóÇäõåóÇ æóÇáúæóÝóÇÁõ(8/348)
ÈöäóÐúÑöåö ; áöÃóäøó äóÐúÑóåõ ÞóÕúÏóåóÇ áóãú íóßõäú áöãóÚúäóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÝöíåóÇ¡ Èóáú ÞóÏö ÇÞúÊóÑóäó ÈöÐóáößó ÇáÑøöÈóÇØö¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó ÇáúæóÝóÇÁõ Èöåö.
æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí ÇáúãóäúÚö ãöäú Ðóáößó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ãóÓúáóãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãóÈúÓõæØö. ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóÖóÇÝó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ ÑóÇÈöÚðÇ æóåõæó ãóÓúÌöÏõ ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóäú äóÐóÑó Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõ ÝóíõÕóáøöí Ýöíåö ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö Ðóáößó. ÇåÜ.
æóáóÚóáøó ãóÞúÕöÏó ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ãóÓúáóãóÉó Ýöí ÅöÖóÇÝóÊöåö ãóÓúÌöÏó ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò ãöäú ÃóËóÑò ÇÎúÊõÕøó Èöåö Úóäú ÃóäóÓö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÝöíãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÔóÈøóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõæóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóíøõæÈõ Èúäõ ÕöíóÇãò Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáÑøõÞóíúÔö ÇáúÃóÓóÏöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ÃóäóÓõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößò Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏö ÞõÈóÇÁò¡ ÝóÕóáøóì ÑóßúÚóÊóíúäö Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøóæóÇÑöí¡ Ëõãøó Óóáøóãó æóÌóáóÓúäóÇ Íóæúáóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö! ãóÇ ÃóÚúÙóãó ÍóÞøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó Úóáóì ãóÓöíÑóÉö ÔóåúÑò ßóÇäó ÃóåúáðÇ Ãóäú íõÄúÊóì¡ ãóäú ÎóÑóÌó ãöäú ÈóíúÊöåö íõÑöíÏõåõ ãõÚúÊóãöÏðÇ Åöáóíúåö áöíõÕóáøöíó Ýöíåö ÃóÑúÈóÚó ÑóßóÚóÇÊò ÃóÞúáóÈóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÌúÑö ÚõãúÑóÉò.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Úóäú æóÝóÇÁö ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö äóÞúáõåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãõ ãóÚúáõæãðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÔóÈøóÉó: ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÛóÓøóÇäó: æóãöãøóÇ íõÞóæøöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑó¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÊóÙóÇåõÑöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö¡ Þóæúáõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÇáúÍóßóãö Ýöí ÔöÚúÑò áóåõ:
ÝóÅöäú Ãóåúáößó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÑóÑúÊõ ÚóíúäðÇ ... ãöäó ÇáúãõÚúÊóãöÑóÇÊö Åöáóì ÞõÈóÇÁò
ãöäó ÇááøóÇÊöí ÓóæóÇáöÝúåõäøó ÛöíÏñ ... Úóáóíúåöäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÍóÉõ ÈöÇáúÈóåóÇÁö
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
Åöäøó Þóæúáó ÃóäóÓò áóíõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÌóæóÇÒö ÔóÏøö ÇáÑøóÍúáö Åöáóì ÞõÈóÇÁò áóæú ßóÇäó ÈóÚöíÏðÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ áöáúãóÚóÇäöí Ýöí ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ÂÎóÑñ.
ÃóÈúíóÇÊõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö ÊõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÎóØóÃö ÇáÊøóÌóãøõÚö Ýöí íóæúãò ãõÚóíøóäò áöÞõÈóÇÁò¡ æóÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁö.(8/349)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ ËóÇáöËñ.
íõæÌóÏõ ÝóÑúÞñ ÈöÕöÝóÉò ÅöÌúãóÇáöíøóÉò ÚóÇãøóÉò Èóíúäó ÒöíóÇÑóÉö Úõãõæãö ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑö áöÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÎõÕõæÕö ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö. ÅöÐö ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑö åõæó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁõ áóåóÇ¡ æóÊóÐóßøõÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " ßõäúÊõ äóåóíúÊõßõãú Úóäú ÒöíóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ÃóáóÇ ÝóÒõæÑõæåóÇ ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊõÐóßøöÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó ".
ÃóãøóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ÇáúãõÔóÑøóÝóÉõ¡ ÝóáóåóÇ ÎóÕóÇÆöÕõ áóãú íõÔóÇÑößúåóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåóÇ:
ÃóæøóáðÇ: æóãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚõ: ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØõåóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ÇáøóÊöí ãöäú ÍóÞøöåóÇ ÔóÏøõ ÇáÑøóÍóÇáö ÅöáóíúåóÇ.
ËóÇäöíðÇ: ÚóÙöíãõ ÍóÞøö ãóäú ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÅöÐú ÈöÒöíóÇÑóÊöåöãú áóÇ ÈöÊóÐóßøõÑö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÝóÍóÓúÈõ¡ Èóáú æóíóÓúÊóÝöíÏõ ÐößúÑóíóÇÊö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÚóÙöíãó ÌöåóÇÏöåöãú Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö ÅöÚúáóÇÁö ßóáöãóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóäõÕúÑóÉö Ïöíäöåö¡ æóåöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÚõÈöÏó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ æóÚõãöáó ÈöÔóÑúÚöåö¡ ÝöíãóÇ íõËöíÑõ ÅöÍúÓóÇÓó ÇáúãõÓúáöãö æõÌõæÈó ÊóÌúÏöíÏö ÇáúÚóåúÏö ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÍúÏóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö ÈößöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö æóÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóåóÏúíö ÎõáóÝóÇÆöåö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏöíäó - ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú -.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó íóÊóæóÌøóåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÚóÞöÈó ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÎóÇáöÕö ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö¡ Ãóäú íóÌúÒöíóåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ãóäøóåõãú Ãóåúáñ áóåõ.
ËóÇáöËðÇ: ÚóÙöíãõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ãöäó Çááøóåö Úóáóì ãóäú Óóáøóãó Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ãóäú íóÑõÏøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÑõæÍóåõ ÝóíóÑõÏøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãó¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖõåõ áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÚöäúÏó ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑö. æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚó ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇáúÂÏóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö Ýöí ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉö áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏó áöáøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæÇ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [72 \ 18] ¡ ÌóãóÚó Èóíúäó ãóÓúÃóáóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøó ÇáúÃõæáóì ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÈöãóÝúåõæãöåóÇ¡ æóßóÃóäøó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó Êóßõæäõ ãóäúØõæÞó ÇáúÃõæáóì ; áöÃóäøó ßóæúäó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö áöáøóåö íóÞúÊóÖöí ÅöÝúÑóÇÏóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÃóáøóÇ íõÏúÚóì ãóÚóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÝúÑóÇÏõåõ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ßóÊóÈó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãóÈúÍóËðÇ ßóÇãöáðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúÍõÌõÑóÇÊö " Ýöí ãóÓúÃóáóÉò ãöäó ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÑúÝóÚõæÇ ÃóÕúæóÇÊóßõãú ÝóæúÞó ÕóæúÊö ÇáäøóÈöíøö æóáóÇ ÊóÌúåóÑõæÇ áóåõ ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö ßóÌóåúÑö ÈóÚúÖößõãú áöÈóÚúÖò Ãóäú ÊóÍúÈóØó ÃóÚúãóÇáõßõãú æóÃóäúÊõãú áóÇ ÊóÔúÚõÑõæäó [49 \ 2] .(8/350)
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ãóÇ åõæó ÍóÞøñ áöáøóåö¡ æóãóÇ åõæó ÍóÞøñ áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö¡ æóæõÌõæÈó ÅöÝúÑóÇÏö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöãóÇ åõæó ÍóÞøõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÝöíåóÇ ÂÏóÇÈó ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÃóäøó æóÖúÚó ÇáúíóÏö Úóáóì ÇáúíóÏö ßóåóíúÃóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö äóæúÚñ ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊóäúÈóÛöí ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. ÇåÜ.
æóÃóäøó ÇáúÌóãúÚó åõäóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö æóÇáúãóäúØõæÞö ÈöäóÝúÓö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö¡ áöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáöÇåúÊöãóÇãö Èöåö æóÇáúÚöäóÇíóÉö ÈöÃóãúÑöåö¡ æóÅöäøóåõ áóíóáúÝöÊõ ÇáäøóÙóÑó Åöáóì ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö ãöäó Çáäøóåúíö ÇáúÃóßöíÏö æóÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö æóÏóÚúæóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó ãöäú ÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö¡ æóíóÝúÊóÍõæäó ÈöÐóáößó ÈóÇÈðÇ ãõØöáøðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÔøöÑúßö. ßóÍóÏöíËö Ãõãøö ÓóáóãóÉó æóÃõãøö ÍóÈöíÈóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóãõÓúáöãò¡ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÊóíúåöãóÇ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÇ ÔóÇåóÏóÊóÇåõ ÈöÇáúÍóÈóÔóÉö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " ÃõæáóÆößó ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇÊó Ýöíåöãõ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõ¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõ¡ ÈóäóæúÇ Úóáóì ÞóÈúÑöåö ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ ; ÃõæáóÆößó ÔöÑóÇÑõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ".
æóßóÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö: " áóÚóäó Çááøóåõ ÇáúíóåõæÏó æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÞõÈõæÑó ÃóäúÈöíóÇÆöåöãú ãóÓóÇÌöÏó "¡ ÞóÇáóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ: æóáóæúáóÇ Ðóáößó áöÃõÈúÑöÒó ÞóÈúÑõåõ¡ Ãóíú: ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐöåö ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ ".
ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " Çááøóåõãøó áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ÞóÈúÑöí æóËóäðÇ íõÚúÈóÏõ¡ ÇÔúÊóÏøó ÛóÖóÈõ Çááøóåö Úóáóì Þóæúãò ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÞõÈõæÑó ÃóäúÈöíóÇÆöåöãú ãóÓóÇÌöÏó " Ýóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íõÔóÏøöÏõ ÇáúÍóÐóÑó ãöäó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö æóÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ; ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö æóÓóÏøðÇ áöáÐøóÑöíÚóÉö¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ãöäú ÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúíóåõæÏó æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ ßóäóÇÆöÓóåõãú æóÈöíóÚóåõãú¡ ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ ÝóÍóÐøóÑó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ãóäú íóÝúÚóáõæÇ Ðóáößó.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÝóÔøóÊú Ýöí ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúÈöáúÏóÇäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö ãöãøóÇ íóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÇáÊøóäóÈøõåó áóåóÇ¡ æóÑóÈúØó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÈöåóÇ ãóÚó Êöáúßó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøóÉö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍóÉö Ýöí ÔóÃúäöåóÇ ãóåúãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÓúÌöÏñ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÇáúÍóÑóÇãó¡ æóãóÓúÌöÏó ÅöíáöíóÇÁó¡ ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÞóÏú ÃõËöíÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÊóÓóÇÄõáóÇÊñ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö æóãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö ãöäúåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÏúÎóÇáöåóÇ Ýöíåö.(8/351)
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÈó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí ÈöÞóæúáöåö Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ -: Åöäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóÑóÖöåö ÇáøóÐöí ãóÇÊó Ýöíåö: " áóÚóäó Çááøóåõ ÇáúíóåõæÏó æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ; ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÞõÈõæÑó ÃóäúÈöíóÇÆöåöãú ãóÓóÇÌöÏó ". ÞóÇáóÊú: æóáóæúáóÇ Ðóáößó áóÃõÈúÑöÒó ÞóÈúÑõåõ¡ ÛóíúÑó Ãóäøöí ÃóÎúÔóì Ãóäú íõÊøóÎóÐó ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäóÇÆöÒö.
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊöåö: ÛóíúÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÔöíó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò: æóåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáóÊúåõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõæóÓøóÚó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáäøóÈóæöíøõ¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ áóãøóÇ æõÓøöÚó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÌõÚöáóÊú ÍõÌúÑóÊõåóÇ ãõËóáøóËóÉó ÇáÔøóßúáö ãõÍóÏøóÏóÉð ; ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÊóÃóÊøóì áöÃóÍóÏò Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó Åöáóì ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ãóÚó ÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáö ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö. ÇåÜ.
æóÐóßóÑóÊú ßõÊõÈõ ÇáÓøöíÑóÉö æóÊóÇÑöíÎö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÓøóãúåõæÏöíøõ Ýöí æóÝóÇÁö ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÚóäö ÇáúãõØøóáöÈö¡ ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäõæÇ íóÃúÎõÐõæäó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ÝóÃóãóÑóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÈöÌöÏóÇÑò ÝóÖõÑöÈó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÌöÏóÇÑö ßõæøóÉñ ÝóÃóãóÑóÊú ÈöÇáúßõæøóÉö ÝóÓõÏøóÊú åöíó ÃóíúÖðÇ. æóäõÞöáó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÔóÈøóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÛóÓøóÇäó Èúäõ íóÍúíóì Èúäö Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö - æóßóÇäó ÚóÇáöãðÇ ÈöÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö æóãöäú ÈóíúÊö ßöÊóÇÈóÉò æóÚöáúãò -: áóãú íóÒóáú ÈóíúÊõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí ÏõÝöäó Ýöíåö åõæó æóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò æóÚõãóÑõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÙóÇåöÑðÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì Èóäóì ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÎöØóÇÑó ÇáúãõÒóæøóÑó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Úóáóíúåö Çáúíóæúãó¡ Íöíäó Èóäóì ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó Ýöí ÎöáóÇÝóÉö ÇáúæóáöíÏö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÚóáóåõ ãõÒóæøóÑðÇ ; ßóÑóÇåóÉó Ãóäú íõÔúÈöåó ÊóÑúÈöíÚó ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ æóÃóäú íõÊøóÎóÐó ÞöÈúáóÉð íõÕóáøóì Åöáóíúåö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÒóíúÏö Èúäõ ÔóÈøóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÛóÓøóÇäó: æóÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÛóíúÑó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö íóÒúÚõãõ: Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èóäóì ÇáúÈóíúÊó ÛóíúÑó ÈöäóÇÆöåö ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÓóãöÚúÊõ ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: Èóäóì Úóáóì ÈóíúÊö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÌúÏõÑò ÝóÏõæäó ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÌúÏõÑò: ÌöÏóÇÑõ ÈöäóÇÁö ÈóíúÊö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÌöÏóÇÑõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáøóÐöí íóÒúÚõãõ Ãóäøóåõ Èóäóì Úóáóíúåö - íóÚúäöí ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö -¡ æóÌöÏóÇÑõ ÇáúÎöØóÇÑö ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÛóÓøóÇäó ÝöíãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÃóÞúÔóåúÏöíøõ: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÇáËøöÞóÉõ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ãóåúÏöíøò¡ Úóäú ãóäúÕõæÑö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚõËúãóÇäó Èúäö ÚõÑúæóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÚõÑúæóÉõ: äóÇÒóáúÊõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Ýöí ÞóÈúÑö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÃóáøóÇ íõÌúÚóáó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáúãõäóÇÒóáóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÈóì æóÞóÇáó: ßöÊóÇÈõ ÃóãöíÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÅöäúÝóÇÐöåö.
ÞóÇáó: ÞõáúÊõ: ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóÇ ÈõÏøó ÝóÇÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÌõÄúÌõÄðÇ. Ãóíú: æóåõæó ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ áöäóÒõæÑó ÎóáúÝó ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö. ÇåÜ.(8/352)
ÝóåóÐöåö ãõäóÇÒóáóÉñ Ýöí ãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÌóæóÇÈõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö.
æóÞóÏú ÂáóÊú Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝóÉõ æóåõæó ÇáúÎóáöíÝóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÞóÑøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÖúÚó áóãøóÇ ÇÊøõÎöÐóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáöÇÍúÊöíóÇØóÇÊõ ãöäú Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÞóÈúÑõ ÞöÈúáóÉð áöáúãõÕóáøöíäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö Ýöí ÎóíúÑö ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóãóÔúåóÏò ãöäú ÃóßóÇÈöÑö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÏóÚõ áöÃóÍóÏò ãóÌóÇáðÇ áöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÖò Ãóæö ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌò Ãóæö ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáò¡ æóÞóÏú ÈõÍöËóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí ßõáøö ÚóÕúÑò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÈóÇáóÛó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Ýöí ÓóÏøö ÇáÐøóÑöíÚóÉö Ýöí ÞóÈúÑö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÃóÚúáóæúÇ ÍöíØóÇäó ÊõÑúÈóÊöåö¡ æóÓóÏøõæÇ ÇáúãóÏúÎóáó ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáõæåóÇ ãõÍúÏöÞóÉð ÈöÞóÈúÑöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ëõãøó ÎóÇÝõæÇ Ãóäú íõÊøóÎóÐó ãóæúÖöÚõ ÞóÈúÑöåö ÞöÈúáóÉð ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÓúÊóÞúÈöáó ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó¡ ÝóÊõÕóæøóÑõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÕõæÑóÉö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ ÝóÈóäóæúÇ ÌöÏóÇÑóíúäö ãöäú Ñõßúäóíö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ÇáÔøóãóÇáöíøóíúäö¡ æóÍóÑøóÝõæåõãóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÇáúÊóÞóíóÇ Úóáóì ÒóÇæöíóÉò ãõËóáøóËóÉò ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáÔøóãóÇáö ; ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÊóãóßøóäó ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáö ÞóÈúÑöåö. ÇåÜ. ãöäú ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúãóÌöíÏö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÊøõÎöÐó ÍöíóÇáó ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö æóÞóÈúÑóíú ÕóÇÍöÈóíúåö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÉõ ÏõÚóÇÆöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " Çááøóåõãøó áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ÞóÈúÑöí æóËóäðÇ íõÚúÈóÏõ "¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö Ýöí äõæäöíøóÊöåö¡ ßóÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó ÞóÇáó:
ÝóÃóÌóÇÈó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ ... æóÃóÍóÇØóåõ ÈöËóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúÌõÏúÑóÇäö
ÍóÊøóì ÛóÏóÊú ÃóÑúÌóÇÄõåõ ÈöÏõÚóÇÆöåö ... Ýöí ÚöÒøóÉò æóÍöãóÇíóÉò æóÕöíóÇäö
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúãóÌöíÏö: æóÏóáøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ãóäøó ÞóÈúÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóæú ÚõÈöÏó áóßóÇäó æóËóäðÇ. æóáóßöäú ÍóãóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöãóÇ ÍóÇáó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ; ÝóáóÇ íõæÕóáõ Åöáóíúåö.
æóÏóáøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæóËóäó åõæó ãóÇ íõÈóÇÔöÑõåõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö æóÇáÊøóæóÇÈöíÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÚóáóíúåóÇ. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ ÍóÞöíÞóÉñ ÏóÞöíÞñ ãóÃúÎóÐõåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú áóãú íóßõäú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÏúÎóÇáö ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö Ýöí ãóÃúãóäò ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Åöáóíúåö áóßóÇäó æóËóäðÇ¡ æóÍóÇÔóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö ÏóÇÚöíðÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÈóÚúÏó ÇäúÊöÞóÇáöåö Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÝöíÞö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì íóßõæäõ ÞóÈúÑõåõ æóËóäðÇ íõäóÇÝöí ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏó¡ æóíóåúÏöãõ ãóÇ ÈóäóÇåõ Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåö.
æóßóíúÝó íóÑúÖóì Çááøóåõ áöÑóÓõæáöåö Ðóáößó ÍóÇÔóÇ æóßóáøóÇ. åóÐóÇ ãõÌúãóáõ ãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.(8/353)
æõÌúåóÉõ äóÙóÑò.
æóåõäóÇ æõÌúåóÉõ äóÙóÑò¡ æóÅöäú ßõäúÊõ áóãú ÃóÞöÝú Úóáóì Þóæúáò ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøó ßõáøó äóÕøò ãõÊóÞóÏøöãò ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Çáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ; ÈöÃóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÞóÈúÑõ ÃóæøóáðÇ Ëõãøó íõÊøóÎóÐó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ. ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö: ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÛóáóÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑöåöãú áóäóÊøóÎöÐóäøó Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ Ãóíú: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÈúÑó ÃóæøóáðÇ æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ËóÇäöíðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÞóÖöíøóÉõ ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö æóÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøö Ýóåöíó ÚóßúÓõ Ðóáößó¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ åõæó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ æóÅöÏúÎóÇáõ ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö ËóÇäöíðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóäúØóÈöÞõ Úóáóíúåö Êöáúßó ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ Ýöí äóÙóÑöí. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ áóãú íóßõäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõÏúÎöáõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö åõæó ÇáúÞóÈúÑó Ãóæö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑó¡ Èóáö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõÏúÎöáó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö åõæó ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉõ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ßóáóÇãõ ÕóÇÍöÈö ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúãóÌöíÏö Ýöí ÊóÚúÑöíÝö ÇáúæóËóäö: Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ ÓõÌöÏó Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÞóÑöíÈò.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóãóÇ ãöäú ãõÕóáøò íóÈúÚõÏõ Úóäú ãóßøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ æóíóÞóÚõ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö ÞõÈõæÑñ æóãóÞóÇÈöÑõ. æóáóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ãõÕóáøöíðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö áöÈõÚúÏöåóÇ æóæõÌõæÏö ÇáúÍóæóÇÌöÒö Ïõæäóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÈõÚúÏõ äöÓúÈöíøðÇ. ÝóßóÐóáößó Ýöí ãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÈóÚöíÏóÉñ Úóäú ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
æóÃóíúÖðÇ áöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ßóáóÇãñ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãõáóÎøóÕõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö: ãõÌóáøóÏõ 27 Õ 323 æóßóÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ãóÇÊó æóÏõÝöäó Ýöí ÍõÌúÑóÉö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ -¡ æóßóÇäóÊú åöíó æóÍõÌóÑõ äöÓóÇÆöåö Ýöí ÔóÑúÞöíøö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÞöÈúáöíøöåö¡ áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÏóÇÎöáðÇ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó. æóÇÓúÊóãóÑøó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Åöáóì Ãóäö ÇäúÞóÑóÖó ÚóÕúÑõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö.
Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÎöáóÇÝóÉö ÇáúæóáöíÏö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö Èúäö ãóÑúæóÇäó ÈöäóÍúæò ãöäú ÓóäóÉò ãöäú ÈóíúÚóÊöåö¡ æõÓøöÚó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ¡ æóÃõÏúÎöáóÊú Ýöíåö ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉõ áöáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö. ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúæóáöíÏó ßóÊóÈó Åöáóì äóÇÆöÈöåö - ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö -: Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑöíó ÇáúÍõÌóÑó ãöäú ãõáøóÇßöåóÇ æóÑóËóÉö ÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõäøó ßõäøó ÊõæõÝøöíäó ßõáøõåõäøó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõäøó -¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõ Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑöíó ÇáúÍõÌóÑó æóíóÒöíÏóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÝóåóÏóãóåóÇ æóÃóÏúÎóáóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÈóÞöíóÊú ÍõÌúÑóÉõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó Úóáóì ÍóÇáöåóÇ. æóßóÇäóÊú ãõÛúáóÞóÉð áóÇ íõãóßøóäõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö Åöáóì ÞóÈúÑö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ áöÕóáóÇÉò ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóáóÇ áöÏõÚóÇÁò¡ æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó. Åöáóì Íöíäö ßóÇäóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóåöíó ÊõæõÝøöíóÊú ÞóÈúáó ÅöÏúÎóÇáö ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö ÈöÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÚöÔúÑöíäó Ãóæú ËóáóÇËöíäó ÓóäóÉð.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÕóÝúÍóÉö 328: æóáóãú Êóßõäú Êõãóßøöäõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ Ãóäú íóÝúÚóáó ÚöäúÏó ÞóÈúÑöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöãøóÇ äóåóì Úóäúåõ(8/354)
æóÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãõÛúáóÞóÉð¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÃõÏúÎöáóÊú Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÝóÓõÏøó ÈóÇÈõåóÇ æóÈõäöíó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÆöØñ ÂÎóÑõ.
Ýóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÕöíóÇäóÉñ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ãóäú íõÊøóÎóÐó ÈóíúÊõåõ ÚöíÏðÇ æóÞóÈúÑõåõ æóËóäðÇ. æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ßõáøõåõãú ãõÓúáöãõæäó¡ æóáóÇ íóÃúÊöí Åöáóì åõäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ãõÓúáöãñ¡ æóßõáøõåõãú ãõÚóÙøöãõæäó áöáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóãóÇ ÝóÚóáõæÇ Ðóáößó áöíõÓúÊóåóÇäó ÈöÇáúÞóÈúÑö ÇáúãõßóÑøóãö ; Èóáú ÝóÚóáóæúåõ áöÆóáøóÇ íõÊøóÎóÐó æóËóäðÇ íõÚúÈóÏõ. æóáóÇ íõÊøóÎóÐó ÈóíúÊõåõ ÚöíÏðÇ¡ æóáöÆóáøóÇ íõÝúÚóáó Èöåö ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÈöÞõÈõæÑö ÃóäúÈöíóÇÆöåöãú. ÇäúÊóåóì.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÔóÑúÍõ ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóíøöãö áöæóÖúÚö ÇáúÌõÏúÑóÇäö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö æóÌóÚúáö ØóÑóÝö ÇáúÌöÏóÇÑö ÇáËøóÇáöËö ãöäó ÇáÔøóãóÇáö Úóáóì Ôóßúáö ÑóÃúÓö ãõËóáøóËò¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏó Çáúíóæúãó ÈóÚúÏó ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó æóÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóíøöãö¡ æõÌõæÏõ ÇáÔøóÈóßö ÇáúÍóÏöíÏöíøö ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö¡ æóíóÈúÚõÏõ Úóäú ÑóÃúÓö ÇáúãõËóáøóËö Åöáóì ÇáÔøóãóÇáö ãóÇ íóÞúÑõÈõ ãöäú ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóãúÊóÇÑò íóÊóæóÓøóØõåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÓóÇÝóÉõ ãöÍúÑóÇÈñ ßóÈöíÑñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÞóÈúáó ÇáÔøóÈóßö. ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÈõÚúÏö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÕóáøöí Ýöí ÇáúÌöåóÉö ÇáÔøóãóÇáöíøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö ÇáúãõßóÑøóãóÉö æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ æóíóäúÝöí Ãóíøó ÚóáóÇÞóÉò áöáÕøóáóÇÉö ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöåö ÈöÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝóÉö. æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
æóÝöí ÎöÊóÇãö åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃõËöíÑó ÝöíåóÇ ßóáóÇãñ Ýöí ãóæúÓöãö ÍóÌøö ÓóäóÉö 1394 Ýöí ãöäóì æóãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÛöáöíäó ÈöÇáúÚöáúãö äóÞõæáõ:
áóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ áóãú ÊóÏúÎõáú ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö áóßóÇäó áöáúÞóæúáö ÈöÚóÏóãö ÅöÏúÎóÇáöåóÇ ãóÌóÇáñ. ÃóãøóÇ æóÞóÏú ÃõÏúÎöáóÊú ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö æóÝöí ÚóåúÏö ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö æóÝöí ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö áóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóãóÖóì Úóáóì ÅöÏúÎóÇáöåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÞóÑúäðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÌóÇáó áöáúÞóæúáö ÅöÐðÇ.
æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÓóßóÊó Úóáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÃóáóÇ æóåõæó ãóæúÖõæÚõ ÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ æóßóæúäöåóÇ áóãú ÊóÓúÊóæúÚöÈú ÞóæóÇÚöÏó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóáóåóÇ ÈóÇÈñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóãõÑúÊóÝöÚñ Úóäö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
æóßóÇäó ÈöÇÓúÊöØóÇÚóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íõÚöíÏó ÈöäóÇÁóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÕóÍøö¡ ÝóÊóÓúÊóæúÚöÈó ÞóæóÇÚöÏó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóíóßõæäó áóåóÇ ÈóÇÈóÇäö æóíõÓóæøöíóåõãóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÑúÖö. æóáóßöäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÊóÑóßó Ðóáößó ; áöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑóÇÊò ÈóíøóäóåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ -.
ÃóáóÇ íóÓóÚõ ãóäú íóÊóßóáøóãõ Ýöí ãóæúÖõæÚö ÇáúÍõÌõÑóÇÊö Çáúíóæúãó ãóÇ æóÓöÚó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ æóãóÇ æóÓöÚó ÇáÓøóáóÝó - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí Úóíúäö ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö.(8/355)
æóãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉò ËóÇáöËóÉò: áóæú Ãóäøóåõ ÃõÎöÐó ÈöÞóæúáöåöãú¡ ÝóÃõÎúÑöÌóÊú ãöäó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ Ãóíú: ÌõÚöáó ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ãöäú ÏõæäöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÂÎóÑõæäó¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: äõÚöíÏõåóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÚóåúÏö ÇáúÎóáöíÝóÉö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏö ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ ÃóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ áöáÑøóÔöíÏö - ÑóÍöãóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö áóãøóÇ ÈóäóÇåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ æóÃóÚóÇÏóåóÇ ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌõ¡ æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáÑøóÔöíÏõ Ãóäú íõÚöíÏóåóÇ Úóáóì ÈöäóÇÁö ÇÈúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ãóÇáößñ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -: áóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáú ; áöÃóäøöí ÃóÎúÔóì Ãóäú ÊõÕúÈöÍó ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉõ ÃõáúÚõæÈóÉó Çáúãõáõæßö. ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: åõäóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÝóÊõÕúÈöÍõ ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉõ ÃõáúÚõæÈóÉó Çáúãõáõæßö Èóíúäó ÅöÏúÎóÇáò æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌò. æóÝöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö ãóÇ Ýöíåö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(8/356)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÒøóãøöáõ (1) Þõãö Çááøóíúáó ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ (2)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãõÒøóãøöáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÒøóãøöáõ Þõãö Çááøóíúáó ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãöäó ÇáúãöÞúÏóÇÑö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö ÞöíóÇãõåõ ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåõ äöÕúÝóåõ Ãóæö ÇäúÞõÕú ãöäúåõ [73 \ 3] ¡ Ãóíú: ãöäú äöÕúÝöåö Ãóæú ÒöÏú Úóáóíúåö¡ Ãóíú: Úóáóì äöÕúÝöåö¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áöãõÌúãóáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÊóåóÌøóÏú Èöåö äóÇÝöáóÉð áóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 79] .
æóÝöíåóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áößóíúÝöíøóÉö ÇáúÞöíóÇãö¡ æóåõæó ÈöÊóÑúÊöíáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÝöíåóÇ ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ãóÓúÃóáóÊóíúäö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó ÝöíåöãóÇ.
ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäúåõãóÇ: ÚóÏóÏõ ÑóßóÚóÇÊö ÞöíóÇãö Çááøóíúáö¡ Ãóåúæó ËóãóÇäöí ÑóßóÚóÇÊò Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑõ¿
æóÞóÏú ÎõíøöÑó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÒúãöäóÉö ãöäó Çááøóíúáö¡ ÝóÊóÑóßó Ðóáößó áöäóÔóÇØöåö æóÇÓúÊöÚúÏóÇÏöåö æóÇÑúÊöíóÇÍöåö. ÝóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÇáÊøóÚóÈøõÏõ ÈöÚóÏóÏò áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Ïõæäóåõ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÊóÚóÏøöíåö¡ æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÞöíóÇãö ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÇáúÃóæúáóì Ãóäú íõÄúÎóÐó ÈöãóÇ ÇÑúÊóÖóÇåõ ÇáÓøóáóÝõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÑöÓóÇáóÉð ÚóÇãøóÉð åöíó ÑöÓóÇáóÉõ ÇáÊøóÑóÇæöíÍö ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÚóÇãò Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÞóÑøó ÇáúÚóãóáõ Úóáóì ÚöÔúÑöíäó Ýöí ÑóãóÖóÇäó.
æóÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ Ýöí ßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÞöíóÇãö Çááøóíúáö ÚóÇãøóÉð: åóáö ÇáúÃóÝúÖóáõ ßóËúÑóÉõ ÇáÑøóßóÚóÇÊö áößóËúÑóÉö ÇáÑøõßõæÚö æóÇáÓøõÌõæÏö¿ ¡ æóÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÃóÞúÑóÈó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóåõæó ÓóÇÌöÏñ¡ Ãóãú Øõæáó ÇáúÞöíóÇãö áöáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö¿ ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó áöáúÞóÇÑöÆö Èößõáøö ÍóÑúÝò ÚóÔúÑó ÍóÓóäóÇÊò¡ ÝóåõäóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÊøöáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÊóÑúÊöíáðÇ [73 \ 4] ¡ äóÕøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÊóÑúÊöíáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÊóÑúÊöíáðÇ¡ æóÃóßøóÏó ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÊóÃúßöíÏðÇ áöÅöÑóÇÏóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò: «áóÇ ÊóäúËõÑõæåõ äóËúÑó ÇáÑøóãúáö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóåõÐøõæåõ åóÐøó ÇáÔøöÚúÑö¿ ÞöÝõæÇ ÚöäúÏó ÚóÌóÇÆöÈöåö¡ æóÍóÑøößõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÞõáõæÈó¡ æóáóÇ íóßõäú åóãøõ ÃóÍóÏößõãú ÂÎöÑó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö» .
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊú Ãõãøõ ÓóáóãóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÊöáóÇæóÉó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÞóæúáöåóÇ: ßóÇäó íõÞóØøöÚõ ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóåõ ÂíóÉð ÂíóÉð: ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö ãóÇáößö íóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö [1 \ 4] . ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ.(8/357)
ÅöäøóÇ ÓóäõáúÞöí Úóáóíúßó ÞóæúáðÇ ËóÞöíáðÇ (5)
æóÝöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäú ÃóäóÓò: ÓõÆöáó Úóäú ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäóÊú ãóÏøðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÑóÃó ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö íóãõÏøõ ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö æóíóãõÏøõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ æóíóãõÏøõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
Åöäú áöáúãóÏøö ÍõÏõæÏðÇ ãóÚúáõæãóÉð Ýöí ÇáÊøóÌúæöíÏö ÍóÓóÈó ÊóáóÞøöí ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ -¡ ÝóãóÇ ÒóÇÏó ÚóäúåóÇ Ýóåõæó ÊóáóÇÚõÈñ¡ æóãóÇ Þóáøó ÚóäúåóÇ Ýóåõæó ÊóÞúÕöíÑñ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÊøöáóÇæóÉö.
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ íõÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÊøóÎöÐöíäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ßóÛóíúÑöåö Ýöí ØóÑöíÞóÉö ÇáúÃóÏóÇÁö ãöäú ÊóãúØöíØò æóÊóÒóíøõÏò áóãú íõÑóÇÚõæÇ ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóáóÇ íóãúäóÚõ Ðóáößó ÊóÍúÓöíäó ÇáÕøóæúÊö ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÒóíøöäõæÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÈöÃóÕúæóÇÊößõãú» .
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ãõæÓóì - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: áóæú ßõäúÊõ ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóßó ÊóÓúãóÚõ ÞöÑóÇÁóÊöí ; áóÍóÈøóÑúÊõåõ áóßó ÊóÍúÈöíÑðÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÃóÊøóì ãöäúåõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäó ÇáÊøöáóÇæóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÊøóÏóÈøõÑõ æóÇáÊøóÃóãøõáõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÊóÏóÈøóÑõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó [4 \ 82] ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÃóÊøóì ãóÚóåõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ÊóÎóÔøõÚö ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ äóÒøóáó ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåðÇ ãóËóÇäöíó ÊóÞúÔóÚöÑøõ ãöäúåõ ÌõáõæÏõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú Ëõãøó Êóáöíäõ ÌõáõæÏõåõãú æóÞõáõæÈõåõãú Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö [39 \ 23] ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÃóËøóÑõ Èöåö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ æóÇáúÌõáõæÏõ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÑóÊøóáðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ßóÇáÔøöÚúÑö Ãóæö ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÇÏöíøö áóãóÇ Ýõåöãó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõØúÑöÈðÇ ßóÇáúÃóÛóÇäöí áóãóÇ ÃóËøóÑó. ÝóæóÌóÈó ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíáõ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÓóäõáúÞöí Úóáóíúßó ÞóæúáðÇ ËóÞöíáðÇ
ãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó åõäóÇ åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò [69 \ 40] æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÞóÏú æóÕøóáúäóÇ áóåõãõ ÇáúÞóæúáó áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó [28 \ 51] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáñ ÝóÕúáñ [86 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ æóãóäú ÃóÕúÏóÞõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÞöíáðÇ [4 \ 122] ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóáóßöäøó æóÕúÝóåõ ÈöÇáËøöÞóáö ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáËøöÞóáó áöáúÃóæúÒóÇäö æóåöíó ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÓóÇÊõ.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: Åöäøó ÇáËøöÞóáó Ýöí æóÒúäö ÇáËøóæóÇÈö¡ æóÞöíáó Ýöí ÇáÊøóßóÇáöíÝö Èöåö¡ æóÞöíáó ãöäú ÃóËúäóÇÁö äõÒõæáö ÇáúæóÍúíö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ËóÇÈöÊñ áöáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö: Ýóãöäú ÌöåóÉö äõÒõæáöåö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóÇåõ ÇáúæóÍúíõ ÃóÎóÐóÊúåõ(8/358)
Åöäøó äóÇÔöÆóÉó Çááøóíúáö åöíó ÃóÔóÏøõ æóØúÆðÇ æóÃóÞúæóãõ ÞöíáðÇ (6)
ÈõÑóÍóÇÁõ ÔóÏöíÏóÉñ¡ æóßóÇäó íóÍúãóÑøõ æóÌúåõåõ ßóÃóäøóåõ ãõÐúåóÈóÉñ¡ æóßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ äóÒóáó Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåõæó Ýöí ÓóÝóÑöåö Úóáóì ÑóÇÍöáóÊöåö ÈóÑóßóÊú Èöåö ÇáäøóÇÞóÉõ¡ æóÌóÇÁó Úóäú ÃóäóÓò: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó æóÇÖöÚðÇ ÑóÃúÓóåõ Úóáóì ÝóÎöÐöåö¡ ÝóÃóÊóÇåõ ÇáúæóÍúíõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóäóÓñ: ÝóßóÇäó ÝóÎöÐöí ÊóßóÇÏõ ÊóäúÝóÕöáõ ãöäøöí¡ æóãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÊóßóÇáöíÝöåö ÝóÞóÏú ËóÞõáóÊú Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
æóãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ËóæóÇÈöåö: ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ãõÓúáöãò: «ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÊóãúáóÃõ ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó¡ æóÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÊóãúáóÂäö Ãóæú ÊóãúáóÃõ ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö» .
æóÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÈöØóÇÞóÉö æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó íóÔúåóÏõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ áöÈóÚúÖò æóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöíåö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáËøõÞúáó ÞóÏú íõÎóÝøöÝõåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóßóÈöíÑóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÇÔöÚöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ ÑóÈøöåöãú [2 \ 45 - 46] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ËóÞöíáñ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÎóÝöíÝñ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãõÍóÈøóÈñ Åöáóíúåöãú.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÂËóÇÑö Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÓøóáóÝö ßóÇäó íóÞõæãõ Çááøóíúáó ßõáøóåõ ÈöÓõæÑóÉò ãöäú ÓõæóÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÊóáóÐøõÐðÇ æóÇÑúÊöíóÇÍðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú íóÓøóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó áöáÐøößúÑö [54 \ 17] ¡ Ýóåõæó ËóÞöíáñ Ýöí æóÒúäöåö ËóÞöíáñ Ýöí ÊóßóÇáöíÝöåö¡ æóáóßöäú íõÎóÝøöÝõåõ Çááøóåõ æóíõíóÓøöÑõåõ áöãóäú åóÏóÇåõ æóæóÝøóÞóåõ Åöáóíúåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó äóÇÔöÆóÉó Çááøóíúáö åöíó ÃóÔóÏøõ æóØúÆðÇ æóÃóÞúæóãõ ÞöíáðÇ
Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÊóäóÔøóÃóåõ ãöäú ÞöíóÇãö Çááøóíúáö ÃóÔóÏøõ ãõæóÇØóÃóÉð áöáúÞóáúÈö¡ æóÃóÞúæóãõ ÞöíáðÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøöáóÇæóÉö æóÇáÊøóÏóÈøõÑö æóÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí ÈöÇáÊøóÃóËøõÑö¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÅöÑúÔóÇÏñ Åöáóì ãóÇ íõÞóÇÈöáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáËøõÞúáó ÝöíãóÇ ÓóíõáúÞóì Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö Åöáóì ãóÇ íóÊóÒóæøóÏõ Èöåö áöÊóÍóãøõáö ËõÞúáö ÃóÚúÈóÇÁö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö æóÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Þóæúáóåõ: áóÇ íõËóÈøöÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÏúÑö¡ æóáóÇ íõÓóåøöáõ ÍöÝúÙóåõ æóíõíóÓøöÑõ Ýóåúãóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞöíóÇãõ Èöåö ãöäú ÌóæúÝö Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì - áóÇ íóÊúÑõßõ æöÑúÏóåõ ãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÕóíúÝðÇ Ãóæú ÔöÊóÇÁð¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÝóÇÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúÊóÚöíäõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö [2 \ 45] ¡ ÝóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÒóÈóåõ ÃóãúÑñ ÝóÒóÚó Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ ÝóÅöäøó äóÇÔöÆóÉó Çááøóíúáö ßóÇäóÊú ÚóæúäðÇ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíõáúÞóì Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ËõÞúáö ÇáúÞóæúáö.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ:
Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÞöíóÇãó Çááøóíúáö ßóÇäó ÝóÑúÖðÇ Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊõÝúÑóÖó ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊõ ÇáúÎóãúÓõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö(8/359)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÊóåóÌøóÏú Èöåö äóÇÝöáóÉð áóßó [17 \ 79] ¡ æóÇáäøóÇÝöáóÉõ: ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ßóÇäó ÝóÑúÖðÇ Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÚóáóì ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóßó ÊóÞõæãõ ÃóÏúäóì ãöäú ËõáõËóíö Çááøóíúáö æóäöÕúÝóåõ æóËõáõËóåõ æóØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóßó¡ Ëõãøó ÎóÝøóÝó åóÐóÇ ßõáøóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúßõãú ÝóÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ãóÇ ÊóíóÓøóÑó ãöäúåõ æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÃóÞúÑöÖõæÇ Çááøóåó ÞóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ æóãóÇ ÊõÞóÏøöãõæÇ áöÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ÊóÌöÏõæåõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö åõæó ÎóíúÑðÇ æóÃóÚúÙóãó ÃóÌúÑðÇ [73 \ 20] .
æóáóßöäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ Úóãöáó ÚóãóáðÇ ÏóÇæóãó Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó íóÞõæãõ Çááøóíúáó ÔõßúÑðÇ áöáøóåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ -: «ÃóÝóáóÇ Ãóßõæäõ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ÔóßõæÑðÇ» ¡ æóÈóÞöíó ÓõäøóÉð áöÛóíúÑöåö ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóÊóíóÓøóÑõ áóåõãú. - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -.(8/360)
æóËöíóÇÈóßó ÝóØóåøöÑú (4)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãõÏøóËøöÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÏøóËøöÑõ Þõãú ÝóÃóäúÐöÑú
ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ ÅöÚúáóÇãñ ÈöÊóÎúæöíÝò¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäú ãõØúáóÞö ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãö¡ æóåõæó ãõÊóÚóÏøò áöãóÝúÚõæáóíúäö ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö æóÇáúãõäúÐóÑö Èöåö¡ æóáóãú íõÐúßóÑú åõäóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ ãöäúåõãóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑõ ÝóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö ÞóæúãðÇ áõÏøðÇ [19 \ 97] ; ÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ áóåõãú.
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ; áöÃóäøóåõãõ ÇáúãõäúÊóÝöÚõæäó Èöåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõäúÐöÑõ ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÇáÐøößúÑó æóÎóÔöíó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö [36 \ 11] .
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ áöáúÌóãöíÚö¡ Ãóíú: áöÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóßóÇäó áöáäøóÇÓö ÚóÌóÈðÇ Ãóäú ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúåõãú Ãóäú ÃóäúÐöÑö ÇáäøóÇÓó æóÈóÔøöÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [10 \ 2] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõäúÐóÑõ Èöåö Ýóåõæó ãóÇ íóßõæäõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóÑó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö åõäóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäúÐöÑú ÚóÐóÇÈó Çááøóåö Þóæúãóßó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÚóÈóÏõæÇ ÛóíúÑóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÊóÝúÕöíáõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö æóÐößúÑóì áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [7 \ 2] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóËöíóÇÈóßó ÝóØóåøöÑú
ÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ãöäú ßõáøò ãöäú áóÝúÙóÊóíö: ÇáËøöíóÇÈö¡ æóÝóØóåøöÑú¡ åóáú åõãóÇ ÏóáøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö æóíóßõæäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ØóåóÇÑóÉó ÇáËøóæúÈö ãöäó ÇáäøóÌóÇÓóÇÊö¿ Ãóãú åõãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö¿ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáËøóæúÈö: ÇáúÈóÏóäõ¡ æóÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉõ Úóäö ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøóÇÊö ãöäú ãóÚóÇÕöíó æóÂËóÇãò æóäóÍúæöåóÇ¡ Ãóãú Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö æóÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö¿ ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ äóÍúæðÇ ãöäú ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáò:(8/361)
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ: áóÇ ÊóáúÈóÓú ËöíóÇÈóßó Úóáóì ãóÚúÕöíóÉò æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÛóÏúÑóÉò¡ æóÇÓúÊõÔúåöÏó ÈöÞóæúáö ÛóíúáóÇäó:
æóÅöäøöí ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö áóÇ ËóæúÈó ÝóÇÌöÑò ... áóÈöÓúÊõ æóáóÇ ãöäú ÛóÏúÑóÉò ÃóÊóÞóäøóÚõ
æóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÅöÐóÇ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ áóãú íóÏúäóÓú ãöäó ÇááøõÄúãö ... ÚöÑúÖõåõ Ýóßõáøõ ÑöÏóÇÁò íóÑúÊóÏöíåö Ìóãöíáõ
ÝóÇÓúÊóÚúãóáó ÇááøóÝúÙóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú íõÓúÊóÏóáøõ áóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóæóÖóÚúäóÇ Úóäúßó æöÒúÑóßó [94 \ 2] .
æóæóÑóÏó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: áóÇ ÊóáúÈóÓú ËöíóÇÈóßó ãöäú ßóÓúÈò ÛóíúÑö ØóíøöÈò¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóÚúãóáó ÇáËøöíóÇÈó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøóØúåöíÑó Ýöí ÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö.
æóÚóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò: ÃóÕúáöÍú Úóãóáóßó¡ æóÚóãóáóßó ÝóÃóÕúáöÍú¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóÚúãóáóåõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ Ýöí ÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö Úóäö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö.
æóÚóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÓöíÑöíäó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÒóíúÏò: Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåöãóÇ¡ ÝóØóåøöÑú ËöíóÇÈóßó ãöäó ÇáäøóÌóÇÓóÉö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÓöíÑöíäó æóÇÈúäõ ÒóíúÏò ÃóÙúåóÑõ Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÚößúÑöãóÉó Þóæúáñ Úóáóíúåö ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö. æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãõÑóÇÏöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõ: ËöíóÇÈõßó åöíó äöÓóÇÄõßó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö åõäøó áöÈóÇÓñ áóßõãú [2 \ 187] ¡ ÝóÃúãõÑúåõäøó ÈöÇáÊøóØóåøõÑö¡ æóÊóÎóíøóÑúåõäøó ØóÇåöÑóÇÊò ÎóíøöÑóÇÊò.
åóÐöåö ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó æóÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóåõæó Íóãúáõ ÇááøóÝúÙóíúäö Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåöãóÇ.
æóÊóÑúÌöíÍõ Þóæúáö ÇÈúäö ÓöíÑöíäó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ØóåóÇÑóÉõ ÇáËøóæúÈö ãöäó ÇáäøóÌóÇÓóÉö¡ æóÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú Úóáóì ÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ØóåóÇÑóÉõ ÇáËøóæúÈö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: åóÌúÑõ ÇáÑøöÌúÒö.
æóãöäú ãóÚóÇäöí ÇáÑøöÌúÒö: ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Íóãúáõ ØöåóÇÑóÉö ÇáËøóæúÈö Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÑøöÌúÒõ Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåö áöãóÚúäðì ÌóÏöíÏò Ãóæúáóì.(8/362)
ÝóÅöÐóÇ äõÞöÑó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÞõæÑö (8) ÝóÐóáößó íóæúãóÆöÐò íóæúãñ ÚóÓöíÑñ (9) Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÛóíúÑõ íóÓöíÑò (10)
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÈöÞöÓúãóíúåóÇ ÌóÇÁó äóÙöíÑõåóÇ ÈöÞöÓúãóíúåóÇ ÃóÕúÑóÍó ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóíõäóÒøöáõ Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð áöíõØóåøöÑóßõãú Èöåö æóíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãú ÑöÌúÒó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö [8 \ 11]-. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì ÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉö áöáÕøóáóÇÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ äõÞöÑó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÞõæÑö ÝóÐóáößó íóæúãóÆöÐò íóæúãñ ÚóÓöíÑñ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÛóíúÑõ íóÓöíÑò
ÇáäøóÇÞõæÑõ: åõæó ÇáÕøõæÑõ¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáäøóÇÞõæÑö ÇáÕøóæúÊõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóæúãñ ÚóÓöíÑñ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÛóíúÑõ íóÓöíÑò.
Þöíáó: ÚóÓöíÑñ æóÛóíúÑõ íóÓöíÑò Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: Åöäøó ÛóíúÑó íóÓöíÑò ßóÇäó íóßúÝöí ÚóäúåóÇ íóæúãñ ÚóÓöíÑñ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áöíõÈóíøöäó áóåõãú Ãóäøó ÚõÓúÑóåõ áóÇ íõÑúÌóì ÊóíúÓöíÑõåõ¡ ßóÚõÓúÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó Ýöíåö ÒöíóÇÏóÉó æóÚöíÏò áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó.
æóäóæúÚõ ÈöÔóÇÑóÉò áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó áöÓõåõæáóÊöåö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóáóÚóáøó ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÇäö¡ æóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãñ ÚóÓöíÑñ¡ åóÐóÇ ßóáóÇãñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøñ æóÕúÝñ áöåóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö¡ æóÈóíóÇäñ áöáúÌóãöíÚö ÔöÏøóÉó åóæúáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí æóÕúÝöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú Åöäøó ÒóáúÒóáóÉó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÔóíúÁñ ÚóÙöíãñ íóæúãó ÊóÑóæúäóåóÇ ÊóÐúåóáõ ßõáøõ ãõÑúÖöÚóÉò ÚóãøóÇ ÃóÑúÖóÚóÊú æóÊóÖóÚõ ßõáøõ ÐóÇÊö Íóãúáò ÍóãúáóåóÇ æóÊóÑóì ÇáäøóÇÓó ÓõßóÇÑóì æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÓõßóÇÑóì æóáóßöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó Çááøóåö ÔóÏöíÏñ [22 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóãöËúáó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íóæúãó íóÝöÑøõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãöäú ÃóÎöíåö æóÃõãøöåö æóÃóÈöíåö [80 \ 34 - 35] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó Çáúíóæúãó ÇáúÚóÓöíÑó Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÛóíúÑõ íóÓöíÑò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú ÝóßóíúÝó ÊóÊøóÞõæäó Åöäú ßóÝóÑúÊõãú íóæúãðÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúæöáúÏóÇäó ÔöíÈðÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ãõäúÝóØöÑñ Èöåö [73 \ 17 - 18] ¡ ÈóíúäóãóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó íóÓöíÑðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÓöíÑñ Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåö áöÔöÏøóÉö åóæúáöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõíóÓøöÑõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉó ÈöÌóÇäöÈöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» :
æóíóæúãó íõäúÝóÎõ Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÝóÒöÚó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ æóßõáøñ ÃóÊóæúåõ ÏóÇÎöÑöíäó æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÊóÍúÓóÈõåóÇ ÌóÇãöÏóÉð æóåöíó ÊóãõÑøõ ãóÑøó ÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö Ýóáóåõ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåóÇ æóåõãú ãöäú ÝóÒóÚò íóæúãóÆöÐò Âãöäõæäó æóãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÝóßõÈøóÊú æõÌõæåõåõãú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö åóáú ÊõÌúÒóæúäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [27 \ 87 - 90] . \ 5(8/363)
ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÊöÓúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó (30) æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö ÅöáøóÇ ãóáóÇÆößóÉð æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚöÏøóÊóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áöíóÓúÊóíúÞöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóíóÒúÏóÇÏó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóáóÇ íóÑúÊóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóáöíóÞõæáó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó ãóÇÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ãóËóáðÇ ßóÐóáößó íõÖöáøõ Çááøóåõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóãóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÌõäõæÏó ÑóÈøößó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóãóÇ åöíó ÅöáøóÇ ÐößúÑóì áöáúÈóÔóÑö (31)
ÝóÇáúÝóÒóÚõ ãöäú ÕóÚúÞóÉö íóæúãó íõäúÝóÎõ Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÚóÇãøñ áöÌóãöíÚö ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóáóßöäö ÇÓúÊóËúäóì Çááøóåõ ãóäú ÔóÇÁó¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóíúäó æóãóäú íóÈúÞóì Ýöí ÇáúÝóÒóÚö¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó ÇáúÂãöäöíäó æóåõãú ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÊöÓúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö ÅöáøóÇ ãóáóÇÆößóÉð æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚöÏøóÊóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áöíóÓúÊóíúÞöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóíóÒúÏóÇÏó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóáóÇ íóÑúÊóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóáöíóÞõæáó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó ãóÇÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ãóËóáðÇ ßóÐóáößó íõÖöáøõ Çááøóåõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóãóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÌõäõæÏó ÑóÈøößó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóãóÇ åöíó ÅöáøóÇ ÐößúÑóì áöáúÈóÔóÑö
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚöÏøóÊóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Íóßóì ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö åõäóÇ ãóÚúäóíóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíÞõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝóÊóäõæÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö [85 \ 10] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁõ. æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö æóÏõÑõæÓöåö¡ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö ÇáöÇÎúÊöÈóÇÑõ. ÊóÞõæáõ: ÇÎúÊóÈóÑúÊõ ÇáÐøóåóÈó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÏúÎóáúÊóåõ ÇáäøóÇÑó ; áöÊóÚúÑöÝó ÒóíúÝóåõ ãöäú ÎóÇáöÕöåö.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóåõæó ÇáöÇÎúÊöÈóÇÑõ æóÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁõ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:
æóáöíóÞõæáó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó ãóÇÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ãóËóáðÇ.
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÌõäõæÏó ÑóÈøößó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó Ãóíú: ÚóÏóÏóåõãú¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíÞó æóÇáúæóÚöíÏó ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö¡ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÌóÇáñ áöÊóÓóÇÄõáö ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóËóáö¡ æóáóãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÕúáõÍõ Ãóäú íõÌúÚóáó ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóáóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Úóäú ÚóÏóÏö ÌõäõæÏö ÑóÈøößó ÈöÍóÇáò¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÚöÏøóÉõ ãóÓóÇÆöáó åóÇãøóÉò.
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÌóÚúáõ ÇáúãóËóáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ Ãóíú: ÌóÚúáõ ÇáúÚóÏóÏö ÇáúãõÚóíøóäö ÝöÊúäóÉð áöÊóæóÌøõåö ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö Ãóæú ãõÞóÇÈóáóÊöåö ÈöÇáúÅöÐúÚóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÓóÇÁóáó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÈúÚöÏõæäó æóÇÓúÊóÓúáóãó æóÃóÐúÚóäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÕóÑöíÍö Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÓúÊóÍúíöí Ãóäú íóÖúÑöÈó ãóËóáðÇ ãóÇ ÈóÚõæÖóÉð ÝóãóÇ ÝóæúÞóåóÇ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÝóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóíóÞõæáõæäó ãóÇÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ãóËóáðÇ [2 \ 62] .
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÛóÑóÖó ãöäú Ðóáößó ØöÈúÞó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö åõäóÇ íõÖöáøõ Èöåö ßóËöíÑðÇ æóíóåúÏöí Èöåö ßóËöíÑðÇ æóãóÇ íõÖöáøõ Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó [2 \ 26](8/364)
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ãõÈóíøöäóÉñ ÊóãóÇãðÇ áöÂíóÉö «ÇáúãõÏøóËøöÑö» .
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíóÓúÊóíúÞöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ãõØóÇÈöÞñ áöãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöÞóæúãöåöãú Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞö ãóÇ íóÃúÊöí Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóÇåõ áöÅöíãóÇäöåöãú æóÊóÕúÏöíÞöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÍóÏöíËðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó æóÇÓúÊóÛúÑóÈóåõ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáäøóÕøó íóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó ßõáøóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ ÃóãúÑñ Úóäö Çááøóåö æóÕóÏøóÞóåõ¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóÚúáóãú ÍóÞöíÞóÊóåõ ÇßúÊöÝóÇÁð ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ ÇÒúÏóÇÏó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóåöíó ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇÒúÏöíóÇÏö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö æóÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ÇáúãõÈóÇÏóÑóÉõ ÈöÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞö æóÇáöÇäúÞöíóÇÏö¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóÚúáóãö ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ãóæö ÇáÓøöÑøó Ãóæö ÇáúÛóÑóÖó ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÈóÑó ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. æóåõæó ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ãóËóÇÑõ äöÞóÇÔö ÍößúãóÉö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ æóÇÓöÚñ¡ æóáóßöäøó Çáúãõåöãøó ÚöäúÏóäóÇ åõäóÇ æóäóÍúäõ Ýöí ÚóÕúÑö ÇáúãóÇÏøöíøóÇÊö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøõãö ÇáúãõÎúÊóÑóÚóÇÊö¡ æóÙõåõæÑö ßóËöíÑò ãöäú ÚóáóÇãóÇÊö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÚöäúÏó ßóËöíÑò ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö¡ ÝóÅöäøóÇ äóæóÏøõ Ãóäú äóÞõæáó:
Åöäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÕóÍøó Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚö ÇáúÍóßöíãö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉò æóÌóÈó ÇáÊøóÓúáöíãõ æóÇáöÇäúÞöíóÇÏõ Åöáóíúåö¡ ÚóáöãúäóÇ ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ãóæú áóãú äóÚúáóãú ; áöÃóäøó ÚöáúãóäóÇ ÞóÇÕöÑñ¡ æóÝóåúãóäóÇ ãóÍúÏõæÏñ¡ æóÇáúÚóáöíãõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ ÇáÑøóÁõæÝõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ - áóÇ íõßóáøöÝõ ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ.
æóãõÌúãóáõ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãó ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÍößúãóÊöåóÇ ÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ãóÍúÕõæÑóÉð Ýöí ÃóÞúÓóÇãò ËóáóÇËóÉò:
ÇáúÞöÓúãõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Íõßúãñ ÊóÙúåóÑõ ÍößúãóÊõåõ ÈöäóÕøò ßóãóÇ Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó: Åöäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó Êóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö æóÇáúãõäúßóÑö [29 \ 45] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÍößúãóÉñ ÌóáöíáóÉñ¡ æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ ÌóÇÁó ÚóäúåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ: ÊõØóåøöÑõåõãú æóÊõÒóßøöíåöãú [9 \ 103] .
æóÝöí ÇáÕøóæúãö ÌóÇÁó Ýöíåö: áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó [2 \ 183] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÌøö ÌóÇÁó Ýöíåö: áöíóÔúåóÏõæÇ ãóäóÇÝöÚó áóåõãú [22 \ 28] . ÝóãóÚó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊñ áöáøóåö ÝóÞóÏú ÙóåóÑóÊú ÍößúãóÊõåóÇ ÌóáöíøóÉð.
æóÝöí ÇáúãóãúäõæÚóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ÇáÖøóÑõæÑöíøóÇÊö ÇáÓøöÊøö¡ ÍöÝúÙö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóÇáúÚóÞúáö¡ æóÇáÏøóãö¡(8/365)
æóÇáúÚöÑúÖö¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÈö¡ æóÇáúãóÇáö áöÞöíóÇãö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóæóÝúÑóÉö ÇáúÃóãúäö¡ æóÕöíóÇäóÉö ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö¡ æóÌõÚöáóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ÍõÏõæÏñ áöÍöÝúÙöåóÇ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóÞöÓúãñ áóãú ÊóÙúåóÑú ÍößúãóÊõåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÙøõåõæÑö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ áóãú íóÎúáõ ãöäú ÍößúãóÉò: ßóÇáØøóæóÇÝö¡ æóÇáÓøóÚúíö¡ æóÇáÑøõßõæÚö¡ æóÇáÓøõÌõæÏö¡ æóÇáúæõÖõæÁö¡ æóÇáÊøóíóãøõãö¡ æóÇáúÛõÓúáö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÞöÓúãñ ÇÈúÊöáóÇÁñ æóÇãúÊöÍóÇäñ ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóáöÍößúãóÉò ËóÇäöíðÇ: ßóÊóÍúæöíáö ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ßõäúÊó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöäóÚúáóãó ãóäú íóÊøóÈöÚõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ãöãøóäú íóäúÞóáöÈõ Úóáóì ÚóÞöÈóíúåö [2 \ 143] .
æóÝöí ÇáÊøóÍóæøõáö ÚóäúåóÇ ÍößúãóÉñ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöÆóáøóÇ íóßõæäó áöáäøóÇÓö Úóáóíúßõãú ÍõÌøóÉñ [2 \ 150] .
æóÇáúãõÓúáöãõ Ýöí ßöáúÊóÇ ÇáúÍóÇáóÊóíúäö ÙóåóÑóÊú áóåõ ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ Ãóæú áóãú ÊóÙúåóÑú æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáõ æóÇáöÇäúÞöíóÇÏõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ ÚöäúÏó ÇÓúÊöáóÇãöåö áöáúÍóÌóÑö: Åöäøöí áóÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóßó ÍóÌóÑñ áóÇ ÊóÖõÑøõ æóáóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ¡ æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäøöí ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íõÞóÈøöáõßó ãóÇ ÞóÈøóáúÊõßó.
ÝóÞóÈøóáóåõ ÇãúÊöËóÇáðÇ æóÇÞúÊöÏóÇÁð ÈöÕóÑúÝö ÇáäøóÙóÑö Úóäú ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãöäú: Ãóäøó ÚóáöíøðÇ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÞóÇáó áóåõ: Èóáóì íóÇ ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ Åöäøóåõ íóÖõÑøõ æóíóäúÝóÚõ¡ ÝóíóÃúÊöí íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóáóåõ áöÓóÇäñ æóÚóíúäóÇäö íóÔúåóÏõ áöãóäú ÞóÈøóáóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÃóÞúÈóáó Úóáóíúåö áöíõÞóÈøöáóåõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÎúÈöÑóåõ Úóáöíøñ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -.
æóÞóÏú ÊóäúßóÔöÝõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ Úóäú ÍößúãóÉò áóÇ äóÚúáóãõåóÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ãóÚó ãõæÓóì - ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -¡ ÅöÐú ÎóÑóÞó ÇáÓøóÝöíäóÉó¡ æóÞóÊóáó ÇáúÛõáóÇãó¡ æóÃóÞóÇãó ÇáúÌöÏóÇÑó¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáñ áóãú íóÚúáóãú áóåóÇ ãõæÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÍößúãóÉð¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÈúÏóÇåóÇ áóåõ ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ Úóáöãó ãóÏóì ÍößúãóÊöåóÇ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ äóÍúäõ Çáúíóæúãó æóÝöí ßõáøö íóæúãò¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÞöÝó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáÑøóÇÓöÎõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÚöáúãö íóÞõæáõæäó ÂãóäøóÇ Èöåö ßõáøñ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÑóÈøöäóÇ [3 \ 7] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãóÇ íõáúÒöãõ ÇáúÈóÔóÑó ÈöÇáúÚóÌúÒö æóíóÏúÝóÚõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÌõäõæÏó ÑóÈøößó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó.
ÝóßóÐóáößó ÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöåóÇ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì:(8/366)
ÝóãóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÔóÝóÇÚóÉõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíäó (48)
ãóÇ Óóáóßóßõãú Ýöí ÓóÞóÑó ÞóÇáõæÇ áóãú äóßõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó æóáóãú äóßõ äõØúÚöãõ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäó æóßõäøóÇ äóÎõæÖõ ãóÚó ÇáúÎóÇÆöÖöíäó æóßõäøóÇ äõßóÐøöÈõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö ÍóÊøóì ÃóÊóÇäóÇ ÇáúíóÞöíäõ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó Çáúíóãöíäö íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó Úóäö ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó¡ æóÓóÈóÈö ÏõÎõæáöåöãõ ÇáäøóÇÑó¡ æóßóÇäó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó¡ æóáóãú íóßõæäõæÇ íõØúÚöãõæÇ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäó¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÎõæÖõæäó ãóÚó ÇáúÎóÇÆöÖöíäó. æóßóÇäõæÇ íõßóÐøöÈõæäó Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö¡ ÝóÌóãóÚõæÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈöÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãú Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö¡ æóåöíó ÊóÑúßõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑö ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÅöØúÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó ãõØóÇáóÈñ ÈöÝõÑõæÚö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ãóÚó ÃõÕõæáöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãõäóÇÞóÔóÉõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúÊõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóåõãú ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö åõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó [41 \ 7] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÔóÝóÇÚóÉõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíäó
Ýöíåö: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÔóÝóÇÚóÉõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöËúÈóÇÊó ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö áöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíäó¡ æóãóÝúåõæãõ ßóæúäöåóÇ áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÛóíúÑóåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú äõÕõæÕñ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö áöãóäö ÇÑúÊóÖóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú äõÕõæÕñ Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ Ýóãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ãöäú Íóãöíãò æóáóÇ ÔóÝöíÚò íõØóÇÚõ [40 \ 18] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ ÃóÖóáøóäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ÝóãóÇ áóäóÇ ãöäú ÔóÇÝöÚöíäó [26 \ 99 - 100] æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÞöÓúãö ÇáËøóÇäöí Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú æóáóÇ íóÔúÝóÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ áöãóäö ÇÑúÊóÖóì [21 \ 28] .
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÔøóÝöíÚõ áóÇ íóÔúÝóÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃõÐöäó áóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÔúÝóÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöíãóäú ÃõÐöäõæÇ Ýöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú ÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúÝóÚõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö [2 \ 255] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóæúãóÆöÐò áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ [20 \ 109] .
æóãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö æóÇÓöÚñ ãõÞóÑøóÑñ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏö.
æóÎõáóÇÕóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝöíåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäò ãöäó Çááøóåö áöáúãóÃúÐõæäö áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó(8/367)
ÝóãóÇ áóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö ãõÚúÑöÖöíäó (49) ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÍõãõÑñ ãõÓúÊóäúÝöÑóÉñ (50) ÝóÑøóÊú ãöäú ÞóÓúæóÑóÉò (51)
áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉõ ÇáúÚõÙúãóì æóåöíó ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ ÇáúãóÍúãõæÏõ¡ æóÚöÏøóÉõ ÔóÝóÇÚóÇÊò ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÇÎúÊõÕøó Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÚõÙúãóì æóÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãõÓúáöãò æóåõæó Úóãøõåõ ÃóÈõæ ØóÇáöÈò áöáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö Úóäúåõ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö æóÇáÕøõáóÍóÇÁö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ áóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö ãõÚúÑöÖöíäó ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÍõãõÑñ ãõÓúÊóäúÝöÑóÉñ ÝóÑøóÊú ãöäú ÞóÓúæóÑóÉò
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóÔúÈöíåõ ÇáúãóÏúÚõæøöíäó Ýöí ÅöÚúÑóÇÖöåöãú Úóäö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö æóÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö¡ ÈöÇáúÍõãõÑö ÇáúÝóÇÑøóÉö ãöäó ÇáÕøóíøóÇÏöíäó Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÓóÏö¡ æóÞóÏú ÔõÈøöåó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáúÚóÇáöãõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãõäúÊóÝöÚö ÈöÚöáúãöåö ÈöÇáúÍöãóÇÑö íóÍúãöáõ ÃóÓúÝóÇÑðÇ¡ ÝóåõãóÇ ÊóÔúÈöíåóÇäö ÈöÇáÏøóÇÚöí æóÇáúãóÏúÚõæøö ÅöÐóÇ áóãú ÊóäúÝóÚúåõ ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉõ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö.(8/368)
áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö ÇááøóæøóÇãóÉö
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁõ Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃóÊú Ðóáößó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÞõÑøóÇÁö ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö: «áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ» ãóÝúÕõæáóÉð ãöäú ÃõÞúÓöãõ Óöæóì ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÐõßöÑó ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ßóÇäóÇ íóÞúÑóÁóÇäö Ðóáößó: «áóÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» . ÈöãóÚúäóì: ÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
Ëõãøó ÏóÎóáóÊú ÚóáóíúåóÇ áóÇãõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÃóÓúÊóÌöíÒõ ÛóíúÑóåóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö «áóÇ» ãóÝúÕõæáóÉð¡ «ÃõÞúÓöãõ» ãõÈúÊóÏóÃóÉñ Úóáóì ãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÞõÑøóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÑóÁõæÇ Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÑúäóÇ ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóåõ Ýöí ÊóÃúæöíáöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: áóÇ ÕöáóÉñ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúßóáóÇãö: «ÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» ¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ Åöáóì ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò.
æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõæäó: Èóáú ÏóÎóáóÊú «áóÇ» ÊóæúßöíÏðÇ áöáúßóáóÇãö.
æóÐõßöÑó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑö Èúäö ÚóíøóÇÔò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ» ÊóæúßöíÏñ áöáúÞóÓóãö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóÇ æóÇááøóåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ äóÍúæöíøö ÇáúßõæÝóÉö: «áóÇ» ÑóÏøñ áößóáóÇãò ÞóÏú ãóÖóì ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ íõäúßöÑõæäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóÇáäøóÇÑó.
Ëõãøó ÇÈúÊõÏöÆó ÇáúÞóÓóãõ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÃõÞúÓöãõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: ßõáøõ íóãöíäò ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÑóÏøõ ßóáóÇãò¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ÊóÞúÏöíãö «áóÇ» ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ; áöíõÝóÑøöÞó ÈöÐóáößó Èóíúäó Çáúíóãöíäö ÇáøóÊöí Êóßõæäõ ÌóÍúÏðÇ æóÇáúíóãöíäö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÓúÊóÃúäóÝõ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: ÃóáóÇ ÊóÑóì Ãóäøóßó ÊóÞõæáõ ãõÈúÊóÏöÆðÇ: æóÇááøóåö Åöäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó áóÍóÞøñ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÞõáúÊó: áóÇ æóÇááøóåö¡ Åöäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó áóÍóÞøñ¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóßó ÃóßúÐóÈúÊó ÞóæúãðÇ ÃóäúßóÑõæåõ¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó åóáú åõæó ÞóÓóãñ Ãóãú áóÇ¿ .
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÇÊö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ æõÌõæÏõ ÇááøóÇãö¡ æóåóáú åöíó äóÇÝöíóÉñ áöáúÞóÓóãö Ãóãú ãõËúÈöÊóÉñ¿ æóÚóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõËóÈöÊóÉñ ÝóãóÇ ãõæÌöÈõåóÇ¿ åóáú åöíó ÑóÏøñ áößóáóÇãò ÓóÇÈöÞò Ãóãú ÊóÃúßöíÏñ áöáúÞóÓóãö¿ æóåóáú æóÞóÚó ÅöÞúÓóÇãñ Ãóãú áóÇ¿ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ßõáøó Ðóáößó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò.(8/369)
æóÞóÏú ÊóäóÇæóáóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚóíúäö¡ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö. æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóáóÏö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö [90 \ 1] ¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÃóäøóåóÇ - Ãóíú «áóÇ» -: äóÇÝöíóÉñ áößóáóÇãò ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ; ÝóáóÇ ÊóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãö Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÝöÚúáðÇ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏö [85 \ 2] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÕöáóÉñ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÓóíóÃúÊöí áóåõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò¡ æóÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö¡ ÓóÇÞó Ýöíåö ÈóÍúËðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ ãõåöãøðÇ ÌöÏøðÇ äóÓõæÞõ ÎõáóÇÕóÊóåõ. æóÓóíõØúÈóÚõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - ãóÚó åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóÊöãøóÉö ÝóáúíõÑúÌóÚú Åöáóíúåö.
ÎõáóÇÕóÉõ ãóÇ ÓóÇÞóåõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -:
ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÃóæúÌõåò. ÇáúÃóæøóáõ - æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ -: Ãóäøó «áóÇ» åõäóÇ ÕöáóÉñ Úóáóì ÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÑõÈøóãóÇ áóÝóÙóÊú ÈöáóÝúÙóÉö «áóÇ» ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóÕúÏö ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúÃóÕúáöíøö¡ Èóáú áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÊóÞúæöíóÉö ÇáúßóáóÇãö æóÊóæúßöíÏöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ãóäóÚóßó ÅöÐú ÑóÃóíúÊóåõãú ÖóáøõæÇ ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚóäöí [20 \ 92 - 93] . íóÚúäöí Ãóäú ÊóÊøóÈöÚóäöí.
æóÞóæúáöåö: áöÆóáøóÇ íóÚúáóãó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö [57 \ 29] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ æóÑóÈøößó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [4 \ 65] .
æóÞóæúáö ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
ÝóáóÇ æóÃóÈöíßö ÇÈúäóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇãöÑöíøö ... áóÇ íóÏøóÚö ÇáúÞóæúãõ Ãóäøöí ÃóÝöÑøõ
íóÚúäöí æóÃóÈöíßö¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌóÍúÏö¡ Þóæúáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÑúÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Ïöíäóåõãõ ... æóÇáúÃóØúíóÈóÇäö ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò æóáóÇ ÚõãóÑõ
íóÚúäöí æóÚõãóÑõ¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÇáúÌóæúåóÑöíøõ áöÒöíóÇÏóÊöåóÇ Þóæúáó ÇáúÚóÌøóÇÌö:
Ýöí ÈöÆúÑò áóÇ ÍóæúÑó ÓóÑóì æóãóÇ ÔóÚóÑó ... ÈöÅöÝúßöåö ÍóÊøóì ÑóÃóì ÇáÕøõÈúÍó ÔóÌóÑó
æóÇáúÍóæúÑõ: ÇáúåóáóßóÉõ: íóÚúäöí Ýöí ÈöÆúÑö åóáóßóÉò¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÛóíúÑõåõ:
ÊóÐóßøóÑúÊõ áóíúáóì ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÊúäöí ÕóÈóÇÈóÉñ ... æóßóÇÏó Õóãöíãõ ÇáúÞóáúÈö áóÇ íóÊóÞóØøóÚõ
æóÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó «áóÇ» äóÝúíñ áößóáóÇãö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.(8/370)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃõÞúÓöãõ: ÅöËúÈóÇÊñ ãõÓúÊóÃúäóÝñ.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó¡ æóÅöäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöæóÌöíåò ÚöäúÏöí ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö: æóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö ÇááøóæøóÇãóÉö ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö ÇááøóæøóÇãóÉö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõÑöÏö ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÃúäóÝó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøóÝúíö ÈöÞóæúáöåö «ÃõÞúÓöãõ» æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÑúÝõ äóÝúíò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóæóÌúåõåõ Ãóäøó ÅöäúÔóÇÁó ÇáúÞóÓóãö íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑó Úóäú ÊóÚúÙöíãö ÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö. Ýóåõæó äóÝúíñ áöÐóáößó ÇáúÎóÈóÑö ÇáÖøöãúäöíøö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö. æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÚóÙøóãõ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ Èóáú åõæó Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö ÚóÙöíãñ ÃóÞúÓóãó Èöåö Ãóæú áóÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÑõæÍö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúáõæ ÚöäúÏöí ãöäú äóÙóÑò.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäøó ÇááøóÇãó áóÇãõ ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö¡ ÃõÔúÈöÚóÊú ÝóÊúÍóÊõåóÇ. æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÑõÈøóãóÇ ÃóÔúÈóÚóÊö ÇáúÝóÊúÍóÉó ÈöÃóáöÝò¡ æóÇáúßóÓúÑóÉó ÈöíóÇÁò¡ æóÇáÖøóãøóÉó ÈöæóÇæò. æóãöËóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍóÉö Þóæúáõ ÚóÈúÏö íóÛõæËó Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö:
æóÊóÖúÍóßõ ãöäøöí ÔóíúÎóÉñ ÚóÈúÔóãöíøóÉñ ... ßóÃóäú áóãú ÊóÑóì ÞóÈúáöí ÃóÓöíÑðÇ íóãóÇäöíøóÇ
ÝóÇáúÃóÕúáõ: ßóÃóäú áóãú ÊóÑó¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÝóÊúÍóÉó ÃõÔúÈöÚóÊú.
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
ÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÌõæÒõ ÛóÖöÈóÊú ÝóØóáøöÞö ... æóáóÇ ÊóÑóÖøóÇåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóãóáøóÞö
æóÞóæúáõ ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
íóäúÈóÇÚõ ãöäú ÐöÝúÑóì ÛóÖõæÈò ÌóÓúÑóÉò ... ÒóíøóÇÝóÉò ãöËúáö ÇáúÚóÊöíÞö ÇáúãõßúÏóãö
ÝóÇáúÃóÕúáõ íóäúÈóÚõ¡ íóÚúäöí ÇáúÚóÑóÞó¡ íóäúÈóÚõ ãöäó ÇáÐøöÝúÑóì: ãöäú äóÇÞóÊöåö¡ ÝóÃõÔúÈöÚóÊö ÇáúÝóÊúÍóÉõ ÝóÕóÇÑóÊú íóäúÈóÇÚõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúÈóÇÚõ ãöäú ÖóÑõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøöÚúÑö.
Ëõãøó ÓóÇÞó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÔúÈóÇÚö ÈöÇáÖøóãøóÉö æóÇáúßóÓúÑóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÞõäúÈõáò: «áóÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏö» ÈöáóÇãö ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÈóÒøöíøö æóÇáúÍóÓóäö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇåÜ. ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
ÝóÃóäúÊó ÊóÑóì Ãóäøóåõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÞóÏøóãó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóæúÌõåò: ÕöáóÉñ¡ æóäóÝúíõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóÊóÃúßöíÏñ(8/371)
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÑöÞó ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ (7) æóÎóÓóÝó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ (8) æóÌõãöÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ (9) íóÞõæáõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò Ãóíúäó ÇáúãóÝóÑøõ (10) ßóáøóÇ áóÇ æóÒóÑó (11)
áöáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóáóÇãõ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁò. æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áóåõ ÈöÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÞõäúÈõáò¡ Ãóíú: «áóÃõÞúÓöãõ» ãõÊøóÕöáóÉñ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõåóÇ áóÇãó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁò áöÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÞõäúÈõáò æóÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÌóÑöíÑò áóÇ íóÓúÊóÌöíÒõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ; áöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÊöåóÇ ãóÝúÕõæáóÉð: áóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ.
æóáóÚóáøó ÃóÑúÌóÍó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÌõåö ßõáøöåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ áöÊóæúßöíÏö ÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäú äóÍúæöíøöí ÇáúßõæÝóÉö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ãóáøóäú äóÌúãóÚó ÚöÙóÇãóåõ
åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõÓúÈóÇäõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãõÕóÑøóÍðÇ Èöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ [36 \ 78] .
æóÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò [36 \ 79] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáóì ÞóÇÏöÑöíäó Úóáóì Ãóäú äõÓóæøöíó ÈóäóÇäóåõ
ßõáøõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì äóÌúÚóáõ ÈóäóÇäóåõ ãõÊóÓóÇæöíóÉð ãõáúÊóÍöãóÉð ßóÎõÝøö ÇáúÈóÚöíÑö¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ Ãóäú íóÊóäóÇæóáó ÈöåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íõÍúÓöäõ ÈöåóÇ ÚóãóáðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö áóãú äóÝúåóãú áóåõ æóÌúåðÇ ãóÚó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ Ýóåõæó æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÏóÇáøðÇ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö æóÚóÌúÒö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö. æóáóßöäøó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞó Ýöí ÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏöåö æóãóÌöíÁö äóÙöíÑö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» ¡ íõÑúÔöÏõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÞóÇÏöÑñ ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö æóÊóáóÇÔöíåö Ýöí ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö æóÊóÍóæøõáö ÚöÙóÇãöåö ÑóãöíãðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÚöíÏóåõ ÊóãóÇãðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóäúÔóÃóåõ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò¡ æóãöäú Ööãúäö Êöáúßó ÇáúÅöÚóÇÏóÉö Ãóäú íõÓóæøöíó ÈóäóÇäóåõ¡ Ãóíú: íóÚúÏöáõåóÇ æóíõäóÔøöÄõåóÇ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóíõÑúÔöÏõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÎóáúÞò Úóáöíãñ [36 \ 79] ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÎóáúÞö ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÎóáúÞõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÑöÖö¡ Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ íõÚöíÏõåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÊóãóÇãðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÈúáóÛõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö æóÃóÈúáóÛõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöáúÒóÇãö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÑöÞó ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ æóÎóÓóÝó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ æóÌõãöÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò Ãóíúäó ÇáúãóÝóÑøõ ßóáøóÇ áóÇ æóÒóÑó
ÞõÑöÆó «ÈóÑöÞó» ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÑøóÇÁö æóÝóÊúÍöåóÇ ; ÝóÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö: ÝóÒöÚó æóÏóåöÔó¡ ÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäú ÈóÑöÞó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ¡ ÅöÐóÇ äóÙóÑó Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑúÞö ÝóÏõåöÔó ÈóÕóÑõåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ Ðöí ÇáÑøõãøóÉö:(8/372)
æóáóæú ÃóáúÞóì ãóÚóÇÐöíÑóåõ (15)
áóæú Ãóäøó áõÞúãóÇäó ÇáúÍóßöíãó ÊóÚóÑøóÖóÊú ... áöÚóíúäóíúåö ãóíøõ ÓóÇÝöÑðÇ ßóÇÏó íõÈúÑóÞõ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
æóßõäúÊõ ÃóÑóì Ýöí æóÌúåö ãóíøóÉó ... áóãúÍóÉð ÝóÃõÈúÑóÞõ ãóÛúÔöíøðÇ Úóáóíøó ãóßóÇäöíóÇ
æó «ÈóÑóÞó» ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö: ÔõÞøó ÈóÕóÑõåõ¡ æóåõæó ãöäó ÇáúÈóÑöíÞö¡ Ãóíú: áóãóÚó ÈóÕóÑõåõ ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÔõÎõæÕöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ãóÇ ÏóÇãóÊö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóÇäö ÕóÍöíÍóÊóíúäö¡ æóÞóÏú íóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÕøö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÄóÎøöÑõåõãú áöíóæúãò ÊóÔúÎóÕõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ ãõåúØöÚöíäó ãõÞúäöÚöí ÑõÁõæÓöåöãú áóÇ íóÑúÊóÏøõ Åöáóíúåöãú ØóÑúÝõåõãú [14 \ 42 - 43] .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: íóäúÙõÑõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÝóÒóÚö åóßóÐóÇ æóåóßóÐóÇ¡ áóÇ íóÓúÊóÞöÑøõ áóåõãú ÈóÕóÑñ ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáÑøõÚúÈö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóÞõæáõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò Ãóíúäó ÇáúãóÝóÑøõ ßóáøóÇ áóÇ æóÒóÑó¡ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöäú ÞóÑúäò ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ãóäóÇÕò [38 \ 3] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõäóÈøóÃõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó æóÃóÎøóÑó
ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ: «ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó» åõäóÇ åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóåõ ãöäú Úóãóáò áöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ æóÃóäøóì áóåõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì íóÞõæáõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí ÞóÏøóãúÊõ áöÍóíóÇÊöí [89 \ 23 - 24] ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõåõ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÈóÏóÇ áóåõãú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊõ ãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ [39 \ 48] ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÈóÕöíÑóÉñ
Èóíøóäóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 14] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ [18 \ 49] ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÃóáúÞóì ãóÚóÇÐöíÑóåõ
Ãóíú: ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõåõ ÂäóÐóÇßó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ãóÚúÐöÑóÊõåõãú [40 \ 52] .(8/373)
áóÇ ÊõÍóÑøößú Èöåö áöÓóÇäóßó áöÊóÚúÌóáó Èöåö (16) Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÌóãúÚóåõ æóÞõÑúÂäóåõ (17)
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÖó ãóÚóÇÐöíÑöåöãú Êöáúßó Ýöí ãöËúáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÑóÈøóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÛúæóíúäóÇ ÃóÛúæóíúäóÇåõãú ßóãóÇ ÛóæóíúäóÇ ÊóÈóÑøóÃúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöíøóÇäóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó [28 \ 63] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÛúæóíúäóÇßõãú ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÛóÇæöíäó [37 \ 32] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÛóáóÈóÊú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÔöÞúæóÊõäóÇ æóßõäøóÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÖóÇáøöíäó ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÎúÑöÌúäóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÅöäú ÚõÏúäóÇ ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÙóÇáöãõæäó ÞóÇáó ÇÎúÓóÆõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ Êõßóáøöãõæäö [23 \ 106 - 108] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ßõäøóÇ äóÓúãóÚõ Ãóæú äóÚúÞöáõ ãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Ýöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÝõæÇ ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú ÝóÓõÍúÞðÇ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [67 \ 10 - 11] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊõÍóÑøößú Èöåö áöÓóÇäóßó áöÊóÚúÌóáó Èöåö Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÌóãúÚóåõ æóÞõÑúÂäóåõ
Ýöíåö Çáäøóåúíõ Úóäú ÊóÍúÑöíßö áöÓóÇäöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö ÌóãúÚõåõ æóÞõÑúÂäõåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÇäó áöÔöÏøóÉö ÍöÑúÕöåö Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöíÚóÇÈö ãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíúåö¡ íõÍóÑøößõ áöÓóÇäóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúæóÍúíö Ýóäõåöíó Úóäú Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÏóì åóÐóÇ Çáäøóåúíö æóãõÏøóÉó åóÐöåö ÇáúÚóÌóáóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÌóáú ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íõÞúÖóì Åöáóíúßó æóÍúíõåõ [20 \ 114] ¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁõ Åöáóì ÍõÓúäö ÇáöÇÓúÊöãóÇÚö æóÇáúÅöÕúÛóÇÁõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöíÍóÇÁö Èöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÂÏóÇÈö ÇáöÇÓúÊöãóÇÚö: ÝóÇÓúÊóãöÚõæÇ áóåõ æóÃóäúÕöÊõæÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÑúÍóãõæäó [7 \ 204] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÌóãúÚóåõ æóÞõÑúÂäóåõ [75 \ 17] ¡ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÌóãúÚóåõ æóÞöÑóÇÁóÊóåõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äóÒøóáúäóÇ ÇáÐøößúÑó æóÅöäøóÇ áóåõ áóÍóÇÝöÙõæäó [15 \ 9] .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
Åöäøó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÌóãúÚóåõ æóÞõÑúÂäóåõ Ýöíåö ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ äóÒóáó ãõÝóÑøóÞðÇ¡ æóÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÌóãúÚóåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÍúæö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö ÈöÑöÚóÇíóÉò æóÚöäóÇíóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÊóÍúÞöíÞðÇ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÌóãúÚóåõ æóÞõÑúÂäóåõ¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöÐóáößó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚó ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏó ãöäú æóÓóÇÆöáö ÍöÝúÙöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÚóåøóÏó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(8/374)
ßóáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáÊøóÑóÇÞöíó (26) æóÞöíáó ãóäú ÑóÇÞò (27) æóÙóäøó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÝöÑóÇÞõ (28) æóÇáúÊóÝøóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÞõ ÈöÇáÓøóÇÞö (29) Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáúãóÓóÇÞõ (30)
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÌóãúÚóåõ Ýöí ÕóÏúÑößó. «æóÞõÑúÂäóåõ» ¡ Ãóíú: ÊóÞúÑóÄõåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúäóÇåõ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚú ÞõÑúÂäóåõ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÈóíóÇäõåõ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Úóáøóãóåõ ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÞõæóì [53 \ 5] ¡ ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÌúãö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈóíóÇäóåõ
ÞóÏú äóÈøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ÇáúÃóÖúæóÇÁö Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ ãöäú ãõÌúãóáò ÅöáøóÇ æóÌóÇÁó ÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ Ýöí ãóßóÇäò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÞóÏú äóÕøó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÝõÕøöáóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ [41 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -¡ ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò äóÇÖöÑóÉñ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõåõ áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö -¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÃóÑöäöí ÃóäúÙõÑú Åöáóíúßó ÞóÇáó áóäú ÊóÑóÇäöí [7 \ 143] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáÊøóÑóÇÞöíó æóÞöíáó ãóäú ÑóÇÞò æóÙóäøó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÝöÑóÇÞõ æóÇáúÊóÝøóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÞõ ÈöÇáÓøóÇÞö Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáúãóÓóÇÞõ
áóãú íõÈóíøöäú ãóÇ åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáÊøóÑóÇÞöíó æóáóßöäøóåõ ãóÚúáõæãñ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáÑøõæÍõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóæúáóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáúÍõáúÞõæãó æóÃóäúÊõãú ÍöíäóÆöÐò ÊóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÑúÌöÚõæäóåóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [56 \ 83 - 87] ¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÍóÇáóÇÊõ ÇáäøóÒúÚö¡ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ ÊóÈúáõÛõ ÇáúÍõáúÞõæãó æóÊóÈúáõÛõ ÇáÊøóÑóÇÞöíó. æóÞóÏú íõÊúÑóßõ ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ áöáúÚöáúãö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøöí ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊõ ÍõÈøó ÇáúÎóíúÑö Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÑóÈøöí ÍóÊøóì ÊóæóÇÑóÊú ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö [38 \ 32] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáÔøóãúÓõ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ åõäóÇ ÝóáöãóÚúÑöÝóÊöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ÊóÑóßó ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍó ÈöÇáÑøõæÍö Ãóæö ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐö ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó Ýöí ÛóãóÑóÇÊö ÇáúãóæúÊö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóÇÓöØõæ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÃóÎúÑöÌõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó ÊõÌúÒóæúäó ÚóÐóÇÈó Çáúåõæäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 93] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞöíáó ãóäú ÑóÇÞò
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÑóÇÞò åóÐöåö¡ ÝóÞöíáó ãöäó ÇáÑøõÞúíóÉö Ãóíú: ÞóÇáó ãóäú Íóæúáóåõ: ãóäú íóÑúÊóÞöíåö åóáú ãöäú ØóÈöíÈò íóÑúÞöíåö¿ Ãóíú ÍóÇáóÉó ÇÔúÊöÏóÇÏö ÇáúÃóãúÑö Úóáóíúåö ÑóÌóÇÁð áöÔöÝóÇÆöåö Ãóæö ÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏðÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ãöäó ÇáÑøõÞöíøö Ãóíú ÊóÞõæáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ: ãóäö ÇáøóÐöí ÓóíóÑúÞóì ÈöÑõæÍöåö(8/375)
Ãóáóãú íóßõ äõØúÝóÉð ãöäú ãóäöíøò íõãúäóì (37) Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ÚóáóÞóÉð ÝóÎóáóÞó ÝóÓóæøóì (38) ÝóÌóÚóáó ãöäúåõ ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì (39) ÃóáóíúÓó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóÇÏöÑò Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÍúíöíó ÇáúãóæúÊóì (40)
ÃóãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Ãóãú ãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö¿
æóáóßöäú Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÃóÑúÌóÍõ ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáÔøóÎúÕö ÇáúãõÊóÑóÏøóÏö Ýöí ÃóãúÑöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõäóÇ áóíúÓó ãóæúÖöÚó ÊóÑóÏøõÏò ; áöÃóäøó äöåóÇíóÉó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Ýöíåö ÝóáóÇ ÕóÏøóÞó æóáóÇ Õóáøóì æóáóßöäú ßóÐøóÈó æóÊóæóáøóì [75 \ 31¡ 32] ¡ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì Þóæúáö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ãóäú íóÑúÞóì ÈöÑõæÍöåö¡ íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ßóÑóÇåöíóÉð ãöäúåõãú Ãóäú íóÕúÚóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ äóÙóÑñ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÌóÚóáó ãóáóÇÆößóÉð áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóåõãú ãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóãóáóÇÆößóÉð áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóåõãú ãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö. æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóßúÑöåõ ÝóÑöíÞñ ãöäúåõãóÇ Ãóäú íóÕúÚóÏó ÈöãóÇ ÊóÎóÕøóÕó áóåõ¡ Èóáú ÞóÏú áóÇ íóÓúãóÍõ áöáúÂÎóÑö ÈöãóÇ íóÎõÕøõåõ.
ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÊóáó ãöÇÆóÉó äóÝúÓò¡ æóÃóÏúÑóßóÊúåõ ÇáúæóÝóÇÉõ Ýöí ãõäúÊóÕóÝö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö¡ ÝóÍóÖóÑóÊúåõ ãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö æóãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö íóÎúÊóÕöãõæäó Ãóíøõåõãú íóÕúÚóÏõ ÈöÑõæÍöåö¡ ßõáøñ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóÊóæóáøóì ÞóÈúÖó ÑõæÍöåö¡ ÃõæáóÆößó íóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäøóåõ ÞóÊóáó ãöÇÆóÉó äóÝúÓò æóáóãú íóÚúãóáú ÎóíúÑðÇ ÞóØøõ¡ æóÃõæáóÆößó íóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäøóåõ ÎóÑóÌó ÊóÇÆöÈðÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóåóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãöäú ÊóÑúÌöíÍö ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáóÝö ÝöíåöãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ; áöæõÌõæÏö ÞóÑöíäóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö. æóÞóÏú æõÌöÏóÊö ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ æóåöíó ãóÇ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãóæúÖöÚó ÊóÑóÏøõÏò: ÝóáóÇ ÕóÏøóÞó æóáóÇ Õóáøóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [75 \ 31] . æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ãóäú íõÊúÑóßó ÓõÏðì
ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ÒóÚúãö Ãóäøóåõ ÎõáöÞó ÓõÏðì æóåóãóáðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÍóÇÓóÈõ æóáóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöí áóÇ íõÈúÚóËõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÍóÓöÈúÊõãú ÃóäøóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ÚóÈóËðÇ æóÃóäøóßõãú ÅöáóíúäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó ÝóÊóÚóÇáóì Çááøóåõ Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÇáúßóÑöíãö [23 \ 115 - 116] ¡ Ãóíú: ÊóÚóÇáóì Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÚóÈóËö¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó ÇáúæóÇÝöíóÉó åõäóÇßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú íóßõ äõØúÝóÉð ãöäú ãóäöíøò íõãúäóì Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ÚóáóÞóÉð ÝóÎóáóÞó ÝóÓóæøóì ÝóÌóÚóáó ãöäúåõ ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì ÃóáóíúÓó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóÇÏöÑò Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÍúíöíó ÇáúãóæúÊóì(8/376)
Èóáóì Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ¡ ãóÌöíÁõ åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑöíøö Ãóæö ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑöíøö¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ãóäú íõÊúÑóßó ÓõÏðì¡ æóÓóæúÞõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÇåöÑóÉö¡ Ýöíåö ÑóÏøñ Úóáóì ÅöäúßóÇÑò Ööãúäöíøò æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÚúÊóÞöÏõ æõÌõæÏóåõ ÓõÏðì¡ æóáóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏó ÇáúÈóÚúËó.
æóáóæú ÃóÞóÑøó ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö áóÂãóäó ÈöÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÇÚúÊóÑóÝó ÈöÇáÓøõÄóÇáö¡ æóÚóáöãó Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõÎúáóÞú ÚóÈóËðÇ¡ æóáóäú íõÊúÑóßó ÓõÏðì. æóáóßöäú áóãøóÇ ÃóäúßóÑó ÇáúÈóÚúËó Ùóäøó æóÍóÓöÈó Ãóäøóåõ íõÊúÑóßõ ÓõÏðì¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÊóÐúßöíÑõåõ ÈöÃóÕúáö ÎöáúÞóÊöåö æóÊóØóæøõÑöåö áöíóÓúÊóÎúáöÕó ãöäúåõ ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÞóÏóÑó Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö ãöäú ãóäöíøö íõãúäóì¡ æóÊóØúæöíÑöåö Åöáóì ÚóáóÞóÉò Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÎóáúÞò Óóæöíøò¡ Ýóåõæó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÈóÚúËöåö ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóØúæóÇÑó Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑö ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò¡ æóÃóÍóÇáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøóåõ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÅöÐóÇ Êõãúäóì æóÃóäøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáäøóÔúÃóÉó ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì [53 \ 45 - 47] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÌúãö» .(8/377)
åóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò äóÈúÊóáöíåö ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÓóãöíÚðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ
ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó «åóáú» åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÞóÏú¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãó ÊóÞúÑöíÑöíøñ íóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉó Úóáóíúåö ÈöäóÚóãú.
æóáóÝúÙõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí åóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÂÏóãõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -¡ ÃóÊóì Úóáóíúåö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö¡ áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ íõÐúßóÑõ.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó Úõãõæãõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú Èóäöí ÂÏóãó Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ Ãóäøó ÂÏóãó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÃóÊóì Úóáóíúåö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö¡ Þöíáó: ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÓóäóÉð.
ÐõßöÑó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ßóÇäó ØöíäðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÕóáúÕóÇáðÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì äõÝöÎó Ýöíåö ÇáÑøõæÍõ.
æóíóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÃóÊóì Úóáóíúåö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö¡ åõæó ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó íóæúãðÇ äõØúÝóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó íóæúãðÇ ÚóáóÞóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó íóæúãðÇ ãõÖúÛóÉð¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÔóíúÁñ æóáóßöäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÖóÚöíÝðÇ¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ãõÍúÊóãóáñ.
æóáóÝúÙõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò¡ ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ; áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎõáöÞó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò ÃóÎúáóÇØò¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ Ãóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö ÈöãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÇãøõ ; áöíóÓúÊóÞöíãó ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈõ ÈöÏõæäö ãõÛóÇíóÑóÉò Èóíúäó ÇááøóÝúÙóíúäö ÅöÐú áóÇ ÞóÑöíäóÉó ãõãóíøöÒóÉñ.
æóáóÚóáøó Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÞóÑöíäóÉð ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÈúÊóáöíåö ÞóØúÚðÇ áöÈóäöí ÂÏóãó ; áöÃóäøó ÂÏóãó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÇäúÊóåóì ÃóãúÑõåõ ÈöÇáÓøóãúÚö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉö: ÝóÊóáóÞøóì ÂÏóãõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö ßóáöãóÇÊò ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÊøóæøóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [2 \ 37] ¡ æóáóãú íóÈúÞó ãóÌóÇáñ áöÇÈúÊöáóÇÆöåö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ Ðóáößó áöÈóäöíåö. æóÇááøóåõ(8/378)
ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ (3)
ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò Ýöíåö ÈóíóÇäõ ãóÈúÏóÃö ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóáóåõ ÃóØúæóÇÑñ Ýöí æõÌõæÏöåö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøõØúÝóÉö ÚóáóÞóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ãõÖúÛóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ÎóáúÞðÇ ÂÎóÑó¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäú áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÞóÈúáóåõ. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúÊõßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóáóãú Êóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ [19 \ 9] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúÊõßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóáóãú Êóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ
ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉõ åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÈóíóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóåóÏóíúäóÇåõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì [41 \ 17] .
æóÇáÓøóÈöíáõ: ÇáØøóÑöíÞõ ÇáÓøóæöíøõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÈóíóÇäõ ÇäúÞöÓóÇãö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Åöáóì ÞöÓúãóíúäö: ÔóÇßöÑñ ãõÚúÊóÑöÝñ ÈöäöÚúãóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö¡ ãõÞóÇÈöáñ áóåóÇ ÈöÇáÔøõßúÑö¡ Ãóæú ßóÇÝöÑñ ÌóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ¡ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì ÅöäúÚóÇãö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÈúÏö¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì äöÚúãóÊóíúäö ÚóÙöíãóÊóíúäö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÅöíÌóÇÏõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ¡ æóåóÐöåö äöÚúãóÉñ ÚõÙúãóì áóÇ ßóÓúÈó áöáúÚóÈúÏö ÝöíåóÇ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉõ ÈöÇáúÈóíóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÑúÔóÇÏö Åöáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö¡ æóåóÐöåö äöÚúãóÉõ ÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúßõÊõÈö¡ æóáóÇ ßóÓúÈó áöáúÚóÈúÏö ÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ: åõäóÇßó ËóáóÇËõ äöÚóãò áóÇ ßóÓúÈó áöáúÚóÈúÏö ÝöíåóÇ:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: æõÌõæÏõåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚóÏóãö.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: äöÚúãóÉõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÏõÎõæáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ ÊóÝóÖøõáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: áöáøóåö ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÎúáõÞõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ íóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóåóÈõ áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÇáÐøõßõæÑó Ãóæú íõÒóæøöÌõåõãú ÐõßúÑóÇäðÇ æóÅöäóÇËðÇ æóíóÌúÚóáõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÚóÞöíãðÇ Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÞóÏöíÑñ [42 \ 49 - 50] ¡ æóãóäú ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÚóÞöíãðÇ Ýóáóäú(8/379)
íõäúÌöÈó ÞóØøõ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãõ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [28 \ 56] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: " ßõáøõ ãóæúáõæÏò íõæáóÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÈóæóÇåõ íõåóæøöÏóÇäöåö Ãóæú íõäóÕøöÑóÇäöåö ". ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóßóæúäõ ÇáúãóæúáõæÏö íõæáóÏõ Èóíúäó ÃóÈóæóíúäö ãõÓúáöãóíúäö¡ áóÇ ßóÓúÈó áóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãõ ÈöÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: " áóäú íóÏúÎõáó ÃóÍóÏõßõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÈöÚóãóáöåö ". ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊó íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÃóäóÇ ; ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÊóÛóãøóÏóäöí Çááøóåõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÊöåö ".
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì äöÚúãóÊóíúäö ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð¡ æóåõãóÇ ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ æóåöÏóÇíóÊõåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÊóÃúÊöí ÖöãúäðÇ Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉö: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 5] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó åõãõ ÇáÔøóÇßöÑõæäó ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö: ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÓóáóÇÓöáó æóÃóÛúáóÇáðÇ æóÓóÚöíÑðÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 3 - 5] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó [76 \ 3] ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÃóäøóåóÇ åöÏóÇíóÉõ ÈóíóÇäò.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö. æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò¡ æóÝöí ãõÓúÊóåóáøö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÈóíóÇäñ áöãóÈúÏóÃö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóãóæúÞöÝöåö ãöäú ÈóÚúËóÉö ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóåöÏóÇíóÊöåöãú¡ æóäóÊóÇÆöÌö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú ãöäú ÔõßúÑò Ãóæú ßõÝúÑò.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöÞöÑóÇÁóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ãöäú ÝóÌúÑö íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíóÉó: Åöäøó ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóåõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ; áöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÎóáúÞö ÂÏóãó Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ áöíóÊóÐóßøóÑó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö - æóåõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö - ãóÈúÏóÃó ÎóáúÞö ÃóÈöíåö ÂÏóãó¡ æóãóÈúÏóÃó ÎóáúÞö Úõãõæãö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóíóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ãóÕöíÑóåõ æóãõäúÊóåóÇåõ ; áöíóÑóì ãóÇ åõæó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÏóÚúæóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóåóáú åõæó ÔóÇßöÑñ Ãóæú ßóÝõæÑñ. ÇåÜ ãõáóÎøóÕðÇ.
æóãóÖúãõæäõ Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö Ãóäøóåõ íóÑóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÓøõæÑóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÝóÌúÑö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ Ãóäøó íóæúãó(8/380)
ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö åõæó íóæúãõ ÂÏóãó - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - Ýöíåö ÎõáöÞó¡ æóÝöíåö äõÝöÎó Ýöíåö ÇáÑøõæÍõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÃõÓúßöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó¡ æóÝöíåö ÃõåúÈöØó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÝöíåö ÊöíÈó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÝöíåö ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ.
ßóãóÇ Þöíáó: íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö íóæúãõ ÂÏóãó¡ æóíóæúãõ ÇáúÅöËúäóíúäö íóæúãõ ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ãóíú: Ýöíåö æõáöÏó æóÝöíåö ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÝöíåö æóÕóáó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó Ýöí ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóÝöíåö ÊõæõÝøöíó.
æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö íóæúãó ÅöíÌóÇÏö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö æóíóæúãó ÃóÍúÏóÇËöåö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ ÅöíÌóÇÏðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ æóÅöäúÚóÇãðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÓõßúäóì ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÊóæóÇÌõÏöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÊóáóÞøöí ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö Úóáóíúåö ãöäó Çááøóåö ; Ãóíú: íóæúãó ÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãö Úóáóíúåö ÍöÓøðÇ æóãóÚúäðì¡ ÝóäóÇÓóÈó Ãóäú íõÐóßøöÑó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ÈöÞöÑóÇÁóÊöåö ÓõæÑóÉó " ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö " Ýöí ÝóÌúÑö íóæúãö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ; áöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÞöÕøóÉö ÎóáúÞö ÂÏóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ æóÈóÏóÃó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú Øöíäò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó äóÓúáóåõ ãöäú ÓõáóÇáóÉò ãöäú ãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇåõ æóäóÝóÎó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöåö [32 \ 7 - 9] .
æóÝöíåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÔöÆúäóÇ áóÂÊóíúäóÇ ßõáøó äóÝúÓò åõÏóÇåóÇ æóáóßöäú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ãöäøöí áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [32 \ 13] ¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÈõËøõ ÇáúÎóæúÝó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö åõæó¡ ÝóíóÌúÚóáõåõ ÃóÔóÏøó ÍöÑúÕðÇ Úóáóì ÝöÚúáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóÃóÔóÏøó ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑøö.
Ëõãøó ÍóÐøóÑó ãöäú äöÓúíóÇäö íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö: ÝóÐõæÞõæÇ ÈöãóÇ äóÓöíÊõãú áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ [32 \ 14] .
æóåóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ íóÑúÌöÚõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ Åöáóì ÃóÕúáö æõÌõæÏöåö æóíóÓúÊóÍúÖöÑõ ÞöÕøóÉó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
æóßóÐóáößó íóÃúÊöí Ýöí ÇáÑøóßúÚóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÈöÞöÕøóÊöåö åõæó ãõäúÐõ ÈóÏóÃó ÎóáúÞõåõ: ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò¡ æóíõÐóßøöÑõåõ ÈöÇáúåóÏúíö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóíõÑóÛøöÈõåõ Ýöí ÔõßúÑö äöÚóãöåö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóíõÍóÐøöÑõåõ ãöäú ÌõÍõæÏöåóÇ æóßõÝúÑóÇäöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó áóåõ ãõäúÊóåóÇåõ Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÓóáóÇÓöáó æóÃóÛúáóÇáðÇ æóÓóÚöíÑðÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 4 - 5] .
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÚó ÓóãúÚóåõ Ðóáößó Ýöí íóæúãö ÎóáúÞöåö æóíóæúãö ãóÈúÚóËöåö¡ ÍóíúËõ Ýöíåö ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ¡ ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ íóäúÙõÑõ æóíõÔóÇåöÏõ Ãóæøóáó æõÌõæÏöåö æóÂÎöÑó ãóÂáöåö ; ÝóáóÇ íõßóÐøöÈõ ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö. æóÞóÏú Úóáöãó ãóÈúÏóÃó ÎóáúÞöåö æóáóÇ íõÞóÕøöÑõ Ýöí æóÇÌöÈò¡ æóÞóÏú Úóáöãó ãõäúÊóåóÇåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÍößúãóÉö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.(8/381)
æóãöãøóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áöãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -¡ ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõ ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ åõÏðì áöáäøóÇÓö æóÈóíøöäóÇÊò ãöäó ÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö Ýóãóäú ÔóåöÏó ãöäúßõãõ ÇáÔøóåúÑó ÝóáúíóÕõãúåõ [2 \ 185] ¡ ÝóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáÔøõåõæÑö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÇáúÒóãúäõ ÓóæóÇÁñ¡ æóáóßöäú ÈöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÈóÏúÁö äõÒõæáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ãóÍóáøðÇ áöáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÃóßúÑóãó Ýöíåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ Èóáö ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ßõáøóåõ¡ ÝóÊóÊóÒóíøóäõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ æóÊõÕóÝøóÏõ Ýöíåö ãóÑóÏóÉõ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö¡ æóÊóÊóÖóÇÚóÝõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáõ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇááøóíúáóÉõ ãöäúåõ ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÈóÏúÁõ ÇÎúÊóÕøóåóÇ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÈóÞöíøóÉö áóíóÇáöí ÇáÔøóåúÑö¡ æóåöíó áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÌóÚóáóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò¡ æóãóÇ ÐóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö [97 \ 1] ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ÈöÊóãóÇãöåóÇ.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ.
áóÞóÏú ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇáúÞóæúáó Ýöí ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÚóÏóãö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑöåóÇ¡ æóæóÞóÚó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇØõ æóÇáÊøóÝúÑöíØõ¡ æóßóãóÇ Þöíáó:
ßöáóÇ ØóÑóÝóíú ÞóÕúÏö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö Ðóãöíãõ
æóãõäúØóáóÞðÇ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó¡ äõÞóÏøöãõ åóÐöåö ÇáäøõÈúÐóÉó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ æóåöíó Ãóäøóåõ ÈöÇáÊøóÃóãøõáö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö æóÃóÍúÏóÇËö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÚóÇãøóÉð æóÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ Ãóíú Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúÃõãóãö æóÎõÕõæÕö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ äóÌöÏõ ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö ÞöÓúãóíúäö: ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉñ ãõÚúÊóÈóÑóÉñ Úõäöíó ÈöåóÇ ÇáÔøóÑúÚõ áöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÚöÙóÉò æóÐößúÑóì ÊóÊóÌóÏøóÏõ ãóÚó ÊóÌóÏøõÏò ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö æóÇáúÃóÌúíóÇáö¡ æóÊóÚõæÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÏö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÈöÇáÊøóÒóæøõÏö ãöäúåóÇ. æóãõäóÇÓóÈóÉñ áóãú ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑú¡ ÅöãøóÇ áöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÑöåóÇ Ýöí ÐóÇÊöåóÇ æóÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöØóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ãõÓóÇíóÑóÊóåóÇ.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö íóæúãõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ØóÑóÝñ ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» ¡ æóßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó æóÞóÏú Úõäöíó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö Çáúãõäóæøóåö ÚóäúåóÇ Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóì ÃóÏóÇÆöåóÇ æóÇáúÍóÝóÇæóÉö ÈöåóÇ ãöäó ÇÛúÊöÓóÇáò æóØöíÈò æóÊóÈúßöíÑò ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö» .
æóáóßöäú ãöäú ÛóíúÑö Ûõáõæøò æóáóÇ ÅöÝúÑóÇØò¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Çáäøóåúíõ Úóäú Õóæúãö íóæúãöåóÇ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ Ïõæäó Ãóäú íõÓúÈóÞó ÈöÕóæúãò ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ Ãóæú íõáúÍóÞó ÈöÕóæúãò ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ äóåóì Úóäú ÅöÝúÑóÇÏö áóíúáóÊöåóÇ ÈöÞöíóÇãò¡ æóÇáäøõÕõæÕõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãõÊóÖóÇÝöÑóÉñ ËóÇÈöÊóÉñ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉð ãõÚúÊóÈóÑóÉð ãóÚó ÇÚúÊöÏóÇáò æóÊóæóÌøõåò Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú ÈöÏõæäö ÅöÝúÑóÇØò Ãóæú ÊóÝúÑöíØò.(8/382)
æóãöäúåóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÅöËúäóíúäö ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÆöáó Úóäú ÕöíóÇãöåö íóæúãó ÇáúÅöËúäóíúäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «åóÐóÇ íóæúãñ æõáöÏúÊõ Ýöíåö¡ æóÚóáóíøó Ýöíåö ÃõäúÒöáó» ¡ æóßóÇäó íóæúãó æõÕõæáöåö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó Ýöí ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó íóæúãó æóÝóÇÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÍúÊóÝóì Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöáúãõÓóÈøóÈóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÃóÍúÏóÇËñ ÚöÙóÇãñ æóãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊñ ÌóáöíáóÉñ.
Ýóíóæúãõ ãóæúáöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÞóÚóÊú ãóÙóÇåöÑõ ßóæúäöíøóÉñ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ãöäú æóÇÞöÚóÉö ÃóÈúÑóåóÉó¡ æóÅöåúáóÇßö ÌóíúÔöåö ÅöÑúåóÇÕðÇ ÈöãóæúáöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ Ëõãøó ÙõåõæÑõ äóÌúãò Èóäöí ÇáúÎöÊóÇäö¡ æóÍóÏøóËóÊú Ãõãøõåõ æóåöíó ÍóÇãöáñ Èöåö ÝöíãóÇ Þöíáó: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃõÊöíóÊú Íöíäó ÍóãóáóÊú Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÞöíáó áóåóÇ: «Åöäøóßö ÞóÏú ÍóãóáúÊö ÈöÓóíøöÏö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÞõæáöí:
ÃõÚöíÐõåõ ÈöÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ãöäú ÔóÑøö ßõáøö ÍóÇÓöÏò
Ëõãøó Óóãøöíåö ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ» ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ åöÔóÇãò: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÑóÃóÊú Íöíäó ÍóãóáóÊú Èöåö Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ äõæÑñ ÑóÃóÊú Èöåö ÞõÕõæÑó ÈõÕúÑóì ãöäú ÃóÑúÖö ÇáÔøóÇãö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ åöÔóÇãò: Ãóäøó ÍóÓøóÇäó Èúäó ËóÇÈöÊò æóåõæó ÛõáóÇãñ ÓóãöÚó íóåõæÏöíøðÇ íóÕúÑõÎõ ÈöÃóÚúáóì ÕóæúÊöåö Úóáóì ÃõØúãóÉò ÈöíóËúÑöÈó: íóÇ ãóÚúÔóÑó íóåõæÏó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ Åöáóíúåö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóíúáóßó! ãóÇ áóßó¿ ¡ ÞóÇáó: ØóáóÚó ÇááøóíúáóÉó äóÌúãõ ÃóÍúãóÏó ÇáøóÐöí æõáöÏó Èöåö.
æóÓóÇÞó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö¡ æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÎóÕóÇÆöÕöåö¡ æóÇÈúäõ åöÔóÇãò Ýöí ÓöíÑóÊöåö ÃóÎúÈóÇÑðÇ ÚóÏöíÏóÉð ãöãøóÇ ÔóåöÏóåõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ áóíúáóÉó ãóæúáöÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ äõæÌöÒõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÂÊöí:
Úóäú ÚõËúãóÇäó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÇáúÚóÇÕö: Ãóäøó Ãõãøóåõ ÍóÖóÑóÊú ãóæúáöÏóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: ÝóãóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÃóäúÙõÑõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÅöáøóÇ äõæÑñ¡ æóÅöäøöí ÃóäúÙõÑõ Åöáóì ÇáäøõÌõæãö ÊóÏúäõæ ÍóÊøóì Åöäøöí áóÃóÞõæáõ: áóíóÞóÚúäó Úóáóíøó.
æóÚóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúÍóßóãö ÇáÊøóäõæÎöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó ÇáúãóæúáõæÏõ ÅöÐóÇ æõáöÏó Ýöí ÞõÑóíúÔò ÏóÝóÚõæåõ Åöáóì äöÓúæóÉò Åöáóì ÇáÕøõÈúÍö íóßúÝóÃúäó Úóáóíúåö ÈõÑúãóÉð¡ ÝóÃóßúÝóÃúäó Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈõÑúãóÉð¡ ÝóÇäúÝóáóÞóÊú Úóäúåõ¡ æóæõÌöÏó ãóÝúÊõæÍó ÇáúÚóíúäóíúäö¡ ÔóÇÎöÕðÇ ÈöÈóÕóÑöåö Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö.
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áöãóæúáöÏöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúÏóÇËö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö ãóÇ áóÝóÊó ÃóäúÙóÇÑó ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ßõáøöåö.
ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ãöäúåóÇ ÇäúßöÝóÇÁó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö Úóáóì æõÌõæåöåóÇ¡ æóÇÑúÊöÌóÇÓó ÅöíæóÇäö ßöÓúÑóì¡ æóÓõÞõæØó ÈóÚúÖö ÔõÑóÝöåö¡ æóÎõãõæÏó äóÇÑö ÝóÇÑöÓó¡ æóáóãú ÊõÎúãóÏú ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóÛóÇÖóÊú ÈõÍóíúÑóÉõ ÓóÇæóÉó¡ ÝóßóÇäó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÅöÑúåóÇÕñ ÈöÊóßúÓöíÑö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö æóÇäúÊöÔóÇÑö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÝõÑúÓö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ÈóÏúÁõ ÇáúæóÍúíö(8/383)
Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÅöËúäóíúäö.
ÇáúÍóÝóÇæóÉõ ÈöåóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãö.
áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãó áóãú íóÔúåóÏú ÍóÏóËóíúäö ÃóÚúÙóãó ãöäú åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÍóÏóËóíúäö: ãóæúáöÏö ÓóíøöÏö ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ æóÈóÏúÁö ÅöäúÒóÇáö ÃóÝúÖóáö ÇáúßõÊõÈö¡ ÝóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÍúÊóÝöí Èöåö¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÕöíóÇãöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÚóÈøöÑõ Èöåö ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ Úóäú ÔõÚõæÑöåö Ýöíåö¡ æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÕóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÔúßõÑõ Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáäøöÚúãóÊóíúäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÊóíúäö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäó ÇÍúÊöÝóÇáóÇÊò æóãóÙóÇåöÑó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÍóÏóËó Ðóáößó ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú áóãú íóßõäú áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÑúäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö æóáóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóáóÇ ÇáËøóÇáöËö¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÞõÑõæäõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏõ áóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóÃóæøóáõ ÅöÍúÏóÇËöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÑúäö ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÝúÊóÑóÞó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöíåö Åöáóì ÝóÑöíÞóíúäö: ÝóÑöíÞñ íõäúßöÑõåõ¡ æóíõäúßöÑõ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÝúÚóáõåõ ; áöÚóÏóãö ÝöÚúáö ÇáÓøóáóÝö ÅöíøóÇåõ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÌöíÁö ÃóËóÑò Ýöí Ðóáößó. æóÝóÑöíÞñ íóÑóÇåõ ÌóÇÆöÒðÇ ; áöÚóÏóãö Çáäøóåúíö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÞóÏú íõÔóÏøöÏõ ßõáøõ ÝóÑöíÞò Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
áöÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó Ýöí ÇÞúÊöÖóÇÁö ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö ßóáóÇãñ æóÓóØñ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝö¡ äõæÑöÏõ ãõæÌóÒóåõ áöÌóÒóÇáóÊöåö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÇáúåóÇÏöí Åöáóì ÓóæóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíóÉó Ýöí ÝóÕúáò ÞóÏú ÚóÞóÏóåõ áöáúÃóÚúíóÇÏö ÇáúãõÍúÏóËóÉö: ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóæøóáó ÌõãõÚóÉò ãöäú ÑóÌóÈò æóÚöíÏó Îõãøò Ýöí ÇáËøóÇãöäó ÚóÔóÑó ãöäú Ðöí ÇáúÍöÌøóÉö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÎóØóÈó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÍóËøó Úóáóì ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÈöÃóåúáö ÈóíúÊöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÊóì Åöáóì Úóãóáö ÇáúãóæúáöÏö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó:
æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ íõÍúÏöËõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöãøóÇ ãõÖóÇåóÇÉð áöáäøóÕóÇÑóì Ýöí ãöíáóÇÏö ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -¡ æóÅöãøóÇ ãóÍóÈøóÉð áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÊóÚúÙöíãðÇ áóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÞóÏú íõËöíÈõåõãú Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÍóÈøóÉö æóÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö áóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈöÏóÚö ãöäó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ãóæúáöÏö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚöíÏðÇ¡ ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ãóæúáöÏöåö¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÑóÈöíÚò Ãóæú Ýöí ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ áóãú íóÝúÚóáúåõ ÇáÓøóáóÝõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú - ãóÚó ÞöíóÇãö ÇáúãõÞúÊóÖöí áóåõ æóÚóÏóãö ÇáúãóÇäöÚö ãöäúåõ.
æóáóæú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãóÍúÖðÇ Ãóæú ÑóÇÌöÍðÇ áóßóÇäó ÇáÓøóáóÝõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú - ÃóÍóÞøó Èöåö ãöäøóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ãóÍóÈøóÉð áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÊóÚúÙöíãðÇ áóåõ ãöäøóÇ¡ æóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÃóÍúÑóÕõ.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóãóÇáõ ãóÍóÈøóÊöåö æóÊóÚúÙöíãöåö Ýöí ãõÊóÇÈóÚóÊöåö æóØóÇÚóÊöåö æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÃóãúÑöåö¡ æóÅöÍúíóÇÁö ÓõäøóÊöåö ÈóÇØöäðÇ(8/384)
æóÙóÇåöÑðÇ¡ æóäóÔúÑö ãóÇ ÈõÚöËó Èöåö¡ æóÇáúÌöåóÇÏö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÞóáúÈö æóÇáúíóÏö æóÇááøöÓóÇäö¡ ÝóÅöäøó åóÐöåö ØóÑöíÞóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞöíäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõãú ÈöÅöÍúÓóÇäò¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÑóÇåõãú ÍõÑóÕóÇÁó Úóáóì ÃóãúËóÇáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÈöÏóÚö¡ ãóÚó ãóÇ áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÍõÓúäö ÇáúÞóÕúÏö æóÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö ÇáøóÐöí íõÑúÌóì áóåõãú Èöåö ÇáúãóËõæÈóÉõ ÊóÌöÏõæäóåõãú ÝóÇÊöÑöíäó Ýöí ÃóãúÑö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÚóãøóÇ ÃõãöÑõæÇ ÈöÇáäøóÔóÇØö Ýöíåö. æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõãú ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ãóäú íõÍóáøöí ÇáúãõÕúÍóÝó æóáóÇ íóÞúÑóÃõ Ýöíåö æóáóÇ íóÊøóÈöÚõåõ. æóÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ãóäú íõÒóÎúÑöÝõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó æóáóÇ íõÕóáøöí Ýöíåö¡ Ãóæú íõÕóáøöí Ýöíåö ÞóáöíáðÇ¡ æóÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐõ ÇáúãóÓóÇÈöíÍó æóÇáÓøóÌóÇÌöíÏó ÇáúãõÒóÎúÑóÝóÉö¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáó åóÐöåö ÇáÒøóÎóÇÑöÝö ÇáÙøóÇåöÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí áóãú ÊõÔúÑóÚú æóíóÕúÍóÈõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö æóÇáúßöÈúÑö¡ æóÇáöÇÔúÊöÛóÇáö Úóäö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚö ãóÇ íõÝúÓöÏõ ÍóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÎóíúÑñ áöÇÔúÊöãóÇáöåö Úóáóì ÃóäúæóÇÚò ãöäó ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚö.
æóÝöíåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÈöÏúÚóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÓóãó ØóÑöíÞó ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÓøóáöíãö áöáúÝóÑúÏö Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö æóÇáÏøóÇÚöíóÉö ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÝóÚóáóíúßó åõäóÇ ÈöÃóÏóÈóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÍöÑúÕõßó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóãóÓøõßö ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÈóÇØöäðÇ æóÙóÇåöÑðÇ. ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäú ÊóÏúÚõæó ÇáäøóÇÓó Åöáóì ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúÅöãúßóÇäö ; ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊó ãóäú íóÚúãóáõ åóÐóÇ æóáóÇ íóÊúÑõßõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÔóÑøò ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæ Åöáóì ÊóÑúßö ãõäúßóÑò ÈöÝöÚúáö ãóÇ åõæó ÃóäúßóÑõ ãöäúåõ¡ Ãóæú ÈöÊóÑúßö æóÇÌöÈò Ãóæú ãóäúÏõæÈò ÊóÑúßõåõ ÃóÖúãóÑõ ãöäú ÝöÚúáö Ðóáößó ÇáúãóßúÑõæåö.
æóáóßöäú ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈöÏúÚóÉö äóæúÚñ ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ ÝóÚóæøöÖú Úóäúåõ ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚö ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúÅöãúßóÇäö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáäøõÝõæÓõ áóÇ ÊóÊúÑõßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò.
æóáóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöÃóÍóÏò Ãóäú íóÊúÑõßó ÎóíúÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ãöËúáöåö Ãóæú Åöáóì ÎóíúÑò ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÇÚöáöíäó áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÈöÏóÚö ãóÚöíÈõæäó¡ ÞóÏú ÃóÊóæúÇ ãóßúÑõæåðÇ ÝóÇáÊøóÇÑößõæäó ÃóíúÖðÇ áöáÓøõäóäö ãóÐúãõæãõæäó.
æóßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõäúßöÑöíäó áöÈöÏóÚö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö ÊóÌöÏõåõãú ãõÞóÕøöÑöíäó Ýöí ÝöÚúáö ÇáÓøõäóäö ãöäú Ðóáößó Ãóæö ÇáúÃóãúÑö Èöåö. . .
æóáóÚóáøó ÍóÇáó ßóËöíÑò ãöäúåõãú íóßõæäõ ÃóÓúæóÃó ãöäú ÍóÇáö ãóäú íóÃúÊöí ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö ÇáúãõÔúÊóãöáóÉö Úóáóì äóæúÚò ãöäó ÇáúßóÑóÇåóÉö¡ Èóáö ÇáÏøöíäõ åõæó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáäøóåúíõ Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö¡ ÝóÊóÚúÙöíãõ ÇáúãóæúáöÏö æóÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ ãóæúÓöãðÇ ÞóÏú íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóíóßõæäõ áóåõ Ýöíåö ÃóÌúÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ áöÍõÓúäö ÞóÕúÏöåö æóÊóÚúÙöíãöåö áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúÊõåõ áóßó Ãóäøóåõ íóÍúÓõäõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóÇ íõÓúÊóÞúÈóÍõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ÇáúãõÓóÏøöÏö.(8/385)
æóáöåóÐóÇ Þöíáó áöÃóÍúãóÏó: Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃõãóÑóÇÁö íõäúÝöÞõ Úóáóì ãõÕúÍóÝò ÃóáúÝó ÏöíäóÇÑò æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÏóÚúåõ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãóÇ ÃõäúÝöÞó Ýöíåö ÇáÐøóåóÈõ¡ Ãóæú ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ãóÐúåóÈóåõ: Ãóäøó ÒóÎúÑóÝóÉó ÇáúãóÕóÇÍöÝö ãóßúÑõæåóÉñ¡ ÝóãöËúáõ åóÄõáóÇÁö Åöäú áóãú íóÝúÚóáõæÇ åóÐóÇ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÇÚúÊóÇÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ ÇáúÝóÓóÇÏó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÕóáóÇÍó Ýöíåö ãöËúáó Ãóäú íõäúÝöÞóåóÇ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÝõÌõæÑò¡ ßóßõÊõÈö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÑö æóÇáúÃóÕúÝóÇÑö¡ Ãóæú ÍößúãóÉö ÝóÇÑöÓó æóÇáÑøõæãö.
æóãóÑóÇÊöÈõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ËóáóÇËñ: ÅöÍúÏóÇåóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõ ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ßóÑóÇåóÉó Ýöíåö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö æõÌõæåöåö Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑöåóÇ¡ ÅöãøóÇ áöÍõÓúäö ÇáúÞóÕúÏö¡ Ãóæú áöÇÔúÊöãóÇáöåö ãóÚó Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÃóäúæóÇÚò ãöäó ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚö.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ãóÇ áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÕóáóÇÍñ ÃóÕúáðÇ.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ýóåöíó ÓõäøóÉõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóåöíó ÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞöíäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Ýóåöíó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ Ýöí ØõÑõÞö ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑöíäó ãöäó ÇáúãõäúÊóÓöÈöíäó Åöáóì Úöáúãò Ãóæú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉò¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÎóíúÑñ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÚúãóáõ ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãóÔúÑõæÚðÇ æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóÔúÑõæÚò¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáúãõÄúãöäõ íóÚúÑöÝõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝó æóíõäúßöÑõ ÇáúãõäúßóÑó¡ æóáóÇ íóãúäóÚõåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ãõæóÇÝóÞóÉõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóåõ Ýöí ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäú Ðóáößó ÇáúãõäúßóÑö¡ æóáóÇ ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉõ ÈóÚúÖö ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ãóÚúÑöÝóÊõåóÇ æóÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöåóÇ ÇåÜ.
áóÞóÏú ÚóÇáóÌó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÈöÍößúãóÉö ÇáÏøóÇÚöí æóÓöíóÇÓóÉö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÏóÚõ ãóÌóÇáðÇ áöáúßóáóÇãö ÝöíåóÇ.
æóáóßöäú ÞóÏú ÍóÏóËó ÈóÚúÏóåõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÃõãõæÑñ áóãú Êóßõäú ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ ÇÈúÊõáöíó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ ÇáúÛóÑúÈöíøõ¡ æóÛóÒóÇ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ÇáÔøóÑúÞöíøó¡ æóáõÈøöÓó ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóåöíó Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÈóÇÏöÆõ ÇáúåóÏøóÇãóÉõ æóÇáúÛóÒúæõ ÇáúÝößúÑöíøõ¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇÒõ ÔóÎúÕöíøóÇÊò ÐóÇÊö ãóÈóÇÏöÆó ÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏöíøóÉò Ãóæú ÝóÓóáóÝöíøóÉò¡ ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó ÔóÃúäõåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúãöåöãú¡ æóäõÝöËóÊú Óõãõæãõåõãú Åöáóì Èóäöí ÌöáúÏóÊöäóÇ¡ æóÕóÇÑõæÇ íõÞöíãõæäó áóåõãõ ÇáÐøößúÑóíóÇÊö¡ æóíõÞóÏøöãõæäó Úóäúåõãõ ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÇÊö ÌóåúáðÇ Ãóæú ÊóÖúáöíáðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇãó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ:
äóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóæúáöÏó áóíúÓó ÓõäøóÉð äóÈóæöíøóÉð¡ æóáóÇ ØóÑöíÞðÇ ÓóáóÝöíøðÇ¡ æóáóÇ Úóãóáó ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö áóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ äõÑöíÏõ ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉó ÇáúÝößúÑóÉö ÈöÇáúÝößúÑóÉö¡ æóÇáÐøößúÑóíóÇÊö ÈöÇáÐøößúÑóì¡ áöäóÌúãóÚó ÔóÈóÇÈó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó(8/386)
Úóáóì ÓöíÑóÉö ÓóíøöÏö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó¡ æóíóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö: íõÍúÏóËõ áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÃóÍúÏóËóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÈöÏóÚö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö.
æóåõäóÇ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö¡ æóáóßöäö ÇäúØöáóÇÞðÇ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö¡ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÅöÍúíóÇÁó ÇáÐøößúÑóì áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú Êóæóáøóì Ðóáößó ÈöÃóæúÓóÚö äöØóÇÞò ; ÍóíúËõ ÞóÑóäó ÐößúÑóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÚó ÐößúÑöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÊóíúäö¡ ãóÚó ßõáøö ÃóÐóÇäò Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóäóÇÑóÉò ãöäú ßõáøö ãóÓúÌöÏò¡ æóÝöí ßõáøö ÅöÞóÇãóÉò áöÃóÏóÇÁö ÕóáóÇÉò¡ æóÝöí ßõáøö ÊóÔóåøõÏò Ýöí ÝóÑúÖò Ãóæú äóÝúáò ãöãøóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Úóáóì ÇáËøóáóÇËöíäó ãóÑøóÉð ÌóåúÑðÇ æóÓöÑøðÇ. ÌóåúÑðÇ íóãúáóÃõ ÇáúÃõÝõÞó¡ æóÓöÑøðÇ íóãúáóÃõ ÇáúÞóáúÈó æóÇáúÍöÓøó.
Ëõãøó ÊóÃúÊöí ÇáÐøößúÑóì ÇáúÚóãóáöíøóÉõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÕóÛöíÑóÉò æóßóÈöíÑóÉò: Ýöí ÇáúãóÃúßóáö ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóáúÈóÓö Ýöí ÇáÊøóíóÇãõäö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóÖúÌóÚö Úóáóì ÇáÔøöÞøö ÇáúÃóíúãóäö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ æóÝöí ÅöÝúÔóÇÁö ÇáÓøóáóÇãö æóÝöí ßõáøö ÍóÑóßóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö æóÓóßóäóÇÊöåö ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÇÚóì ÝöíåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑó Úóäö ÇáúãóÍóÈøóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóÍóÈøóÉõ åöíó ÚõäúæóÇäõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «æóÇááøóåö áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ÍóÊøóì Ãóßõæäó ÃóÍóÈøó Åöáóíúåö ãöäú äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóæóáóÏöåö¡ æóãóÇáöåö¡ æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó» .
ÝóÅöäøó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúãóÍóÈøóÉö ØóÇÚóÉõ ãóäú ÊõÍöÈøõ¡ æóÝöÚúáõ ãóÇ íõÍöÈøõåõ¡ æóÊóÑúßõ ãóÇ áóÇ íóÑúÖóÇåõ Ãóæú áóÇ íõÍöÈøõåõ¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãóÇ íõáóÇÈöÓõ Úóãóáó ÇáúãóæúáöÏö ãöäú áóåúæò æóáóÚöÈò æóÇÎúÊöáóÇØò ÛóíúÑö ãóÔúÑõæÚò¡ æóÃóÚúãóÇáò Ýöí ÃóÔúßóÇáò áóÇ ÃóÕúáó áóåóÇ¡ íóÌöÈõ ÊóÑúßõåõ æóÊóäúÒöíåõ ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑö Úóäú ãóÍóÈøóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÚóãøóÇ áóÇ íóÑúÖóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íõßóÑøöãõ åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãó ÈöÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉó ÝößúÑóÉò ÈöÝößúÑóÉò. ÝóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉó Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóÈóÈóíúäö¡ æóáóÇ ãõæÌöÈó áöáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈóíúäö áöÈõÚúÏö ãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ßóÈõÚúÏö ÇáúÍóÞøö Úóäö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö æóÇáÙøõáúãóÉö Úóäö ÇáäøõæÑö.
æóãóÚó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó æóáóÇ ÈõÏøó ÝóáóÇ ãõæÌöÈó áöáÊøóÞúíöíÏö ÈöÒóãóäò ãõÚóíøóäò¡ Èóáö ÇáúÚóÇãõ ßõáøõåõ áöÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáÏøöÑóÇÓóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáÓøöíÑóÉö¡ æóÊóÚúÑöíÝö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáäøóÇÔöÆóÉó ãöäúåõãú æóÇáúÚóæóÇãøó æóÛóíúÑóåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÊõÑöíÏõåõ ãöäú ÏöÑóÇÓóÉò áöáÓøöíÑóÉö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøóÉö.
æóÎöÊóÇãðÇ ; ÝóÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÞöÝö ÇáÓøóáúÈöíøö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö Ýöí ÇáäøóßöíÑö¡ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÚóãóáðÇ ÅöíÌóÇÈöíøðÇ Ýöíåö ÍößúãóÉñ æóÊóæúÌöíåñ áöãóÇ åõæó Ãóæúáóì ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúãõÓúÊóØóÇÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÊóíúãöíóÉó. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
æóãöäó ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö áöÈóÏúÁö äõÒõæáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÝöíåóÇ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö [97 \ 1](8/387)
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöÞúÏóÇÑóåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÃóáúÝö ÔóåúÑò [97 \ 3] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÎóæóÇÕøóåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö ÑóÈøöåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóãúÑò ÓóáóÇãñ åöíó ÍóÊøóì ãóØúáóÚö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö [97 \ 4 - 5] .
ÇáúÍóÝóÇæóÉõ ÈöåóÇ.
áóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «ÇáúÊóãöÓõæåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúæöÊúÑö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÔúÑö ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö» ¡ æóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÚúÊóßöÝõ ÇáúÚóÔúÑó ßõáøóåóÇ ; ÇáúÊöãóÇÓðÇ áöÊöáúßó ÇááøóíúáóÉö¡ ÝóßóÇäó íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÞóÇÆöãðÇ Ýöí ãõÚúÊóßóÝöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «æóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÚóÔúÑõ: ÔóÏøó ãöÆúÒóÑóåõ¡ æóØóæóì ÝöÑóÇÔóåõ¡ æóÃóíúÞóÙó Ãóåúáóåõ» ¡ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú íóãúÑóÍõ æóáóÇ íóáúÚóÈõ æóáóÇ ÍóÊøóì äóæúãñ¡ Èóáö ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏñ Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÈößóÇãöáöåö ; áößóæúäöåö ÃõäúÒöáó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÊóßúÑöíãõåõ ÈöÕóæúãö äóåóÇÑöåö æóÞöíóÇãö áóíúáöåö¡ áóÇ ÈöÇáúãóáóÇåöí æóÇááøõÚóÈö æóÇáúÍóÝóáóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇáõåõ ÈóÚúÖñ ÕóÇÑó íõÚöÏøõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóÓóÇÆöáó ÊóÑúÝöíåò ÎóÇÕøóÉò¡ ÝóíóÚúßöÓõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÞóÕúÏó æóíõÎóÇáöÝõ ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚó.
æóãöäó ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö íóæúãõ ÚóÇÔõæÑóÇÁó¡ áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóåõ ÊóÇÑöíÎñ ÞóÏöíãñ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊõÚóÙøöãõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö æóÊóßúÓõæ Ýöíåö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉó¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÞóÏöãó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó¡ æóÌóÏó ÇáúíóåõæÏó íóÕõæãõæäóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: «áöãó ÊóÕõæãõæäóåõ¿» ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: íóæúãðÇ äóÌøóì Çááøóåõ Ýöíåö ãõæÓóì ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ ÝóÕóÇãóåõ ÔõßúÑðÇ áöáøóåö ÝóÕõãúäóÇåõ. ÝóÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «äóÍúäõ ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöãõæÓóì ãöäúßõãú» ¡ ÝóÕóÇãóåõ¡ æóÃóãóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÕöíóÇãöåö. ÅöäøóåóÇ ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉñ ÚõÙúãóì: äóÌóÇÉõ äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì ãöäú ÚóÏõæøö Çááøóåö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ äõÕúÑóÉõ ÇáúÍóÞøö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóäóÕúÑõ ÌõäúÏö Çááøóåö æóÅöåúáóÇßõ ÌõäúÏö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÈöÍóÞøò ãõäóÇÓöÈóÉñ íóåúÊóãøõ áóåóÇ ßõáøõ ãõÓúáöãò. æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «äóÍúäõ ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöãõæÓóì ãöäúßõãú¡ äóÍúäõ ãóÚúÔóÑó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÃóÈúäóÇÁõ ÚóáøóÇÊò¡ ÏöíäõäóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ» .
æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó ÕöíóÇãõåõ ÝóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÊøóì äõÓöÎó ÈöÝóÑúÖö ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ãóÚó ÚöÙóãö ãõäóÇÓóÈóÊöåö ãöäú ÅöÚúáóÇÁö ßóáöãóÉö Çááøóåö æóäõÕúÑóÉö ÑóÓõæáöåö¡ ßóÇäó ÇÈúÊöåóÇÌõ ãõæÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - Èöåö Ýöí ÕöíóÇãöåö ÔõßúÑðÇ áöáøóåö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáØøóÑöíÞõ ÇáÓøóáöíãõ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáäøóÈóæöíøóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ áóÇ ãóÇ íõÍúÏöËõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚóæóÇãøö æóÇáúÌõåøóÇáö ãöäú ãóÙóÇåöÑó æóÃóÍúÏóÇËò áóÇ ÃóÕúáó áóåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúÃóÚóãøõ æóÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊõ(8/388)
ÇáúãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉõ Ýöí ãóäóÇÓößö ÇáúÍóÌøö ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúåóÑúæóáóÉõ Ýöí ÇáØøóæóÇÝö¡ áóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú Úóäú ãõÄóÇãóÑóÉö ÞõÑóíúÔò Ýöí ÚóÒúãöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÛóÏúÑö ÈöÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí ÚõãúÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÖöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõãú - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íõÙúåöÑõæÇ ÇáäøóÔóÇØó Ýöí ÇáØøóæóÇÝö¡ æóÐóáößó ÍöíäóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áöÞõÑóíúÔò æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ãóÚó ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÌóÇÁõæÇ Åöáóíúßõãú æóÞóÏú ÃóäúåóßóÊúåõãú Íõãøóì íóËúÑöÈó¡ Ýóáóæú ãöáúÊõãú Úóáóíúåöãú áóÇÓúÊóÃúÕóáúÊõãõæåõãú¡ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúãóæúÞöÝõ ÎóØöíÑðÇ ÌöÏøðÇ æóÍóÑöÌðÇ ; ÍóíúËõ áóÇ ãóÏóÏó áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóáóÇ ÓóÈöíáó áöáöÇäúÓöÍóÇÈö¡ æóáóÇ ÈõÏøó áóåõãú ãöäú ÅöÊúãóÇãö ÇáúÚõãúÑóÉö.
ÝóßóÇäó ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ¡ Ãóäú íóÚúßöÓõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó äóÙóÑöíøóÊóåõãú¡ æóíóÃúÊõæäóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÊóæúÇ ãöäúåõ. ÝóÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö: «ÃóÑõæåõãõ Çáúíóæúãó ãöäúßõãú ÞõæøóÉð» ¡ ÝóåóÑúæóáõæÇ Ýöí ÇáØøóæóÇÝö¡ æóÃóÙúåóÑõæÇ ÞõæøóÉð æóäóÔóÇØðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÃóÏúåóÔó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÇááøóåö ãóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÈöÅöäúÓò Åöäøóåõãú áóßóÇáúÌöäøö «¡ æóÝóæøóÊõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÝõÑúÕóÉó ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÓóáöãó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó.
Ýóåõæó ÃóÔúÈóåõ ÈöãóæúÞöÝö ãõæÓóì ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ ÝóäóÌøóì Çááøóåõ ÑóÓõæáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÛóÏúÑö ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ ÝóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ãõÎóáøóÏðÇ æóãóÔúÑõæÚðÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ØóæóÇÝö ÞõÏõæãò ÍóÊøóì Çáúíóæúãó¡ ãóÚó ÒóæóÇáö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ÍóíúËõ åóÑúæóáó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó ãóÚó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÍöÌøóÉö ÇáúæóÏóÇÚö ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó ÈöÓóäóÊóíúäö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ: ÈóÞöíó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ; ÊóÃóÓøöíðÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóÊóÐóßøóÑõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÞöÝö æóãóÇ áóÞöíóåõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Ýöí ÈóÇÏöÆö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö.
æóÌóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÚúíõ æóÇáúåóÑúæóáóÉõ Ýöíåö áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÊóÌúÏöíÏö ÇáúíóÞöíäö ÈöÇááøóåö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÊõÑößóÊú åóÇÌóÑõ¡ æóåöíó ãöäú ÓóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõÊóæóßøöáöíäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö æóÇáøóÊöí ÞóÇáóÊú áöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó:
ÇÐúåóÈú Ýóáóäú íõÖóíøöÚóäóÇ Çááøóåõ. ÊõÑößóÊú ÍóÊøóì ÓóÚóÊú Åöáóì äöåóÇíóÉö ÇáúÚóÏóÏö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÝóÑóÇÆöÖó æóåõæó ÓóÈúÚóÉñ.
ÅöÐú ßóáøõ ÚóÏóÏò ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÊóßúÑóÇÑñ áöãõßóÑøóÑò ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí ÚóÏóÏö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÍóÕóì ÇáúÌöãóÇÑö¡ æóÃóíøóÇãö ÇáúÃõÓúÈõæÚö. ÅáÎ.
æóÐóáößó áöÊóÕöáó Åöáóì ÃóÞúÕóì ÇáúÌõåúÏö¡ æóÊóäúÞóØöÚó ÃóØúãóÇÚõåóÇ ãöäú ÛóæúËò íóÃúÊöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóÊóÊøóÌöåõ ÈöÞõæøóÉö ÇáúíóÞöíäö æóÔöÏøóÉö ÇáÖøóÑóÇÚóÉö Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÊóÊóæóÌøóåõ ÈößõáøöíøóÊöåóÇ æóÅöÍúÓóÇÓöåóÇ ÈöÞóáúÈöåóÇ æóÞóÇáóÈöåóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö. ÝóíóÃúÊöíåóÇ ÇáúÛóæúËõ ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãõ ÓóÞúíðÇ áóåóÇ æóáöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåóÇ.
ÝóßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÏóÑúÓðÇ ÚóãóáöíøðÇ Ùóáøó ÅöÍúíóÇÄõåõ ÊóÌúÏöíÏðÇ áóåõ.
æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÍúÑõ¡ æóÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáúÝöÏóÇÁö áöãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöíåö ÏóÑúÓõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö áöÃóÝúÑóÇÏöåóÇ æóÌóãóÇÚóÊöåóÇ Ýöí ÃõÓúÑóÉò(8/389)
ßóÇãöáóÉò. æóÇáöÏñ æóæóÇáöÏóÉñ¡ æóæóáóÏñ ßóáøñ íõÓóáøöãõ ÞöíóÇÏóåõ áöÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö¡ æóÅöáóì ÃóÞúÕóì ÍóÏøö ÇáÊøóÖúÍöíóÉö ÍöíäóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áöÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó ãóÇ ÞóÕøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ: íóÇÈõäóíøó Åöäøöí ÃóÑóì Ýöí ÇáúãóäóÇãö Ãóäøöí ÃóÐúÈóÍõßó ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÑóì [37 \ 102] .
Åöäøóåõ ÍóÏóËñ ÎóØöíÑñ¡ æóÃóíøõ ÑóÃúíò áöáúæóáóÏö Ýöí ÐóÈúÍö äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÇáÊøóãúåöíÏõ áöÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãóæúÞöÝõ ÇáúæóáóÏö áóÇ íóÞöáøõ ÅößúÈóÇÑðÇ Úóäú ãóæúÞöÝö ÇáúæóÇáöÏö:
íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö ÇÝúÚóáú ãóÇ ÊõÄúãóÑõ ÓóÊóÌöÏõäöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó [37 \ 102] ¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú Ðóáößó ÚóÑúÖðÇ æóÞóÈõæáðÇ ÝóÍóÓúÈõ¡ Èóáú ÌóÇÁó æóÞúÊõ ÇáÊøóäúÝöíÐö Åöáóì äõÞúØóÉö ÇáÕøöÝúÑö ßóãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ.
æóÇáúßõáøõ ãóÇÖò Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóäúÝöíÐö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÓúáóãóÇ æóÊóáøóåõ áöáúÌóÈöíäö [37 \ 103] ¡ íóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ãóæúÞöÝò íóÚúÌóÒõ ßõáøõ ÈóíóÇäò Úóäú ÊóÕúæöíÑöåö æóíóÆöØøõ ßõáøõ Þóáóãò Úóäú ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö¡ æóíóËúÞõáõ ßõáøõ áöÓóÇäò Úóäú ÊóÚúÈöíÑöåö¡ ÔóíúÎñ Ýöí ßöÈóÑö Óöäøöåö íóÍúãöáõ ÓößøöíäðÇ ÈöíóÏöåö¡ æóíóÊöáøõ æóáóÏóåõ æóÖóäóÇåõ ÈöÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ßóíúÝó ÞóæöíóÊú íóÏõåõ Úóáóì Íóãúáö ÇáÓøößøöíäö¡ æóÞóæöíóÊú ÚóíúäóÇåõ Úóáóì ÑõÄúíóÊöåóÇ Ýöí íóÏöåö¡ æóßóíúÝó ØóÇæóÚóÊúåõ íóÏõåõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Úóáóì Êóáøö æóáóÏöåö Úóáóì ÌóÈöíäöåö¿
ÅöäøóåóÇ ÞõæøóÉõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÓõäøóÉõ ÇáöÇáúÊöÒóÇãö¡ æóåóÇ åõæó ÇáúæóáóÏõ ãóÚó ÃóÈöíåö ØóæúÚó íóÏöåö¡ íóÊóÕóÈøóÑõ áöÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö æóíóÓúÊóÓúáöãõ áöÞóÖóÇÁö Çááøóåö: ÓóÊóÌöÏõäöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó [37 \ 102] ¡ æóÇáúãóæúÞöÝõ ÇáúÂäó æóÇáöÏñ ÈöíóÏöåö ÇáÓøößøöíäõ¡ æóæóáóÏñ ãõáúÞðì Úóáóì ÇáúÌóÈöíäö¡ æóáóãú íóÈúÞó ÅöáøóÇ ÊóæóÞøõÝõ ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇÓö áöáóÍúÙóÉö ÇáÊøóäúÝöíÐö¡ æóáóßöäú - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö - ÃóæúÓóÚõ¡ æóÝóÑóÌõåõ ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ: æóäóÇÏóíúäóÇåõ Ãóäú íóÇÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÞóÏú ÕóÏøóÞúÊó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó [37 \ 104 - 105] .
ÝóßóÇäóÊú ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉð ÚóÙöíãóÉð æóÝóÇÆöÏóÊõåóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉñ¡ ÎóáøóÏóåóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ Ýöí ÇáúåóÏúíö æóÇáÖøóÍöíøóÉö.
æóÝöí Ñóãúíö ÇáúÌöãóÇÑö¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ßõáøõåóÇ Ýöí ãóäóÇÓößó æóÚöÈóÇÏóÉò æóÞõÑúÈóÉò Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÊóÌóÑøõÏò æóÇäúÞöØóÇÚò¡ æóÏóæóÇãö ÐößúÑò áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóåõäóÇßó ÃóÍúÏóÇËñ ÌöÓóÇãñ æóãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊñ ÚöÙóÇãñ¡ áóÇ ÊöÞöáøõ ÃóåóãøöíøóÉð Úóäú ÓóÇÈöÞóÇÊöåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú áóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ Ãóíøó ÐößúÑóì¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÕõáúÍö ÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö.
áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøõáúÍõ ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÅöÐú ßóÇäó Ýöíåö ÇäúÊöÒóÇÚõ ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝö ÞõÑóíúÔò ÈöÇáúßöíóÇäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ãóÇÆöáðÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõáúÍö¡ æóÇáúÚóåúÏö ÇáøóÐöí æõËøöÞó Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóãøóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÊúÍðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÚóáöãó ãóÇ áóãú ÊóÚúáóãõæÇ ÝóÌóÚóáó ãöäú Ïõæäö Ðóáößó ÝóÊúÍðÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ [48 \ 27] .(8/390)
æóäóÒóáóÊú ÓõæÑóÉõ» ÇáúÝóÊúÍö «Ýöí ÚóæúÏóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÕõáúÍö ÇáúÍõÏóíúÈöíóÉö.
æóßóÐóáößó íóæúãõ ÈóÏúÑò ßóÇäó íóæúãó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö¡ ÝóÑøóÞó Çááøóåõ Ýöíåö Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóäóÕóÑó Ýöíåö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãóÚó ÞöáøóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãóÚó ßóËúÑóÊöåöãú.
æóßóÐóáößó íóæúãõ ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÊóÍúØöíãö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö¡ æóÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö äöåóÇÆöíøðÇ Úóáóì ÏóæúáóÉö ÇáÔøöÑúßö Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ðóáößó áóíúáóÉõ ÎõÑõæÌöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ãóßøóÉó æóäõÒõæáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÛóÇÑö¡ ÅöÐú ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ äóÌóÇÊõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÝóÊúßö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÕøóÏøöíÞõ æóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáØøóÑöíÞö Åöáóì ÇáúÛóÇÑö¡ ÍöíäóãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÓöíÑõ ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ ÃóãóÇãó ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ ÎóáúÝóåõ¡ ÝóÓóÃóáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÇáÑøóÕóÏó ÝóÃóßõæäõ ÃóãóÇãóßó¡ æóÃóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÇáØøóáóÈó ÝóÃóßõæäõ ÎóáúÝóßó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -:» ÃóÊõÑöíÏõ áóæú ßóÇäó ÔóíúÁñ íóßõæäõ Ýöíßó íóÇ ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑò¿ «.
ÝóÞõáúÊõ: äóÚóãú ; ÝöÏóÇßó ÃóÈöí æóÃõãøöí íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö ; ÝóÅöäøöí Åöäú Ãóåúáößú Ãóåúáößú æóÍúÏöí¡ æóÅöäú ÊõÕóÈú ÃóäúÊó íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö ÊõÕóÈö ÇáÏøóÚúæóì ãóÚóßó» .
æóßóÐóáößó æõÕõæáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó ÈöÏóÇíóÉõ ÍóíóÇÉò ÌóÏöíÏóÉò æóÈöäóÇÁõ ßöíóÇäö ÃõãøóÉò ÌóÏöíÏóÉò¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóãú íóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ áöÐóáößó ßõáøöåö ÚóãóáðÇ ÎóÇÕøðÇ Èöåö æóÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ÅöÈøóÇäöåóÇ ÊóÃúÎõÐõåõãú ÚóÇØöÝóÉõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì¡ æóíóÌõÑøõåõãú Íóäöíäõ ÇáúãóÇÖöí æóÊóÊóÑóÇÁóì áóåõãú ÕóÝóÍóÇÊõ ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö¡ Ýóåóáú íóÞöÝõæäó ÕõãøðÇ ÈõßúãðÇ Ãóãú íóäúØöÞõæäó ÈößóáöãóÉö ÊóÚúÈöíÑò¿ æóÔõßúÑò áöáøóåö Åöäøóåõ Åöäú íóßõäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÈöÍóÇáò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö¡ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöäó Çááøóåúæö æóÇááøóÚöÈö æóÇáúãõäúßóÑö¡ æóãóÇ áóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó æóáóÇ ÑóÓõæáóåõ.
Åöäøóåõ Åöäú íóßõäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóäúåóÌö ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÓóãóåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ãöËúáö Êöáúßó ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉò Ýöí: ÕöíóÇãò¡ Ãóæú ÕóÏóÞóÉò¡ Ãóæú äõÓõßò¡ æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÉö ÍóíúËõ ßóÇäóÊú.
æóßóÇäó ÚóåúÏõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö æóáóãú íõÔúÑóÚú Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕöåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóåóáö ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóÇáúÃóãúÑö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúáöÏö¡ æóÊóßõæäõ Ööãúäó Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÐóßøöÑú ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÐøößúÑóì ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [51 \ 55] ¡ æóÖöãúäó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóÇÚúÊóÈöÑõæÇ íóÇ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑö [59 \ 2] ÑóÃúíñ ÈöÞöÕóÕö ÇáúãóÇÖöíäó.
æóäóÍúäõ ÃóíúÖðÇ äóÞõÕøõ Úóáóì ÃóÌúíóÇáöäóÇ ÈóÚúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáúÞõÑõæäö¡ Ãóåóãøó ÃóÍúÏóÇËö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áöÇÓúÊöÎúáóÇÕö ÇáúÚöÙóÉö æóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉö Ãóãú áóÇ¿
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ íóÊóíóÓøóÑõ ÅöíÑóÇÏõåõ ÈöÅöíÌóÇÒò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö. æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ãöãøóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÐóÇ ÕöáóÉò ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÚöäúÏó ßóáóÇãöåö Úóáóì(8/391)
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúãóáúÊõ áóßõãú Ïöíäóßõãú æóÃóÊúãóãúÊõ Úóáóíúßõãú äöÚúãóÊöí æóÑóÖöíÊõ áóßõãõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó ÏöíäðÇ [5 \ 3] .
ÞóÇáó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ: æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÌóÚúÝóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóæúÝò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÚõãóíúÓö¡ Úóäú ÞóíúÓö Èúäö ãõÓúáöãò¡ Úóäú ØóÇÑöÞö Èúäö ÔöåóÇÈò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúíóåõæÏö Åöáóì ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ Åöäøóßõãú ÊóÞúÑóÁõæäó ÂíóÉð Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈößõãú¡ áóæú ÚóáóíúäóÇ íóÇ ãóÚúÔóÑó ÇáúíóåõæÏö äóÒóáóÊú áóÇÊøóÎóÐúäóÇ Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãó ÚöíÏðÇ. ÞóÇáó: æóÃóíøõ ÂíóÉò¿ ÞóÇáó: Þóæúáõåõ: Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúãóáúÊõ áóßõãú Ïöíäóßõãú¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: æóÇááøóåö Åöäøöí áóÃóÚúáóãõ Çáúíóæúãó ÇáøóÐöí äóÒóáóÊú Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáóÊú ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: ÚóÔöíøóÉó ÚóÑóÝóÉó Ýöí íóæúãö ÌõãõÚóÉò.
æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÇáÕøóÈøóÇÍö¡ Úóäú ÌóÚúÝóÑö Èúäö Úóæúäò Èöåö¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÓúáöãñ¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ØõÑõÞò Úóäú ÞóíúÓö Èúäö ãõÓúáöãò Èöåö. æóáóÝúÙõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÚöäúÏó ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÓõÝúíóÇäó ÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ Úóäú ÞóíúÓò¡ Úóäú ØóÇÑöÞò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúíóåõæÏõ áöÚõãóÑó: Åöäøóßõãú ÊóÞúÑóÁõæäó ÂíóÉð áóæú äóÒóáóÊú ÝöíäóÇ áóÇÊøóÎóÐúäóÇåóÇ ÚöíÏðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: Åöäøöí áóÃóÚúáóãõ Íöíäó ÃõäúÒöáóÊú¡ æóÃóíúäó ÃõäúÒöáóÊú¡ æóÃóíúäó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Íöíäó ÃõäúÒöáóÊú: íóæúãó ÚóÑóÝóÉó æóÃóäóÇ æóÇááøóåö ÈöÚóÑóÝóÉó.
æóÓóÇÞó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò¡ ÞóÇáó ßóÚúÈñ: áóæú Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö äóÒóáóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ áóäóÙóÑõæÇ Çáúíóæúãó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáóÊú Ýöíåö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÇÊøóÎóÐõæåõ ÚöíÏðÇ íóÌúÊóãöÚõæäó Ýöíåö.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ: Ãóíøõ ÂíóÉò íóÇ ßóÚúÈõ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúãóáúÊõ áóßõãú Ïöíäóßõãú
ÝóÃóÌóÇÈóåõ ÚõãóÑõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÌóÇÈó Èöåö ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Ýöí íóæúãö ÌõãõÚóÉò æóíóæúãö ÚóÑóÝóÉó¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ - ÈöÍóãúÏö Çááøóåö - áóäóÇ ÚöíÏñ.
æóäõÞöáó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÑóÃó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó íóåõæÏöíøñ: áóæú äóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ áóÇÊøóÎóÐúäóÇ íóæúãóåóÇ ÚöíÏðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí íóæúãö ÚöíÏóíúäö ÇËúäóíúäö: íóæúãó ÚöíÏò¡ æóíóæúãó ÌõãõÚóÉò.
æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÅöíÑóÇÏö Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÓóãöÚó ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøó íõÔöíÏõ Èöíóæúãö äõÒõæáöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÞóÑøó ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó æóáóãú íõäúßöÑú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóßöäú ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ÈöÇáúæóÇÞöÚö æóåõæó Ãóäøó íóæúãó äõÒõæáöåóÇ ÚöíÏñ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö ÈöÏõæäö Ãóäú äóÊøóÎöÐóåõ äóÍúäõ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ; ÃóÞóÑøó ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøó Úóáóì ÅöÎúÈóÇÑöåö æóÊóØóáøõÚöåö æóÇÞúÊöÑóÇÍöåö¡ Ýóáóãú íõäúßöÑú Úóáóíúåö ßóãóÇ áóãú íõäúßöÑú ÚõãóÑõ¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ áóæú áóãú íóßõäú äõÒõæáõåóÇ íóæúãó ÚöíÏò¡ áóßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÍúÊóãóáö Ãóäú ÊõÊøóÎóÐó ÚöíÏðÇ. æóáóßöäøóåõ ÕóÇÏóÝó ÚöíÏðÇ Ãóæú ÚöíÏóíúäö¡ Ýóåõæó ÊóßúÑöíãñ áöáúíóæúãö ÈöãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ãóÇ äóÒóáú Ýöíåö ãöäú ÅößúãóÇáö ÇáÏøöíäö(8/392)
Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ (5)
æóÅöÊúãóÇãö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÃóãúÔóÇÌò [76 \ 2] ¡ ÇáúÃóãúÔóÇÌõ: ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇØõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÇáÕøõáúÈö æóÇáÊøóÑóÇÆöÈö [86 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ åóÏóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÇáÓøóÈöíáó¡ æóåõæó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉõ åöÏóÇíóÉõ ÈóíóÇäò æóÅöÑúÔóÇÏò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóåóÏóíúäóÇåõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì [41 \ 17] ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøóÉó ÈöÎóáúÞö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö Úóáóì ãóäú ÔóÇÁó¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [28 \ 56] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóáóÇÓöáó æóÃóÛúáóÇáðÇ
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì äóæúÚó åóÐöåö ÇáÓøóáóÇÓöáö ÈöÐóÑúÚöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÓöáúÓöáóÉò ÐóÑúÚõåóÇ ÓóÈúÚõæäó ÐöÑóÇÚðÇ [69 \ 32] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò
ãóÇÏøóÉõ íóÔúÑóÈõ ÊóÊóÚóÏøóì ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: íóÔúÑóÈõ ßóÃúÓðÇ ÈöÏõæäö ãóÌöíÁö «ãöäú» ¡ æó «ãöäú» áöáÊøóÈúÚöíÖö æóáöáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: åöíó åõäóÇ áöáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ãõÖóãøóäñ ãóÚúäóì ÝöÚúáò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóåõæó: íóÊóäóÚøóãõæäó æóíóÑúÊóæõæäó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí: ÚóíúäðÇ íóÔúÑóÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏõ Çááøóåö [76 \ 6] . ÅöÐö ÇáúÈóÇÁõ Êóßõæäõ áöáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö æóáóÇ ÅöÑóÇÏóÉó åõäóÇ¡ Ýóåõãú íóÊóäóÚøóãõæäó ÈöåóÇ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó «ãöäú» áöáÊøóÈúÚöíÖö ÝöÚúáðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÔõÑúÈó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÑóÝøõåö æóÇáÊøóáóÐøõÐö¡ æóåöíó ÚóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúãõÊúÑóÝöíäó ÇáúãõäóÚøóãöíäó¡ íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóÃúÓö áóÇ ßõáøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÑóÈõæäó Úóäú ÙóãóÃò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÂÏóãó: Åöäøó áóßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÌõæÚó ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÑóì æóÃóäøóßó áóÇ ÊóÙúãóÃõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÖúÍóì [20 \ 119] ¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÊóÚúÏöíóÉõ(8/393)
æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ (8)
íõÓúÞóæúäó ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúßóÃúÓö: æóíõÓúÞóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ ßóÃúÓðÇ [76 \ 17] ¡ æóíóÃúÊöí Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÞóÇåõãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÔóÑóÇÈðÇ ØóåõæÑðÇ [76 \ 21] .
æóíõÄóíøöÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞõåõãú Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÖúãöíäö Ýöí: ÚóíúäðÇ íóÔúÑóÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏõ Çááøóåö¡ Ýóåõæó åõäóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ.
æóåõäóÇßó ÇáÊøóÈúÚöíÖõ ÙóÇåöÑñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõæÝõæäó ÈöÇáäøóÐúÑö
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ãóÈúÍóËõ ÇáäøóÐúÑö æóÇÝöíðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáúíõæÝõæÇ äõÐõæÑóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 29] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ
ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ãóÑúÌöÚö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Ýöí Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö¡ åóáú åõæó ÑóÇÌöÚñ Úóáóì ÇáØøóÚóÇãö Ãóãú Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¿ Ãóíú: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍõÈøö ÇáØøóÚóÇãö áöÞöáøóÊöåö ÚöäúÏóåõãú æóÍóÇÌóÊöåöãú Åöáóíúåö¡ Ãóãú Úóáóì ÍõÈøö Çááøóåö ÑóÌóÇÁó ËóæóÇÈö Çááøóåö¿
æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ æóåõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÂÊóì ÇáúãóÇáó Úóáóì ÍõÈøöåö [2 \ 177] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö áóäú ÊóäóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÈöÑøó ÍóÊøóì ÊõäúÝöÞõæÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊõÍöÈøõæäó [3 \ 92] .
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó Ýöíåö ãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóáóßöäú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÏóáöíáðÇ æóÃóÕúÑóÍõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÄúËöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóáóæú ßóÇäó Èöåöãú ÎóÕóÇÕóÉñ [59 \ 9] .
æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÊóÔúåóÏõ áöÑõÌõæÚöåö áöáØøóÚóÇãö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: ÅöäøóãóÇ äõØúÚöãõßõãú áöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö áóÇ äõÑöíÏõ ãöäúßõãú ÌóÒóÇÁð æóáóÇ ÔõßõæÑðÇ [76 \ 9] ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÍõÈøö Çááøóåö¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúÃõæáóì áöáØøóÚóÇãö æóåóÐöåö áöáøóåö. æóÇáÊøóÃúÓöíÓõ Ãóæúáóì ãöäó ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ: æóíõØúÚöãõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó Úóáóì ÍóÇÌóÊöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõ¡ æóáöæóÌúåö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ.
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÊöíãðÇ æóÃóÓöíÑðÇ¡ ÌóãúÚõ ÃóÕúäóÇÝò ËóáóÇËóÉò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ æóÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÓöíÑõ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú áóÏóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÃóÓúÑóì ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÅöäú(8/394)
æóíõØóÇÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÂäöíóÉò ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò æóÃóßúæóÇÈò ßóÇäóÊú ÞóæóÇÑöíÑóÇ (15)
ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ãóßøöíøóÉð ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
æóÞóÏú äóÞóáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝõÑúÓö ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÞöÕøóÉó ÃóÓóÇÑóì ÈóÏúÑò.
æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÓúÑóì åõãõ ÇáúÎóÏóãõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÓóÇÑóì åõäóÇ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóÏóãó áóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõæäó Úóäö ÇáúÞöÓúãóíúäö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóíúäö: ÇáúíóÊöíãö¡ æóÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÓóÇÑóì ÈóÚúÏó æõÞõæÚöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúÑö¡ áóãú íóÈúÞó áóåõãú Íóæúáñ æóáóÇ Øóæúáñ. Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäõ Åöáóíúåöãú.
æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ãóÍóÇÓöäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÓõãõæøö ÊóÚóÇáöíãöåö¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ßõáøóåõ Çáúíóæúãó áóÝöí ÍóÇÌóÉò Åöáóì ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóÚóÇáöíãö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö ÇáÓøóÇãöíóÉö ÍóÊøóì ãóÚó ÃóÚúÏóÇÆöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóäúåóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÞóÇÊöáõæßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö æóáóãú íõÎúÑöÌõæßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú Ãóäú ÊóÈóÑøõæåõãú æóÊõÞúÓöØõæÇ Åöáóíúåöãú [60 \ 8] ¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóÓúÑö áóíúÓõæÇ ãõÞóÇÊöáöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞøóÇåõãú äóÖúÑóÉð æóÓõÑõæÑðÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò äóÇÖöÑóÉñ [75 \ 22] ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÌóãúÚñ áóåõãú Èóíúäó ÇáäøõÖúÑóÉö æóÇáÓøõÑõæÑö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó ÇáäøõÖúÑóÉó áöãóÇ íóÑóæúäó ãöäó ÇáäøóÚöíãö¡ æóÇáÓøõÑõæÑó áöãóÇ íóäóÇáõæäóåõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì æóÌúåö Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò äóÇÖöÑóÉñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåóÇ äóÇÙöÑóÉñ [75 \ 22 - 23] Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáÓøõÑõæÑõ äóÊöíÌóÉó ÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì æóÌúåö Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÑöíãö. - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõØóÇÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÂäöíóÉò ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò æóÃóßúæóÇÈò ßóÇäóÊú ÞóæóÇÑöíÑó ÞóæóÇÑöíÑó ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò ÞóÏøóÑõæåóÇ ÊóÞúÏöíÑðÇ
Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóäúÕöíÕõ Úóáóì ÃóæóÇäöí ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö.
æóÌóÇÁó ÈöÕöÍóÇÝò ãöäú ÐóåóÈò æóÃóßúæóÇÈò¡ æóåöíó ãõÍóÑøóãóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóØõæÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú åõãú: æöáúÏóÇäñ ãõÎóáøóÏõæäó ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊóåõãú ÍóÓöÈúÊóåõãú áõÄúáõÄðÇ ãóäúËõæÑðÇ [76 \ 19] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáØøõæÑö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö: æóíóØõæÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÛöáúãóÇäñ áóåõãú [52 \ 24](8/395)
æóÇáúÞóæóÇÑöíÑõ ÌóãúÚõ ÞóÇÑõæÑóÉò¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇáúÞóÇÑõæÑóÉó Úóáóì ÅöäóÇÁö ÇáÒøõÌóÇÌö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Ýöí ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóæóÇÑöíÑõ ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò¡ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÞóÇÑõæÑóÉö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÂäöíóÉö ÇáÒøõÌóÇÌö ßóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ãóËóáðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇááøöÓóÇäö: æóÇáúÞóÇÑõæÑóÉõ: ãóÇ ÞóÑøó Ýöíåö ÇáÔøóÑóÇÈõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóÞöíáó: áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáÒøõÌóÇÌö ÎóÇÕøóÉð.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóæóÇÑöíÑó ÈöÂäöíóÉò ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÃóæóÇäöí ÒõÌóÇÌò Ýöí ÈóíóÇÖö ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö æóÕóÝóÇÁö ÇáúÞóæóÇÑöíÑö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÓöíÏóåú: æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÔöÏúíóÇÞò Ýöí ãõÚúÌóãö ãóÞóÇíöíÓö ÇááøõÛóÉö Ýöí ãóÇÏøóÉò ÞóÑøó: ÇáúÞóÇÝõ æóÇáÑøóÇÁõ ÃóÕúáóÇäö ÕóÍöíÍóÇäö íóÏõáøõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÈóÑúÏò¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ Úóáóì Êóãóßøõäò¡ æóÐóßóÑó ãöäó ÇáÊøóãóßøõäö: ÇÓúÊóÞóÑøó æóãõÓúÊóÞóÑøñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇááøöÓóÇäö ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóãöäó ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÑøõ - ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÑøóÇÁö -: ÕóÈøõ ÇáúãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáÔøóíúÁö. íõÞóÇáõ: ÞóÑøóÑúÊõ ÇáúãóÇÁó¡ æóÇáúÞóÑøõ: ÕóÈøõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúÃõÐõäö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ãöäúåõ ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑó: ÖöÏøó ÇáúÌõÍõæÏö ; áöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÑö ÇáúÍóÞøö Èöåö.
Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÈöÇáÓøóãóÇÚö Ãóæú ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóåóÐöåö ãóÞóÇíöíÓõ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ¡ ÝóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú äóÊóÚóÏøóì æóäóÊóÍóãøóáó ÇáúßóáóÇãó¡ ßóãóÇ ÈóáóÛóäóÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖöåöãú Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÓõãøöíóÊö ÇáúÞóÇÑõæÑóÉõ áöÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÑö ÇáúãóÇÁö ÝöíåóÇ æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ãóÐúåóÈöäóÇ. æóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó ßóáóÇãó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÖóÑúÈóÇäö: ãöäúåõ ãóÇ åõæó ÞöíóÇÓñ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ ãóÇ æõÖöÚó æóÖúÚðÇ.
æóÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ãöäú ãóÈóÇÍöËö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö¡ åóáú åöíó ÈöæóÖúÚò áóÇ íõÞóÇÓõ Úóáóíúåö æóÊóÈúÞóì ßóãóÇ æóÖóÚóÊúåóÇ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ¡ Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõæÖóÚõ ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¿ æóÝóÇÆöÏóÉõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö åóáö ÇáúãõÓúßöÑóÇÊõ ßõáøõåóÇ ãóËóáðÇ íóÊóäóÇæóáõåóÇ ãõÓóãøóì ÇáúÎóãúÑö ÈöÇáúæóÖúÚö ÝóÊóßõæäõ ãõÍóÑøóãóÉð ÈöäóÕøö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÎóãúÑõ æóÇáúãóíúÓöÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 90] ¡ Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÍóÑøóãóÉñ ÞöíóÇÓðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóãúÑö ÈöÌóÇãöÚö ÚöáøóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúßóÇÑö¿ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇááøõÛóÉõ ÊõÓóÇÚöÏõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ÞöíóÇÓðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÞúæóì Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö ; ÈöÃóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÇáäøóÕøö áóÇ ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÈöÌóÇãöÚö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö. æóáóÚóáøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúæóÖúÚö: ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇááøõÛóÇÊö ãöäúåóÇ ÊóæúÞöíÝöíøñ æóãöäúåóÇ ÞöíóÇÓöíøñ.
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏøóÑõæåóÇ ÊóÞúÏöíÑðÇ [76 \ 16] ÊóæúÌöíåñ Åöáóì ÍõÓúäö ÇáÕøõäúÚö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÓúæöíóÉö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑö¡ æóÇáúãóÞóÇÓóÇÊö.(8/396)
æóãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÝóÇÓúÌõÏú áóåõ æóÓóÈøöÍúåõ áóíúáðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ (26)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÓúÞóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ ßóÃúÓðÇ ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ÒóäúÌóÈöíáðÇ
æóÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 5] ¡ ÝóÞóÏú Þöíáó: åõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ Ýóåöíó Ýöí ÈóÑúÏö ÇáúßóÇÝõæÑö æóØöíÈö ÇáÒøóäúÌóÈöíáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÞóÇåõãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÔóÑóÇÈðÇ ØóåõæÑðÇ
æóåóÐóÇ æóÕúÝõ ÔóÑóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÇáÔøóÑóÇÈõ åõäóÇ åõæó ÇáúÎóãúÑõ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÔóÑóÇÈó ÎóãúÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóíúÓó ØóåõæÑðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÍúæóÇáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áóåóÇ ÃóÍúßóÇãõåóÇ ÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉõ¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõØóÇÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÂäöíóÉò ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò [76 \ 15] ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÃóæóÇäöíó ÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ãõÍóÑøóãóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ; áöÍóÏöíËö: «ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúÑóÈõ Ýöí ÂäöíóÉö ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÌóÑúÌöÑõ Ýöí ÈóØúäöåö äóÇÑó Ìóåóäøóãó» ¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó ÝóÅöäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö íõäóÚøóãõæäó ÈöåóÇ.
æóßóÐóáößó íõäóÚøóãõæäó ÈöÎóãúÑö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóßõáøõ ÃóæúÕóÇÝöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÚóßúÓõ ÃóæúÕóÇÝöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ áóÇ íõÕóÏøóÚõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ æóáóÇ íõäúÒöÝõæäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõÕóÏøóÚõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ æóáóÇ íõäúÒöÝõæäó [56 \ 19] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äóÒøóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ
«äóÒøóáúäóÇ» «ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ» : íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑö ÈöÎöáóÇÝö «ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ» ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÞóÏúÑö» : ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö [97 \ 1] ¡ æóåõäóÇ ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáÊøóäúÒöíáö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÇáÊøóäúÒöíáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÝóÑóÞúäóÇåõ áöÊóÞúÑóÃóåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì ãõßúËò æóäóÒøóáúäóÇåõ ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ [17 \ 106] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÑöíÞö Úóáóì ãõßúËò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóæúáóÇ äõÒøöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÌõãúáóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ßóÐóáößó áöäõËóÈøöÊó Èöåö ÝõÄóÇÏóßó æóÑóÊøóáúäóÇåõ ÊóÑúÊöíáðÇ [25 \ 32] ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ æóÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉõ ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÈóíóÇäò ÓóÇÈöÞò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÌõÏú áóåõ æóÓóÈøöÍúåõ áóíúáðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ ãöÞúÏóÇÑö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö ÞöíóÇãõåõ ãöäó Çááøóíúáö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÒøóãøöáö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(8/397)
Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÊóÐúßöÑóÉñ Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ÓóÈöíáðÇ (29)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÒøóãøöáõ Þõãö Çááøóíúáó ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ äöÕúÝóåõ Ãóæö ÇäúÞõÕú ãöäúåõ ÞóáöíáðÇ Ãóæú ÒöÏú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [73 \ 4] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÍúäõ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú æóÔóÏóÏúäóÇ ÃóÓúÑóåõãú
ÇáúÃóÓúÑõ: ÇáÑøóÈúØõ ÈöÞõæøóÉò ãóÃúÎõæÐñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÑö åõæó ÌöáúÏõ ÇáúÈóÚöíÑö ÑóØúÈðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÞóÏøõ¡ æóÓõãøöíó ÇáúÃóÓöíÑõ ÃóÓöíÑðÇ áöÔóÏøö ÞóíúÏöåö ÈöÞõæøóÉò ÈöÌöáúÏö ÇáúÈóÚöíÑö ÇáÑøóØúÈö¡ æóåõæó åõäóÇ ÊõÞóæøöíÉñ ÈöÔóÏøö ÑóÈúØö ÇáúÃóÚúÖóÇÁö ÇáúãõÊóÍóÑøößóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ãóÝóÇÕöáöåö ÈöÇáúÚóÕóÈö¡ æóåõæó ßöäóÇíóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÊúÞóÇäö æóÇáúÞõæøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò [95 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ [32 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ÓóÈöíáðÇ
ÇáÓøóÈöíáõ åóäóÇ ãõäúßóÑñ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ãõÚóíøóäñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÈöíáó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö åõæó ÇáÓøóÈöíáõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÊóÚóÇáóæúÇ ÃóÊúáõ ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó ÑóÈøõßõãú Úóáóíúßõãú [6 \ 151] ¡ æóÝöí ÇáäøöåóÇíóÉö ÞóÇáó: æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØöí ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæåõ [6 \ 153] ¡ æóåõæó ÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÏóÚóÇ Åöáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò ÕöÑóÇØö Çááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [42 \ 52 - 53] æóåõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇåúÏöäóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó [1 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßõáøõåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáã Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [2 \ 1 - 2] ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÇåúÏöäóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúåóÇÏöí Åöáóì ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö Çáúãõäóæøóåö Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö: åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ: åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö [2 \ 2 - 3] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö «ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö» ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáõ åõäóÇ ãóÚúáõæãðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÈúáóåóÇ: Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÊóÐúßöÑóÉñ [76 \ 29] ãõÔúÚöÑñ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÈöíáó Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÊøóÐóßøõÑö ÝöíåóÇ æóÇáöÇÊøöÚóÇÙö ÈöåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ÓóÈöíáðÇ¡ ÚóáøóÞó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐó ÇáÓøóÈöíáö Åöáóì Çááøóåö Úóáóì ãóÔöíÆóÉö ãóäú(8/398)
ÔóÇÁó¡ æóÞóíúÏõåóÇ ÑóÈúØõ ãóÔöíÆóÉö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [76 \ 30] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏóÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóÍúËõåóÇ ÈóÍúËðÇ æóÇÝöíðÇ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõßúÑöåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäõæÇ ãõÄúãöäöíäó [10 \ 99] Ýöí «íõæäõÓó» æóÃóÍóÇáó Úóáóì «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» . ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáÊøóÐúíöíáö Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÚóáöíãðÇ ÍóßöíãðÇ [4 \ 11] Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ íóÞóÚõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ Çáúßóæúäö ãöäú Óõáõæßò æóÃóÚúãóÇáò Ãóäøóåõ ÈöÚöáúãò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÍößúãóÉò.(8/399)
æóÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö ÚõÑúÝðÇ (1) ÝóÇáúÚóÇÕöÝóÇÊö ÚóÕúÝðÇ (2) æóÇáäøóÇÔöÑóÇÊö äóÔúÑðÇ (3) ÝóÇáúÝóÇÑöÞóÇÊö ÝóÑúÞðÇ (4) ÝóÇáúãõáúÞöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ (5) ÚõÐúÑðÇ Ãóæú äõÐúÑðÇ (6)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö ÚõÑúÝðÇ ÝóÇáúÚóÇÕöÝóÇÊö ÚóÕúÝðÇ æóÇáäøóÇÔöÑóÇÊö äóÔúÑðÇ ÝóÇáúÝóÇÑöÞóÇÊö ÝóÑúÞðÇ ÝóÇáúãõáúÞöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ ÚõÐúÑðÇ Ãóæú äõÐúÑðÇ
íõÞúÓöãõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõÓóãøóíóÇÊö¡ æóÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí: æóÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö¡ æó: ÝóÇáúÚóÇÕöÝóÇÊö¡ æó: æóÇáäøóÇÔöÑóÇÊö.
ÝóÞöíáó: åöíó ÇáÑøöíóÇÍõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Ãóæö ÇáÑøõÓõáõ¡ æóÚõÑúÝðÇ Ãóíú: ãõÊóÊóÇáöíóÉð ßóÚõÑúÝö ÇáúÝóÑóÓö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ßóæúäóåóÇ ÇáÑøöíóÇÍó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ. æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ßóæúäóåóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÃóÈõæ ÕóÇáöÍò Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÇáÑøóÈöíÚõ Èúäõ ÃóäóÓò.
æóÚóäú ÃóÈöí ÕóÇáöÍò: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇáúÃóæøóáó æóÞóÇáó: ÊóæóÞøóÝó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó ßóáóÇãó ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò íõÝöíÏõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãõÍúÊóãóáñ æóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ÚöäúÏóåõ.
æóÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáÑøöíóÇÍõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÇáÑøöíóÇÍó áóæóÇÞöÍó [15 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑúÓöáõ ÇáÑøöíóÇÍó ÈõÔúÑðÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö [7 \ 57] .
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÅöãúáóÇÁö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞóÇÊõ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÑóÌøóÍó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõáúÞöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ ÚõÐúÑðÇ Ãóæú äõÐúÑðÇ
ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ [37 \ 3] .
æóÝöí ãõÐóßøöÑóÉö ÇáúÅöãúáóÇÁö. Þóæúáõåõ: ÚõÐúÑðÇ: ÇÓúãõ ãóÕúÏóÑò ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑö¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõ ÞóØúÚõ ÇáúÚõÐúÑö.
æóãöäúåõ ÇáúãóËóáõ: ãóäú ÃóÚúÐóÑó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóäúÐóÑó¡ æóåõæó ãóÝúÚõæáñ áöÃóÌúáöåö¡ æóÇáäøóÐúÑõ ÇÓúãõ ãóÕúÏóÑò ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö¡ æóåõæó ãóÝúÚõæáñ áöÃóÌúáöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ: ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÞúÊóÑöäõ ÈöÊóåúÏöíÏò¡ æó «Ãóæú» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:(8/400)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ÃõÞøöÊóÊú (11)
Ãóæú äõÐúÑðÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÇæö¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóÌúáö ÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö¡ æóãóÌöíÁö «Ãóæú» ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÇæö ßóãóÌöíÁö Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ãóÚúÏöí ßóÑöÈó:
Þóæúãñ ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ÇáÕøóÑöíÎó ÑóÃóíúÊóåõãú ... ãóÇ Èóíúäó ãõáúÌöãö ãõåúÑöåö Ãóæú ÓóÇÝöÚö
Ãóíú: æóÓóÇÝöÚò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõæÚóÏõæäó áóæóÇÞöÚñ
åõæó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó Èóíúäó ßõáøö ÞóÓóãò æóãõÞúÓóãò Úóáóíúåö ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉó ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØò Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íõÞúÓöãõ ÈöãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Èöåö ãöäú ãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊöåö ÝóÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ãóÇ íõÞúÓóãõ Èöåö åõäóÇ Ãóæú åõäóÇßó ÛóÇáöÈðÇ íóßõæäõ áöäóæúÚö ãõäóÇÓóÈóÉò¡ æóáóæú ÊóÃóãøóáúäóÇåõ åõäóÇ¡ áóæóÌóÏúäóÇ ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóåõãú ãõßóÐøöÈõæäó Èöåö ; ÝóÃóÞúÓóãó áóåõãú ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÇáÑøöíóÇÍõ ÚõÑúÝðÇ ÊóÃúÊöí ÈöÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö ÊóäúÔõÑõåõ Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ÇáúãóØóÑõ¡ æóíõÍúíöí Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÇáúÚóÇÕöÝóÇÊõ ãöäúåóÇ ÈöÔöÏøóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞúÊóáöÚõ ÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑó æóÊóåúÏöãõ ÇáúÈõíõæÊó ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ØóÇÞóÉó áóåõãú ÈöåóÇ æóáóÇ ÞõÏúÑóÉó áóåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöåúáóÇßö æóÇáÊøóÏúãöíÑö¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÏóÇáøñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö.
Ëõãøó ÊóÃúÊöí ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈöÇáúÈóíóÇäö æóÇáÊøóæúÌöíåö æóÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõæÚóÏõæäó áóæóÇÞöÚñ
- æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇáäøõÌõæãõ ØõãöÓóÊú æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÝõÑöÌóÊú æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ äõÓöÝóÊú
ßõáøõåóÇ ÊóÛúíöíÑóÇÊñ ßóæúäöíøóÉñ ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúãóæúÚõæÏö. æóØóãúÓõ ÇáäøõÌõæãö: ÐóåóÇÈõ äõæÑöåóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáäøõÌõæãõ ÇäúßóÏóÑóÊú [81 \ 2] .
æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÝõÑöÌóÊú Ãóíú: ÊóÔóÞøóÞóÊú æóÊóÝóØøóÑóÊú ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÔóÞøóÊú [84 \ 1] ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÝóØóÑóÊú [82 \ 1] ¡ æóäóÓúÝõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõåõ Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ãóÍóÇáøò. æóãóÇ íóßõæäõ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÚöÏøóÉö ÃóØúæóÇÑò ãöäú: Ïóßøò æóÊóÝúÊöíÊò¡ æóÈóËøò æóÊóÓúíöíÑò: ßóÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö Ëõãøó ßóÇáÓøóÑóÇÈö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóäúÙõÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóæúÞóåõãú [50 \ 6] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ÃõÞøöÊóÊú
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(8/401)
ÝóÞóÏóÑúäóÇ ÝóäöÚúãó ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑõæäó (23)
Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó áóãóÌúãõæÚõæäó Åöáóì ãöíÞóÇÊö íóæúãò ãóÚúáõæãò [56 \ 49 - 50] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöÃóíøö íóæúãò ÃõÌøöáóÊú áöíóæúãö ÇáúÝóÕúáö
íóæúãõ ÇáúÝóÕúáö åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ íõÝúÕóáõ Ýöíåö Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö¡ Èóíúäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãö æóÇáúãóÙúáõæãö¡ æóÇáúãõÍöÞøö æóÇáúãõÈúØöáö¡ æóÇáÏøóÇÆöäö æóÇáúãóÏöíäö¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: åóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÝóÕúáö ÌóãóÚúäóÇßõãú æóÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [77 \ 38] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ðóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÌúãõæÚñ áóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóÐóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÔúåõæÏñ [11 \ 103] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíúáñ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó
æóÚöíÏñ ÔóÏöíÏñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÚöäúÏó ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö» ¡ ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú íóæúãöåöãõ ÇáøóÐöí íõæÚóÏõæäó [51 \ 60] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÎúáõÞúßõãú ãöäú ãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÞóÑóÇÑò ãóßöíäò Åöáóì ÞóÏóÑò ãóÚúáõæãò
ÇáúãóÇÁõ Çáúãóåöíäõ: åõæó ÇáäøõØúÝóÉõ ÇáúÃóãúÔóÇÌõ¡ æóÇáúÞóÑóÇÑõ Çáúãóßöíäõ: åõæó ÇáÑøóÍöãõ¡ æóÞóÏú ãóßøóäóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÕóÇäóåõ ÍóÊøóì ãöäú äóÓóãóÉö ÇáúåóæóÇÁö.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÈóÇåöÑóÇÊõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÑóÇÑö ÝóæúÞó Ãóäú ÊõæÕóÝó¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáÑøóÍöãõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÞöÑøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ãóÇ äóÔóÇÁõ Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ãõÓóãøðì [22 \ 5] ¡ æóÇáúÞóÏúÑõ ÇáúãóÚúáõæãõ åõæó ãõÏøóÉõ ÇáúÍóãúáö Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÞúØö Ãóæö ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉö.
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö ÇáÊøóäúæöíåõ Úóäú Ðóáößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÞúÏóÇÑñ ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉñ æóÂÌóÇáñ ãõÓóãøóÇÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞóÏóÑúäóÇ ÝóäöÚúãó ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑõæäó
Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóãóÏøõÍõ ÈöÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó æóåõæó ÍóÞøñ¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ Êõãúäõæäó ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÎúáõÞõæäóåõ Ãóãú äóÍúäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõæäó [56 \ 59] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» : Ëõãøó ãöäú ãõÖúÛóÉò ãõÎóáøóÞóÉò æóÛóíúÑö ãõÎóáøóÞóÉò [22 \ 5] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö.(8/402)
ßõáõæÇ æóÇÔúÑóÈõæÇ åóäöíÆðÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó (43)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ßöÝóÇÊðÇ ÃóÍúíóÇÁð æóÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóåúÏðÇ [20 \ 35] ¡ æóÇáúßöÝóÇÊõ: ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáøóÐöí íóßúÝöÊõæäó Ýöíåö¡ æóÇáúßóÝúÊõ: ÇáÖøóãøõ ÃóÍúíóÇÁð Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÝöíåóÇ äõÚöíÏõßõãú [20 \ 55] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÇáúãóÚúäóíóíúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÃóäúÈóÊóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö äóÈóÇÊðÇ Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõßõãú ÝöíåóÇ æóíõÎúÑöÌõßõãú ÅöÎúÑóÇÌðÇ [71 \ 1 - 18] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇäúØóáöÞõæÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú Èöåö ÊõßóÐøöÈõæäó
Èóíøóäóåõ ÈóÚúÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇäúØóáöÞõæÇ Åöáóì Ùöáøò Ðöí ËóáóÇËö ÔõÚóÈò áóÇ Ùóáöíáò æóáóÇ íõÛúäöí ãöäó ÇááøóåóÈö ÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÑúãöí ÈöÔóÑóÑò ßóÇáúÞóÕúÑö ßóÃóäøóåõ ÌöãóÇáóÉñ ÕõÝúÑñ [77 \ 30 - 33] ¡ Ãóíú: æóåöíó Ìóåóäøóãõ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÏúÝóÚõæäó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÏóÝúÚðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íõÏóÚøõæäó Åöáóì äóÇÑö Ìóåóäøóãó ÏóÚøðÇ [52 \ 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóÐóÇ íóæúãõ áóÇ íóäúØöÞõæäó
äóÕøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóäúØöÞõæäó Ýöí Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú íóäúØöÞõæäó æóíõÌöíÈõæäó Úóáóì ãóÇ íõÓúÃóáõæäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞöÝõæåõãú Åöäøóåõãú ãóÓúÆõæáõæäó [37 \ 24] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÞúÈóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò íóÊóáóÇæóãõæäó [68 \ 30] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÞóÚó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöãóÇ ÙóáóãõæÇ Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóäúØöÞõæäó [27 \ 85] .
æóÈóíøóäó æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÈöÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÚöäúÏó ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö» ¡ åóÐöåö æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó Ýöí ãóäóÇÒöáó æóÍóÇáóÇÊò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáõæÇ æóÇÔúÑóÈõæÇ åóäöíÆðÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó
Ýöíåö ÇáäøóÕøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Úóãóáóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÓóÈóÈñ Ýöí ÊóãóÊøõÚöåöãú ÈöäóÚöíãö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõæÏõæÇ Ãóäú Êöáúßõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÃõæÑöËúÊõãõæåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [7 \ 43] .(8/403)
ÝóÈöÃóíøö ÍóÏöíËò ÈóÚúÏóåõ íõÄúãöäõæäó (50)
æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «áóäú íóÏúÎõáó ÃóÍóÏõßõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÈöÚóãóáöåö» ¡ æóáóÇ ãõÚóÇÑóÖóÉó Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÕøóíúäö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÏøõÎõæáõ ÈöÝóÖúáò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÈóÚúÏó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö íóßõæäõ ÇáÊøóæóÇÑõËõ¡ æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÇÊõ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚõ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö. Ýóßõáøõåõãú íóÔúÊóÑößõæäó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝóÖøõáö ãöäó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö íóÊóÝóÇæóÊõæäó Ýöí ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÇÊö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó
Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [77 \ 43] . æóåõäóÇ ÞóÇáó: äóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú: äóÌúÒöí ÇáúÚóÇãöáöíäó¡ ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö áóÇ ãõÌóÑøóÏõ ÇáúÚóãóáö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ÇáúÛóÇíóÉó ãöäó ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúãóæúÊó æóÇáúÍóíóÇÉó áöíóÈúáõæóßõãú Ãóíøõßõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ [67 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ áöäóÈúáõæóåõãú Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ [18 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãõ ÇÑúßóÚõæÇ áóÇ íóÑúßóÚõæäó
åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ãõÄóÇÎóÐõæäó ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÇáúãõåöãøõ åõäóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ãóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÐößúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö åöíó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ; ãöãøóÇ íõÄóßøöÏõ ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÈöÍóÞøò ÚöãóÇÏõ ÇáÏøöíäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÈöÃóíøö ÍóÏöíËò ÈóÚúÏóåõ íõÄúãöäõæäó
Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö æóÏóáóÇÆöáó æóãóæóÇÚöÙó ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÈöÃóíøö ÍóÏöíËò ÈóÚúÏó Çááøóåö æóÂíóÇÊöåö íõÄúãöäõæäó [45 \ 6] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ äóÒøóáóåõ ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö åõÏðì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ äóÒøóáó ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåðÇ ãóËóÇäöíó ÊóÞúÔóÚöÑøõ ãöäúåõ ÌõáõæÏõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú Ëõãøó Êóáöíäõ ÌõáõæÏõåõãú æóÞõáõæÈõåõãú Åöáóì ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö Ðóáößó åõÏóì Çááøóåö íóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [39 \ 23] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò Åöáóì ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó íóÑúæöíåö: ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃó: æóÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö ÚõÑúÝðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÑóÃó: ÝóÈöÃóíøö ÍóÏöíËò ÈóÚúÏóåõ íõÄúãöäõæäó¡ ÝóáúíóÞõáú: ÂãóäúÊõ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó.(8/404)
æóÐóßóÑó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÃóÍúãóÏó ÚöÏøóÉó ÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÈöÚöÏøóÉö ØõÑõÞò Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ãóäú ÞóÑóÃó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö: ÃóáóíúÓó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóÇÏöÑò Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÍúíöíó ÇáúãóæúÊóì [75 \ 40] ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó Çááøóåõãøó ÝóÈóáóì. æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃó ÓõæÑóÉó» æóÇáÊøöíäö «ÝóÇäúÊóåóì Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÃóáóíúÓó Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÍúßóãö ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó [95 \ 8] ¡ ÝóáúíóÞõáú: Èóáóì¡ æóÃóäóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó. æóãóäú ÞóÑóÃó: æóÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö¡ ÝóÈóáóÛó: ÝóÈöÃóíøö ÍóÏöíËò ÈóÚúÏóåõ íõÄúãöäõæäó¡ ÝóáúíóÞõáú: ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö» . ÇåÜ.
æóÅöäøóÇ äóÞõæáõ: ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ßóãóÇ ÃóãóÑóäóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.(8/405)
Úóãøó íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö.
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáäøóÈóÃö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Úóãøó íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÅö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáøóÐöí åõãú Ýöíåö ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ëõãøó ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó
Úóãøó ÃóÕúáõåõ Úóäú ãóÇ ÃõÏúÛöãóÊö Çáäøõæäó Ýöí Çáúãöíãö¡ Ëõãøó ÍõÐöÝó ÃóáöÝõ Çáúãöíãö¡ áöÏõÎõæáö ÍóÑúÝö ÇáúÌóÑøö Úóáóíúåö ; áöáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó ãóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãöíøóÉö æóãóÇ ÇáúãóæúÕõæáóÉö.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Úóäú Ãóíøö ÔóíúÁò íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó¡ æóÞóÏú íõÝúÕóáõ ÍóÑúÝõ ÇáúÌóÑøö Úóäú ãóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÍúÐóÝõ ÇáúÃóáöÝõ.
æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Þóæúáó ÍóÓøóÇäò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -:
Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇãó íóÔúÊõãõäöí áóÆöíãñ ... ßóÎöäúÒöíÑò ÊóãóÑøóÛó Ýöí ÑóãóÇÏö
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö: æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÑóÃó «Úóãøóåú» ÈöåóÇÁö ÇáÓøóßúÊö¡ Ëõãøó æóÌøóåóåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íõÌúÑóì ÇáúæóÕúáõ ãõÌúÑóì ÇáúæóÞúÝö¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóÞöÝó æóíóÈúÊóÏöÆó: íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÅö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÖúãóÑó íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Þóæúáõåõ: Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÅö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö: áóíúÓó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞðÇ ÈöÜ: íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáÊøöáóÇæóÉö¡ æóáóßöäú íõÞóÏøóÑõ ÝöÚúáñ ÂÎóÑõ Úóãøó íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÅö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ áóÃõÚöíÏó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ: ÃóÚóäö ÇáäøóÈóÃö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¿
æóÚóáóì ßõáøò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóÇ ÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Úóäúåõ ÃõÈúåöãó ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó Èõíøöäó ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú: íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈóÅö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóáóßöäú ÈóÞöíó ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÈóÅö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ãóÇ åõæó¿ . ÝóÞöíáó: åõæó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÈóÚúËóÊöåö áóåõãú. æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö íóÏúÚõæåõãú Èöåö. æóÞöíáó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö.(8/406)
æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: ÇÍúÊöãóÇáó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö æóÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑõÖó ÈóíúäóåóÇ.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøõåóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÉñ ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ßóÐøóÈó ÈöæóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ ßóÐøóÈó ÈöåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóãóäú ÕóÏøóÞó ÈöæóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ ÕóÏøóÞó ÈöåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóãóäö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ýöí æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ íóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÝöíåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞó Ýöí ÇáäøóÈóÃö æóåõæó ãõÝúÑóÏñ. ÝóãóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö åõäóÇ ÈöÇáÐøóÇÊö¿
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ãóäú ÞóÇáó Åöäøóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ: ÞóÇáó ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: Þõáú åõæó äóÈóÃñ ÚóÙöíãñ ÃóäúÊõãú Úóäúåõ ãõÚúÑöÖõæäó [38 \ 67 - 68] .
æóãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ÇáúÈóÚúËõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúÂÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ: Åöäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÕúáö ßóÇäó ãöíÞóÇÊðÇ [78 \ 17] .
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -: Ãóäøó ÃóÙúåóÑóåóÇ ÏóáöíáðÇ åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÇáúÈóÚúËö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÈöÏóáóÇÆöáö æóÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóÚóÞøóÈóåóÇ ÈöÇáäøóÕøö Úóáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÝóÕúáö ÕóÑóÇÍóÉð¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÈóÑóÇåöíäõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö Ýóåöíó ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ: ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö¡ æóÅöÍúíóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÇáäøóÈóÇÊö¡ æóäóÔúÃóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ æóÅöÍúíóÇÁõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áöãõÚóÇíóäóÊöåóÇ. æóßõáøõåóÇ ãóæúÌõæÏóÉñ åõäóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÎóáúÞõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö¡ ÝóäóÈøóåó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãöåóÇÏðÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóæúÊóÇÏðÇ [78 \ 6 - 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÈóäóíúäóÇ ÝóæúÞóßõãú ÓóÈúÚðÇ ÔöÏóÇÏðÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÓöÑóÇÌðÇ æóåøóÇÌðÇ [78 \ 12 - 13] ¡ ÝóßõáøõåóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ßóæúäöíøóÉñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö [40 \ 57] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöÍúíóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÇáäøóÈóÇÊö ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÚúÕöÑóÇÊö ãóÇÁð ËóÌøóÇÌðÇ áöäõÎúÑöÌó Èöåö ÍóÈøðÇ æóäóÈóÇÊðÇ æóÌóäøóÇÊò ÃóáúÝóÇÝðÇ [78 \ 14 - 16] ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ãóäøóßó ÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÎóÇÔöÚóÉð ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÇåúÊóÒøóÊú æóÑóÈóÊú Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúíóÇåóÇ áóãõÍúíöí ÇáúãóæúÊóì [41 \ 39] .
æóÃóãøóÇ äóÔúÃóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö¡ ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ [78 \ 8] ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÕúäóÇÝðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÎóáúÞò Úóáöíãñ [36 \ 79] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöÍúíóÇÁõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ äóæúãóßõãú ÓõÈóÇÊðÇ [78 \ 9](8/407)
æóÇáÓøõÈóÇÊõ: ÇáöÇäúÞöØóÇÚõ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö. æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÇáúãóæúÊõ¡ Ýóåõæó ãöíÊóÉñ ÕõÛúÑóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóãøóÇåõ Çááøóåõ æóÝóÇÉð Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ íóÊóæóÝøóì ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓó Íöíäó ãóæúÊöåóÇ æóÇáøóÊöí áóãú ÊóãõÊú Ýöí ãóäóÇãöåóÇ [39 \ 42] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóæóÝøóÇßõãú ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÌóÑóÍúÊõãú ÈöÇáäøóåóÇÑö Ëõãøó íóÈúÚóËõßõãú Ýöíåö [6 \ 60] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßóÞóÊöíáö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó æóØõíõæÑö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÐõßöÑóÊú ßõáøõåóÇ ãõÌúãóáóÉð.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÅöíÑóÇÏõåóÇ ãõÝóÕøóáóÉð Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÚóÞøóÈóåóÇ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÕúáö ßóÇäó ãöíÞóÇÊðÇ [78 \ 17] ¡ Ãóíú: áöáúÈóÚúËö ÇáøóÐöí åõãú Ýöíåö ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó¡ íóßõæäõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ ãõÑóÌøöÍðÇ áöáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáäøóÈóÃö åõäóÇ.
æóíõÄóßøöÏõ Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ßóËúÑóÉõ ÅöäúßóÇÑöåöãú æóÔöÏøóÉõ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÈóÚúËóÉö æóÝöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÞóÑøó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú ÈöÈóáóÇÛóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÓöÍúÑðÇ æóáóÇ ÔöÚúÑðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÞóÑøõæÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÈöÕöÏúÞöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóÃóãóÇäóÊöåö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÔöÏøóÉó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÈóÚúËö ßóãóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» æó «Þ» ¡ ÝóÝöí «Õ» ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú æóÞóÇáó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åóÐóÇ ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ ÃóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÂáöåóÉó ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚõÌóÇÈñ [38 \ 4 - 5] .
æóÝöí «Þ» ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åóÐóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÚóÌöíÈñ ÃóÆöÐóÇ ãöÊúäóÇ æóßõäøóÇ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ Ðóáößó ÑóÌúÚñ ÈóÚöíÏñ¡ Ýóåõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏðÇ áöáúÈóÚúËö ãöãøóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ -.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ëõãøó ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó
áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ åóáú ÚóáöãõæÇ Ãóãú áóÇ. æóáóßöäøó ÐößúÑó ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÇåöÑóÉö Úóáóì ÅöÍúíóÇÆöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö ÅöÚúáóÇãöåöãú ÈöãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ãóäú íóÞõæáõ áóåõãú: Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÎúÊóáöÝöíäó Ýöí ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóäóÝúíöåö¡ ÝóåóÐöåö åöíó ÂíóÇÊõåõ æóÏóáóÇÆöáõåõ ÝóÇÚúÊóÈöÑõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóÞóÇíöÓõæåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÅöíÌóÇÏö Êöáúßó¡ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÅöíÌóÇÏö äóÙöíÑöåóÇ.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÚöáúãó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøó ÈöÇáúãõÚóÇíóäóÉö áóãú íóÃúÊö ÈóÚúÏõ áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáÓøöíäö æóåöíó áöáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóáúåóÇßõãõ ÇáÊøóßóÇËõÑõ ÍóÊøóì ÒõÑúÊõãõ ÇáúãóÞóÇÈöÑó ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ëõãøó ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ßóáøóÇ áóæú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Úöáúãó ÇáúíóÞöíäö áóÊóÑóæõäøó ÇáúÌóÍöíãó Ëõãøó áóÊóÑóæõäøóåóÇ Úóíúäó ÇáúíóÞöíäö [102 \ 1 - 7] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÕúáö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö(8/408)
íóæúãó íõäúÝóÎõ Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ (18)
Ýöí ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö: Åöäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÕúáö ßóÇäó ãöíÞóÇÊðÇ [78 \ 17] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãöåóÇÏðÇ
ÞõÑöÆó ÈöÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö¡ «ãóåúÏðÇ» Ãóíú: ßóÇáúãóåúÏö áöáØøöÝúáö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóåúÏðÇ æóÓóáóßó áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÈõáðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ äóæúãóßõãú ÓõÈóÇÊðÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Çááøóíúáó áöÈóÇÓðÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó ãóÚóÇÔðÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ åóÐöåö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ ßóæúäõ Çáäøóæúãö ÓõÈóÇÊðÇ: ÑóÇÍóÉð Ãóæú ãóæúÊðÇ¡ æóÇááøóíúáö áöÈóÇÓðÇ: ÓóÇÊöÑðÇ æóãõÑöíÍðÇ¡ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãóÚóÇÔðÇ: áöØóáóÈö ÇáúãóÚóÇÔö¡ æóÐóáößó ÚöäúÏó ßóáóÇãöåö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» : æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ Çááøóíúáó áöÈóÇÓðÇ æóÇáäøóæúãó ÓõÈóÇÊðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáäøóåóÇÑó äõÔõæÑðÇ [25 \ 47] ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ÏóÇáøóÇÊñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóíúåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÈóäóíúäóÇ ÝóæúÞóßõãú ÓóÈúÚðÇ ÔöÏóÇÏðÇ
Ãóíö: ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÈúÚó¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» : ÃóÝóáóãú íóäúÙõÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóæúÞóåõãú ßóíúÝó ÈóäóíúäóÇåóÇ æóÒóíøóäøóÇåóÇ æóãóÇ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÝõÑõæÌò [50 \ 6] ¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÇáäøõÕõæÕó ãõãóÇËöáóÉð åõäóÇßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íõäúÝóÎõ Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ
ÇáäøóÝúÎõ Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö áöáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÃóÝúæóÇÌðÇ: ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÍóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÌöíÁö ãöËúáó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö ÓöÑóÇÚðÇ [70 \ 43] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÌóÑóÇÏñ ãõäúÊóÔöÑñ ãõåúØöÚöíäó Åöáóì ÇáÏøóÇÚöí [54 \ 7 - 8] ¡ æóÇáúÃóÝúæóÇÌõ åõäóÇ Þöíáó: ÇáúÃõãóãõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉõ ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó äóÏúÚõæÇ ßõáøó ÃõäóÇÓò ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú Ýóãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 71] ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÈöÊóÇÁö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö: ÝóÊóÃúÊõæäó ãöãøóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÝúæóÇÌó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö.
æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ ÃóËóÑðÇ Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐò¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÃóáó ÚóäúåóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÞóÇáó: «íóÇ ãõÚóÇÐõ¡ ÓóÃóáúÊó Úóäú ÃóãúÑò ÚóÙöíãò ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö» ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÓóáó Úóíúäóíúåö æóÞóÇáó: «ÊõÍúÔóÑõ ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÃóÕúäóÇÝò ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöí» æóÓóÇÞóåóÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÓóÇÞóåóÇ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúßóÇÝöí ÇáÔøóÇÝöí Ýöí ÊóÎúÑöíÌö(8/409)
áóÇÈöËöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÍúÞóÇÈðÇ (23) áóÇ íóÐõæÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóáóÇ ÔóÑóÇÈðÇ (24) ÅöáøóÇ ÍóãöíãðÇ æóÛóÓøóÇÞðÇ (25)
ÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö: ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáËøóÚúáóÈöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÒõåóíúÑò¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÇáúåöäúÏöíøö¡ Úóäú ÍóäúÙóáóÉó ÇáÓøóÏõæÓöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäö ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁö Èúäö ÚóÇÒöÈò¡ Úóäúåõ ÈöØõæáöåö æóåöíó: «ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÕõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞöÑóÏóÉö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÕõæÑóÉö ÇáúÎóäóÇÒöíÑö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãõäóßøöÓõæäó ÃóÑúÌõáóåõãú ÝóæúÞó æõÌõæåöåöãú íõÓúÍóÈõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÚõãúíðÇ¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÕõãøðÇ¡ ÈõßúãðÇ¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú íóãúÖõÛõæäó ÃóáúÓöäóÊóåõãú¡ Ýóåöíó ãõÏóáøóÇÊñ Úóáóì ÕõÏõæÑöåöãú íóÓöíáõ ÇáúÞóíúÍõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú íóÊóÞóÐøóÑõåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãõÞóØøóÚóÉñ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÃóÑúÌõáõåõãú¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãõÕóáøóÈõæäó Úóáóì ÌõÐõæÚò ãöäú äóÇÑò¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ äóÊóäðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌöíóÝö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãõáúÈóÓõæäó ÌöáúÈóÇÈðÇ ÓóÇÈöÛóÉð ãöäú ÞóØúÑóÇäò áóÇÒöÞóÉð ÈöÌõáõæÏöåöãú» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó Úóáóì ÕõæÑóÉö ÇáúÎóäóÇÒöíÑö: ÝóÃóåúáõ ÇáÓøõÍúÊö¡ æóÇáúãõäóßøóÓõæäó: ÃóßóáóÉõ ÇáÑøöÈóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚõãúíõ: ÇáúÌóÇÆöÑõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóÇáÕøõãøõ: ÇáúãõÚúÌóÈõæäó ÈöÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóãúÖõÛõæäó ÃóáúÓöäóÊóåõãõ: ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ æóÇáúÞõÕøóÇÕõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóÇáóÝó Þóæúáõåõãú ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú¡ æóãóÞúØõæÚõæ ÇáúÃóíúÏöí: ãõÄúÐõæ ÇáúÌöíÑóÇäö¡ æóÇáúãõÕóáøóÈõæäó: ÇáÓøõÚóÇÉõ ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö Åöáóì ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö¡ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÔóÏøõ äóÊóäðÇ: ãõÊøöÈöÚõæ ÇáÔøóåóæóÇÊö¡ æóãóÇäöÚõæ ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú¡ æóáóÇÈöÓõæ ÇáúÌöáúÈóÇÈö: Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÈúÑö æóÇáúÝóÎúÑö. ÇäúÊóåóì ÈöÅöíÌóÇÒò ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÉö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓõíøöÑóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÓóÑóÇÈðÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóíóÇäõ ÃóÍúæóÇáöåóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ ; ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» : æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÞõáú íóäúÓöÝõåóÇ ÑóÈøöí äóÓúÝðÇ [20 \ 105] ¡ æóÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» : æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÊóÍúÓóÈõåóÇ ÌóÇãöÏóÉð æóåöíó ÊóãõÑøõ ãóÑøó ÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö [27 \ 88] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇÈöËöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÍúÞóÇÈðÇ áóÇ íóÐõæÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóáóÇ ÔóÑóÇÈðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÍóãöíãðÇ æóÛóÓøóÇÞðÇ
áóãú íõÈóíøöäö ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÈó åõäóÇ ßóãú ÚóÏóÏõåóÇ¡ æóåóÐöåö ãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÝóäóÇÁö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÝóäóÇÆöåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÈö åõäóÇ: ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäó ÇáÒøóãóäö áóÇ ßõáøõåõ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÈõ ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝõ ÍóÇáõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ áöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõãú ãöäú ßóæúäöåöãú áóÇ íóÐõæÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÃóÍúÞóÇÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáÒøóãóäö¡ áóÇ íóÐõæÞõæäó ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóáóÇ ÔóÑóÇÈðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÍóãöíãðÇ æóÛóÓøóÇÞðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÈö ÝóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõãú: Ýóáóäú äóÒöíÏóßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 30] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÞóÏú ÈóÍóËóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö(8/410)
æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÃóÍúÕóíúäóÇåõ ßöÊóÇÈðÇ (29)
Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÇÑõ ãóËúæóÇßõãú ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 128] ¡ æóåõæó ÈóÍúËñ ãõØóæøóáñ¡ æóÓóíõØúÈóÚõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ - ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì - ãóÚó åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóÊöãøóÉö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÍöÞóÈö ÂËóÇÑðÇ ÚóÏöíÏóÉð ãöäúåóÇ: Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «æóÇááøóåö áóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö ãóäú ÏóÎóáóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÍúÞóÇÈðÇ. ÇáúÍöÞúÈõ: ÈöÖúÚñ æóËóãóÇäõæäó ÓóäóÉó¡ æóÇáÓøóäóÉõ ËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉò æóÓöÊøõæäó íóæúãðÇ¡ ßõáøõ íóæúãò ÃóáúÝõ ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚõÏøõæäó. ÝóáóÇ íóÊøóßöáóäøó ÃóÍóÏõßõãú Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö» . ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáËøóÚúáóÈöíøõ.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÌøóÍó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÏóæóÇãóåõãú - Ãóíö: ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö - ÃóÈóÏó ÇáúÂÈöÏöíäó. ÇåÜ.
æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÃóÍúÕóíúäóÇåõ ßöÊóÇÈðÇ
Þöíáó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÔøóíúÁö åõäóÇ: ÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÌóÒóÇÁð æöÝóÇÞðÇ [78 \ 26] ¡ Ãóíú: æöÝúÞó ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú ÈöÏõæäö ÒöíóÇÏóÉò æóáóÇ äóÞúÕò¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏú ÃóÍúÕóíúäóÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú æóßóÊóÈúäóÇåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö æóíóÞõæáõæäó íóÇæóíúáóÊóäóÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ æóáóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÑóÈøõßó ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 49] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ íóáúÝöÙõ ãöäú Þóæúáò ÅöáøóÇ áóÏóíúåö ÑóÞöíÈñ ÚóÊöíÏñ [50 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ æóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÔóÑøðÇ íóÑóåõ [99 \ 7 - 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÍúÕóÇåõ Çááøóåõ æóäóÓõæåõ [58 \ 6] .
æóÇááøóÝúÙõ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò [54 \ 49] æóÈöÞóÏóÑò Ýöíåö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇÁö¡ æóÝöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö: ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÞóáóãö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÃÍúÕóíúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÅöãóÇãò ãõÈöíäò [36 \ 12] ¡ æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÌöäøö» Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÍóÇØó ÈöãóÇ áóÏóíúåöãú æóÃóÍúÕóì ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÚóÏóÏðÇ [72 \ 28] .
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÇÊö Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÓöÚóÉö Úöáúãöåö¡ æóÃóáøóÇ íóÝõæÊóåõ ÔóíúÁñ ÞóØøõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÈöÇáúÌõÒúÆöíøóÇÊö Úöáúãóåõ ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÇÊö.
æóßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÌóÇÏóáóÉö» : ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäú äóÌúæóì ËóáóÇËóÉò ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÑóÇÈöÚõåõãú æóáóÇ ÎóãúÓóÉò ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÓóÇÏöÓõåõãú æóáóÇ ÃóÏúäóì ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ãóÚóåõãú Ãóíúäó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Ëõãøó íõäóÈøöÆõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Åöäøó Çááøóåó Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ [58 \ 7] .(8/411)
íóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáÑøõæÍõ æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÕóÝøðÇ áóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÞóÇáó ÕóæóÇÈðÇ (38)
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö æóãóÇ ÊóÓúÞõØõ ãöäú æóÑóÞóÉò ÅöáøóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ æóáóÇ ÍóÈøóÉò Ýöí ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÑóØúÈò æóáóÇ íóÇÈöÓò ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ãóÝóÇÒðÇ
Èóíøóäóåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÏóÇÆöÞó æóÃóÚúäóÇÈðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÌóÒóÇÁð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÚóØóÇÁð ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 32 - 36] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóØóÇÁð ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ
Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÞóÇáó: ÌóÒóÇÁð æöÝóÇÞðÇ¡ æóÝöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÞóÇáó ÚóØóÇÁð ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ.
ÝóÝöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøó ãõÌóÇÒóÇÊöåöãú æöÝúÞó ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú æóáóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÑóÈøõßó ÃóÍóÏðÇ. æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöí ÈóíóÇäñ ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÚöíãó ÚóØóÇÁñ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÊóÝóÖøõáñ Úóáóíúåöãú Èöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÕúáö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÝóÇÒõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøóÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÒõÍúÒöÍó Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÃõÏúÎöáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÝóÞóÏú ÝóÇÒó [3 \ 185] .
æóÏõÎõæáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ÚóØóÇÁñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö: «áóäú íóÏúÎõáó ÃóÍóÏõßõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÈöÚóãóáöåö» ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ: ÅöÔúÚóÇÑñ ÈöÃóäøó ÊóÝóÇæõÊó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÈöÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö æóäóÊóÇÆöÌö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö. æóÞöíáó ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ: ÈöãóÚúäóì ßöÝóÇíóÉò¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÞõæáó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú: ÍóÓúÈöí ÍóÓúÈöí. Ãóíú: ßóÇÝöíäöí.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáÑøõæÍõ æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÕóÝøðÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÈóíóÇäõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» : æóÚõÑöÖõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÕóÝøðÇ [18 \ 48] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò áöãóÚúäóì ÇáÑøõæÍö åõäóÇ ÓóÈúÚóÉó ÃóÞúæóÇáò åöíó: ÃóÑúæóÇÍõ Èóäöí ÂÏóãó¡ Ãóæú Èóäõæ ÂÏóãó ÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú¡ Ãóæú ÎóáúÞñ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÕõæóÑö Èóäöí ÂÏóãó áóíúÓõæÇ ÈöãóáóÇÆößóÉò æóáóÇ ÈóÔóÑò¡ æóíóÃúßõáõæäó(8/412)
Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ãóÂÈðÇ (39)
æóíóÔúÑóÈõæäó¡ Ãóæú ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Ãóæö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ Ãóæú ãóáóßñ ÚóÙöíãñ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö. æóäóÞóáóåóÇ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ¡ æóÍóßóÇåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÒóÇÏó ËóÇãöäðÇ: æóåõãú ÍóÝóÙóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÊóæóÞøóÝó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÑúÌöíÍö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÕøö Ãóäøóåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö ÑóÈøöåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóãúÑò [97 \ 4] ¡ ÝóÝöíåö ÚóØúÝõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÑøõæÍö ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÚóØúÝö ÇáúÚóÇãøö Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÇÕøö¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÞóÏúÑö» ÚóØúÝõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ
ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: áöÔöÏøóÉö åóæúáö ÇáúãóæúÞöÝö¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö æóåõãú ÃóßúÑóãõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö Úóáóì Çááøóåö æóÃóÞúÑóÈõåõãú Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ áóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ¡ ÝóÛóíúÑõåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÎóáúÞö ãöäú ÈóÇÈò Ãóæúáóì.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: åõæó ãöËúáó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÃúÊö áóÇ Êóßóáøóãõ äóÝúÓñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö [11 \ 105] ¡ æóãöËúáõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú ÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúÝóÚõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö [2 \ 255] .
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ßõáøóåõ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãó áóÇ ÓõáúØóÉó æóáóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäó áöÃóÍóÏò ÝóÞóØú¡ ÍóÊøóì æóáóÇ ÈößóáöãóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃõÐöäó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãóäö Çáúãõáúßõ Çáúíóæúãó áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö [40 \ 16] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ
åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áöÇÓúãö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃõÔöíÑó Åöáóíúåö ÈöÇáöÇÓúãö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö ÈöÇáúÈóÚöíÏö Ðóáößó ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú åóÐóÇ¡ ãóÚó ÞõÑúÈö ÇáÊøóßóáøõãö Úóáóíúåö ; æóáóßöäú ÅöãøóÇ áöÈõÚúÏöåö ÒóãóÇäöíøðÇ Úóäú Òóãóäö ÇáÊøóÍóÏøõËö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÅöãøóÇ áöÈõÚúÏö ãóäúÒöáóÊöåö æóÚöÙóãö ÔóÃúäöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáã Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ [2 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÚóæúÏñ Úóáóì ÈóÏúÁò Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó ãõÓúÊóÛúÑöÈöíäó Ãóæú ãõäúßöÑöíäó áöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóåóÇ åõæó Çáúíóæúãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ áóÇ áóÈúÓó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ Ôóßøó áóíóÑóæúäóåõ Úóíúäó ÇáúíóÞöíäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ãóÂÈðÇ.
ÇáúãóÂÈõ: ÇáúãóÑúÌöÚõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöËúáõåõ Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ÓóÈöíáðÇ [73 \ 19] ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ Çáúíóæúãõ ßóÇÆöäðÇ ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöíåö ÅöãøóÇ Åöáóì Ìóåóäøóãó¡(8/413)
ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÐóÑúäóÇßõãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ íóæúãó íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ íóÇ áóíúÊóäöí ßõäúÊõ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ (40)
ßóÇäóÊú ãöÑúÕóÇÏðÇ áöáØøóÇÛöíäó ãóÂÈðÇ [78 \ 21 - 22] ¡ æóÅöãøóÇ ãóÝóÇÒðÇ ÍóÏóÇÆöÞó æóÃóÚúäóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 31 - 32] ¡ ÝóÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíóÇäö: Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ãóÂÈðÇ¡ íóÄõæÈõ Èöåö ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåö ãóÂÈðÇ íóÑúÖóÇåõ áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóãóäú ÔóÇÁó åõäóÇ äóÕøñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÎúíöíÑö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãó áóíúÓó ãóÞóÇãó ÊóÎúíöíÑò¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöãóËóÇÈóÉö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíõÄúãöäú æóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíóßúÝõÑú ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó äóÇÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 29] .
Ýóåõæó Åöáóì ÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑó ãóÔöíÆóÉö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ÝöíãóÇ íóÓúáõßõ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÐóÑúäóÇßõãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ: íóæúãó íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ [78 \ 40] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ÊóÍúÐöíÑñ ÔóÏöíÏñ¡ æóÍóËøñ ÃóßöíÏñ Úóáóì ÇáÓøóÚúíö ÇáúÍóËöíËö áöÝöÚúáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóØóáóÈö ÇáäøóÌóÇÉö Ýöí Çáúíóæúãö ÇáúÍóÞøö. äóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ
ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì äóÊöíÌóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÙóÑö ÅöãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓóÑøóÉó Èöåö æóÅöãøóÇ ÇáúÝóÒóÚó ãöäúåõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóæúãó ÊóÌöÏõ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ãõÍúÖóÑðÇ æóãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÓõæÁò ÊóæóÏøõ áóæú Ãóäøó ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäóåõ ÃóãóÏðÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ æóíõÍóÐøöÑõßõãõ Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓóåõ æóÇááøóåõ ÑóÁõæÝñ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö [3 \ 30] .(8/414)
æóÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö ÛóÑúÞðÇ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö ÛóÑúÞðÇ
ÇáúæóÇæõ áöáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Èöåö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ ÐõßöÑóÊú ÕöÝóÇÊõåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇÊö¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇáúãõÏóÈøöÑóÇÊö ÃóãúÑðÇ [79 \ 5] .
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Èöåö ÝöíåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÈóíóÇäõåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
«æóÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö» : ÌóãúÚõ äóÇÒöÚóÉò¡ æóÇáäøóÒúÚõ: ÌóÐúÈõ ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÈöÞõæøóÉò ãöäú ãóÞóÑøöåö¡ ßóäóÒúÚö ÇáúÞóæúÓö Úóäú ßóÈöÏöåö¡ æóíõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÍúÓõæÓö æóÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøö¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö äóÒúÚõ ÇáúÞóæúÓö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ: «æóäóÒóÚó íóÏóåõ» [7 \ 108] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÊóäúÒöÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÚúÌóÇÒõ äóÎúáò ãõäúÞóÚöÑò [54 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: «íóäúÒöÚõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ áöÈóÇÓóåõãóÇ» [7 \ 27] ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÒóÚúäóÇ ãóÇ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑöåöãú ãöäú Ûöáøò ÅöÎúæóÇäðÇ [15 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÅöäú ÊóäóÇÒóÚúÊõãú Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÝóÑõÏøõæåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇáÑøóÓõæáö [4 \ 59] ¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: «áóÚóáøóåõ äóÒóÚóåõ ÚöÑúÞñ» .
æóÇáúÅöÛúÑóÇÞõ: ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉõ¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÞõ: ÇáöÇÓúÊöíÚóÇÈõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÜ «ÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö ÛóÑúÞðÇ» åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö Åöáóì ÍóæóÇáöí ÚóÔóÑóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáò ãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÊóäúÒöÚõ ÇáúÃóÑúæóÇÍó¡ æóÇáäøõÌõæãõ ÊóäúÊóÞöáõ ãöäú ãóßóÇäò Åöáóì ãóßóÇäò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÇáúÃóÞúæóÇÓõ ÊóäúÒöÚõ ÇáÓøöåóÇãó¡ æóÇáúÛõÒóÇÉõ íóäúÒöÚõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇÓö¡ æóÇáúÛõÒóÇÉõ íóäúÒöÚõæäó ãöäú ÏóÇÑö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Åöáóì ÏóÇÑö ÇáúÍóÑúÈö áöáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ æóÇáúæõÍõæÔõ ÊóäúÒöÚõ Åöáóì ÇáØøóáóÇ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäõ ÇáúæóÍúÔöíøõ.
«æóÇáäøóÇÔöØóÇÊö» : Þöíáó ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúßóáöãóÉö: ÇáäøóÔóÇØõ æóÇáúÎöÝøóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÃõäúÔõæØóÉõ: ÇáúÚõÞúÏóÉõ ÓóåúáóÉõ ÇáúÍóáøö¡ æóäóÔøóØóåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÑóÈóØóåõ¡ æóÃóäúÔóØóåõ Íóáøóåõ ÈöÓõÑúÚóÉò æóÎöÝøóÉò¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÃõäúÔöØó ãöäú ÚöÞóÇáò» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö åõäóÇ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÍúæö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÊóäúÔóØõ(8/415)
æóÇáÓøóÇÈöÍóÇÊö ÓóÈúÍðÇ (3)
ÇáúÃóÑúæóÇÍó¡ æóÞöíáó: ÃóÑúæóÇÍõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÊóäúÔóØõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÝóÒóÚö¡ æóáóãú íõÑóÌøöÍö ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ãóÚúäðì ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ßõáøõåóÇ ãõÍúÊóãóáóÉñ¡ æóÍóßóÇåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåõ ßõáøóåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑó Ýöí ÇáúÌóáóÇáóíúäö ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ æóÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì: Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäó «ÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö» æó «ÇáäøóÇÔöØóÇÊö» : åõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãõÌóÇåöÏò¡ æóåöíó ÕöÝóÇÊñ áóåóÇ Ýöí ÞóÈúÖö ÇáúÃóÑúæóÇÍö.
æóÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì: åõæó ÃóäøóåõãóÇ æóÕúÝóÇäö ãõÊóÞóÇÈöáóÇäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ äóÒúÚñ ÈöÔöÏøóÉò¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ äóÔóÇØñ ÈöÎöÝøóÉò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÒúÚõ ÛóÑúÞðÇ áöÃóÑúæóÇÍö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÇáäøóÔúØõ ÈöÎöÝøóÉò áöÃóÑúæóÇÍö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ðóáößó ãõÝóÓøóÑðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøö äóÒúÚö ÃóæóÑóÇÍö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐö ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó Ýöí ÛóãóÑóÇÊö ÇáúãóæúÊö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóÇÓöØõæ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÃóÎúÑöÌõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó ÊõÌúÒóæúäó ÚóÐóÇÈó Çáúåõæäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 93] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐú íóÊóæóÝøóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íóÖúÑöÈõæäó æõÌõæåóåõãú æóÃóÏúÈóÇÑóåõãú æóÐõæÞõæÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÍóÑöíÞö [8 \ 50] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: íóÇ ÃóíøóÊõåóÇ ÇáäøóÝúÓõ ÇáúãõØúãóÆöäøóÉõ ÇÑúÌöÚöí Åöáóì ÑóÈøößö ÑóÇÖöíóÉð ãóÑúÖöíøóÉð [89 \ 27 - 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ ÊóÊóäóÒøóáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäõæÇ æóÃóÈúÔöÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßõäúÊõãú ÊõæÚóÏõæäó [41 \ 30] .
æóåóÐóÇ íóÊóäóÇÓóÈõ ßõáøó ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ãóÚó ÂÎóÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÐóÑúäóÇßõãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ íóæúãó íóäúÙõÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ [78 \ 40] ¡ æóäóÙóÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÁö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ íóÈúÏóÃõ ãöäú ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáäøóÒúÚö ÍöíäóãóÇ íóËúÞõáõ ÇááøöÓóÇäõ Úóäö ÇáäøõØúÞö Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉö ÇáúÍóÔúÑóÌóÉö¡ Íöíäó áóÇ ÊõÞúÈóáõ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÇíöäóÉö áöãóÇ ÓóíóÆõæáõ Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóíóäúÙõÑõ ÍöíäóÆöÐò ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÚöäúÏó äóÒúÚö ÇáÑøõæÍö Ãóæú äóÔúØöåóÇ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóÇÈöÍóÇÊö ÓóÈúÍðÇ ÝóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÇÊö ÓóÈúÞðÇ
Þöíáó: «ÇáÓøóÇÈöÍóÇÊõ» ÇáäøõÌõæãõ. æóÞöíáó: ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ æóÇááøóíúáõ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ¡ æóÇáÓøóÍóÇÈõ æóÇáÓøõÝõäõ æóÇáúÍöíÊóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáúÈöÍóÇÑö¡ æóÇáúÎóíúáõ Ýöí ÇáúãóíúÏóÇäö.
æóÐóßóÑóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóáóãú íõÑóÌøöÍú. æóÞóÇáó: ßõáøõåóÇ ãõÍúÊóãóáóÉñ¡ æóÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåõ ßóÐóáößó.
æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ÚöÙóÇãñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞó Ýöí ÃóãúÑö(8/416)
íóæúãó ÊóÑúÌõÝõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÝóÉõ (6) ÊóÊúÈóÚõåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÏöÝóÉõ (7)
ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÏö¡ æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉõ: ÇáÔøóãúÓõ¡ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ¡ æóÇáäøõÌõæãõ. æóÞóÏú æóÕóÝó Çááøóåõ ÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ÈöÇáÓøóÇÈöÍóÇÊö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÏúÑößó ÇáúÞóãóÑó æóáóÇ Çááøóíúáõ ÓóÇÈöÞõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóßõáøñ Ýöí Ýóáóßò íóÓúÈóÍõæäó [36 \ 40] ¡ «æóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÇÊö» ãöäó ÇáäøõÌõæãö¡ ÇáÓøóíøóÇÑóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇáúãõÏóÈøöÑóÇÊö ÃóãúÑðÇ
ÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÑóÃúíðÇ áóåõ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúæóÇÍõ¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÏú ÊõÏóÈøöÑõ ÃóãúÑó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúãóäóÇãóÇÊö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáñ áóÇ íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóíúåö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáäøóÕøõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö ÑóÈøöåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóãúÑò [97 \ 4] ¡ æóßóãóÇ æóÕóÝó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áóÇ íóÚúÕõæäó Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãú æóíóÝúÚóáõæäó ãóÇ íõÄúãóÑõæäó [66 \ 6] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÑúÌõÝõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÝóÉõ ÊóÊúÈóÚõåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÏöÝóÉõ
åõãóÇ ÇáäøóÝúÎóÊóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÕøõæóÑö¡ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÝóÉõ åöíó ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÇáÑøóÇÏöÝóÉõ åöíó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÕóÚöÞó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó äõÝöÎó Ýöíåö ÃõÎúÑóì ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ÞöíóÇãñ íóäúÙõÑõæäó [39 \ 68] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó áöáÔøóíúÎö - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóäúÓöáõæäó [36 \ 51] ¡ æóÓõãøöíóÊö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÇáÑøóÇÌöÝóÉõ ; áöãóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãó ßõáøóåõ ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍõãöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóÏõßøóÊóÇ ÏóßøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð [69 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÕóÚöÞó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [39 \ 68] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÈöÓóäóÏöåö: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉõ ÊóÊúÈóÚõåóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÏöÝóÉõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúãóæúÊõ ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö. ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÌõáñ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó Åöäú ÌóÚóáúÊõ ÕóáóÇÊöí ßõáøóåóÇ Úóáóíúßó¿ ÞóÇáó:» ÅöÐóäú íóßúÝöíßó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ Ãóåóãøóßó ãöäú ÏõäúíóÇßó æóÂÎöÑóÊößó «æóÓóäóÏõåõ ÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ æóßöíÚñ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÚóÞöíáò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáØøõÝóíúáö Èúäö ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ ÞóÇáó:» ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.(8/417)
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Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÞõæáõæäó ÃóÆöäøóÇ áóãóÑúÏõæÏõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇÝöÑóÉö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: íóÓúÊóäúßöÑõ ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÇáúÈóÚúËó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æó «ÇáúÍóÇÝöÑóÉõ» : ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåöãú æóãóÕöíÑöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö.
æóäõÞöáó Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÑóÉó ÇáäøóÇÑõ¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ÚóÇÏó Ýöí ÍóÇÝöÑóÊöåö ÑóÌóÚó Ýöí ØóÑöíÞöåö¡ ßóÃóäøó ãóÍúíóÇåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÍóÝóÑó ØóÑöíÞóåõ ÈöãóÔúíöåö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö áóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áóåõ ÈöÍõÝúÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÊóÚúÈöíÑñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÚóæúÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
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Ãóíú: ÃóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøöÈóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÕøóáóÚö æóÇáÔøóíúÈö.
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÃóÞúÏöãú ÃóÎóÇ äóåúãò Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÓóÇæöÑóåú ... æóáóÇ íóåõæáóäúßó ÑõÁõæÓñ äóÇÏöÑóåú
ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞóÕúÑõßó ÊõÑúÈõ ÇáÓøóÇåöÑóåú ... ÍóÊøóì ÊóÚõæÏó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇÝöÑóåú
ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÕöÑúÊó ÚöÙóÇãðÇ äóÇÎöÑóåú
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÍóÇÝöÑóÉö ÇáúÚóæúÏóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ Êöáúßó ÅöÐðÇ ßóÑøóÉñ ÎóÇÓöÑóÉñ [79 \ 12] .
æóÇáúßóÑøóÉõ: åöíó ÇáúÚóæúÏóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóåöíó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÍõÝúÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ãöäú ÊóßúÑóÇÑö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÆöÐóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÚöÙóÇãðÇ äóÎöÑóÉð ÇáúÚöÙóÇãõ ÇáäøóÎöÑóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇáöíóÉõ¡ æóÇáøóÊöí ÊóÎóáøóáóåóÇ ÇáÑøöíÍõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
æóÃóÎúáóíúÊõåóÇ ãöäú ãõÎøöåóÇ ÝóßóÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóæóÇÑöíÑõ ... Ýöí ÃóÌúæóÇÝöåóÇ ÇáÑøöíÍõ ÊóäúÎõÑõ
æóäóÎúÑóÉõ ÇáÑøöíÍö ÔöÏøóÉõ ÕóæúÊöåóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáúãóäúÎóÑõ¡ áöÃóÎúÐö ÇáúåóæóÇÁö ãöäúåõ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ [36 \ 78] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ÃóÊóÇßó ÍóÏöíËõ ãõæÓóì.(8/418)
ÅöÐú äóÇÏóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÈöÇáúæóÇÏö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÓö Øõæðì (16)
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó æóãóæúÖõæÚóåõ æóãóßóÇäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÅöÐú äóÇÏóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÈöÇáúæóÇÏöí ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÓö Øõæðì ÇÐúåóÈú Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Åöäøóåõ ØóÛóì Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ ÑóÈøõßõãõ ÇáúÃóÚúáóì [79 \ 24] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÇÏóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÈöÇáúæóÇÏöí ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÓö¡ Èóíøóäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ Ãóäøóåõ ÇáØøõæÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÖóì ãõæÓóì ÇáúÃóÌóáó æóÓóÇÑó ÈöÃóåúáöåö ÂäóÓó ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáØøõæÑö äóÇÑðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÊóÇåóÇ äõæÏöíó ãöäú ÔóÇØöÆö ÇáúæóÇÏöí ÇáúÃóíúãóäö Ýöí ÇáúÈõÞúÚóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßóÉö [28 \ 29 - 30] æóÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßóÉõ ÊõÓóÇæöí ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÓó.
ÝóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÏóÇÉó ßóÇäóÊú ÈöÇáØøõæÑö æóåõæó ÇáúæóÇÏöí ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÓõ¡ æóåõæó Øõæðì¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÈõÞúÚóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßóÉö. æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóßóÇäö ãöäú ãõäóÇÌóÇÉò æóÃóãúÑö ÇáúÚóÕóÇ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ãöäú Ãóæøóáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåóáú ÃóÊóÇßó ÍóÏöíËõ ãõæÓóì ÅöÐú ÑóÃóì äóÇÑðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÇÐúåóÈú Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó [20 \ 9 - 24] .
æóÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ - ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö - ÇáúÞóæúáó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóæúÞöÝö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÇÏóíúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáØøõæÑö ÇáúÃóíúãóäö [19 \ 52] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ¡ ßóÇãöáó ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúãõäóÇÏóÇÉö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøöí ÃóäóÇ ÑóÈøõßó ÝóÇÎúáóÚú äóÚúáóíúßó Åöäøóßó ÈöÇáúæóÇÏöí ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÓö Øõæðì æóÃóäóÇ ÇÎúÊóÑúÊõßó ÝóÇÓúÊóãöÚú áöãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöäøóäöí ÃóäóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÝóÇÚúÈõÏúäöí æóÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó áöÐößúÑöí Åöäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÂÊöíóÉñ [20 \ 12 - 15] .
Ëõãøó ÞöÕøóÉó ÇáúÚóÕóÇ æóÇáúÂíóÉó Ýöí íóÏöåö - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóÅöÑúÓóÇáóåõ Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Åöäøóåõ ØóÛóì¡ æóÓõÄóÇáó ãõæÓóì: ÑóÈøö ÇÔúÑóÍú áöí ÕóÏúÑöí æóíóÓøöÑú áöí ÃóãúÑöí [20 \ 25 - 26] ¡ æóÇÓúÊöæúÒóÇÑó ÃóÎöíåö ãóÚóåõ¡ Ïõæäó ÇáÊøóÚóÑøõÖö Åöáóì ÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈóíóÇäñ áöãóäúåóÌö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö¡ æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóßõæäó Úóáóíúåö äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì ãóÚó ÚóÏõæøö Çááøóåö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó.
æóÃõÓúáõæÈõ ÇáúÚóÑúÖö: «åóáú áóßó Åöáóì Ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì æóÃóåúÏöíóßó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÝóÊóÎúÔóì» [79 \ 18 - 19] ¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì¡ æóÏóáöíáö ÕöÍøóÉö ÏóÚúæóÇåõ ãöãøóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ßõáøó ÏóÇÚöíóÉò Çáúíóæúãó Ãóäú íóÞöÝó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÞöÝó¡ ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ Çáúíóæúãó ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÔóÏøõ ØõÛúíóÇäðÇ ãöäúåõ ; ÍóíúËõ ÇÏøóÚóì ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉó æóÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉó ãóÚðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóäóÇ ÑóÈøõßõãõ ÇáúÃóÚúáóì [79 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÚóáöãúÊõ áóßõãú ãöäú Åöáóåò ÛóíúÑöí [28 \ 38] ¡(8/419)