æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊößõãú æóÃóáúæóÇäößõãú Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöáúÚóÇáöãöíäó (22)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ ãöäúåóÇ ÔóÝóÇÚóÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 48] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÇäõæÇ ÈöÔõÑóßóÇÆöåöãú ßóÇÝöÑöíäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú æóíóßõæäõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÖöÏøðÇ 19 \ 82] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö Íöíäó ÊõãúÓõæäó æóÍöíäó ÊõÕúÈöÍõæäó æóáóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÚóÔöíøðÇ æóÍöíäó ÊõÙúåöÑõæäó
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãóæúÞõæÊðÇ¡ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö Íöíäó ÊõãúÓõæäó¡ ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÃõÔöíÑó ÝöíåóÇ Åöáóì ÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ æóÌúåó Ðóáößó ãóÚó ÅöíÖóÇÍö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÃõÔöíÑó ÝöíåóÇ Åöáóì ÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÍúíöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ æóßóÐóáößó ÊõÎúÑóÌõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÐößúÑöäóÇ ÈóÑóÇåöíäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú [2 \ 22] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõäúÈöÊõ áóßõãú Èöåö ÇáÒøóÑúÚó æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäó [16 \ 11] æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ãóäú ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäúåóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [20 \ 55] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ãóäú ÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ áöÊóÓúßõäõæÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 72] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊößõãú æóÃóáúæóÇäößõãú Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöáúÚóÇáöãöíäó.(6/172)
æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö íõÑöíßõãõ ÇáúÈóÑúÞó ÎóæúÝðÇ æóØóãóÚðÇ æóíõäóÒøöáõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóíõÍúíöí Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó (24)
Þóæúáõåõ: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 164] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊößõãú æóÃóáúæóÇäößõãú¡ ÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö Ãóäøó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó ÃóáúæóÇäö ÇáúÂÏóãöíøöíäó æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó ÃóáúæóÇäö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ æóÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö¡ æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö áöáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ Èöåö ËóãóÑóÇÊò ãõÎúÊóáöÝðÇ ÃóáúæóÇäõåóÇ æóãöäó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÌõÏóÏñ ÈöíÖñ æóÍõãúÑñ ãõÎúÊóáöÝñ ÃóáúæóÇäõåóÇ æóÛóÑóÇÈöíÈõ ÓõæÏñ æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ãõÎúÊóáöÝñ ÃóáúæóÇäõåõ ßóÐóáößó [35 \ 27 - 28] ¡ æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáúÃóáúæóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ãöäú ÛóÑóÇÆöÈö ÕõäúÚöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÚóÌóÇÆöÈöåö¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäó ÇáúÞóÇØöÚóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãõÄóËøöÑõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÅöÓúäóÇÏó ÇáÊøóÃúËöíÑö áöáØøóÈöíÚóÉö ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÅöÈúØóÇáó ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáØøóÈöíÚóÉö ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» : æóÝöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÞöØóÚñ ãõÊóÌóÇæöÑóÇÊñ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [13 \ 4] . æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÍóÝúÕñ æóÍúÏóåõ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò: Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöáúÚóÇáöãöíäó ÈößóÓúÑö ÇááøóÇãö¡ ÌóãúÚõ ÚóÇáöãò ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÖöÏøõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáö. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó: (áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó) ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇááøóÇãö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [1 \ 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ãóäóÇãõßõãú ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÇÈúÊöÛóÇÄõßõãú ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íóÓúãóÚõæäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÂíóÉó Çááøóíúáö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð áöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 12] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö íõÑöíßõãõ ÇáúÈóÑúÞó ÎóæúÝðÇ æóØóãóÚðÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãóÚó ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö: ÎóæúÝðÇ æóØóãóÚðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑöíßõãõ ÇáúÈóÑúÞó ÎóæúÝðÇ æóØóãóÚðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 12] ¡ æóÓóäóÍúÐöÝõ åõäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÇËö áößóËúÑóÊöåóÇ.(6/173)
Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú ÖóÚúÝò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÖóÚúÝò ÞõæøóÉð Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÞõæøóÉò ÖóÚúÝðÇ æóÔóíúÈóÉð íóÎúáõÞõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóáöíãõ ÇáúÞóÏöíÑõ (54)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÖóÑóÈó áóßõãú ãóËóáðÇ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú åóáú áóßõãú ãöäú ãóÇ ãóáóßóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõßõãú ãöäú ÔõÑóßóÇÁó Ýöí ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÝóÖøóáó ÈóÚúÖóßõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÇáÑøöÒúÞö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 71] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõãú ãöäú ÑöÈðÇ áöíóÑúÈõæó Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóáóÇ íóÑúÈõæ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóãúÍóÞõ Çááøóåõ ÇáÑøöÈóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 276] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÕøóÏøóÚõæäó.
Ãóíú: íóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæäó ÝóÑöíÞóíúäö¡ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóíóæúãó ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæäó ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ýóåõãú Ýöí ÑóæúÖóÉò íõÍúÈóÑõæäó æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóáöÞóÇÁö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãõÍúÖóÑõæäó [30 \ 44 - 45] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [42 \ 7] ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÝóÚóáóíúåö ßõÝúÑõåõ æóãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóáöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú íóãúåóÏõæäó áöíóÌúÒöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [44 - 45] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóíúÖðÇ áöáÊøóÝóÑøõÞö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö åõäóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÕúÏõÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ áöíõÑóæúÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú [99 \ 6] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäøóßó áóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäú ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ Ýóåõãú ãõÓúáöãõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó Ýöí áóåõ ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 80] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú ÖóÚúÝò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÖóÚúÝò ÞõæøóÉð Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÞõæøóÉò ÖóÚúÝðÇ æóÔóíúÈóÉð.(6/174)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó áóÞóÏú áóÈöËúÊõãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóåóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóáóßöäøóßõãú ßõäúÊõãú áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó (56)
ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáÖøóÚúÝó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóåõãú ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÇáÖøóÚúÝó ÇáúÃóÎöíÑó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö: Ãóáóãú äóÎúáõÞúßõãú ãöäú ãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò [77 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ [16 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 77] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãöãøó ÎõáöÞó ÎõáöÞó ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò [86 \ 5 - 6] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú ãöãøóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [30 \ 39] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÖøóÚúÝö ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóãöäúßõãú ãóäú íõÑóÏøõ Åöáóì ÃóÑúÐóáö ÇáúÚõãõÑö [16 \ 70] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóãóäú äõÚóãøöÑúåõ äõäóßøöÓúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó [36 \ 68] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö. æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì ÇáúÞõæøóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáÖøöÚúÝóíúäö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ [16 \ 4] ¡ æóÅöØúáóÇÞõåõ äóÝúÓó ÇáÖøóÚúÝö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäúåõ ÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ æóÌúåóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎõáöÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãöäú ÚóÌóáò ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 37] . æóÞóÑóÃó ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ: ãöäú ÖóÚúÝò Ýöí ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúãóÎúÝõæÖóíúäö æóÇáúãóäúÕõæÈö ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÖøóÇÏö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÇáÖøóãøö.
æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÍóÝúÕñ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ÈöÇáÖøóãøö æöÝóÇÞðÇ áöáúÌõãúåõæÑö ; áöáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÚóØöíøóÉó ÇáúÚóæúÝöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÚúäöí ÇÈúäó ÚõãóÑó ÞóÑóÃó Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: ãöäú ÖóÚúÝò ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÖøóÇÏö¡ ÝóÑóÏøó Úóáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÃóãóÑóåõ Ãóäú íóÞúÑóÃóåóÇ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÖøóÇÏö¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÍóÓøóäóåõ¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ íõÞúÓöãõ ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ÛóíúÑó ÓóÇÚóÉò ßóÐóáößó ßóÇäõæÇ íõÄúÝóßõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó íóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ßóÃóäú áóãú íóáúÈóËõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓóÇÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö [10 \ 45] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó áóÞóÏú áóÈöËúÊõãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóåóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóáóßöäøóßõãú ßõäúÊõãú áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÅöÐóÇ ÈõÚöËõæÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÃóÞúÓóãõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ÛóíúÑó ÓóÇÚóÉò íóÞõæáõ áóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó¡ æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõÓõáõ¡(6/175)
æóáóÞóÏú ÖóÑóÈúäóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò æóáóÆöäú ÌöÆúÊóåõãú ÈöÂíóÉò áóíóÞõæáóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãõÈúØöáõæäó (58)
æóÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáÕøóÇáöÍõæäó: æóÇááøóåö áóÞóÏú áóÈöËúÊõãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóáóßöäøóßõãú ßõäúÊõãú áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇæóíúáóäóÇ ãóäú ÈóÚóËóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÑúÞóÏöäóÇ [36 \ 52] .
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Úóäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ ÏóáóÇáóÉð áóÇ áóÈúÓó ÝöíåóÇ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íóäóÇãõæäó äóæúãóÉð ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÈóÚúËöåöãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁð ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáäøóæúãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó äóæúãóÉõ ãóæúÊò íóÞõæáõ áóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó: åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÕóÏóÞó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó [36 \ 52] ¡ Ãóíú: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÚúËõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ ÇáøóÐöí æóÚóÏóßõãõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÑõÓõáöåö¡ æóÕóÏóÞó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÔóÇåóÏúÊõãõæåõ ÚöíóÇäðÇ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí «íÓ» : åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ¡ Þóæúáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó¡ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóåõæó ãõØóÇÈöÞñ áöãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó áóÞóÏú áóÈöËúÊõãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ åóÐóÇ ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì ãóÇ æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú ÅöÔóÇÑóÉð Åöáóì ÇáúãóÑúÞóÏö Ýöí Þóæúáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: ãóäú ÈóÚóËóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÑúÞóÏöäóÇ åóÐóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú: ÝöíãóÇ ßóÊóÈóåõ æóÞóÏøóÑóåõ æóÞóÖóÇåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ãöäú Þóæúáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» : æóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇæóíúáóäóÇ åóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö åóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÝóÕúáö ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 20 - 21] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ åõãú íõÓúÊóÚúÊóÈõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇááøõÛóÇÊö¡ æóÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó áóÇ íõÄúÐóäõ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóáóÇ åõãú íõÓúÊóÚúÊóÈõæäó [16 \ 84] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÆöäú ÌöÆúÊóåõãú ÈöÂíóÉò áóíóÞõæáóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãõÈúØöáõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú äóÒøóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ßöÊóÇÈðÇ Ýöí ÞöÑúØóÇÓò ÝóáóãóÓõæåõ ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú áóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöäú åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÈöíäñ [6 \ 7] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóäú äõÄúãöäó áóßó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÝúÌõÑó áóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóäúÈõæÚðÇ [17 \ 90] ¡(6/176)
ÝóÇÕúÈöÑú Åöäøó æóÚúÏó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøñ æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÎöÝøóäøóßó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõæÞöäõæäó (60)
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [01 \ 69] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÎöÝøóäøóßó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõæÞöäõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÝóÊóÞúÚõÏó ãóÐúãõæãðÇ ãóÎúÐõæáðÇ [17 \ 22] ¡ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íõÎóÇØöÈõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÎöØóÇÈò áóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Èöåö äóÝúÓó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Èöåö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚó.
æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 23] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó æóÇáöÏóíúåö ÞóÏú ãóÇÊóÇ ÞóÈúáó äõÒõæáö: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ¡ ÈöÒóãóäò Øóæöíáò¡ ÝóáóÇ æóÌúåó ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó áöÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÈõáõæÛöåöãóÇ¡ Ãóæú ÈõáõæÛö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ Èóáö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÊóÔúÑöíÚõ ÈöÑøö ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö áöÃõãøóÊöåö¡ ÈöÎöØóÇÈöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ¡ áöãóäú íóÕöÍøõ ÎöØóÇÈõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõßóáøóÝöíäó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÞóæúáö ØóÑóÝóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö:
ÓóÊõÈúÏöí áóßó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãõ ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÌóÇåöáðÇ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáÕøóæóÇÈö.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö ÇáúãóÚúØõæÝóÇÊö¡ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò [17 \ 23] ¡ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúßó ÑóÈøõßó ãöäó ÇáúÍößúãóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 39] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúßó ÑóÈøõßó ÎöØóÇÈñ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÎöØóÇÈö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãöËúáó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÎöÝøóäøóßó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõæÞöäõæäó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóÆöäú ÃóÔúÑóßúÊó áóíóÍúÈóØóäøó Úóãóáõßó [39 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãöäúåõãú ÂËöãðÇ Ãóæú ßóÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó [17 \ 22] ¡ íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ áöÃõãøóÊöåö ;(6/177)
áöÃóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÚúÕõæãñ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÇáøóÐöí äõåöíó Úóäúåõ.
ÝóÇÆöÏóÉñ.
Ñõæöíó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö æóÌúåò Ãóäøó ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Úóáöíøó Èúäó ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - äóÇÏóÇåõ ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÎóæóÇÑöÌö Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóáóÞóÏú ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó æóÅöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó áóÆöäú ÃóÔúÑóßúÊó áóíóÍúÈóØóäøó Úóãóáõßó æóáóÊóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó [39 \ 65] ¡ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈóåõ Úóáöíøñ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö: ÝóÇÕúÈöÑú Åöäøó æóÚúÏó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøñ æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÎöÝøóäøóßó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõæÞöäõæäó.(6/178)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ æóáøóì ãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåóÇ ßóÃóäøó Ýöí ÃõÐõäóíúåö æóÞúÑðÇ ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò (7)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ áõÞúãóÇäó
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáã Êöáúßó ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÍóßöíãö åõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉð áöáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöÞóæúáöåö: åõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉð áöáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó¡ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáã Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [2 \ 1 - 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ æóáøóì ãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåóÇ ßóÃóäøó Ýöí ÃõÐõäóíúåö æóÞúÑðÇ ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó ÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊõ Çááøóåö¡ æóåöíó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ: æóáøóì ãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÊóßóÈøöÑðÇ Úóäú ÞóÈõæáöåóÇ¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåóÇ ßóÃóäøó Ýöí ÃõÐõäóíúåö æóÞúÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÕóãóãðÇ æóËöÞóáðÇ ãóÇäöÚðÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÓóãóÇÚöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑó äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íõÈóÔøöÑóåõ ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÃóáöíãö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíúáñ áößõáøö ÃóÝøóÇßò ÃóËöíãò íóÓúãóÚõ ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö Ëõãøó íõÕöÑøõ ãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåóÇ ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò æóÅöÐóÇ Úóáöãó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐóåóÇ åõÒõæðÇ ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõåöíäñ ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöåöãú Ìóåóäøóãõ æóáóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ ãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÚóÙöíãñ [45 \ 7 - 10] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ: ßóÃóäøó Ýöí ÃõÐõäóíúåö æóÞúÑðÇ¡ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö¡ æóÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Ýöí ÃõÐõäóíúåö ÇáúæóÞúÑó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [18 \ 57] ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÞúÑó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÈöÇáúæóÞúÑö ÇáúÍöÓøöíøö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÞúÑó ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøó íõÔúÈöåõ ÇáúæóÞúÑó ÇáúÍöÓøöíøö¡ æóÇáúæóÞúÑõ ÇáúãóÌúÚõæáõ Úóáóì ÂÐóÇäöåöãú ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ åõæó ÇáúæóÞúÑõ ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøõ ÇáúãóÇäöÚõ ãöäú ÓóãóÇÚö ÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóÞóØú¡ Ïõæäó ÓóãóÇÚö ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(6/179)
æóáóÇ ÊõÕóÚøöÑú ÎóÏøóßó áöáäøóÇÓö æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÍöÈøõ ßõáøó ãõÎúÊóÇáò ÝóÎõæÑò (18)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÚóãóÏò ÊóÑóæúäóåóÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÝóÚó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÚóãóÏò ÊóÑóæúäóåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóÐóÇ ÎóáúÞõ Çááøóåö ÝóÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ÎóáóÞõæÇ ßóÎóáúÞöåö ÝóÊóÔóÇÈóåó ÇáúÎóáúÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 16] ¡ æóÝöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áõÞúãóÇäõ áöÇÈúäöåö æóåõæó íóÚöÙõåõ íóÇ Èõäóíøó áóÇ ÊõÔúÑößú ÈöÇááøóåö Åöäøó ÇáÔøöÑúßó áóÙõáúãñ ÚóÙöíãñ. ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøöÑúßó Ùõáúãñ ÚóÙöíãñ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõßó æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõßó ÝóÅöäú ÝóÚóáúÊó ÝóÅöäøóßó ÅöÐðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [10 \ 106] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó [2 \ 254] ¡ æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÝóÓøóÑó ÇáÙøõáúãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóáóãú íóáúÈöÓõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäóåõãú ÈöÙõáúãò [6 \ 82] ¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáÔøöÑúßõ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáÔøöÑúßó áóÙõáúãñ ÚóÙöíãñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõÕóÚøöÑú ÎóÏøóßó áöáäøóÇÓö.
ãóÚúäóÇåõ: áóÇ ÊóÊóßóÈøóÑú Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö äóåúíñ Úóäö ÇáÊøóßóÈøõÑö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÇáÕøõÚúÑõ: Çáúãóíúáõ¡ æóÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑõ íõãöíáõ æóÌúåóåõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãõÊóßóÈøöÑðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÚúÑöÖðÇ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÇáÕøõÚúÑõ: Çáúãóíúáõ¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ: ÏóÇÁñ íõÕöíÈõ ÇáúÈóÚöíÑó íóáúæöí ãöäúåõ ÚõäõÞóåõ¡ æóíõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑö íóáúæöí ÚõäõÞóåõ æóíõãöíáõ ÎóÏøóåõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÊóßóÈøõÑðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö Íõäóíøò ÇáÊøóÛúáöÈöíøö:
æóßõäøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑõ ÕóÚøóÑó ÎóÏøóåõ ... ÃóÞóãúäóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ãóíúáöåö ÝóÊóÞóæøóãóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò:
æóßõäøóÇ ÞóÏöíãðÇ áóÇ äõÞöÑøõ ÙõáóÇãóÉð ... ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ËóäóæúÇ ÕõÚúÑó ÇáÑøõÁõæÓö äõÞöíãõåóÇ(6/180)
æóáóÆöäú ÓóÃóáúÊóåõãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóíóÞõæáõäøó Çááøóåõ Þõáö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö Èóáú ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó (25)
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÕøõÚúÑö Úóáóì Çáúãóíúáö Þóæúáõ ÇáäøóãöÑö Èúäö ÊóæúáóÈò ÇáúÚóáøóßöíøö:
ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÊóíúäóÇßó æóÞóÏú ØóÇáó ÇáÓøóÝóÑú ... äóÞõæÏõ ÎóíúáðÇ ÖõãøóÑðÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÕõÚõÑú
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊõÕóÚøöÑú ÎóÏøóßó áöáäøóÇÓö¡ áóÇ ÊóÊóßóÈøóÑú Úóáóíúåöãú.
ÝóÇÚúáóãú ÃóäøóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ íóßõæäõ áóßó Ãóäú ÊóÊóßóÈøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÇÎúÑõÌú Åöäøóßó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÛöÑöíäó [7 \ 13] ¡ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉó ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑö ãöäó ÇáúßöÈúÑö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉó áößóËúÑóÉö ÚóæóÇÞöÈöåö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÍõÓúäö ÇáÊøóæóÇÖõÚö¡ æóËóäóÇÁö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÖöÚöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ æóÊóÝúÓöíÑó ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ Åöäøóßó áóäú ÊóÎúÑöÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóáóäú ÊóÈúáõÛó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ØõæáðÇ [17 \ 37] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÞúÕöÏú Ýöí ãóÔúíößó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóãúÔõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö åóæúäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 63] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ [17 \ 37] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí Çááøóåö ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò æóáóÇ åõÏðì æóáóÇ ßöÊóÇÈò ãõäöíÑò (20) ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» .
æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ íóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö (21) ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÊóæóáøóÇåõ ÝóÃóäøóåõ íõÖöáøõåõ æóíóåúÏöíåö Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [22 \ 4] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÆöäú ÓóÃóáúÊóåõãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóíóÞõæáõäøó Çááøóåõ Þõáö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö Èóáú ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó (25) ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] .(6/181)
Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÚöäúÏóåõ Úöáúãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóíõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúÛóíúËó æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí äóÝúÓñ ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóßúÓöÈõ ÛóÏðÇ æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí äóÝúÓñ ÈöÃóíøö ÃóÑúÖò ÊóãõæÊõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó Úóáöíãñ ÎóÈöíÑñ (34)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÃóäøóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÔóÌóÑóÉò ÃóÞúáóÇãñ æóÇáúÈóÍúÑõ íóãõÏøõåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÓóÈúÚóÉõ ÃóÈúÍõÑò ãóÇ äóÝöÏóÊú ßóáöãóÇÊõ Çááøóåö.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ãöÏóÇÏðÇ áößóáöãóÇÊö ÑóÈøöí áóäóÝöÏó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóäúÝóÏó ßóáöãóÇÊõ ÑóÈøöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 109] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÎóáúÞõßõãú æóáóÇ ÈóÚúËõßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ßóäóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐóáößó íõÍúíöí Çááøóåõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóíõÑöíßõãú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 73] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÛóÔöíóåõãú ãóæúÌñ ßóÇáÙøõáóáö ÏóÚóæõÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóßõãõ ÇáÖøõÑøõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö Öóáøó ãóäú ÊóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 67] ¡ æóÝöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊóßõãú Åöäú ÃóÊóÇßõãú ÚóÐóÇÈõ Çááøóåö Ãóæú ÃóÊóÊúßõãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÃóÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ÊóÏúÚõæäó Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó Èóáú ÅöíøóÇåõ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 40 - 41] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÚöäúÏóåõ Úöáúãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóíõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúÛóíúËó æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí äóÝúÓñ ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóßúÓöÈõ ÛóÏðÇ æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí äóÝúÓñ ÈöÃóíøö ÃóÑúÖò ÊóãõæÊõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó Úóáöíãñ ÎóÈöíÑñ (34) .
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöí ÎóÇÊöãóÉö ÓõæÑóÉö «áõÞúãóÇäó» ¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó [6 \ 59] ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóæúÖóÍó Ðóáößó ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö.(6/182)
íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ëõãøó íóÚúÑõÌõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚõÏøõæäó (5)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú íóÞõæáõæäó ÇÝúÊóÑóÇåõ Èóáú åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó áöÊõäúÐöÑó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÇ ÃóÊóÇåõãú ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ëõãøó íóÚúÑõÌõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚõÏøõæäó (5) .
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóÚúÑõÌõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò.
æóÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöËúáóåõäøó íóÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Èóíúäóåõäøó [65 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ Ãóäøó Çáúíóæúãó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóÃóáúÝö ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ íóÚõÏøõåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó íóæúãðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ßóÃóáúÝö ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚõÏøõæäó [22 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÓóÃóáó ÓóÇÆöáñ» : ÊóÚúÑõÌõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò [70 \ 4] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝóÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» ÇáúÌóãúÚó Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò¡ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÓöãóÇßò¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ãöäú Ãóäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÃóáúÝö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ åõæó ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö ÇáÓøöÊøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó¡ æóíóæúãó ÇáúÃóáúÝö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» ¡ åõæó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõ ÓóíúÑö ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóÚõÑõæÌöåö Åöáóíúåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóíóæúãó ÇáúÎóãúÓöíäó ÃóáúÝðÇ åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.(6/183)
Þõáú íóÊóæóÝøóÇßõãú ãóáóßõ ÇáúãóæúÊö ÇáøóÐöí æõßøöáó Èößõãú Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößõãú ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó (11)
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÌóãöíÚöåóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÍóÇáö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÐóáößó íóæúãóÆöÐò íóæúãñ ÚóÓöíÑñ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÛóíúÑõ íóÓöíÑò [74 \ 9 - 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÞõæáõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åóÐóÇ íóæúãñ ÚóÓöÑñ [54 \ 8] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö íóæúãóÆöÐò ÎóíúÑñ ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøðÇ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ãóÞöíáðÇ [25 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí «ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» : Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó Ñóæóì Úóäú ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Èúäö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ Úóäú ÃóíøõæÈó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ãõáóíúßóÉó Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÖóÑó ßõáøðÇ ãöäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö ÓõÆöáó Úóäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: áóÇ ÃóÏúÑöí.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÊóæóÝøóÇßõãú ãóáóßõ ÇáúãóæúÊö ÇáøóÐöí æõßøöáó Èößõãú.
ÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÈöÖõ ÃóÑúæóÇÍó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóáóßñ æóÇÍöÏñ ãõÚóíøóäñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂËóÇÑö Ãóäøó ÇÓúãóåõ ÚöÒúÑóÇÆöíáõ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÊóÊóæóÝøóÇåõãú ãóáóÇÆößóÉñ áóÇ ãóáóßñ æóÇÍöÏñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóæóÝøóÇåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÙóÇáöãöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 97] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÊóæóÝøóÊúåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íóÖúÑöÈõæäó æõÌõæåóåõãú æóÃóÏúÈóÇÑóåõãú [47 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐö ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó Ýöí ÛóãóÑóÇÊö ÇáúãóæúÊö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóÇÓöØõæ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 93] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÍóÏóßõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ ÊóæóÝøóÊúåõ ÑõÓõáõäóÇ æóåõãú áóÇ íõÝóÑøöØõæäó [6 \ 61] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ åóÐóÇ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Ãóäøó Çáúãõæóßøóáó ÈöÞóÈúÖö ÇáúÃóÑúæóÇÍö ãóáóßñ æóÇÍöÏñ åõæó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú áóåõ ÃóÚúæóÇäñ íóÚúãóáõæäó ÈöÃóãúÑöåö íóäúÊóÒöÚõæäó ÇáÑøõæÍó Åöáóì ÇáúÍõáúÞõæãö¡ ÝóíóÃúÎõÐõåóÇ ãóáóßõ ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ Ãóæú íõÚöíäõæäóåõ ÅöÚóÇäóÉð ÛóíúÑó Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁö Èúäö ÚóÇÒöÈò ÇáØøóæöíáö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÐóßóÑó Ýöíåö: «Ãóäøó ãóáóßó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÎóÐó ÑõæÍó ÇáúãóíøöÊö ÃóÎóÐóåóÇ ãöäú íóÏöåö ÈöÓõÑúÚóÉò ãóáóÇÆößóÉñ ÝóÕóÚöÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö» ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöíåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãóÇ ÊõÚóÇãóáõ Èöåö ÑõæÍõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäö æóÑõæÍõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÈóÚúÏó ÃóÎúÐö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö áóåõ ãöäú ãóáóßö ÇáúãóæúÊö Íöíäó íóÃúÎõÐõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÏóäö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö «ÇáÑøõæÍö» ÈõØúáóÇäó ÊóÖúÚöíÝö ÇÈúäö ÍóÒúãò áóåõ.(6/184)
æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö Ëõãøó ÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõäúÊóÞöãõæäó (22)
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ: Ãóäøó ÍóÏöíËó ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÚó ãóáóßö ÇáúãóæúÊö ãóáóÇÆößóÉð ÂÎóÑöíäó íóÃúÎõÐõæäó ãöäú íóÏöåö ÇáÑøõæÍó¡ Íöíäó íóÃúÎõÐõåõ ãöäú ÈóÏóäö ÇáúãóíøöÊö. æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ íóÊóæóÝøóì ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓó Íöíäó ãóæúÊöåóÇ [39 \ 42] ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóæóÝøóæúÇ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöäóÝúÓò Ãóäú ÊóãõæÊó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãõÄóÌøóáðÇ [3 \ 145] .
ÝóÊóÍóÕøóáó Ãóäøó ÅöÓúäóÇÏó ÇáÊøóæóÝøöí Åöáóì ãóáóßö ÇáúãóæúÊö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: Þõáú íóÊóæóÝøóÇßõãú ãóáóßõ ÇáúãóæúÊö ÇáøóÐöí æõßøöáó Èößõãú [32 \ 11] ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãóÃúãõæÑõ ÈöÞóÈúÖö ÇáúÃóÑúæóÇÍö¡ æóÃóäøó ÅöÓúäóÇÏóåõ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÊóæóÝøóÊúåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [47 \ 27] ¡ æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ; áöÃóäøó áöãóáóßö ÇáúãóæúÊö ÃóÚúæóÇäðÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó ÈöÃóãúÑöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÅöÓúäóÇÏóåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ íóÊóæóÝøóì ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓó Íöíäó ãóæúÊöåóÇ [39 \ 42] ¡ áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ßóÇÆöäðÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóÖóÇÁö Çááøóåö æóÞóÏóÑöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐö ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó äóÇßöÓõæ ÑõÁõæÓöåöãú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÈúÕóÑúäóÇ æóÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÝóÇÑúÌöÚúäóÇ äóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãõæÞöäõæäó (12) .
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÃúÊöí ÊóÃúæöíáõåõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ýóåóáú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÔõÝóÚóÇÁó ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 53] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÓúãöÚú Èöåöãú æóÃóÈúÕöÑú íóæúãó íóÃúÊõæäóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 38] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÔöÆúäóÇ áóÂÊóíúäóÇ ßõáøó äóÝúÓò åõÏóÇåóÇ æóáóßöäú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ãöäøöí áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó (13) .
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó áóÂãóäó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßõáøõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ [10 \ 99] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö Ëõãøó ÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõäúÊóÞöãõæäó (22) .
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóæóÇÞöÈö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÇáäøóÇÔöÆóÉö Úóäö ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö¡ Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(6/185)
æóíóÞõæáõæäó ãóÊóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÊúÍõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó (28)
æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ æóäóÓöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ [18 \ 57] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóåúÏö áóåõãú ßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑõæäö íóãúÔõæäó Ýöí ãóÓóÇßöäöåöãú.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉö áóåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõãú ãöäú ÞóÑúäò åóáú ÊõÍöÓøõ ãöäúåõãú ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò Ãóæú ÊóÓúãóÚõ áóåõãú ÑößúÒðÇ [19 \ 98] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ÃóäøóÇ äóÓõæÞõ ÇáúãóÇÁó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÌõÑõÒö ÝóäõÎúÑöÌõ Èöåö ÒóÑúÚðÇ ÊóÃúßõáõ ãöäúåõ ÃóäúÚóÇãõåõãú æóÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú ÃóÝóáóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó (27) .
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóåúÏðÇ æóÓóáóßó áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÈõáðÇ æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäú äóÈóÇÊò ÔóÊøóì ßõáõæÇ æóÇÑúÚóæúÇ ÃóäúÚóÇãóßõãú Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöÃõæáöí Çáäøõåóì [20 \ 53 - 54] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÊóÝúÓöíÑó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÌõÑõÒö ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóÇ áóÌóÇÚöáõæäó ãóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÕóÚöíÏðÇ ÌõÑõÒðÇ [18 \ 8] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÞõæáõæäó ãóÊóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÊúÍõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó (28) Þõáú íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íõäúÙóÑõæäó (29) .
ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÊúÍó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö åõæó ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÇáúÞóÖóÇÁõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÊøóÇÍó: ÇáúÞóÇÖöí¡ æóåöíó áõÛóÉñ ÍöãúíóÑöíøóÉñ ÞóÏöíãóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÝóÊóÇÍóÉõ: ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÇáúÞóÖóÇÁõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ:
ÃóáóÇ ãöäú ãõÈúáöÛò ÚóãúÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ ÈöÃóäøöí Úóäú ÝóÊóÇÍóÊößõãú Ûóäöíøñ.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÊúÍó ÇáúÍõßúãõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö ÔõÚóíúÈò: Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóæóßøóáúäóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÇÝúÊóÍú ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÞóæúãöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍöíäó [7 \ 89] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇÍúßõãú ÈóíúäóäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó.
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö äõæÍò: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö Åöäøó Þóæúãöí ßóÐøóÈõæäö ÝóÇÝúÊóÍú Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäóåõãú ÝóÊúÍðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [26 \ 117 - 118] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäóåõãú ÍõßúãðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÌúãóÚõ ÈóíúäóäóÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Ëõãøó íóÝúÊóÍõ ÈóíúäóäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóåõæó ÇáúÝóÊøóÇÍõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ [34 \ 26] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(6/186)
ÝóÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäúåõãú æóÇäúÊóÙöÑú Åöäøóåõãú ãõäúÊóÙöÑõæäó (30)
Åöäú ÊóÓúÊóÝúÊöÍõæÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáúÝóÊúÍõ [8 \ 19] ¡ Ãóíú: Åöäú ÊóØúáõÈõæÇ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÈöåóáóÇßö ÇáÙøóÇáöãö ãöäúßõãú æóãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáúÝóÊúÍõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöåóáóÇßö ÇáÙøóÇáöãö æóåõæó åóáóÇßõåõãú íóæúãó ÈóÏúÑò ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò. æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú áóãøóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ ÇáúÎõÑõæÌó Åöáóì ÈóÏúÑò¡ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÈõæ Ìóåúáò æóÊóÚóáøóÞó ÈöÃóÓúÊóÇÑö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó: Çááøóåõãøó ÅöäøóÇ ÞõØøóÇäõ ÈóíúÊößó äóÓúÞöí ÇáúÍóÌöíÌó¡ æóäóÝúÚóáõ æóäóÝúÚóáõ¡ æóÅöäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÞóØøóÚó ÇáÑøóÍöãó æóÝóÑøóÞó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉó¡ æóÚóÇÈó ÇáÏøöíäó¡ æóÔóÊóãó ÇáúÂáöåóÉó¡ æóÓóÝøóåó ÃóÍúáóÇãó ÇáúÂÈóÇÁó¡ Çááøóåõãøó Ãóåúáößö ÇáÙøóÇáöãó ãöäøóÇ æóãöäúåõ¡ ÝóØóáóÈó ÇáúÍõßúãó Úóáóì ÇáÙøóÇáöãö¡ ÝóÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ Úóáóì ÇáÙøóÇáöãö ÝóÞõÊöáõæÇ ÈöÈóÏúÑò¡ æóÕóÇÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÎõáõæÏö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÚóáóì Þóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÇáúÞóÖóÇÁõ Èóíúäóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÍõßúãõ Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöåóáóÇßö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ æóÞóÚó íóæúãó ÈóÏúÑò. ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú¡ Ãóíú: ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÇíóäõæÇ ÇáúãóæúÊó æóÔóÇåóÏõæÇ ÇáúÞóÊúáó¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóßóÝóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Èöåö ãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýóáóãú íóßõ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÓõäøóÉó Çááøóåö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóÎóÓöÑó åõäóÇáößó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [40 \ 84 - 85] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóíúÓóÊö ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉõ áöáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑó ÃóÍóÏóåõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ ÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÊõÈúÊõ ÇáúÂäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÝöÑúÚóæúäó: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßóåõ ÇáúÛóÑóÞõ ÞóÇáó ÂãóäúÊõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÂãóäóÊú Èöåö Èóäõæ ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó æóÃóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÂáúÂäó æóÞóÏú ÚóÕóíúÊó ÞóÈúáõ æóßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó [10 \ 90 - 91] . æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ÇáúÝóÊúÍó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÝóÊúÍõ ãóßøóÉó Ãóäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ÕóæóÇÈò¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÝóÊúÍó ãóßøóÉó áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÇäúÊöÝóÇÚó ÇáúãõÄúãöäö Ýöí æóÞúÊöåö ÈöÅöíãóÇäöåö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇäúÊóÙöÑú Åöäøóåõãú ãõäúÊóÙöÑõæäó ÌóÇÁó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú íóÞõæáõæäó ÔóÇÚöÑñ äóÊóÑóÈøóÕõ Èöåö ÑóíúÈó Çáúãóäõæäö Þõáú ÊóÑóÈøóÕõæÇ ÝóÅöäøöí ãóÚóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúãõÊóÑóÈøöÕöíäó [52 \ 30 - 31] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÑóÈøõÕó åõæó ÇáöÇäúÊöÙóÇÑõ. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö ÇäúÊóÙöÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãõäúÊóÙöÑõæäó [6 \ 158] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(6/187)
ãóÇ ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ áöÑóÌõáò ãöäú ÞóáúÈóíúäö Ýöí ÌóæúÝöåö æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßõãõ ÇááøóÇÆöí ÊõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäúåõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó ÃóÏúÚöíóÇÁóßõãú ÃóÈúäóÇÁóßõãú Ðóáößõãú Þóæúáõßõãú ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåößõãú æóÇááøóåõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóåõæó íóåúÏöí ÇáÓøóÈöíáó (4)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÇÊøóÞö Çááøóåó æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöãóËóáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 22] ¡ æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÉõ «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» åóÐöåö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó ÇáúÎóÇÕøó áóÝúÙõåõ ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÔúãóáõ Íõßúãõåõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ÃóÌúáö Ðóáößó ßóÊóÈúäóÇ Úóáóì Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÞóÊóáó äóÝúÓðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö äóÝúÓò ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 32] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßõãõ ÇááøóÇÆöí ÊõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäúåõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÑúÝö ÃóÑúÈóÚõ ÞöÑóÇÁÇÊò ÓóÈúÚöíøóÉò: ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍúÏóåõ: ÊõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÊøóÇÁö æóÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÇáÙøóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÃóáöÝñ ÝóåóÇÁñ ãóßúÓõæÑóÉñ ãõÎóÝøóÝóÉñ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ: (ÊóÙóÇåóÑõæäó) ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÊøóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÙóÇÁñ ãóÝúÊõæÍóÉñ ãõÎóÝøóÝóÉñ¡ ÝóÃóáöÝñ ÝóåóÇÁñ ãóÝúÊõæÍóÉñ ãõÎóÝøóÝóÉñ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÍúÏóåõ ßóÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÚóÇãöÑò íõÔóÏøöÏõ ÇáÙøóÇÁó¡ æóåõãóÇ íõÎóÝøöÝóÇäöåóÇ. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ: (ÊóÙøóåøóÑõæäó) ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÊøóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÙóÇÁñ ÝóåóÇÁñ ãóÝúÊõæÍóÊóÇäö ãõÔóÏøóÏóÊóÇäö ÈöÏõæäö ÃóáöÝò¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊõÙóÇåöÑõæäó¡ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÚóÇÕöãò ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ÙóÇåóÑó ÈöæóÒúäö ÝóÇÚóáó¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ÊóÙóÇåóÑó ÈöæóÒúäö ÊóÝóÇÚóáó ÍõÐöÝóÊú Ýöíåö ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÊøóÇÁóíúäö Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö» :
æóãóÇ ÈöÊóÇÁóíúäö ÇÈúÊóÏóì ÞóÏú íõÞúÊóÕóÑú ... Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÊóÇ ßóÊóÈóíøóäö ÇáúÚöÈóÑú
ÝóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÃóÎóæóíúäö ÊóÊóÙóÇåóÑõæäó¡ ÝóÍõÐöÝóÊú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÊøóÇÁóíúäö. æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ÊóÙóÇåóÑó ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ßóÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÊøóÇÁóíúäö ÃõÏúÛöãóÊú Ýöí ÇáÙøóÇÁö æóáóãú ÊõÍúÐóÝú¡ æóãóÇÖöíåö ÇÙøóÇåóÑó ßóÜ ÇÏøóÇÑóßó [27 \ 66] ¡ æóÇËøóÇÞóáúÊõãú [9 \ 38] ¡ æóÇÏøóÇÑóÃúÊõãú [2 \ 72] ¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÊóÏóÇÑóßó¡ ÅöáóÎú.(6/188)
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö äóÇÝöÚò æóÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ÊóÙóåøóÑó Úóáóì æóÒúäö ÊóÝóÚøóáó¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ ÊóÊóÙóåøóÑõæäó ÈöÊóÇÁóíúäö¡ ÝóÃõÏúÛöãóÊú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÊøóÇÁóíúäö Ýöí ÇáÙøóÇÁö¡ æóãóÇÖöíåö: ÇÙøóåøóÑú¡ äóÍúæó: ÇØøóíøóÑúäóÇ [27 \ 47] æóÇÒøóíøóäóÊú [10 \ 24] ¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì: ÊóØóíøóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÊóÒóíøóäóÊú ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÊóáúÞóÝõ ãóÇ íóÃúÝößõæäó [7 \ 117] ¡ ÝóÚõáöãó ãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõãú ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö¡ æóÊóÙóÇåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÊóÙóåøóÑó ãöäúåóÇ ßõáøõåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåóÇ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ íóÚúäöí: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÑóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íõØóáøöÞõæäó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöíÛóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßõãõ ÇááøóÇÆöí ÊõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäúåõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú¡ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÃõãøðÇ áóåõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóãú íóÒöÏú åõäóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÌóÇÏóáóÉö» ¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõãõ ÇááøóÇÆöí ÙóÇåóÑõæÇ ãöäúåõäøó áóÓúäó ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóÃóäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú åõäøó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ÇáøóÇÊöí æóáóÏúäóåõãú ÎóÇÕøóÉð Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåöäøó¡ æóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõãú: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ãõäúßóÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑñ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÇááøóÇÒöãóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóæúÏö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäúßõãú ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú ãóÇ åõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú Åöäú ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÇááøóÇÆöí æóáóÏúäóåõãú æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÞõæáõæäó ãõäúßóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑðÇ æóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÚóÝõæøñ ÛóÝõæÑñ æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú Ëõãøó íóÚõæÏõæäó áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ Ðóáößõãú ÊõæÚóÙõæäó Èöåö æóÇááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÎóÈöíÑñ Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÌöÏú ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÓúÊóØöÚú ÝóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ Ðóáößó áöÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÊöáúßó ÍõÏõæÏõ Çááøóåö æóáöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ [58 \ 2 - 4] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» åóÐöåö: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßõãõ ÇááøóÇÆöí ÊõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäúåõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÌóÇÏóáóÉö» : ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäúßõãú ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú ãóÇ åõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú Åöäú ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÇááøóÇÆöí æóáóÏúäóåõãú¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊó ãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÌóÇÏóáóÉö» ¡ ãöäó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉö æóÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍö áöãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ ÂíóÉõ «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» åóÐöåö.
ãóÓóÇÆöáõ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÞúÏóÇãó Úóáóì ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÍóÑóÇãñ ÍõÑúãóÉñ ÔóÏöíÏóÉñ ; ßóãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÞõæáõæäó ãõäúßóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑðÇ¡ ÝóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó(6/189)
Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãõäúßóÑñ æóÒõæÑñ ÝóÍõÑúãóÊõåõ ÔóÏöíÏóÉñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÈóíøóäó ßóæúäóåõ ßóÐöÈðÇ æóÒõæÑðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ åõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú Åöäú ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÇááøóÇÆöí æóáóÏúäóåõãú¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ áöÑóÌõáò ãöäú ÞóáúÈóíúäö Ýöí ÌóæúÝöåö æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóßõãõ ÇááøóÇÆöí ÊõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäúåõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú.
æóÃóÔóÇÑó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÚóÝõæøñ ÛóÝõæÑñ¡ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÕóÏóÑó ãöäúåõ ãõäúßóÑõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö æóÒõæÑõåõ¡ Åöäú ÊóÇÈó Åöáóì Çááøóåö ãöäú Ðóáößó ÊóæúÈóÉð äóÕõæÍðÇ ÛóÝóÑó áóåõ Ðóáößó ÇáúãõäúßóÑó æóÇáÒøõæÑó æóÚóÝóÇ Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäõåõ ãóÇ ÃóßúÑóãóåõ æóãóÇ ÃóÍúáóãóåõ.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÚóæúÏö ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÊøóÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó íóÚõæÏõæäó áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ æóÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÅöÔúßóÇáò Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇåóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» ¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ åõäóÇ ßóáóÇãóäóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöíåö ÊóÊúãöíãðÇ áöáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö.
ÝóÝöí «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö» ¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú Ëõãøó íóÚõæÏõæäó áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ÊóÑúÊöíÈóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÈöÇáúÚöÊúÞö Úóáóì ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö æóÇáúÚóæúÏö ãóÚðÇ íõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó áóÇ ÊóáúÒóãõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáÙøöåóÇÑö æóÇáúÚóæúÏö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑó íóáúÒóãõ ßóæúäóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáö ÇáúÚóæúÏö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓöíÓö.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÑóÌøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÒúãò ãöäú Þóæúáö ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøö¡ æóÍóßøóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö Úóäú ÈõßóíúÑö Èúäö ÇáúÃóÔóÌøö æóÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö æóÝöÑúÞóÉò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßóáóÇãö¡ æóÞóÇáó Èöåö ÔõÚúÈóÉõ: ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì: Ëõãøó íóÚõæÏõæäó áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ åõæó ÚóæúÏõåõãú Åöáóì áóÝúÙö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÝóíõßóÑøöÑõæäóåõ ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì Þóæúáñ ÈóÇØöáñ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãú íóÓúÊóÝúÕöáö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ÂíóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ åóáú ßóÑøóÑó ÒóæúÌõåóÇ ÕöíÛóÉó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö Ãóæú áóÇ¿ æóÊóÑóßó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúÕóÇáó íóäúÒöáõ ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáúÚõãõæãö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó æóãóäúÚó ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ áóÇ íõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÊóßúÑöíÑõ ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ æóãóÇ ÒóÚóãóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöíåö ÊóÞúÏöíãñ æóÊóÃúÎöíÑñ¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú Ëõãøó íóÚõæÏõæäó áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ ÓóÇáöãöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöËúãö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÍöíÍò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ãöäú æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÍóãúáö Úóáóì ÈóÞóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö¡ ÅöáøóÇ áöÏóáöíáò. æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÞóæúáö ÕóÇÍöÈö «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» :
ßóÐóÇßó ÊóÑöíÈñ áöÅöíÌóÇÈö ÇáúÚóãóáú ... ÈöãóÇ áóåõ ÇáÑøõÌúÍóÇäõ ãöãøóÇ íõÍúÊóãóáú(6/190)
æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö Úóáóì ãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú - æóÃóÑúÖóÇåõãú.
ÝóäóÞõæáõ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì äóÓúÊóÚöíäõ: ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóæúÏö ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò Ýöíåö ÞóæúáóÇäö¡ ÊõÄõæøöáóÊö ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉõ Úóáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ãõÑóÌøóÍñ.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÚóÒúãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö ÝóÞóØú.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÚóÒúãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö æóÅöãúÓóÇßö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö.
áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÍöíäóÆöÐò: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú¡ Ëõãøó íóÚúÒöãõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö Ãóæú Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãúÓóÇßö¡ ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ ÝóáóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóÒúãö Úóáóì ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö¡ Ãóæú Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãúÓóÇßö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÅöÚúÊóÇÞö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóÓöíÓö.
æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö¡ æóåõæó æóÇÞöÚñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐóÇ ÞõãúÊõãú Åöáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö [5 \ 6] ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÑóÏúÊõãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãó ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó [16 \ 98] ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÑóÏúÊó ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóåõ ÝóÇÓúÊóÚöÐú ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 98] .
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóæúÏö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö: Ãóäú íõãúÓößóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑóÉö ÒóãóÇäðÇ íõãúßöäõåõ Ãóäú íõØóáøöÞóåóÇ Ýöíåö ÝóáóÇ íõØóáøöÞõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÅöãúÓóÇßóåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ÇáÒøóãóäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóÓöíÓö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ.
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóæúÏö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó: åõæó Ãóäú íóÚõæÏó Åöáóì ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö Ãóæú íóÚúÒöãó Úóáóíúåö. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóÒúãõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö Èöåö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáúÌöãóÇÚõ.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÙóÇåóÑó æóÌóÇãóÚó ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö íóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáúßóÝøõ Úóäö ÇáúãóÓöíÓö ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ÍóÊøóì íõßóÝøöÑó¡ æóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÌóæóÇÒõ ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÈóíøóäóÊú Íõßúãó ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚó ÇáúÌöãóÇÚõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ æõÌõæÈõ ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö ÞóÈúáó ãóÓöíÓò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÞúÏóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÓöíÓö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÝóÍõÑúãóÊõåõ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ ãöäú Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ.
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóæúÏö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáúÚóÒúãõ Úóáóì ÇáúæóØúÁö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ(6/191)
ÅöÔúßóÇáó ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó. æóãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö Úóäú ãóÇáößò¡ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ Íóßóì Úóäúåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóæúÏó ÇáúÌöãóÇÚõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö ãöäú ãóÐúåóÈöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóæúÏó åõæó ÇáúÚóæúÏõ Åöáóì ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÈóÚúÏó ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö æóÑóÝúÚö ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÃóãúÑõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö¡ Ýóåõæó ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑö Ýöí ÝõÑõæÚö ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÚóÒúãõ Úóáóì ÇáúæóØúÁö ; ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ. æóÛóÇáöÈõ ãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóæúÏö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÚõæÏö ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúãóÓöíÓö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÚóÏóãõ ÙõåõæÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ: ÚóÏóãõ ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚö ÈöæóØúÁò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö¡ áöÚõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ æóÃóÌóÇÒó ÈóÚúÖõåõãõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúæóØúÁö¡ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúãóÓöíÓö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö áóÇ ãõÞóÏøöãóÇÊõåõ¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÐóáößó: ÇáúÍóÓóäõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì: Ýöí¡ Ãóíú: íóÚõæÏõæäó ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Ýöíåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÇáúæóÇåöÈõ ÇáúÚóÇÆöÏõ Ýöí åöÈóÊöåö» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇááøóÇãõ ÈöãóÚúäóì: Úóäú¡ Ãóíú: íóÚõæÏõæäó ÚóãøóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ¡ Ãóíú: íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Úóäúåõ¡ æóåõæó ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöãøóÇ ÞóÈöáóåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóæúÏó áóåõ ãóÈúÏóÃñ æóãõäúÊóåóì¡ ÝóãóÈúÏóÄõåõ ÇáúÚóÒúãõ Úóáóì ÇáúæóØúÁö æóãõäúÊóåóÇåõ ÇáúæóØúÁõ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ Ýóãóäú ÚóÒóãó Úóáóì ÇáúæóØúÁö ÝóÞóÏú ÚóÇÏó ÈöÇáäøöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÊóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ áöÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÇáúæóØúÁö¡ æóãóäú æóØóÁó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö ÊóÍóÊøóãó Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ÇááøõÒõæãõ¡ æóÎóÇáóÝó ÈöÇáúÅöÞúÏóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúæóØúÁö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÊóÞóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãóÇäö ÈöÓóíúÝóíúåöãóÇ ÝóÇáúÞóÇÊöáõ æóÇáúãóÞúÊõæáõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö» ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö ÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúäóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÊöáó¡ ÈöãóÇ ÈóÇáõ ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¿ ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÍóÑöíÕðÇ Úóáóì ÞóÊúáö ÕóÇÍöÈöåö» ¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÒúãó Úóáóì ÇáúÝöÚúáö Úóãóáñ íõÄóÇÎóÐõ Èöåö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóÑõ ãöäúåóÇ íõæóÇÝöÞõ Þóæúáó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈõØúáóÇäóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑó ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏöÑó ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáúÚóæúÏõ áóåóÇ ÊóßúÑöíÑóåóÇ ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì.(6/192)
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÑóÇãñ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÌöãóÇÚõ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó æõÌõæÏõ äóÙöíÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÑöËõåõ ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ [19 \ 80] ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ Åöäøóåõ íõÄúÊóÇåõ ãöäú ãóÇáò æóæóáóÏò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóÃõæÊóíóäøó ãóÇáðÇ æóæóáóÏðÇ [19 \ 77] ¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóäú ÌóÇãóÚó ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö¡ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáúßóÝøõ Úóäö ÇáúãóÓöíÓö ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÍóÊøóì íõßóÝøöÑó¡ åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÊóÓúÞõØõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÇáúÌöãóÇÚö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóÓöíÓö ; ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò æóÃóÈöí íõæÓõÝó. æóáöãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÊóáúÒóãõ Èöåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÊóÇäö ; ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö¡ æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö¡ æóÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ãóåúÏöíøò. æóáöãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÊóáúÒóãõåõ ËóáóÇËõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÇÊò ; ßóãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ãóäúÕõæÑò¡ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. ÇäúÊóåóì ÈöØõæáöåö ãöäú «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» .
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ Þóæúáóíú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö ÇÈúäóÊöí¡ Ãóæú ÃõÎúÊöí¡ Ãóæú ÌóÏøóÊöí¡ Ãóæú ÚóãøóÊöí¡ Ãóæú Ãõãøöí ãöäó ÇáÑøöÖóÇÚö¡ Ãóæú ÃõÎúÊöí ãöäó ÇáÑøöÖóÇÚö¡ Ãóæú ÔóÈøóåóåóÇ ÈöÚõÖúæò ÂÎóÑó ÛóíúÑó ÇáÙøóåúÑö¡ ßóÃóäú íóÞõæáõ: ÃóäúÊó Úóáóíøó ßóÑóÃúÓö ÇÈúäóÊöí Ãóæú ÃõÎúÊöí ÅöáóÎú¡ Ãóæú ÈóØúäö ãóäú ÐóßóÑó¡ Ãóæú ÝóÑúÌöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú ÝóÎúÐöåóÇ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ßõáøóåõ ÙöåóÇÑñ¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ÝóÑúÞó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö Ðóáößó ÔóÈøóåó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÈöãóÇ åöíó Ýöí ÊóÃúÈöíÏö ÇáúÍõÑúãóÉö ßóÃõãøöåö¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãõÍóÞøóÞõ ÇáúÍõÕõæáö Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ãöäúåõãú: ÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóåõæó ÌóÏöíÏõ Þóæúáóíøö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö. æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏöíãö: áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃõãøò Ãóæú ÌóÏøóÉò¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ãõãøñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇááøóÝúÙó ÇáøóÐöí æóÑóÏó Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ãõÎúÊóÕøñ ÈöÇáúÃõãøö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÏóáó Úóäúåõ áóãú íóÊóÚóáøóÞú Èöåö ãóÇ ÃóæúÌóÈóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöíåö¡ æóáóäóÇ Ãóäøóåõäøó ãõÍóÑøóãóÇÊñ ÈöÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉö ÝóÃóÔúÈóåúäó ÇáúÃõãøó. ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ: æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÞõæáõæäó ãõäúßóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóæúÌõæÏñ Ýöí ãóÓúÃóáóÊöäóÇ¡ ÝóÌóÑóì ãóÌúÑóÇåõ¡ æóÊóÚúáöíÞõ ÇáúÍõßúãö ÈöÇáúÃõãøö áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ËõÈõæÊó ÇáúÍõßúãö Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãöËúáóåóÇ.
ÇáÖøóÑúÈõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäú íõÔóÈøöåóåóÇ ÈöÙóåúÑö ãóäú ÊóÍúÑõãõ Úóáóíúåö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúÈöíÏö Óöæóì ÇáúÃóÞóÇÑöÈö¡ ßóÇáúÅöãúåóÇÊö ÇáúãõÑúÖöÚóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÎóæóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáÑøóÖóÇÚóÉö¡ æóÍóáóÇÆöáö ÇáúÂÈóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúÃóÈúäóÇÁö¡ æóÃõãøóåóÇÊö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóÇáÑøóÈóÇÆöÈö ÇááøóÇÊöí ÏõÎöáó ÈöÃõãøöåöäøó Ýóåõæó ÙöåóÇÑñ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúãóÐúåóÈóíúäö(6/193)
ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóíóÒöíÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõãøóåóÇÊö ÇáúãõÑúÖöÚóÇÊö ÏõÎõæáõåóÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúÃõãøóåóÇÊö ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÏóÇÎöáóÉð Ýöí ÇáäøóÕøö¡ æóÓóÇÆöÑõåõäøó Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ¡ ÝóËóÈóÊó Ýöíåöäøó ÍõßúãõåóÇ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäó «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» ¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
ÝóÑúÚóÇäö íóÊóÚóáøóÞóÇäö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÔóÈøóåó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÈöÙóåúÑö ãóäú ÊóÍúÑõãõ Úóáóíúåö ÊóÍúÑöíãðÇ ãõÄóÞøóÊðÇ¡ ßóÃõÎúÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö¡ æóÚóãøóÊöåóÇ æóßóÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: åõæó ÙöåóÇÑñ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ãóÇáößò¡ æóåõæó ÚöäúÏóåõãú ãöäú äóæúÚö ÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö ÇáÙøóÇåöÑóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåóÇ ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøõ. æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÙöåóÇÑò¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: Ãóäøóåõ ÔóÈøóåó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÈöãõÍóÑøóãóÉò¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú ÔóÈøóåóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÃõãøö¡ áöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ; áóÃóäøó ãõÌóÑøóÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ ÅöÐóÇ äóæóì Èöåö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó¡ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÉö ÊóÍúÑöíãñ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÊöí ÔóÈøóåó ÈöåóÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ áóíúÓóÊú ãõÍóÑøóãóÉð Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúÈöíÏö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ áóåóÇ Íõßúãõ ÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃõãøö ÅöáøóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÊóÍúÑöíãõåóÇ ãõÄóÈøóÏðÇ ßóÇáúÃõãøö¡ æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÊóÍúÑöíãõåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõÄóÈøóÏò ßóÇäó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåõ ÈöåóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÙöåóÇÑò¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÔóÈøóåóåóÇ ÈöÙóåúÑö ÍóÇÆöÖò¡ Ãóæú ãõÍúÑöãóÉò ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåö¡ æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝõæäó Úóäú åóÐóÇ: ÈöÃóäøó ãõÌóÑøóÏó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÈöÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÉö íóßúÝöí Ýöí ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö áöÏõÎõæáöåö Ýöí Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÞõæáõæäó ãõäúßóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑðÇ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÆöÖõ¡ ÝóíõÈóÇÍõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚõ ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÝóÑóÌö¡ æóÇáúãõÍúÑöãóÉõ íóÍöáøõ áóåõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóáóãúÓõåóÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÔóåúæóÉò¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí æóØúÁö æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÍóÏøñ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ãóÓúÃóáóÊöäóÇ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäó «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» ¡ ãóÚó ÊóÕóÑøõÝò íóÓöíÑò áóÇ íõÎöáøõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì.
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò: Ãóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúãóÍúÑóãö ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÈöåóÐóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäú ÔóÈøóåó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÈöÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉö¡ ßóÇäó ØóáóÇÞðÇ. ÞóÇáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö¡ ÇåÜ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí æóÃóÌúÑóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ åõæó Þóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ íóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÔóÈøóåó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÈöÙóåúÑöåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõÄóÈøóÏóÉö(6/194)
ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó áöÊóÃúÈöíÏö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÏóÇÑó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö Úóáóì ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÊóÔúÈöíåöåóÇ ÈöãõÍóÑøóãóÉò¡ æóÐóáößó ÍóÇÕöáñ ÈöÊóÔúÈöíåöåóÇ ÈöÇãúÑóÃóÉò ãõÍóÑøóãóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ æóáóæú ÊóÍúÑöíãðÇ ãõÄóÞøóÊðÇ áöÃóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÍóÇÕöáñ ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÞóÕúÏö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýöí Íõßúãö ãóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö ÃóÈöí Ãóæö ÇÈúäöí Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ áóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ Ýöí Ðóáößó äóÕøðÇ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉò¡ æóÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó Ýöíåö. ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: áóÇ íóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÔóÈöíåñ ÈöãóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöãóÍóáøò áöáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚö¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóãóÇáö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóåóáú Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ¿ Úóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÊóíúäö:
ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ: Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ äóæúÚõ ÊóÍúÑöíãò ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú ÍóÑøóãó ãóÇáóåõ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóäóÞóáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ Ýöíãóäú ÔóÈøóåó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÈöÙóåúÑö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ æóáóãú ÃóÑóåõ íóáúÒóãõ Ýöíåö ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÔúÈöíåñ áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ÈöãóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöãóÍóáøò áöáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚö¡ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåó ÈöãóÇáö ÛóíúÑöåö. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: íóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÈöÙóåúÑö ÇáÑøóÌõáö. æóÚóÒóÇåõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» áöÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö ÕóÇÍöÈö ãóÇáößò¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò. æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö¡ ßóÇáúãóÐúåóÈóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö¡ æóßóæúäõ Ðóáößó ÙöåóÇÑðÇ åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó ãõÊóÃóÎøöÑöí ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ ÌóÑóíóÇäõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Úóáóì ãóÓúÃóáóÉò ÃõÕõæáöíøóÉò ÝöíåóÇ áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ãóÐóÇåöÈó¡ æóåöíó Ýöí Íõßúãö ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÇÑó ÇááøóÝúÙõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö æóÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö¡ Úóáóì ÃóíøöåöãóÇ íõÍúãóáõ¿ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÚöäúÏó ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊò ãöäó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó: Ãóäøó ÇááøóÝúÙó íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö ÃóæøóáðÇ Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÍóÞöíÞóÉñ ÔóÑúÚöíøóÉñ¡ Ëõãøó Åöäú áóãú Êóßõäú ÔóÑúÚöíøóÉð Íõãöáó Úóáóì ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö.
æóÚóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó: Ãóäøóåõ íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó: áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉó¡ æóÅöäú ÊóÑóÌøóÍóÊú ÈöÛóáóÈóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉó ãõÊóÑóÌøöÍóÉñ ÈöÃóÕúáö ÇáúæóÖúÚö.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÃóäøóåõãóÇ áóÇ ÊõÞóÏøóãõ ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Èóáú íõÍúßóãõ ÈöÇÓúÊöæóÇÆöåöãóÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇááøóÝúÙõ ãõÌúãóáðÇ áöÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáóíúäö ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ ÝóíóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏö ãöäó ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáóíúäö ÈöäöíøóÉò Ãóæú Ïóáöíáò ÎóÇÑöÌò¡ æóÅöáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇááøóÝúÙõ ãóÍúãõæáñ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøö ... Åöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÝóãõØúáóÞõ ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøö
ÝóÇááøõÛóæöíøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóáöíøö æóáóãú íóÌöÈú ... ÈóÍúËñ Úóäö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÇáøóÐöí ÇäúÊõÎöÈú
æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö ÚóßúÓõ ãóÇ ãóÖóì ... æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö Ýöíåö ãõÑúÊóÖóì
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ÇáÑøóÌõáö áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö ÃóÈöí ãóËóáðÇ áóÇ íóäúÕóÑöÝõ(6/195)
Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö Åöáóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚö ÈöÇáúæóØúÁö Ãóæú ãõÞóÏøöãóÇÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚõÑúÝó áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÇÓúÊöãúÊóÇÚñ ÈöÇáÐøõßõæÑö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÙöåóÇÑñ. æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö¡ ÝóãõØúáóÞõ ÊóÔúÈöíåö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÈöãóÍúÑóãò æóáóæú ÐóßóÑðÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇááøõÛóÉö áóåõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÇáúãóíúÊóÉö æóÇáÏøóãö¡ æóßóÙóåúÑö ÇáúÈóåöíãóÉö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö ÃóÈöí¡ ÝóíóÌúÑöí Úóáóì Íõßúãöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ÇáÑøóÌõáö áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ Ãóæú Åöäú ÏóÎóáóÊö ÇáÏøóÇÑó ÝóÃóäúÊö ÍóÑóÇãñ Ëõãøó ÏóÎóáóÊúåóÇ¡ ÝöíåóÇ áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö äóÍúæõ ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÞóæúáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö åóÐöåö Úóáóì Ãóäú ÃóÞúíóÓó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö æóÃóÞúÑóÈóåóÇ áöÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÙöåóÇÑñ¡ ÊóáúÒóãõ Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöØóáóÇÞò.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÃóäúÊó Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáöíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöáõÒõæãö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóäúÊó Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäú: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ ãöËúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÐóßóÑó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÇáúÍóÑúÈöíøõ Úóäú ÚõËúãóÇäó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÞöáóÇÈóÉó¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóãóíúãõæäó Èúäö ãöåúÑóÇäó¡ æóÇáúÈóÊøöíøö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãõ ÙöåóÇÑñ¡ ÇåÜ. æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ áöÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈößóÝøóÇÑóÉö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö áöÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú [66 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ [66 \ 1] ¡ ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [66 \ 1] .
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ: ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÃóäúÊö ÚöäúÏöí Ãóæú ãöäøöí Ãóæú ãóÚöí ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ áóÇ ÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ Ýóåõæó ÙöåóÇÑñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí Ýöíãóäú ÞóÇáó áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÃõãøöí Ãóæú ãöËúáö Ãõãøöí¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑö ÇáÙøóåúÑó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóäúæöíó Èöåö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ; áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö ÇááøóÝúÙö ãóÚóÇäöíó ÃõÎúÑóì ÛóíúÑó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ãóÚó ßóæúäö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÝöíåóÇ ãóÔúåõæÑðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ÞóÇáó: äóæóíúÊõ Èöåö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó¡ Ýóåõæó ÙöåóÇÑñ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» . æóÅöäú äóæóì Èöåö ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöËúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßóÑóÇãóÉö Úóáóíúåö æóÇáÊøóæúÞöíÑö¡ Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöËúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßöÈóÑö Ãóæö ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÙöåóÇÑò¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáõ Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí äöíøóÊöåö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» .
æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú áóãú íóäúæö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÅöäú ÃóØúáóÞó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò: åõæó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí(6/196)
ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì: Ýöíåö ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö¡ ÃóÙúåóÑõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÙöåóÇÑò ÍóÊøóì íóäúæöíóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇááøóÝúÙó íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÑóÇãóÉö ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöãøóÇ íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö¡ Ýóáóãú íóäúÕóÑöÝú Åöáóíúåö ÈöÛóíúÑö äöíøóÉò ßóßöäóÇíóÇÊö ÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí¡ áöÃóäøó ÇááøóÝúÙó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó áóÇ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ áóÇ ÚõÑúÝðÇ¡ æóáóÇ áõÛóÉð¡ ÅöáøóÇ áöÞóÑöíäóÉò ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÞóÕúÏöåö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö íóÚúäöí ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÙöåóÇÑñ Ãóäøóåõ ÔóÈøóåó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÈöÌõãúáóÉö Ãõãøöåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãõÔóÈøöåðÇ áóåóÇ ÈöÙóåúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóíóËúÈõÊõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ; ßóãóÇ áóæú ÔóÈøóåóåóÇ Èöåö ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÕöÍøõ ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí ÞöíóÇÓö ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú æõÌöÏóÊú ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãöËúáó Ãóäú íõÎúÑöÌóåõ ãóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÍóáöÝö¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ: Åöäú ÝóÚóáúÊö ßóÐóÇ ÝóÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ãöËúáõ Ãõãøöí¡ Ãóæú ÞóÇáó Ðóáößó ÍóÇáó ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö æóÇáúÛóÖóÈö Ýóåõæó ÙöåóÇÑñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌó ãóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÍóáöÝö ÝóÇáúÍóáöÝõ íõÑóÇÏõ áöáöÇãúÊöäóÇÚö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Ãóæö ÇáúÍóËøö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ Ðóáößó ÈöÊóÍúÑöíãöåóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ßóæúäóåóÇ ãöËúáó Ãõãøöåö Ýöí ÕöÝóÊöåóÇ Ãóæú ßóÑóÇãóÊöåóÇ áóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Úóáóì ÔóÑúØò¡ ÝóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó¡ æóæõÞõæÚõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö æóÇáúÛóÖóÈö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó Èöåö ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÃóÐóÇåóÇ¡ æóíõæÌöÈõ ÇÌúÊöäóÇÈóåóÇ æóåõæó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ¡ æóÅöäú ÚõÏöãó åóÐóÇ ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÙöåóÇÑò ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÍúÊóãöáñ áöÛóíúÑö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÇÍúÊöãóÇáðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ Ýöíåö ÈöÛóíúÑö Ïóáöíáò¡ æóäóÍúæõ åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäó «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÍöáøõ Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ Ãóæú ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ Ãóæú ãóÇ ÇäúÞóáóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ æóßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ Ãóäøóåõ íóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó áöÏõÎõæáö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáÕøöíóÛö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : äóÕøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ÇáÕøõæóÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ ÇåÜ. æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ.
æóåóÐóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÞúíóÓö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö æóåõæó ßóæúäõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÚöäúÏöí Ýöíãóäú ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáò æóãóÇáò ÍóÑóÇãñ Úóáóíøó Ãóäøóåõ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ¡ ãóÚó áõÒõæãö ãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ãóÇáò¡ æóåõæó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò ÚöäúÏö ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÊóáúÒóãõåõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÙöåóÇÑò æóßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò.(6/197)
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑúäóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÞöíáò¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó æóäóÕóÑóåõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ íóßúÝöí Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö Úóäú ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇãöäóÉõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí¡ Ýöíãóäú ÞóÇáó áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ Ãóæú ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí ÍóÑóÇãñ Ãóäøóåõ íóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÕóÑöÝõ áöáØøóáóÇÞö¡ æóáóæú äóæóÇåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÕøöíÛóÉó ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÊøóÇÓöÚóÉõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí¡ Ýöíãóäú ÞóÇáó áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö: ÃóäúÊö ØóÇáöÞñ ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ Ãóäøó ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Åöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÇÆöäðÇ ÈóÇäóÊú Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÙöåóÇÑñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí ; áöÃóäøó ÊóáóÝøõÙóåõ ÈöÐóáößó æóÞóÚó¡ æóåöíó ÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉñ Ýóåõæó ßóÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáØøóáóÇÞõ ÑóÌúÚöíøðÇ¡ æóäóæóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ßóÇäó ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÌúÚöíøóÉó ÒóæúÌóÉñ íóáúÍóÞõåóÇ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ æóÇáØøóáóÇÞõ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóäúæö Èöåö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÊóì ÈöÕóÑöíÍö ÇáØøóáóÇÞö ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó Þóæúáóåõ: ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ÕöÝóÉð áóåõ¡ æóÕóÑöíÍõ ÇáØøóáóÇÞö áóÇ íóäúÕóÑöÝõ Åöáóì ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö. æóäóÞóáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑúäóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÞóÇÖöí æóÞóÇáó: æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö. æóÃóãøóÇ áóæú ÞóÏøóãó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó Úóáóì ÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí ØóÇáöÞñ¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ æõÞõæÚõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö æóÇáØøóáóÇÞö ãóÚðÇ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáØøóáóÇÞõ ÈóÇÆöäðÇ Ãóæú ÑóÌúÚöíøðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó áóÇ íóÑúÝóÚõ ÇáÒøóæúÌöíøóÉó¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÕõáõ Èöåö ÇáúÈóíúäõæäóÉõ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÊóÑúÝóÚõ Íõßúãóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóãúäóÚõ æõÞõæÚõ ÇáØøóáóÇÞö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑö ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇÔöÑóÉõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÔóÈøóåó Ãóíøó ÚõÖúæò ãöäó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ÈöÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöåö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÃóíøö ÚõÖúæò ãöäú ÃóÚúÖóÇÆöåóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÙóÇåöÑñ áöÍõÕõæáö ãóÚúäóì ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÈöÐóáößó. æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÚõÖúæõ ÇáúÃõãøö íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóíúåö ßóÑóÃúÓöåóÇ æóíóÏöåóÇ Ãóæú áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ßóÝóÑúÌöåóÇ æóÝóÎúÐöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ ÍóÊøóì íõÔóÈøöåó ÌõãúáóÉó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ÍóáóÝó ÈöÇááøóåö áóÇ íóãóÓøõ ÚõÖúæðÇ ãõÚóíøóäðÇ ãöäúåóÇ áóãú íóÓöÑú Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú ÃóÚúÖóÇÆöåóÇ¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑóÉõ¡ æóáöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöãóäúÕõæÕò Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö¡ æóÚóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó: Åöäú ÔóÈøóåóåóÇ ÈöãóÇ íóÍúÑõãõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÃõãøö ßóÇáúÝóÎúÐö æóÇáúÝóÑúÌö Ýóåõæó ÙöåóÇÑñ¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÈøóåóåóÇ ÈöãóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóíúåö¡ ßóÇáúíóÏö æóÇáÑøóÃúÓö ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÙöåóÇÑò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåó ÈöÚõÖúæò íóÍöáøõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóíúåö ßóÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÈöÚõÖúæö ÒóæúÌóÉò áóåõ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ Èöåö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÙöåóÇÑñ ãõØúáóÞðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ÍóÇÕöáñ Èöåö¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÕóÑöíÍö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõãú: æóáóÇ åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ áóíúÓó ÈöãõÓóáøóãò¡ Èóáú åõæó Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõ¡ æóÞöíóÇÓõåõ Úóáóì ÍóáöÝöåö ÈöÇááøóåö áóÇ íóãóÓøõ ÚõÖúæðÇ(6/198)
ãõÚóíøóäðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÇáúÍóáöÝõ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖò áóÇ íóÓúÑöí Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖò ÂÎóÑó¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÞóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó: Åöäøó ÇáúÚõÖúæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÍöáøõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóíúåö áóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö Èöåö ÛóíúÑõ ãõÓóáøóãò ÃóíúÖðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ æóÅöäú ÌóÇÒó ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóíúåö ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÊøóáóÐøõÐó Èöåö ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ æóÇáÊøóáóÐøõÐõ åõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÝóÇÏõ ãöäú ÚóÞúÏö ÇáäøößóÇÍö¡ ÝóÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåõ Èöåö ãõÓúÊóáúÒöãñ áöáÊøóÍúÑöíãö¡ æóÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ åõæó äóÝúÓõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåö ÈöÚõÖúæö ÇáúÃõãøö ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÔóÚúÑõßö¡ Ãóæú ÑöíÞõßö¡ Ãóæú ßóáóÇãõßö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ áóåõ æóÌúåñ Þóæöíøñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÚúÑó ãöäú ãóÍóÇÓöäö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÇáøóÊöí íóÊóáóÐøóÐõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌõ ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäøóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÑøöíÞõ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÒøóæúÌó íóãõÕøõåõ æóíóÊóáóÐøóÐõ Èöåö ãöäó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ. æóÃóãøóÇ áóæú ÞóÇáó áóåóÇ: ÓõÚóÇáõßö Ãóæú ÈõÕóÇÞõßö¡ Ãóæú äóÍúæõ Ðóáößó Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áóíúÓó ÈöÔóíúÁò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÓøõÚóÇáó æóÇáúÈõÕóÇÞó æóãóÇ íõÌúÑöí ãóÌúÑóÇåõãóÇ¡ ßóÇáÏøóãúÚö áóíúÓó ãöãøóÇ íóÊóãóÊøóÚõ Èöåö ÚóÇÏóÉð¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÍóÇÏöíóÉó ÚóÔúÑóÉó: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöíãóäú ÞóÇáó áöÃóãóÊöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ Ãóæú ÞóÇáó Ðóáößó áöÃõãøö æóáóÏöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ãöäó ÇáúãóãúáõæßóÉö¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏò¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏó. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãóÉö Ãõãøó æóáóÏò ßóÇäóÊú Ãóæú ÛóíúÑóåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ æóÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáúÍóßóãö¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóåõæó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÚóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö: Åöäú ßóÇäó íóØóÄõåóÇ Ýóåõæó ÙöåóÇÑñ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ. æóÚóäú ÚóØóÇÁò: Åöäú ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäú ÃóãóÊöåö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö äöÕúÝõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÍõÑøóÉö.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóãóÉó áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÈöÃóÏöáøóÉò: ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú¡ íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö Ïõæäó ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö.
æóãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó áóÝúÙñ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö ÊóÍúÑöíãõ ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóãóÉõ ÞöíóÇÓðÇ Úóáóì ÇáØøóáóÇÞö.
æóãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ßóÇäó ØóáóÇÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö¡ ÝóäõÞöáó Íõßúãõåõ æóÈóÞöíó ãóÍóáøõåõ¡ æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáØøóáóÇÞö ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌõ Ïõæäó ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö.(6/199)
æóãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáúÃóãóÉö ÊóÍúÑöíãñ áöãõÈóÇÍò ãöäú ãóÇáöåö¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò ßóÊóÍúÑöíãö ÓóÇÆöÑö ãóÇáöåö ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: ÈöÃóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáúãóÇáö Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» .
ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÍóÑøóãó ÌóÇÑöíóÊóåõ ãóÇÑöíóÉó¡ Ýóáóãú íóáúÒóãúåõ ÙöåóÇÑñ Èóáú ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó [66 \ 1] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [66 \ 2] .
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÃóãóÉö¡ ÈöÏõÎõæáöåóÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÅöãóÇÄõåõãú ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú ; áöÃóäøó ÊóãóÊøõÚóåõãú ÈöÅöãóÇÆöåöãú ãöäú ÊóãóÊøõÚöåöãú ÈöäöÓóÇÆöåöãú¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãóÉó íõÈóÇÍõ æóØúÄõåóÇ¡ ßóÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÝóÕóÍøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ãöäúåóÇ ßóÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ¡ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÔõÑúÈó ÇáúÚóÓóáö Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉö¡ áóÇ Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÍõÌøóÉõ ÚóØóÇÁò ßöáúÊóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÖöÍóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøõ Ýöí Þóæúáö ãóÇáößò æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö: ÈöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÃóãóÉö¡ æóåöíó ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ ÚóÓöíÑóÉñ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇáößðÇ íóÞõæáõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó áöÃóãóÊöåö ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ áóÇ íóáúÒóãõ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íóÈúØõáõ ÝöíåóÇ ÕóÑöíÍõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö æóÊóÕöÍøõ ßöäóÇíóÊõåõ¿ æóáóßöäú ÊóÏúÎõáõ ÇáúÃóãóÉõ Ýöí Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó ãöäú ãõÍóáøóáóÇÊöåöãú.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöíåö: Ãóäøóåõ áóÝúÙñ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÈöÖúÚö Ïõæäó ÑóÝúÚö ÇáúÚöÞúÏö¡ ÝóÕóÍøó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãóÉö ÃóÕúáõåõ ÇáúÍóáöÝõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ¡ ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: áóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑö Ýöí Úõáõæãö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: Ãóäú íóßõæäó åõäóÇßó ÝóÑúÞñ Èóíúäó ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÃóãóÉö æóÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó¡ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ äóÒóáó Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÌóÇÑöíóÊóåõ ãóÇÑöíóÉó Ãõãøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö: Ãóäøóåõ äóÒóáó Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö ÇáúÚóÓóáó ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó ÔóÑöÈóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÈóÚúÖö äöÓóÇÆöåö¡ æóÞöÕøóÉõ Ðóáößó ãóÔúåõæÑóÉñ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí Úõáõæãö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó äõÒõæáõ ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãõÚóíøóäò¡ Ëõãøó ËóÈóÊó ÈöÓóäóÏò ÂÎóÑó ÕóÍöíÍò ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÂÎóÑó ãõÚóíøóäò ÛóíúÑö(6/200)
ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÌóÈó ÍóãúáõåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú ÝöíåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ áöäõÒõæáöåóÇ ÓóÈóÈóÇäö¡ ßóäõÒõæáö ÂíóÉö ÇááøóÚøóÇäö Ýöí ÚõæóíúãöÑò æóåöáóÇáò ãóÚðÇ.
æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó íóáúÒóãõåõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó äóÒóáó Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÚóÓóáó Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóÝöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö ÌóÇÑöíóÊóåõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó ÈöÐóáößó äõÒõæáó Þóæúáöåö: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ¡ Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö¡ ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö áóÇ íõÍóÑøöãõåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÊóáúÒóãõ Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò ; ßóãóÇ ÕóÍøó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ. æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: áóãøóÇ Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó íóãöíäò áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ [33 \ 21] ¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóÝøóÑó Úóäú ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö ÌóÇÑöíóÊóåõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó íóãöíäò ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÌóÇÑöíóÊóåõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ãóäú ÍóÑøóãó ÌóÇÑöíóÊóåõ áóÇ ÊóáúÒóãõåõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑõ ÝóÞóØú¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÍúÊóÌøó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ¡ ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÍóÑøóãó ÌóÇÑöíóÊóåõ¡ ÞóÇáó ãóÚó Ðóáößó: «æóÇááøóåö áóÇ ÃóÚõæÏõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ» ¡ æóåóÐöåö Çáúíóãöíäõ åöíó ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó Ýöí ÔóÃúäöåóÇ: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú¡ æóáóãú ÊóäúÒöáú Ýöí ãõØúáóÞö ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö¡ æóÇáúíóãöíäõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí «äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö» : ÑóæóÇåóÇ ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ ÈöÓóäóÏò ÕóÍöíÍò Úóäú ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÃóÓúáóãó ÇáÊøóÇÈöÚöíøö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö¡ áóßöäøóåõ ÃóÑúÓóáóåõ¡ ÇåÜ. æóßóÐóáößó ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäúåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí «ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö» : Åöäøó ÇáúåóíúËóãó Èúäó ßõáóíúÈò ÑóæóÇåõ Ýöí ãóÓúäóÏöåö ÈöÓóäóÏò ÕóÍöíÍò æóÓóÇÞó ÇáÓøóäóÏó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Úóäúåõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ -¡ æóÇáúãóÊúäõ Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãõ æóÇáúíóãöíäõ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó¡ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÌóÇÑöíóÊóåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäó ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö æóÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÙóÇåöÑñ ; áöÃóäøó ÂíóÉó áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö áóÇ íõÍóÑøöãõåóÇ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÂíóÉó æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú Ëõãøó íóÚõæÏõæäó áöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÊóáúÒóãõ Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí «ÇáúãõÌóÇÏóáóÉö» ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì: íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö åõæó Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÃóÍóÏõåõãú áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöíåö. æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÉõ «ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö» Úóáóì Íõßúãö ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÃóãóÉö¡ æóÂíóÉõ «ÇáúãõÌóÇÏóáóÉö» Úóáóì Íõßúãö ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö¡ æóåõãóÇ ÍõßúãóÇäö ãõÊóÛóÇíöÑóÇäö¡(6/201)
ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - áóãú íóÞõáú ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÞö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ Èóáú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Íõßúãó ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ßóÍõßúãö ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö» ¡ æóäóÍúäõ äóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÂíóÉó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÊóÏõáøõ ÈöÝóÍúæóÇåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÙöåóÇÑñ ; áöÃóäøó «ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí» ¡ æó «ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ» ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåóÇ ÈöÙöåóÇÑò¡ Ãóæú ÈöÕóÑöíÍö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò Ãóæö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó. æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ Ýöíåö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõåóÇ åõäóÇ ÈöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÑò æóäõÈóíøöäõ ãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ áóäóÇ ÑõÌúÍóÇäõåõ ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö ãöäúåóÇ¡ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó Ãóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ áóÛúæñ ÈóÇØöáñ¡ áóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÁñ. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö Ýöí «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» : æóåõæó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ãóÓúÑõæÞñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóÏóÇæõÏõ¡ æóÌóãöíÚõ Ãóåúáö ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÍóÏõ Þóæúáóíö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö¡ ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÃóÕúÈóÛõ Èúäõ ÇáúÝóÑóÌö. æóÝöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò íóÞõæáõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÑøóãó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÔóíúÁò áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ [33 \ 21] ¡ æóÕóÍøó Úóäú ãóÓúÑõæÞò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÃõÈóÇáöí ÃóÍóÑøóãúÊõ ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí Ãóæú ÞóÕúÚóÉð ãöäú ËóÑöíÏò. æóÕóÍøó Úóäö ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö: áóåõæó Ãóåúæóäõ Úóáóíøó ãöäú äóÚúáöí. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÓóáóãóÉó: ãóÇ ÃõÈóÇáöí ÃóÍóÑøóãúÊõ ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí Ãóæú ÍóÑøóãúÊõ ãóÇÁó ÇáäøóåúÑö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌõ Èúäõ ãóäúåóÇáò: Åöäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÌóÚóáó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÍóÑóÇãðÇ¡ ÝóÓóÃóáó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÍõãóíúÏó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÍõãóíúÏñ: ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑóÛúÊó ÝóÇäúÕóÈú æóÅöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÝóÇÑúÛóÈú [94 \ 7 - 8] ¡ æóÃóäúÊó ÑóÌõáñ ÊóáúÚóÈõ¡ ÝóÇÐúåóÈú ÝóÇáúÚóÈú¡ ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Ãóåúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáõæÇ áöãóÇ ÊóÕöÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊõßõãõ ÇáúßóÐöÈó åóÐóÇ ÍóáóÇáñ æóåóÐóÇ ÍóÑóÇãñ áöÊóÝúÊóÑõæÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÝúÊóÑõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõæäó [16 \ 116] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊõÍóÑøöãõæÇ ØóíøöÈóÇÊö ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú [5 \ 87] ¡ æóÚõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú åóáõãøó ÔõåóÏóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÔúåóÏõæäó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÍóÑøóãó åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäú ÔóåöÏõæÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÔúåóÏú ãóÚóåõãú [6 \ 150] ¡ æóÚõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÚõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ãóäú Úóãöáó ÚóãóáðÇ áóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö ÃóãúÑõäóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÑóÏøñ» ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ.(6/202)
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó ËóáóÇËõ ÊóØúáöíÞóÇÊò¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» : æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ËóÇÈöÊò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì. æóÞóÖóì ÝöíåóÇ ÃóãöíÑõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Úóáöíøñ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáËøóáóÇËö Ýöí ÚóÏöíøö Èúäö ÞóíúÓò ÇáúßöáóÇÈöíøö¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö¡ áóÆöäú ãóÓóÓúÊóåóÇ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóÊóÒóæøóÌó ÛóíúÑóßó áóÃóÑúÌõãóäøóßó. æóÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÒóÇÏö ÇáúãóÚóÇÏö» : æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇáúÍóßóãö Èúäö ÚõÊóíúÈóÉó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÞõáúÊõ: ÇáËøóÇÈöÊõ Úóäú ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó Ãóäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó íóãöíäò¡ æóÐóßóÑó Ýöí «ÇáÒøóÇÏö» ÃóíúÖðÇ: Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÍóÒúãò äóÞóáó Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÇáúæóÞúÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöËóáóÇËò ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÍúÑõãõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ ÝóßóÇäó æõÞõæÚõ ÇáËøóáóÇËö ãöäú ÖóÑõæÑóÉö ßóæúäöåóÇ ÍóÑóÇãðÇ Úóáóíúåö.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÑóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÊóÍúÑöíãöåö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» : æóÕóÍøó åóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÎöáóÇÓö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú åóÄõáóÇÁö ØóáóÇÞðÇ Èóáú ÃóãóÑõæåõ ÈöÇÌúÊöäóÇÈöåóÇ ÝóÞóØú.
æóÕóÍøó Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Úóäúåõ ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóÑóÇÏó ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇÞúÊóÖóì ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó¡ æóáóãú íóÊóÚóÑøóÖú áöÚóÏóÏö ÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ ÝóÍóÑõãóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ÇáúæóÞúÝõ. ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» : ÕóÍøó Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÃóãöíÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó áóíúÓó ÈöØóáóÇÞò¡ æóåõæó áóÇ íóãúáößõ ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáúÍóáóÇáö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóãúáößõ ÅöäúÔóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ÇáøóÐöí íõÍóÑøóãõ Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáØøóáóÇÞõ æóåóÐóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÕóÑöíÍò Ýöí ÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ æóáóÇ åõæó ãöãøóÇ ËóÈóÊó áóåõ ÚõÑúÝõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚö Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö¡ ÝóÇÔúÊóÈóåó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ýöíåö ÝóæóÌóÈó ÇáúæóÞúÝõ áöáöÇÔúÊöÈóÇåö.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: Åöäú äóæóì Èöåö ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Ýóåõæó ØóáóÇÞñ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ Ýóåõæó íóãöíäñ. ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãö» : æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ØóÇæõÓò¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ ÇåÜ.
æóÍõßöíó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó. æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó ßöäóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ ÝóÅöäú äóæóÇåõ Èöåö ßóÇäó ØóáóÇÞðÇ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóäúæöåö ßóÇäó íóãöíäðÇ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú äóæóì Èöåö ÇáËøóáóÇËó ÝóËóáóÇËñ¡ æóÅöäú äóæóì æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóæóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÈóÇÆöäóÉñ¡ æóÅöäú(6/203)
äóæóì íóãöíäðÇ Ýóåõæó íóãöíäñ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóäúæö ÔóíúÆðÇ åõæó ßöÐúÈóÉñ áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ¡ æóÍóßóÇåõ ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ Úóäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: Ãóäøó ÇááøóÝúÙó ãõÍúÊóãóáñ áöãóÇ äóæóÇåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÝóíóÊúÈóÚõ äöíøóÊóåõ.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ: ãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú áóãú íóäúæö ÔóíúÆðÇ Ýóåõæó íóãöíäñ íõßóÝøöÑõåóÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö. æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÙóÇåöÑõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇãöäõ: ãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú áóãú íóäúæö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÝóæóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÈóÇÆöäóÉñ ÅöÚúãóÇáðÇ áöáøóÝúÙö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö¡ åóßóÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó Ýöí «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» ¡ æóáóãú íóÚúÒõåõ áöÃóÍóÏò.
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ «äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö» : æóÞóÏú ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÒúãò Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáÊøóÇÓöÚõ: Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö. ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» : æóÕóÍøó Ðóáößó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÃóÈöí ÞöáóÇÈóÉó¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóæóåúÈö Èúäö ãõäóÈøöåö¡ æóÚõËúãóÇäó ÇáúÈóÊøöíøö¡ æóåõæó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó. æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÌóÚóáó ÊóÔúÈöíåó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÈöÃõãøöåö ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÉö Úóáóíúåö ÙöåóÇÑðÇ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ãõäúßóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÉö íóÌúÚóáõåõ ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÊóÍúÑöíãöåóÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÞúíóÓõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö æóÃóÝúÞóåõåóÇ. æóíõÄóíøöÏõåõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íóÌúÚóáú áöáúãõßóáøóÝö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó æóÇáÊøóÍúáöíáó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ Ðóáößó Åöáóíúåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó áóåõ ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉó ÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö æóÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö¡ ÇáøóÊöí íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãõ æóÇáÊøóÍúáöíáõ¡ ÝóÇáÓøóÈóÈõ Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÈúÏö æóÍõßúãõåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ Ãóæú ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõäúßóÑó ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÇáÒøõæÑó¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÐóÈó¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íóÌúÚóáúåóÇ ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÌóÚóáóåóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÍóÑóÇãðÇ¡ ÝóÃóæúÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ãöäó ÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóÇáÒøõæÑö ÃóÛúáóÙó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÊóíúäö¡ æóåöíó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÚóÇÔöÑõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÊóØúáöíÞóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ æóåöíó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÍóãøóÇÏö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÔóíúÎö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: Ãóäøó ÊóØúáöíÞó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö áóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó ÈöÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ Èóáú íóÕúÏõÞõ ÈöÃóÞóáøöåö æóÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉõ ãõÊóíóÞøóäóÉñ¡ ÝóÍõãöáó ÇááøóÝúÙõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúíóÞöíäõ Ýóåõæó äóÙöíÑõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ÈöÇäúÞöÖóÇÁö ÇáúÚöÏøóÉö.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÇÏöí ÚóÔóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ íóäúæöí ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ áóåõ äöíøóÊõåõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáØøóáóÇÞö æóÚóÏóÏöåö¡ æóÅöäú äóæóì ÊóÍúÑöíãðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ØóáóÇÞò¡ Ýóíóãöíäñ ãõßóÝøöÑóÉñ. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö: æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: Ãóäøó ÇááøóÝúÙó ÕóÇáöÍñ áöÐóáößó ßõáøöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ æóÇÍöÏñ ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáäøöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú äóæóì ÊóÍúÑöíãðÇ ãõÌóÑøóÏðÇ ßóÇäó ÇãúÊöäóÇÚðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ßóÇãúÊöäóÇÚöåö ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÑõãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí(6/204)
ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö¡ ÇåÜ. æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ãóÐúåóÈó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö åõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí «äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö» : æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÍóßóÇåõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí «ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí» ¡ Èóáú ÍóßóÇåõ Úóäúåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö äóÝúÓõåõ.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÚóÔóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ íóäúæöí Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáØøóáóÇÞö æóÚóÏóÏöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú äóæóì æóÇÍöÏóÉð ßóÇäóÊú ÈóÇÆöäóÉð¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóäúæö ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Ýóåõæó ãõÄóæøóáñ¡ æóÅöäú äóæóì ÇáúßóÐöÈó ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÔóíúÁò¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: ÇÍúÊöãóÇáõ ÇááøóÝúÙö áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú äóæóì æóÇÍöÏóÉð ßóÇäóÊú ÈóÇÆöäóÉð¡ áöÇÞúÊöÖóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö áöáúÈóíúäõæäóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÕõÛúÑóì æóßõÈúÑóì¡ æóÇáÕøõÛúÑóì åöíó ÇáúãõÊóÍóÞøöÞóÉõ¡ ÝóÇÚúÊõÈöÑóÊú Ïõæäó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì. æóÚóäúåõ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì: Åöäú äóæóì ÇáúßóÐöÈó Ïöíäó¡ æóáóãú íõÞúÈóáú Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö Èóáú ßóÇäó ãõÄúáöíðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ äóæóÇåõ Ãóæú áóãú íóäúæöåú¡ æóáóæú ÕóÑøóÍó Èöåö ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÚúäöí ÈöåóÇ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó¡ áóãú íóßõäú ãõÙóÇåöÑðÇ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäú «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí «äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö» ¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóßóÑó ßóáóÇãó ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóíøöãö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ÂäöÝðÇ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ åóßóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö. æóÝöí «ÇáúÝóÊúÍö» Úóäö ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ äóæóì ÇËúäóÊóíúäö Ýóåöíó æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÈóÇÆöäóÉñ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóäúæö ØóáóÇÞðÇ Ýóåöíó íóãöíäñ æóíóÕöíÑõ ãõÄúáöíðÇ¡ ÇåÜ.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇáöËó ÚóÔóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ íóãöíäñ íõßóÝøöÑõåõ ãóÇ íõßóÝøöÑõ Çáúíóãöíäó. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö Ýöí «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» : ÕóÍøó Ðóáößó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞö¡ æóÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚóÇÆöÔóÉó¡ æóÒóíúÏö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ æóÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóãóßúÍõæáò¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóäóÇÝöÚò¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò¡ æóÎóáúÞò ÓöæóÇåõãú ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÐóßóÑó ÝóÑúÖó ÊóÍöáøóÉö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö ÚóÞöÈó ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÍóáóÇáö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóÊóäóÇæóáóåõ íóÞöíäðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÌóÚúáõ ÊóÍöáøóÉö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö áöÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóíóÎúÑõÌõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Úóäú Íõßúãö ÇáÊøóÍöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÕóÏó ÐößúÑóåóÇ áöÃóÌúáöåö¡ ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÇáúÞóíøöãö ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈößóáóÇãöåö åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ÕõæÑóÉó ÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö ÞóØúÚöíøóÉó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö¡ æóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú¡ äóÇÒöáñ Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÍóáóÇáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ãöäú(6/205)
Ôõãõæáö Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú¡ áöÞóæúáöåö: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó¡ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúíóÞöíäö. æóÇáúÌóÒúãõ áóÇ íóÎúáõæ ÚöäúÏöí ãöäú äóÙóÑò¡ áöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöäú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú äóÇÒöáñ Ýöí ÍóáöÝö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ íóÚõæÏõ áöãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö áóÇ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ áöáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚó ÚóÔóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ íóãöíäñ ãõÛóáøóÙóÉñ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ ÝöíåóÇ ÚöÊúÞõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö: æóÕóÍøó Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò¡ æóÚõãóÑó¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäó ÇáÊøóÇÈöÚöíäó.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóãöíäðÇ ãõÛóáøóÙóÉð ÛõáøöÙóÊú ßóÝøóÇÑóÊõåóÇ ÈöÊóÍóÊøõãö ÇáúÚöÊúÞö¡ æóæóÌúåõ ÊóÛúáöíÙöåóÇ ÊóÖóãøõäõåóÇ ÊóÍúÑöíãó ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ¡ æóáóíúÓó Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÈúÏö. æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóÇáÒøõæÑö æóÅöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúÎóÈóÑó Ýóåõæó ßóÇÐöÈñ Ýöí ÅöÎúÈóÇÑöåö ãõÚúÊóÏò Ýöí ÅöÞúÓóÇãöåö¡ ÝóÛõáøöÙóÊú ßóÝøóÇÑóÊõåõ ÈöÊóÍóÊøõãö ÇáúÚöÊúÞö ; ßóãóÇ ÛõáøöÙóÊú ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö Èöåö Ãóæú ÈöÕöíóÇãö ÔóåúÑóíúäö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÅöØúÚóÇãö ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓó ÚóÔóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ ØóáóÇÞñ¡ Ëõãøó ÅöäøóåóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÛóíúÑó ãóÏúÎõæáò ÈöåóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ãóÇ äóæóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö æóãóÇ ÝóæúÞóåóÇ. æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ãóÏúÎõæáðÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóËóáóÇËñ. æóÅöäú äóæóì ÃóÞóáøó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäú ãóÇáößò.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: Ãóäøó ÇááøóÝúÙó áóãøóÇ ÇÞúÊóÖóì ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó æóÌóÈó Ãóäú íõÑóÊøóÈó Úóáóíúåö Íõßúãõåõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÏúÎõæáö ÈöåóÇ ÊõÍóÑøóãõ ÈöæóÇÍöÏóÉò¡ æóÇáúãóÏúÎõæáõ ÈöåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÍóÑøóãõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáËøóáóÇËö.
æóÈóÚúÏõ: ÝóÝöí ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÞúæóÇáò åóÐóÇ ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÔúåõæÑõåóÇ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóåóÇ ËóáóÇËñ Èößõáøö ÍóÇáò äóæóì ÇáËøóáóÇËó Ãóæú áóãú íóäúæöåóÇ¡ ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÚóÈúÏõ Çáúãóáößö Ýöí ãóÈúÓõæØöåö.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÈóÇÆöäóÉñ ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÎõæóíúÒö ãöäúÏóÇÏõ ÑöæóÇíóÉð Úóäú ãóÇáößò.
æóÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäøóåõ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÑóÌúÚöíøóÉñ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÓóáóãóÉó.
æóÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ äóæóÇåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö Ãóæú ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúÊó ÊóæúÌöíåó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäú «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» .
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÚúÊóãóÏó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö: ÇËúäóÇäö¡ æóåõãóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÇáËøóáóÇËö æóÈöÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö ÇáúÈóÇÆöäóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÑóì ÇáúÚóãóáõ Ýöí ãóÏöíäóÉö ÝóÇÓó ÈöáõÒõæãö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö ÇáúÈóÇÆöäóÉö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö. ÞóÇáó äóÇÙöãõ Úóãóáö ÝóÇÓó:
æóØóáúÞóÉñ ÈóÇÆöäóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ... æóÍóáöÝñ Èöåö áöÚõÑúÝö ÇáúÅöÞúáöíãö(6/206)
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö Ýöí «ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó» : æóÃóãøóÇ ÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÝóÅöäøóåõ Åöäú äóæóì Èöåö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ßóÇäó ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÅöäú äóæóì ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó ßóÇäó ÊóÍúÑöíãðÇ áóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøõãõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÅöäú äóæóì ÇáØøóáóÇÞó ßóÇäó ØóáóÇÞðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó ãóÇ äóæóÇåõ. æóÅöäú ÃóØúáóÞó ÝóáöÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö Ýöíåö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóæúÌõåò:
ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÅöíÌóÇÈö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: áóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö ÔóíúÁñ.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÃóãóÉö ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúãõæÌöÈö áöáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÍõÑøóÉö ßöäóÇíóÉñ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãóÉö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Ýóáóæú ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÃóÑóÏúÊõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó æóÇáØøóáóÇÞó. ÝóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÍóÏøóÇÏö: íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ Úóíøöäú ÃóÍóÏó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇááøóÝúÙóÉó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉó áóÇ ÊóÕúáõÍõ áöáÙøöåóÇÑö æóÇáØøóáóÇÞö ãóÚðÇ. æóÞöíáó: íóáúÒóãõåõ ãóÇ ÈóÏóÃó Èöåö ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóæö ÇÏøóÚóì ÑóÌõáñ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ÍóÞøðÇ ÃóäúßóÑóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇáúÍöáøõ Úóáóíúßó ÍóÑóÇãñ æóÇáäøöíøóÉõ äöíøóÊöí áóÇ äöíøóÊõßó ãóÇ áöí Úóáóíúßó ÔóíúÁñ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇáúÍöáøõ Úóáóíøó ÍóÑóÇãñ æóÇáäøöíøóÉõ Ýöí Ðóáößó äöíøóÊõßó ãóÇ áóßó ÚöäúÏöí ÔóíúÁñ¡ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáäøöíøóÉõ äöíøóÉó ÇáúÍóÇáöÝö áóÇ ÇáúãõÍóáøóÝö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøöíøóÉó ÅöäøóãóÇ Êóßõæäõ ãöãøóäú Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÅöíÞóÇÚõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÃóãøóÇ ÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó Ýóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ ÙöåóÇÑñ ÈöãõØúáóÞöåö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóäúæöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóäúæöíó ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Ãóæö Çáúíóãöíäó¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõåõ ãóÇ äóæóÇåõ¡ æóÚóäúåõ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ËóÇäöíóÉñ Ãóäøóåõ íóãöíäñ ÈöãõØúáóÞöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóäúæöíó Èöåö ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Ãóæö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõåõ ãóÇ äóæóÇåõ.
æóÚóäúåõ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ËóÇáöËóÉñ: Ãóäøóåõ ÙöåóÇÑñ Èößõáøö ÍóÇáò¡ æóáóæú äóæóì Èöåö ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Ãóæö Çáúíóãöíäó áóãú íóßõäú íóãöíäðÇ æóáóÇ ØóáóÇÞðÇ ; ßóãóÇ áóæú äóæóì ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Ãóæö Çáúíóãöíäó¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇááøóÝúÙóíúäö ÕóÑöíÍóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÝóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö áóæú æóÕóáóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÚúäöí Èöåö ÇáØøóáóÇÞó¡ Ýóåóáú íóßõæäõ ØóáóÇÞðÇ Ãóæú ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¿ Úóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÊóíúäö¡ ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ: íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ ; ßóãóÇ áóæú ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ÃóÚúäöí Èöåö ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Ãóæö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãõ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö. æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäøóåõ ØóáóÇÞñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÊöåö ÈöáóÝúÙò íóÍúÊóãöáõåõ¡ æóÛóÇíóÊõåõ Ãóäøóåõ ßöäóÇíóÉñ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö¡ Åöäú ÞóÇáó: ÃóÚúäöí Èöåö ØóáóÇÞðÇ ØõáøöÞóÊú æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ æóÅöäú ÞóÇáó: ÃóÚúäöí Èöåö ÇáØøóáóÇÞó¡ Ýóåóáú ÊõØóáøóÞõ ËóáóÇËðÇ Ãóæú æóÇÍöÏóÉð¿ æóÚóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÊóíúäö ãóÃúÎóÐúåõãóÇ åóáö ÇááøóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌöäúÓö Ãóæö ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ãóÐúåóÈöåö æóÊóÞúÑöíÑöåö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ãóÐúåóÈñ ÂÎóÑõ æóÑóÇÁó åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÃóæúÞóÚó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó ßóÇäó ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ æóáóæú äóæóì Èöåö ÇáØøóáóÇÞó¡ æóÅöäú ÍóáöÝó Èöåö ßóÇäó íóãöíäðÇ ãõßóÝøöÑóÉð¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÊóíúãöíøóÉó¡ æóÚóáóíúåö íóÏõáøõ ÇáäøóÕøõ æóÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóæúÞóÚóåõ ßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÃóÊóì ãõäúßóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó Ãóæúáóì ÈößóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãöãøóäú ÔóÈøóåó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÉö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÍóáóÝó Èöåö ßóÇäó íóãöíäðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö ßóãóÇ áóæú ÍóáóÝó ÈöÇáúÊöÒóÇãö ÇáúÍóÌøö æóÇáúÚöÊúÞö æóÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ(6/207)
ãóÍúÖõ ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö æóÇáúÝöÞúåö¡ ÃóáóÇ ÊóÑóì Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: áöáøóåö Úóáóíøó Ãóäú ÃõÚúÊöÞó¡ Ãóæú ÃóÍõÌøó¡ Ãóæú ÃóÕõæãó¡ áóÒöãóåõ. æóáóæú ÞóÇáó: Åöäú ßóáøóãúÊö ÝõáóÇäðÇ Ýóáöáøóåö Úóáóíøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì æóÌúåö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ Ýóåõæó íóãöíäñ. æóßóÐóáößó áóæú ÞóÇáó: åõæó íóåõæÏöíøñ Ãóæú äóÕúÑóÇäöíøñ ßóÝóÑó ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóæú ÞóÇáó: Åöäú ÝóÚóáó ßóÐóÇ Ýóåõæó íóåõæÏöíøñ Ãóæú äóÕúÑóÇäöíøñ ßóÇäó íóãöíäðÇ. æóØóÑúÏõ åóÐóÇ Èóáú äóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßõáøö æóÌúåò¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí ßóÇäó ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ Ýóáóæú ÞóÇáó: Åöäú ÝóÚóáúÊö ßóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí ßóÇäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ æóØóÑúÏõ åóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö ØóÇáöÞñ¡ ßóÇäó ØóáóÇÞðÇ¡ æóáóæú ÞóÇáó: Åöäú ÝóÚóáúÊö ßóÐóÇ ÝóÃóäúÊö ØóÇáöÞñ ßóÇäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ ÝóåóÐöåö åöíó ÇáúÃõÕõæáõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉõ ÇáúãõØøóÑöÏóÉõ ÇáúãóÃúÎõæÐóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóíøöãö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí ãóÚó ßóËúÑóÊöåóÇ æóÇäúÊöÔóÇÑöåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãó ÙöåóÇÑñ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ãõäúÌóÒðÇ Ãóæú ãõÚóáøóÞðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞó Úóáóì ÔóÑúØò ãöäú ØóáóÇÞò Ãóæú ÙöåóÇÑò íóÌöÈõ ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÕóÑöÝõ Åöáóì Çáúíóãöíäö ÇáúãõßóÝøóÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑö ÚöäúÏöí¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóßóËõÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ Ýöí «ÇáúãõæóØøóÅö» : ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÓöãõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò: Åöäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÌóÚóáó ÇãúÑóÃóÉð Úóáóíúåö ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöåö Åöäú åõæó ÊóÒóæøóÌóåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö Åöäú åõæó ÊóÒóæøóÌóåóÇ ÃóáøóÇ íóÞúÑóÈóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íõßóÝøöÑó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÙóÇåöÑö¡ ÇåÜ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÍóÏøóËóäöí Úóäú ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøóåõ ÈóáóÛóåõ Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÓóÃóáó ÇáúÞóÇÓöãó Èúäó ãõÍóãøóÏò æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäó íóÓóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÑóÌõáò ÊóÙóÇåóÑó ãöäó ÇãúÑóÃóÉò ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóäúßöÍóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÇ: Åöäú äóßóÍóåóÇ ÝóáóÇ íóãóÓøõåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íõßóÝøöÑó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÙóÇåöÑö¡ ÇåÜ.
æóÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Úóäú ÌóãóÇåöíÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ãóäøó ÇáØøóáóÇÞó ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞó íóÞóÚõ ÈöæõÞõæÚö ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÉõ ÝóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó Çáúíóãöíäö Ãóæö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑó¡ ßóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÉõ ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö» ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó ÚóÔúÑóÉó: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÈúÏö æóÇáÐøöãøöíøö¡ åóáú íóÕöÍøõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÙöåóÇÑñ¿ æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáöåõãú ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí Ðóáößó: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó íóÕöÍøõ ãöäúåõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó ÏõÎõæáõåõ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãöäúåõ Ïóáöíáñ ÎóÇÕøñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó. æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÞóæúáö ÕóÇÍöÈò «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» :(6/208)
æóÇáúÚóÈúÏõ æóÇáúãóæúÌõæÏõ æóÇáøóÐöí ßóÝóÑú ... ãóÔúãõæáóÉñ áóåõ áóÏóì Ðóæöí ÇáäøóÙóÑú
æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóåõæó ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöí Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙóÇåöÑõæäó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏóÍõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò áóÇ íóÊóäóÇæóáõåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãóãúáõæßñ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÊúÞö¡ áöÏõÎõæáöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÌöÏú ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÕöÍøóÉõ ÙöåóÇÑö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö¡ æóÇäúÍöÕóÇÑõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáÕøóæúãö ; áöÚóÏóãö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÊúÞö æóÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÐøöãøöíøó áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÙöåóÇÑõåõ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ãõäúßóÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑñ íõßóÝøöÑõåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÇáúÚöÊúÞö¡ Ãóæö ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö¡ æóÇáÐøöãøöíøõ ßóÇÝöÑñ¡ æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ áóÇ íõßóÝøöÑõ Úóäúåõ ÇáúÚöÊúÞõ Ãóæö ÇáÕøóæúãõ Ãóæö ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãõ ãóÇ ÇÑúÊóßóÈóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóÇáÒøõæÑö áößõÝúÑöåö áöÃóäøó ÇáúßõÝúÑó ÓóíøöÆóÉñ áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ãóÚóåóÇ ÍóÓóäóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉó ÚóÔúÑóÉó: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÇáúãõÄóÞøóÊö¡ ßóÃóäú íóÞõæáõ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí ÔóåúÑðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÍóÊøóì íóäúÓóáöÎó ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó ãóËóáðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ÇáúãõÄóÞøóÊõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÖóì ÇáúæóÞúÊõ ÒóÇáó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ æóÍóáøóÊö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÈöáóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉò¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÚóÇÆöÏðÇ ÈöÇáúæóØúÁö ÈóÚúÏó ÇäúÞöÖóÇÁö ÇáúæóÞúÊö.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÃóÍóÏõ Þóæúáóíö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ: áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇááøóíúËõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúÚó æóÑóÏó ÈöáóÝúÙö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóãú íõØúáóÞú ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú ÔóÈøóåóåóÇ Èöãóäú ÊóÍúÑõãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí æóÞúÊò Ïõæäó æóÞúÊò. æóÞóÇáó ØóÇæõÓñ: ÅöÐóÇ ÙóÇåóÑó Ýöí æóÞúÊò ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ¡ æóÅöäú ÈóÑøó. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: íóÓúÞõØõ ÇáÊøóæúÞöíÊõ æóíóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ ãõØúáóÞðÇ ; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ áóÝúÙñ íõæÌöÈõ ÊóÍúÑöíãó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóÞøóÊóåõ áóãú íóÊóæóÞøóÊú¡ ßóÇáØøóáóÇÞö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏöí áöáÕøóæóÇÈö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Þóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ÇáúãõÄóÞøóÊó íóÕöÍøõ æóíóÒõæáõ ÈöÇäúÞöÖóÇÁö ÇáúæóÞúÊö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÍóÏöíËò ÍóÓøóäóåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÎõÒóíúãóÉó¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúÌóÇÑõæÏö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ ØõÑõÞöåö áóÇ íóÞöáøõ Úóäú ÏóÑóÌóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÚóáøó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÛóíúÑõåõ ÈóÚúÖó ØõÑõÞöåö ÈöÇáúÅöÑúÓóÇáö ; áöÃóäøó ÍóÏöíËðÇ ÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáÕøóæóÇÈö ãöãøóÇ áóãú íóÑöÏú Ýöíåö ÔóíúÁñ ÃóÕúáðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí «Óõäóäöåö» : ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚõËúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúÚóáóÇÁö ÇáúãóÚúäöíøõ ÞóÇáóÇ: ËóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÅöÏúÑöíÓó¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÚóØóÇÁò¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ(6/209)
ÇáúÚóáóÇÁö Èúäö ÚóáúÞóãóÉó Èúäö ÚóíøóÇÔò¡ Úóäú ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö íóÓóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäö ÕóÎúÑò¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóáóÇÁö ÇáúÈóíóÇÖöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ßõäúÊõ ÇãúÑóÃð ÃõÕöíÈõ ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ãóÇ áóÇ íõÕöíÈõ ÛóíúÑöí¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÎöÝúÊõ Ãóäú ÃõÕöíÈó ãöäö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÔóíúÆðÇ íõÊóÇÈóÚõ Èöí ÍóÊøóì ÃõÕúÈöÍó¡ ÝóÙóÇåóÑúÊõ ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íóäúÓóáöÎó ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ ÝóÈóíúäóÇ åöíó ÊóÎúÏöãõäöí ÐóÇÊó áóíúáóÉò ÅöÐú ÊóßóÔøóÝó áöí ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ¡ Ýóáóãú ÃóáúÈóËú Ãóäú äóÒóæúÊõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõ ÎóÑóÌúÊõ Åöáóì Þóæúãöí¡ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑúÊõåõãõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑó. . . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÈöØõæáöåö¡ æóÝöíåö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóãóÑóåõ ÈöÚöÊúÞö ÑóÞóÈóÉò¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌöÏõ ÑóÞóÈóÉð¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõ ÈöÕöíóÇãö ÔóåúÑóíúäö ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõ ÈöÅöØúÚóÇãö ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ ÝóÐóßóÑó ßóÐóáößó¡ ÝóÃóÚúØóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÕóÏóÞóÉó Þóæúãöåö Èóäöí ÒõÑóíúÞò ãöäó ÇáÊøóãúÑö¡ æóÃóãóÑóåõ Ãóäú íõØúÚöãó æóÓóÞðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóíóÓúÊóÚöíäõ ÈöÇáúÈóÇÞöí¡ æóãóÍöáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: Ãóäøóåõ ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ÙöåóÇÑðÇ ãõÄóÞøóÊðÇ ÈöÔóåúÑö ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ æóÌóÇãóÚó Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáóåõ æóÞúÊðÇ áöÙöåóÇÑöåö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ÇáúãõÄóÞøóÊó íóÕöÍøõ¡ æóíóáúÒóãõ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÊóæúÞöíÊõåõ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ áóÈóíøóäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ðóáößó¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó íóÊóÃóÈøóÏõ æóíóÓúÞõØõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÊøóæúÞöíÊö áóÈóíøóäóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÈóíóÇäó áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÊóÃúÎöíÑõåõ Úóäú æóÞúÊö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö Åöáóíúåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚöíÓóì ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ Ýöí «ÌóÇãöÚöåö» : ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ Èúäõ ãóäúÕõæÑò¡ ËóäóÇ åóÇÑõæäõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó ÇáúÎóÒøóÇÒõ¡ ËóäóÇ Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ ËóäóÇ íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ßóËöíÑò¡ ËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÓóáóãóÉó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö: Ãóäøó ÓóáúãóÇäó Èúäó ÕóÎúÑò ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøó ÃóÍóÏó Èóäöí ÈóíóÇÖóÉó¡ ÌóÚóáó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ Úóáóíúåö ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöåö ÍóÊøóì íóãúÖöíó ÑóãóÖóÇäó. . . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞóåõ: åóÐóÇ ÍóÏöíËñ ÍóÓóäñ¡ íõÞóÇáõ ÓóáúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÕóÎúÑò¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ: ÓóáóãóÉõ Èúäõ ÕóÎúÑò ÇáúÈóíóÇÖöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÚóãóáõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáØøóÑöíÞõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÈöåóÇ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÛóíúÑõ ØóÑöíÞö ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóßöáúÊóÇåõãóÇ ÊõÞóæøöí ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÅöÓúäóÇÏó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö åóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÞöáøõ Úóäú ÏóÑóÌóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑõæåõ ãöäú Ãóäøó Úóáöíøó Èúäó ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöíåö ßóÇäó áóåõ Úóäú íóÍúíóì Èúäö ÃóÈöí ßóËöíÑò ßöÊóÇÈóÇäö ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÓóãóÇÚñ¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÅöÑúÓóÇáñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÍóÏöíËó ÇáúßõæÝöíøöíäó Úóäúåõ Ýöíåö ÔóíúÁñ áóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÇæöíó Úóäúåõ Ýöíåö æóåõæó åóÇÑõæäõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó ÇáúÎóÒøóÇÒõ ÈóÕúÑöíøñ áóÇ ßõæÝöíøñ¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÓóÇÞó ÇáúãóÌúÏõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõäúÊóÞóì» ÍóÏöíËó ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäö ÕóÎúÑò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÍóÏöíËñ ÍóÓóäñ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí «äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö» : æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ¡ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÎõÒóíúãóÉó¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúÌóÇÑõæÏö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÚóáøóåõ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÍóÞøö ÈöÇáöÇäúÞöØóÇÚö¡ æóÃóäøó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäó íóÓóÇÑò áóãú íõÏúÑößú ÓóáóãóÉó¡ æóÞóÏú Íóßóì Ðóáößó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ Úóäö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö¡ æóÝöí ÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ ÇåÜ ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøö.
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏó ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Úóäö ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøó áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóáóÇ ÇÈúäõ(6/210)
ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÕóáóÇÍöíóÉõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉó ÚóÔúÑóÉó: ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÃóÓóÇÁó ÇáúÃóÏóÈó¡ æóáóÇ ÊóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁó ÈöÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉö íóÑúÝóÚõ Úóäúåõ Íõßúãó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÑúÝóÚõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó Çáúíóãöíäö ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉó ÚóÔúÑóÉó: ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ãóÇÊó Ãóæú ãóÇÊóÊú Ãóæú ØóáøóÞóåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö¡ áóãú íóáúÒóãúåõ ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Åöäú ÚóÇÏó ÝóÊóÒóæøóÌóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáØøóáóÇÞö áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ãóÓöíÓõåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íõßóÝøöÑó ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÍöäúËö ÈöÇáúÚóæúÏö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÚõæÏõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö¡ æóáóÇ æóÌúåó áöÓõÞõæØö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÈöÇáØøóáóÇÞö ÝöíãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö íóÞõæáõ: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáØøóáóÇÞõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÈóÇÆöäðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÒóæøóÌóåóÇ áóãú ÊóáúÒóãúåõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó. æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú íóÞõæáõ: Åöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÈóíúäõæäóÉõ ÈöÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÒóæøóÌóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÒóæúÌò áóãú ÊóáúÒóãúåõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ áöÓõÞõæØöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÈóíúäõæäóÉö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÓúÞóØóåóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÈúáóåõ ÈöÇáúÈóíúäõæäóÉö ÇáÕøõÛúÑóì¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉó ÚóÔúÑóÉó: ÅöÐóÇ ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäú äöÓóÇÆöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚö ÈößóáöãóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò¡ ßóÃóäú íóÞõæáõ áóåõäøó: ÃóäúÊõäøó Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÊóßúÝöí Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí åóÐóÇ Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ Úóáöíøò¡ æóÚõãóÑó¡ æóÚõÑúæóÉó¡ æóØóÇæõÓò¡ æóÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ æóãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏöíãö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóíóÍúíóì ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÍóßóãõ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÏöíÏö: Úóáóíúåö áößõáøö ÇãúÑóÃóÉò ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ æõÌöÏó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ æóÇáúÚóæúÏõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ßõáøö ÇãúÑóÃóÉò ãöäúåõäøó ÝóæóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö Úóäú ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏóÉò ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÃóÝúÑóÏóåóÇ Èöåö¡ æóáóäóÇ Úõãõæãõ Þóæúáö ÚõãóÑó æóÚóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÚóÑóÝõ áóåõãóÇ ãõÎóÇáöÝñ ÝóßóÇäó ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ßóáöãóÉñ ÊóÌöÈõ ÈöãõÎóÇáóÝóÊöåóÇ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ æõÌöÏóÊú Ýöí ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ÃóæúÌóÈóÊú ßóÝóÇÑøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ßóÇáúíóãöíäö ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÝóÇÑóÞó ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ ÈößóáöãóÇÊò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ßõáøó ßóáöãóÉò ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉð ÊóÑúÝóÚõåóÇ æóÊõßóÝøöÑõ ÅöËúãóåóÇ¡ æóåóÇåõäóÇ ÇáúßóáöãóÉõ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ ÝóÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÊóÑúÝóÚõ ÍõßúãóåóÇ¡ æóÊóãúÍõæ ÅöËúãóåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÈúÞóì áóåóÇ Íõßúãñ. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ.(6/211)
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÃóÞúíóÓõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÇáöÇßúÊöÝóÇÁõ ÈößóÝøóÇÑóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò¡ æóÃóÍúæóØõåõãóÇ ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑõ Úóäú ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåõäøó. æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäúåõäøó ÈößóáöãóÇÊò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ ÈöÃóäú ÞóÇáó áößõáøö æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåõäøó ÈöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏöåóÇ: ÃóäúÊö Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö Ãõãøöí¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ßóáöãóÉò ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúßóáöãóÇÊö ãõäúßóÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑñ¡ Ýóßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉð.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÚõÑúæóÉó æóÚóØóÇÁò. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÍóÇãöÏò: ÇáúãóÐúåóÈõ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ Ýöí åóÐóÇ. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: ÇáúãóÐúåóÈõ ÚöäúÏöí ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö. ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò: Ýöíåö ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøóåõ ÊõÌúÒöÆõåõ ßóÝóÇÑøóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞõáúäóÇåõ ÇÊøöÈóÇÚðÇ áöÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ æóÞóÈöíÕóÉó¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ; áöÃóäøó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÍóÞøñ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýóáóãú ÊóÊóßóÑøóÑú ÈöÊóßóÑøõÑö ÓóÈóÈöåóÇ ßóÇáúÍóÏøö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö íóÎúÑõÌõ ÇáØøóáóÇÞõ. æóáóäóÇ ÈöåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóíúãóÇäñ ãõÊóßóÑøöÑóÉñ Úóáóì ÃóÚúíóÇäò ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞóÉò¡ ÝóßóÇäó áößõáøö æóÇÍöÏóÉò ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ ßóãóÇ áóæú ßóÝøóÑó Ëõãøó ÙóÇåóÑó¡ æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóíúãóÇäñ áóÇ íóÍúäóËõ Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóÇåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍöäúËö Ýöí ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõßóÝøöÑõåóÇ ßóÝóÇÑøóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑó ãóÚúäðì íõæÌöÈõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó¡ ÝóÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÈöÊóÚóÏøõÏöåö Ýöí ÇáúãóÍóÇáøö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉö ßóÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ æóíõÝóÇÑöÞõ ÇáúÍóÏøó¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÚõÞõæÈóÉñ ÊõÏúÑóÃõ ÈöÇáÔøõÈõåóÇÊö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÃóÙúåóÑó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö. æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ßóÑøóÑó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ ãöäú ÒóæúÌóÊöåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö¡ ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ßóÑøóÑóåõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõßóÝøöÑó Úóäö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ ÝóßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÊóßúÝöí¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ßóÝøóÑó Úóäú ÙöåóÇÑöåö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ Ëõãøó ÙóÇåóÑó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì áöÙöåóÇÑöåö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚóÉó ÚóÔúÑóÉó: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæúÖóÍóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ [58 \ 3 - 4] .
ÝõÑõæÚñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö Ýöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ åóáú íõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ Ãóæú áóÇ íõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÝöíåóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: áóÇ íõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ¡ Ýóáóæú ÃóÚúÊóÞó ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑõ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ÐöãøöíøðÇ ãóËóáðÇ ÃóÌúÒóÃóåõ¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóåõæó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ ÞóÇáóåõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» .
æóÍõÌøóÉõ Ãóåúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò¡(6/212)
æóáóãú íõÞóíøöÏúåóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó Ãóäú íõÌúÒöÆó ãóÇ ÊóäóÇæóáóåõ ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóíúÓó áöÃóÍóÏò Ãóäú íõÞóíøöÏó ãóÇ ÃóØúáóÞóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö. æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Ýöí ÑóÞóÈóÉö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö: ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ ÞóÇáóåõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» . æóÇÍúÊóÌøó áöÃóåúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ãöäú Íóãúáö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö.
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ãóÓúÃóáóÉó Íóãúáö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÇáúÎóØóÃö: æóãóäú ÞóÊóáó ãõÄúãöäðÇ ÎóØóÃð ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãõÄúãöäóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 92] ¡ ÈöÞóæúáöäóÇ Ýöíåö æóÍóÇÕöáõ ÊóÍúÑöíÑö ÇáúãóÞóÇãö Ýöí ãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÊóÚóÇÑõÖö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö æóÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö: Ãóäøó áóåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚó ÍóÇáóÇÊò: ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäú íóÊøóÍöÏó ÍõßúãõåõãóÇ æóÓóÈóÈõåõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ ßóÊóÍúÑöíÑö ÇáÏøóãö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÞóíøóÏóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Èößóæúäöåö ãóÓúÝõæÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóíúÊóÉð Ãóæú ÏóãðÇ ãóÓúÝõæÍðÇ [6 \ 145] ¡ æóÃóØúáóÞóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÞóíúÏö Èößóæúäöåö ãóÓúÝõæÍðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» æó «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» æó «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» . ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáäøóÍúáö» : ÅöäøóãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúãóíúÊóÉó æóÇáÏøóãó æóáóÍúãó ÇáúÎöäúÒöíÑö æóãóÇ Ãõåöáøó áöÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö Èöåö [2 \ 115] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» : ÅöäøóãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúãóíúÊóÉó æóÇáÏøóãó æóáóÍúãó ÇáúÎöäúÒöíÑö æóãóÇ Ãõåöáøó Èöåö áöÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö [2 \ 173] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» : ÍõÑøöãóÊú Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúãóíúÊóÉõ æóÇáÏøóãõ æóáóÍúãõ ÇáúÎöäúÒöíÑö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 3] . æóÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö íóÞõæáõæäó ÈöÍóãúáö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇÊøöÍóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóÈóÈö æóÇáúÍõßúãö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóáöÐóáößó ßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÑóæúäó ÈöÇáúÍõãúÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÚúáõæ ÇáúÞöÏúÑó ãöäú ÃóËóÑö ÊóÞúØöíÚö ÇááøóÍúãö ÈóÃúÓðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ïóãñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÓúÝõæÍò¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÍóãúáõåõ Úóáóíúåö ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú íõËúÈöÊõæäó Ëõãøó íóÍúÐöÝõæäó ÇÊøößóÇáðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõËúÈóÊö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÞóíúÓö Èúäö ÇáúÎõØóíúãö ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö:
äóÍúäõ ÈöãóÇ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ æóÃóäúÊó ÈöãóÇ ... ÚöäúÏóßó ÑóÇÖò æóÇáÑøóÃúíõ ãõÎúÊóáóÝõ
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íóÚúäöí: ÒóÚóãóÊú Èóäõæ ÓóÚúÏò Ãóäøöí ÝóÇäò æóãóÇ ßóÐóÈõæÇ. . ÅöáóÎú.
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æóäóÒøöáúäó ÊóÑúßó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúÕóÇáö ... ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáúÚõãõæãö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö
ÇáúÍóÇáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÚóßúÓõ åóÐöåö¡ æóåöíó ÇáöÇÊøöÍóÇÏõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ãóÚó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: íõÍúãóáõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö. æóÞöíáó: áóÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóãóËøóáõæÇ áóåõ ÈöÕóæúãö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ æóÅöØúÚóÇãöåö¡ ÝóÓóÈóÈõåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ æóåõæó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑõ¡ æóÍõßúãõåõãóÇ ãõÎúÊóáöÝñ ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ ÊóßúÝöíÑñ ÈöÕóæúãò¡ æóÇáúÂÎöÑó ÊóßúÝöíÑñ ÈöÅöØúÚóÇãò¡ æóÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ãõÞóíøóÏñ ÈöÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÕøóæúãõ. æóÇáËøóÇäöí ãõØúáóÞñ Úóäú ÞóíúÏö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÍúãóáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö. æóÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÍóãúáö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøöÏö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö¡ ãóËøóáõæÇ áöÐóáößó ÈöÅöØúÚóÇãö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóãú íõÞóíøóÏú Èößóæúäöåö ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÚöÊúÞóåõ æóÕóæúãóåõ ÞóÏú ÞõíøöÏóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ ÝóíõÍúãóáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö¡ ÝóíóÌöÈõ ßóæúäõ ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóÓöíÓö¡ æóãóËøóáó áóåõ ÇááøõÎóãöíøõ ÈöÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö Ýöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö Çáúíóãöíäö ÍóíúËõ ÞõíøöÏó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ãöäú ÃóæúÓóØö ãóÇ ÊõØúÚöãõæäó Ãóåúáöíßõãú [5 \ 89] ¡ ãóÚó ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúßöÓúæóÉö Úóäö ÇáúÞóíúÏö ÈöÐóáößó¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóæú ßöÓúæóÊõåõãú [5 \ 89] ÝóíõÍúãóáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö¡ ÝóíõÔúÊóÑóØõ Ýöí(6/214)
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ÇáúÍóÇáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: Ãóäú íóÎúÊóáöÝóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö æóÇáÓøóÈóÈö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóáóÇ Íóãúáó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏõ æóÇÍöÏðÇ. ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ æóÑóÏó ãõÞóíøóÏóÇäö ÈöÞóíúÏóíúäö ãõÎúÊóáöÝóíúäö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Íóãúáõ ÇáúãõØúáóÞö Úóáóì ßöáóíúåöãóÇ áöÊóäóÇÝöí ÞóíúÏóíúåöãóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ íõäúÙóÑõ ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáúãõØúáóÞö ãöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö Íõãöáó ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈö áóåõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÝóíõÞóíøóÏõ ÈöÞóíúÏöåö. æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÞóíøóÏõ ÈöÞóíúÏò æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóíóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö ÅöÐú áóÇ ÊóÑúÌöíÍó ÈöáóÇ ãõÑóÌøóÍò¡ æóãöËóÇáõ ßóæúäö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈó áöáúãõØúáóÞö ãöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö Õóæúãõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö Çáúíóãöíäö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãõØúáóÞñ Úóäú ÞóíúÏö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö æóÇáÊøóÝúÑöíÞö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó Õóæúãó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãõÞóíøóÏñ ÈöÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÌöÏú ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö [58 \ 4] ¡ æóÕóæúãó ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö ãõÞóíøóÏñ ÈöÇáÊøóÝúÑöíÞö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÌöÏú ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò Ýöí ÇáúÍóÌøö æóÓóÈúÚóÉò ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÌóÚúÊõãú [2 \ 196] ¡ æóÇáúíóãöíäõ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóì ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäú Õóæúãö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö æóÇáúíóãöíäö Õóæúãõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉò ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Õóæúãö ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö¡ ÝóíõÞóíøóÏõ Õóæúãõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö Çáúíóãöíäö ÈöÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóÇ íõÞóíøóÏõ ÈöÇáÊøóÝúÑöíÞö ÇáøóÐöí Ýöí Õóæúãö ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö.
æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò: [ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóÇÊò] áóãú ÊóËúÈõÊú ; áöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ßóÊúÈö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóÇÊò Ýöí ÇáúãóÕóÇÍöÝö ÇáúÚõËúãóÇäöíøóÉö¡ æóãöËóÇáõ ßóæúäöåöãóÇ áóíúÓó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáúãõØúáóÞö ãöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö: Õóæúãõ ÞóÖóÇÁö ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: ÝóÚöÏøóÉñ ãöäú ÃóíøóÇãò ÃõÎóÑó [2 \ 185] ¡ æóáóãú íõÞóíøöÏúåõ ÈöÊóÊóÇÈõÚò æóáóÇ ÊóÝúÑöíÞò¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóíøóÏó Õóæúãó ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÈöÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ æóÕóæúãó ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö ÈöÇáÊøóÝúÑöíÞö¡ æóáóíúÓó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈó Åöáóì Õóæúãö ÞóÖóÇÁö ÑóãóÖóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÞóíøóÏõ ÈöÞóíúÏò æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ Èóáú íóÈúÞóì Úóáóì ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö¡ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó ÊóÇÈóÚóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóÑøóÞóåõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäú «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» ¡ ãóÚó ÒöíóÇÏóÉò íóÓöíÑóÉò áöáúÅöíÖóÇÍö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÑóÞóÈóÉö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ åóáú íõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÝöíåóÇ ÓóáóÇãóÊõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚõíõæÈö Ãóæú áóÇ¿ ÝóÍõßöíó Úóäú ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ÌóæøóÒó ßõáøó ÑóÞóÈóÉò íóÞóÚõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáöÇÓúãõ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ãóÚöíÈóÉð Èößõáøö ÇáúÚõíõæÈö ÊóãóÓøõßðÇ ÈöÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÙóÇåöÑõåõ æóáóæú ãóÚöíÈóÉð ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íõÞóíøöÏö ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉó ÈöÔóíúÁò.
æóÐóåóÈó ÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÚõíõæÈö ÇáúÞóæöíøóÉö ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚõíõæÈö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: íõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÓóáóÇãóÊõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚõíõæÈö ÇáúãõÖöÑøóÉö ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÖóÑóÑðÇ ÈóíøöäðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏó(6/215)
Êóãúáöíßõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ãóäóÇÝöÚóåõ¡ æóÊóãúßöíäõåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ åóÐóÇ ãóÚó ãóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÖóÑóÑðÇ ÈóíøöäðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõåõ ÇáúÚóãóáó Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑö ÇáÕøóäóÇÆöÚö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóÞúÚóÏõ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóÞúØõæÚõ ÇáúíóÏóíúäö Ãóæö ÇáÑøöÌúáóíúäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúíóÏóíúäö ÂáóÉõ ÇáúÈóØúÔö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõãúßöäõåõ ÇáúÚóãóáõ ãóÚó ÝóÞúÏöåöãóÇ¡ æóÇáÑøöÌúáóÇäö ÂáóÉõ ÇáúãóÔúíö ÝóáóÇ íóÊóåóíøóÃõ áóåõ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóáö ãóÚó ÊóáóÝöåöãóÇ¡ æóÇáÔøóáóáõ ßóÇáúÞóØúÚö Ýöí åóÐóÇ.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúãóÌúäõæäõ ÌõäõæäðÇ ãõØúÈöÞðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ æõÌöÏó Ýöíåö ÇáúãóÚúäóíóÇäö: ÐóåóÇÈõ ãóäúÝóÚóÉö ÇáúÌöäúÓö¡ æóÍõÕõæáõ ÇáÖøóÑóÑö ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» . Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÈöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ ÅöÌúãóÇÚó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö Úóáóì ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉö ãöäú ãöËúáö ÇáúÚõíõæÈö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ãóÞúØõæÚõ ÇáúíóÏö Ãóæö ÇáÑøöÌúáö¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÔóáøõåõãóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÞúØõæÚõ ÅöÈúåóÇãö ÇáúíóÏö Ãóæú ÓóÈøóÇÈóÊöåóÇ Ãóæö ÇáúæõÓúØóì ; áöÃóäøó äóÝúÚó ÇáúíóÏö íóÐúåóÈõ ÈöÐóåóÇÈö åóÄõáóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ãóÞúØõæÚõ ÇáúÎöäúÕóÑö æóÇáúÈöäúÕöÑö ãöäú íóÏò æóÇÍöÏóÉò ; áöÃóäøó äóÝúÚó ÇáúíóÏóíúäö íóÒõæáõ ÃóßúËóÑõåõ ÈöÐóáößó. æóÅöäú ÞõØöÚóÊú ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäú íóÏò ÌóÇÒó ; áöÃóäøó äóÝúÚó ÇáúßóÝøóíúäö ÈóÇÞò æóÞóØúÚõ ÃóäúãõáóÉö ÇáúÅöÈúåóÇãö ßóÞóØúÚö ÌóãöíÚöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó äóÝúÚóåóÇ íóÐúåóÈõ ÈöÐóáößó áößóæúäöåóÇ ÃõäúãõáóÊóíúäö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÅöÈúåóÇãö áóãú íõãúäóÚú ; áöÃóäøó ãóäúÝóÚóÊóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÐúåóÈõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÕöíÑõ ßóÇáúÃóÕóÇÈöÚö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÑö¡ ÍóÊøóì áóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÕóÇÈöÚõåõ ßõáøõåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÅöÈúåóÇãö ÞóÏú ÞõØöÚóÊú ãöäú ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ ÃóäúãõáóÉñ áóãú íõãúäóÚú¡ æóÅöäú ÞõØöÚó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÕúÈóÚö ÃõäúãõáóÊóÇäö Ýóåõæó ßóÞóØúÚöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÐúåóÈõ ÈöãóäúÝóÚóÊöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÌóãöíÚõåõ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ Ãóíú: æóÃóÍúãóÏó.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: íõÌúÒöÆõ ãóÞúØõæÚõ ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöÌúáóíúäö Ãóæú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúíóÏóíúäö¡ æóáóæú ÞõØöÚóÊú ÑöÌúáõåõ æóíóÏõåõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ãöäú ÎöáóÇÝò ÃóÌúÒóÃóÊú ; áöÃóäøó ãóäúÝóÚóÉó ÇáúÌöäúÓö ÈóÇÞöíóÉñ¡ ÝóÃóÌúÒóÃóÊú Ýöí ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ßóÇáúÃóÚúæóÑö¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ÞõØöÚóÊóÇ ãöäú æöÝóÇÞò¡ Ãóíú: ãöäú ÌóÇäöÈò æóÇÍöÏò áóãú íõÌúÒö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäúÝóÚóÉó ÇáúãóÔúíö ÊóÐúåóÈõ¡ æóáóäóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ íõÄóËøöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóíóÖõÑøõ ÖóÑóÑðÇ ÈóíøöäðÇ¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó Ãóäú íõãúäóÚó ÅöÌúÒóÇÄõåóÇ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÞõØöÚóÊóÇ ãöäú æöÝóÇÞò. æóíõÎóÇáöÝõ ÇáúÚóæóÑõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÖóÑóÑðÇ ÈóíøöäðÇ¡ æóÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõ ÈöÇáÖøóÑóÑö Ãóæúáóì ãöäó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÈöãóäúÝóÚóÉö ÇáúÌöäúÓö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÐóåóÈó Ôóãøõåõ Ãóæú ÞõØöÚóÊú ÃõÐõäóÇåõ ãóÚðÇ ÃóÌúÒóÃó ãóÚó ÐóåóÇÈö ãóäúÝóÚóÉö ÇáúÌöäúÓö. æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚóÑóÌðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ÝóÇÍöÔðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÞóØúÚö ÇáÑøöÌúáö¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æõíõÌúÒöÆõ ÇáúÃóÚúæóÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ.
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ÇáúãóäóÇÝöÚó¡ æóÇáúÚóæóÑõ áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ Ðóáößó ; æóáöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÞóØúÚó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÃõÐõäóíúäö¡ æóíõÝóÇÑöÞõ ÇáúÚóãóì ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÖóÑóÑðÇ ÈóíøöäðÇ æóíóãúäóÚõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóäóÇÆöÚö¡ æóíóÐúåóÈõ ÈöãóäúÝóÚóÉö ÇáúÌöäúÓö æóíõÝóÇÑöÞõ ÞóØúÚó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúíóÏóíúäö æóÇáÑøöÌúáóíúäö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÚúãóáõ ÈöÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ãóÇ íóÚúãóáõ ÈöåöãóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóÚúæóÑõ íõÏúÑößõ ÈöÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÚóíúäóíúäö ãóÇ íõÏúÑößõ ÈöåöãóÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃõÖúÍöíøóÉõ æóÇáúåóÏúíõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ãõÌóÑøóÏõ ÇáúÚóæóÑö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÇäúÎöÓóÇÝõ ÇáúÚóíúäö æóÐóåóÇÈõ ÇáúÚõÖúæö ÇáúãõÓúÊóØóÇÈö ; æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÃõÖúÍöíøóÉó íóãúäóÚõ ÝöíåóÇ ÞóØúÚõ ÇáúÃõÐõäö æóÇáúÞóÑúäö¡ æóÇáúÚöÊúÞõ áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ Ýöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÇáúãóÞúØõæÚõ ÇáúÃõÐõäóíúäö. æóÈöÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ.
æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ æóÒõÝóÑõ: áóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ; áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÚõÖúæóÇäö ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåóÇ ÇáúíóÏóíúäö. æóáóäóÇ Ãóäøó ÞóØúÚóåõãóÇ áóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÖøóÑóÑó ÇáúÈóíøöäó¡ Ýóáóãú íóãúäóÚú ßóäóÞúÕö ÇáÓøóãúÚö¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúíóÏóíúäö¡ æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ãóÞúØõæÚõ ÇáúÃóäúÝö áöÐóáößó¡ æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÇáúÃóÕóãøõ ÅöÐóÇ Ýóåöãó ÈöÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúÃóÎúÑóÓõ ÅöÐóÇ ÝõåöãóÊú ÅöÔóÇÑóÊõåõ æóÝóåöãó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö: áóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ; áöÃóäøó ãóäúÝóÚóÉó ÇáúÌöäúÓö ÐóÇåöÈóÉñ¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÒóÇÆöáó ÇáúÚóÞúáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Úóáóíúåö Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóÑóÓó äóÞúÕñ ßóËöíÑñ íóãúäóÚõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö¡ ãöËúáó ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö. ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÝúåóãõ ÅöÔóÇÑóÊóåõ¡ ÝóíóÊóÖóÑøóÑõ Ýöí ÊóÑúßö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåö¡ æóÅöäö ÇÌúÊóãóÚó ÇáúÎóÑóÓõ æóÇáÕøóãóãõ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: áóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö áöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáäøóÞúÕóíúäö Ýöíåö æóÐóåóÇÈö ãóäúÝóÚóÊóíö ÇáúÌöäúÓö¡ æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÅöÌúÒóÇÁö Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉó ÊóÞõæãõ ãóÞóÇãó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÝúåóÇãö¡ æóíóËúÈõÊõ Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÝóíõÌúÒöÆõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö æóáóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÑöíÖõ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãóÑúÌõæøó ÇáúÈõÑúÁö ßóÇáúÍõãøóì æóãóÇ ÃóÔúÈóåóåóÇ ÃóÌúÒóÃó Ýöí ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÛóíúÑó ãóÑúÌõæøö ÇáÒøóæóÇáö áóãú íõÌúÒö.
æóÃóãøóÇ äöÖúæõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö íóÚúäöí ÇáäøóÍöíÝó ÇáúãóåúÒõæáó ÎöáúÞóÉð¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó íóÊóãóßøóäõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóáö ÃóÌúÒóÃó¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ. æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÇáúÃóÍúãóÞõ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÕúäóÚõ ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁó áöÛóíúÑö ÝóÇÆöÏóÉò¡ æóíóÑóì ÇáúÎóØóÃó ÕóæóÇÈðÇ. æóßóÐóáößó íõÌúÒöÆõ ãóäú íóÎúäõÞõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÍúíóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÎóÕöíøõ æóÇáúãóÌúÈõæÈõ¡ æóÇáÑøóÊúÞóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáúßóÈöíÑõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ Êóãúáöíßó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ãóäóÇÝöÚóåõ¡ æóÊóßúãöíáó ÃóÍúßóÇãöåö¡ ÝóíóÍúÕõáõ ÇáúÅöÌúÒóÇÁõ Èöåö¡ ßóÇáÓøóÇáöãö ãöäó ÇáúÚõíõæÈö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäó «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» ¡ ãóÚó ÍóÐúÝò íóÓöíÑò áóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöÊúÞõ ÇáúÌóÇäöí æóÇáúãóÑúåõæäö æóÚöÊúÞõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÓö ÚóÈúÏóåõ¡ ÅöÐóÇ(6/217)
ÞõáúäóÇ ÈöÕöÍøóÉö ÚöÊúÞöåöãú¡ æóÚöÊúÞõ ÇáúãõÏóÈøöÑö æóÇáúÎóÕöíøö æóæóáóÏö ÇáÒøöäóÇ ; áößóãóÇáö ÇáúÚöÊúÞö Ýöíåöãú. æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöÊúÞõ ÇáúãóÛúÕõæÈó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì Êóãúßöíäöåö ãöäú ãóäóÇÝöÚöåö¡ æóáóÇ ÛóÇÆöÈó ÛóíúÈóÉð ãõäúÞóØöÚóÉð áóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ÎóÈóÑõåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊõÚúáóãõ ÍóíóÇÊõåõ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÚúáóãõ ÕöÍøóÉõ ÚöÊúÞöåö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóäúÞóØöÚú ÎóÈóÑõåõ ÃóÌúÒóÃó ÚöÊúÞõåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÚöÊúÞñ ÕóÍöíÍñ.
æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöÊúÞõ ÇáúÍóãúáö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú ÊóËúÈõÊú áóåõ ÃóÍúßóÇãõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóáöÐóáößó áóãú ÊóÌöÈú ÝöØúÑóÊõåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÊóíóÞøóäõ ÃóíúÖðÇ æõÌõæÏõåõ æóÍóíóÇÊõåõ. æóáóÇ ÚöÊúÞõ Ãõãøö ÇáúæóáóÏö ; áöÃóäøó ÚöÊúÞóåóÇ ãõÓúÊóÍóÞøñ ÈöÓóÈóÈò ÛóíúÑö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúãöáúßõ ÝöíåóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ßóÇãöáò¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ áóãú íóÌõÒú ÈóíúÚõåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ØóÇæõÓñ æóÇáúÈóÊøöíøõ: íõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöÊúÞõåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÚöÊúÞñ ÕóÍöíÍñ. æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöÊúÞõ ãóßóÇÊöÈò ÃóÏøóì ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈóÊöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÕóÇÍöÈö «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» . æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ýöíåö ÛóÇáöÈó ãóÇ Ýöí ãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ãóÐúåóÈó ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Ýöí ÑóÞóÈóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ æóÇÔúÊöÑóÇØõ ÓóáóÇãóÊöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚõíõæÈö ÇáúãõÖöÑøóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÚöÊúÞõ Ìóäöíäò Ýöí ÈóØúäö Ãõãøöåö¡ æóÅöäú æóÖóÚóÊúåõ ÚóÊóÞó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÅöÌúÒóÇÁò Úóäö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö.
æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÞúØõæÚõ ÇáúíóÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÅöÕúÈóÚóíúäö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÕóÇÈöÚö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÅöÈúåóÇãö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÃõÐõäóíúäö¡ Ãóæú ÃóÔóáøõ¡ Ãóæú ÃóÌúÐóãõ¡ Ãóæú ÃóÈúÑóÕõ¡ Ãóæú ÃóÕóãøõ¡ Ãóæú ãóÌúäõæäñ æóÅöäú ÃóÝóÇÞó ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÓõ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÚúãóì¡ æóáóÇ ãõÞúÚóÏñ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÝúáõæÌñ¡ æóáóÇ íóÇÈöÓõ ÇáÔøöÞøö¡ æóáóÇ ÛóÇÆöÈñ ãõäúÞóØöÚñ ÎóÈóÑõåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóÑöíÖõ ãóÑóÖðÇ íõÔúÑöÝõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúåóÑöãõ åóÑóãðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌõ ÚóÑóÌðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÑóÞöíÞñ ãõÔúÊóÑðì ÈöÔóÑúØö ÇáúÚöÊúÞö áöãóÇ íõæÖóÚõ ãöäú Ëóãóäöåö Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÔóÑúØö ÇáúÚöÊúÞö¡ æóáóÇ ãóäú íõÚúÊóÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáúãöáúßö ßóÃóÈöíåö¡ æóáóÇ ÚóÈúÏñ ÞóÇáó: Åöäö ÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊõåõ Ýóåõæó ÍõÑøñ¡ Ýóáóæú ÞóÇáó: Åöäö ÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊõåõ Ýóåõæó ÍõÑøñ Úóäú ÙöåóÇÑöí¡ ÝóÝöíåö áóåõãú ÊóÃúæöíáóÇäö ÈöÇáúÅöÌúÒóÇÁö æóÚóÏóãöåö.
æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáúãõÏóÈøóÑõ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóßóÇÊóÈõ¡ æóáóæú ÃóÚúÊóÞó ÔöÑúßðÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÚóÈúÏò¡ Ëõãøó Þõæøöãó Úóáóíúåö äóÕöíÈõ ÔóÑöíßöåö áóãú íõÌúÒöåú Úóäú ÙöåóÇÑöåö ÚöäúÏóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÚöÊúÞó äóÕöíÈö ÇáÔøóÑöíßö æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÍõßúãö ÓöÑóÇíóÉö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÞö¡ æóßóÐóáößó áóæú ÃóÚúÊóÞó äöÕúÝóåõ Úóäú ÙöåóÇÑöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÇÔúÊóÑóì äöÕúÝóåõ ÇáúÂÎóÑó ÝóÃóÚúÊóÞóåõ ÊóßúãöíáðÇ áöÑóÞóÈóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ áóãú íõÌúÒöåú Úóáóì ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉö áöÊóÈúÚöíÖö ÇáúÚöÊúÞö Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ãõÚúÓöÑðÇ æóÞúÊó ÚöÊúÞö ÇáäøöÕúÝö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÚöÊúÞó ÇáäøöÕúÝö ÇáúÈóÇÞöí íóáúÒóãõåõ ÈöÇáúÍõßúãö¡ Åöäú ßóÇäó ãõæÓöÑðÇ æóÞúÊó ÚöÊúÞö ÇáäøöÕúÝö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡(6/218)
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æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö ÚöÊúÞõ ÇáúãóÛúÕõæÈö æóÇáúãóÑöíÖö ãóÑóÖðÇ ÎóÝöíÝðÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌö ÚóÑóÌðÇ ÎóÝöíÝðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóØúÚõ ÃóäúãõáóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò Ãóæú ÃõÐõäò æóÇÍöÏóÉò¡ æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöäúÏóåõãõ ÇáúÃóÚúæóÑõ¡ æóíõßúÑóåõ ÚöäúÏóåõãõ ÇáúÎóÕöíøõ¡ æóíóÌõæÒõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÚöÊúÞõ ÇáúãóÑúåõæäö æóÇáúÌóÇäöí Åöäö ÇÝúÊóÏóíóÇ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó áóÇ íóÔúÊóÑöØõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó Ýöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó. æóáóãú íõÌúÒöÆú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóáóÇ ãóÞúØõæÚõ ÇáúíóÏóíúäö ãóÚðÇ Ãóæö ÇáÑøöÌúáóíúäö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÞúØõæÚõ ÅöÈúåóÇãóíö ÇáúíóÏóíúäö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúÃóÎúÑóÓõ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóÌúäõæäõ¡ æóáóÇ Ãõãøõ ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãõÏóÈøóÑõ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóßóÇÊóÈõ Åöäú ÃóÏøóì ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈóÊöåö¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íõÄóÏøö ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÃóÌúÒóÃó ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóßóÐóáößó íõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÞóÑöíÈõåõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúÊöÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáúãöáúßö Åöäú äóæóì ÈöÔöÑóÇÆöåö ÅöÚúÊóÇÞóåõ Úóäö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóßóÐóáößó áóæú ÃóÚúÊóÞó äöÕúÝó ÚóÈúÏöåö Úóäö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÍóÑøóÑó ÈóÇÞöíóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÃóÌóÒøóÃóåõ Ðóáößó¡ æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáúÃóÕóãøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóÚúæóÑõ¡ æóãóÞúØõæÚõ ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöÌúáóíúäö¡ æóÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúíóÏóíúäö ãöäú ÎöáóÇÝò¡ æóíõÌúÒöÆõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáúÎóÕöíøõ¡ æóÇáúãóÌúÈõæÈõ¡ æóãóÞúØõæÚõ ÇáúÃõÐõäóíúäö¡ ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáúÚõíõæÈö ÇáúãóÇäöÚóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÌúÒóÇÁö¡ æóÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÇäöÚóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÕóÇÍöÈö «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» äóÇÞöáðÇ Úóäúåõ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ íóãúäóÚõ æóãóÇ áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ ÝóÇßúÊóÝóíúäóÇ ÈöÐóáößó ÎóÔúíóÉó ßóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÅöØóÇáóÉö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóæúãó áóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ Ýöí ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÌúÒö Úóäú ÊóÍúÑöíÑö ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÚóÌóÒó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö¡ æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ãóäóÇØö ÇáúÚóÌúÒö Úóäö ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö ÇáúãõæÌöÈö áöáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÞóÏóÑó Úóáóì ÚöÊúÞö ÑóÞóÈóÉò ÝóÇÖöáóÉò Úóäú ÍóÇÌóÊöåö Ãóäøóåõ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÚöÊúÞõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú áóåõ ÑóÞóÈóÉñ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ áößóæúäöåö ÒóãöäðÇ Ãóæú åóÑöãðÇ Ãóæú ãóÑöíÖðÇ¡ Ãóæú äóÍúæó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÄóÏøöí Åöáóì ÚóÌúÒöåö Úóäú ÎöÏúãóÉö äóÝúÓöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: æóßóßóæúäöåö ãöãøóäú áóÇ íóÎúÏöãõ äóÝúÓóåõ ÚóÇÏóÉð¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: áóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáúÅöÚúÊóÇÞõ¡ æóíóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö äóÙóÑðÇ áöÍóÇÌóÊöåö Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõ.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ Ãóíú: æóÃóÍúãóÏõ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡(6/219)
æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ: ãóÊóì æóÌóÏó ÑóÞóÈóÉð áóÒöãóåõ ÅöÚúÊóÇÞõåóÇ æóáóãú íóÌõÒú áóåõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøöíóÇãö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ãõÍúÊóÇÌðÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ãóæú áóãú íóßõäú ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÔóÑóØó Ýöí ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáÕøöíóÇãö ÃóáøóÇ íóÌöÏó ÑóÞóÈóÉð ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÌöÏú [58 \ 4] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÌöÏñ æóÅöäú æóÌóÏó ËóãóäóåóÇ æóåõæó ãõÍúÊóÇÌñ ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ áóãú íóáúÒóãúåõ ÔöÑóÇÄõåóÇ¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: íóáúÒóãõåõ ; áöÃóäøó æõÌúÏóÇäó ËóãóäöåóÇ ßóæõÌúÏóÇäöåóÇ. æóáóäóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÛúÑóÞóÊúåõ ÍóÇÌóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýóåõæó ßóÇáúãóÚúÏõæãö Ýöí ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáö Åöáóì ÇáÕøöíóÇãö¡ ßóãóäú æóÌóÏó ãóÇÁð íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóíúåö áöáúÚóØóÔö íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÊøóíóãøõãö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉó Åöäú ßóÇäó íóÍúÊóÇÌõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉð ÞóæöíøóÉð ; ßóßóæúäöåö ÒóãöäðÇ Ãóæú åóÑöãðÇ áóÇ íõÓúÊóÛúäóì Úóäú ÎöÏúãóÊöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÇáñ íõãúßöäõ ÔöÑóÇÁõ ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö ãöäúåõ¡ áóßöäøóåõ ãõÍúÊóÇÌñ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ãóÚöíÔóÊöåö ÇáÖøóÑõæÑöíøóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉõ ßóÇáúãóÚúÏõæãóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÏóÇÑó Ýöí Ðóáößó Úóáóì ãóÇ íóãúäóÚõåõ ÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöäó ÇáúíóÓóÇÑö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉõ ÝóÇÖöáóÉð Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ áóÒöãó ÅöÚúÊóÇÞõåóÇ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ. æóÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉõ ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúãõÞúÊóÖöíóÉõ ÚóÏóãó ÇáúÍóÑóÌö Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó Úóáóíúßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ãöäú ÍóÑóÌò [22 \ 78] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑõ Íöíäó æõÌõæÈö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÛóäöíøðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÇáóåõ ÛóÇÆöÈñ¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ãóÑúÌõæøó ÇáúÍõÖõæÑö ÞóÑöíÈðÇ¡ áóãú íóÌõÒö ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáöÇäúÊöÙóÇÑö áöÔöÑóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉö. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÚöíÏðÇ ÌóÇÒó ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÓöíÓó ÍóÑóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö¡ æóãóäúÚõåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóãóÊøõÚö ÈöÒóæúÌóÊöåö ÒóãóäðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ ÅöÖúÑóÇÑñ Èößõáøò ãöäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «áóÇ ÖóÑóÑó æóáóÇ ÖöÑóÇÑó» ¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÇáñ íóÔúÊóÑöí Èöåö ÇáÑøóÞóÈóÉó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ áóãú íóÌöÏú ÑóÞóÈóÉð íóÔúÊóÑöíåóÇ Ýóáóåõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøöíóÇãö ; áöÏõÎõæáöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÌöÏú ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [58 \ 4] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ. æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú æóÌóÏó ÑóÞóÈóÉð ÊõÈóÇÚõ ÈöÒöíóÇÏóÉò Úóáóì Ëóãóäö ãöËúáöåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÌöÏú ÑóÞóÈóÉð ÈöËóãóäö ãöËúáöåóÇ¡ ÝóáöÃóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÎöáóÇÝñ: åóáú íóáúÒóãõåõ ÔöÑóÇÄõåóÇ ÈöÃóßúËóÑö ãöäú ãöËúáö ÇáúãöËúáö¡ Ãóæú áóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõ¿ æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏöí: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Úóáóì Ëóãóäö ÇáúãöËúáö Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÊõÌúÍöÝõ ÈöãóÇáöåö ÍóÊøóì íóÕöíÑó ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ãóÕóÇÑöÝö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö¡ Ýóáóåõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ: ÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó Õóæúãó ÔóåúÑóíøö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö íóÌöÈõ ÊóÊóÇÈõÚõåõ¡ Ãóíú:(6/220)
ãõæóÇáóÇÉõ ÕöíóÇãö ÃóíøóÇãöåö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÝóÕúáò ÈóíúäöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäöåöãú Ýöí Ãóäøó ãóäú ÞóØóÚó ÊóÊóÇÈõÚóåõ áöÛóíúÑö ÚõÐúÑò¡ Ãóäøó Úóáóíúåö ÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÝó ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö ãöäú ÌóÏöíÏò¡ æóåóáú íóÝúÊóÞöÑõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ Åöáóì äöíøóÉò¿ Ýöíåö áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÞúæóÇáò: ÃóÍõÏõåóÇ: áóÇ íóÝúÊóÞöÑõ áöäöíøóÉò ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÊóÇÈõÚñ æóÇÌöÈñ Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÝúÊóÞöÑú áöäöíøóÉò ÊóÎõÕøõåõ¡ ßóÇáúãõÊóÇÈóÚóÉö Èóíúäó ÑóßóÚóÇÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: íóÝúÊóÞöÑõ áöäöíøóÉö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö æóÊõÌóÏøóÏõ ÇáäøöíøóÉõ ßõáøó áóíúáóÉò ; áöÃóäøó Öóãøó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Åöáóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÔóÑúØðÇ æóÌóÈóÊú Ýöíåö ÇáäøöíøóÉõ¡ ßóÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÊóíúäö.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÊóßúÝöí äöíøóÉõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö Ýöí ÇááøóíúáóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì Úóäú ÊóÌúÏöíÏö ÇáäøöíøóÉö ßõáøó áóíúáóÉò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóÇ áóÇ äõÓóáøöãõ Ãóäøó Õóæúãó ßõáøö íóæúãò ÚöÈóÇÏóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉñ¡ Èóáö ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó Õóæúãó ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÝóÇÑøóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ äóæóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøóæúãó Ãóæøóáó áóíúáóÉò ÝóÇááøóÇÒöãõ Ãóäú íóäúæöíóåõ Úóáóì æóÌúåöåö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóåõæó ÔóåúÑóÇäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóÇäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóßúÝöíåö Úóäú ÊóÌúÏöíÏö ÇáäøöíøóÉö ßõáøó áóíúáóÉò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑõ ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò. æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÍúãóÏó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáöÇÍúÊöíóÇÌö Åöáóì äöíøóÉö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö ãõØúáóÞðÇ. æóáöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö æóÌúåóÇäö¡ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ßóÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: íóÝúÊóÞöÑõ Åöáóì ÇáäøöíøóÉö ßõáøó áóíúáóÉò.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇãöäõ: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÞóØúÚõ ÊõÊóÇÈõÚö ÇáÕøóæúãö áöÚõÐúÑò ßóãóÑóÖò æóäóÍúæöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÞóØúÚõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö áöÚõÐúÑò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúØóÚõ Íõßúãó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ æóáóåõ Ãóäú íóÈúäöíó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÕóÇãó ÞóÈúáó ÍõÕõæáö ÇáúÚõÐúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÍúãóÏó.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÑõæöíó Ðóáößó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóØóÇæõÓñ¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏöíãö. æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÌóÏöíÏö: íóäúÞóØöÚõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ æóÇáúÍóßóãö¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíö ÞóÇáõæÇ: áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÝúØóÑó ÈöÝöÚúáöåö ÝóáóÒöãóåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÝõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÑúÚö Ãóäøó ÞóØúÚó ÊóÊóÇÈõÚö Õóæúãö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÈöáóÇ ÅöÝúØóÇÑò Ýöí ÃóËúäóÇÁö ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö Åöäú ßóÇäó áöÓóÈóÈò áóÇ ÞõÏúÑóÉó áóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒö Úóäúåõ¡ ßóÇáúãóÑóÖö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ ãóÚóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö Ãóäøóåõ íõÚúÐóÑõ Ýöí Ðóáößó æóáóÇ íóäúÞóØöÚõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÞõÏúÑóÉó áóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒö Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ æóÇááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íóÞõæáõ: áóÇ íõßóáøöÝõ Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ [2 \ 286] ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú [64 \ 16] ¡ æóÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: «ÅöÐóÇ ÃóãóÑúÊõßõãú ÈöÔóíúÁò ÝóÃúÊõæÇ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõãú» ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó íõãúßöäõåõ ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÝúØóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóØóÚó Èöåö(6/221)
ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚó ßóÇáúÅöÝúØóÇÑö áöáÓøóÝóÑö Ýöí ÃóËúäóÇÁö Õóæúãö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóßóãóÇ áóæú ßóÇäó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁõ Õóæúãöåö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ãöäú ÔóÚúÈóÇäó¡ áóÃóäøó ÔóåúÑóåõ ÇáËøóÇäöíó ÑóãóÖóÇäõ¡ æóåõæó áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Õóæúãõåõ Úóäö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóßóãóÇ áóæö ÇÈúÊóÏóÃó ÇáÕøóæúãó Ýöí ãõÏøóÉò íóÏúÎõáõ ÝöíåóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáäøóÍúÑö Ãóæú íóæúãõ ÇáúÝöØúÑö Ãóæú ÃóíøóÇãõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÞö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚó íóäúÞóØöÚõ ÈöÐóáößó ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒö Úóäú ÞóØúÚöåö ÈöãóÇ ÐõßöÑó áöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÊóÃúÎöíÑö ÇáÓøóÝóÑö Úóäö ÇáÕøóæúãö ßóÚóßúÓöåö¡ æóáöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóæúãö Ýöí ãõÏøóÉò áóÇ íóÊóÎóáøóáõåóÇ ÑóãóÖóÇäõ¡ æóáóÇ ÇáúÚöíÏóÇäõ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóíøóÇãõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÞö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì. æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóØóÚó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚó ÈöÅöÝúØóÇÑò åõæó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒö Úóäúåõ ÈöãóÇ ÐõßöÑó¡ Ýóßóæúäõåõ íóÓúÊóÃúäöÝõ Õóæúãó ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö ãöäú ÌóÏöíÏò ÙóÇåöÑñ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö [58 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÑóßó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚó ãóÚó ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóíúåö¡ åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú æóÌóÈó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Õóæúãñ íóÌöÈõ ÊóÊóÇÈõÚõåõ áöÓóÈóÈò ÇÞúÊóÖóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøó Íõßúãóåõäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ÝóíõÚúÐóÑúäó Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ ÞõÏúÑóÉó áóåõäøó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒö Úóäúåõ ßóÇáúÍóíúÖö¡ æóÇáúãóÑóÖö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö ßóÇáúÅöÝúØóÇÑö áöáÓøöÝúÑö æóÇáäøöÝóÇÓö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøöÝóÇÓó íõãúßöäõ ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáÕøóæúãö ÞóÈúáóåõ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóíúÖõ ÝóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÇáÊøóÍóÑøõÒõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí Õóæúãö ÔóåúÑóíúäö Ãóæú ÔóåúÑò¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ÊóÍöíÖõ ÚóÇÏóÉð Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóåúÑö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÊøóÇÓöÚõ: Ýöí Íõßúãö ãóÇ áóæú ÌóÇãóÚó ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑõ ãöäúåóÇ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑóåóÇ áóíúáðÇ¡ Ýöí ÃóËúäóÇÁö ÕöíóÇãö ÔóåúÑóíøö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÑúÚö ÊóÝúÕöíáñ áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÌóÇãóÚó Ýöí äóåóÇÑö Õóæúãö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÚóãúÏðÇ ÇäóÞúØóÚó ÊóÊóÇÈõÚõ Õóæúãöåö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóáóÒöãóåõ ÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÝó ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö ãöäú ÌóÏöíÏò¡ æóÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãóæúØõæÁóÉõ åöíó ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑóåóÇ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó áóæú Ãóßóáó Ãóæú ÔóÑöÈó ÚóãúÏðÇ Ýöí äóåóÇÑö ÇáÕøóæúãö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÌöãóÇÚõåõ áóíúáðÇ Ýöí Òóãóäö Õóæúãö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÌóÇãóÚóåóÇ ÒóæúÌóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑö ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ðóáößó áóÇ íóÞúØóÚõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚó ; áöÃóäøó æóØúÁó ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑö ãöäúåóÇ áóíúáðÇ Òóãóäó ÇáÕøóæúãö ãõÈóÇÍñ áóåõ ÔóÑúÚðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõÎöáøõ ÈöÊóÊóÇÈõÚö ÇáÕøóæúãö Ýöí ÃóíøóÇãö ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóÎúÊóáöÝó Ýöíåö.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóáóíúÓó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝñ äóÚúáóãõåõ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáøóÊöí æóØöÆóåóÇ áóíúáðÇ Òóãóäó ÇáÕøóæúãö åöíó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉõ ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: íóäúÞóØöÚõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ ÈöÐóáößó æóíóáúÒóãõåõ ÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÝõ ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö. æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóÃóÍúãóÏó Ýöí ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö ÚóäúåõãóÇ.(6/222)
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» Ýöí ÔóÑúÍöåö áöÞóæúáö ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö: æóÅöäú ÃóÕóÇÈóåóÇ Ýöí áóíóÇáö ÇáÕøóæúãö ÃóÝúÓóÏó ãóÇ ãóÖóì ãöäú ÕöíóÇãöåö æóÇÈúÊóÏóÃó ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó ÈöåöãóÇ ÎóÇáöíóíúäö Úóäú æóØúÁò¡ æóáóãú íóÃúÊö ÈöåöãóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó¡ Ýóáóãú íõÌúÒöÆúåõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú æóØöÆó äóåóÇÑðÇ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÍúÑöíãñ áöáúæóØúÁö áóÇ íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóæóì Ýöíåö Çááøóíúáõ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ¡ ßóÇáöÇÚúÊößóÇÝö.
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚó áóÇ íóäúÞóØöÚõ ÈöåóÐóÇ æóíóÈúäöí¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ æóØúÁñ áóÇ íõÈúØöáõ ÇáÕøóæúãó¡ ÝóáóÇ íõæÌöÈõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÝó ßóæóØúÁö ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚó Ýöí ÇáÕøöíóÇãö ÚöÈóÇÑóÉñ Úóäú ÅöÊúÈóÇÚö Õóæúãö íóæúãò áöáøóÐöí ÞóÈúáóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÝóÇÑöÞò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõÊóÍóÞøöÞñ¡ æóÅöäú æóØöÆó áóíúáðÇ¡ æóÇÑúÊößóÇÈõ Çáäøóåúíö Ýöí ÇáúæóØúÁö ÞóÈúáó ÅöÊúãóÇãöåö ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõÎöáøõ ÈöÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöØö áóÇ íóãúäóÚõ ÕöÍøóÊóåõ æóÅöÌúÒóÇÁóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú æóØöÆó ÞóÈúáó ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö¡ Ãóæú æóØöÆó áóíúáóÉó Ãóæøóáö ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö¡ æóÃóÕúÈóÍó ÕóÇÆöãðÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÈöÇáÕøóæúãö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÊöãóÇÓö Ýöí ÍóÞøö åóÐóÇ áóÇ ÓóÈöíáó Åöáóíúåö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ Èóäóì Ãóæö ÇÓúÊóÃúäóÝó¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÕóÇÍöÈö «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» ¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÇäúÞöØóÇÚö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö ÈöÌöãóÇÚöåö áöáúãõÙóÇåóÑö ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí áóíóÇáö ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ åõæó ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÕøóæúãó Ýöíåö ãõØóÇÈöÞñ áöãóäúØõæÞö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÞóÏú ÕóÇãó ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö¡ æóáóãú íóÝúÕöáú Èóíúäó íóæúãóíúäö ãöäúåõãóÇ ÈöÝóÇÕöáò¡ ÝóÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Úóáóíúåö æóÇÞöÚñ ÞóØúÚðÇ ; ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóßóæúäõ ÕóæúãõåõãóÇ ãõÊóÇÈöÚöíäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóÓöíÓö æóÇÌöÈñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ¡ áóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøóåõ íõÈúØöáõ Íõßúãó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóãöãøóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõåõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÂäöÝðÇ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÕóÇÍöÈö «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÌóÇãóÚóåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÔõÑõæÚöåö Ýöí Õóæúãö ÇáÔøóåúÑóíúäö¡ Ëõãøó ÕóÇãóåõãóÇ ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚöíäó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÈúØõáõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö ÈöÇáúæóØúÁö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÔøõÑõæÚö Ýöí ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ ÈõØúáóÇäóåõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇóáì
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáúÚóÇÔöÑõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÌóÇãóÚó ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí äóåóÇÑö Õóæúãö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö äóÇÓöíðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö åóáú íõÚúÐóÑõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÞóØöÚõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ Ãóæú áóÇ íõÚúÐóÑõ Èöåö æóíóáúÒóãõåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÝõ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: áóÇ íõÚúÐóÑõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ æóíóäúÞóØöÚõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ ÈöæóØúÆöåö äóÇÓöíðÇ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóãöäú ÍõÌøóÊöåöãú: Ãóäøó ÇáúæóØúÁó áóÇ íõÚúÐóÑõ Ýöíåö ÈöÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: íõÚúÐóÑõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÞóØöÚõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö ÈöæóØúÆöåö äóÇÓöíðÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ(6/223)
ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö. ÞóÇáõæÇ: áöÃóäøóåõ ÝóÚóáó ÇáúãõÝóØøöÑó äóÇÓöíðÇ¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ãóÇ áóæú Ãóßóáó äóÇÓöíðÇ¡ ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ áóåõ æóÌúåñ Þóæöíøñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÞõæáõ: æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúßõãú ÌõäóÇÍñ ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÎúØóÃúÊõãú Èöåö æóáóßöäú ãóÇ ÊóÚóãøóÏóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÞóÑóÃó: «ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÄóÇÎöÐúäóÇ Åöäú äóÓöíäóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÎúØóÃúäóÇ [2 \ 286] ¡ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÚóãú ÞóÏú ÝóÚóáúÊõ» .
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáúÍóÇÏöí ÚóÔóÑó: Åöäú ÃõÈöíÍó áóåõ ÇáúÝöØúÑõ áöÚõÐúÑò íóÞúÊóÖöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÞõáúäóÇ Åöäøó ÝöØúÑó ÇáúÚõÐúÑö áóÇ íóÞúØóÚõ Íõßúãó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ ÝóæóØúÁõ ÛóíúÑöåóÇ äóåóÇÑðÇ áóãú íóäúÞóØöÚö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóØúÁó áóÇ ÃóËóÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÞóØúÚö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ áöÃóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÅöÝúØóÇÑö áöÓóÈóÈò ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãóæúØõæÁóÉõ äóåóÇÑðÇ åöíó ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑõ ãöäúåóÇ ÌóÑóì Úóáóì Íõßúãö æóØúÆöåóÇ áóíúáðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóßóáøóãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÞóÑöíÈðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó Ðóáößó ÕóÇÍöÈõ «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» ¡ æóæóÌúåõåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóÅöäú áóãóÓó ÇáúãõÙóÇåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ Ãóæú ÈóÇÔóÑóåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúÝóÑúÌö Úóáóì æóÌúåò íõÝúØöÑõ Èöåö ÞõØöÚó ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ áöÅöÎúáóÇáöåö ÈöãõæóÇáóÇÉö ÇáÕøöíóÇãö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ íõÞúØóÚõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ ÇåÜ. æóæóÌúåõåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÚóÔóÑó ÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑó Åöäú áóãú íóÓúÊóØöÚö ÇáÕøóæúãó ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö¡ æóåõæó ÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú äóÕøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÌöÏú ÝóÕöíóÇãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÊóãóÇÓøóÇ Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÓúÊóØöÚú ÝóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ [58 \ 4] .
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúãõÄóÏøöíóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÌúÒö Úóäö ÇáÕøóæúãö ÇáúåóÑóãõ æóÔöÏøóÉõ ÇáÔøóÈóÞö¡ æóåõæó ÔóåúæóÉõ ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ ÇáÕøóÈúÑó Úóäúåõ¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúåóÑóãó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúãõÄóÏøöíóÉö áöáúÚóÌúÒö Úóäö ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÃóæúÓö Èúäö ÇáÕøóÇãöÊö ÇáøóÐöí äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÙöåóÇÑöåö ãöäó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ÂíóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÎóæúáóÉó ÈöäúÊö ãóÇáößö Èúäö ËóÚúáóÈóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌõåóÇ ÃóæúÓõ Èúäõ ÇáÕøóÇãöÊö¡ æóäóÒóáó Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚó Çááøóåõ Þóæúáó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÌóÇÏöáõßó Ýöí ÒóæúÌöåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö [58 \ 1] ¡ ÞóÇáó áóåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «íóÚúÊöÞõ ÑóÞóÈóÉð» íóÚúäöí ÒóæúÌóåóÇ ÃóæúÓðÇ ÞóÇáóÊú: áóÇ íóÌöÏõ¡ ÞóÇáó: «íóÕõæãõ ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö» ¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Åöäøóåõ ÔóíúÎñ ßóÈöíÑñ ãóÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÕöíóÇãò¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÝóáúíõØúÚöãú ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóãóÍöáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ãöäúåõ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ: Åöäøóåõ ÔóíúÎñ ßóÈöíÑñ ÇÞúÊóäóÚó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÚõÐúÑñ Ýöí ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáö Úóäö ÇáÕøóæúãö Åöáóì ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÈóÈñ ãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÌúÒö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ æóÅöäú Êõßõáøöãó Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞöáøõ ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö Úóäú ÏóÑóÌóÉö ÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö.(6/224)
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÔöÏøóÉó ÇáÔøóÈóÞö ÚõÐúÑñ¡ ßóÐóáößó åõæó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäö ÕóÎúÑò ÇáøóÐöí ÊóßóáøóãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ßõäúÊõ ÇãúÑóÃð ÞóÏú ÃõæÊöíÊõ ãöäú ÌöãóÇÚö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ãóÇ áóãú íõÄúÊó ÛóíúÑöí¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÑóãóÖóÇäõ ÙóÇåóÑúÊõ ãöäó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÍóÊøóì íóäúÓóáöÎó ÑóãóÖóÇäõ ÝóÑóÞðÇ ãöäú Ãóäú ÃõÕöíÈó Ýöí áóíúáóÊöí ÔóíúÆðÇ ÝóÃóÊóÊóÇÈóÚõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Åöáóì Ãóäú íõÏúÑößóäöí ÇáäøóåóÇÑõ¡ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóÝöíåö ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÕõãú ÔóåúÑóíúäö ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóíúäö» ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞõáúÊõ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåóáú ÃóÕóÇÈóäöí ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóäöí ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóæúãö¿ ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÊóÕóÏøóÞú» . æóãóÍöáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ãöäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõ: «Õõãú ÔóåúÑóíúäö» ¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ Ãóäøó ÌöãóÇÚóåõ Ýöí Òóãóäö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö ÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ ãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÕóÈúÑöåö Úóäö ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäú Ãóäú ÊóÛúáöÈóåõ ÇáÔøóåúæóÉõ¡ ÝóíõÌóÇãöÚõ Ýöí ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÙóÇåóÑó ÛóáóÈóÊúåõ ÇáÔøóåúæóÉõ ÝóÌóÇãóÚó Ýöí Òóãóäö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÝóÇÞúÊóäóÚó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÚõÐúÑöåö¡ æóÃóÈóÇÍó áóåõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóßóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáúåóÑóãó æóÇáÔøóÈóÞó ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúãõÄóÏøöíóÉö áöáúÚóÌúÒö Úóäö ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ áöáÏøóáöíáö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÂäöÝðÇ¡ æóÞöÓúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ãóÇ íõÔúÈöåõåõãóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËó ÚóÔóÑó: ÃóÙúåóÑõ Þóæúáóíú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö ÃóÞóáøõ ãöäú ÅöØúÚóÇãö ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö. æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ãöäú ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÍúãóÏó ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáö: ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ÃóØúÚóãó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÓöÊøöíäó íóæúãðÇ ÃóÌúÒóÃóåõ¡ æóåõæó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãõÃóæøóáðÇ ÈöÇáúãõÏøö¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÝóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãõÏøðÇ¡ æóáóæú ÏõÝöÚóÊú áöãöÓúßöíäò æóÇÍöÏò Ýöí ÓöÊøöíäó íóæúãðÇ.
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ãöÓúßöíäðÇ¡ æóÈöÐóáößó íóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÇÞöÚñ Úóáóì äóÝúÓö ÇáúÚóÏóÏö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÓöÊøõæäó¡ ÝóÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÑõ Èöåö Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ÎõÑõæÌñ ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ Úóäú ÙóÇåöÑöåö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏöÑö ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÇ Ïóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÍóãúáõ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÏøö ãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö Ýöí ÃõÕõæáöåöãú áöãóÇ íõÓóãøõæäóåõ ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáó ÇáúÈóÚöíÏó æóÇáÊøóÃúæöíáó ÇáúÝóÇÓöÏó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÕóÇÍöÈõ «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
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ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚó ÚóÔóÑó: Ýöí ßóáóÇãö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúØóÇåõ ßõáøõ ãöÓúßöíäò ãöäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãö¡ ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò Ãóäøóåõ íõÚúØöí ßõáøó ãöÓúßöíäò ãöäó ÇáúÈõÑøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÞóãúÍõ ãõÏøðÇ æóËõáõËóíú ãõÏøò¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÅöØúÚóÇãõåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÈõÑøö¡ ßóÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ áóÒöãóåõ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ íõÞóÇÈöáõ ÇáúãõÏøö æóÇáËøõáõËóíúäö ãöäó ÇáúÈõÑøö. ÞóÇáó Îóáöíáñ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøõ Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö Ýöí ÅöØúÚóÇãö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö: áößõáøö ãõÏøò æóËõáõËóÇäö ÈõÑøðÇ¡ æóÅöäö ÇÞúÊóÇÊõæÇ ÊóãúÑðÇ Ãóæú ãõÎóÑøóÌðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝöØúÑö ÝóÚóÏúáõåõ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÔóÇÑöÍõåõ ÇáúãóæøóÇÞõ Èúäõ íõæäõÓó: íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáÔøöÈóÚõ ãõÏøóíúäö ÅöáøóÇ ËõáõËðÇ ÈöãõÏøö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóåöíó ÚöíóÇÑñ ãõÏøö åöÔóÇãò¡ Ýóãóäú ÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ÃóÌúÒóÃóåõ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ãóÇáößñ. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö: ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÚóíúÔõ ÈóáóÏöåöãú ÊóãúÑðÇ Ãóæú ÔóÚöíÑðÇ ÃóØúÚóãó ãöäúåõ ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑõ ÚóÏúáó ãõÏøö åöÔóÇãò ãöäó ÇáúÈõÑøö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó: Ãóäøóåõ íõÚúØöí ßõáøó ãöÓúßöíäò äöÕúÝó ÕóÇÚò ãöäú ÈõÑøò Ãóæú ÕóÇÚðÇ ßóÇãöáðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò Ãóæú ÔóÚöíÑò. æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö: Ãóäøóåõ íõÚúØöí ßõáøó ãöÓúßöíäò ãõÏøðÇ ãõØúáóÞðÇ. æóãóÚúáõæãñ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÏøó ÇáäøóÈóæöíøó ÑõÈõÚó ÇáÕøóÇÚö¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó: æóíõØúÚöãõ ãõÏøðÇ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚö ßóÇäó¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚóØóÇÁñ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ ÇåÜ. æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøóåõ íõÚúØöí ßõáøó ãöÓúßöíäò ãõÏøðÇ ãöäú ÈõÑøò Ãóæú äöÕúÝó ÕóÇÚò ãöäú ÊóãúÑò Ãóæú ÔóÚöíÑò¡ ÇåÜ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ãóÐóÇåöÈó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÑúÚö¡ ÝóÇÚúáóãú ÃóäøóÇ ÃóÑóÏúäóÇ åõäóÇ Ãóäú äóÐúßõÑó ßóáóÇãó ÇÈúäö ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» Ýöí ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú æóÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÌõãúáóÉõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö Ãóäøó ÞóÏúÑó ÇáØøóÚóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÇÊö ßõáøöåóÇ ãõÏøñ ãöäú ÈõÑøò áößõáøö ãöÓúßöíäò¡ æóäöÕúÝõ ÕóÇÚò ãöäú ÊóãúÑò Ãóæú ÔóÚöíÑò¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ãõÏøõ ÈõÑøò: ÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ËóÇÈöÊò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó¡ ÍóßóÇåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ¡ æóÚóäú ÚóØóÇÁò æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö ãõæÓóì. æóÞóÇáó ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ íóÓóÇÑò: ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÚúØóæúÇ Ýöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö Çáúíóãöíäö ÃóÚúØóæúÇ ãõÏøðÇ ãöäú ÍöäúØóÉò ÈöÇáúãõÏøö ÇáúÃóÕúÛóÑö ãõÏøö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó: íõØúÚöãõ ãõÏøðÇ ãöäú Ãóíøö ÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚö ßóÇäó¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ áöãóÇ Ñóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁò¡ Úóäú ÃóæúÓò ÃóÎöí(6/226)
ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó Èúäö ÇáÕøóÇãöÊö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÚúØóÇåõ íóÚúäöí ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑó ÎóãúÓóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÔóÚöíÑò ÅöØúÚóÇãó ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ.
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÌóÇãöÚö Ýöí ÑóãóÖóÇäó: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃõæÊöíó ÈöÚóÑóÞò Ýöíåö ÎóãúÓóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÎõÐúåõ æóÊóÕóÏøóÞú Èöåö» . æóÅöÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáúãõÌóÇãöÚö Ýöí ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÈöÇáúÎóÈóÑö ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑö ÈöÇáúÞöíóÇÓö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÅöØúÚóÇãñ æóÇÌöÈñ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÎúÊóáöÝú ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúãõÎóÑøóÌö¡ ßóÇáúÝöØúÑóÉö æóÝöÏúíóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóì. æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: áößõáøö ãöÓúßöíäò ãõÏøóÇäö ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚö¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ãõÏøóÇäö ãöäú ÞóãúÍò: ãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ ÊóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÕöíóÇãò æóÅöØúÚóÇãò¡ ÝóßóÇäó áößõáøö ãöÓúßöíäò äöÕúÝõ ÕóÇÚò ßóÝöÏúíóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóì. æóÞóÇáó ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö: ãöäó ÇáúÞóãúÍö ãõÏøóÇäö¡ æóãöäó ÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö ÕóÇÚñ áößõáøö ãöÓúßöíäò ; áöÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäö ÕóÎúÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: «ÝóÃóØúÚöãú æóÓúÞðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò» .
ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ æóÑóæóì ÇáúÎóáøóÇáõ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö¡ Úóäú íõæÓõÝó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÓóáóÇãò¡ Úóäú ÎõæóíúáóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÝóáúíõØúÚöãú ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóÓúÞðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò» . æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó: æóÇáúÚóÑóÞõ ÓöÊøõæäó ÕóÇÚðÇ. æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ ÞóÇáó: ßóÝøóÑó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÕóÇÚò ãöäú ÊóãúÑò æóÃóãóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓó «Ýóãóäú áóãú íóÌöÏú ÝóäöÕúÝõ ÕóÇÚò ãöäú ÈõÑøò» .
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóØúÚöãú Úóäøöí ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò Ãóæú ÔóÚöíÑò Ãóæú äöÕúÝó ÕóÇÚò ãöäú ÈõÑøò¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÅöØúÚóÇãñ áöáúãóÓóÇßöíäö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÕóÇÚðÇ ãöäú ÊóãúÑò Ãóæú ÔóÚöíÑò¡ Ãóæú äöÕúÝó ÕóÇÚò ãöäú ÈõÑøò¡ ßóÕóÏóÞóÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö.
æóáóäóÇ ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóíøõæÈõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí íóÒöíÏó ÇáúãóÏóäöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ãöäú Èóäöí ÈóíóÇÖóÉó ÈöäöÕúÝö æóÓúÞö ÔóÚöíÑò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöáúãõÙóÇåöÑö: «ÃóØúÚöãú åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäøó ãõÏøóíú ÔóÚöíÑò ãóßóÇäó ãõÏøö ÈõÑøò» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãõÏøõ ÈõÑøò Ãóäøóåõ Þóæúáõ ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóáóãú äóÚúÑöÝú áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ãõÎóÇáöÝðÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ.
æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ äöÕúÝõ ÕóÇÚò ãöäó ÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÚóØóÇÁõ Èúäõ íóÓóÇÑò: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó áöÎóæúáóÉó ÇãúÑóÃóÉö ÃóæúÓö Èúäö ÇáÕøóÇãöÊö: «ÇÐúåóÈöí Åöáóì ÝõáóÇäò ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÔóØúÑó æóÓúÞò ãöäú ÊóãúÑò ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí Ãóäøóåõ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóÊóÕóÏøóÞó Èöåö¡ ÝóáúÊóÃúÎõÐöíåö ÝóáúíóÊóÕóÏøóÞú Èöåö Úóáóì ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ» .(6/227)
æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóæúÓö Èúäö ÇáÕøóÇãöÊö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøöí ÓóÃõÚöíäõåõ ÈöÚóÑóÞò ãöäú ÊóãúÑò» ¡ ÞõáúÊõ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö ÝóÅöäøöí ÓóÃõÚöíäõåõ ÈöÚóÑóÞò ÂÎóÑó¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÞóÏú ÃóÍúÓóäúÊö¡ ÇÐúåóÈöí ÝóÃóØúÚöãöí ÈöåöãóÇ Úóäúåõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ æóÇÑúÌöÚöí Åöáóì ÇÈúäö Úóãøößö» .
æóÑóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÚóÑóÞõ: ÒöäúÈöíáñ íóÃúÎõÐõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóÚóÑóÞóÇäö íóßõæäóÇäö ËóáóÇËöíäó ÕóÇÚðÇ áößõáøö ãöÓúßöíäò äöÕúÝõ ÕóÇÚò¡ æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ ÊóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÕöíóÇãò æóÅöØúÚóÇãò¡ ÝóßóÇäó áößõáøö ãöÓúßöíäò äöÕúÝõ ÕóÇÚò ãöäó ÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ ßóÝöÏúíóÉö ÇáúÃóÐóì.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÑöæóÇíóÉõ ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÑóÞó ÓöÊøõæäó ÕóÇÚðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÖóÚøóÝóåóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÛóíúÑõåóÇ ÃóÕóÍøõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÖøóÚúÝö ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö Þóæúáöåö: «Åöäøöí ÓóÃõÚöíäõåõ ÈöÚóÑóÞò» ¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ: Åöäøöí ÓóÃõÚöíäõåõ ÈöÚóÑóÞò ÂÎóÑó¡ «ÝóÃóØúÚöãöí ÈöåöãóÇ Úóäúåõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ» ¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÚóÑóÞõ ÓöÊøöíäó ÕóÇÚðÇ áóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ãöÇÆóÉð æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÕóÇÚðÇ æóáóÇ ÞóÇÆöáó Èöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÌóÇãöÚö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÊóÕóÏøóÞú Èöåö» ¡ ÝóíõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäøóåõ ÇÞúÊóÕóÑó Úóáóíúåö ÅöÐú áóãú íóÌöÏú ÓöæóÇåõ¡ æóáöÐóáößó áóãøóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ÈöÍóÇÌóÊöåö Åöáóíúåö ÃóãóÑóåõ ÈöÃóßúáöåö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäú ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó Ðóáößó ãóÐúåóÈðÇ áöÃóÍóÏò¡ ÝóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇÞúÊóÕóÑó Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúÖö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÌöÏú ÓöæóÇåõ¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÃóæúÓò ÃóÎöí ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó Èúäö ÇáÕøóÇãöÊö ãõÑúÓóáñ íóÑúæöíåö Úóäúåõ ÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóáóãú íõÏúÑößúåõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÍõÌøóÉñ áóäóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÚóÑóÞðÇ¡ æóÃóÚóÇäóÊúåõ ÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ ÈöÂÎöÑó¡ ÝóÕóÇÑóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ËóáóÇËöíäó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÓóÇÆöÑõ ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö íõÌúãóÚõ ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÃóÎúÈóÇÑöäóÇ¡ ÈöÍóãúáöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóæóÇÒö¡ æóÍóãúáö ÃóÎúÈóÇÑöäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÌúÒóÇÁö. æóÞóÏú ÚóÖøóÏó åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÇæöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ¡ æóãóÐúåóÈõåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÏøó ãöäó ÇáúÈõÑøö íõÌúÒöÆõ. æóßóÐóáößó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÓóÇÆöÑõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáøóÐöí äóÞóáóåõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. ÇäúÊóåóì ÈöØõæáöåö ãöäó «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» áöÇÈúäö ÞõÏóÇãóÉó¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó Ýöíåö ÃóÞúæóÇáó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåõãú¡ æóãóÇ äõÞöáó Úóäú ãóÇáößò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö ÃóÕóÍøõ ãöäúåõ Úóäúåõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ÞóÈúáóåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí «äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö» ¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö: æóÇáúÚóÑóÞõ ÓöÊøõæäó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ åóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÊóÝóÑøóÏó ÈöåóÇ ãóÚúãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÍóäúÙóáóÉó. ÞóÇáó ÇáÐøóåóÈöíøõ: áóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ¡ æóæóËøóÞóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó¡ æóÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóäúÚóäó. æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÚõÑúÝðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÑóÞó íóÓóÚõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÕóÇÚðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ñóæóì Ðóáößó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏò ÕóÍöíÍò ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÓóáóãóÉó äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.(6/228)
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÃóÞúæóÇáó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íõÚúØóì ÇáúãöÓúßöíäõ ãöäú ÅöØúÚóÇãö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåóÇ¡ æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåõãú æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝóåóÇ.
æóÃóÍúæóØõ ÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÍúæóØõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö ãöäú ÚõåúÏóÉö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓó ÚóÔóÑó: Ýöí ßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö æóÌöäúÓö ÇáØøóÚóÇãö æóãõÓúÊóÍöÞøöåö. ÃóãøóÇ ãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõåõ ÝóÞóÏú äóÕøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ¡ æóÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ãóäøó ÇáúãöÓúßöíäó Åöäú ÐõßöÑó æóÍúÏóåõ Ôóãöáó ÇáúÝóÞöíÑó¡ ßóÚóßúÓöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóíúÝöíøóÊõåõ: ÝóÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáäøõÕõæÕö Ãóäøóåõ íõãóáøößõ ßõáøó ãöÓúßöíäò ÞóÏúÑó ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ áóåõ ãöäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö. æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉõ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö áóæú ÛóÏøóì ÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäó¡ æóÚóÔøóÇåõãú ÈöÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Ýöí ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö¡ áóãú íõÌúÒöÆúåõ ÍóÊøóì íõãóáøößóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ.
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÚöäúÏöí: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÛóÏøóì ßõáøó ãöÓúßöíäò æóÚóÔøóÇåõ¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÛóÏóÇÁõ æóÇáúÚóÔóÇÁõ ÃóÞóáøó ãöäó ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö áóåõ¡ Ãóäøóåõ íõÌúÒöÆõåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ æóåõæó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÞöÕøóÉõ ÅöØúÚóÇãö ÃóäóÓò áóãøóÇ ßóÈõÑó¡ æóÚóÌóÒó Úóäö ÇáÕøóæúãö Úóäú ÝöÏúíóÉö ÇáÕøöíóÇãö ãóÔúåõæÑóÉñ. æóÃóãøóÇ ÌöäúÓõ ÇáØøóÚóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí íóÏúÝóÚõåõ áöáúãóÓóÇßöíäö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÐößúÑõ ÇáúÈõÑøö æóÇáÊøóãúÑö æóÇáÔøóÚöíÑö¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõÎúÊóáóÝó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ØóÚóÇãö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÇáúãõÌúÒöÆõ Ýöí Ðóáößó åõæó ãóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõ Ýöí ÕóÏóÞóÉö ÇáúÝöØúÑö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó åõæó ÞõæÊõ ÇáúãõßóÝøöÑö Ãóæú áóÇ¿ æóáóÇ íõÌúÒöÆõåõ ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÞõæÊðÇ áóåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÚöäúÏöí: Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÍõÈõæÈö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÞõæÊõ ÈóáóÏö ÇáúãõÙóÇåöÑö íõÌúÒöÆúåõ ÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ØóÚóÇãõ ÈóáóÏöåö¡ ÝóíóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóì ãóäú ÃóØúÚóãó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäó Ãóäøóåõ ÃóØúÚóãó ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ¡ ÝóíóÏúÎõáõ Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÓöÊøöíäó ãöÓúßöíäðÇ¡ æóíõÄóíøöÏõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÃóæúÓóØö ÞõæÊö Ãóåúáöåö Ýöí ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö Çáúíóãöíäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóÝøóÇÑóÊõåõ ÅöØúÚóÇãõ ÚóÔóÑóÉö ãóÓóÇßöíäó ãöäú ÃóæúÓóØö ãóÇ ÊõØúÚöãõæäó Ãóåúáöíßõãú [5 \ 89] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÃóÈöí ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ãöäó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö.(6/229)
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓó ÚóÔóÑó: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÃóßúËóÑó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãó áóÇ íóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóØúáóÞóåõ Úóäú ÞóíúÏö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÃóßúËóÑó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõØúáóÞó áóÇ íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö Åöäö ÇÊøóÍóÏó ÓóÈóÈõåõãóÇ¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÍõßúãõåõãóÇ ; ßóãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö. æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóÕóÍøö Ýöí Íóãúáö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏö Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ áöÇãúÊöäóÇÚö ÞöíóÇÓö ÝóÑúÚò Úóáóì ÃóÕúáò ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚó ÚóÔóÑó: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇãóÚó ÇáúãóÙóÇåöÑõ ÒóæúÌóÊóåõ ÇáøóÊöí ÙóÇåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÃóËúäóÇÁö ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö¡ åóáú íóáúÒóãõåõ ÅöÚóÇÏóÉõ ãóÇ ãóÖóì ãöäó ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö¡ áöÈõØúáóÇäöåö ÈöÇáúÌöãóÇÚö ÞóÈúáó ÅöÊúãóÇãö ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö¡ Ãóæú áóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõ Ðóáößó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: áóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõ Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ÌöãóÇÚóåõ Ýöí ÃóËúäóÇÁö ãóÇ áóÇ íõÔúÊóÑóØõ Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÊóÇÈõÚõ¡ Ýóáóãú íõæÌöÈö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÝó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÍúãóÏó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò: Ýóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ íóÓúÊóÃúäöÝõ ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãó áöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÇãóÚó Ýöí ÃóËúäóÇÁö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúäóÇÝõ ßóÇáÕøöíóÇãö¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÇÞöÚó ãöäó ÇáúÅöØúÚóÇãö ÞóÈúáó ÌöãóÇÚöåö íóÍúÊóÇÌõ ÈõØúáóÇäõåõ æóÅöáúÛóÇÄõåõ Åöáóì Ïóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö æóáóíúÓó ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇãöäó ÚóÔóÑó: ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ áöÒóæúÌöåóÇ: ÃóäúÊó Úóáöíøó ßóÙóåúÑö ÃóÈöí¡ æóÞóÇáóÊú: Åöäú ÊóÒóæøóÌúÊõ ÝõáóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö ÃóÈöí¡ Ýóåóáú íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ÙöåóÇÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ¡ Ãóæú áóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÙöåóÇÑðÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåöãú¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÃóÈöí ËóæúÑò æóÛóíúÑöåöãú. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Êóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑóÉð¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ. æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøó ÞóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú Ðóáößó ÈóÚúÏóãóÇ ÊóÒóæøóÌó¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÔóíúÁò¡ ÇåÜ.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑóÉð ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáúãõÄóÏøöíóÉö áöÊóÍúÑöíãö ÒóæúÌöåóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó: Åöäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ãõÙóÇåöÑóÉð¡ ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ ÝöíãóÇ íóáúÒóãõåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú Ðóáößó¡ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ãóÐóÇåöÈó: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÙöåóÇÑò¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÛóíúÑó ãõÙóÇåöÑóÉò.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó íóãöíäò.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÚóáóíúåóÇ.(6/230)
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÃóäøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÙöåóÇÑò¡ æóåõæó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó: ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú ãõäúßóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑðÇ¡ ÝóáóÒöãóåóÇ Ãóäú ÊõßóÝøöÑó Úóäúåõ ßóÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ æóÈöãóÇ Ñóæóì ÇáúÃóËúÑóãõ ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÈöäúÊö ØóáúÍóÉó¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: Åöäú ÊóÒóæøóÌúÊõ ãõÕúÚóÈó Èúäó ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö Ýóåõæó Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö ÃóÈöí¡ ÝóÓóÃóáúÊó Ãóåúáó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ ÝóÑóÃóæúÇ Ãóäøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉó. æóÈöãóÇ Ñóæóì Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ãõÓúåöÑò Úóäö ÇáÔøóíúÈóÇäöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: ßõäúÊõ ÌóÇáöÓðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ ÃóäóÇ æóÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ãóÚúÞöáò ÇáúãõÒóäöíøõ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ ÍóÊøóì ÌóáóÓó ÅöáóíúäóÇ¡ ÝóÓóÃóáúÊõåõ: ãóäú ÃóäúÊó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóäóÇ ãóæúáóì ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÈöäúÊö ØóáúÍóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÚúÊóÞóÊúäöí Úóäú ÙöåóÇÑöåóÇ¡ ÎóØóÈóåóÇ ãõÕúÚóÈõ Èúäõ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: åõæó Úóáóíøó ßóÙóåúÑö ÃóÈöí Åöäú ÊóÒóæøóÌúÊõåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÛöÈóÊú Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊóÊú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò ßóËöíÑñ ÝóÃóãóÑõæåóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÚúÊöÞó ÑóÞóÈóÉð¡ æóÊóÊóÒóæøóÌóåõ¡ ÝóÃóÚúÊóÞóÊúäöí¡ æóÊóÒóæøóÌóÊúåõ. æóÑóæóì ÓóÚöíÏñ åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÃóËóÑóíúäö ãõÎúÊóÕóÑóíúäö¡ ÇåÜ ãöäó «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» . æóÇäúÙõÑú ÅöÓúäóÇÏó ÇáúÃóËóÑóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÊóáúÒóãõåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÚóØóÇÁò¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÑøóãóÊú Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ æóåõæó ÍóáóÇáñ áóåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÒöãóÊúåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ Çáúíóãöíäö ÇááøóÇÒöãóÉõ Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÍóáóÇáö¡ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÝóÑóÖó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ÊóÍöáøóÉó ÃóíúãóÇäößõãú [66 \ 2] ¡ ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: áöãó ÊõÍóÑøöãõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóßó [66 \ 1] . æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõãõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõãú¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú: ãõäúßóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÒõæÑðÇ¡ Ýóáóãú íõæÌöÈú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ßóÝóÇÑøóÉð¡ ßóÇáÓøóÈøö æóÇáúÞóÐúÝö æóäóÍúæöåöãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÉö ÇáúßóÇÐöÈóÉö.
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú ÚöäúÏóäóÇ: Ãóäøó ãóäú íóÑóì Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÍóáóÇáö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó íóãöíäò íóáúÒóãõåóÇ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ íóãöíäò¡ æóãóäú íóÑóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÔóíúÁó Ýöíåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÍóáóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö¡ ÇåÜ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÊóÌöÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ ÇáÙøöåóÇÑö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ ÊóÌöÈú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íõÌóÇãöÚóåóÇ æóåöíó ãõØóÇæóÚóÉõ áóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäú ØóáøóÞóåóÇ Ãóæú ãóÇÊó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúæóØúÁö¡ Ãóæú ÃóßúÑóåóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúæóØúÁö ÝóáóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ íóãöíäñ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ßóÝøóÇÑóÊõåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÍöäúËö¡ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö¡ æóÚóáóíúåóÇ Êóãúßöíäõ ÒóæúÌöåóÇ ãöäú æóØúÆöåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóßúÝöíÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÞøñ áóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÞõØõ ÈöíóãöíäöåóÇ¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÙöåóÇÑò¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäó «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» ¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ. æóáúäóßúÊóÝö ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇÓúÊöÞúÕóÇÁó Ðóáößó Ýóåõæó Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÝóÑóæúÚö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö.(6/231)
ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõ ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú æóÃõæáõæ ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóæúáóì ÈöÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÝúÚóáõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÆößõãú ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãóÓúØõæÑðÇ (6)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõ ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúÍõÑúãóÉö æóÇáöÇÍúÊöÑóÇãö æóÇáÊøóæúÞöíÑö æóÇáúÅößúÑóÇãö æóÇáúÅöÚúÙóÇãö¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÎóáúæóÉõ Èöåöäøó¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÊóÔöÑõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãõ Åöáóì ÈóäóÇÊöåöäøó æóÃóÎóæóÇÊöåöäøó ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö¡ ÇåÜ. ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ. æóãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èößóæúäö ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃõãøóåóÇÊö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó åõæó ÍõÑúãóÊõåõäøó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ßóÍõÑúãóÉö ÇáúÃõãøö¡ æóÇÍúÊöÑóÇãõåõãú áóåõäøó ßóÇÍúÊöÑóÇãö ÇáúÃõãøö. . . ÅöáóÎú æóÇÖöÍñ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö. æóíóÏõáøõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊõãõæåõäøó ãóÊóÇÚðÇ ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò [33 \ 53] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÇ íóÓúÃóáõ Ãõãøóåõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøóÉó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÇááøóÇÆöí æóáóÏúäóåõãú [58 \ 2] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõäøó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõäøó¡ áóãú íóáöÏúäó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõäøó ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú¡ æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõ ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú¡ Ãóäøóåõ åõæó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÈñ áóåõãú. æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÑóÃóÇ: (æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõ ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú æóåõæó ÃóÈñ áóåõãú) ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃõÈõæøóÉõ ÃõÈõæøóÉñ ÏöíäöíøóÉñ¡ æóåõæó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÑúÃóÝõ ÈöÃõãøóÊöåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÇáöÏö ÇáÔøóÝöíÞö ÈöÃóæúáóÇÏöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÑóÃúÝóÊöåö æóÑóÍúãóÊöåö Èöåöãú: ÚóÒöíÒñ Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÚóäöÊøõãú ÍóÑöíÕñ Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÑóÁõæÝñ ÑóÍöíãñ [9 \ 128] [33 \ 40] ¡ æóáóíúÓóÊö ÇáúÃõÈõæøóÉõ ÃõÈõæøóÉó äóÓóÈò ; ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÃóÈóÇ ÃóÍóÏò ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáößõãú¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáäøöÓóÇÆöíøö æóÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ áóßõãú ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúæóÇáöÏö ÃõÚóáøöãõßõãú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóì ÃóÍóÏõßõãõ ÇáúÛóÇÆöØó ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÞúÈöáö ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉó æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÏúÈöÑúåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóØöÈú Èöíóãöíäöåö» ¡ æóßóÇäó íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÍúÌóÇÑò æóíóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáÑøóæúËö æóÇáÑøöãøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ áóßõãú ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúæóÇáöÏö» ¡ íõÈóíøöäõ ãóÚúäóì ÃõÈõæøóÊöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ åóáú íõÞóÇáõ áöÈóäóÇÊö ÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóÎóæóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ Ãóæú áóÇ¿ æóåóáú íõÞóÇáõ áöÅöÎúæóÇäöåöäøó ßóãõÚóÇæöíóÉó¡ æóÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÃõãøöíøóÉó ÃóÎúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ Ãóæú áóÇ¿ æóåóáú íõÞóÇáõ áóåõäøó: ÃõãøóåóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö¿ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóáóÇ íóäúÊóÔöÑõ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãõ Åöáóì ÈóäóÇÊöåöäøó¡ æóÃóÎóæóÇÊöåöäøó ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö¡ æóÅöäú Óóãøóì ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÈóäóÇÊóåõäøó ÃóÎóæóÇÊó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóäúÕõæÕõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕóÑö¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÉö áóÇ ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóåóáú íõÞóÇáõ áöãõÚóÇæöíóÉó æóÃóãúËóÇáöåö ÎóÇáõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¿ Ýöíåö ÞóæúáóÇäö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú. æóäóÕøó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Ðóáößó. æóåóáú íõÞóÇáõ áóåõäøó: ÃõãøóåóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö¿(6/232)
æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãöíËóÇÞóåõãú æóãöäúßó æóãöäú äõæÍò æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäö ãóÑúíóãó æóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäúåõãú ãöíËóÇÞðÇ ÛóáöíÙðÇ (7)
ÝóíóÏúÎõáõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÇáúãõÐóßøóÑö ÇáÓøóÇáöãö ÊóÛúáöíÈðÇ¡ Ýöíåö ÞóæúáóÇäö: ÕóÍøó Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú: áóÇ íõÞóÇáõ Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÕóÍøõ ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõØúáóÞõ ãöäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ æóÑóÏó ÇáäøóÕøõ ÈöÅöØúáóÇÞöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÛóíúÑõ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏöÑö íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì Ïóáöíáò ÕóÇÑöÝò Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÚóáóãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõæáõæ ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóæúáóì ÈöÈóÚúÖò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ æóßóáóÇãó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÝöíãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõæáõæ ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóæúáóì ÈöÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 75] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãöíËóÇÞóåõãú æóãöäúßó æóãöäú äõæÍò æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäö ãóÑúíóãó æóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäúåõãú ãöíËóÇÞðÇ ÛóáöíÙðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÎóÐó ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãöíËóÇÞóåõãú¡ Ëõãøó ÎóÕøó ãöäúåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ÎóãúÓóÉð: åõãú Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÚóÒúãö ãöäó ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ æóåõãú ãõÍóãøóÏñ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóäõæÍñ¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ¡ æóãõæÓóì¡ æóÚöíÓóì. æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÇáúãöíËóÇÞó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎóÐóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ÝóÈóíøóäó ÇáúãöíËóÇÞó ÇáúãóÃúÎõæÐó Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ãöíËóÇÞó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó áóãóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõßõãú ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóÍößúãóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ ãõÕóÏøöÞñ áöãóÇ ãóÚóßõãú áóÊõÄúãöäõäøó Èöåö æóáóÊóäúÕõÑõäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÃóÃóÞúÑóÑúÊõãú æóÃóÎóÐúÊõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößõãú ÅöÕúÑöí ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÞúÑóÑúäóÇ ÞóÇáó ÝóÇÔúåóÏõæÇ æóÃóäóÇ ãóÚóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó Ýóãóäú Êóæóáøóì ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞõæäó [3 \ 81 \ 82] . æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇáúãöíËóÇÞó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎóÐóåõ Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÚóÒúãö ãöäó ÇáÑøõÓõáö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÔóÑóÚó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ æóÕøóì Èöåö äõæÍðÇ æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ æóÕøóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì Ãóäú ÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÏøöíäó æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Ýöíåö [42 \ 13] .
æóÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» ¡ æóÂíóÉó «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» ¡ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áöÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» åóÐöåö.(6/233)
æóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈó ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÕóÏóÞó Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóãóÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóÊóÓúáöíãðÇ (22)
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãöäúßó æóãöäú äõæÍò ãöäú ÚóØúÝö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóßóáøóãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÉó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóÊúßõãú ÌõäõæÏñ ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÑöíÍðÇ æóÌõäõæÏðÇ áóãú ÊóÑóæúåóÇ.
ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú íóÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÊóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú Íöíäó ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÌõäõæÏñ æóåõãú ÌóíúÔõ ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö¡ ÝóÃóÑúÓóáó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÑöíÍðÇ æóÌõäõæÏðÇ áóãú íóÑóåóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÌõäõæÏõ ÇáøóÊöí áóãú íóÑóæúåóÇ ÇáøóÊöí ÇãúÊóäøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöåóÇ åõäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» ¡ Èóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ ãóäøó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö Íõäóíúäò¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó Íõäóíúäò ÅöÐú ÃóÚúÌóÈóÊúßõãú ßóËúÑóÊõßõãú Ýóáóãú ÊõÛúäö Úóäúßõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÖóÇÞóÊú Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÈöãóÇ ÑóÍõÈóÊú Ëõãøó æóáøóíúÊõãú ãõÏúÈöÑöíäó Ëõãøó ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÓóßöíäóÊóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö æóÚóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÃóäúÒóáó ÌõäõæÏðÇ áóãú ÊóÑóæúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 25 - 26] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÌõäõæÏõ åöíó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÛóÒúæóÉö ÈóÏúÑò¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú íõæÍöí ÑóÈøõßó Åöáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ãóäøöí ãóÚóßõãú ÝóËóÈøöÊõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÓóÃõáúÞöí Ýöí ÞõáõæÈö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáÑøõÚúÈó ÝóÇÖúÑöÈõæÇ ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÃóÚúäóÇÞö æóÇÖúÑöÈõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ßõáøó ÈóäóÇäò ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 12] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÌõäõæÏõ ÇáøóÊöí áóãú íóÑóæúåóÇ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí «ÈóÑóÇÁóÉó» ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóíøóÏó ÈöåóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÛóÇÑö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ÊóäúÕõÑõæåõ ÝóÞóÏú äóÕóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöÐú ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ËóÇäöíó ÇËúäóíúäö ÅöÐú åõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÛóÇÑö ÅöÐú íóÞõæáõ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö áóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäú Åöäøó Çááøóåó ãóÚóäóÇ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÓóßöíäóÊóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÃóíøóÏóåõ ÈöÌõäõæÏò áóãú ÊóÑóæúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 40] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈó ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÕóÏóÞó Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóãóÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóÊóÓúáöíãðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæõÇ ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈó íóÚúäöí ÌõäõæÏó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇÁõæåõãú ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú æóãöäú ÃóÓúÝóáó ãöäúåõãú¡ Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö ÇáúÎóäúÏóÞö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÕóÏóÞó Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí æóÚóÏóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈúÊõãú Ãóäú ÊóÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóáóãøóÇ íóÃúÊößõãú ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóáóæúÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú ãóÓøóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÈóÃúÓóÇÁõ æóÇáÖøóÑøóÇÁõ æóÒõáúÒöáõæÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÞõæáó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãóÚóåõ ãóÊóì äóÕúÑõ Çááøóåö ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó äóÕúÑó Çááøóåö ÞóÑöíÈñ [2 \ 214] ¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Åöäøó ÂíóÉó «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó ãõÈóíøöäóÉñ áöÂíóÉö(6/234)
æóãóäú íóÞúäõÊú ãöäúßõäøó áöáøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÊóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ äõÄúÊöåóÇ ÃóÌúÑóåóÇ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áóåóÇ ÑöÒúÞðÇ ßóÑöíãðÇ (31)
«ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» åóÐöåö¡ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ æóÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãóÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ¡ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó íóÒöíÏõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó Çááøóåõ ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ æóÌúåó áöáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Ýöíåö ãóÚó ÊóÕúÑöíÍö Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Èöåö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíóÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ ãóÚó ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú [48 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÝóÒóÇÏóÊúåõãú ÅöíãóÇäðÇ [8 \ 2] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÛóíúÙöåöãú áóãú íóäóÇáõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ æóßóÝóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÏøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÛóíúÙöåöãú áóãú íóäóÇáõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÝóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó¡ æóåõãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ. æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÇáÓøóÈóÈó ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÏøó Èöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóßóÝóì Èöåö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÑöíÍðÇ æóÌõäõæÏðÇ áóãú ÊóÑóæúåóÇ [33 \ 9] ¡ Ãóíú: æóÈöÓóÈóÈö Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöíÍö æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÌõäõæÏö ÑóÏøóåõãú ÈöÛóíúÙöåöãú æóßóÝóÇßõãõ ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ äöÓóÇÁó ÇáäøóÈöíøö ãóäú íóÃúÊö ãöäúßõäøó ÈöÝóÇÍöÔóÉò ãõÈóíøöäóÉò íõÖóÇÚóÝú áóåóÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÖöÚúÝóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 30] .
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÝóßõÈøóÊú æõÌõæåõåõãú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö åóáú ÊõÌúÒóæúäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [27 \ 90] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐðÇ áóÃóÐóÞúäóÇßó ÖöÚúÝó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóÖöÚúÝó ÇáúãóãóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 75] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÞúäõÊú ãöäúßõäøó áöáøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÊóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ äõÄúÊöåóÇ ÃóÌúÑóåóÇ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö.
ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ãóäú ÞóäóÊó ãöäú äöÓóÇÁö äóÈöíøöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöáøóåö æóáöÑóÓõæáöåö¡ æóÚóãöáó ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íõÄúÊöåóÇ ÃóÌúÑóåóÇ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö. æóÇáúÞõäõæÊõ: ÇáØøóÇÚóÉõ. æóãóÇ æóÚóÏó Çááøóåõ Èöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãóäú ÃóØóÇÚó ãöäúåõäøó ÈöÅöíÊóÇÆöåóÇ ÃóÌúÑóåóÇ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúæóÚúÏõ ÈöäóÙöíÑöåö áöÛóíúÑöåöäøó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó æóÚúÏõåõ áöãóäú Âãóäó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÈöäóÈöíøöåö¡ Ëõãøó Âãóäó ÈöãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÅöíÊóÇÆöåö ÃóÌúÑóåõ ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú æóÕøóáúäóÇ áóåõãõ ÇáúÞóæúáó áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö åõãú Èöåö íõÄúãöäõæäó æóÅöÐóÇ íõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ Èöåö Åöäøóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö ãõÓúáöãöíäó ÃõæáóÆößó íõÄúÊóæúäó ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ãóÑøóÊóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 51 - 54] .(6/235)
æóÞóÑúäó Ýöí ÈõíõæÊößõäøó æóáóÇ ÊóÈóÑøóÌúäó ÊóÈóÑøõÌó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÃóÞöãúäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊöíäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÃóØöÚúäó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ áöíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö æóíõØóåøöÑóßõãú ÊóØúåöíÑðÇ (33)
æóãöäú Ðóáößó æóÚúÏõåõ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõØöíÚöíäó ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÅöíÊóÇÆöåöãú ßöÝúáóíúäö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáöåö íõÄúÊößõãú ßöÝúáóíúäö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóíóÌúÚóáú áóßõãú äõæÑðÇ ÊóãúÔõæäó Èöåö æóíóÛúÝöÑú áóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [57 \ 28] .
æóÇÚúáóãú: Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [57 \ 28] ¡ ÚóÇãøñ áöÌóãöíÚö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÎõÕõæÕö ãõÄúãöäöí Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÞóÕóÕö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÂäöÝðÇ¡ æóßóæúäõåõ ÚóÇãøðÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ; áöÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóÑö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÕúÑöÝõ Úóäúåõ ÕóÇÑöÝñ¡ ÝóãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ãöäú Íóãúáöåö ÂíóÉó «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» åóÐöåö Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÞóÕóÕö» ÎöáóÇÝõ ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÍóãúáõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÅöäú æóÇÝóÞó ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ¡ æóÚõÊúÈóÉõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí Íóßöíãò æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ.
æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝó ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóÑó ãöäúåõ¡ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ áöÏóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: æóÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò: áóãøóÇ ÇÝúÊóÎóÑó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú íõÄúÊõæäó ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ãóÑøóÊóíúäö¡ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì äóÈöíøöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó Ýöí ÍóÞøö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáöåö íõÄúÊößõãú ßöÝúáóíúäö¡ Ãóíú: ÖöÚúÝóíúäö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö¡ æóÒóÇÏóåõãú æóíóÌúÚóáú áóßõãú äõæÑðÇ ÊóãúÔõæäó Èöåö æóíóÛúÝöÑú áóßõãú [57 \ 28] ¡ ÝóÝóÖøóáóåõãú ÈöÇáäøõæÑö æóÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉö¡ ÇåÜ. äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ áöíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö æóíõØóåøöÑóßõãú ÊóØúåöíÑðÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóåóÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóæúáðÇ¡ æóíóßõæäõ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÕöÍøóÉö Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ áöÐóáößó ÃóãúËöáóÉð ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉð Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö¡ æóÝöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
æóãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö ÞóæúáõäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ: æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÊöåö Þóæúáõ ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö:(6/236)
Åöäøó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ íóÏúÎõáúäó Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÈóíúÊöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ áöíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö æóíõØóåøöÑóßõãú ÊóØúåöíÑðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÞóÑöíäóÉó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Ýöí ÏõÎõæáöåöäøó ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó: Þõáú áöÃóÒúæóÇÌößó Åöäú ßõäúÊõäøó ÊõÑöÏúäó [33 \ 28] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÎöØóÇÈöåö áóåõäøó: ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ áöíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóÇÐúßõÑúäó ãóÇ íõÊúáóì Ýöí ÈõíõæÊößõäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 34] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚó ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÕõæÑóÉó ÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö ÞóØúÚöíøóÉõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÅöÎúÑóÇÌõåóÇ ÈöãõÎóÕøóÕò¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ãóÇáößò ÃóäøóåóÇ ÙóäøöíøóÉõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáö¡ æóÅöáóíúåö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇÌúÒöãú ÈöÅöÏúÎóÇáö ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ... æóÇÑúæö Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÙóäøðÇ ÊõÕöÈö
ÝóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøóåõäøó ÏóÇÎöáóÇÊñ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÇåÜ. ãöäú ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøóåõäøó ÏóÇÎöáóÇÊñ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÊóäóÇæóáõ ÛóíúÑóåõäøó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóíúÊö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì ÏõÎõæáöåöäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ Ýóåõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ÂäöÝðÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÓöíóÇÞó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÇÒöáóÉñ Ýöíåöäøó.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ: Ãóäøó ÕõæÑóÉó ÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö ÞóØúÚöíøóÉõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáö ; ßóãóÇ åõæó ãõÞóÑøóÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÏõÎõæáö ÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö Ýöí ÇÓúãö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÒóæúÌóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÊóÚúÌóÈöíäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö æóÈóÑóßóÇÊõåõ Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö [1 \ 73] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì ÏõÎõæáö ÛóíúÑöåöäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÌóÇÁóÊú Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí Úóáöíøò æóÝóÇØöãóÉó æóÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇáúÍõÓóíúäö - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú -: «Åöäøóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö» ¡ æóÏóÚóÇ áóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íõÐúåöÈó Úóäúåõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó æóíõØóåøöÑóåõãú ÊóØúåöíÑðÇ. æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì Ðóáößó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäúåõãú Ãõãøõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ãõãøõ ÓóáóãóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - æóÃóÈõæ ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóÃóäóÓñ¡ æóæóÇËöáóÉõ Èúäõ ÇáúÃóÓúÞóÚö¡ æóÃõãøõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú.
æóÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈó Ôõãõæáõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö áöÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóáöÚóáöíøò æóÝóÇØöãóÉó æóÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇáúÍõÓóíúäö¡ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú ßõáøöåöãú.(6/237)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áöíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: æóíõØóåøöÑóßõãú ÊóØúåöíÑðÇ¡ ÖóãöíÑõ ÇáÐøõßõæÑö¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ äöÓóÇÁó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÞöíáó: áöíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõäøó æóíõØóåøöÑõßõäøó.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó ÔóÇãöáóÉñ áóåõäøó æóáöÚóáöíøò æóÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇáúÍõÓóíúäö æóÝóÇØöãóÉó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇááøöÓóÇäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö Úóáóì ÊóÛúáöíÈö ÇáÐøõßõæÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäóÇËö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãõæÚö æóäóÍúæöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: åõæó Ãóäú ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó ÒóæúÌóÉó ÇáÑøóÌõáö íõØúáóÞõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÃóåúáö¡ æóÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö áóÝúÙö ÇáúÃóåúáö ÊõÎóÇØóÈõ ãõÎóÇØóÈóÉó ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÇáúãõÐóßøóÑö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãõæÓóì: ÝóÞóÇáó áöÃóåúáöåö ÇãúßõËõæÇ [20 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÓóÂÊöíßõãú [27 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÚóáøöí ÂÊöíßõãú [20 \ 10] ¡ æóÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈõ ÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÝóÅöäú ÔöÆúÊö ÍóÑøóãóÊõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó ÓöæóÇßõãú ... æóÅöäú ÔöÆúÊö áóãú ÃóØúÚóãú äõÞóÇÎðÇ æóáóÇ ÈóÑúÏðÇ
æóÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó äöÓóÇÁó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÓúäó ÏóÇÎöáóÇÊò Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ íóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåö ÕóÑöíÍõ ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÝóÇØöãóÉó æóÚóáöíøðÇ æóÇáúÍóÓóäó æóÇáúÍõÓóíúäó áóíúÓõæÇ ÏóÇÎöáöíäó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÊóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÔóÇÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö åõãú ãóäú ÊóÍúÑõãõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ áöíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ íóÚúäöí: Ãóäøóåõ íõÐúåöÈõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó Úóäúåõãú¡ æóíõØóåøöÑõåõãú ÈöãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ Èöåö ãöäú ØóÇÚóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóíóäúåóì Úóäúåõ ãöäú ãóÚúÕöíóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÃóØóÇÚó Çááøóåó ÃóÐúåóÈó Úóäúåõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó¡ æóØóåøóÑóåõ ãöäó ÇáÐøõäõæÈö ÊóØúåöíÑðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí «ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö» : Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ äóåóÇåõäøó æóÃóãóÑóåõäøó æóæóÚóÙóåõäøó áöÆóáøóÇ íõÞóÇÑöÝó Ãóåúáõ ÈóíúÊö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúãóÂËöãó¡ æóáöíóÊóÕóæøóäõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ æóÇÓúÊóÚóÇÑó áöáÐøõäõæÈö ÇáÑøöÌúÓó æóáöáÊøóÞúæóì ÇáØøõåúÑó ; áöÃóäøó ÚöÑúÖó ÇáúãõÞúÊóÑöÝö áöáúãõÞóÈøóÍóÇÊö íóÊóáóæøóËõ ÈöåóÇ æóíóÊóÏóäøóÓõ ßóãóÇ íóÊóáóæøóËõ ÈóÏóäõåõ ÈöÇáúÃóÑúÌóÇÓö. æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÓóäóÇÊõ ÝóÇáúÚöÑúÖõ ãöäúåóÇ äóÞöíøñ ãóÕõæäñ ßóÇáËøóæúÈö ÇáØøóÇåöÑö¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉö(6/238)
æóÅöÐú ÊóÞõæáõ áöáøóÐöí ÃóäúÚóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÃóäúÚóãúÊó Úóáóíúåö ÃóãúÓößú Úóáóíúßó ÒóæúÌóßó æóÇÊøóÞö Çááøóåó æóÊõÎúÝöí Ýöí äóÝúÓößó ãóÇ Çááøóåõ ãõÈúÏöíåö æóÊóÎúÔóì ÇáäøóÇÓó æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú ÊóÎúÔóÇåõ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÖóì ÒóíúÏñ ãöäúåóÇ æóØóÑðÇ ÒóæøóÌúäóÇßóåóÇ áößóíú áóÇ íóßõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÍóÑóÌñ Ýöí ÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÃóÏúÚöíóÇÆöåöãú ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÖóæúÇ ãöäúåõäøó æóØóÑðÇ æóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ãóÝúÚõæáðÇ (37)
ãóÇ íõäóÝøöÑõ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö ÚóãøóÇ ßóÑöåóåõ Çááøóåõ áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ æóäóåóÇåõãú Úóäúåõ¡ æóíõÑóÛøöÈõåõãú ÝöíãóÇ íóÑúÖóÇåõ áóåõãú¡ æóÃóãóÑóåõãú Èöåö. æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö äõÕöÈó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö Ãóæú Úóáóì ÇáúãóÏúÍö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ Ïóáöíáñ Èóíøöäñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó äöÓóÇÁó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÈóíúÊöåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ íóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÝöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÇááøóÇãö ÇáúãóßúÓõæÑóÉö ãóäúÕõæÈðÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ÈóÚúÏó ÝöÚúáö ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ áöíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ áöíõÈóíøöäó áóßõãú [4 \ 26] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íõÑöíÏõæäó áöíõØúÝöÆõæÇ äõæÑó Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [61 \ 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ áöíóÌúÚóáó Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäú ÍóÑóÌò æóáóßöäú íõÑöíÏõ áöíõØóåøöÑóßõãú¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö. æóßóÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÃõÑöíÏõ áöÃóäúÓóì ÐößúÑóåóÇ ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ... ÊõãóËøóáõ áöí áóíúáóì Èößõáøö ÓóÈöíáö
æóáöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇááøóÇãö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáñ¡ ãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ ÈöãóÚúäóì Ãóäú¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáñ ÛóÑöíÈñ. æóãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇãõ ßóíú¡ æóãóÝúÚõæáõ ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÃúãõÑóßõãú æóíóäúåóÇßõãú¡ áöÃóÌúáö Ãóäú íõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó¡ æóÇáÑøöÌúÓõ ßõáøõ ãõÓúÊóÞúÐöÑò ÊóÚóÇÝõåõ ÇáäøõÝõæÓõ¡ æóãöäú ÃóÞúÐóÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÐóÑóÇÊö ãóÚúÕöíóÉõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊõÎúÝöí Ýöí äóÝúÓößó ãóÇ Çááøóåõ ãõÈúÏöíåö.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóåóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúÅöÈúåóÇãö Ýöí ÕöáóÉö ãóæúÕõæáò¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊõÎúÝöí Ýöí äóÝúÓößó ãóÇ Çááøóåõ ãõÈúÏöíåö [33 \ 37] ¡ áöÃóäøó ÌõãúáóÉó: Çááøóåõ ãõÈúÏöíåö ÕöáóÉõ ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãóÇ. æóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö: ÝóÅöäøóåõ åõäóÇ ÃóÈúåóãó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÝóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö æóÃóÈúÏóÇåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÒóæóÇÌõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÒóíúäóÈó ÈöäúÊó ÌóÍúÔò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÍóíúËõ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåö Ðóáößó¡ æóåöíó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÊóÍúÊó ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÍóÇÑöËóÉó ; áöÃóäøó ÒóæóÇÌóåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÈúÏóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÖóì ÒóíúÏñ ãöäúåóÇ æóØóÑðÇ ÒóæøóÌúäóÇßóåóÇ [33 \ 37] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÐöí Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóåõæó ÇááøóÇÆöÞõ ÈöÌóäóÇÈöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÝóÇåõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÃóÈúÏóÇåõ Çááøóåõ æõÞõæÚõ(6/239)
ÒóíúäóÈó Ýöí ÞóáúÈöåö æóãóÍóÈøóÊõåõ áóåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÊóÍúÊó ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóãöÚóÊúåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ãõÞóáøöÈó ÇáúÞõáõæÈö» Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö¡ ßõáøõåõ áóÇ ÕöÍøóÉó áóåõ¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íõÈöÏö ãöäú Ðóáößó ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãõÈúÏöí ãóÇ ÃóÎúÝóÇåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãöäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ÊóÃúæöíáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ æóÇÈúäõ ÒóíúÏò æóÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáØøóÈóÑóíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÞóÚó ãöäúåõ ÇÓúÊöÍúÓóÇäñ áöÒóíúäóÈó ÈöäúÊö ÌóÍúÔò æóåöíó Ýöí ÚöÕúãóÉö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóßóÇäó ÍóÑöíÕðÇ Úóáóì Ãóäú íõØóáøöÞóåóÇ ÒóíúÏñ ÝóíóÊóÒóæøóÌóåóÇ åõæó¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó íõÎúÝöí Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ áóÒöãó ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö¡ íóÚúäöí Þóæúáóåõ: ÃóãúÓößú Úóáóíúßó ÒóæúÌóßó [33 \ 37] ¡ ÇåÜ. æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÍöíÍò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ áóÇÆöÞò Èöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóäóÞóáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ äóÍúæóåõ Úóäú ãõÞóÇÊöáò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóì äóÈöíøöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøó ÒóíúÏðÇ ÓóíõØóáøöÞõ ÒóíúäóÈó¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó íõÒóæøöÌõåóÇ ÑóÓõæáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú Úóáöãó åóÐóÇ ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö. ÞóÇáó áöÒóíúÏò: «ÃóãúÓößú Úóáóíúßó ÒóæúÌóßó» . æóÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÝóÇåõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö¡ åõæó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÓóíõÒóæøöÌõåõ ÒóíúäóÈó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó: ÞóÇáó ÚõáóãóÇÄõäóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí ÊóÃúæöíáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö. æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ æóÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇÓöÎöíäó¡ ßóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÈóßúÑö Èúäö ÇáúÚóáóÇÁö ÇáúÞõÔóíúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑö Èúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åóæóì ÒóíúäóÈó ÇãúÑóÃóÉö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÑõÈøóãóÇ ÃóØúáóÞó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÌøóÇäö áóÝúÙó ÚöÔúÞò¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÕúÏõÑõ Úóäú ÌóÇåöáò ÈöÚöÕúãóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäú ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ Ãóæú ãõÓúÊóÎöÝøò ÈöÍõÑúãóÊöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ Ýöí äóæóÇÏöÑö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö æóÃóÓúäóÏó Åöáóì Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö Þóæúáóåõ: ÝóÚóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö ÌóÇÁó ÈöåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÎöÒóÇäóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÌóæúåóÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌóæóÇåöÑö æóÏõÑøðÇ ãöäó ÇáÏøõÑóÑö Ãóäøóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÚóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÃóÚúáóãóåõ Ãóäøó ÓóÊóßõæäó åóÐöåö ãöäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó áöÒóíúÏò: «ÃóãúÓößú Úóáóíúßó ÒóæúÌóßó» ¡ æóÃóÎóÐóÊúßó ÎóÔúíóÉõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Ãóäú íóÞõæáõæÇ: ÊóÒóæøóÌó ÇãúÑóÃóÉó ÇÈúäöåö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú ÊóÎúÔóÇåõ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò åóÇåõäóÇ ÂËóÇÑðÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÓøóáóÝö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú¡ ÃóÍúÈóÈúäóÇ Ãóäú äóÖúÑöÈó ÚóäúåóÇ ÕóÝúÍðÇ áöÚóÏóãö ÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ äõæÑöÏõåóÇ(6/240)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÐúßõÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ÐößúÑðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ (41)
Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ßóáóÇãöåö¡ æóÝöíåö ßóáóÇãõ Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÂäöÝðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÚúáóãó äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÃóäøó ÒóíúÏðÇ íõØóáøöÞõ ÒóíúäóÈó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íõÒóæøöÌõåóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóåöíó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÊóÍúÊó ÒóíúÏò¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÔóßóÇåóÇ ÒóíúÏñ Åöáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó áóåõ: «ÃóãúÓößú Úóáóíúßó ÒóæúÌóßó æóÇÊøóÞö Çááøóåó» ¡ ÝóÚóÇÊóÈóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: «ÃóãúÓößú Úóáóíúßó ÒóæúÌóßó» ÈóÚúÏó Úöáúãöåö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóÊóÕöíÑõ ÒóæúÌóÊóåõ åõæó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÎóÔöíó ãóÞóÇáóÉó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ãóäú íóÞõæáõæÇ: áóæú ÃóÙúåóÑó ãóÇ Úóáöãó ãöäú ÊóÒúæöíÌöåö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íõÑöíÏõ ÊóÒúæöíÌó ÒóæúÌóÉö ÇÈúäöåö Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí åöíó Ýöíåö Ýöí ÚöÕúãóÉö ÒóíúÏò.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑóÇäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóÊõÎúÝöí Ýöí äóÝúÓößó ãóÇ Çááøóåõ ãõÈúÏöíåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÈúÏóÇåõ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åõæó ÒóæóÇÌõåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÖóì ÒóíúÏñ ãöäúåóÇ æóØóÑðÇ ÒóæøóÌúäóÇßóåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÈúÏö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÒóÚóãõæåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÍóÈøóåóÇ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ áóÃóÈúÏóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÒóæøóÌóåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÍößúãóÉó ÇáúÅöáóÇåöíøóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóÒúæöíÌö åöíó ÞöØóÚõ ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáúÃóÏúÚöíóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÖóì ÒóíúÏñ ãöäúåóÇ æóØóÑðÇ ÒóæøóÌúäóÇßóåóÇ áößóíú áóÇ íóßõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÍóÑóÌñ Ýöí ÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÃóÏúÚöíóÇÆöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áößóíú áóÇ íóßõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÍóÑóÌñ¡ ÊóÚúáöíáñ ÕóÑöíÍñ áöÊóÒúæöíÌöåö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóßóæúäõ Çááøóåö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÒóæøóÌóåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÍößúãóÉö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉö ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÒóæóÇÌöåö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ áóíúÓó åõæó ãóÍóÈøóÊóåõ áóåóÇ ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ØóáóÇÞö ÒöíÏò áóåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÒóÚóãõæÇ¡ æóíõæóÖøöÍõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÖóì ÒóíúÏñ ãöäúåóÇ æóØóÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÒóíúÏðÇ ÞóÖóì æóØóÑóåõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóáóãú ÊóÈúÞó áóåõ ÈöåóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉñ¡ ÝóØóáøóÞóåóÇ ÈöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÐúßõÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ÐößúÑðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ.
ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÅößúËóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ÞöíóÇãðÇ æóÞõÚõæÏðÇ æóÚóáóì ÌõäõæÈößõãú [4 \ 103] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÐúßõÑõæäó Çááøóåó ÞöíóÇãðÇ æóÞõÚõæÏðÇ æóÚóáóì ÌõäõæÈöåöãú [3 \ 191] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÐøóÇßöÑöíäó Çááøóåó ßóËöíÑðÇ æóÇáÐøóÇßöÑóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 35] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(6/241)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõæÇ ÈõíõæÊó ÇáäøóÈöíøö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÄúÐóäó áóßõãú Åöáóì ØóÚóÇãò ÛóíúÑó äóÇÙöÑöíäó ÅöäóÇåõ æóáóßöäú ÅöÐóÇ ÏõÚöíÊõãú ÝóÇÏúÎõáõæÇ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ØóÚöãúÊõãú ÝóÇäúÊóÔöÑõæÇ æóáóÇ ãõÓúÊóÃúäöÓöíäó áöÍóÏöíËò Åöäøó Ðóáößõãú ßóÇäó íõÄúÐöí ÇáäøóÈöíøó ÝóíóÓúÊóÍúíöí ãöäúßõãú æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúÊóÍúíöí ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊõãõæåõäøó ãóÊóÇÚðÇ ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò Ðóáößõãú ÃóØúåóÑõ áöÞõáõæÈößõãú æóÞõáõæÈöåöäøó æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ãóäú ÊõÄúÐõæÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö æóáóÇ Ãóäú ÊóäúßöÍõæÇ ÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ Åöäøó Ðóáößõãú ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÚóÙöíãðÇ (53)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÈóÔøöÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÈöÃóäøó áóåõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ÝóÖúáðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ. áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÝóÖúáö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ýöí ÑóæúÖóÇÊö ÇáúÌóäøóÇÊö áóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõæäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÝóÖúáõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ [42 \ 22] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊõãõæåõäøó ãóÊóÇÚðÇ ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò Ðóáößõãú ÃóØúåóÑõ áöÞõáõæÈößõãú æóÞõáõæÈöåöäøó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóåóÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóæúáðÇ¡ æóÊóßõæäõ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÕöÍøóÉö Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ áóåõ ÃóãúËöáóÉð Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö¡ æóÃóãúËöáóÉð ßóËöíÑóÉð Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóãú ÊõÐúßóÑú Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö¡ æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÊöåö Þóæúáõ ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöäøó ÂíóÉó «ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö» ÃóÚúäöí Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊõãõæåõäøó ãóÊóÇÚðÇ ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò ÎóÇÕøóÉñ ÈöÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÊóÚúáöíáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÅöíÌóÇÈõ ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö Èößóæúäöåö ÃóØúåóÑó áöÞõáõæÈö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáÑøöíÈóÉö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößõãú ÃóØúåóÑõ áöÞõáõæÈößõãú æóÞõáõæÈöåöäøó ÞóÑöíäóÉñ æóÇÖöÍóÉñ Úóáóì ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÊóÚúãöíãö ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ ÅöÐú áóãú íóÞõáú ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Åöäøó ÛóíúÑó ÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó Åöáóì ÃóØúåóÑöíøóÉö ÞõáõæÈöåöäøó æóÞõáõæÈö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ãöäó ÇáÑøöíÈóÉö ãöäúåõäøó¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöáøóÉó ÞóÏú ÊõÚóãøöãõ ãóÚúáõæáóåóÇ¡ æóÅöáóíúåö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÞóÏú ÊõÎóÕøöÕõ æóÞóÏú ÊõÚóãøöãõ ... áöÃóÕúáöåóÇ áóßöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÎúÑöãõ
ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãöäóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
æóÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáÏøóáöíáó ÇáúæóÇÖöÍó Úóáóì Ãóäøó æõÌõæÈó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö Íõßúãñ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ áóÇ ÎóÇÕøñ ÈöÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóÕúáõ ÇááøóÝúÙö ÎóÇÕøðÇ Èöåöäøó ; áöÃóäøó Úõãõæãó ÚöáøóÊöåö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Úõãõæãö ÇáúÍõßúãö Ýöíåö¡ æóãóÓúáóßõ ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÇáøóÐöí Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößõãú ÃóØúåóÑõ áöÞõáõæÈößõãú æóÞõáõæÈöåöäøó¡ åõæó ÚöáøóÉõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò¡ åõæó ÇáúãóÓúáóßõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÈöãóÓúáóßö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö¡ æóÖóÇÈöØõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÓúáóßö ÇáúãõäúØóÈöÞö Úóáóì ÌõÒúÆöíøóÇÊöåö¡ åõæó Ãóäú íóÞúÊóÑöäó æóÕúÝñ ÈöÍõßúãò ÔóÑúÚöíøò Úóáóì æóÌúåò áóæú áóãú íóßõäú Ýöíåö Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÚöáøóÉð(6/242)
áöÐóáößó ÇáúÍõßúãö áóßóÇäó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ ãóÚöíÈðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚóÇÑöÝöíäó¡ æóÚóÑøóÝó ÕóÇÍöÈõ «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÖóÇÁö æóÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö ... Ýöí ÇáúÝóäøö ÊóÞúÕöÏõ áóÏóì Ðóæöíåö
Ãóäú íõÞúÑóäó ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÈöÍõßúãò Åöäú íóßõäú ... áöÛóíúÑö ÚöáøóÉò íõÚöÈúåõ ãóäú ÝóØöäú
æóÚóÑøóÝó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁó æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåó Ýöí ãóÓóÇáößö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇ ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÈöÇáúÍõßúãö ãóáúÝõæÙóíúäö Ïõæäó ÎöáúÝö
æóÐóáößó ÇáúæóÕúÝõ Ãóæö ÇáäøóÙöíÑõ ... ÞöÑóÇäõåõ áöÛóíúÑöåóÇ íóÖöíÑõ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößõãú ÃóØúåóÑõ áöÞõáõæÈößõãú æóÞõáõæÈöåöäøó¡ áóæú áóãú íóßõäú ÚöáøóÉð áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò¡ áóßóÇäó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ ãóÚöíÈðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõäúÊóÙöãò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÝóØöäö ÇáúÚóÇÑöÝö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößõãú ÃóØúåóÑõ áöÞõáõæÈößõãú æóÞõáõæÈöåöäøó¡ åõæó ÚöáøóÉõ Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò¡ æóÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó Íõßúãó ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÚóÇãñ.
ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöáøóÉó ÞóÏú ÊõÚóãøöãõ ãóÚúáõæáóåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊõÎóÕøöÕõåõ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÈóíúÊö «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ¡ æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Íõßúãó ÂíóÉö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö ÚóÇãñ áöÚõãõæãö ÚöáøóÊöåö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Íõßúãõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÚóÇãøðÇ ÈöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö.
ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈó æóÇÌöÈñ ÈöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö.
æóÇÚúáóãú ÃóäøóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö äõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú äóÐúßõÑó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉó Úóáóì æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó ãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ Ëõãøó äõäóÇÞöÔõ ÃóÏöáøóÉó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö¡ æóäóÐúßõÑõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Úóäú ÃóÏöáøóÉö ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈöÚóÏóãö æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö¡ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÂäöÝðÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: Ðóáößõãú ÃóØúåóÑõ áöÞõáõæÈößõãú¡ ÞóÑöíäóÉñ Úóáóì Úõãõæãö Íõßúãö ÂíóÉö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÈö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóÓöÊúÑöåóÇ ÌóãöíÚó ÈóÏóäöåóÇ ÍóÊøóì æóÌúåóåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Þõáú áöÃóÒúæóÇÌößó æóÈóäóÇÊößó æóäöÓóÇÁö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó [33 \ 59] ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì: íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó: Ãóäøóåõäøó íóÓúÊõÑúäó ÈöåóÇ ÌóãöíÚó æõÌõæåöåöäøó¡ æóáóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ãöäúåõäøó ÔóíúÁñ ÅöáøóÇ Úóíúäñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÊõÈúÕöÑõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö: ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚóÈöíÏóÉõ ÇáÓøóáúãóÇäöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú.(6/243)
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó¡ áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÓóÊúÑó ÇáúæóÌúåö áõÛóÉð¡ æóáóãú íóÑöÏú äóÕøñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò¡ æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉò¡ æóáóÇ ÅöÌúãóÇÚò Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöáúÒóÇãöåö Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó: Åöäøóåõ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõåõ¡ ãóÚóÇÑóÖñ ÈöÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõåõ¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ íóÓúÞõØõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì æõÌõæÈö ÓóÊúÑö ÇáúæóÌúåö.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð Úóáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝöíåóÇ: íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÓóÊúÑõ æõÌõæåöåöäøó ÈöÅöÏúäóÇÁö ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ åöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áöÃóÒúæóÇÌößó¡ æóæõÌõæÈõ ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÈö ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö æóÓöÊúÑöåöäøó æõÌõæåóåõäøó¡ áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. ÝóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ãóÚó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö æóäöÓóÇÁó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì æõÌõæÈö ÓóÊúÑö ÇáúæõÌõæåö ÈöÅöÏúäóÇÁö ÇáúÌóáóÇÈöíÈö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ: åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÈúÏöíäó ÒöíäóÊóåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ [40 \ 31] ¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì: ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúãõáóÇÁóÉõ ÝóæúÞó ÇáËøöíóÇÈö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÊóÝúÓöíÑõ: ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ ÈöÇáúæóÌúåö æóÇáúßóÝøóíúäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÞóÇãóÊú ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó¡ áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ÓóÊúÑõ ÇáúæóÌúåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó åöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÃóÏúäóì Ãóäú íõÚúÑóÝúäó¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó Þóæúáõåõ: Ãóäú íõÚúÑóÝúäó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõäøó ÓóÇÝöÑóÇÊñ ßóÇÔöÝóÇÊñ Úóäú æõÌõæåöåöäøó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÓúÊóÑõ æóÌúåóåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÚúÑóÝõ¡ ÈóÇØöáñ¡ æóÈõØúáóÇäõåõ æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóÓöíóÇÞõ ÇáúÂíóÉö íóãúäóÚõåõ ãóäúÚðÇ ÈóÇÊøðÇ ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ãóäúÚö Ðóáößó.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÃóÏúäóì Ãóäú íõÚúÑóÝúäó ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÅöÏúäóÇÆöåöäøó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó¡ æóÅöÏúäóÇÄõåõäøõ Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó¡ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÈöÍóÇáò Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóÏúäóì Ãóäú íõÚúÑóÝúäó ÈöÓõÝõæÑöåöäøó æóßóÔúÝöåöäøó Úóäú æõÌõæåöåöäøó ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ ÝóÅöÏúäóÇÁõ ÇáúÌóáóÇÈöíÈö ãõäóÇÝò áößóæúäö ÇáúãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ãóÚúÑöÝóÉð ÔóÎúÕöíøóÉð ÈöÇáúßóÔúÝö Úóäö ÇáúæõÌõæåö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áöÃóÒúæóÇÌößó Ïóáöíáñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÑöÝóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áóíúÓóÊú ÈößóÔúÝö ÇáúæõÌõæåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÈóåõäøó áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Ýöíåö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäöåö ÃóÏöáøóÉñ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉñ:(6/244)
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÓöíóÇÞõ ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ ÂäöÝðÇ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Þóæúáõåõ: áöÃóÒúæóÇÌößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó ÚóÇãøóÉó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Ýóãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõãú ÝóÓøóÑõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäöåöãú ÓóÈóÈó äõÒõæáöåóÇ¡ ÈöÃóäøó äöÓóÇÁó Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ßõäú íóÎúÑõÌúäó ÈöÇááøóíúáö áöÞóÖóÇÁö ÍóÇÌóÊöåöäøó ÎóÇÑöÌó ÇáúÈõíõæÊö¡ æóßóÇäó ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÝõÓøóÇÞö íóÊóÚóÑøóÖõæäó áöáúÅöãóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóÚóÑøóÖõæäó áöáúÍóÑóÇÆöÑö¡ æóßóÇäó ÈóÚúÖõ äöÓóÇÁö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó íóÎúÑõÌúäó Ýöí Òöíøò áóíúÓó ãõÊóãóíøóÒðÇ Úóäú Òöíøö ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö¡ ÝóíóÊóÚóÑøóÖõ áóåõäøó ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÝõÓøóÇÞõ ÈöÇáúÃóÐóì ÙóäøðÇ ãöäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõäøó ÅöãóÇÁñ¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íóÃúãõÑó ÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõ æóÈóäóÇÊöåö æóäöÓóÇÁó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ãóäú íóÊóãóíøóÒúäó Ýöí Òöíøöåöäøó Úóäú Òöíøö ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÃóäú íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÚóáúäó Ðóáößó æóÑóÂåõäøó ÇáúÝõÓøóÇÞõ¡ ÚóáöãõæÇ Ãóäøóåõäøó ÍóÑóÇÆöÑõ¡ æóãóÚúÑöÝóÊõåõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõäøó ÍóÑóÇÆöÑõ áóÇ ÅöãóÇÁó åõæó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÃóÏúäóì Ãóäú íõÚúÑóÝúäó¡ Ýóåöíó ãóÚúÑöÝóÉñ ÈöÇáÕøöÝóÉö áóÇ ÈöÇáÔøóÎúÕö. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑõ ãõäúÓóÌöãñ ãóÚó ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó¡ áöÃóäøó ÅöÏúäóÇÆöåöäøó Úóáóíúåöäøó ãöäú ÌóáóÇÈöíÈöåöäøó íõÔúÚöÑõ ÈöÃóäøóåõäøó ÍóÑóÇÆöÑó¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÏúäóì æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöÃóäú íõÚúÑóÝúäó¡ Ãóíú: íõÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõäøó ÍóÑóÇÆöÑõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÄúÐóíúäó ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÇáúÝõÓøóÇÞö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊóÚóÑøóÖõæäó áöáúÅöãóÇÁö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÓøóÑó Èöåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøó ÊóÚóÑøõÖó ÇáúÝõÓøóÇÞö áöáúÅöãóÇÁö ÌóÇÆöÒñ¡ åõæó ÍóÑóÇãñ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÊóÚóÑøöÖöíäó áóåõäøó ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ [33 \ 60] ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÞõÊøöáõæÇ ÊóÞúÊöíáðÇ [33 \ 60 - 61] .
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÊóÚóÑøöÖó áöãóÇ áóÇ íóÍöáøõ ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÎúÖóÚúäó ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóíóØúãóÚó ÇáøóÐöí Ýöí ÞóáúÈöåö ãóÑóÖñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 32] ¡ æóÐóáößó ãóÚúäðì ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
ÍóÇÝöÙñ áöáúÝóÑúÌö ÑóÇÖò ÈöÇáÊøõÞóì ... áóíúÓó ãöãøóäú ÞóáúÈõåõ Ýöíåö ãóÑóÖú
æóÝöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö: ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÃóãúÑö ÇáúÍóÑóÇÆöÑö ÈöãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö Òöíøö ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö áöíóåóÇÈóåõäøó ÇáúÝõÓøóÇÞõ¡ æóÏóÝúÚõ ÖóÑóÑö ÇáúÝõÓøóÇÞö Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö áóÇÒöãñ¡ æóáóåõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÈñ ÃõÎóÑó áóíúÓó ãöäúåóÇ ÅöÏúäóÇÁõ ÇáúÌóáóÇÈöíÈö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ¡(6/245)
Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøó ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó íóäúÍóáøõ Úóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóÒóãóäò ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí «ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö» :
ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇÓúãõ ãóÇ Óöæóì ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ãöäú ãóÏúáõæáóíö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ßóÃóãúäò ãöäú Ãóãöäó.
æóÃóäøóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊò ãöäó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó íóäúÍóáøõ Úóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóÒóãóäò æóäöÓúÈóÉò.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑó æóÇáÒøóãóäó ßóÇãöäóÇäö Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÑúÌöÚõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÇÊõ æóÇáÖøóãóÇÆöÑõ ÊóÇÑóÉð Åöáóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóÊóÇÑóÉð Åöáóì ÇáÒøóãóäö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöíåö.
ÝóãöËóÇáõ ÑõÌõæÚö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöíåö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ: íõÏúäöíäó Úóáóíúåöäøó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Ðóáößó ÃóÏúäóì Ãóäú íõÚúÑóÝúäó¡ Ãóíú: Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöÏúäóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãõ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: íõÏúäöíäó.
æóãöËóÇáõ ÑõÌõæÚö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö áöáÒøóãóäö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöíåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö Ðóáößó íóæúãõ ÇáúæóÚöíÏö [50 \ 20] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: Ðóáößó íóÚúäöí Òóãóäó ÇáäøóÝúÎö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: æóäóÝóÎú¡ Ãóíú: Ðóáößó ÇáÒøóãóäõ íóæúãõ ÇáúæóÚöíÏö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó Íõßúãó ÂíóÉö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö ÚóÇãøñ åõæó ãóÇ ÊõÞóÑøóÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÎöØóÇÈó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö íóÚõãøõ Íõßúãõåõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏó ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö Çáäøóåúíö Úóäú áóÈúÓö ÇáúãõÚóÕúÝóÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ÎöØóÇÈó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöæóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöåö íóÚõãøõ Íõßúãõåõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ áöÇÓúÊöæóÇÆöåöãú Ýöí ÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò ÎóÇÕøò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÎöáóÇÝõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí ÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ åóáú åõæó ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Úõãõæãö ÇáúÍõßúãö¿ ÎöáóÇÝñ Ýöí ÍóÇáò áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝñ ÍóÞöíÞöíøñ¡ ÝóÎöØóÇÈõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö ÕöíÛóÉõ Úõãõæãò¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú Ãóäøó ÎöØóÇÈó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö áóÇ íóÚõãøõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇááøóÝúÙö áöáúæóÇÍöÏö áóÇ íóÔúãóáõ ÈöÇáúæóÖúÚö ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó áóÇ íóÔúãóáõåõ æóÖúÚðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÕöíÛóÉó Úõãõæãò. æóáóßöäøó Ãóåúáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ãõæóÇÝöÞõæäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Íõßúãó ÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÚóÇãøñ áöÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóáóßöäú ÈöÏóáöíáò ÂÎóÑó ÛóíúÑö ÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö æóÐóáößó ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÈöÇáäøóÕøö æóÇáúÞöíóÇÓö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ ÝóÙóÇåöÑñ¡ áöÃóäøó ÞöíóÇÓó ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÌóÇãöÚö ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈöíäó Ýöí ÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ãöäó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÇáúÌóáöíøö.
æóÇáäøóÕøõ ßóÞóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ãõÈóÇíóÚóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö: «Åöäøöí áóÇ ÃõÕóÇÝöÍõ(6/246)
ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó¡ æóãóÇ Þóæúáöí áöÇãúÑóÃóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ßóÞóæúáöí áöãöÇÆóÉö ÇãúÑóÃóÉò» .
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ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Íõßúãó ÂíóÉö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö ÚóÇãøñ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó áóÝúÙõåóÇ ÎóÇÕøðÇ ÈöÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ áöÇãúÑóÃóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö Ãóæú ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåöäøó ßóÞóæúáöåö áöãöÇÆóÉö ÇãúÑóÃóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊó ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÞóæóÇÚöÏõ ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÇááøóÇÊöí áóÇ íóÑúÌõæäó äößóÇÍðÇ ÝóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåöäøó ÌõäóÇÍñ Ãóäú íóÖóÚúäó ËöíóÇÈóåõäøó ÛóíúÑó ãõÊóÈóÑøöÌóÇÊò ÈöÒöíäóÉò æóÃóäú íóÓúÊóÚúÝöÝúäó ÎóíúÑñ áóåõäøó æóÇááøóåõ ÓóãöíÚñ Úóáöíãñ [24 \ 60](6/247)
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æóÇáúãóæúÊõ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÍóÇÏöËò ... ãöãøóÇ íóãõÑøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌöÈöáøóåú
æóÇáúÌöÈöáøóÉõ: ÇáúÎóáúÞõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáúÌöÈöáøóÉó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [26 \ 184] ¡ ÝóÊóÍúÐöíÑõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑó ÇáúÈóÇáöÛó ãöäú ÏõÎõæáö ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóÊóÚúÈöíÑõåõ Úóäú ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÞóÑöíÈö Úóáóì ÒóæúÌóÉö ÞóÑöíÈöåö ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúãóæúÊö Ïóáöíáñ ÕóÍöíÍñ äóÈóæöíøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõäøó ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÍöÌóÇÈò ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. ÅöÐú áóæú ßóÇäó Íõßúãõåõ ÎóÇÕøðÇ ÈöÃóÒúæóÇÌöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÍóÐøóÑó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑó ÇáúÈóÇáöÛó ÇáúÚóÇãøó ãöäó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑõ ãöäó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö Úóáóíúåöäøó æóáóæú áóãú ÊóÍúÕõáö ÇáúÎóáúæóÉõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó¡ ÝóÇáÏøõÎõæáõ Úóáóíúåöäøó æóÇáúÎóáúæóÉõ Èöåöäøó ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ãõÍóÑøóãñ ÊóÍúÑöíãðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ÈöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ãõÓúáöãðÇ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÎóáúæóÉö ÈöÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉö æóÇáÏøõÎõæáö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ßöáóíúåöãóÇ ÍóÑóÇãñ.
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æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö: ÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú Ãóäú ÊóÏúÎõáõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ Ãóäú íóÏúÎõáúäó Úóáóíúßõãú. æóæóÞóÚó Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäö æóåúÈò¡ ÈöáóÝúÙö: «áóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ¡ æóÊóÖóãøóäó ãóäúÚõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáö ãóäúÚó ÇáúÎóáúæóÉö ÈöåóÇ ÈöØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÃóæúáóì¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí «ÕóÍöíÍöåö» ¡ ÈóÇÈõ æóáúíóÖúÑöÈúäó ÈöÎõãõÑöåöäøó Úóáóì ÌõíõæÈöåöäøó. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÔóÈöíÈò: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈöí Úóäú íõæäõÓó¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÔöåóÇÈò¡ Úóäú ÚõÑúæóÉó Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ - ÞóÇáóÊú: íóÑúÍóãõ Çááøóåõ äöÓóÇÁó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ÇáúÃõæóáó¡ áóãøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ: æóáúíóÖúÑöÈúäó ÈöÎõãõÑöåöäøó Úóáóì ÌõíõæÈöåöäøó [24 \ 31] ¡ ÔóÞóÞúäó ãõÑõæØóåõäøó ÝóÇÎúÊóãóÑúäó ÈöåóÇ.
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ äõÚóíúãò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Èúäõ äóÇÝöÚò¡ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ãõÓúáöãò Úóäú ÕóÝöíøóÉó ÈöäúÊö ÔóíúÈóÉó:(6/249)
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ÝóÇáúÚóÌóÈõ ßõáøõ ÇáúÚóÌóÈö¡ ãöãøóäú íóÏøóÚöí ãöäó ÇáúãõäúÊóÓöÈöíäó áöáúÚöáúãö Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÑöÏú Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóáóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÓóÊúÑö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóÌúåóåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÃóÌóÇäöÈö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøóÇÊö ÝóÚóáúäó Ðóáößó ãõãúÊóËöáóÇÊò ÃóãúÑó Çááøóåö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÅöíãóÇäðÇ ÈöÊóäúÒöíáöåö¡ æóãóÚúäóì åóÐóÇ ËóÇÈöÊñ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Úóäö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö. æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö æóÃóÕúÑóÍöåóÇ Ýöí áõÒõæãö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö áöÌóãöíÚö äöÓóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõËóäøóì¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÚóÇÕöãò¡ ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ åóãøóÇãñ¡ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ Úóäú ãõæóÑøöÞò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúÃóÍúæóÕö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «Åöäö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ÚóæúÑóÉñ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌóÊö ÇÓúÊóÔúÑóÝóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ¡ æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÈöÑóæúÍóÉö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóåöíó Ýöí ÞóÚúÑö ÈóíúÊöåóÇ» ¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ Úóäú ÈõäúÏóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÚóÇÕöãò Èöåö äóÍúæóåõ¡ Çå ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÕóÇÍöÈõ «ãóÌúãóÚö ÇáÒøóæóÇÆöÏö» ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ Ýöí «ÇáúßóÈöíÑö» ¡ æóÑöÌóÇáõåõ ãõæóËøóÞõæäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ íóÚúÊóÖöÏõ ÈöÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöíåö ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÚóæúÑóÉñ¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö áöáõÒõæãö ÓóÊúÑö ßõáøö ãóÇ íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÚóæúÑóÉö.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ Ðóáößó: ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáúåóíúËóãöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí «ãóÌúãóÚö ÇáÒøóæóÇÆöÏö» ¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ÚóæúÑóÉñ¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó áóÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÈóíúÊöåóÇ æóãóÇ ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÃúÓò ÝóíóÓúÊóÔúÑöÝõåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ: Åöäøóßö áóÇ ÊóãõÑøöíäó ÈöÃóÍóÏò ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÚúÌóÈúÊöíåö¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó áóÊóáúÈóÓõ ËöíóÇÈóåóÇ ÝóÞóÇáó: Ãóíúäó ÊõÑöíÏöíäó¿ ÝóÊóÞõæáõ: ÃóÚõæÏõ ãóÑöíÖðÇ Ãóæú ÃóÔúåóÏõ ÌöäóÇÒóÉð¡ Ãóæú ÃõÕóáøöí Ýöí ãóÓúÌöÏò¡ æóãóÇ ÚóÈóÏóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ÑóÈøóåóÇ¡ ãöËúáó Ãóäú ÊóÚúÈõÏóåõ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ Ýöí «ÇáúßóÈöíÑö» ¡ æóÑöÌóÇáõåõ ËöÞóÇÊñ¡ Çå ãöäúåõ. æóãöËúáõåõ áóåõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÑøóÝúÚö ÅöÐú áóÇ ãóÌóÇáó áöáÑøóÃúíö Ýöíåö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåóÇ¡ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ ÎóíúÑñ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÕóáóÇÊöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÛõÏõæøö æóÇáúÂÕóÇáö ÑöÌóÇáñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 36 - 37] ¡ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÝöíãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ßöÝóÇíóÉñ áöãóäú íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúÍóÞøó.
ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉó ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉó ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍöåóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÂíóÉó «ÇáäøõæÑö» ¡ ãóÚó ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö áóåóÇ¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáúíóÖúÑöÈúäó ÈöÎõãõÑöåöäøó Úóáóì ÌõíõæÈöåöäøó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÈóÚöíÏò ÊóÝúÓöíÑó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóæúÌõæÏñ Èóíúäóåõãú íóäúÒöáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúæóÍúíõ¡ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ÓóÊúÑõ ÇáúæóÌúåö æóÊóÛúØöíóÊõåõ Úóäö(6/251)
ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ æóÃóäøó ÓóÊúÑó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóÌúåóåóÇ Úóãóáñ ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóÊúåõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÏúÑó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Úõãõæãö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö íóßúÝöí ÇáúãõäúÕöÝó¡ ÝóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ áóßó ÃóÌúæöÈóÉó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ÚóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈöÌóæóÇÒö ÅöÈúÏóÇÁö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóÌúåóåóÇ æóíóÏóíúåóÇ¡ ÈöÍóÖúÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÌóÇäöÈö.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÍóÏöíËõ ÎóÇáöÏö Èúäö ÏõÑóíúßò Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÃóÓúãóÇÁó ÈöäúÊó ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÏóÎóáóÊú Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÚóáóíúåóÇ ËöíóÇÈñ ÑöÞóÇÞñ ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: «íóÇ ÃóÓúãóÇÁõ¡ Åöäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáúÍóíúÖó áóãú íóÕúáõÍú Ãóäú íõÑóì ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åóÐóÇ» æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì æóÌúåöåö æóßóÝøóíúåö ; æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ íõÌóÇÈõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ ãöäú ÌöåóÊóíúäö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: åöíó ßóæúäõåõ ãõÑúÓóáðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÎóÇáöÏó Èúäó ÏõÑóíúßò áóãú íóÓúãóÚú ãöäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóÇÊöãò ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» .
ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäøó Ýöí ÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÈóÔöíÑò ÇáúÃóÒúÏöíøõ ãóæúáóÇåõãú¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö Ýöí «ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö» : ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ãóÑúÏõæÏñ ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Úõãõæãö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö¡ æóãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÞõÏøöÑó ËõÈõæÊõåõ ÞóÏú íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö.
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æóÇØøöáóÇÚõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ æóÖöíÆóÉñ ÍóÓúäóÇÁõ áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáÓøõÝõæÑó ÞóÕúÏðÇ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÑóÃóì æóÌúåóåóÇ¡ æóÚóÑóÝó ÍõÓúäóåõ ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÇäúßöÔóÇÝö ÎöãóÇÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóÕúÏò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÂåóÇ ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó æóÚóÑóÝó ÍõÓúäóåóÇ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: Þóæúáõåõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ æóÖöíÆóÉñ¡ æóÊóÑúÊöíÈõåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö Þóæúáóåõ: ÝóØóÝöÞó ÇáúÝóÖúáõ íóäúÙõÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ: æóÃóÚúÌóÈóåõ ÍõÓúäõåóÇ¡ Ýöíåö ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÑóì æóÌúåóåóÇ¡ æóíóäúÙõÑõ Åöáóíúåö áöÅöÚúÌóÇÈöåö ÈöÍõÓúäöåö.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäó áóÇ ÊóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇÓúÊöáúÒóÇãðÇ¡ áóÇ íóäúÝóßøõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ßóÇÔöÝóÉð¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÑóÂåóÇ ßóÐóáößó¡ æóÃóÞóÑøóåóǺ áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÌóãóÇáó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÞóÏú íõÚúÑóÝõ æóíõäúÙóÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ áöÌóãóÇáöåóÇ æóåöíó ãõÎúÊóãöÑóÉñ¡ æóÐóáößó áöÍõÓúäö ÞóÏøöåóÇ æóÞóæóÇãöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊõÚúÑóÝõ æóÖóÇÁóÊõåóÇ æóÍõÓúäõåóÇ ãöäú ÑõÄúíóÉö ÈóäóÇäöåóÇ ÝóÞóØú¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ. æóáöÐóáößó ÝóÓøóÑó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò: æóáóÇ íõÈúÏöíäó ÒöíäóÊóåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ [24 \ 31] ¡ ÈöÇáúãõáóÇÁóÉö ÝóæúÞó ÇáËøöíóÇÈö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó. æóãöãøóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍõÓúäó íõÚúÑóÝõ ãöäú ÊóÍúÊö ÇáËøöíóÇÈö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ØóÇÝóÊú ÃõãóÇãóÉõ ÈöÇáÑøõßúÈóÇäö ÂæöäóÉð ... íóÇ ÍõÓúäóåóÇ ãöäú ÞóæóÇãò ãóÇ æóãõäúÊóÞöÈóÇ
ÝóÞóÏú ÈóÇáóÛó Ýöí ÍõÓúäö ÞóæóÇãöåóÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉó ßóæúäõåõ ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ ÈöÇáËøöíóÇÈö áóÇ ãõäúßóÔöÝðÇ.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ãõÍúÑöãóÉñ æóÅöÍúÑóÇãõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Ýöí æóÌúåöåóÇ æóßóÝøóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåóÇ ßóÔúÝõ æóÌúåöåóÇ Åöäú áóãú íóßõäú åõäóÇßó ÑöÌóÇáñ ÃóÌóÇäöÈõ íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÚóáóíúåóÇ ÓóÊúÑóåõ ãöäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Úóäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÛóíúÑöåöäøó¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú ÃóÍóÏñ Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ÇáúÎóËúÚóãöíøóÉó äóÙóÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö Èúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ¡ æóÇáúÝóÖúáõ ãóäóÚóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÈöÐóáößó íõÚúáóãõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÍúÑöãóÉñ áóãú íóäúÙõÑú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ÝóßóÔúÝõåóÇ Úóäú æóÌúåöåóÇ ÅÐðÇ áöÅöÍúÑóÇãöåóÇ áóÇ áöÌóæóÇÒö ÇáÓøõÝõæÑö.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ßóæúäõåóÇ ãóÚó ÇáúÍõÌøóÇÌö ãóÙöäøóÉõ Ãóäú íóäúÙõÑó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ æóÌúåóåóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÓóÇÝöÑóÉð ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÛóÇáöÈó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ÇáÓøóÇÝöÑóÉó æóÓóØó ÇáúÍóÌöíÌö¡ áóÇ ÊóÎúáõæ ãöãøóäú íóäúÙõÑõ Åöáóì æóÌúåöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÛóÇáöÈó Úóáóì ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáúæóÑóÚõ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ÚóÞúáðÇ æóáóÇ ÔóÑúÚðÇ æóáóÇ ÚóÇÏóÉð¡ ãöäú ßóæúäöåóÇ áóãú íóäúÙõÑú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóáóæú äóÙóÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ áóÍõßöíó ßóãóÇ Íõßöíó äóÙóÑõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóíõÝúåóãõ ãóäú ÕóÑúÝö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈóÕóÑó ÇáúÝóÖúáö ÚóäúåóÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÓóÈöíáó Åöáóì ÊóÑúßö(6/255)
ÇáúÃóÌóÇäöÈö íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÇÈøóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÓóÇÝöÑóÉñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ íóáúÒóãõåóÇ ÍóÌúÈõ ÌóãöíÚö ÈóÏóäöåóÇ Úóäúåõãú.
æóÈöÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõäúÕöÝó íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ íóÈúÚõÏõ ßõáøó ÇáúÈõÚúÏö Ãóäú íóÃúÐóäó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ áöáäøöÓóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúßóÔúÝö Úóäö ÇáúæóÌúåö ÃóãóÇãó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ÇáúÃóÌóÇäöÈö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÌúåó åõæó ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÌóãóÇáö¡ æóÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇÈøóÉö ÇáúÌóãöíáóÉö åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãõËöíÑò áöáúÛóÑöíÒóÉö ÇáúÈóÔóÑöíøóÉö æóÏóÇÚò Åöáóì ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö¡ æóÇáúæõÞõæÚö ÝöíãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí¡ Ãóáóãú ÊóÓúãóÚú ÈóÚúÖóåõãú íóÞõæáõ:
ÞõáúÊõ ÇÓúãóÍõæÇ áöí Ãóäú ÃóÝõæÒó ÈöäóÙúÑóÉò ... æóÏóÚõæÇ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉó ÈóÚúÏó ÐóÇßó ÊóÞõæãõ
ÃóÊóÑúÖóì ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ãóäú ÊóÓúãóÍó áóåõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáäøóÙúÑóÉö Åöáóì äöÓóÇÆößó æóÈóäóÇÊößó æóÃóÎóæóÇÊößó¡ æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÏóÞó ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
æóãóÇ ÚóÌóÈñ Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó ÊóÑóÌøóáóÊú ... æóáóßöäøó ÊóÃúäöíËó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ÚõÌóÇÈõ
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóÚúäöí ÂíóÉó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö åóÐöåö
ÇÚúáóãú: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áöáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøö Ãóäú íõÕóÇÝöÍó ÇãúÑóÃóÉð ÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉð ãöäúåõ.
æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ Ãóäú íóãóÓøó ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú ÈóÏóäöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÈóÏóäöåóÇ.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃõãõæÑñ:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ËóÈóÊó Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøöí áóÇ ÃõÕóÇÝöÍõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó» ¡ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóÇááøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ [33 \ 21] ¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõäóÇ ÃóáøóÇ äõÕóÇÝöÍó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó ÇÞúÊöÏóÇÁð Èöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ãõæóÖøóÍñ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Çáäøóåúíö Úóäú áõÈúÓö ÇáúãõÚóÕúÝóÑö ãõØúáóÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö æóÛóíúÑöåö áöáÑøöÌóÇáö. æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» ¡ Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö åóÐöåö.
æóßóæúäõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóÇ íõÕóÇÝöÍõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó æóÞúÊó ÇáúÈóíúÚóÉö Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌõáó áóÇ íõÕóÇÝöÍõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó¡ æóáóÇ íóãóÓøõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú ÈóÏóäöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÈóÏóäöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÎóÝøó ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇááøóãúÓö ÇáúãõÕóÇÝóÍóÉõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇãúÊóäóÚó ãöäúåóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöíåóÇ æóåõæó æóÞúÊõ ÇáúãõÈóÇíóÚóÉö¡ Ïóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ¡ æóáóíúÓó áöÃóÍóÏò ãõÎóÇáóÝóÊõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚõ áöÃõãøóÊöåö ÈöÃóÞúæóÇáöåö æóÃóÝúÚóÇáöåö æóÊóÞúÑöíÑöåö.(6/256)
Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÚóäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÃóÚóÏøó áóåõãú ÓóÚöíÑðÇ (64)
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ ÚóæúÑóÉñ íóÌöÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÍúÊóÌöÈó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãóÑó ÈöÛóÖøö ÇáúÈóÕóÑö ÎóæúÝó ÇáúæõÞõæÚö Ýöí ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ãóÓøó ÇáúÈóÏóäö áöáúÈóÏóäö¡ ÃóÞúæóì Ýöí ÅöËóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÛóÑöíÒóÉö¡ æóÃóÞúæóì ÏóÇÚöíðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö ãöäó ÇáäøóÙóÑö ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóßõáøõ ãõäúÕöÝò íóÚúáóãõ ÕöÍøóÉó Ðóáößó.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÐóÑöíÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáÊøóáóÐøõÐö ÈöÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉö¡ áöÞöáøóÉö ÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÒøóãóÇäö æóÖóíóÇÚö ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóæóÑøõÚö Úóäö ÇáÑøöíÈóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃõÎúÈöÑúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö ãöäó ÇáúÚóæóÇãøö¡ íõÞóÈøöáõ ÃõÎúÊó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ÈöæóÖúÚö ÇáúÝóãö Úóáóì ÇáúÝóãö æóíõÓóãøõæäó Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóÞúÈöíáó ÇáúÍóÑóÇãó ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÓóáóÇãðÇ¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõæäó: Óóáøóãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ íóÚúäõæäó: ÞóÈøóáóåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÈóÇÚõÏõ Úóäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÝöÊóäö æóÇáÑøóíúÈö æóÃóÓúÈóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóãöäú ÃóßúÈóÑöåóÇ áóãúÓõ ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÈóÏóäö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáÐøóÑöíÚóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö íóÌöÈõ ÓóÏøõåóÇ ; ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÞóæúáö ÕóÇÍöÈö «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» :
ÓóÏøõ ÇáÐøóÑóÇÆöÚö Åöáóì ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö ... ÍóÊúãñ ßóÝóÊúÍöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãõäúÍóÊöãö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõßó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Úóäö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÚöáúãõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö. ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áöáäøóÇÓö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÃóáõæäóåõ Úóäö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÚöáúãõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÍóÕúÑò.
ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ÌóÇÁó æóÇÖöÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÚöäúÏóåõ Úöáúãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóíõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúÛóíúËó ÇáúÂíóÉó [31 \ 34] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóãúÓó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÚöäúÏóåõ Úöáúãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ åöíó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó [6 \ 59] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇäó ãõÑúÓóÇåóÇ Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÚöáúãõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöí áóÇ íõÌóáøöíåóÇ áöæóÞúÊöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ËóÞõáóÊú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÛúÊóÉð íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó ßóÃóäøóßó ÍóÝöíøñ ÚóäúåóÇ Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÚöáúãõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [7 \ 187] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇäó ãõÑúÓóÇåóÇ Ýöíãó ÃóäúÊó ãöäú ÐößúÑóÇåóÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ãõäúÊóåóÇåóÇ [79 \ 42 - 44] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(6/257)
ÅöäøóÇ ÚóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÃóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÍúãöáúäóåóÇ æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ ÌóåõæáðÇ (72)
Åöáóíúåö íõÑóÏøõ Úöáúãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 47] ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ãóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÆõæáõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÃóÚúáóãó ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÆöáö» . Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó Êóßõæäõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ áóÚóáøóåóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑó äóÍúæóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» : æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÑöíÈñ [42 \ 17] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈóåóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [54 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇÞúÊóÑóÈó áöáäøóÇÓö ÍöÓóÇÈõåõãú æóåõãú Ýöí ÛóÝúáóÉò ãõÚúÑöÖõæäó [21 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÊóì ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 1] .
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÚóäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÃóÚóÏøó áóåõãú ÓóÚöíÑðÇ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áóÚúäðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ. ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áóåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÚóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÃóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÍúãöáúäóåóÇ æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ ÌóåõæáðÇ
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÑóÖó ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó¡ æóåöíó ÇáÊøóßóÇáöíÝõ ãóÚó ãóÇ íóÊúÈóÚõåóÇ ãöäú ËóæóÇÈò æóÚöÞóÇÈò Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ æóÃóäøóåõäøó ÃóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÍúãöáúäóåóÇ æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÎöÝúäó ãöäú ÚóæóÇÞöÈö ÍóãúáöåóÇ Ãóäú íóäúÔóÃó áóåõäøó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÚóÐóÇÈõ Çááøóåö æóÓõÎúØõåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÅöÈóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáúÅöÔúÝóÇÞõ ßõáøõåõ ÍóÞøñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ áöáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÅöÏúÑóÇßðÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ åõæó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóäóÍúäõ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõåõ¡ æóÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÃóÏúÑóßóÊú ÚóÑúÖó ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÃóÈóÊú æóÃóÔúÝóÞóÊú¡ Ãóíú: ÎóÇÝóÊú.
æóãóËóáõ åóÐóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ æóÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö: æóÅöäøó ãöäúåóÇ áóãóÇ íóåúÈöØõ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö [2 \ 74] ¡ ÝóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö ãóÇ íóåúÈöØõ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÎóÔúíóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí äóÓóÈóåóÇ Çááøóåõ áöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßò íóÚúáóãõåõ åõæó ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóãóäú Ýöíåöäøó æóÅöäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ íõÓóÈøöÍõ ÈöÍóãúÏöåö æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÊóÝúÞóåõæäó ÊóÓúÈöíÍóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 44] ¡(6/258)
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÎøóÑúäóÇ ãóÚó ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó íõÓóÈøöÍúäó [21 \ 79] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÞöÕøóÉõ Íóäöíäö ÇáúÌöÐúÚö¡ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó íóÎúØõÈõ Úóáóíúåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãøóÇ ÇäúÊóÞóáó ÈöÇáúÎõØúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóÛóíúÑöåö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøöí áöÃóÚúÑöÝõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ ßóÇäó íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóíøó Ýöí ãóßøóÉó» ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ. Ýóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßò íóÚúáóãõåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóäóÍúäõ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõåõ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÊóÝúÞóåõæäó ÊóÓúÈöíÍóåõãú [17 \ 44] ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÊóÓúÈöíÍö ÇáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö ÏóáóÇáóÊóåóÇ Úóáóì ÎóÇáöÞöåóÇ áóßõäøóÇ äóÝóÞóåõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ ÌóåõæáðÇ¡ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÂÏóãõ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ ÌóåõæáðÇ¡ ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöáóÝúÙö: ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ¡ ãõÌóÑøóÏðÇ Úóäú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäúåõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÂÏóãõ.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøóåõ Ãóíö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÍúÝóÙõ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ ÌóåõæáðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ßóËöíÑó ÇáÙøõáúãö æóÇáúÌóåúáö¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑóÇäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÇäúÞöÓóÇãö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí Íóãúáö ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Åöáóì ãõÚóÐøóÈò æóãóÑúÍõæãò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ãõÊøóÕöáðÇ Èöåö: áöíõÚóÐøöÈó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞóÇÊö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóÇáúãõÔúÑößóÇÊö æóíóÊõæÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑðÇ ÑóÍöíãðÇ [33 \ 73] ¡ ÝóÏóáøó åóÐóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÙøóáõæãó ÇáúÌóåõæáó ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö åõæó ÇáúãõÚóÐøóÈõ¡ æóÇáúÚöíóÇÐõ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞõæäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞóÇÊõ¡ æóÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó æóÇáúãõÔúÑößóÇÊõ¡ Ïõæäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö. æóÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áöíõÚóÐøöÈó: áóÇãõ ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ æóåöíó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó - ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÑõÌõæÚõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Åöáóì ãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇááøóÝúÙö Ïõæäó ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáöíøö - ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÝöÚúáðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóãóÇ íõÚóãøóÑõ ãöäú ãõÚóãøóÑò æóáóÇ íõäúÞóÕõ ãöäú ÚõãõÑöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò [35 \ 11] ;(6/259)
áöÃóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íõäúÞóÕõ ãöäú ÚõãõÑöåö¡ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì áóÝúÙö ÇáúãõÚóãøóÑö Ïõæäó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáöíøö ; ßóãóÇ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÓöÑóÇÌðÇ æóÞóãóÑðÇ ãõäöíÑðÇ [25 \ 61] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó åöíó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÈöãóÓúÃóáóÉö: ÚöäúÏöí ÏöÑúåóãñ æóäöÕúÝõåõ¡ Ãóíú: äöÕúÝõ ÏöÑúåóãò ÂÎóÑó¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÈóÚúÖõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ ÌóåõæáðÇ¡ ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì ÂÏóãó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ áöäóÝúÓöåö ÌóåõæáðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÛöÑøðÇ ÈöÚóæóÇÞöÈö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö¡ æóãóÇ íóÊúÈóÚõ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó ãöäó ÇáÕøõÚõæÈóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(6/260)
íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ íóáöÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ íóäúÒöáõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóãóÇ íóÚúÑõÌõ ÝöíåóÇ æóåõæó ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ (2)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÓóÈóÃò
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãóÇ åõæó ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [1 \ 2] .
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ íóáöÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ íóäúÒöáõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóãóÇ íóÚúÑõÌõ ÝöíåóÇ æóåõæó ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ. Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ íóáöÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ ÝöíåóÇ ßóÇáúãóÇÁö ÇáäøóÇÒöáö ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÇáøóÐöí íóáöÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ; ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÓóáóßóåõ íóäóÇÈöíÚó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 21] .
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÈöÞóÏóÑò ÝóÃóÓúßóäøóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 18] ¡ Ýóåõæó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÚóÏóÏó ÇáúÞóØúÑö ÇáäøóÇÒöáö ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóßóíúÝó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ ãóäú ÎóáóÞóåõ: ÃóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóäú ÎóáóÞó æóåõæó ÇááøóØöíÝõ ÇáúÎóÈöíÑõ [67 \ 14] ¡ æóíóÚúáóãõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÇ íóáöÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÏúÝóäõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: ãöäúåóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú æóÝöíåóÇ äõÚöíÏõßõãú [20 \ 55] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Ãóáóãú äóÌúÚóáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ßöÝóÇÊðÇ ÃóÍúíóÇÁð æóÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ [77 \ 25 - 26] ¡ æóÇáúßöÝóÇÊõ ãöäó ÇáúßóÝúÊö: æóåõæó ÇáÖøóãøõ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÖõãøõåõãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁð Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ Ýöí ÈóØúäöåóÇ¡ æóíóÚúáóãõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÇ íóáöÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäó ÇáúÈóÐúÑö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÍóÈøóÉò Ýöí ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÑóØúÈò æóáóÇ íóÇÈöÓò ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò [6 \ 59] ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ Ýöí ÈóØúäöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäö¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóÇáäøóÈóÇÊö æóÇáúÍõÈõæÈö¡ æóÇáúãóÚóÇÏöäö¡ æóÇáúßõäõæÒö¡ æóÇáÏøóÝóÇÆöäö æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóíóÚúáóãõ æóãóÇ íóäúÒöáõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáúãóØóÑö¡ æóÇáËøóáúÌö¡ æóÇáúÈóÑóÏö¡ æóÇáÑøöÒúÞö æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó. æóãóÇ íóÚúÑõÌõ¡ Ãóíú: íóÕúÚóÏõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ßóÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö(6/261)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíäóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊóÃúÊöíóäøóßõãú ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäúåõ ãöËúÞóÇáõ ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑõ ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò (3)
ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö ; ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöáóíúåö íóÕúÚóÏõ Çáúßóáöãõ ÇáØøóíøöÈõ æóÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõ íóÑúÝóÚõåõ [35 \ 10] ¡ æóßóÃóÑúæóÇÍö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÚúÑõÌõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøõæÍõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [70 \ 4] .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ëõãøó íóÚúÑõÌõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí íóæúãò ßóÇäó ãöÞúÏóÇÑõåõ ÃóáúÝó ÓóäóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚõÏøõæäó [32 \ 5] ¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÌóãöíÚó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ íóáöÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ íóäúÒöáõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóãóÇ íóÚúÑõÌõ ÝöíåóÇ æóåõæó ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíäóÇ [57 \ 4] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÅöÍóÇØóÉö Úöáúãö Çááøóåö Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõãú íóËúäõæäó ÕõÏõæÑóåõãú áöíóÓúÊóÎúÝõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 5] ¡ æóÝöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíäóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊóÃúÊöíóäøóßõãú. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÃóäúßóÑõæÇ ÇáúÈóÚúËó¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíäóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÃóãóÑó äóÈöíøóåõ Ãóäú íõÞúÓöãó áóåõãú ÈöÑóÈøöåö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÓóæúÝó ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ãõÄóßøöÏðÇ Ðóáößó ÊóæúßöíÏðÇ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏðÇ.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áöáúÈóÚúËö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÞúÓóãõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÌóåúÏó ÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú áóÇ íóÈúÚóËõ Çááøóåõ ãóäú íóãõæÊõ [16 \ 38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóäú íõÍúíöí ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó æóåöíó Ñóãöíãñ [36 \ 78] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóÆöÐóÇ ãóÇ ãöÊøõ áóÓóæúÝó ÃõÎúÑóÌõ ÍóíøðÇ [19 \ 66] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãóÈúÚõæËöíäó [6 \ 29] ¡ æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãõäúÔóÑöíäó [44 \ 66] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÃóãóÑó äóÈöíøóåõ ÈöÇáúÅöÞúÓóÇãö áóåõãú Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íõÈúÚóËõæäó¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: åóÐöåö ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáËøóáóÇËö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÑóÇÈöÚóÉó áóåõäøó¡ ãöãøóÇ ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ ÑóÓõæáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íõÞúÓöãó ÈöÑóÈøöåö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö Úóáóì æõÞõæÚö ÇáúãóÚóÇÏö¡ áóãøóÇ ÃóäúßóÑóåõ ãóäú ÃóäúßóÑóåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúÚöäóÇÏö¡ ÝóÅöÍúÏóÇåõäøó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì:(6/262)
æóíóÓúÊóäúÈöÆõæäóßó ÃóÍóÞøñ åõæó Þõáú Åöí æóÑóÈøöí Åöäøóåõ áóÍóÞøñ æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÈöãõÚúÌöÒöíäó [10 \ 53] ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ åóÐöåö: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíäóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊóÃúÊöíóäøóßõãú¡ æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÊøóÛóÇÈõäö» ¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÒóÚóãó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú áóäú íõÈúÚóËõæÇ Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊõÈúÚóËõäøó Ëõãøó áóÊõäóÈøóÄõäøó ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáúÊõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [64 \ 7] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäó ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ æóÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáúÈóÚúËó¡ æóãóÇ ÃóÚóÏøó Çááøóåõ áöãõäúßöÑöí ÇáúÈóÚúËö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Ýöí «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöãóäú ßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÓóÚöíÑðÇ [25 \ 11] ¡ æóÝöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó. æóÞóæúáõåõ: Þõáú Èóáóì áóÝúÙóÉõ: Èóáóì ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚóÇäöíóåóÇ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÈöÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóáúÞóæõÇ ÇáÓøóáóãó ãóÇ ßõäøóÇ äóÚúãóáõ ãöäú ÓõæÁò Èóáóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 28] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäúåõ ãöËúÞóÇáõ ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑõ ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò. ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäúåõ ãöËúÞóÇáõ ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑõ ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ Êóßõæäõ Ýöí ÔóÃúäò æóãóÇ ÊóÊúáõæ ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÞõÑúÂäò æóáóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ãöäú Úóãóáò ÅöáøóÇ ßõäøóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÔõåõæÏðÇ ÅöÐú ÊõÝöíÖõæäó Ýöíåö æóãóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäú ÑóÈøößó ãöäú ãöËúÞóÇáö ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò [10 \ 61] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö æóãóÇ ÊóÓúÞõØõ ãöäú æóÑóÞóÉò ÅöáøóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ æóáóÇ ÍóÈøóÉò Ýöí ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÑóØúÈò æóáóÇ íóÇÈöÓò ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò [6 \ 59] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇåóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÛöíÈõ Úóäúåõ ãöËúÞóÇáõ ÐóÑøóÉò¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ßóÚúÈö Èúäö ÓóÚúÏò ÇáúÛóäóæöíøö:
ÃóÎöí ßóÇäó ÃóãøóÇ Íöáúãõåõ ÝóãõÑóæøöÍñ ... Úóáóíúåö æóÃóãøóÇ Ìóåúáõåõ ÝóÚóÒöíÈõ(6/263)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ åóáú äóÏõáøõßõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò íõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÅöÐóÇ ãõÒøöÞúÊõãú ßõáøó ãõãóÒøóÞò Åöäøóßõãú áóÝöí ÎóáúÞò ÌóÏöíÏò (7) ÃóÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ Ãóãú Èöåö ÌöäøóÉñ Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö ÇáúÈóÚöíÏö (8)
íóÚúäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóåúáó ÛóÇÆöÈñ Úóäúåõ áóíúÓó ãõÊøóÕöÝðÇ Èöåö. æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò: ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö¡ ÈöÃóáöÝò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚóíúäö æóÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÇááøóÇãö ÇáúãóßúÓõæÑóÉö¡ æóÖóãøö Çáúãöíãö Úóáóì æóÒúäö ÝóÇÚöáò. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ: ÚóáøóÇãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö¡ ÈöÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇááøóÇãö æóÃóáúÝò ÈóÚúÏó ÇááøóÇãö ÇáúãõÔóÏøóÏóÉö æóÎóÝúÖö Çáúãöíãö Úóáóì æóÒúäö ÝóÚøóÇáò. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÚóÇÕöãñ: ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö ; ßóÞöÑóÇÁóÉö äóÇÝöÚò æóÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú íóÎúÝöÖõæäó Çáúãöíãó. æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö äóÇÝöÚò æóÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò ÈöÖóãøö Çáúãöíãö¡ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÈúÊóÏóÃñ ÎóÈóÑõåõ ÌõãúáóÉõ: áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäúåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ Ãóæú ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÃò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ Ãóíú: åõæó ÚóÇáóãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö.
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ æóÚóÇÕöãò: ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö¡ ÈöÎóÝúÖö Çáúãöíãö Ýóåõæó äóÚúÊñ áöÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÈøöí¡ Ãóíú: Þõáú: Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí ÚóÇáóãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö áöÊóÃúÊöíäøóßõãú¡ æóßóÐóáößó Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö: ÚóáøóÇãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö. æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö: áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäúåõ¡ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÒøóÇíö ãöäú íóÚúÒõÈõ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÒøóÇíö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÚóæúÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ãõÚóÇÌöÒöíäó ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãöäú ÑöÌúÒò Ãóáöíãñ. áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ äóæúÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÌøö» : æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÚóæúÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ãõÚóÇÌöÒöíäó ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóÍöíãö [22 \ 51] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãõÚóÇÌöÒöíäó¡ Ãóíú: ãõÛóÇáöÈöíäó æóãõÓóÇÈöÞöíäó¡ íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÚúÌöÒõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÈóÚúËöåöãú æóÚóÐóÇÈöåöãú. æóÇáÑøöÌúÒõ: ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ÑöÌúÒðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 59] ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ: ãõÚóÌøöÒöíäó¡ ÈöáóÇ ÃóáöÝò ÈóÚúÏö ÇáúÚóíúäö ãóÚó ÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáúÌöíãö ÇáúãóßúÓõæÑóÉö. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÃóáöÝò ÈóÚúÏö ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÇáúÌöíãö¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö Ãóäøóåõãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÚúÌöÒõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÈóÚúËöåöãú æóÚöÞóÇÈöåöãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì ãõÚóÌøöÒöíäó ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö¡ Ãóíú: ãõËóÈøöØöíäó ÇáäøóÇÓó Úóäö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö. æóÞóÑóÃó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÍóÝóÕñ: ãöäú ÑöÌúÒò Ãóáöíãñ¡ ÈöÖóãøö Çáúãöíãö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: Ãóáöíãñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ äóÚúÊñ ; áöÞóæúáöåö: ÚóÐóÇÈñ æóÞóÑóÃó ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó: Ãóáöíãò ÈöÇáúÎóÝúÖö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ äóÚúÊñ áöÞóæúáöåö: ÑöÌúÒò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ åóáú äóÏõáøõßõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò íõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÅöÐóÇ ãõÒøöÞúÊõãú ßõáøó ãõãóÒøóÞò Åöäøóßõãú áóÝöí ÎóáúÞò ÌóÏöíÏò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö ÇáúÈóÚöíÏö.(6/264)
ÃóÝóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Åöäú äóÔóÃú äóÎúÓöÝú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ãóæú äõÓúÞöØú Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð áößõáøö ÚóÈúÏò ãõäöíÈò (9)
ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÊóßúÐöíÈö Çááøóåö áóåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÞõÏøöãó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» æó «ÇáäøóÍúáö» æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÅöÐóÇ ãõÒøöÞúÊõãú ßõáøó ãõãóÒøóÞò¡ Ãóíú: ÊóãóÒøóÞóÊú ÃóÌúÓóÇÏõßõãú æóÊóÝóÑøóÞóÊú æóÈóáöíóÊú ÚöÙóÇãõßõãú¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóØóÊú ÈöÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÊóáóÇÔóÊú ÝöíåóÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõ Úóäúåõãú: Åöäøóßõãú áóÝöí ÎóáúÞò ÌóÏöíÏò¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÈóÚúËõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóåõæó ãóÕóÈøõ ÅöäúßóÇÑöåöãú ÞóÈøóÍóåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóåõæó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊóáóÇÔóì Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÃóÌúÓóÇÏöåöãú æóÚöÙóÇãöåöãú ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÚóáöãúäóÇ ãóÇ ÊóäúÞõÕõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãöäúåõãú æóÚöäúÏóäóÇ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÍóÝöíÙñ [50 \ 4] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö. ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÊóæúÈöíÎö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÊóÞúÑöíÚöåöãú Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÊóÝóßøõÑöåöãú æóäóÙóÑöåöãú Åöáóì ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú¡ æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ áöíóÓúÊóÏöáøõæÇ ÈöÐóáößó Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóäúÙõÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóæúÞóåõãú ßóíúÝó ÈóäóíúäóÇåóÇ æóÒóíøóäøóÇåóÇ æóãóÇ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÝõÑõæÌò æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóÏóÏúäóÇåóÇ æóÃóáúÞóíúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó æóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÒóæúÌò ÈóåöíÌò ÊóÈúÕöÑóÉð æóÐößúÑóì áößõáøö ÚóÈúÏò ãõäöíÈò [50 \ 6 - 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóäúÙõÑõæÇ Ýöí ãóáóßõæÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò æóÃóäú ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÞóÏö ÇÞúÊóÑóÈó ÃóÌóáõåõãú [7 \ 185] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÂíóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóãõÑøõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóåõãú ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÚúÑöÖõæäó [12 \ 105] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Èúäõ ÍõãóíúÏò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑúäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö¡ Úóäú ãóÚúãóÑò Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó: ÃóÝóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö [34 \ 9] ¡ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóßó Åöäú äóÙóÑúÊó Úóäú íóãöíäößó¡ Ãóæú Úóäú ÔöãóÇáößó¡ Ãóæú ãöäú Èóíúäö íóÏóíúßó¡ Ãóæú ãóäú ÎóáúÝößó¡ ÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó äóÔóÃú äóÎúÓöÝú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ãóæú äõÓúÞöØú Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó ÎóÓóÝó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÎóÓóÝóåóÇ Èöåöãú áöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì Ðóáößó.(6/265)
æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ÏóÇæõæÏó ãöäøóÇ ÝóÖúáðÇ íóÇ ÌöÈóÇáõ ÃóæøöÈöí ãóÚóåõ æóÇáØøóíúÑó æóÃóáóäøóÇ áóåõ ÇáúÍóÏöíÏó (10) Ãóäö ÇÚúãóáú ÓóÇÈöÛóÇÊò æóÞóÏøöÑú Ýöí ÇáÓøóÑúÏö æóÇÚúãóáõæÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ Åöäøöí ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÈóÕöíÑñ (11)
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Ãóäú íõÓúÞöØó Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ áöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóíúåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÔóÇÁó Ãóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóÝóÚóáó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èößõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÊóãõæÑõ [67 \ 16] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÃóãöäúÊõãú Ãóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èößõãú ÌóÇäöÈó ÇáúÈóÑøö ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 68] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ãóäøó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ áóÎóÓóÝó ÈöäóÇ [28 \ 82] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : Ãóæú ãöäú ÊóÍúÊö ÃóÑúÌõáößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 65] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: Ãóæú äõÓúÞöØú Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: Ãóæú ÊõÓúÞöØó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ßóãóÇ ÒóÚóãúÊó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ßöÓóÝðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 92] . æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ: Åöäú äóÔóÃú äóÎúÓöÝú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ãóæú äõÓúÞöØú Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈöÇáúíóÇÁö ÇáúãõËóäøóÇÉö ÇáÊøóÍúÊöíøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ ÃóÚúäöí: íóÔóÃú¡ æóíóÎúÓöÝú¡ æóíõÓúÞöØú ; æóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÝóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÖóãöíÑñ íóÚõæÏõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ãóíú: Åöäú íóÔóÃú åõæó¡ Ãóíö: Çááøóåõ¡ íóÎúÓöÝú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÇáäøõæäö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ Ãóíú: Åöäú äóÔóÃó äóÍúäõ. . ÅöáóÎú¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò: ßöÓóÝðÇ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÓøöíäö¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÓõßõæäöåóÇ æóÇáúßöÓóÝõ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÓøöíäö ÇáúÞöØóÚõ¡ æóÇáúßöÓúÝõ ÈöÓõßõæäö ÇáÓøöíäö æóÇÍöÏõåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ÏóÇæõÏó ãöäøóÇ ÝóÖúáðÇ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÂÊóì ÏóÇæõÏó ãöäúåõ ÝóÖúáðÇ ÊóÝóÖøóáó Èöåö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÖúáó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÝóÖøóáó Èöåö Úóáóì ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÊóáó ÏóÇæõÏõ ÌóÇáõæÊó æóÂÊóÇåõ Çááøóåõ Çáúãõáúßó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÚóáøóãóåõ ãöãøóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ [2 \ 251] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÔóÏóÏúäóÇ ãõáúßóåõ æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÝóÕúáó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö [38 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóåóÈúäóÇ áöÏóÇæõÏó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó äöÚúãó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Åöäøóåõ ÃóæøóÇÈñ [38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÛóÝóÑúäóÇ áóåõ Ðóáößó æóÅöäøó áóåõ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ áóÒõáúÝóì æóÍõÓúäó ãóÂÈò [38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÏóÇæõÏõ ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇßó ÎóáöíÝóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [38 \ 26] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÚöáúãðÇ æóÞóÇáóÇ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÖøóáóäóÇ Úóáóì ßóËöíÑò ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [27 \ 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÝóÖøóáúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò æóÂÊóíúäóÇ ÏóÇæõÏó ÒóÈõæÑðÇ [17 \ 55] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(6/266)
æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÓõáúØóÇäò ÅöáøóÇ áöäóÚúáóãó ãóäú íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãöãøóäú åõæó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí Ôóßøò æóÑóÈøõßó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÍóÝöíÙñ (21)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÌöÈóÇáõ ÃóæøöÈöí ãóÚóåõ æóÇáØøóíúÑó.
ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ãóÚó ÅöíÖóÇÍö ãóÚúäóì ÃóæøöÈöí ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÎøóÑúäóÇ ãóÚó ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó íõÓóÈøöÍúäó æóÇáØøóíúÑó æóßõäøóÇ ÝóÇÚöáöíäó [21 \ 79] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóáóäøóÇ áóåõ ÇáúÍóÏöíÏó Ãóäö ÇÚúãóáú ÓóÇÈöÛóÇÊò æóÞóÏøöÑú Ýöí ÇáÓøóÑúÏö.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö¡ æóÊóÝúÓöíÑõ Þóæúáöåö: æóÞóÏøöÑú Ýöí ÇáÓøóÑúÏö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóáøóãúäóÇåõ ÕóäúÚóÉó áóÈõæÓò áóßõãú [21 \ 80] . æóÝöí «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÑóÇÈöíáó ÊóÞöíßõãú ÈóÃúÓóßõãú [16 \ 81] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáÑøöíÍó ÛõÏõæøõåóÇ ÔóåúÑñ æóÑóæóÇÍõåóÇ ÔóåúÑñ.
ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍñ áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóáöÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáÑøöíÍó ÚóÇÕöÝóÉð ÊóÌúÑöí ÈöÃóãúÑöåö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 81] ¡ ãóÚó ÇáúÃóÌúæöÈóÉö Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÓúÆöáóÉö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ãóäú íóÚúãóáõ Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö ÈöÅöÐúäö ÑóÈøöåö¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõÏõæÑò ÑóÇÓöíóÇÊò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö ãóäú íóÛõæÕõæäó áóåõ æóíóÚúãóáõæäó ÚóãóáðÇ Ïõæäó Ðóáößó æóßõäøóÇ áóåõãú ÍóÇÝöÙöíäó [21 \ 82] .
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÏøóÞó Úóáóíúåöãú ÅöÈúáöíÓõ Ùóäøóåõ ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõ: áóÃõÒóíøöäóäøó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÃõÛúæöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [15 \ 39] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ ÃóßúËóÑóåõãú ÔóÇßöÑöíäó [7 \ 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÏøóÞó¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÈöÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáÏøóÇáøö¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÓõáúØóÇäò ÅöáøóÇ áöäóÚúáóãó ãóäú íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó.(6/267)
Þõáú áóÇ ÊõÓúÃóáõæäó ÚóãøóÇ ÃóÌúÑóãúäóÇ æóáóÇ äõÓúÃóáõ ÚóãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó (25)
ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóßó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúãõÎúáóÕöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [15 \ 40] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Þõáö ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ãöËõÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÝóáóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ßóÔúÝó ÇáÖøõÑøö Úóäúßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÍúæöíáðÇ [17 \ 56] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ áöãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ ãöäúåóÇ ÔóÝóÇÚóÉñ [2 \ 48] .
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Þõáú ãóäú íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Þõáö Çááøóåõ. ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ äóÈöíøóåõ ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö: ãóäú íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ Ãóíú: íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúãóØóÑö ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÅöäúÈóÇÊö ÇáÒøõÑõæÚö æóÇáËøöãóÇÑö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó. Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑóåõ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: Çááøóåõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö åõæó Çááøóåõ¡ æóÃóãúÑõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÃóäú íõÌöíÈó ÈöÃóäøó ÑóÇÒöÞóåõãú åõæó Çááøóåõ íõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõÞöÑøõæäó ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãóÍóáøó äöÒóÇÚò.
æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóäú íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãøóäú íóãúáößõ ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑó æóãóäú íõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúÍóíøó ãöäó ÇáúãóíøöÊö æóíõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúãóíøöÊó ãöäó ÇáúÍóíøö¡ æóÅöÞúÑóÇÑõåõãú ÈöÑõÈõæÈöíøóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íõáúÒöãõåõ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÐóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉö áöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] .(6/268)
Þõáú ÃóÑõæäöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóáúÍóÞúÊõãú Èöåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ßóáøóÇ Èóáú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ (27)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóÇ ÊõÓúÃóáõæäó ÚóãøóÇ ÃóÌúÑóãúäóÇ æóáóÇ äõÓúÃóáõ ÚóãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó. ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö: Åöäøóåõãú æóÅöíøóÇåõãú áóíúÓó ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäúåõãú ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ ÚóãøóÇ íóÚúãóáõåõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ¡ Èóáú ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãú ãõÄóÇÎóÐñ ÈöÚóãóáöåö¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÈóÑöíÁñ ãöäúåõ.
æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ßóÐøóÈõæßó ÝóÞõáú áöí Úóãóáöí æóáóßõãú Úóãóáõßõãú ÃóäúÊõãú ÈóÑöíÆõæäó ãöãøóÇ ÃóÚúãóáõ æóÃóäóÇ ÈóÑöíÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [10 \ 41] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áóßõãú Ïöíäõßõãú æóáöíó Ïöíäö [109 \ 1 - 6] ¡ æóÝöí ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Êöáúßó ÃõãøóÉñ ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú áóåóÇ ãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú æóáóßõãú ãóÇ ßóÓóÈúÊõãú æóáóÇ ÊõÓúÃóáõæäó ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [2 \ 141] ; æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö åõæÏò Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: ÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÃõÔúåöÏõ Çááøóåó æóÇÔúåóÏõæÇ Ãóäøöí ÈóÑöíÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÝóßöíÏõæäöí ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ëõãøó áóÇ ÊõäúÙöÑõæäöí [11 \ 54 - 55] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑõæäöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóáúÍóÞúÊõãú Èöåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ßóáøóÇ Èóáú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ. ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áöÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö: ÃóÑõæäöí ÃóæúËóÇäóßõãõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóáúÍóÞúÊõãõæåóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó áóåõ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö ßõÝúÑðÇ ãöäúßõãú¡ æóÔöÑúßðÇ æóÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁð¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóÑõæäöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóáúÍóÞúÊõãú Èöåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú Åöäú ÃóÑóæúåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó ÈöÑõÄúíóÊöåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÌóãóÇÏñ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõ¡ æóÇÊøóÖóÍó ÈõÚúÏõåóÇ Úóäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÙóåóÑó áößõáøö ÚóÇÞöáò ÈöÑõÄúíóÊöåóÇ ÈõØúáóÇäõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõ¡ ÝóÅöÍúÖóÇÑõåóÇ æóÇáúßóáóÇãõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ãõÔóÇåóÏóÉñ ÃóÈúáóÛõ ãöäó ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÝöíåóÇ ÛóÇÆöÈóÉð¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÚúÑöÝõåóÇ¡ æóßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóãóÑóåõãú Ãóäú íõÑõæåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ áöíóÊóÈóíøóäó ÈöÐóáößó ÈõØúáóÇäõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑóåõãú Ýöí ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäú íõÓóãøõæåóÇ ÈöÃóÓúãóÇÆöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÊóÓúãöíóÊóåóÇ ÈöÃóÓúãóÇÆöåóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ÈöåóÇ ÈõÚúÏõåóÇ Úóäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö¡ æóÈõØúáóÇäõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåóÇ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÅöäóÇËò ÍóÞöíÑóÉò ßóÇááøóÇÊö æóÇáúÚõÒøóì¡ æóãóäóÇÉó ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÅöäóÇËðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 117] ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó Þõáú Óóãøõæåõãú Ãóãú ÊõäóÈøöÆõæäóåõ ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú ÈöÙóÇåöÑò ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö Èóáú Òõíøöäó áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãóßúÑõåõãú æóÕõÏøõæÇ Úóäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóãóäú íõÖúáöáö Çááøóåõ ÝóãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú åóÇÏò [13 \ 33] .
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÑõæäöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóáúÍóÞúÊõãú Èöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉó ÈóÕóÑöíøóÉñ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ÍóÇáñ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÑóÃóì(6/269)
æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇÝøóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö ÈóÔöíÑðÇ æóäóÐöíÑðÇ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó (28)
ÇáúÚöáúãöíøóÉö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýó ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ãóÝúÚõæáñ ËóÇáöËñ áöÜ ÃóÑõæäöíó¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: íóßõæäõ ÃóÑõæäöíó åõäóÇ ãöäú ÑõÄúíóÉö ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ: ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ãóÝúÚõæáðÇ ËóÇáöËðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÚóÑøöÝõæäöí ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó æóÇáúÃóæúËóÇäó ÇáøóÊöí ÌóÚóáúÊõãõæåóÇ ÔõÑóßóÇÁó áöáøóåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó¡ æóåóáú ÔóÇÑóßóÊú Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóÈóíøöäõæÇ ãóÇ åõæó æóÅöáøóÇ Ýóáöãó ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäóåóÇ¡ Çå ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ. æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó åóÐóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö» . æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ßóáøóÇ ÑóÏúÚñ áóåõãú¡ æóÒóÌúÑñ Úóäú ÅöáúÍóÇÞö ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁö Èöåö. æóÞóæúáõåõ: Èóáú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúãõÊøóÕöÝõ ÈöÐóáößó åõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ áöáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇÝøóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö ÈóÔöíÑðÇ æóäóÐöíÑðÇ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ [7 \ 158] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇÝøóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö¡ ÇÓúÊóÔúåóÏó Èöåö ÈóÚúÖó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÊóÞóÏøõãö ÇáúÍóÇáö Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö ÈöÇáúÍóÑúÝö ; ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí «ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÓóÈúÞõ ÍóÇáö ãóÇ ÈöÍóÑúÝö ÌóÑøò ÞóÏú ÃóÈóæúÇ æóáóÇ ÃóãúäóÚõåõ ÝóÞóÏú æóÑóÏú
ÞóÇáõæÇ: áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇÝøóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö¡ Ãóíú: ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåöãú ãõÌúÊóãöÚöíäó Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÊößó¡ æóãöãøóäú ÃóÌóÇÒó Ðóáößó ÃóÈõæ Úóáöíøò ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ßóíúÓóÇäó¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÈõÑúåóÇäó¡ æóáöÐóáößó ÔóæóÇåöÏõ Ýöí ÔöÚúÑö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ; ßóÞóæúáö ØõáóíúÍóÉó Èúäö ÎõæóíúáöÏò ÇáúÃóÓóÏöíøö:
ÝóÅöäú Êóßõ ÃóÐúæóÇÏñ ÃõÕöÈúäó æóäöÓúæóÉñ ... Ýóáóäú íóÐúåóÈõæÇ ÝóÑúÛðÇ ÈöÞóÊúáö ÍöÈóÇáö
æóßóÞóæúáö ßõËóíøöÑò:
áóÆöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÑúÏõ ÇáúãóÇÁö åóíúãóÇäó ... ÕóÇÏöíðÇ Åöáóíøó ÍóÈöíÈðÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ áöÍóÈöíÈõ
æóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÊóÓóáøóíúÊõ ØõÑøðÇ Úóäúßõãú ÈóÚúÏó Èóíúäößõãú ... ÈöÐößúÑößõãõ ÍóÊøóì ßóÃóäøóßõãú ÚöäúÏöí
æóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÛóÇÝöáðÇ ÊóÚúÑöÖõ ÇáúãóäöíøóÉõ áöáúãóÑúÁö ... ÝóíõÏúÚóì æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ÅöÈóÇÁö(6/270)
æóÞóæúáöåö:
ãóÔúÛõæÝóÉñ Èößó ÞóÏú ÔõÛöÝúÊó æóÅöäøóãóÇ ... Íõãøó ÇáúÝöÑóÇÞõ ÝóãóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÓóÈöíáõ
æóÞóæúáöåö:
ÅöÐóÇ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ÃóÚúíóÊúåõ ÇáúãõÑõæÁóÉõ äóÇÔöÆðÇ ... ÝóãóØúáóÈõåóÇ ßóåúáðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÔóÏöíÏõ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: ÝóÑúÛðÇ¡ Ãóíú: åóÏóÑðÇ¡ ÍóÇáñ æóÕóÇÍöÈõåõ ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑõ ÈöÇáúÈóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÈöÞóÊúáò¡ æóÍöÈóÇáñ ÇÓúãõ ÑóÌõáò. æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáËøóÇäöí: åóíúãóÇäó ÕóÇÏöíðÇ¡ ÍóÇáóÇäö ãöäú íóÇÁö ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãö ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑóÉö ÈöÅöáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöáóíøó ÍóÈöíÈðÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáËøóÇáöËö: ØõÑøðÇ ÍóÇáñ ãöäó ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö ÈöÚóäú¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Úóäúßõãú¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ æóÊóÞóÏøõãõ ÇáúÍóÇáö Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö ÈöÇáúÍóÑúÝö ãóäóÚóåõ ÃóÛúáóÈõ ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí «ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇÝøóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÑöÓóÇáóÉð ÚóÇãøóÉð áóåõãú ãõÍöíØóÉð Èöåöãú ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÔóãöáóÊúåõãú¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÞóÏú ßóÝóÊúåõãú Ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌó ãöäúåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäúåõãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóÌøóÇÌõ: ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÌóÇãöÚðÇ áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöÈúáóÇÛö ÝóÌóÚúáóåõ ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝö¡ æóÍóÞøõ ÇáÊøóÇÁö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó áöáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö ßóÊóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇæöíóÉö æóÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉö¡ æóãóäú ÌóÚóáóåõ ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö ãõÊóÞóÏøöãðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÎúØóÃó ; áöÃóäøó ÊóÞóÏøõãó ÍóÇáö ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉö ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÊóÞóÏøõãö ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÌóÇÑö¡ æóßóãú ÊóÑóì ãöãøóäú íóÑúÊóßöÈõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóØóÃó Ëõãøó áóÇ íóÞúäóÚõ Èöåö ÍóÊøóì íõÖóãøó Åöáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáó ÇááøóÇãó ÈöãóÚúäóì Åöáóì ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí áóåõ ÇáúÎóØóÃõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÎóØóÃö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó áóåõ ãöäö ÇÑúÊößóÇÈö ÇáúÎóØóÃóíúäö¡ Çå ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÇáÕøóÈøóÇäõ Ýöí ÍóÇÔöíóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÔúãõæäöíøö: ÌóÚóáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ ßóÇÝøóÉð ÕöÝóÉð áöãóÕúÏóÑò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ Ãóíú: ÑöÓóÇáóÉð ßóÇÝøóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö¡ æóáóßöäö ÇÚúÊõÑöÖó ÈöÃóäú ßóÇÝøóÉð ãõÎúÊóÕøóÉñ Èöãóäú íóÚúÞöáõ æóÈöÇáäøóÕúÈö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáö ßóØõÑøðÇ æóÞóÇØöÈóÉð¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ. æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÕøóÈøóÇäö Ýöí ßóÇÝøóÉð åõæó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÇáúãõÊóÏóÇæóáõ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍó Ðóáößó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÍúÑö» ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó.(6/271)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ äóÍúäõ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÃóãúæóÇáðÇ æóÃóæúáóÇÏðÇ æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãõÚóÐøóÈöíäó (35) Þõáú Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó (36) æóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÈöÇáøóÊöí ÊõÞóÑøöÈõßõãú ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÒõáúÝóì ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú Âãóäó æóÚóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáÖøöÚúÝö ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ æóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÛõÑõÝóÇÊö Âãöäõæäó (37)
ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊõØöÚú ÃóßúËóÑó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íõÖöáøõæßó ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 116] ¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóßõãú ãöíÚóÇÏõ íóæúãò áóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÃúÎöÑõæäó Úóäúåõ ÓóÇÚóÉð æóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÞúÏöãõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áößõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÃóÌóáñ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåõãú ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÃúÎöÑõæäó ÓóÇÚóÉð æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÞúÏöãõæäó [10 \ 49] .
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐö ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó ãóæúÞõæÝõæäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÅöÐú ÊóÃúãõÑõæäóäóÇ Ãóäú äóßúÝõÑó ÈöÇááøóåö æóäóÌúÚóáó áóåõ ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ. ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÈóíóÇäñ áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøõÈöÚõæÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ [2 \ 166] ¡ æóÈóíøóäóÇåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáó Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ. ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐö ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáõ Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú æóÇáÓøóáóÇÓöáõ [40 \ 71] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáõ Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú [13 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó Ýöí ÓöáúÓöáóÉò ÐóÑúÚõåóÇ ÓóÈúÚõæäó ÐöÑóÇÚðÇ ÝóÇÓúáõßõæåõ [69 \ 32] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÇáó ãõÊúÑóÝõæåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõãú Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó. ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÞóÑúíóÉò ÃóßóÇÈöÑó ãõÌúÑöãöíåóÇ [6 \ 123] ¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáóäóÇ ÊóÊúÑóì ßõáøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃõãøóÉð ÑóÓõæáõåóÇ ßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 44] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ äóÍúäõ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÃóãúæóÇáðÇ æóÃóæúáóÇÏðÇ æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãõÚóÐøóÈöíäó. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÈöÇáøóÊöí ÊõÞóÑøöÈõßõãú ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÒõáúÝóì.(6/272)
æóßóÐøóÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú æóãóÇ ÈóáóÛõæÇ ãöÚúÔóÇÑó ãóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ÝóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÑõÓõáöí ÝóßóíúÝó ßóÇäó äóßöíÑö (45)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÆöäú ÑõÏöÏúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí áóÃóÌöÏóäøó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãõäúÞóáóÈðÇ [18 \ 36] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó íóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ëõãøó íóÞõæáõ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÃóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÅöíøóÇßõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ÃóäúÊó æóáöíøõäóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåöãú Èóáú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÇáúÌöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó íóÍúÔõÑõåõãú æóãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÖúáóáúÊõãú ÚöÈóÇÏöí åóÄõáóÇÁö Ãóãú åõãú ÖóáøõæÇ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóäúÈóÛöí áóäóÇ Ãóäú äóÊøóÎöÐó ãöäú Ïõæäößó ãöäú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó æóáóßöäú ãóÊøóÚúÊóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 17 - 18] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ÈóíøöäóÇÊò ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÌõáñ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóÕõÏøóßõãú ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóÚúÈõÏõ ÂÈóÇÄõßõãú. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 94] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ãöäú ßõÊõÈò íóÏúÑõÓõæäóåóÇ æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúåöãú ÞóÈúáóßó ãöäú äóÐöíÑò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐøóÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú æóãóÇ ÈóáóÛõæÇ ãöÚúÔóÇÑó ãóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ÝóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÑõÓõáöí ÝóßóíúÝó ßóÇäó äóßöíÑö. ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ Ãóåúáóßó ÇáúÃõãóãó ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉó áóãøóÇ ßóÐøóÈóÊú ÑõÓõáóåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃõãóãó ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉó ÃóÞúæóì¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÃóãúæóÇáðÇ æóÃóæúáóÇÏðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ßõÝøóÇÑó ãóßøóÉó Úóáóíúåöãú Ãóäú íóÎóÇÝõæÇ ãöäú ÅöåúáóÇßö Çááøóåö áóåõãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÊóßúÐöíÈö ÑóÓõæáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóåúáóßó ÇáúÃõãóãó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóì ãöäúåõãú¡ æóáóãú íõÄúÊõæÇ¡ Ãóíú: ßõÝøóÇÑó ãóßøóÉó¡ ãöÚúÔóÇÑó ãóÇ ÃóÊóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃõãóãó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóåúáóßóåóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõæøóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäúåõãú æóÃóÔóÏøó ÞõæøóÉð æóÂËóÇÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [40 \ 82] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøõæãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö(6/273)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ Èöåö æóÃóäøóì áóåõãõ ÇáÊøóäóÇæõÔõ ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈóÚöíÏò (52)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóËóÇÑõæÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÚóãóÑõæåóÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöãøóÇ ÚóãóÑõæåóÇ [30 \ 9] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÊóÊóÝóßøóÑõæÇ ãóÇ ÈöÕóÇÍöÈößõãú ãöäú ÌöäøóÉò Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ äóÐöíÑñ áóßõãú Èóíúäó íóÏóíú ÚóÐóÇÈò ÔóÏöíÏò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú íóÞõæáõæäó Èöåö ÌöäøóÉñ Èóáú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÃóßúËóÑõåõãú áöáúÍóÞøö ßóÇÑöåõæäó [23 \ 70] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊõßõãú ãöäú ÃóÌúÑò Ýóåõæó áóßõãú. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÇÑöåõæäó æóíóÇ Þóæúãö áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ãóÇáðÇ Åöäú ÃóÌúÑöíó ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö [11 \ 29] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóãóÇ íõÈúÏöÆõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ æóãóÇ íõÚöíÏõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõáú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÒóåóÞó ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ Åöäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ßóÇäó ÒóåõæÞðÇ [17 \ 81] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöäú ÖóáóáúÊõ ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÖöáøõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöí æóÅöäö ÇåúÊóÏóíúÊõ ÝóÈöãóÇ íõæÍöí Åöáóíøó ÑóÈøöí.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÏóÇæõÏó æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÅöÐú íóÍúßõãóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúËö [21 \ 78] ¡ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÈóíóÇäö ÍõÌóÌö ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö Ýöí ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú ãóäúÚó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ Èöåö æóÃóäøóì áóåõãõ ÇáÊøóäóÇæõÔõ ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈóÚöíÏò.
ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú áöÝóæóÇÊö æóÞúÊö äóÝúÚöåö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãõÏøóÉõ ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÃúÊöí ÊóÃúæöíáõåõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 53] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÓúãöÚú Èöåöãú æóÃóÈúÕöÑú íóæúãó íóÃúÊõæäóäóÇ áóßöäö ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó Çáúíóæúãó Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò [19 \ 38] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí(6/274)
åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÃóäøóì áóåõãõ ÇáÊøóäóÇæõÔõ ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈóÚöíÏò¡ Ãóäøóì ÊóÏóáøõ Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏö åõäóÇ¡ æóÇáÊøóäóÇæõÔõ: ÇáÊøóäóÇæõáõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åõæó ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáÊøóäóÇæõáö ÇáÓøóåúáö áöáÔøóíúÁö ÇáúÞóÑöíÈö.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøóåõ íõÓúÊóÈúÚóÏõ ßõáøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏö æóíóÈúÚõÏõ ßõáøó ÇáúÈõÚúÏö¡ Ãóäú íóÊóäóÇæóáó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÇáäøóÇÝöÚó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏóãóÇ ÖóíøóÚõæÇ Ðóáößó æóÞúÊó ÅöãúßóÇäöåö Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÞöíáó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏõ áöÑóÏøöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì áöíõÄúãöäõæÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÞóÈúáóåõ: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ Èöåö¡ æóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÊóäóÇæõáó ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈóÚöíÏò áóÇ íõãúßöäõåõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(6/275)
ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÝóÇØöÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóÇÚöáö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÑõÓõáðÇ Ãõæáöí ÃóÌúäöÍóÉò ãóËúäóì æóËõáóÇËó æóÑõÈóÇÚó íóÒöíÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÝóÇØöÑò
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÝóÇØöÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóÇÚöáö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÑõÓõáðÇ Ãõæáöí ÃóÌúäöÍóÉò ãóËúäóì æóËõáóÇËó æóÑõÈóÇÚó ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÇáúÃóáöÝõ æóÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö¡ áöáöÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÞö¡ Ãóíú: ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúãóÍóÇãöÏö ËóÇÈöÊñ áöáøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóËúäóì Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóãúÏö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ãõÚóáøöãðÇ ÎóáúÞóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö Ãóäú íõËúäõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÐóáößó¡ ãõÞúÊóÑöäðÇ Èößóæúäöåö ÝóÇØöÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóÇÚöáö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÑõÓõáðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÎóáúÞóåõ áöáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ãóÚóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÙóãóÊöåö¡ æóßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö áöáúÍóãúÏö áöÐóÇÊöåö áöÚóÙóãóÊöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö æóßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ ãóÚó ãóÇ Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäó ÇáäøöÚóãö Úóáóì Èóäöí ÂÏóãó Ýóåõæó ÈöÎóáúÞöåöãóÇ ãõÓúÊóÍöÞøñ áöáúÍóãúÏö áöÐóÇÊöåö¡ æóáöÅöäúÚóÇãöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÈöåöãóÇ¡ æóßóæúäö ÎóáúÞöåöãóÇ ÌóÇãöÚðÇ Èóíúäó ÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞö ÇáúÍóãúÏóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö¡ ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö. ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ Ðóáößó íóÓúÊóæúÌöÈõ ÍóãúÏó Çááøóåö áöÚóÙóãóÊöåö æóßóãóÇáöåö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö áößõáøö ËóäóÇÁò Ìóãöíáò¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÌóÚóáó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö æóÇáäøõæÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÓóÈóÃò» : ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö» : ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [1 \ 2] . æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ Èóíøóäóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõæÞöäöíäó [26 \ 23 - 24] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [37 \ 181 - 182] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÞöíáó ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó. [39 \ 75]
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞõåõ áöáúÍóãúÏö Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö ÈöÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ áöãóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöäú ÅöäúÚóÇãöåö Úóáóì Èóäöí ÂÏóãó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö¡ ÈöÃóäú(6/276)
ãóÇ íóÝúÊóÍö Çááøóåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÉò ÝóáóÇ ãõãúÓößó áóåóÇ æóãóÇ íõãúÓößú ÝóáóÇ ãõÑúÓöáó áóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ (2)
ÓóÎøóÑó áóåõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ãöäúåõ [45 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãõ ÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ÏóÇÆöÈóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 33] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó æóÇáäøõÌõæãó ãõÓóÎøóÑóÇÊò ÈöÃóãúÑöåö ÃóáóÇ áóåõ ÇáúÎóáúÞõ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÊóÈóÇÑóßó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [7 \ 54] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöãóÚúäóì ÊóÓúÎöíÑö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍóÝöÙúäóÇåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúØóÇäò ÑóÌöíãò ÇáúÂíóÉó [15 \ 17] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÌóÇÚöáö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÑõÓõáðÇ¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ íóÕúØóÝöí ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÑõÓõáðÇ æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö [22 \ 75] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÇØöÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ Ãóíú: ÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóãõÈúÏöÚöåöãóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãöËóÇáò ÓóÇÈöÞò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÞóÇáó ÓõÝúíóÇäõ ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Èúäö ãõåóÇÌöÑò¡ Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: ßõäúÊõ áóÇ ÃóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÝóÇØöÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÃóÊóÇäöí ÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøóÇäö íóÎúÊóÕöãóÇäö Ýöí ÈöÆúÑò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö: ÃóäóÇ ÝóØóÑúÊõåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÏóÃúÊõåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íóÝúÊóÍö Çááøóåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÉò ÝóáóÇ ãõãúÓößó áóåóÇ æóãóÇ íõãúÓößú ÝóáóÇ ãõÑúÓöáó áóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÝúÊóÍõåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóÅöäúÚóÇãöåö Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáäøöÚóãö¡ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ ÃóÍóÏñ ßóÇÆöäðÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ãóäú íõãúÓößóåõ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóãóÇ íõãúÓößõåõ Úóäúåõãú ãöäú ÑóÍöãóÊöåö æóÅöäúÚóÇãöåö áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ ÃóÍóÏñ ßóÇÆöäðÇ ãóäú ßóÇäó Ãóäú íõÑúÓöáóåõ Åöáóíúåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúáõæãñ ÈöÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóÇáÑøóÍúãóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ íóÑúÍóãõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÎóáúÞóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãö ÇáÏøõäúíóæöíøö æóÇáúÃõÎúÑóæöíøö¡ ßóÝóÊúÍöåö áóåõãú ÑóÍúãóÉó ÇáúãóØóÑö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇäúÙõÑú Åöáóì ÂËóÇÑö ÑóÍúãóÉö Çááøóåö ßóíúÝó íõÍúíöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ [30 \ 50] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑúÓöáõ ÇáÑøöíóÇÍó ÈõÔúÑðÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö [7 \ 57] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ(6/277)
íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÊó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú åóáú ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞò ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÝóÃóäøóì ÊõÄúÝóßõæäó (3)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúÛóíúËó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÞóäóØõæÇ æóíóäúÔõÑõ ÑóÍúãóÊóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 28] ¡ æóãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÅöÑúÓóÇáõ ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ æóÅöäúÒóÇáõ ÇáúßõÊõÈö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú íõáúÞóì Åöáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó [28 \ 86] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóæóÌóÏóÇ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 65] .
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú íóãúÓóÓúßó Çááøóåõ ÈöÖõÑøò ÝóáóÇ ßóÇÔöÝó áóåõ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóÅöäú íõÑöÏúßó ÈöÎóíúÑò ÝóáóÇ ÑóÇÏøó áöÝóÖúáöåö [10 \ 107] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Ýóãóäú íóãúáößõ áóßõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Èößõãú ÖóÑøðÇ Ãóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó Èößõãú äóÝúÚðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [48 \ 11] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóäú ÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÚúÕöãõßõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Èößõãú ÓõæÁðÇ Ãóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó Èößõãú ÑóÍúãóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 17] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú íóãúÓóÓúßó Çááøóåõ ÈöÖõÑøò ÝóáóÇ ßóÇÔöÝó áóåõ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóÅöäú íóãúÓóÓúßó ÈöÎóíúÑò Ýóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [6 \ 17] ¡ æóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íóÝúÊóÍö Çááøóåõ [35 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íõãúÓößú ÔõÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ æóÝóÊúÍõ ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÇáÊøóãúßöíäõ ãöäúåõ æóÅöÒóÇáóÉõ ÇáúÍóæóÇÌöÒö Ïõæäóåõ¡ æóÇáúÅöãúÓóÇßõ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞò ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö. ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åóáú ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞò ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö¡ ÅöäúßóÇÑöíøñ Ýóåõæó ãõÖóãøóäñ ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÝúíö.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: áóÇ ÎóÇáöÞó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ åõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ áöáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÍúÏóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ÎóáóÞõæÇ ßóÎóáúÞöåö [13 \ 16] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó [25 \ 3] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÇáÑøóÇÒöÞõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÑö Åöáóíúåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãøóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú Åöäú ÃóãúÓóßó ÑöÒúÞóåõ [67 \ 21] ¡(6/278)
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æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÇáÑøöÒúÞó [29 \ 17] .
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Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú íõßóÐøöÈõæßó ÝóÞóÏú ßõÐøöÈóÊú ÑõÓõáñ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó æóÅöáóì Çááøóåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ. ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÊóÓúáöíóÊöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÈöÃóäøó ãóÇ áóÇÞóÇåõ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö ãöäó ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö áóÇÞóÇåõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ÇáúßöÑóÇãõ ãöäú Þóæúãöåöãú ÞóÈúáóåõ ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ßõÐøöÈóÊú ÑõÓõáñ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÝóÕóÈóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßõÐøöÈõæÇ æóÃõæÐõæÇ ÍóÊøóì ÃóÊóÇåõãú äóÕúÑõäóÇ [6 \ 34] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áóßó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÏú Þöíáó áöáÑøõÓõáö ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó [41 \ 43] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ÝóÇÊøóÎöÐõæåõ ÚóÏõæøðÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáúßóåúÝö» : ÃóÝóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäóåõ æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöí æóåõãú áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 50] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÏúÚõæ ÍöÒúÈóåõ áöíóßõæäõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÊóæóáøóÇåõ ÝóÃóäøóåõ íõÖöáøõåõ æóíóåúÏöíåö Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [22 \ 4] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÐúåóÈú äóÝúÓõßó Úóáóíúåöãú ÍóÓóÑóÇÊò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú äóÚúáóãõ Åöäøóåõ áóíóÍúÒõäõßó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞõæáõæäó [6 \ 33] . æóÝöí «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÚóáøóßó ÈóÇÎöÚñ äóÝúÓóßó Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 6] ¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÑúÓóáó ÇáÑøöíóÇÍó ÝóÊõËöíÑõ ÓóÍóÇÈðÇ ÝóÓõÞúäóÇåõ Åöáóì ÈóáóÏò ãóíøöÊò ÝóÃóÍúíóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ ßóÐóáößó ÇáäøõÔõæÑõ. ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÅöÍúíóÇÁóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏö Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈõÑúåóÇäñ ÞóÇØöÚñ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó(6/279)
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ßóËöíÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ æó «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ æó «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉõ Úóáóíúåö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó Ýóáöáøóåö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ. Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÌóãöíÚóåóÇ áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÝóáúíóØúáõÈúåóÇ ãöäúåõ æóáöíóÊóÓóÈøóÈú áöäóíúáöåóÇ ÈöØóÇÚóÊöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóäú ÃóØóÇÚóåõ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó áöíóäóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊøóÎöÐõæäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõãõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò æóÚóãðì Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú íóØúáõÈõæäó ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó ãöäú ãóÍóáøö ÇáÐøõáøö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÂáöåóÉð áöíóßõæäõæÇ áóåõãú ÚöÒøðÇ ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú æóíóßõæäõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÖöÏøðÇ [19 \ 81 - 82] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊøóÎöÐõæäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóíóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõãõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó áöáøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ [4 \ 139] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÍúÒõäúßó Þóæúáõåõãú Åöäøó ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó áöáøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ åõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ [10 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÞõæáõæäó áóÆöäú ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö áóíõÎúÑöÌóäøó ÇáúÃóÚóÒøõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóáøó æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ æóáöÑóÓõæáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [63 \ 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøößó ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäó [37 \ 180] ¡ æóÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ: ÇáúÛóáóÈóÉõ æóÇáúÞõæøóÉõ. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÎóäúÓóÇÁö:
ßóÃóäú áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ Íöãðì íõÍúÊóÔóì ... ÅöÐö ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÅöÐú ÐóÇßó ãóäú ÚóÒöíÒóÇ
Ãóíú: ãóäú ÛóáóÈó ÇÓúÊóáóÈó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóÒøóäöí Ýöí ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö [38 \ 23] ¡ Ãóíú: ÛóáóÈóäöí æóÞóæöíó Úóáóíøó Ýöí ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõ ãöäú ÞóÇáó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó¡ Ãóíú: íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóÚúáóãó áöãóäö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ ÃóÕúæóÈõ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóãúßõÑõæäó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÔóÏöíÏñ ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ ãóÚó ÅöÚúÑóÇÈö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö.(6/280)
æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑóÇäö åóÐóÇ ÚóÐúÈñ ÝõÑóÇÊñ ÓóÇÆöÛñ ÔóÑóÇÈõåõ æóåóÐóÇ ãöáúÍñ ÃõÌóÇÌñ æóãöäú ßõáøò ÊóÃúßõáõæäó áóÍúãðÇ ØóÑöíøðÇ æóÊóÓúÊóÎúÑöÌõæäó ÍöáúíóÉð ÊóáúÈóÓõæäóåóÇ æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÝõáúßó Ýöíåö ãóæóÇÎöÑó áöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö æóáóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó (12)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ãöäú ãóßúÑöåöãõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö ßõÝúÑóåõãú ÈöÇááøóåö æóÃóãúÑóåõãú ÃóÊúÈóÇÚóåõãú Èöåö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊõÖúÚöÝõæÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ Èóáú ãóßúÑõ Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐú ÊóÃúãõÑõæäóäóÇ Ãóäú äóßúÝõÑó ÈöÇááøóåö æóäóÌúÚóáó áóåõ ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ [34 \ 33] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóßóÑõæÇ ãóßúÑðÇ ßõÈøóÇÑðÇ æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÐóÑõäøó ÂáöåóÊóßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÐóÑõäøó æóÏøðÇ æóáóÇ ÓõæóÇÚðÇ æóáóÇ íóÛõæËó æóíóÚõæÞó æóäóÓúÑðÇ [71 \ 22 - 23] ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò. ÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÑóíúÈò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 5] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ãöäú ÃõäúËóì æóáóÇ ÊóÖóÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÚöáúãöåö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ßõáøõ ÃõäúËóì æóãóÇ ÊóÛöíÖõ ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãõ æóãóÇ ÊóÒúÏóÇÏõ æóßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑò [13 \ 8] ¡ ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉö ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íõÚóãøóÑõ ãöäú ãõÚóãøóÑò æóáóÇ íõäúÞóÕõ ãöäú ÚõãõÑöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÙóáõæãðÇ ÌóåõæáðÇ [33 \ 72] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÓöÑóÇÌðÇ æóÞóãóÑðÇ ãõäöíÑðÇ [25 \ 61] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑóÇäö åóÐóÇ ÚóÐúÈñ ÝõÑóÇÊñ ÓóÇÆöÛñ ÔóÑóÇÈõåõ æóåóÐóÇ ãöáúÍñ ÃõÌóÇÌñ. ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ãóÑóÌó ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö åóÐóÇ ÚóÐúÈñ ÝõÑóÇÊñ æóåóÐóÇ ãöáúÍñ ÃõÌóÇÌñ [25 \ 53] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ßõáøò ÊóÃúßõáõæäó áóÍúãðÇ ØóÑöíøðÇ æóÊóÓúÊóÎúÑöÌõæäó ÍöáúíóÉð ÊóáúÈóÓõæäóåóÇ. ÞóÏú ÊõÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó ÈóÓúØö ÃóÍúßóÇãò ÝöÞúåöíøóÉò ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí(6/281)
Åöäú íóÔóÃú íõÐúåöÈúßõãú æóíóÃúÊö ÈöÎóáúÞò ÌóÏöíÏò (16)
ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó ÇáúÈóÍúÑó áöÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöäúåõ áóÍúãðÇ ØóÑöíøðÇ æóÊóÓúÊóÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÍöáúíóÉð ÊóáúÈóÓõæäóåóÇ [16 \ 14] .
æóÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇãóÚúÔóÑó ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú ÑõÓõáñ ãöäúßõãú [6 \ 130] . Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» åóÐöåö: æóãöäú ßõáøò ÊóÃúßõáõæäó áóÍúãðÇ ØóÑöíøðÇ æóÊóÓúÊóÎúÑöÌõæäó ÍöáúíóÉð ÊóáúÈóÓõæäóåóÇ¡ Ïóáöíáñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö ÏóÚúæóì ãóäö ÇÏøóÚóì ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ãóäøó ÇááøõÄúáõÄó æóÇáúãóÑúÌóÇäó áóÇ íóÎúÑõÌóÇäö ÅáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãöáúÍö ÎóÇÕøóÉð.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÔöÑúßößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú æóíóßõæäõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÖöÏøðÇ [19 \ 82] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóäúÊõãõ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÛóäöíøõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏõ. Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ Úóäú ÎóáúÞöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÎóáúÞóåõ ãõÝúÊóÞöÑñ Åöáóíúåö¡ Ãóíú: Ýóåõæó íóÃúãõÑõåõãú æóíóäúåóÇåõãú áóÇ áöíóäúÊóÝöÚó ÈöØóÇÚóÊöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ áöíóÏúÝóÚó ÇáÖøõÑøó ÈöãóÚúÕöíóÊöåöãú¡ Èóáö ÇáäøóÝúÚõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö áóåõãú¡ æóåõæó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇáúÛóäöíøõ áöÐóÇÊöåö ÇáúÛöäóì ÇáúãõØúáóÞó.
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãóÚó ßóæúäöåö ãóÚúáõæãðÇ ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ÈöÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÇáúÛóäöíøõ æóÃóäúÊõãõ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁõ æóÅöäú ÊóÊóæóáøóæúÇ íóÓúÊóÈúÏöáú ÞóæúãðÇ ÛóíúÑóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [47 \ 38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ æóÊóæóáøóæúÇ æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Çááøóåõ æóÇááøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ [64 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì Åöäú ÊóßúÝõÑõæÇ ÃóäúÊõãú æóãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÛóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ [14 \ 8] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ ÚöÙóãó ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÝóÞöíÑñ æóäóÍúäõ ÃóÛúäöíóÇÁõ [3 \ 181] ¡ æóÞóÏú åóÏøóÏóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÓóäóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÞóÊúáóåõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞøò æóäóÞõæáõ ÐõæÞõæÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÍóÑöíÞö [3 \ 181] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóÔóÃú íõÐúåöÈúßõãú æóíóÃúÊö ÈöÎóáúÞò ÌóÏöíÏò æóãóÇ Ðóáößó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÈöÚóÒöíÒò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóÔóÃú íõÐúåöÈúßõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóíóÃúÊö ÈöÂÎóÑöíäó æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÞóÏöíÑðÇ [4 \ 132] .(6/282)
æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ (19)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÓúÆöáóÉö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõ ãõËúÞóáóÉñ Åöáóì ÍöãúáöåóÇ áóÇ íõÍúãóáú ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíóÍúãöáõæÇ ÃóæúÒóÇÑóåõãú ßóÇãöáóÉð íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóãöäú ÃóæúÒóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÖöáøõæäóåõãú ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò ÃóáóÇ ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÒöÑõæäó [16 \ 25] ¡ æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÃóãúËóÇáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóíóÍúãöáõäøó ÃóËúÞóÇáóåõãú æóÃóËúÞóÇáðÇ ãóÚó ÃóËúÞóÇáöåöãú [29 \ 13] ¡ æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõäúÐöÑõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÅöäúÐóÇÑóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÍúÕõæÑñ Ýöí ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö¡ æóÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÕúÑõ ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝöíøõ ; áöÃóäøóåõãú åõãõ ÇáúãõäúÊóÝöÚõæäó ÈöÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö¡ æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãõäúÊóÝöÚö ÈöÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö ßóÃóäøóåõ åõæó æóÇáøóÐöí áóãú íõäúÐóÑú ÓóæóÇÁñ¡ ÈöÌóÇãöÚö ÚóÏóãö ÇáäøóÝúÚö Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóæóÇÁñ Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÃóäúÐóÑúÊóåõãú Ãóãú áóãú ÊõäúÐöÑúåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõäúÐöÑõ ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÇáÐøößúÑó æóÎóÔöíó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 10 - 11] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõäúÐöÑõ ãóäú íóÎúÔóÇåóÇ [79 \ 45] ¡ æóíõÔúÈöåõ ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÐóßøöÑú ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóäú íóÎóÇÝõ æóÚöíÏö [50 \ 45] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö æóÃóäúæóÇÚóåõ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ íóßõäú Ýöí ÕóÏúÑößó ÍóÑóÌñ ãöäúåõ áöÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö æóÐößúÑóì áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [7 \ 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ßóÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÃóÕóãøö æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑö æóÇáÓøóãöíÚö ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 24] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÍúíóÇÁõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇÊõ.(6/283)
Ëõãøó ÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÕúØóÝóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ Ýóãöäúåõãú ÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö æóãöäúåõãú ãõÞúÊóÕöÏñ æóãöäúåõãú ÓóÇÈöÞñ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑóÇÊö ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÝóÖúáõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ (32) ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò íóÏúÎõáõæäóåóÇ íõÍóáøóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇæöÑó ãöäú ÐóåóÈò æóáõÄúáõÄðÇ æóáöÈóÇÓõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÑöíÑñ (33)
ÇáúÃóÍúíóÇÁõ åõäóÇ: ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó¡ æóÇáúÃóãúæóÇÊõ: ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ; ÝóÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ åõäóÇ ÍóíóÇÉõ ÅöíãóÇäò¡ æóÇáúãóæúÊõ ãóæúÊõ ßõÝúÑò.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóãóäú ßóÇäó ãóíúÊðÇ ÝóÃóÍúíóíúäóÇåõ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áóåõ äõæÑðÇ íóãúÔöí Èöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ßóãóäú ãóËóáõåõ Ýöí ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö áóíúÓó ÈöÎóÇÑöÌò ãöäúåóÇ [6 \ 122] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: Ãóæó ãóäú ßóÇäó ãóíúÊðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãóæúÊó ßõÝúÑò ÝóÃóÍúíóíúäóÇåõ ÍóíóÇÉó ÅöíãóÇäò ; æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíõäúÐöÑó ãóäú ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ æóíóÍöÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [36 \ 70] ¡ ÝóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ãóäú ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú - æóåöíó ÍóíóÇÉõ ÅöíãóÇäò - Åöäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ áóíúÓõæÇ ßóÐóáößó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóØúÈóÞó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúãóÚõæäó æóÇáúãóæúÊóì íóÈúÚóËõåõãõ Çááøóåõ [6 \ 36] ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ íóÈúÚóËõåõãõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóáóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáÕøõãøó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 80] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÓúãöÚõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÈöãõÓúãöÚò ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÓóãóÇÚö ÇáúãóæúÊóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 80] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäóÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ Èöåö ËóãóÑóÇÊò ãõÎúÊóáöÝðÇ ÃóáúæóÇäõåóÇ æóãöäó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÌõÏóÏñ ÈöíÖñ æóÍõãúÑñ ãõÎúÊóáöÝñ ÃóáúæóÇäõåóÇ æóÛóÑóÇÈöíÈõ ÓõæÏñ æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ãõÎúÊóáöÝñ ÃóáúæóÇäõåõ ßóÐóáößó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøõæãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊößõãú æóÃóáúæóÇäößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 22] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åõæó ÇáúãõÄóËøöÑõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáØøóÈóÇÆöÚó áóÇ ÊóÃúËöíÑó áóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÕúØóÝóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóáöÈóÇÓõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÑöíÑñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ãóÚó äóÙóÇÆöÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÑøóÌóÇÁö ÇÓúÊöØúÑóÇÏðÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÙøóÇáöãö æóÇáúãõÞúÊóÕöÏö æóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö¡ æóæóÌúåõ ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáÙøóÇáöãö ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÈöÇáúæóÚúÏö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÃúÊóáö Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ãöäúßõãú æóÇáÓøóÚóÉö Ãóäú íõÄúÊõæÇ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 22] .(6/284)
æóáóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõ Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò æóáóßöäú íõÄóÎøöÑõåõãú Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ãõÓóãøðì ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÈóÕöíÑðÇ (45)
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáöÈóÇÓõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÑöíÑñ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõãóÇËöáóÉö¡ æóÇáúãõÔóÇÈöåóÉö áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÓúÊóÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÍöáúíóÉð ÊóáúÈóÓõæäóåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõãú íóÕúØóÑöÎõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÎúÑöÌúäóÇ äóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÛóíúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ßõäøóÇ äóÚúãóáõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÃúÊöí ÊóÃúæöíáõåõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ýóåóáú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÔõÝóÚóÇÁó ÝóíóÔúÝóÚõæÇ áóäóÇ Ãóæú äõÑóÏøõ ÝóäóÚúãóáó ÛóíúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ßõäøóÇ äóÚúãóáõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 53] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó [25 \ 3] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ÎóáóÞõæÇ ßóÎóáúÞöåö ÝóÊóÔóÇÈóåó ÇáúÎóáúÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú Þõáö Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 16] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõãúÓößõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ãóäú ÊóÒõæáóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõãúÓößõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó Ãóäú ÊóÞóÚó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö [22 \ 65] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÞúÓóãõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÌóåúÏó ÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú áóÆöäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú äóÐöíÑñ áóíóßõæäõäøó ÃóåúÏóì ãöäú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ áóæú ÃóäøóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóßõäøóÇ ÃóåúÏóì ãöäúåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 157] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõ Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ æóÔóæóÇåöÏóåõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõ Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÙõáúãöåöãú ãóÇ ÊóÑóßó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 61] .(6/285)
áöÊõäúÐöÑó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú Ýóåõãú ÛóÇÝöáõæäó (6)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ íÓ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íÓ. ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö¡ æóÇáúíóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöíåö ÐõßöÑóÊú Ýöí ÝóÇÊöÍóÉö ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßåíÚÕ [19 \ 1] ¡ æóÇáÓøöíäõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöíåö ÐõßöÑóÊú Ýöí Ãóæøóáö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» æó «ÇáúÞóÕóÕö» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ØÓã [26 \ 1] æóÝöí Ãóæøóáö «Çáäøóãúáö» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ØÓ [27 \ 1] ¡ æóÝöí Ãóæøóáö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Íã ÚÓÞ [42 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Úóáóì ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÍóßöíãö Åöäøóßó áóãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó. ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó ãõæÌöÈó ÇáÊøóæúßöíÏö áößóæúäöåö ãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó¡ åõæó ÅöäúßóÇÑõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÓúÊó ãõÑúÓóáðÇ [13 \ 43] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Êöáúßó ÂíóÇÊõ Çááøóåö äóÊúáõæåóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÅöäøóßó áóãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó [2 \ 252] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöÊõäúÐöÑó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú Ýóåõãú ÛóÇÝöáõæäó. áóÝúÙóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú¡ Þöíáó: äóÇÝöíóÉñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ. æóÞöíáó: ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóåõæó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí áöÊõäúÐöÑó¡ æóÞöíáó: ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÇÝöíóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÊóÑúÊöíÈõåõ ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: Ýóåõãú ÛóÇÝöáõæäó ; áöÃóäøó ßóæúäóåõãú ÛóÇÝöáöíäó íõäóÇÓöÈõ ÚóÏóãó ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö áóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑó¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ãóÚó ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ; ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó ßõáøóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] .(6/286)
áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó (7)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó. ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóíøóÖúäóÇ áóåõãú ÞõÑóäóÇÁó ÝóÒóíøóäõæÇ áóåõãú ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú æóÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 25] ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÑóÈøóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÛúæóíúäóÇ ÃóÛúæóíúäóÇåõãú ßóãóÇ ÛóæóíúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 63] .
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÍöÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [36 \ 70] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÍóÞøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ Þóæúáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ áóÐóÇÆöÞõæäó [37 \ 31] ¡ æóÇáúßóáöãóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó æóáóæú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ßõáøõ ÂíóÉò ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó [10 \ 96 - 97] ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì æóáóßöäú ÍóÞøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [39 \ 71] ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö æóÇáúßóáöãóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúßóáöãóÇÊö Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö: ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ßóáöãóÇÊõ ÑóÈøößó ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ åõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [11 \ 119] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» : æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõæäó ãõÎúÊóáöÝöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÑóÍöãó ÑóÈøõßó æóáöÐóáößó ÎóáóÞóåõãú æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [11 \ 118 - 119] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» : æóáóæú ÔöÆúäóÇ áóÂÊóíúäóÇ ßõáøó äóÝúÓò åõÏóÇåóÇ æóáóßöäú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ãöäøöí áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [32 \ 13] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÃõÎúÑóíóÇÊö «Õ» : ÞóÇáó ÝóÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÇáúÍóÞøó ÃóÞõæáõ áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäúßó æóãöãøóäú ÊóÈöÚóßó ãöäúåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [38 \ 84 - 85] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäú Ãóåúáö Ìóåóäøóãó¡ ßóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [11 \ 17] ¡ æóãóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö æóáóæú ÍóÑóÕúÊó ÈöãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ [12 \ 103] æóáóÞóÏú Öóáøó ÞóÈúáóåõãú ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [37 \ 71] ¡ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó [26 \ 174] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊõØöÚú ÃóßúËóÑó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íõÖöáøõæßó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 116] .(6/287)
ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú ÃóÛúáóÇáðÇ Ýóåöíó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÐúÞóÇäö Ýóåõãú ãõÞúãóÍõæäó (8) æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÓóÏøðÇ æóãöäú ÎóáúÝöåöãú ÓóÏøðÇ ÝóÃóÛúÔóíúäóÇåõãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó (9)
æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» : Ãóäøó äóÕöíÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÃóáúÝö ÊöÓúÚóÉñ æóÊöÓúÚõæäó æóÊöÓúÚõãöÇÆóÉò¡ æóÃóäøó äóÕöíÈó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ãöäúåóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú ÃóÛúáóÇáðÇ Ýóåöíó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÐúÞóÇäö Ýóåõãú ãõÞúãóÍõæäó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÓóÏøðÇ æóãöäú ÎóáúÝöåöãú ÓóÏøðÇ ÝóÃóÛúÔóíúäóÇåõãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó. ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáõ: ÌóãúÚõ Ûõáøò æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÌúãóÚõ ÇáúÃóíúÏöí Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÚúäóÇÞö. æóÇáúÃóÐúÞóÇäõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÐóÞóäò æóåõæó ãõáúÊóÞóì ÇááøóÍúíóíúäö. æóÇáúãõÞúãóÍõ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÑøóÇÝöÚõ ÑóÃúÓóåõ. æóÇáÓøóÏøõ ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö æóÇáÖøóãøö: åõæó ÇáúÍóÇÌöÒõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÓõÏøõ ØóÑöíÞó ÇáúæõÕõæáö Åöáóì ãóÇ æóÑóÇÁóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÃóÛúÔóíúäóÇåõãú¡ Ãóíú: ÌóÚóáóäóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãõ ÇáúÛöÔóÇæóÉó¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÛöØóÇÁõ ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóíúäö íóãúäóÚõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈúÕóÇÑö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóáóì ÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú ÛöÔóÇæóÉñ [2 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÈóÕóÑöåö ÛöÔóÇæóÉð [45 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÇÑöËõ Èúäõ ÎóÇáöÏö Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö:
åóæóíúÊõßö ÅöÐú Úóíúäöí ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÛöÔóÇæóÉñ ... ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇäúÌóáóÊú ÞóØøóÚúÊõ äóÝúÓöí ÃóáõæãõåóÇ
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÔúÞöíóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÈóÞóÊú áóåõãõ ÇáÔøóÞóÇæóÉõ Ýöí Úöáúãö Çááøóåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó¡ ÕóÑóÝóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÕóÑúÝðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ ãóÇäöÚðÇ ãöäú æõÕõæáöåö Åöáóíúåöãú ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÌõÚöáó Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö Ûõáøñ¡ æóÕóÇÑó ÇáúÛõáøõ Åöáóì ÐóÞóäöåö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÕóÇÑó ÑóÃúÓõåõ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Ãóäú íõØóÃúØöÆóåõ¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÃóãóÇãóåõ ÓóÏøðÇ¡ æóÎóáúÝóåõ ÓóÏøðÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÈóÕóÑöåö ÇáúÛöÔóÇæóÉó áóÇ ÍöíáóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÌóáúÈö äóÝúÚò áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÖõÑøò ÚóäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÔúÞóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóËóÇÈóÉö áóÇ íóÕöáõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÎóíúÑñ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ßóæúäöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íóÕúÑöÝõ ÇáúÃóÔúÞöíóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÈóÞóÊú áóåõãõ ÇáÔøóÞóÇæóÉõ Ýöí Úöáúãöåö Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóíóÍõæáõ Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäóåõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [18 \ 57] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóÊóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú æóÚóáóì ÓóãúÚöåöãú æóÚóáóì ÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú ÛöÔóÇæóÉñ [2 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊó ãóäö ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóåóåõ åóæóÇåõ æóÃóÖóáøóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò æóÎóÊóãó Úóáóì ÓóãúÚöåö æóÞóáúÈöåö æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÈóÕóÑöåö ÛöÔóÇæóÉð [45 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÑöÏú Ãóäú íõÖöáøóåõ íóÌúÚóáú ÕóÏúÑóåõ ÖóíøöÞðÇ ÍóÑóÌðÇ ßóÃóäøóãóÇ íóÕøóÚøóÏõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö [6 \ 125] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú íõÖúáöáö Çááøóåõ ÝóáóÇ åóÇÏöíó áóåõ [7 \ 186] ¡(6/288)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ ÝöÊúäóÊóåõ Ýóáóäú Êóãúáößó áóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íõØóåøöÑó ÞõáõæÈóåõãú áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÎöÒúíñ æóáóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÚóÙöíãñ [5 \ 41] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú æóÓóãúÚöåöãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÛóÇÝöáõæäó [16 \ 108] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó íõÖóÇÚóÝõ áóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó [11 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúíõäõåõãú Ýöí ÛöØóÇÁò Úóäú ÐößúÑöí æóßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÓóãúÚðÇ [18 \ 101] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáØøóÈúÚó æóÇáúÎóÊúãó Úóáóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúäóÇÞö¡ æóÇáÓøóÏøõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóäú ÎóáúÝöåöãú¡ Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó Êöáúßó ÇáúãóæóÇäöÚö ÇáúãóÇäöÚóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóæõÕõæáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÚóáóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ãõÓóÇÑóÚóÊöåöãú áöÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ æóÇáÊøóãóÇÏöí Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ÝóÚóÇÞóÈóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ ÈöØóãúÓö ÇáúÈóÕóÇÆöÑö æóÇáúÎóÊúãö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóÇáØøóÈúÚö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÛöÔóÇæóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøó ãöäú ÔõÄúãö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íõÚóÇÞöÈõ ÕóÇÍöÈóåóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÊóãóÇÏöíåö Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ æóÇáúÍóíúáõæáóÉö Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÌóÒóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÐóáößó Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåö ÌóÒóÇÁð æöÝóÇÞðÇ.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú [4 \ 155] ¡ ÝóÇáúÈóÇÁõ ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ. æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóÕúÑöíÍñ ãöäúåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó Ðóáößó ÇáØøóÈúÚö Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú åõæó ßõÝúÑõåõãú ; æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú [63 \ 3] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÇÁó ãöäú ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ Ãóíú: ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ßõÝúÑöåöãú Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú [61 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÞóáøöÈõ ÃóÝúÆöÏóÊóåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú ßóãóÇ áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Èöåö Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóäóÐóÑõåõãú Ýöí ØõÛúíóÇäöåöãú íóÚúãóåõæäó [6 \ 110] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ ÝóÒóÇÏóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãóÑóÖðÇ [2 \ 10] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÔõÄúãó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö íóÌõÑøõ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ Åöáóì ÇáÊøóãóÇÏöí Ýöí ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö¡ æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú ãóÝúåõæãö ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö Ðóáößó¡ Ãóäøó ÝöÚúáó ÇáúÎóíúÑö íõÄóÏøöí Åöáóì ÇáÊøóãóÇÏöí Ýöí ÝöÚúáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇåúÊóÏóæúÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú åõÏðì æóÂÊóÇåõãú ÊóÞúæóÇåõãú [47 \ 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ(6/289)
ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äõÍúíö ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóäóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãõæÇ æóÂËóÇÑóåõãú æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÃóÍúÕóíúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÅöãóÇãò ãõÈöíäò (12)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇåóÏõæÇ ÝöíäóÇ áóäóåúÏöíóäøóåõãú ÓõÈõáóäóÇ [29 \ 69] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö íóåúÏö ÞóáúÈóåõ [64 \ 11] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú ÃóÛúáóÇáðÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáõ ÇáøóÊöí íõÚóÐøóÈõæäó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐö ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáõ Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú æóÇáÓøóáóÇÓöáõ íõÓúÍóÈõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÍóãöíãö Ëõãøó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö íõÓúÌóÑõæäó [40 \ 71 - 72] ¡ ÎöáóÇÝó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ Èóáö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÌóÚúáö ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáö Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú¡ æóãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ÕóÑúÝõåõãú Úóäö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúåõÏóì Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ; ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ. æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó: ÍóãúÒóÉõ¡ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÍóÝúÕñ¡ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò: ÓóÏøðÇ¡ ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÓøöíäö¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóæóÇÈö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõäúÐöÑõ ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÇáÐøößúÑó æóÎóÔöíó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö. ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ãóÚó äóÙóÇÆöÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõäúÐöÑõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó [35 \ 18] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äõÍúíöí ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóäóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãõæÇ æóÂËóÇÑóåõãú æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÃÍúÕóíúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÅöãóÇãò ãõÈöíäò. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÔúíóÇÁó:
ÇáúÃóæøóáó: Ãóäøóåõ íõÍúíöí ÇáúãóæúÊóì¡ ãõÄóßøöÏðÇ Ðóáößó ãõÊóßóáøöãðÇ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáÊøóÚúÙöíãö.
ÇáËøóÇäöíó: Ãóäøóåõ íóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãõæÇ Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËó: Ãóäøóåõ íóßúÊõÈõ ÂËóÇÑóåõãú.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚó: Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÍúÕóì ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò Ýöí ÅöãóÇãò ãõÈöíäò¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò Èóíøöäò æóÇÖöÍò¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÌóÇÁóÊú ãõæóÖøóÍóÉð Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåóÇ æóåõæó ßóæúäõåõ íõÍúíöí ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊõÈúÚóËõäøó [64 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöí æóÑóÈøöí Åöäøóåõ áóÍóÞøñ [10 \ 53] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÞúÓóãõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÌóåúÏó ÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú áóÇ íóÈúÚóËõ Çááøóåõ ãóäú íóãõæÊõ Èóáóì æóÚúÏðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÍóÞøðÇ [16 \ 38] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.(6/290)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåóÇ ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ æóÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÅöÍóÇáóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåóÇ æóåõæó ßóæúäõåõ íóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãõæÇ Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó ÃóäøóÇ áóÇ äóÓúãóÚõ ÓöÑøóåõãú æóäóÌúæóÇåõãú Èóáóì æóÑõÓõáõäóÇ áóÏóíúåöãú íóßúÊõÈõæäó [43 \ 80] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóÐóÇ ßöÊóÇÈõäóÇ íóäúØöÞõ Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ äóÓúÊóäúÓöÎõ ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [45 \ 29] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 13 - 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö æóíóÞõæáõæäó íóÇæóíúáóÊóäóÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 49] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íóáúÝöÙõ ãöäú Þóæúáò ÅöáøóÇ áóÏóíúåö ÑóÞöíÈñ ÚóÊöíÏñ [50 \ 18] . æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ãöäúåóÇ æóåõæó ßóæúäõåõãú ÊõßúÊóÈõ ÂËóÇÑõåõãú¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóÂËóÇÑóåõãú¡ Ýöíåö æóÌúåóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãõæÇ: ãóÇ ÈóÇÔóÑõæÇ ÝöÚúáóåõ Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÂËóÇÑóåóãú: åõæó ãóÇ Óóäøõæåõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ãöäú ÓõäøóÉò ÍóÓóäóÉò Ãóæú ÓóíøöÆóÉò¡ Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÂËóÇÑöåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí íõÚúãóáõ ÈöåóÇ ÈöÚóÏóåõãú.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÂËóÇÑóåõãú: ÎõØóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö æóäóÍúæõåóÇ ãöäú ÝöÚúáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÎõØóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ ßóãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «íóÇ Èóäöí ÓóáöãóÉó ÏöíóÇÑóßõãú ÊõßúÊóÈõ ÂËóÇÑõßõãú» ¡ íóÚúäöí: ÎõØóÇßõãú ãöäú ÈõíõæÊößõãú Åöáóì ãóÓúÌöÏöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: ÝóÇááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÞóÏú äóÕøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íóÍúãöáõæäó ÃóæúÒóÇÑó ãóäú ÃóÖóáøõæåõãú æóÓóäøõæÇ áóåõãõ ÇáÓøõäóäó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉó ; ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíóÍúãöáõæÇ ÃóæúÒóÇÑóåõãú ßóÇãöáóÉð íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóãöäú ÃóæúÒóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÖöáøõæäóåõãú ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 25] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóíóÍúãöáõäøó ÃóËúÞóÇáóåõãú æóÃóËúÞóÇáðÇ ãóÚó ÃóËúÞóÇáöåöãú [29 \ 13] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÃóæúÒóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÖöáøõæäóåõãú ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 25](6/291)
ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõäóÇ æóãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÊóßúÐöÈõæäó (15)
æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÍóÏöíËó ÌóÑöíÑò æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò Ýöí ÅöíÖóÇÍö Ðóáößó.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ãõÄóÇÎóÐóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöãóÇ Úõãöáó Èöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöãøóÇ Óóäøóåõ ãöäú åõÏðì Ãóæú ÖóáóÇáóÉò¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõäóÈøóÃõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó æóÃóÎøóÑó [75 \ 13] ¡ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó: ãõÈóÇÔöÑðÇ áóåõ¡ æóÃóÎøóÑó: ãöãøóÇ Úõãöáó Èöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöãøóÇ Óóäøóåõ ãöäú åõÏðì Ãóæú ÖóáóÇáò¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóáöãóÊú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú æóÃóÎøóÑóÊú [82 \ 5] ¡ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÐóáößó.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóåõæó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÂËóÇÑóåõãú: ÎõØóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö æóäóÍúæõåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÏóÇáøðÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÞúØóÚõæäó æóÇÏöíðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ßõÊöÈó áóåõãú [9 \ 121] ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ Ãóäú ÊõßúÊóÈó áóåõãú ÎõØóÇåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóØóÚõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúæóÇÏöíó Ýöí ÛóÒúæöåöãú.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÃÍúÕóíúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÅöãóÇãò ãõÈöíäò¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóåõæó ßöÊóÇÈóÉõ ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãõæåóÇ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÐóáößó ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÝóÑúÖö ßóæúäöåö ÚóÇãøðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÍóÇØó ÈöãóÇ áóÏóíúåöãú æóÃóÍúÕóì ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÚóÏóÏðÇ [72 \ 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò [6 \ 38] ¡ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇááøóæúÍõ ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕóÍøõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõäóÇ æóãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÊóßúÐöÈõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 94] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÊóßúÐöÈõæäó¡ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÏú ÞóÇáõæÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøóãóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóæúÌñ ÓóÃóáóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú äóÐöíÑñ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóäóÇ äóÐöíÑñ ÝóßóÐøóÈúäóÇ æóÞõáúäóÇ ãóÇ äóÒøóáó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [67 \ 8 - 9] ¡(6/292)
ÃóÃóÊøóÎöÐõ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð Åöäú íõÑöÏúäö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÈöÖõÑøò áóÇ ÊõÛúäö Úóäøöí ÔóÝóÇÚóÊõåõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íõäúÞöÐõæäö (23) Åöäøöí ÅöÐðÇ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò (24)
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóäúßóÑõæÇ ÅöäúÒóÇáó Çááøóåö ÇáúæóÍúíó ßóåóÄõáóÇÁö Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íõÞóÏøöÑõæåõ ÍóÞøó ÞóÏúÑöåö¡ Ãóíú: áóäú íõÚóÙøöãõæåõ ÍóÞøó ÚóÙóãóÊöåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÞóÏóÑõæÇ Çááøóåó ÍóÞøó ÞóÏúÑöåö ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÈóÔóÑò ãöäú ÔóíúÁò [6 \ 91] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÊóØóíøóÑúäóÇ Èößõãú áóÆöäú áóãú ÊóäúÊóåõæÇ áóäóÑúÌõãóäøóßõãú æóáóíóãóÓøóäøóßõãú ãöäøóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ ÞóÇáõæÇ ØóÇÆöÑõßõãú ãóÚóßõãú. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊõÕöÈúåõãú ÓóíøöÆóÉñ íóØøóíøóÑõæÇ ÈöãõæÓóì æóãóäú ãóÚóåõ [7 \ 131] ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇØøóíøóÑúäóÇ Èößó æóÈöãóäú ãóÚóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 47] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãóäú áóÇ íóÓúÃóáõßõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ¡ æóãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÇ Þóæúãö áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ãóÇáðÇ Åöäú ÃóÌúÑöíó ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö [11 \ 29] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ áöíó áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó. Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóØóÑóäöí¡ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÎóáóÞóäöí æóÇÈúÊóÏóÚóäöí¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» .
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóíøõ ÔóíúÁò ËóÈúÊó áöí íóãúäóÚõäöí ãöäú Ãóäú ÃóÚúÈõÏó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóäöí¡ æóÇÈúÊóÏóÚóäöí¡ æóÃóÈúÑóÒóäöí ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö Åöáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÏö¡ æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÎúáõÞõ åõæó æóÍúÏóåõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõÚúÈóÏó æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó [25 \ 3] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ÎóáóÞõæÇ ßóÎóáúÞöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 16] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÃóÊøóÎöÐõ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð Åöäú íõÑöÏúäö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÈöÖõÑøò áóÇ ÊõÛúäö Úóäøöí ÔóÝóÇÚóÊõåõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íõäúÞöÐõæäö Åöäøöí ÅöÐðÇ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò.(6/293)
íóÇ ÍóÓúÑóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ãóÇ íóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäú ÑóÓõæáò ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó (30)
ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÃóÊøóÎöÐõ áöáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ æóåõæó ãõÖóãøóäñ ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊò¡ Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöí Çááøóåõ ÈöÖõÑøò áóÇ ÊóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÏóÝúÚöåö Úóäøöí¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÏöÑõ Ãóäú ÊõäúÞöÐóäöí ãöäú ßóÑúÈò.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÝóÇÆöÏóÉö ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊö ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöíó Çááøóåõ ÈöÖõÑøò åóáú åõäøó ßóÇÔöÝóÇÊõ ÖõÑøöåö Ãóæú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöí ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò åóáú åõäøó ãõãúÓößóÇÊõ ÑóÍúãóÊöåö Þõáú ÍóÓúÈöíó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö íóÊóæóßøóáõ ÇáúãõÊóæóßøöáõæäó [39 \ 38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÝóáóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ßóÔúÝó ÇáÖøõÑøö Úóäúßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÍúæöíáðÇ [17 \ 56] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÞõæáõæäó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÔõÝóÚóÇÄõäóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö Þõáú ÃóÊõäóÈøöÆõæäó Çááøóåó ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó [10 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõßó æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõßó ÝóÅöäú ÝóÚóáúÊó ÝóÅöäøóßó ÅöÐðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [10 \ 106] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóÇ ÊõÛúäö Úóäøöí ÔóÝóÇÚóÊõåõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÔóÝóÇÚóÉó áóåõãú ÃóÕúáðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÛúäöíó ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóäóÍúæõ åóÐóÇ ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
Úóáóì áóÇÍöÈò áóÇ íõåúÊóÏóì ÈöãóäóÇÑöåö ... ÅöÐóÇ ÓóÇÝóåõ ÇáúÚõæÏõ ÇáäøóÈóÇØöíøõ ÌóÑúÌóÑóÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÇ íõåúÊóÏóì ÈöãóäóÇÑöåö¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ãóäóÇÑó áóåõ ÃóÕúáðÇ ÍóÊøóì íõåúÊóÏóì Èöåö¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
áóÇ ÊõÝúÒöÚõ ÇáúÃóÑúäóÈó ÃóåúæóÇáõåóÇ ... æóáóÇ ÊóÑóì ÇáÖøóÈøó ÈöåóÇ íóäúÌóÍöÑú
Ãóíú: áóÇ ÃóÑúäóÈó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÝúÒöÚóåóÇ ÃóåúæóÇáõåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÖóÈøó ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÊøóì íóäúÌóÍöÑó¡ Ãóíú: íóÊøóÎöÐõ ÌõÍúÑðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóäúØöÞöíøöíäó¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåöãö: ÇáÓøóÇáöÈóÉõ áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí æõÌõæÏó ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö ; ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÍóÓúÑóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ãóÇ íóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäú ÑóÓõæáò ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó.(6/294)
æóÂíóÉñ áóåõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÇáúãóíúÊóÉõ ÃóÍúíóíúäóÇåóÇ æóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÈøðÇ Ýóãöäúåõ íóÃúßõáõæäó (33) æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÌóäøóÇÊò ãöäú äóÎöíáò æóÃóÚúäóÇÈò æóÝóÌøóÑúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚõíõæäö (34) áöíóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöäú ËóãóÑöåö æóãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊúåõ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÔúßõÑõæäó (35)
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏó ãóÇ íóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäú ÑóÓõæáò ÅáøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó ÛóíúÑó ãõßúÊóÝöíäó ÈöÊóßúÐöíÈöåö¡ Èóáú ÌóÇãöÚöíäó ãóÚóåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöåúÒóÇÁó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãóÇ íóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäú ÑóÓõæáò¡ äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáúÃõãóãö áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáÑøõÓõáö áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáäøóßöÑóÉó Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö ÅöÐóÇ ÒöíÏóÊú ÞóÈúáóåóÇ ãöäú¡ Ýóåöíó äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÅöÎúÑóÇÌõ ÃõãøóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò Úóäú Íõßúãö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÈöãõÎóÕøóÕò ãõÊøóÕöáò¡ æóåõæó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÇáó ãõÊúÑóÝõæåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõãú Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó [34 \ 34] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÇáó ãõÊúÑóÝõæåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Úóáóì ÃõãøóÉò æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ãõÞúÊóÏõæäó [43 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÈöíøò ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÃóåúáóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÃúÓóÇÁö æóÇáÖøóÑøóÇÁö¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÎóÐúäóÇåõãú ÈóÛúÊóÉð æóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó [7 \ 94 - 95] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáóäóÇ ÊóÊúÑóì ßõáøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃõãøóÉð ÑóÓõæáõåóÇ ßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 44] .
æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÞóÑúíóÉò ÃóßóÇÈöÑó ãõÌúÑöãöíåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 123] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃõÎúÑöÌóÊú ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö Ýóåöíó ÃõãøóÉõ íõæäõÓó¡ æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÈóíøóäóÊú Ðóáößó åöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóæúáóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÞóÑúíóÉñ ÂãóäóÊú ÝóäóÝóÚóåóÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Þóæúãó íõæäõÓó áóãøóÇ ÂãóäõæÇ ßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÎöÒúíö Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóãóÊøóÚúäóÇåõãú Åöáóì Íöíäò¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇåõ Åöáóì ãöÇÆóÉö ÃóáúÝò Ãóæú íóÒöíÏõæäó ÝóÂãóäõæÇ ÝóãóÊøóÚúäóÇåõãú Åöáóì Íöíäò [37 \ 147 - 148] ¡ æóÇáúÍóÓúÑóÉõ ÃóÔóÏøõ ÇáäøóÏóÇãóÉö¡ æóåõæó ãóäúÕõæÈñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÇÏðì ÚóÇãöáñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåó ÇáúãõäóÇÏóì ÇáúãõÖóÇÝó.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: íóÇÍóÓúÑóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ÊóÚóÇáöí æóÇÍúÖõÑöí ÝóÅöäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöåúÒóÇÁó ÈöÇáÑøõÓõáö åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáúãõæÌöÈóÇÊö áöÍõÖõæÑößö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂíóÉñ áóåõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÇáúãóíúÊóÉõ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÔúßõÑõæäó(6/295)
æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóäúÓöáõæäó (51)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÅöÍúíóÇÁó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÈõÑúåóÇäñ ÞóÇØöÚñ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú [2 \ 22] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð áóßõãú ãöäúåõ ÔóÑóÇÈñ æóãöäúåõ ÔóÌóÑñ Ýöíåö ÊõÓöíãõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 10] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö. æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂíóÉñ áóåõãú ÃóäøóÇ ÍóãóáúäóÇ ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáúãóÔúÍõæäö æóÎóáóÞúäóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ãöËúáöåö ãóÇ íóÑúßóÈõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó ÇáúÈóÍúÑó áöÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöäúåõ áóÍúãðÇ ØóÑöíøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 14] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäú ÂíóÉò ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÚúÑöÖöíäó. Ðóãøó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÈöÅöÚúÑóÇÖöåöãú Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ¡ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : æóãóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäú ÂíóÉò ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÚúÑöÖöíäó ÝóÞóÏú ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö áóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 4 - 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂÎöÑö «íõæÓõÝó» : æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÂíóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóãõÑøõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóåõãú ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÚúÑöÖõæäó [12 \ 105] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ æóÇäúÔóÞøó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ æóÅöäú íóÑóæúÇ ÂíóÉð íõÚúÑöÖõæÇ æóíóÞõæáõæÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÓúÊóãöÑøñ [54 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßøöÑõæÇ áóÇ íóÐúßõÑõæäó æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÂíóÉð íóÓúÊóÓúÎöÑõæäó [37 \ 13 - 14] ¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö ãõÔúÊóÞøñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõÑúÖö ÈöÇáÖøóãøö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÚúÑöÖó Úóäö ÇáÔøóíúÁö íõæóáøöíåö ÈöÌóÇäöÈö ÚõäõÞöåö ÕóÇÏøðÇ Úóäúåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóäúÓöáõæäó. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáäøóÝúÎóÉó ÇáúÃóÎöíÑóÉó¡ æóÇáÕøõæÑõ ÞóÑúäñ ãöäú äõæÑò íóäúÝõÎõ Ýöíåö Çáúãóáóßõ äóÝúÎóÉó ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóåöíó ÇáäøóÝúÎóÉõ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑóÉõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ äóÝóÎóåóÇ ÞóÇãó ÌóãöíÚõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ãöäú ÞõÈõæÑöåöãú¡ ÃóÍúíóÇÁð Åöáóì ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö¡ ÌóãúÚõ ÌóÏóËò ÈöÝóÊúÍóÊóíúäö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÞóÈúÑõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ:(6/296)
íóäúÓöáõæäó¡ Ãóíú: íõÓúÑöÚõæäó Ýöí ÇáúãóÔúíö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÍúÔóÑö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö ÓöÑóÇÚðÇ ßóÃóäøóåõãú Åöáóì äõÕõÈò íõæÝöÖõæäó [70 \ 43] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÔóÞøóÞõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ Úóäúåõãú ÓöÑóÇÚðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [50 \ 44] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÌóÑóÇÏñ ãõäúÊóÔöÑñ ãõåúØöÚöíäó Åöáóì ÇáÏøóÇÚöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [54 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãõåúØöÚöíäó Åöáóì ÇáÏøóÇÚöí¡ Ãóíú: ãõÓúÑöÚöíäó ãóÇÏøöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú Úóáóì ÃóÔúåóÑö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö äóÓóáó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÃóÓúÑóÚó¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú íóÃúÌõæÌõ æóãóÃúÌõæÌõ æóåõãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÍóÏóÈò íóäúÓöáõæäó [21 \ 96] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ áóÈöíÏò:
ÚóÓóáóÇäõ ÇáÐøöÆúÈö ÃóãúÓóì ÞóÇÑöÈðÇ ... ÈóÑóÏó Çááøóíúáõ Úóáóíúåö ÝóäóÓóáú
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö íóÞõæãõæäó ÃóÍúíóÇÁð ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÝúÎóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÕóÚöÞó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó äõÝöÎó Ýöíåö ÃõÎúÑóì ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ÞöíóÇãñ íóäúÙõÑõæäó [39 \ 68] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÅöáøóÇ ÕóíúÍóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ÌóãöíÚñ áóÏóíúäóÇ ãõÍúÖóÑõæäó [36 \ 53] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ åöíó ÇáäøóÝúÎóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ðóáößó íóæúãõ ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö [50 \ 42] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö. æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÒóÌúÑóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ÈöÇáÓøóÇåöÑóÉö [79 \ 13 - 14] ¡ æóÇáÒøóÌúÑóÉõ: åöíó ÇáäøóÝúÎóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ. æóÇáÓøóÇåöÑóÉõ: æóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÝóáóÇÉõ ÇáúæóÇÓöÚóÉõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ßóÈöíÑò ÇáúåõÐóáöíøö:
íóÑúÊóÏúäó ÓóÇåöÑóÉð¡ ßóÃóäøó ÌóãöíãóåóÇ ... æóÚóãöíãóåóÇ ÃóÓúÏóÇÝõ áóíúáò ãõÙúáöãö
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÔúÚóËö Èúäö ÞóíúÓò:
æóÓóÇåöÑóÉò íóÖúÍóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÈõ ãõÌóáøöáðÇ ... áöÃóÞúØóÇÑöåóÇ ÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõåóÇ ãõÊóáóËøöãóÇ
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÒóÌúÑóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóäúÙõÑõæäó [37 \ 19] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ãóäú ÊóÞõæãó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÈöÃóãúÑöåö Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇßõãú ÏóÚúæóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÎúÑõÌõæäó [30 \ 25] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉõ ÈöÇáäøóÝúÎóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö. æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÏúÚõæßõãú ÝóÊóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏöåö [17 \ 52] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(6/297)
æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÖóáøó ãöäúßõãú ÌöÈöáøðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ÃóÝóáóãú ÊóßõæäõæÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó (62)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ æóíúáóäóÇ ãóäú ÈóÚóËóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÑúÞóÏöäóÇ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÕóÏóÞó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøõæãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó áóÞóÏú áóÈöËúÊõãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóåóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 56] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÃóÚúåóÏú Åöáóíúßõãú íóÇ Èóäöí ÂÏóãó Ãóäú áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Åöäøóåõ áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÈöíäñ æóÃóäö ÇÚúÈõÏõæäöí åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØñ ãõÓúÊóÞöíãñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 26] ¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáó Èóíúäó ÇáäøõÙõãö ÇáúæóÖúÚöíøóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÖóáøó ãöäúßõãú ÌöÈöáøðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ÃóÝóáóãú ÊóßõæäõæÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó. Þóæúáõåõ: ÌöÈöáøðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÎóáúÞðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáúÌöÈöáøóÉó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [26 \ 184] ¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÃóÖóáøó ÎóáúÞðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäú Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ÌóÇÁó ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó íóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ íóÇãóÚúÔóÑó ÇáúÌöäøö ÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóßúËóÑúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓö [6 \ 128] ¡ Ãóíú: ÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóßúËóÑúÊõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäõ¡ ãöäú ÅöÖúáóÇáö ÇáúÅöäúÓö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúáöíÓõ: áóÆöäú ÃóÎøóÑúÊóäöí Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÃóÍúÊóäößóäøó ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ [17 \ 62] ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÙøóäøó ÇáøóÐöí Ùóäøóåõ Èöåöãú ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ íõÖöáøõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóáöíáó ÕóÏøóÞóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ; æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÏøóÞó Úóáóíúåöãú ÅöÈúáöíÓõ Ùóäøóåõ ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [34 \ 20] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ. æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó äóÇÝöÚñ æóÚóÇÕöãñ: ÌöÈöáøðÇ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÌöíãö æóÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ æóÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇááøóÇãö. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ: ÌõÈõáðÇ¡ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÌöíãö æóÇáúÈóÇÁö æóÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÇááøóÇãö. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò: ÌõÈúáðÇ¡ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÌöíãö æóÊóÓúßöíäö ÇáúÈóÇÁö ãóÚó ÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÇááøóÇãö¡ æóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö ÈöãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò¡ Ãóíú: ÎóáúÞðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ.(6/298)
æóãóäú äõÚóãøöÑúåõ äõäóßøöÓúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó (68)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊõßóáøöãõäóÇ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÊóÔúåóÏõ ÃóÑúÌõáõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó. ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÈóÚúÖö ÌóæóÇÑöÍö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Úóáóíúåöãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» : íóæúãó ÊóÔúåóÏõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóáúÓöäóÊõåõãú æóÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÃóÑúÌõáõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [24 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» : ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæåóÇ ÔóåöÏó Úóáóíúåöãú ÓóãúÚõåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú æóÌõáõæÏõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó æóÞóÇáõæÇ áöÌõáõæÏöåöãú áöãó ÔóåöÏúÊõãú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóäúØóÞóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúØóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò [40 \ 20 - 21] . æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóßúÊõãõæäó Çááøóåó ÍóÏöíËðÇ [4 \ 42] .
æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó «íÓ» åóÐöåö ÊõæóÖøöÍõ ÇáúÌóãúÚó Èóíúäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóáóÇ íóßúÊõãõæäó Çááøóåó ÍóÏöíËðÇ [4 \ 42] ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: Ëõãøó áóãú Êóßõäú ÝöÊúäóÊõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÇááøóåö ÑóÈøöäóÇ ãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÔúÑößöíäó [6 \ 23] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú äõÚóãøöÑúåõ äõäóßøöÓúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó. Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: äõäóßøöÓúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ Ãóíú: äõÞóáøöÈõåõ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóäóÎúáõÞõåõ Úóáóì ÚóßúÓö ãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ æóÐóáößó ÃóäóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ Úóáóì ÖóÚúÝò Ýöí ÌóÓóÏöåö¡ æóÎõáõæøò ãöäú ÚóÞúáò æóÚöáúãò¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ íóÊóÒóÇíóÏõ æóíóäúÊóÞöáõ ãóäú ÍóÇáò Åöáóì ÍóÇáò¡ æóíóÑúÊóÞöí ãöäú ÏóÑóÌóÉò Åöáóì ÏóÑóÌóÉò Åöáóì Ãóäú íóÈúáõÛó ÃóÔõÏøóåõ¡ æóíóÓúÊóßúãöáó ÞõæøóÊóåõ æóíóÚúÞöáó æóíóÚúáóãó ãóÇ áóåõ æóãóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÊóåóì äóßøóÓúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ íóÊóäóÇÞóÕõ ÍóÊøóì íóÑúÌöÚó Ýöí ÍóÇáò ÔóÈöíåóÉò ÈöÍóÇáö ÇáÕøóÈöíøö Ýöí ÖóÚúÝö ÌóÓóÏöåö¡ æóÞöáøóÉö ÚóÞúáöåö¡ æóÎõáõæøöåö ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö. æóÃóÕúáõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóäúßöíÓö: ÌóÚúáõ ÃóÚúáóì ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÃóÓúÝóáóåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú ÖóÚúÝò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÖóÚúÝò ÞõæøóÉð Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÞõæøóÉò ÖóÚúÝðÇ æóÔóíúÈóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 54] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò Ëõãøó ÑóÏóÏúäóÇåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ÓóÇÝöáöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [95 \ 4 - 5] ¡ Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö. æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÌøö» : æóãöäúßõãú ãóäú íõÑóÏøõ Åöáóì ÃóÑúÐóáö ÇáúÚõãõÑö áößóíúáóÇ íóÚúáóãó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö Úöáúãò ÔóíúÆðÇ [22 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáäøóÍúáö» : æóãöäúßõãú ãóäú íõÑóÏøõ Åöáóì ÃóÑúÐóáö ÇáúÚõãõÑö áößóíú áóÇ íóÚúáóãó ÈóÚúÏó Úöáúãò ÔóíúÆðÇ [16 \ 70] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäö» : Ëõãøó áöÊóßõæäõæÇ ÔõíõæÎðÇ [40 \ 67] .(6/299)
ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ (82)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇÕöãñ¡ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ: äõäóßøöÓúåõ ÈöÖóãøö Çáäøõæäö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö æóÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáúßóÇÝö ÇáúãóßúÓõæÑóÉö¡ ãöäó ÇáÊøóäúßöíÓö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáäøõæäö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ æóÖóãøö ÇáúßóÇÝö ãõÎóÝøóÝóÉð ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ äóßóÓóåõ ÇáúãõÌóÑøóÏö æóåõãóÇ ÈöãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò. æóÞóÑóÃó äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ÐóßúæóÇäó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò: ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó ÈöÊóÇÁö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó¡ ÈöíóÇÁö ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÚóáøóãúäóÇåõ ÇáÔøöÚúÑó æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁõ íóÊøóÈöÚõåõãõ ÇáúÛóÇæõæäó [26 \ 124] ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãó ÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉó ÈöÐóáößó åõäóÇßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíõäúÐöÑó ãóäú ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ æóíóÍöÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóáóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáÕøõãøó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 80] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÍúíóÇÁõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇÊõ [35 \ 22] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ [16 \ 4] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÖóÑóÈó áóäóÇ ãóËóáðÇ æóäóÓöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ Åáì Þæáå ÊÚÇáì æóåõæó ÇáúÎóáøóÇÞõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» æó «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÞóæúáõäóÇ áöÔóíúÁò ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÏúäóÇåõ Ãóäú äóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [16 \ 40] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó áóÇ ÊõäóÇÝöí ãóÐúåóÈó Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Ýöí ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇÓúãö ÇáÔøóíúÁö Úóáóì ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö Ïõæäó ÇáúãóÚúÏõæãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö æóÊóæúÌöíåóåõãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ¡ åõäóÇßó.(6/300)
æóÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö ÕóÝøðÇ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö ÕóÝøðÇ ÝóÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ÒóÌúÑðÇ ÝóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ Åöäøó Åöáóåóßõãú áóæóÇÍöÏñ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö. ÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÜ: ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö åõäóÇ¡ æóÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊö¡ æóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö: ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó æóÕúÝõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÕóÇÝøõæäó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóÅöäøóÇ áóäóÍúäõ ÇáÕøóÇÝøõæäó æóÅöäøóÇ áóäóÍúäõ ÇáúãõÓóÈøöÍõæäó [37 \ 165 - 166] ¡ æóãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåöãú ÕóÇÝøöíäó: Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ÕõÝõæÝðÇ ãõÊóÑóÇÕøöíäó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÌóäúÈó ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ØóÇÚóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ãöäú ÕóáóÇÉò æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ. æóÞöíáó: áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÕõÝøõæäó ÃóÌúäöÍóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ íóäúÊóÙöÑõæäó ÃóãúÑó Çááøóåö¡ æóíõÄóíøöÏõ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÍóÏöíËõ ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÝõÖøöáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöËóáóÇËò: ÌõÚöáóÊú ÕõÝõæÝõäóÇ ßóÕõÝõæÝö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÌõÚöáóÊú áóäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ßõáøõåóÇ ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ¡ æóÌõÚöáóÊú áóäóÇ ÊõÑúÈóÊõåóÇ ØóåõæÑðÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú äóÌöÏö ÇáúãóÇÁó» æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ ÕóÍöíÍñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó íóÕõÝøõæäó ßóÕõÝõæÝö ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó Ýöí ÕóáóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íõáúÞõæäó ÇáÐøößúÑó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ áöÃóÌúáö ÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö Èöåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇáúãõáúÞöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ ÚõÐúÑðÇ Ãóæú äõÐúÑðÇ [67 \ 5 - 6] ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÇáúãõáúÞöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÝóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðǺ áöÃóäøó ÇáÐøößúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÊúáõæåõ ÊõáúÞöíåö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ íóäúÒöáõ ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö Úóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ æóÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÚõÐúÑðÇ Ãóæú äõÐúÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóÌúáö ÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÐóáößó ÇáÐøößúÑö ÇáøóÐöí äóÊúáõæåõ æóÊõáúÞöíåö¡ æóÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑõ: ÞóØúÚõ ÇáúÚõÐúÑö ÈöÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö.
æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÃóäúæóÇÚóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáãÕ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó ÝóáóÇ íóßõäú Ýöí ÕóÏúÑößó ÍóÑóÌñ ãöäúåõ áöÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö æóÐößúÑóì áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [7 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÝóÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ÒóÌúÑðÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÊóÒúÌõÑõ ÇáÓøóÍóÇÈó¡ æóÞöíáó: ÊóÒúÌõÑõ ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞó Úóäú ãóÚóÇÕöí Çááøóåö ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÊúáõæåõ¡ æóÊõáúÞöíåö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö.(6/301)
æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö æóÇáÒøóÌöÑóÇÊö æóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö åöíó ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö: ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉõ¡ æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ. æóÒóÇÏõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ ãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö: ãóÓúÑõæÞðÇ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøó æóÇáÑøóÈöíÚó Èúäó ÃóäóÓò¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáØøóíúÑõ ÊóÕõÝøõ ÃóÌúäöÍóÊóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúåóæóÇÁö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÃúäóÓó áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Åöáóì ÇáØøóíúÑö ÝóæúÞóåõãú ÕóÇÝøóÇÊò æóíóÞúÈöÖúäó ãóÇ íõãúÓößõåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [67 \ 19] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáØøóíúÑõ ÕóÇÝøóÇÊò ßõáøñ ÞóÏú Úóáöãó ÕóáóÇÊóåõ æóÊóÓúÈöíÍóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 41] .
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÜ: ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó íóÕõÝøõæäó Ýöí ãóÓóÇÌöÏöåöãú áöáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóíóÕõÝøõæäó Ýöí ÛóÒúæöåöãú ÚöäúÏó áöÞóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÏõæøö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÍöÈøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÞóÇÊöáõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáöåö ÕóÝøðÇ ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÈõäúíóÇäñ ãóÑúÕõæÕñ [61 \ 4] .
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÜ: ÝóÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ÒóÌúÑðÇ¡ æóÝóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ: ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÇãöáöíäó íõáúÞõæäó ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóíóÒúÌõÑõæäó Úóäú ãóÚóÇÕöí Çááøóåö ÈöÂíóÇÊöåö¡ æóãóæóÇÚöÙöåö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÒóáóåóÇ Úóáóì ÑõÓõáöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÜ: ÝóÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ÒóÌúÑðÇ: ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊõ ÇáúÛõÒóÇÉö íóÒúÌõÑõæäó ÇáúÎóíúáó áöÊõÓúÑöÚó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ. æóæóÌúåõ ÊóæúßöíÏöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Þóæúáóåõ: Åöäøó Åöáóåóßõãú áóæóÇÍöÏñ¡ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúÓóÇãö¡ æóÈöÃóäøó æóÇááøóÇãö åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÃóäúßóÑõæÇ ßóæúäó ÇáúÅöáóåö æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÅöäúßóÇÑðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ æóÊóÚóÌøóÈõæÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÊóÚóÌøõÈðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ÃóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÂáöåóÉó ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚõÌóÇÈñ [38 \ 5] ¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Åöáóåóßõãú áóæóÇÍöÏñ ÃóÞóÇãó ÇáÏøóáöíáó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö¡ Ýóßóæúäõåõ ÎóÇáöÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞó æóÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈó ÈõÑúåóÇäñ ÞóÇØöÚñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏõ æóÍúÏóåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäõ ÇáúÞóÇØöÚõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÞóÇãóåõ åõäóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÅöáóåõ ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÃóÞóÇãóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» : æóÅöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [2 \ 163] ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÞóÇãó ÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãõÊøöÕöáðÇ Èöåö:(6/302)
Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÌúÑöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó æóãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÝóÃóÍúíóÇ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ æóÈóËøó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÏóÇÈøóÉò æóÊóÕúÑöíÝö ÇáÑøöíóÇÍö æóÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö ÇáúãõÓóÎøóÑö Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [2 \ 164] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÅöäú ÞõáúÊó: ãóÇ Íõßúãõ ÇáúÝóÇÁö ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú ÚóÇØöÝóÉð Ýöí ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö¿ ÞõáúÊõ: ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÏõáøó Úóáóì ÊóÑóÊøõÈö ãóÚóÇäöíåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæõÌõæÏö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö:
íóÇ áóåúÝó ÒöíóÇÈóÉó áöáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúÜ ... ÕøóÇÈöÍö ÝóÇáúÛóÇäöãö ÝóÇáúÂÆöÈö
ßóÃóäøóåõ Þöíáó: ÇáøóÐöí ÕóÈøóÍó ÝóÛóäöãó ÝóÂÈó¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Úóáóì ÊóÑóÊøõÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝóÇæõÊö ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúæõÌõæåö ; ßóÞóæúáößó: ÎõÐö ÇáúÃóÝúÖóáó ÝóÇáúÃóßúãóáó¡ æóÇÚúãóáö ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäó ÝóÇáúÃóÌúãóáó. æóÅöãøóÇ Úóáóì ÊóÑóÊøõÈö ãóæúÕõæÝóÇÊöåóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÍöãó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÍóáøöÞöíäó ÝóÇáúãõÞóÕøöÑöíäó¡ ÝóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóæóÇäöíäö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö íóäúÓóÇÞõ ÃóãúÑõ ÇáúÝóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÇØöÝóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö.
ÝóÅöäú ÞõáúÊó: ÝóÚóáóì Ãóíøö åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóæóÇäöíäö åöíó ÝöíãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÈöÕóÏóÏöåö¿
ÞõáúÊõ: Åöäú æóÍøóÏúÊó ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝó ßóÇäóÊú áöáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÊóÑóÊøõÈö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝóÇÖõáö¡ æóÅöäú ËóáøóËúÊóåõ Ýóåöíó áöáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÊóÑóÊøõÈö ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝóÇÊö Ýöíåö.
ÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó: Ãóäøóßó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÌúÑóíúÊó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÕóÇÝó Úóáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÌóÚóáúÊóåõãú ÌóÇãöÚöíäó áóåóÇ ÝóÚóØúÝõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö íõÝöíÏõ ÊóÑóÊøõÈðÇ áóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÖúáö¡ ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÝóÖúáõ áöáÕøóÝøö¡ Ëõãøó áöáÒøóÌúÑö Ëõãøó áöáÊøöáóÇæóÉö. æóÅöãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóßúÓö¡ æóßóÐóáößó Åöäú ÃóÑóÏúÊó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó æóÞõæøóÇÏó ÇáúÛõÒóÇÉö. æóÅöäú ÃóÌúÑóíúÊó ÇáÕøöÝóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì Úóáóì ØóæóÇÆöÝó æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉó Úóáóì ÃõÎóÑó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÝóÇÏóÊú ÊóÑóÊøõÈó ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÝóÖúáö ÃóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ÇáØøóæóÇÆöÝó ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö ÐóæóÇÊö ÝóÖúáò¡ æóÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊõ ÃóÝúÖóáõ¡ æóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊõ ÃóÈúåóÑõ ÝóÖúáðÇ Ãóæú Úóáóì ÇáúÚóßúÓö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÏúÊó ÈöÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö ÇáØøóíúÑó¡ æóÈöÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ßõáøó ãóÇ íóÒúÌõÑõ Úóäú ãóÚúÕöíóÉò¡ æóÈöÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö ßõáøó äóÝúÓò ÊóÊúáõæ ÇáÐøößúÑó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝóÇÊö ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉñ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí «ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö» .
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ßóáóÇãõ ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö åóÐóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÊóÚóÞøóÈõæåõ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ ßóáóÇãñ áóÇ ÊóÍúÞöíÞó Ýöíåö¡ æóíõæóÖøöÍõ Ðóáößó ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ: åóáú åõæó ßóÐóÇ Ãóæú Úóáóì ÇáúÚóßúÓö¡ æóÐóáößó ÕóÑöíÍñ(6/303)
Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó Úóáóì Úöáúãò ãöãøóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÌóÒóãó ÈöÔóíúÁò Ëõãøó ÌóæøóÒó Ýöíåö ÇáäøóÞöíÖóíúäö Ïóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó Úóáóì Úöáúãò ãöãøóÇ ÌóÒóãó Èöåö.
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõ ÅöÔúßóÇáñ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈó ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö ÇáÐøößúÑöíøö æóÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäö ÈöÃóÏóÇÉö ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö áöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö ÇáÐøößúÑöíøö ÝóÞóØú¡ Ïõæäó ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÊóÑúÊöíÈö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö Ãóæö ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝóÇÊö ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó¡ æóåõæó ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö.
æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÇÞúÊóÍóãó ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉó æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáúÚóÞóÈóÉõ Ýóßøõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò Ãóæú ÅöØúÚóÇãñ Ýöí íóæúãò Ðöí ãóÓúÛóÈóÉò íóÊöíãðÇ ÐóÇ ãóÞúÑóÈóÉò Ãóæú ãöÓúßöíäðÇ ÐóÇ ãóÊúÑóÈóÉò Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [90 \ 11 - 17] ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäú Ëõãøó ÍóÑúÝõ ÊóÑúÊöíÈò æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÊøóÈó Èöåö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ßóæúäõåõ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÑóÊøõÈó áóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãõØúáóÞõ ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö ÇáÐøößúÑöíøö¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØöí ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ÇáÓøõÈõáó ÝóÊóÝóÑøóÞó Èößõãú Úóäú ÓóÈöíáöåö Ðóáößõãú æóÕøóÇßõãú Èöåö áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó Ëõãøó ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÊóãóÇãðÇ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 153 - 154] ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈó Ýöíåö ÐößúÑöíøñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÃóÝöíÖõæÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÃóÝóÇÖó ÇáäøóÇÓõ [2 \ 199] ¡ æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõåõ:
Åöäøó ãóäú ÓóÇÏó Ëõãøó ÓóÇÏó ÃóÈõæåõ ... Ëõãøó ÞóÏú ÓóÇÏó ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ÌóÏøõåú
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö¡ áóãú íóÐúßõÑú Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞó æóÍúÏóåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈó.
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚó ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» : æóÌúåõ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞõáúäóÇ Ýöíåö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöáøóåö ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞõ æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈõ [2 \ 115] ¡ ãóÇ áóÝúÙõåõ ÃõÝúÑöÏó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞõ æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈõ¡ æóËóäøóÇåõãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞóíúäö æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈóíúäö [55 \ 17] ¡ æóÌóãóÚóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÓóÃóáó ÓóÇÆöáñ» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÃõÞúÓöãõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈö [70 \ 40] ¡ æóÌóãóÚó ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö.(6/304)
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ: æóáöáøóåö ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞõ æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈõ [2 \ 115] ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÌöäúÓõ ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö¡ Ýóåõæó ÕóÇÏöÞñ Èößõáøö ãóÔúÑöÞò ãöäú ãóÔóÇÑöÞö ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉò æóÓöÊøõæäó¡ æóßõáøõ ãóÛúÑöÈò ãöäú ãóÛóÇÑöÈöåóÇ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ßóÐóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÛóíúÑöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÅöäøóãóÇ ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó: æóáöáøóåö ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÔúÑöÞõ ãöäúåõ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ßõáøó íóæúãò æóÇáúãóÛúÑöÈõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÛúÑõÈõ Ýöíåö ßõáøó íóæúãò.
ÝóÊóÃúæöíáõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ãóÚúäóÇåõ: æóáöáøóåö ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÞõØúÑóíö ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö æóÞõØúÑóíö ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÔõÑõæÞõ ÇáÔøóãúÓö ßõáøó íóæúãò ãöäú ãóæúÖöÚò ãöäúåõ áóÇ ÊóÚõæÏõ áöÔõÑõæÞöåóÇ ãöäúåõ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóæúáö ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÛõÑõæÈõåóÇ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞóíúäö æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈóíúäö [55 \ 17] ¡ íóÚúäöí ãóÔúÑöÞó ÇáÔøöÊóÇÁö¡ æóãóÔúÑöÞó ÇáÕøóíúÝö æóãóÛúÑöÈóåõãóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ. æóÞöíáó: ãóÔúÑöÞó ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö æóãóÛúÑöÈóåõãóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö æóÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈö Ãóíú: ãóÔóÇÑöÞö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóãóÛóÇÑöÈöåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó. æóÞöíáó: ãóÔóÇÑöÞö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö æóÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö æóãóÛóÇÑöÈöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÒöíäóÉò ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 6] .
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáäøõÌõæãó áöÊóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 97] . æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉõ ÛóíúÑõ ÚóÇÕöãò æóÍóãúÒóÉõ¡ ÈöÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÒöíäóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö¡ Ãóíú: ÈöáóÇ Êóäúæöíäò Ýöí ÒöíäóÉö ãóÚó ÎóÝúÖö ÇáúÈóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÍóÝóÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò ÈöÊóäúæöíäö ÒöíäóÉò¡ æóÎóÝúÖö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäú ÒöíäóÉò. æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò: ÈöÒöíäóÉò ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó ÈöÊóäúæöíäö ÒöíäóÉò¡ æóäóÕúÈö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö¡ æóÃóÚúÑóÈó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáäøóÕúÈö ÅöÚúÑóÇÈóíúäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó [37 \ 6] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö áöÜ: ÒöíäóÉò ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãõäóßøóÑñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæú ÅöØúÚóÇãñ Ýöí íóæúãò Ðöí ãóÓúÛóÈóÉò íóÊöíãðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [90 \ 14 - 15] .(6/305)
ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú Ãóåõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú ãöäú Øöíäò áóÇÒöÈò (11)
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí: Ãóäøóåõ ãóÝúÚõæáõ ÝöÚúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ÃóÚúäöí ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö» :
æóíõÍúÐóÝõ ÇáäøóÇÕöÈõåóÇ Åöäú ÚõáöãóÇ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÍóÐúÝõåõ ãõáúÊóÒóãóÇ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍöÝúÙðÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúØóÇäò ãóÇÑöÏò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÔöåóÇÈñ ËóÇÞöÈñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍóÝöÙúäóÇåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúØóÇäò ÑóÌöíãò ÅöáøóÇ ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÑóÞó ÇáÓøóãúÚó ÇáúÂíóÉó [15 \ 17 - 18] Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú Ãóåõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú ãöäú Øöíäò áóÇÒöÈò
ÐõßöÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈõÑúåóÇäóíúäö ãöäú ÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ íóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú Ãóåõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì: ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú¡ ÇÓúÊóÎúÈöÑúåõãú æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÇØúáõÈú ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÝóÊúæóì¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ ÈöÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÓúÃóáõåõãú Úóäúåõ Ãóåõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóíú: ÃóÕúÚóÈõ ÅöíÌóÇÏðÇ æóÇÎúÊöÑóÇÚðÇ¡ Ãóãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÚúÙóãõ æóÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóåöíó ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÐößúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑö Úóäú ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊöåöãú ÈöÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö¡ æóÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊö¡ æóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö¡ æóÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö¡ æóãóÑóÏóÉö ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö ; ßóãóÇ ÐõßöÑó Ðóáößó ßõáøõåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóÑóÈøõ ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö ÅöäøóÇ ÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÒöíäóÉò ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö æóÍöÝúÙðÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúØóÇäò ãóÇÑöÏò [37 \ 5 - 7] .
æóÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúÊóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÌóæóÇÈó áóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ åõæó Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ãóäú ÎóáóÞúÊó íóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóãóÑóÏóÉö ÇáúÌöäøö¡ æóÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞö¡ æóÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈö¡ æóÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö¡ ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ ãöäøóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊñ ÚöÙóÇãñ ÃóßúÈóÑõ æóÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäøóÇ¡ ÝóíóÊøóÖöÍõ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäõ ÇáúÞóÇØöÚõ Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö ; áöÃóäøó ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö ÈöÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö Ãóäøó ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãó ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑó ßóÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãóÚóåõãóÇ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÎúáõÞó ÇáúÃóÕúÛóÑó ÇáúÃóÞóáøó ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ Ãóíú: æóãóäú ÞóÏóÑó(6/306)
Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑö ÝóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóÕúÛóÑö¡ ßóÎóáúÞö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÎóáúÞðÇ ÌóÏöíÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö. æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóæóáóíúÓó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÞóÇÏöÑò Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÎúáõÞó ãöËúáóåõãú Èóáóì æóåõæó ÇáúÎóáøóÇÞõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ [36 \ 81] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóáóãú íóÚúíó ÈöÎóáúÞöåöäøó ÈöÞóÇÏöÑò Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÍúíöíó ÇáúãóæúÊóì Èóáóì Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [46 \ 33] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÎúáõÞó ãöËúáóåõãú [17 \ 99] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö» ¡ ãõæóÖøöÍðÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúÊóÇÁó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» åóÐöåö: ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈóäóÇåóÇ ÑóÝóÚó ÓóãúßóåóÇ ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ æóÃóÛúØóÔó áóíúáóåóÇ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÖõÍóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú æóáöÃóäúÚóÇãößõãú [79 \ 27 - 33] .
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó æóÌúåó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÉö Èöãóäö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó áöáúÚóÇáöãö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ¡ Úóäö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö åõæó ÊóÛúáöíÈõ ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãóÚóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇáöãö ßóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÚóÇáöãö¡ æóÐóáößó ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýóåõæó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõãú ãöäú Øöíäò áóÇÒöÈò ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÎóáóÞóåõãú ÃæøóáðÇ ãóäú Øöíäò¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÈúáõæáõ ÈöÇáúãóÇÁö áóÇ íóÔõßøõ ÚóÇÞöáñ Ýöí ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåöãú ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÕóÇÑõæÇ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÚóÇÏóÉó áóÇ íõÚúÞóáõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÃóÕúÚóÈó ãöäó ÇáúÈóÏúÁö æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íõÍúíöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóåóÇ Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 79] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõåõ æóåõæó Ãóåúæóäõ Úóáóíúåö [30 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÑóíúÈò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò [22 \ 5] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöåóÐóíúäó ÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäóíúäö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ ãöäú ÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ æó «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ æó «ÇáúÍóÌøö» æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãöäú Øöíäò áóÇÒöÈò¡ ÇááøóÇÒöÈõ: åõæó ãóÇ íóáúÒóÞõ ÈöÇáúíóÏö ãóËóáðÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóÇÞóÊúåõ¡ æóÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöíåö ÊóÏõæÑõ Íóæúáó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇááøóÇÒöÈó æóÇááøóÇÊöÈó æóÇááøóÇÒöãó¡ ÈöãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇááøóÇÒöÈö Þóæúáõ Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ:
ÊóÚúáøóãú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÒóÇÏóßó ÈóÓúØóÉð ... æóÃóÎúáóÇÞó ÎóíúÑò ßõáøõåóÇ áóßó áóÇÒöÈõ
æóÞóæúáõ äóÇÈöÛóÉó ÐõÈúíóÇäó:(6/307)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ æóíúáóäóÇ åóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö (20)
æóáóÇ íóÍúÓóÈõæäó ÇáúÎóíúÑó áóÇ ÔóÑøó ÈóÚúÏóåõ ... æóáóÇ íóÍúÓóÈõæäó ÇáÔøóÑøó ÖóÑúÈóÉó áóÇÒöÈö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÖóÑúÈóÉó áóÇÒöÈö¡ Ãóíú: ÔóíúÆðÇ ãõáóÇÒöãðÇ áóÇ íõÝóÇÑöÞõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇááøóÇÊöÈö Þóæúáõåõ:
ÝóÅöäøó íóßõ åóÐóÇ ãöäú äóÈöíÐò ÔóÑöÈúÊõåõ ... ÝóÅöäøöíó ãöäú ÔõÑúÈö ÇáäøóÈöíÐö áóÊóÇÆöÈõ
ÕõÏóÇÚñ æóÊóæúÕöíãõ ÇáúÚöÙóÇãö æóÝóÊúÑóÉñ ... æóÛóãøñ ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇÞö Ýöí ÇáúÌóæúÝö áóÇÊöÈõ
æóÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇäö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö íõáúÞöãóÇäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÍóÌóÑðÇ Ýöí ÅöäúßóÇÑöåöãõ ÇáúÈóÚúËó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÈöÚóÏøöåöãóÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäú åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÈöíäñ ÃóÆöÐóÇ ãöÊúäóÇ æóßõäøóÇ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ æóÚöÙóÇãðÇ ÃóÆöäøóÇ áóãóÈúÚõæËõæäó ÃóæóÂÈóÇÄõäóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó Þõáú äóÚóãú æóÃóäúÊõãú ÏóÇÎöÑõæäó ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÒóÌúÑóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóäúÙõÑõæäó [37 \ 15 19] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ÚóÌöÈúÊó æóíóÓúÎõÑõæäó. ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÛóíúÑó ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö: ÚóÌöÈúÊó ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö ÇáúãóÝúÊõæÍóÉö æóåöíó ÊóÇÁõ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö¡ ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóÞóÑóÃó ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ: Èóáú ÚóÌöÈúÊõ¡ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÊøóÇÁö æóåöíó ÊóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãö¡ æóåõæó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Ãóäøó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝóÊóíúäö íóÍúßõãõ áóåõãóÇ ÈöÍõßúãö ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö.
æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö ÝöíåóÇ ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÚóÌóÈö áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ýóåöíó ÅÐðÇ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ØóÑöíÞó ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö¡ æóÃóÍóÇÏöíËöåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö [7 \ 54] ¡ ÝóÃóÛúäóì Ðóáößó Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ æóíúáóäóÇ åóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö åóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÝóÕúáö ÇáøóÐöí ßõäúÊõãú Èöåö ÊõßóÐøöÈõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøõæãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó áóÞóÏú áóÈöËúÊõãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóåóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö. ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 56](6/308)
ÇÍúÔõÑõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõãú æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó (22)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÍúÔõÑõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõãú æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÝóÇåúÏõæåõãú Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØö ÇáúÌóÍöíãö. ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÜ: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ¡ ßóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáÙøõáúãö Úóáóì ÇáÔøöÑúßö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáÔøöÑúßó áóÙõáúãñ ÚóÙöíãñ [31 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó [2 \ 254] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõßó æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõßó ÝóÅöäú ÝóÚóáúÊó ÝóÅöäøóßó ÅöÐðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [10 \ 106] .
æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÝóÓøóÑó ÇáÙøõáúãó ÈöÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóãú íóáúÈöÓõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäóåõãú ÈöÙõáúãò [6 \ 82] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõãú¡ ÌõãúåõæÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöäúåõãú: ÚõãóÑõ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÃóÔúÈóÇåõåõãú æóäõÙóÑóÇÄõåõãú¡ ÝóÚóÇÈöÏõ ÇáúæóËóäö ãóÚó ÚóÇÈöÏö ÇáúæóËóäö¡ æóÇáÓøóÇÑöÞõ ãóÚó ÇáÓøóÇÑöÞö¡ æóÇáÒøóÇäöí ãóÚó ÇáÒøóÇäöí¡ æóÇáúíóåõæÏöíøõ ãóÚó ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøö¡ æóÇáäøóÕúÑóÇäöíøõ ãóÚó ÇáäøóÕúÑóÇäöíøö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝö ãóÔúåõæÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊõäúÈöÊõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [36 \ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäú äóÈóÇÊò ÔóÊøóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [20 \ 53] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóãõÏøóäøó Úóíúäóíúßó Åöáóì ãóÇ ãóÊøóÚúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäúåõãú [15 \ 88] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÍúÔõÑõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõãú¡ Ãóíö: ÇÌúãóÚõæÇ ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó æóÃóÔúÈóÇåóåõãú æóäõÙóÑóÇÁóåõãú¡ ÝóÇåúÏõæåõãú Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö áöíóÏúÎõáóåóÇ ÌóãöíÚõåõãú¡ æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÜ ÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõãú äöÓóÇÄõåõãõ ÇááøóÇÊöí Úóáóì Ïöíäöåöãú¡ ÎöáóÇÝó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈö. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíö: ÇÍúÔóÑõæÇ ãóÚó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁó ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áöíóÏúÎõáó ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏõæäó æóÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÇáäøóÇÑó ; ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÍóÕóÈõ Ìóåóäøóãó ÃóäúÊõãú áóåóÇ æóÇÑöÏõæäó áóæú ßóÇäó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÂáöåóÉð ãóÇ æóÑóÏõæåóÇ æóßõáøñ ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó [21 \ 98 - 99] . æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÈóÏõæÇ ãóäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó ; ßóÚöíÓóì æóÚõÒóíúÑò ÎóÇÑöÌõæäó Úóäú åóÐóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí(6/309)
æóÃóÞúÈóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó (27)
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÈóÞóÊú áóåõãú ãöäøóÇ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÃõæáóÆößó ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÈúÚóÏõæäó [21 \ 101] ¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: åóÐóÇ íóæúãõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ßõäúÊõãú ÊõæÚóÏõæäó [21 \ 103] ¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóãøóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ãóËóáðÇ ÅöÐóÇ Þóæúãõßó ãöäúåõ íóÕöÏøõæäó æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÂáöåóÊõäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú åõæó ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæåõ áóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÌóÏóáðÇ Èóáú åõãú Þóæúãñ ÎóÕöãõæäó Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÈúÏñ ÃóäúÚóãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 57 - 59] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó íóÈúÊóÛõæäó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãõ ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ æóíóÑúÌõæäó ÑóÍúãóÊóåõ æóíóÎóÇÝõæäó ÚóÐóÇÈóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 57] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÇåúÏõæåõãú¡ ãöäó ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö¡ Ãóíú: Ïõáøõæåõãú æóÃóÑúÔöÏõæåõãú Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØö ÇáúÌóÍöíãö¡ Ãóíú: ØóÑöíÞö ÇáäøóÇÑö áöíóÓúáõßõæåóÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇåúÏõæåõãú¡ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ ÃóÚúäöí: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõãú æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Ãóäøó ÇáúåõÏóì íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÑúÔóÇÏö æóÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ: ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÊóæóáøóÇåõ ÝóÃóäøóåõ íõÖöáøõåõ æóíóåúÏöíåö Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [22 \ 4] ¡ æóáöÐóáößó ßóÇäó áöáÔøóÑøö ÃóÆöãøóÉñ íõÄúÊóãøõ Èöåöãú Ýöíåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÃóÆöãøóÉð íóÏúÚõæäó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 41] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞöÝõæåõãú Åöäøóåõãú ãóÓúÆõæáõæäó ãóÇ áóßõãú áóÇ ÊóäóÇÕóÑõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóäóÓúÃóáóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÑúÓöáó Åöáóíúåöãú æóáóäóÓúÃóáóäøó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó [7 \ 6] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí äóÍúæö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ÐõäõæÈöåöãõ ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó [28 \ 78] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóíóæúãóÆöÐò áóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ÐóäúÈöåö ÅöäúÓñ æóáóÇ ÌóÇäøñ [55 \ 39] ¡ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóæóÑóÈøößó áóäóÓúÃóáóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [15 \ 92 - 93] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóäóÓúÃóáóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÑúÓöáó Åöáóíúåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: æóÞöÝõæåõãú Åöäøóåõãú ãóÓúÆõæáõæäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÞúÈóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÚóÑøõÖö áöÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÅöÔúßóÇáóíúäö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉö ÈöÐóáößó¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ äõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóáóÇ ÃóäúÓóÇÈó Èóíúäóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò æóáóÇ íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæäó [23 \ 101] .(6/310)
ÅöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÝúÚóáõ ÈöÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó (34)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÍóÞøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ Þóæúáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ áóÐóÇÆöÞõæäó ÝóÃóÛúæóíúäóÇßõãú ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÛóÇæöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉó áöáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáøóÐöí ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 7] ¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóäúåõãú ãöäú Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó: áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [32 \ 13] ¡ ÝóßóÇäõæÇ ÛóÇæöíäó ÃóÛúæóæúÇ ÃóÊúÈóÇÚóåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ãõÊøóÈöÚó ÇáúÛóÇæöí Ýöí Ûóíøöåö áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÛóÇæöíðÇ ãöËúáóåõ¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÞóÕóÕö» : ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÑóÈøóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÛúæóíúäóÇ ÃóÛúæóíúäóÇåõãú ßóãóÇ ÛóæóíúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 63] ¡ æóÇáúÅöÛúæóÇÁõ: ÇáúÅöÖúáóÇáõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãõÔúÊóÑößõæäó. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó æóÇáúãõÖöáøöíäó ãõÔúÊóÑößõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» ¡ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßó áóíúÓó ÈöäóÇÝöÚöåöãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ; æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóäú íóäúÝóÚóßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó ÅöÐú ÙóáóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãõÔúÊóÑößõæäó [43 \ 39] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÊúÈóÇÚó íóÓúÃóáõæäó Çááøóåó¡ Ãóäú íõÚóÐøöÈó ÇáúãóÊúÈõæÚöíäó ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ãõÖóÇÚóÝðÇ áöÅöÖúáóÇáöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõãú ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÇÑóßõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÞóÇáóÊú ÃõÎúÑóÇåõãú áöÃõæáóÇåõãú ÑóÈøóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÃóÖóáøõæäóÇ ÝóÂÊöåöãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÖöÚúÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö ÞóÇáó áößõáøò ÖöÚúÝñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÃóØóÚúäóÇ ÓóÇÏóÊóäóÇ æóßõÈóÑóÇÁóäóÇ ÝóÃóÖóáøõæäóÇ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÂÊöåöãú ÖöÚúÝóíúäö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö æóÇáúÚóäúåõãú áóÚúäðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [33 \ 67 - 68] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÊóÎóÇÕõãö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ðóáößó áóÍóÞøñ ÊóÎóÇÕõãõ Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö [38 \ 64] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÝúÚóáõ ÈöÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 34 - 35] .
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÚóáóåõ ÈöåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãõÚóÐøóÈöíäó¡(6/311)
áóÇ ÝöíåóÇ Ûóæúáñ æóáóÇ åõãú ÚóäúåóÇ íõäúÒóÝõæäó (47)
ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ áóÐóÇÆöÞõæäó [37 \ 31] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó. æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãõÔúÊóÑößõæäó [37 \ 33] ¡ Ãóäøóåõ íóÝúÚóáõ ãöËúáóåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö æóÇáÊøóäúßöíáö ÈöÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó¡ æóÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ÌóãúÚõ ãõÌúÑöãò¡ æóåõæó ãõÑúÊóßöÈõ ÇáúÌóÑöíãóÉö æóåöíó ÇáÐøóäúÈõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÊøóäúßöíáó ÇáÔøóÏöíÏó¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúÚöáøóÉó áöÐóáößó ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÇãúÊöäóÇÚõåõãú ãöäú ßóáöãóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÈó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁõ æóÃóÊúÈóÇÚõåõãú Ãóäú íóÞõæáõæÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. ÝóáóÝúÙóÉõ Åöäøó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó¡ ãöäú ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö ; ßóãóÇ ÊõÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí ãóÓúáóßö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ßóÐóáößó äóÝúÚóáõ ÈöÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó áöÃóÌúáö Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãú: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó¡ Ãóíú: íóÊóßóÈøóÑõæäó Úóäú ÞóÈõæáöåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÑúÖóæúäó Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ÃóÊúÈóÇÚðÇ áöáÑøõÓõáö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú ßóæúäö Ðóáößó åõæó ÓóÈóÈõ ÊóÚúÐöíÈöåöãú ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÏõÎõæáóåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑó: Ðóáößõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõÚöíó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú æóÅöäú íõÔúÑóßú Èöåö ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÝóÇáúÍõßúãõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÚóáöíøö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö [40 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ÇÔúãóÃóÒøóÊú ÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó [39 \ 45] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÞõæáõæäó ÃóÆöäøóÇ áóÊóÇÑößõæ ÂáöåóÊöäóÇ áöÔóÇÚöÑò ãóÌúäõæäò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁõ íóÊøóÈöÚõåõãõ ÇáúÛóÇæõæäó [26 \ 224] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÝöíåóÇ Ûóæúáñ æóáóÇ åõãú ÚóäúåóÇ íõäúÒóÝõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÊóÝúÓöíÑóåõ ãóÚó ÐößúÑö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÎóãúÑõ æóÇáúãóíúÓöÑõ æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÈõ æóÇáúÃóÒúáóÇãõ ÑöÌúÓñ ãöäú Úóãóáö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÝóÇÌúÊóäöÈõæåõ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÝúáöÍõæäó [5 \ 90] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇ ßóáóÇãó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí äóÌóÇÓóÉö Úóíúäö ÎóãúÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ïõæäó ÎóãúÑö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÞóÇåõãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÔóÑóÇÈðÇ ØóåõæÑðÇ [76 \ 21] .(6/312)
æóÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö Úöíäñ (48) ßóÃóäøóåõäøó ÈóíúÖñ ãóßúäõæäñ (49)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö Úöíäñ ßóÃóäøóåõäøó ÈóíúÖñ ãóßúäõæäñ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ËóáóÇËó ÕöÝóÇÊò ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö äöÓóÇÁö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøóåõäøó ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóíúäõ¡ Ãóíú: Úõíõæäõåõäøó ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊñ Úóáóì ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöäøó¡ áóÇ íóäúÙõÑúäó Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåöãú áöÔöÏøóÉö ÇÞúÊöäóÇÚöåöäøó æóÇßúÊöÝóÇÆöåöäøó Èöåöãú.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó: Ãóäøóåõäøó Úöíäñ¡ æóÇáúÚöíäõ ÌóãúÚõ ÚóíúäóÇÁó¡ æóåöíó æóÇÓöÚóÉõ ÏóÇÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóåöíó ÇáäøóÌúáóÇÁõ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉó: Ãóäøó ÃóáúæóÇäóåõäøó ÈöíÖñ ÈóíóÇÖðÇ ãõÔúÑóÈðÇ ÈöÕõÝúÑóÉò ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó áóæúäõ ÈóíúÖö ÇáäøóÚóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí ÔóÈøóåóåõäøó Èöåö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö Ýöí äóÍúæö Ðóáößó:
ßóÈößúÑö ÇáúãõÞóÇäóÇÊö ÇáúÈóíóÇÖõ ÈöÕõÝúÑóÉò ... ÛóÐøóÇåóÇ äóãöíÑõ ÇáúãóÇÁö ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãõÍóáøóáö
áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ßóÈößúÑö ÇáúãõÞóÇäóÇÊö ÇáúÈóíóÇÖõ ÈöÕõÝúÑóÉò: Ãóäøó áóæúäó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ßóáóæúäö ÇáúÈóíúÖóÉö ÇáúÈößúÑö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöØö ÈóíóÇÖõåóÇ ÈöÕõÝúÑóÉò¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ ÇáËøóáóÇËõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ åõäóÇ¡ ÌóÇÁóÊú ãõæóÖøóÍóÉð Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåöäøó ÇáúÌóãöíáóÉö¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó ßóæúäóåõäøó ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö Úóáóì ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöäøó¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «Õ» : æóÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö ÃóÊúÑóÇÈñ [38 \ 52] ¡ æóßóæúäõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÞóÇÕöÑóÉõ ÇáØøóÑóÝö ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåóÇ ÇáúÌóãöíáóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊö ÇáØøóÑúÝö áóæú ÏóÈøó ãöÍúæóáñ
ãöäó ÇáÐøóÑøö ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÅöÊúÈö ãöäúåóÇ áóÃóËøóÑóÇ
æóÐóßóÑó ßóæúäóåõäøó ÚöíäðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöíåöäøó: æóÍõæÑñ Úöíäñ [56 \ 22] ¡ æóÐßóÑó ÕóÝóÇ ÃóáúæóÇäöåöäøó æóÈóíóÇÖóåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÃóãúËóÇáö ÇááøõÄúáõÄö Çáúãóßúäõæäö [56 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÃóäøóåõäøó ÇáúíóÇÞõæÊõ æóÇáúãóÑúÌóÇäõ [55 \ 58] ¡ æóÕöÝóÇÊõåõäøó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóËúäóì Úóáóíúåöäøó ÈöäóæúÚóíúäö ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÞóÕúÑö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøóåõäøó ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö¡ æóÇáØøóÑúÝõ ÇáúÚóíúäõ¡ æóåõæó áóÇ íõÌúãóÚõ æóáóÇ íõËóäøóì ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÕúáóåõ ãóÕúÏóÑñ¡ æóáóãú íóÃúÊö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÅöáøóÇ ãõÝúÑóÏðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÑúÊóÏøõ Åöáóíúåöãú ØóÑúÝõåõãú æóÃóÝúÆöÏóÊõåõãú åóæóÇÁñ [14 \ 43] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóäúÙõÑõæäó ãöäú ØóÑúÝò ÎóÝöíøò¡ æóãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåöäøó ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõäøó áóÇ íóäúÙõÑúäó Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö ÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöäøó ÈöÎöáóÇÝö äöÓóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.(6/313)
ÃóÐóáößó ÎóíúÑñ äõÒõáðÇ Ãóãú ÔóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáÒøóÞøõæãö (62)
æóÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäú äóæúÚóíö ÇáúÞóÕúÑö: ßóæúäõåõäøó ãóÞúÕõæÑóÇÊñ Ýöí ÎöíóÇãöåöäøó¡ áóÇ íóÎúÑõÌúäó ãöäúåóÇ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÃóÒúæóÇÌö äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: æóÞóÑúäó Ýöí ÈõíõæÊößõäøó [33 \ 33] ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍõæÑñ ãóÞúÕõæÑóÇÊñ Ýöí ÇáúÎöíóÇãö [55 \ 72] ¡ æóßóæúäõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ãóÞúÕõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåóÇ ÇáúÌóãöíáóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ; æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ:
ãóäú ßóÇäó ÍóÑúÈðÇ áöáäøöÓóÇÁö ... ÝóÅöäøóäöí Óöáúãñ áóåõäøóåú
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóËóÑúäó ÏóÚóæúäóäöí ... æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóËóÑúÊõ ÏóÚõæÊõåõäøóåú
æóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÑóÒúäó áöãóÍúÝöáò ... ÝóÞöÕóÇÑõåõäøó ãöáóÇÍõåõäøóåú
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÞöÕóÇÑõåõäøó¡ íóÚúäöí: ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÑóÇÊö ãöäúåõäøó Ýöí ÈõíõæÊöåöäøó ÇááøóÇÊöí áóÇ íóÎúÑõÌúäó ÅöáøóÇ äóÇÏöÑðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó Ðóáößó ßõËóíøöÑõ ÚóÒøóÉó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:
æóÃóäúÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÈøóÈúÊö ßõáøó ÞóÕöíÑóÉò ... Åöáóíøó æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÑöí ÈöÐóÇßó ÇáúÞóÕóÇÆöÑõ
ÚóäóíúÊõ ÞóÕöíÑóÇÊö ÇáúÍöÌóÇáö æóáóãú ÃõÑöÏú ... ÞöÕóÇÑó ÇáúÎõØóÇ ÔóÑøõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÇáúÈóÍóÇÊöÑõ
æóÇáúÍöÌóÇáõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÍóÌúáóÉò¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÈóíúÊõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÒóíøóäõ áöáúÚóÑõæÓö¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÞóÕöíÑóÇÊö ÇáúÍöÌóÇáö: ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÑóÇÊö Ýöí ÍöÌóÇáöåöäøó. æóÐóßóÑó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóäú ÑóÌõáðÇ ÓóãöÚó ÂÎóÑó¡ ÞóÇáó: áóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÏó ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:
ÛóÑøóÇÁõ ÝóÑúÚóÇÁõ ãóÕúÞõæáñ ÚóæóÇÑöÖõåóÇ ... ÊóãúÔöí ÇáúåõæóíúäóÇ ßóãóÇ íóãúÔöí ÇáúæóÌóì ÇáúæóÍöáõ
ßóÃóäøó ãöÔúíóÊóåóÇ ãöäú ÈóíúÊö ÌóÇÑóÊöåóÇ ... ãóÑøõ ÇáÓøóÍóÇÈóÉö áóÇ ÑóíúËñ æóáóÇ ÚóÌóáõ
áóíúÓóÊú ßóãóäú íóßúÑóåõ ÇáúÌöíÑóÇäõ ØóáúÚóÊóåóÇ ... æóáóÇ ÊóÑóÇåóÇ áöÓöÑøö ÇáúÌóÇÑö ÊóÎúÊóÊöáõ
ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÞóÇÊóáóßó Çááøóåõ¡ ÊóÓúÊóÍúÓöäõ ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÍóÓóäö åóÐöåö ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝóÉõ ÎóÑøóÇÌóÉñ æóáøóÇÌóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÎóÑøóÇÌóÉõ ÇáúæóáøóÇÌóÉõ áóÇ ÎóíúÑó ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ ãóáóÇÍóÉó áóåóÇ¡ ÝóåóáøóÇ ÞóÇáó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÞóíúÓö Èúäõ ÇáúÃóÓúáóÊö:
æóÊóßúÓóáõ Úóäú ÌóÇÑóÇÊöåóÇ ÝóíóÒõÑúäóåóÇ ... æóÊóÚúÊóáøõ ãöäú ÅöÊúíóÇäöåöäøó ÝóÊõÚúÐóÑõ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÐóáößó ÎóíúÑñ äõÒõáðÇ Ãóãú ÔóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáÒøóÞøõæãö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÐóáößó ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú ÌóäøóÉõ ÇáúÎõáúÏö ÇáøóÊöí æõÚöÏó ÇáúãõÊøóÞõæäó [25 \ 15] .(6/314)
Åöäøóåõãú ÃóáúÝóæúÇ ÂÈóÇÁóåõãú ÖóÇáøöíäó (69) Ýóåõãú Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú íõåúÑóÚõæäó (70)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÅöäøóåóÇ ÔóÌóÑóÉñ ÊóÎúÑõÌõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÌóÍöíãö ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÑóíúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö æóÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉó ÇáúãóáúÚõæäóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö [17 \ 60] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäøóåõãú áóÂßöáõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ÝóãóÇáöÆõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÈõØõæäó Ëõãøó Åöäøó áóåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ áóÔóæúÈðÇ ãöäú Íóãöíãò. ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö íóÃúßõáõæäó ãöäú ÔóÌóÑóÉö ÇáÒøóÞøõæãö¡ ÝóíóãúáóÆõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ÈõØõæäóåõãú¡ æóíóÌúãóÚõæäó ãóÚóåóÇ: áóÔóæúÈðÇ ãöäú Íóãöíãò¡ Ãóíú: ÎóáúØðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇÁö ÇáúÈóÇáöÛö ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÍóÑóÇÑóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» : Ëõãøó Åöäøóßõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáÖøóÇáøõæäó ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈõæäó áóÂßöáõæäó ãöäú ÔóÌóÑò ãöäú ÒóÞøõæãò ÝóãóÇáöÆõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÈõØõæäó ÝóÔóÇÑöÈõæäó Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóãöíãö ÝóÔóÇÑöÈõæäó ÔõÑúÈó Çáúåöíãö [56 \ 51 - 52] . æóÞóæúáöåö: ÔõÑúÈó Çáúåöíãö¡ Çáúåöíãõ: ÌóãúÚõ Ãóåúíóãó æóåóíúãóÇÁó æóåöíó ÇáäøóÇÞóÉõ ãóËóáðÇ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÕóÇÈóåóÇ ÇáúåõíóÇãõ¡ æóåõæó ÔöÏøóÉõ ÇáúÚóØóÔö ÈöÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÑúæöíåóÇ ßóËúÑóÉõ ÔóÑóÇÈö ÇáúãóÇÁö Ýóåöíó ÊóÔúÑóÈõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÒóÇáõ ãóÚó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÚóØóÔö. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÛóíúáóÇäó Ðöí ÇáÑøõãøóÉö:
ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõ ßóÇáúåóíúãóÇÁö áóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁõ ãõÈóÑøöÏñ ... ÕóÏóÇåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÞúÖöí ÚóáóíúåóÇ åõíóÇãõåóÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» : ÝóÔóÇÑöÈõæäó Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóãöíãö ÝóÔóÇÑöÈõæäó ÔõÑúÈó Çáúåöíãö [56 \ 54 - 55] ¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóæúÈó¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÎóáúØõ ãöäó ÇáúÍóãöíãö ÇáúãóÎúáõæØö áóåõãú ÈöÔóÌóÑóÉö ÇáÒøóÞøõæãö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö åõäóÇ Ýöí «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÔóæúÈñ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÍóãöíãö áóÇ Þóáöíáñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: áóÔóæúÈðÇ ãöäú Íóãöíãò¡ ÇáÔøóæúÈõ: ÇáúÎóáúØõ¡ æóÇáÔøóæúÈõ æóÇáÔøõæÈõ áõÛóÊóÇäö¡ ßóÇáúÝóÞúÑö æóÇáúÝõÞúÑö¡ æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ ÃóÔúåóÑñ. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ: ÔóÇÈó ØóÚóÇãóåõ æóÔóÑóÇÈóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÎóáóØóåõãóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò íóÔõæÈõåõãóÇ ÔóæúÈðÇ æóÔöíóÇÈóÉð¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõãú ÃóáúÝóæúÇ ÂÈóÇÁóåõãú ÖóÇáøöíäó Ýóåõãú Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú íõåúÑóÚõæäó. ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÑúÓóáó Åöáóíúåöãú äóÈöíøõäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: Åöäøóåõãú ÃóáúÝóæúÇ ÂÈóÇÁóåõãú¡ Ãóíú: æóÌóÏõæåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö¡ Ýóåõãú Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú íõåúÑóÚõæäó(6/315)
ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó (85) ÃóÆöÝúßðÇ ÂáöåóÉð Ïõæäó Çááøóåö ÊõÑöíÏõæäó (86)
Ãóíú: íóÊúÈóÚõæäóåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáÖøóáóÇáö æóÇáúßõÝúÑö ãõÓúÑöÚöíäó Ýöíåö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú äóÊøóÈöÚõ ãóÇ ÃóáúÝóíúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ [2 \ 170] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ ãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ [5 \ 104] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Úóáóì ÃõãøóÉò æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ãõÞúÊóÏõæäó [43 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõäóÇ ÊõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú ÊóÕõÏøõæäóÇ ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóÚúÈõÏõ ÂÈóÇÄõäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 10] . æóÑóÏøõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó [2 \ 170] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó [5 \ 104] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóæú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú ÈöÃóåúÏóì ãöãøóÇ æóÌóÏúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóßõãú [43 \ 24] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ýóåõãú Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú¡ Ãóíú: Ýóåõãú Úóáóì ÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåöãú æóÇáöÇÞúÊöÏóÇÁö Èöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ãõÞúÊóÏõæäó [43 \ 23] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: íõåúÑóÚõæäó¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì: íõåúÑóÚõæäó: íõÓúÑöÚõæäó æóíõåóÑúæöáõæäó¡ æóÃóäøó ãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ãõåóáúåöáò:
ÝóÌóÇÁõæÇ íõåúÑóÚõæäó æóåõãú ÃõÓóÇÑóì ... ÊóÞõæÏõåõãú Úóáóì ÑóÛúãö ÇáúÃõäõæÝö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú Öóáøó ÞóÈúáóåõãú ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [37 \ 71] . ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [36 \ 7] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊõØöÚú ÃóßúËóÑó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íõÖöáøõæßó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 116] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú äóÇÏóÇäóÇ äõæÍñ ÝóáóäöÚúãó ÇáúãõÌöíÈõæäó æóäóÌøóíúäóÇåõ æóÃóåúáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßóÑúÈö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ åõãõ ÇáúÈóÇÞöíäó.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ æóÊóÝúÓöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõæÍðÇ ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÝóäóÌøóíúäóÇåõ æóÃóåúáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßóÑúÈö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 76] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÃóÆöÝúßðÇ ÂáöåóÉð Ïõæäó Çááøóåö ÊõÑöíÏõæäó.(6/316)
æóÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÐóÇåöÈñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí ÓóíóåúÏöíäö (99) ÑóÈøö åóÈú áöí ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó (100) ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöÛõáóÇãò Íóáöíãò (101) ÝóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãóÚóåõ ÇáÓøóÚúíó ÞóÇáó íóÇ Èõäóíøó Åöäøöí ÃóÑóì Ýöí ÇáúãóäóÇãö Ãóäøöí ÃóÐúÈóÍõßó ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÑóì ÞóÇáó íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö ÇÝúÚóáú ãóÇ ÊõÄúãóÑõ ÓóÊóÌöÏõäöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó (102) ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÓúáóãóÇ æóÊóáøóåõ áöáúÌóÈöíäö (103) æóäóÇÏóíúäóÇåõ Ãóäú íóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ (104) ÞóÏú ÕóÏøóÞúÊó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó (105) Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóåõæó ÇáúÈóáóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ (106) æóÝóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÈöÐöÈúÍò ÚóÙöíãò (107)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÐúßõÑú Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÕöÏøöíÞðÇ äóÈöíøðÇ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö áöãó ÊóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõ æóáóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõ æóáóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúßó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 41 - 42] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÐóÇåöÈñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí ÓóíóåúÏöíäö ÑóÈøö åóÈú áöí ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöÛõáóÇãò Íóáöíãò¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÝóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÈöÐöÈúÍò ÚóÙöíãò.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÛõáóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõãöÑó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Ýöí ÇáúãóäóÇãö ÈöÐóÈúÍöåö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÑõÄúíóÇ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö æóÍúíñ¡ Ëõãøó áóãøóÇ ÈóÇÔóÑó Úóãóáó ÐóÈúÍöåö ÇãúÊöËóÇáðÇ áöáúÃóãúÑö¡ ÝóÏóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÐöÈúÍò ÚóÙöíãò¡ åóáú åõæó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Ãóæú ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¿ æóÞóÏú æóÚóÏúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» ¡ ÈöÃóäøóÇ äõæóÖøöÍõ Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÞúÊõ ÅöäúÌóÇÒö ÇáúæóÚúÏö.
ÇÚúáóãú¡ æóÝøóÞóäöí Çááøóåõ æóÅöíøóÇßó¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó ÞóÏú Ïóáøó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚóíúäö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÐøóÈöíÍó åõæó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ áóÇ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó. ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Ýöí «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí «åõæÏò» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÂíóÇÊö «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ Ýóåöíó æóÇÖöÍóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ ãöäú ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÐóÇåöÈñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí ÓóíóåúÏöíäö ÑóÈøö åóÈú áöí ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöÛõáóÇãò Íóáöíãò ÝóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãóÚóåõ ÇáÓøóÚúíó ÞóÇáó íóÇÈõäóíøó Åöäøöí ÃóÑóì Ýöí ÇáúãóäóÇãö Ãóäøöí ÃóÐúÈóÍõßó ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÑóì ÞóÇáó íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö ÇÝúÚóáú ãóÇ ÊõÄúãóÑõ ÓóÊóÌöÏõäöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÓúáóãóÇ æóÊóáøóåõ áöáúÌóÈöíäö æóäóÇÏóíúäóÇåõ Ãóäú íóÇÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÞóÏú ÕóÏøóÞúÊó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóåõæó ÇáúÈóáóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ æóÝóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÈöÐöÈúÍò ÚóÙöíãò æóÊóÑóßúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó [37 \ 99 - 110] ¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÚóÇØöÝðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì: æóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó äóÈöíøðÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó [37 \ 112] ¡ ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì ÔóíúÁñ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãõÈóÔøóÑö Èöåö Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Íóãúáõ ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏó ÇäúÊöåóÇÁö ÞöÕøóÉö ÐóÈúÍöåö íóÞõæáõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Ýóåõæó ÊóßúÑóÇÑñ áóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉó Ýöíåö íõäóÒøóåõ Úóäúåõ ßóáóÇãõ Çááøóåö¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÛõáóÇãó ÇáúãõÈóÔøóÑó Èöåö ÃóæøóáðÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝõÏöíó ÈöÇáÐøóÈúÍö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ åõæó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉó ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó äóÕøó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉð ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóáóäõÍúíöíóäøóåõ ÍóíóÇÉð ØóíøöÈóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 97] ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö: Ãóäú(6/317)
ÇáäøóÕøó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö æóÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÍúÊóãóáó ÇáÊøóÃúÓöíÓó æóÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏó ãóÚðÇ æóÌóÈó Íóãóáõåõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúÓöíÓö¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Íóãúáõåõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúßöíÏö¡ ÅöáøóÇ áöÏóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóØúÝó íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉó¡ ÝóÂíóÉõ «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» åóÐöåö¡ Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ áöáúãõäúÕöÝö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÐøóÈöíÍó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ áóÇ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóíõÓúÊóÃúäóÓõ áöåóÐóÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚó ÇáøóÊöí ÐõßöÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ íóÞöíäðÇ ÚõÈøöÑó Úóäúåõ Ýöí ßõáøöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÚöáúãö áóÇ ÇáúÍöáúãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÛõáóÇãõ ÇáÐøóÈöíÍõ æóÕóÝóåõ ÈöÇáúÍöáúãö áóÇ ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÇáÏøóÇáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ Ýóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ ÞóÇÆöãóÉñ ÝóÖóÍößóÊú ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóÚúÞõæÈó [11 \ 71] ; áöÃóäøó ÑõÓõáó Çááøóåö ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÈóÔøóÑóÊúåóÇ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÃóäøó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóáöÏõ íóÚúÞõæÈó¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íõÚúÞóáõ Ãóäú íõÄúãóÑó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÈöÐóÈúÍöåö¡ æóåõæó ÕóÛöíÑñ¡ æóåõæó ÚöäúÏóåõ Úöáúãñ íóÞöíäñ ÈöÃóäøóåõ íóÚöíÔõ ÍóÊøóì íóáöÏó íóÚúÞõæÈó.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáúãõäúÕöÝö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈóÚúÏó ÏóáóÇáóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÞöÕøóÉó ÇáÐøóÈöíÍö åóÐöåö ÊõÄóíøöÏõ ÃóÍóÏó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóíúäö ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí ÍößúãóÉö ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö¡ åóáú åöíó áöáöÇãúÊöËóÇáö ÝóÞóØú¡ Ãóæú åöíó ãõÊóÑóÏøöÏóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáö æóÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁö¿ áöÃóäøóåõ Èóíøöäñ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÍößúãóÉó ÊóßúáöíÝöåö áöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÈöÐóÈúÍöåö æóáóÏóåõ áóíúÓóÊú åöíó ÇãúÊöËóÇáõåõ Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÑöÏú ÐóÈúÍõåõ ßóæúäðÇ æóÞóÏóÑðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÍößúãóÉõ ÊóßúáöíÝöåö ÈöÐóáößó ãõÌóÑøóÏõ ÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁö æóÇáöÇÎúÊöÈóÇÑö¡ åóáú íõÕóãøöãõ Úóáóì ÇãúÊöËóÇáö Ðóáößó Ãóæú áóÇ¿ ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóåõæó ÇáúÈóáóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ æóÝóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÈöÐöÈúÍò ÚóÙöíãò [37 \ 106 - 107] ¡ ÝóÊóÈóíøóäó ÈöåóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó Ãóäøó ÍößúãóÉó ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ãõÊóÑóÏøöÏóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáö æóÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁö. æóÅöáóì ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
áöáöÇãúÊöËóÇáö ßóáøóÝó ÇáÑøóÞöíÈõ ... ÝóãõæÌöÈñ ÊóãóßøõäðÇ ãõÕöíÈõ
Ãóæú Èóíúäóåõ æóÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇ ÊóÑóÏøóÏóÇ ... ÔóÑúØõ Êóãóßøõäò Úóáóíúåö ÇäúÝóÞóÏóÇ
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóãõæÌöÈñ ÊóãóßøõäðÇ ãõÕöíÈõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÔóÑúØõ Êóãóßøõäò Úóáóíúåö ÇäúÝóÞóÏóÇ¡ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÔóÑúØó ÇáÊøóãóßøõäö ãöäó ÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö¡ ãóÈúäöíøñ Úóáóì ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ Ýóãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäö ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýöí ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö åöíó ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáõ ÝóÞóØö ÇÔúÊóÑóØó Ýöí ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ÇáÊøóãóßøõäó ãöäó ÇáúÝöÚúáö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÇãúÊöËóÇáó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÚó(6/318)
æóÈóÇÑóßúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåöãóÇ ãõÍúÓöäñ æóÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö ãõÈöíäñ (113)
ÇáÊøóãóßøõäö ãöäó ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó Åöäøó ÇáúÍößúãóÉó ãõÊóÑóÏøöÏóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáö æóÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁö¡ áóãú íóÔúÊóÑöØú ãöäó ÇáúÝöÚúáö ; áöÃóäøó ÍößúãóÉó ÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁö ÊóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ ãóÚó ÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóãóßøõäö ãöäó ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì. æóãöäó ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö ÇáúãóÈúäöíøóÉö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Ãóäú ÊóÚúáóãó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÈöÇáúÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõØøóÑöÏóÉö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÍöíÖõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÙøõåúÑö ÛóÏðÇ ãöäú äóåóÇÑö ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ Ëõãøó ÍóÕóáó áóåóÇ ÇáúÍóíúÖõ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ÝóÊõÕúÈöÍõ ãõÝúØöÑóÉñ ÞóÈúáó ÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇáúÍóíúÖö¡ ÝóÚóáóì Ãóäøó ÍößúãóÉó ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáõ ÝóÞóØú¡ ÝóáóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóåóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÝúØöÑó ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÚóÇáöãóÉñ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÊóãóßøóäõ ãöäó ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáö¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÍößúãóÉó ÊóÇÑóÉð Êóßõæäõ ÇáöÇãúÊöËóÇáó¡ æóÊóÇÑóÉð Êóßõæäõ ÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁó¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÊóÈúíöíÊõ ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áóåóÇ ÇáúÅöÝúØóÇÑõ ÅáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóÌöíÁö ÇáúÍóíúÖö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÝúØóÑóÊú ÞóÈúáóåõ ßóÝøóÑóÊú. æóßóÐóáößó ãóäú ÃóÝúØóÑó áöÍõãøóì ÊõÕöíÈõåõ ÛóÏðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Úóáöãó Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÚóÇÏóÉö¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóíúÖðÇ íóäúÈóäöí Úóáóì ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåöãóÇ ãõÍúÓöäñ æóÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö ãõÈöíäñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó áóÇ íóäóÇáõ ÚóåúÏöí ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [2 \ 124] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ãóäóäøóÇ Úóáóì ãõæÓóì æóåóÇÑõæäó.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãöäøóÊóåõ ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «Øå» : ÞóÇáó ÞóÏú ÃõæÊöíÊó ÓõÄúáóßó íóÇãõæÓóì æóáóÞóÏú ãóäóäøóÇ Úóáóíúßó ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì [20 \ 36 - 37] ; áöÃóäøó ãöäú ÓõÄúáöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõæÊöíóåõ ÅöÌóÇÈóÉó ÏóÚúæóÊöåö Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÉö ÃóÎöíåö åóÇÑõæäó ãóÚóåõ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉó ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãó Çáúãöäóäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÌøóíúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÞóæúãóåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúßóÑúÈö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö. Þóæúáõåõ: æóÞóæúãóåõãóÇ¡ íóÚúäöí Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøóåõ äóÌøóì ãõæÓóì æóåóÇÑõæäó æóÞóæúãóåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúßóÑúÈö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÓõæãõåõãú ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ æóÞóæúãõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ ßóÐóÈúÍö ÇáÐøõßõæÑö ãöäú ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåöãú æóÅöåóÇäóÉö ÇáúÅöäóÇËö¡ æóßóíúÝöíøóÉö ÅöäúÌóÇÆöåö áóåõãú ãõÈóíøóäóÉñ Ýöí ÇäúÝöáóÇÞö ÇáúÈóÍúÑö áóåõãú¡ ÍóÊøóì ÎóÇÖõæåõ ÓóÇáöãöíäó¡ æóÅöÛúÑóÇÞö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãöåö æóåõãú íóäúÙõÑõæäó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÝóÑóÞúäóÇ Èößõãõ ÇáúÈóÍúÑó ÝóÃóäúÌóíúäóÇßõãú æóÃóÛúÑóÞúäóÇ Âáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóäúÙõÑõæäó [2 \ 50] ¡ æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÊóÝúÓöíÑó ÇáúßóÑúÈö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö äõæÍò: ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÝóäóÌøóíúäóÇåõ æóÃóåúáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßóÑúÈö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö [21 \ 76] .(6/319)
ÝóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÈøöÍöíäó (143) áóáóÈöËó Ýöí ÈóØúäöåö Åöáóì íóæúãö íõÈúÚóËõæäó (144)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÕóÑúäóÇåõãú ÝóßóÇäõæÇ åõãõ ÇáúÛóÇáöÈöíäó. Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøóåõ äóÕóÑó ãõæÓóì æóåóÇÑõæäó æóÞóæúãóåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäö æóÌõäõæÏöåö¡ ÝóßóÇäõæÇ åõãõ ÇáúÛóÇáöÈöíäó¡ Ãóíú: æóÝöÑúÚóæúäõ æóÌõäõæÏõåõ åõãõ ÇáúãóÛúáõæÈõæäó¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ãóåúáóßóåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÈöÇáúÛóÑóÞö¡ æóÃóäúÌóì ãõæÓóì æóåóÇÑõæäó æóÞóæúãóåõãóÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúåóáóÇßö¡ æóÝöí Ðóáößó äóÕúÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ áóåõãú Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÓóäóÔõÏøõ ÚóÖõÏóßó ÈöÃóÎöíßó æóäóÌúÚóáõ áóßõãóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöáõæäó ÅöáóíúßõãóÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÃóäúÊõãóÇ æóãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚóßõãóÇ ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõæäó [28 \ 35] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÈöíäó. ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ åõæó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÝóáóÇ Êóßõäú Ýöí ãöÑúíóÉò ãöäú áöÞóÇÆöåö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ åõÏðì áöÈóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÊóãóÇãðÇ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò [6 \ 154] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó áóÚóáøóåõãú íóåúÊóÏõæäó [23 \ 49] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì æóåóÇÑõæäó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäó æóÖöíóÇÁð æóÐößúÑðÇ áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [21 \ 48] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 53] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóãõÑøõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó æóÈöÇááøóíúáö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÈöÓóÈöíáò ãõÞöíãò [15 \ 76] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ÃóÌúáö Ðóáößó ßóÊóÈúäóÇ Úóáóì Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÞóÊóáó äóÝúÓðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö äóÝúÓò Ãóæú ÝóÓóÇÏò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÞóÊóáó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÌóãöíÚðÇ [5 \ 32] ¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÈøöÍöíäó áóáóÈöËó Ýöí ÈóØúäöåö Åöáóì íóæúãö íõÈúÚóËõæäó. ÊóÓúÈöíÍõ íõæäõÓó åóÐóÇ¡ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÐóÇ Çáäøõæäö ÅöÐú ÐóåóÈó ãõÛóÇÖöÈðÇ ÝóÙóäøó Ãóäú áóäú äóÞúÏöÑó Úóáóíúåö ÝóäóÇÏóì Ýöí ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó Åöäøöí ßõäúÊõ ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúäóÇ áóåõ æóäóÌøóíúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÛóãøö æóßóÐóáößó äõäúÌöí ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [21 \ 87 - 88] .(6/320)
æóáóÞóÏú ÓóÈóÞóÊú ßóáöãóÊõäóÇ áöÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó (171) Åöäøóåõãú áóåõãõ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÑõæäó (172) æóÅöäøó ÌõäúÏóäóÇ áóåõãõ ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõæäó (173)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÊóÝúÓöíÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÅöíÖóÇÍóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÂãóäõæÇ ÝóãóÊøóÚúäóÇåõãú Åöáóì Íöíäò. ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÅöíãóÇäö Þóæúãö íõæäõÓó æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ãóÊøóÚóåõãú Åöáóì Íöíäò¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóæúáóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÞóÑúíóÉñ ÂãóäóÊú ÝóäóÝóÚóåóÇ ÅöíãóÇäõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Þóæúãó íõæäõÓó áóãøóÇ ÂãóäõæÇ ßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÎöÒúíö Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóãóÊøóÚúäóÇåõãú Åöáóì Íöíäò [10 \ 98] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú ÃóáöÑóÈøößó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊõ æóáóåõãõ ÇáúÈóäõæäó¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ áóßõãú ßóíúÝó ÊóÍúßõãõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÌúÚóáõæäó áöáøóåö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóáóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔúÊóåõæäó¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÍúßõãõæäó [16 \ 57 - 59] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ áóíóÞõæáõæäó áóæú Ãóäøó ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÐößúÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó áóßõäøóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏó Çááøóåö ÇáúãõÎúáóÕöíäó ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ Èöåö ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÚúáóãõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ãóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ áóæú ÃóäøóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóßõäøóÇ ÃóåúÏóì ãöäúåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 157] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÓóÈóÞóÊú ßóáöãóÊõäóÇ áöÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó Åöäøóåõãú áóåõãõ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÑõæäó æóÅöäøó ÌõäúÏóäóÇ áóåõãõ ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõæäó. åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÃóÊúÈóÇÚõåõãú ãóäúÕõæÑõæäó ÏóÇÆöãðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÍõÌøóÉö æóÇáúÈóíóÇäö¡ æóãóäú ÃõãöÑó ãöäúåõãú ÈöÇáúÌöåóÇÏö ãóäúÕõæÑñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö æóÇáÓøöäøóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ áóÃóÛúáöÈóäøó ÃóäóÇ æóÑõÓõáöí [58 \ 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ áóäóäúÕõÑõ ÑõÓõáóäóÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóíóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáúÃóÔúåóÇÏõ [40 \ 51] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÇäó ÍóÞøðÇ ÚóáóíúäóÇ äóÕúÑõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [30 \ 47] ¡(6/321)
æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó (181)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú áóäõåúáößóäøó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó æóáóäõÓúßöäóäøóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú [14 \ 13 - 14] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó åóÐóÇ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú äóÈöíøò ÞóÇÊóáó ãóÚóåõ ÑöÈøöíøõæäó ßóËöíÑñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 146] ¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí áóåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÌóÇÏóáóÉö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÈöÚóÐóÇÈöäóÇ íóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäó ÝóÅöÐóÇ äóÒóáó ÈöÓóÇÍóÊöåöãú ÝóÓóÇÁó ÕóÈóÇÍõ ÇáúãõäúÐóÑöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäóßó ÈöÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãõ ÇáúãóËõáóÇÊõ [13 \ 6] . æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóËõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÂãóäúÊõãú Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 15] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì:
æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó. ÎóÊóãó åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó ÈöÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõãú ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÕúØóÝóì ãóÚó ËóäóÇÆöåö Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [37 \ 182] ¡ ãõÚóáøóãðÇ ÎóáúÞóåõ Ãóäú íõËúäõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÍóãúÏöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóãúÏó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó¡ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÑõÓõáöåö ÇáúßöÑóÇãö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» : Þõáö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÕúØóÝóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 59] ¡ æóíõÔúÈöåõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó Çááøóåõãøó æóÊóÍöíøóÊõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÓóáóÇãñ æóÂÎöÑõ ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú Ãóäö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [10 \ 10] .(6/322)
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Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Õ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö. ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ: Õ ÈöÇáÓøõßõæäö ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉõ¡ æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó Õ ãöäó ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö ßóÜ (Õ) Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáãÕ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßåíÚÕ [19 \ 1] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Úóáóì ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò¡ ÝóÃóÛúäóì Ðóáößó Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ.
æóÈöÐóáößó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ãóäú ÞóÑóÃó Õ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ÛóíúÑö ãõäóæøóäóÉò¡ æóãóäú ÞóÑóÃóåóÇ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ãõäóæøóäóÉð¡ æóãóäú ÞóÑóÃóåóÇ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÏøóÇáøö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÑóÃóåóÇ ÈöÖóãøöåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõäóæøóäóÉò¡ ßõáøõåóÇ ÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊñ ÔóÇÐøóÉñ áóÇ íõÚóæøóáõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÊóÝóÇÓöíÑõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãóÈúäöíøóÉö Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÇ íõÚóæøóáõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕóÑöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÕóÇÏö ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ÝöÚúáõ ÃóãúÑò ãöäú ÕóÇÏóì íõÕóÇÏöí ãõÕóÇÏóÇÉð ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÇÑóÖó¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáÕøóÏóì. æóåõæó ãóÇ íõÚóÇÑöÖõ ÇáÕøóæúÊó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö ÇáÕøõáúÈóÉö ÇáúÎóÇáöíóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÓóÇãö¡ Ãóíú ÚóÇÑöÖú ÈöÚóãóáößó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó æóÞóÇÈöáúåõ Èöåö¡ íóÚúäöí ÇãúÊóËöáú ÃóæóÇãöÑóåõ æóÇÌúÊóäöÈú äóæóÇåöíóåõ æóÇÚúÊóÞöÏú ÚóÞóÇÆöÏóåõ æóÇÚúÊóÈöÑú ÈöÃóãúËóÇáöåö æóÇÊøóÚóÙú ÈöãóæóÇÚöÙöåö.
æóÚóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÃóíúÖðÇ: Ãóäøó Õ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÍóÇÏöËò æóåõæó ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ Õ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ÛóíúÑõ ãõäóæøóäóÉò: ãóÑúæöíøóÉñ Úóäú ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóÃóÈöí ÇáÓøöãóÇáö æóÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÚóíúáóÉó æóäóÕúÑö Èúäö ÚóÇÕöãò.
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÔøóÇÐøóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ßóÓúÑó ÇáÏøóÇáøö ÓóÈóÈõåõ ÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝõ áöÇáúÊöÞóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÇßöäóíúäö æóåõæó ÍóÑúÝõ åöÌóÇÁò áóÇ ÝöÚúáõ ÃóãúÑò ãóäú ÕóÇÏóì.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÑóÃó Õ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ãóÚó ÇáÊøóäúæöíäö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ(6/323)
ãóÌúÑõæÑñ ÈöÍóÑúÝö ÞóÓóãò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ ÝóÓõÞõæØõåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ãóäú ÞóÑóÃó Õ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö Êóäúæöíäò¡ Ýóåöíó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉñ ÔóÇÐøóÉñ æóÇáÊøóÝóÇÓöíÑõ ÇáúãóÈúäöíøóÉõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÓóÇÞöØóÉñ.
ßóÞóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÕóÇÏó ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÞõáõæÈó ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÇÓúÊóãóÇáóåõãú ÍóÊøóì ÂãóäõæÇ Èöåö.
æóÞóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: åõæó ãóäúÕõæÈñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÛúÑóÇÁö.
Ãóíö ÇáúÒóãõæÇ ÕóÇÏó¡ Ãóíú åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÞóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇÊúáõ¡ æóÞóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöäóÒúÚö ÇáúÎóÇÝöÖö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÍóÑúÝõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ.
æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö ÇáÔøóÇÐøóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóÇáøó ÝõÊöÍóÊú ÊóÎúÝöíÝðÇ áöÇáúÊöÞóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÇßöäóíúäö¡ æóÇÎúÊöíÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÝóÊúÍõ ÅöÊúÈóÇÚðÇ áöáÕøóÇÏøö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÊúÍó ÃóÎóÝøõ ÇáúÍóÑóßóÇÊö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÚöíÓóì Èúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÊõÑúæóì Úóäú ãóÍúÈõæÈò Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ãóäú ÞóÑóÃó ÕóÇÏõ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö Êóäúæöíäò¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóãñ áöáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÃò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ åóÐöåö ÕóÇÏõ æóÃóäøóåõ ãõäöÚó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÑúÝö áöáúÚóáóãöíøóÉö æóÇáÊøóÃúäöíËö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÓøõæÑóÉó ãõÄóäøóËóÉñ áóÝúÙðÇ.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ãóÑúæöíøóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕóÑöíøö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóãóíúÞóÚö æóåóÇÑõæäó ÇáúÃóÚúæóÑö.
æóãóäú ÞóÑóÃó ÕóÇÏó ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ÞóÑóÃó: Þ¡ æóä ßóÐóáößó¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóäú ÞóÑóÃóåóÇ Õ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÏøóÇáøö ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÑóÃó Þ: æóä ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÝóÇÁö æóÇáäøõæäö.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö¡ æóÌóãöíÚó åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóÝóÇÓöíÑö ÇáúãóÈúäöíøóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ßõáøõåóÇ ÓóÇÞöØóÉñ¡ áóÇ ãõÚóæøóáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåóÇ áöÃóÌúáö ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó Õ ãöäó ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ ÚóäúåóÇ åöíó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó Õ ãöÝúÊóÇÍõ ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÓúãóÇÁö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóÇáÕøóÈõæÑö æóÇáÕøóãóÏö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÕóÏóÞó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝöíãóÇ íõÈóáøöÛõ Úóäö Çááøóåö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú(6/324)
ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÃóäøóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÕúÏóÑñ¡ ÒöíÏó Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóáöÝõ æóÇáäøõæäõ. ßóãóÇ ÒöíÏóÊóÇ Ýöí ÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö¡ æóÇáÑøõÌúÍóÇäö¡ æóÇáúßõÝúÑóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö¡ æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑó ÃõÑöíÏó Èöåö ÇáúæóÕúÝõ.
æóÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ íóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝó ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö åõæó ÇÓúãõ ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÞúÑõæÁö ãöäú Þóæúáö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÞóÑóÃúÊõ ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÙúåóÑúÊõåõ æóÃóÈúÑóÒúÊõåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÞóÑóÃóÊö ÇáäøóÇÞóÉõ ÇáÓøóáóÇ æóÇáúÌóäöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÙúåóÑóÊúåõ æóÃóÈúÑóÒóÊúåõ ãöäú ÈóØúäöåóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ßõáúËõæãò Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
ÊõÑöíßó ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáúÊó Úóáóì ÎóáóÇÁò æóÞóÏú ... ÃóãöäóÊú Úõíõæäõ ÇáúßóÇÔöÍöíäóÇ
ÐöÑóÇÚóíú ÚóíúØóáò ÃóÏúãóÇÁó ÈößúÑò ... åóÌóÇäö Çááøóæúäö áóãú ÊóÞúÑóÃú ÌóäöíäóÇ
Úóáóì ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö.
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞúÑõæÁõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÙúåöÑõåõ ÇáúÞóÇÑöÆõ¡ æóíõÈúÑöÒõåõ ãöäú Ýöíåö¡ ÈöÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊöåö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ÇáúæóÕúÝó ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö¡ åõæó ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóÇÑöÆö¡ æóåõæó ÇÓúãõ ÝóÇÚöáò ÞóÑóÃúÊõ¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÌóãóÚúÊõ.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÞóÑóÃúÊõ ÇáúãóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóæúÖö Ãóíú ÌóãóÚúÊõåõ Ýöíåö.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóÇÑöÆö Ãóíö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚö áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÌóãóÚó Ýöíåö ÌóãöíÚó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáúãõäóÒøóáóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö Ýöíåö æóÌúåóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáÐøößúÑó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÔøóÑóÝö¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ ÝõáóÇäñ ãóÐúßõæÑñ íóÚúäõæäó áóåõ ÐößúÑñ Ãóíú ÔóÑóÝñ.(6/325)
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÐößúÑñ áóßó æóáöÞóæúãößó [43 \ 44] Ãóíú ÔóÑóÝñ áóßõãú Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáÐøößúÑó ÇÓúãõ ãóÕúÏóÑò ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑõ æóÇáúãóæóÇÚöÙõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäö ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÞúÓóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö ãóÐúßõæÑñ¡ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøóåõ ãóÐúßõæÑñ ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäöåö¡ æóÃóÞúæóÇáõåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøõåóÇ ÙóÇåöÑóÉõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö.
Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö åõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöäøó Ðóáößó áóÍóÞøñ ÊóÎóÇÕõãõ Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö [38 \ 64] .
æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó åõæó Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÑöÒúÞõäóÇ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú äóÝóÇÏò [38 \ 54] .
æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó åõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ßõáøñ ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐøóÈó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÝóÍóÞøó ÚöÞóÇÈö [38 \ 14] ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÇááøóåö Åöäú ßõäøóÇ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò. æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáØøóÇÑöÞö æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ ÇáØøóÇÑöÞõ ÇáäøóÌúãõ ÇáËøóÇÞöÈõ Åöäú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò áóãøóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÝöÙñ [86 \ 1 - 4] .
æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó åõæó Þóæúáõåõ: ßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: Åöäö ÇáúÃóÕúáó áóßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ æóáóãøóÇ ØóÇáó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ¡ ÍõÐöÝóÊú áóÇãõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÈöÏõæäö áóÇãò.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÖõÍóÇåóÇ [91 \ 1] áóãøóÇ ØóÇáó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóÓóãö æóÇáúãõÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÒóßøóÇåóÇ¡ ÍõÐöÝóÊú ãöäúåõ áóÇãõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö.
æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö åõæó Þóæúáõåõ: Õ ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÚúäóì Õ ÕóÏóÞó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøóßóÑö. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Úóáóíúåö åõæó ÕöÏúÞõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: åóÐöåö Õ Ãóíö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÚúÌóÒóÊö ÇáúÚóÑóÈó¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÓõÞõæØõåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Åöäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÊóÞúÏöíÑöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ(6/326)
Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö¡ ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö. Åöäøóåõ áöãõÚúÌöÒñ¡ æóÞóÏøóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó æóÛóíúÑõåõ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö ãóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ ÕóæóÇÈõåõ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: Ãóäøó ÌóæóÇÈó ÇáúÞóÓóãö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ æóÃóäøó ÊóÞúÏöíÑóåõ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö ãóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ¡ æóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõãõ: ÇáúãõÞúÓóãõ Úóáóì äóÝúíöåö ÔóÇãöáñ áöËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÉò.
ÇáúÃóæøóáö: ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõÑúÓóáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøðÇ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó áóíúÓó ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÓúÊó ãõÑúÓóáðÇ [13 \ 43] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöáóåó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó áóíúÓó ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ÃóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÂáöåóÉó ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚõÌóÇÈñ [38 \ 5] .
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íóÈúÚóËõ ãóäú íóãõæÊõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó áóíúÓó ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóÃóÞúÓóãõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÌóåúÏó ÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú áóÇ íóÈúÚóËõ Çááøóåõ ãóäú íóãõæÊõ [16 \ 38] æóÞóæúáöåö: ÒóÚóãó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú áóäú íõÈúÚóËõæÇ [64 \ 7] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíäóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ [34 \ 3] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ Ýóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÚöÒøóÉò æóÔöÞóÇÞò [38 \ 2] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈó ÈöÞóæúáöåö Èóáú¡ Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÞúÓóãö Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö. Ãóíú ãóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÚöÒøóÉò¡ Ãóíú Ýöí ÍóãöíøóÉò æóÃóäóÝóÉò æóÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑò Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÔöÞóÇÞò¡ Ãóíú ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉò æóãõÚóÇäóÏóÉò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóäúÝöíøó ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝó ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ ÝóáöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò: ÃóãøóÇ ÕöÍøóÉõ ÑöÓóÇáóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóßóæúäõ ÇáúÅöáóåö ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö æóÇÍöÏðÇ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõãóÇ åõäóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ãõÑúÓóáðÇ ÍóÞøðÇ ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ: æóÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú æóÞóÇáó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åóÐóÇ ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ [38 \ 4] íóÚúäöí Ãóíú: áóÇ æóÌúåó áöáúÚóÌóÈö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö. áöÃóäú íóÌöíÁó ÇáúãõäúÐöÑõ ÇáúßóÇÆöäõ ãöäúåõãú.
áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ ÈöÅöÑúÓóÇáò ãöäó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøðÇ.(6/327)
æóÞóæúáõåõãú: åóÐóÇ ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÅöäúßóÇÑðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÊóßúÐöíÈðÇ áóåõãú. ÝóÚõÑöÝó ÈöÐóáößó Ãóäøó Ýöí Ööãúäö ÇáúãóÚúäóì æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö Ãóäøóßó ãõÑúÓóáñ ÍóÞøðÇ æóáóæú ÚóÌöÈõæÇ ãöäú ãóÌöíÆößó ãõäúÐöÑðÇ áóåõãú¡ æóÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøóßó ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ¡ Ãóíú Ýóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÌöÈõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö¡ æóÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó ÎóÇÊóãó ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ æóÃóßúÑóãóåõãú Úóáóì Çááøóåö¡ ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáúÅöáóåö ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö æóÇÍöÏðÇ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ¡ ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÃóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÂáöåóÉó ÅöáóåðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚõÌóÇÈñ [38 \ 5] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúåõãóÒóÉó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÌóÚóáó áöáúÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáúãõÔúÊóãöáö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ Ýóåöíó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì äóÝúíö ÓóÈóÈö ÊóÚóÌøõÈöåöãú ãöäú Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöáóåó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏó æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóåóÐóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóÇäö ÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÞúÓóãó Úóáóì ÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãú ÝöíåóÇ æóÅöËúÈóÇÊöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóãö ÕóÑöíÍðÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÞúÓöãðÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ãõÑúÓóáñ ÍóÞøðÇ íÓ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÍóßöíãö Åöäøóßó áóãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó [36 \ 1 - 3] Ýóåöíó ÊõæóÖøöÍõ ãóÚúäóì Õ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö Åöäøóßó áöãóäö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÊóÃúßöíÏõ ÕöÍøóÉö Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Êöáúßó ÂíóÇÊõ Çááøóåö äóÊúáõæåóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÅöäøóßó áóãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó [2 \ 252] ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÓóãó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö ÕóÝøðÇ ÝóÇáÒøóÇÌöÑóÇÊö ÒóÌúÑðÇ ÝóÇáÊøóÇáöíóÇÊö ÐößúÑðÇ Åöäøó Åöáóåóßõãú áóæóÇÍöÏñ [37 \ 1 - 4] æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÊóÖúãøóäó ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó Ãóíú æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ðöí ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ Åöäøó Åöáóåóßõãú áóæóÇÍöÏñ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÂáöåóÉó ÇáúÂíóÉó [38 \ 5] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÍóÞøðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö ÅöÞúÓóÇãðÇ ÕóÍöíÍðÇ ÕóÑöíÍðÇ¡ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊõÈúÚóËõäøó [64 \ 7] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊóÃúÊöíóäøóßõãú [64 \ 3] Ãóíö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ. æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú Åöí æóÑóÈøöí Åöäøóåõ áóÍóÞøñ. [10 \ 53]
æóÃóÞúÓóãó Úóáóì ÇËúäóíúäö ãöäó ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö æóÍóÐóÝó ÇáúãõÞúÓóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáöÇËúäóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇäö¡ æóåöíó ßóæúäõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ãõÑúÓóáðÇ¡ æóÇáúÈóÚúËö ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÅöÔóÇÑóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúãóÌöíÏö Èóáú ÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åóÐóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÚóÌöíÈñ ÃóÆöÐóÇ ãöÊúäóÇ æóßõäøóÇ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ Ðóáößó ÑóÌúÚñ ÈóÚöíÏñ [50 \ 1 - 3] ÝóÇÊøóÖóÍó(6/328)
Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÚöÒøóÉò æóÔöÞóÇÞò (2)
ÈöÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Þ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúãóÌöíÏö¡ Åöäøó ÇáúãõäúÐöÑó ÇáúßóÇÆöäó ãöäúßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÚóÌöÈúÊõãú ãöäú ãóÌöíÆöåö áóßõãú ãõäúÐöÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáñ ãõäúÐöÑñ áóßõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáúÈóÚúËó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúßóÑúÊõãõæåõ æóÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏúÊõãõæåõ ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúßõãú: ÃóÆöÐóÇ ãöÊúäóÇ æóßõäøóÇ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ Ðóáößó ÑóÌúÚñ ÈóÚöíÏñ Ãóíú: Ðóáößó ÇáÑøóÌúÚõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÈóÚúËõ ÑóÌúÚñ ÈóÚöíÏñ Ýöí ÒóÚúãößõãú æóÇÞöÚñ áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó¡ æóÅöäøóåõ ÍóÞøñ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÚóáöãúäóÇ ãóÇ ÊóäúÞõÕõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãöäúåõãú æóÚöäúÏóäóÇ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÍóÝöíÙñ ÅöÐö ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÃóßóáóÊúåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãöäú áõÍõæãöåöãú¡ æóãóÒøóÞóÊúåõ ãöäú ÃóÌúÓóÇãöåöãú æóÚöÙóÇãöåöãú¡ íóÚúáóãõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ Ýóåõæó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÑóÏøöåö ßóãóÇ ßóÇäó.
æóÅöÍúíóÇÁõ Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÌúÓóÇÏö ÇáúÈóÇáöíóÉö¡ æóÇáÔøõÚõæÑö ÇáúãõÊóãóÒøöÞóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöÙóÇãö ÇáäøóÎöÑóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íÓ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóäúÓöáõæäó [36 \ 51] æóßóæúäõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõÑúÓóáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøðÇ¡ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇÓúÊöáúÒóÇãðÇ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó ãõäóÒøóáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÓöÍúÑò æóáóÇ ÔöÚúÑò æóáóÇ ßóåóÇäóÉò æóáóÇ ÃóÓóÇØöíÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó.
æóáöÐóáößó ÃóÞúÓóãó ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõäóÒøóáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÏøõÎóÇäö: Íã æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈöíäö ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉò ãõÈóÇÑóßóÉò [44 \ 1 - 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö: Íã æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈöíäö ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó æóÅöäøóåõ Ýöí Ãõãøö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÏóíúäóÇ áóÚóáöíøñ Íóßöíãñ [43 \ 1 - 4] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÚöÒøóÉò æóÔöÞóÇÞò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÞóÑöíÈðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈö Èö «Èóáú» Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ: Ýöí ÚöÒøóÉò Ãóíú: ÍóãöíøóÉò æóÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑò ÚöäúÏó ÞóÈõæáö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÃóÎúÐö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÈöÇáúÅöËúãö áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÃóãúÑóåõãú ÈöÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúÍóãöíøóÉõ æóÇáöÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑõ Úóäú ÞóÈõæáö ÇáúÍóÞøö ãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÏõÎõæáöåöãú Ìóåóäøóãó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÙúåöÑõæäó ÛóíúÑó ãóÇ íõÈúØöäõæäó: æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõ ÇÊøóÞö Çááøóåó ÃóÎóÐóÊúåõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ ÈöÇáúÅöËúãö ÝóÍóÓúÈõåõ Ìóåóäøóãõ æóáóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãöåóÇÏõ [2 \ 206] .
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó æóÌúåó ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóãöíøóÉö æóÇáöÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑö: Ãóäøó ãóäö ÇÊøóÕóÝó ÈöÐóáößó ßóÃóäøóåõ(6/329)
ßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöäú ÞóÑúäò ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ãóäóÇÕò (3)
íõäúÒöáõ äóÝúÓóåõ ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáúÛóÇáöÈö ÇáúÞóÇåöÑö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ áóíúÓó ßóÐóáößó¡ áöÃóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáúÛóáóÈóÉõ æóÇáúÞóåúÑõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ æóáöÑóÓõæáöåö æóáöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [63 \ 8] ¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ íóÞõæáõæäó: ãóäú ÚóÒöíÒñ¡ íóÚúäõæäó ãóäú ÛóáóÈó ÇÓúÊóáóÈó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÎóäúÓóÇÁö:
ßóÃóäú áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ Íöãðì íõÍúÊóÔóì ... ÅöÐö ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÅöÐú ÐóÇßó ãóäú ÚóÒöíÒóÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäö ÇáúÎóÕúãö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊõÓóæøóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÏóÇæõÏó: æóÚóÒøóäöí Ýöí ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö [38 \ 23] Ãóíú ÛóáóÈóäöí¡ æóÞóåóÑóäöí Ýöí ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöÒøóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóËúÈóÊóåóÇ Çááøóåõ áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Èóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÚöÒøóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÎóÐóÊúåõ ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ ÈöÇáúÅöËúãö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 206] ¡ áóíúÓóÊú åöíó ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí íõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞóåúÑõ æóÇáúÛóáóÈóÉõ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÕøó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ïõæäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÞõæáõæäó áóÆöäú ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö áóíõÎúÑöÌóäøó ÇáúÃóÚóÒøõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóáøó æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ æóáöÑóÓõæáöåö æóáöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [63 \ 8] .
æóáöÐóáößó ÝóÓøóÑóåóÇ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÇáúÍóãöíøóÉõ æóÇáöÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑõ¡ Úóäú ÞóÈõæáö ÇáúÍóÞøö.
æóÇáÔøöÞóÇÞõ: åöíó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝóÉõ¡ æóÇáúãõÚóÇäóÏóÉõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóæóáøóæúÇ ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ åõãú Ýöí ÔöÞóÇÞò ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 137] . ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: æóÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäó ÇáÔøöÞøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÌóÇäöÈõ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝó ÇáúãõÚóÇäöÏó¡ íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáÔøöÞøö Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇäöÈö ÇáøóÐöí áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ãóäú åõæó ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áóåõ æóãõÚóÇäöÏñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÃóÕúáõ ÇáÔøöÞóÇÞö ãöäó ÇáúãóÔóÞøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝó ÇáúãõÚóÇäöÏó íóÌúÊóåöÏõ Ýöí ÅöíÕóÇáö ÇáúãóÔóÞøóÉö Åöáóì ãóäú åõæó ãõÎóÇáóÝñ ãõÚóÇäóÏñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÃóÕúáõ ÇáÔøöÞóÇÞö ãöäú ÔóÞøö ÇáúÚóÕóÇ æóåõæó ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ æóÇáÊøóÝóÑøõÞõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöäú ÞóÑúäò ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ãóäóÇÕò. ßóãú åõäóÇ åöíó ÇáúÎóÈóÑöíøóÉõ¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ Úóäú ÚóÏóÏò ßóËöíÑò¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ãóÍóáøö äóÕúÈò¡ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö áóÃóåúáóßúäóÇ æóÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ýöí ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ áöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö¡ æóãöäú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú ÞóÑúäò¡ ãõãóíøöÒóÉñ áóßõãú¡ æóÇáúÞóÑúäõ íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãøóÉö æóÚóáóì ÈóÚúÖò ãöäó ÇáÒøóãóäö¡ ÃóÔúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöíåö Ãóäøóåõ ãöÇÆóÉõ ÓóäóÉò¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáÓøóÇáöÝóÉö ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáÑøõÓõáö(6/330)
ÝóÚúáóíúßõãú Ãóäú ÊóÍúÐóÑõæÇ íóÇ ßõÝøóÇÑó ãóßøóÉó ãöäú ÊóßúÐöíÈö äóÈöíøöäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö áöÆóáøóÇ äõåúáößóßõãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑõæäó ÇáúßóËöíÑóÉó ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉó.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ËóáóÇËó ãóÓóÇÆöáó:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøóåõ Ãóåúáóßó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö¡ íõåóÏøöÏõ ßõÝøóÇÑó ãóßøóÉó ÈöÐóáößó.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó: Ãóäøóåõãú äóÇÏóæúÇ Ãóíú ÚöäúÏó ãõÚóÇíóäóÉö ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáúåóáóÇßö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉó: Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó æóÞúÊõ ãõÚóÇíóäóÉö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö áóíúÓó æóÞúÊó äöÏóÇÁò¡ Ãóíú Ýóåõæó æóÞúÊñ áóÇ ãóáúÌóÃó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ ãóÝóÑøó ãöäó ÇáúåóáóÇßö ÈóÚúÏó ãõÚóÇíóäóÊöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáó ÇáËøóáóÇËó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó åõäóÇ ãõæóÖøóÍóÉð Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì æóåöíó ßóæúäõåõ Ãóåúáóßó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö äõæÍò [17 \ 17] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåóÇ æóåöíó ÙóÇáöãóÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 45] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú äóÈóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú Þóæúãö äõæÍò æóÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 9] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÅöåúáóÇßö Êöáúßó ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÊóßúÐöíÈõ ÑõÓõáöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑóÉö ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÓóÈóÈó ÅöåúáóÇßö Êöáúßó ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáøóÊöí ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ: áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÝóÑóÏøõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóåõãú Ýöí ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßóÝóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõãú Èöåö æóÅöäøóÇ áóÝöí Ôóßøò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäóäóÇ Åöáóíúåö ãõÑöíÈò [14 \ 9] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ ÃóÞúæóÇáó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÑóÏøõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóåõãú Ýöí ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚóÊóÊú Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóÑõÓõáöåö ÝóÍóÇÓóÈúäóÇåóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ æóÚóÐøóÈúäóÇåóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ äõßúÑðÇ ÝóÐóÇÞóÊú æóÈóÇáó ÃóãúÑöåóÇ æóßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÃóãúÑöåóÇ ÎõÓúÑðÇ [65 \ 8 - 9] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóæúãó äõæÍò áóãøóÇ ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÃóÛúÑóÞúäóÇåõãú æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú áöáäøóÇÓö ÂíóÉð Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÚóÇÏðÇ æóËóãõæÏó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáÑøóÓøö æóÞõÑõæäðÇ Èóíúäó Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑðÇ æóßõáøðÇ ÖóÑóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáó æóßõáøðÇ ÊóÈøóÑúäóÇ ÊóÊúÈöíÑðÇ [25 \ 37 - 39] æóÞóæúáöåö(6/331)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ßõáøñ ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐøóÈó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÝóÍóÞøó ÚöÞóÇÈö [38 \ 14] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ßõáøñ ßóÐøóÈó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÝóÍóÞøó æóÚöíÏö [50 \ 14] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÐößúÑö ÅöåúáóÇßö ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÊóåúÏöíÏõ ßõÝøóÇÑö ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÊóÎúæöíÝöåöãú ãöäú Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó Èöåöãú ãöËúáõ ãóÇ äóÒóáú ÈöÃõæáóÆößó Åöäú ÊóãóÇÏóæúÇ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÊóßúÐöíÈöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíóäúÙõÑõæÇ ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ÏóãøóÑó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ [47 \ 10] áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ ÊóåúÏöíÏñ ÚóÙöíãñ ÈöÐóáößó.
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò ãóäúÖõæÏò ãõÓóæøóãóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó æóãóÇ åöíó ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÈöÈóÚöíÏò [11 \ 82 - 83] ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ åöíó ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÈöÈóÚöíÏò Ýöíåö ÊóåúÏöíÏñ ÚóÙöíãñ áöãóäú íóÚúãóáõ Úóãóáó Þóæúãö áõæØò ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÊóßúÐöíÈö äóÈöíøöåöãú¡ æóÝóæóÇÍöÔöåöãõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú æóÈøóÎó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóäú áóãú íóÚúÊóÈöÑú Èöåöãú¡ æóáóãú íóÍúÐóÑú Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó Èöåö ãöËúáõ ãóÇ äóÒóáó Èöåöãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Þóæúãö áõæØò: æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóãõÑøõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó æóÈöÇááøóíúáö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó [37 \ 137 - 138] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÊóæúÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃõãúØöÑóÊú ãóØóÑó ÇáÓøóæúÁö ÃóÝóáóãú íóßõæäõæÇ íóÑóæúäóåóÇ Èóáú ßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÑúÌõæäó äõÔõæÑðÇ [25 \ 40] .
æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöíåöãú: æóáóÞóÏú ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÂíóÉð ÈóíøöäóÉð áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [29 \ 35] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöíåöãú: æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÈöÓóÈöíáò ãõÞöíãò. æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöíåöãú æóÝöí Þóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò æóÅöäøóåõãóÇ áóÈöÅöãóÇãò ãõÈöíäò [15 \ 79] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: æóåöíó äöÏóÇÄõåõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÍóÓøõæÇ ÈöÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ; ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö äóæúÚóíúäö ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö Ðóáößó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: äöÏóÇÄõåõãú ÈöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝöåöãú Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÙóÇáöãöíäó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóãú ÞóÕóãúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ßóÇäóÊú ÙóÇáöãóÉð æóÃóäúÔóÃúäóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÂÎóÑöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÍóÓøõæÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäúåóÇ íóÑúßõÖõæäó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇæóíúáóäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÙóÇáöãöíäó ÝóãóÇ ÒóÇáóÊú Êöáúßó ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú ÍóÊøóì ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÍóÕöíÏðÇ ÎóÇãöÏöíäó [21 \ 11 - 15] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóãú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåóÇ ÝóÌóÇÁóåóÇ ÈóÃúÓõäóÇ ÈóíóÇÊðÇ Ãóæú åõãú ÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÈóÃúÓõäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÙóÇáöãöíäó [7 \ 4 - 5] .
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ãöäú äóæúÚóíö ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö äöÏóÇÄõåõãú ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö ãõÓúÊóÛöíËöíäó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö(6/332)
ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍóÓøõæÇ ÃóæóÇÆöáóåõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóßóÝóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Èöåö ãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýóáóãú íóßõ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÓõäøóÉó Çááøóåö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóÎóÓöÑó åõäóÇáößó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [40 \ 84¡ 3] æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ åõæó ÇáúÃóäúÓóÈõ æóÇáúÃóáúíóÞõ ÈöÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ áöÏóáóÇáóÉö Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ãóäóÇÕò Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ãóäóÇÕò ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ¡ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: áóíúÓó ÇáúÍöíäõ ÇáøóÐöí äóÇÏóæúÇ Ýöíåö¡ æóåõæó æóÞúÊõ ãõÚóÇíóäóÉö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ Íöíäó ãóäóÇÕò¡ Ãóíú áóíúÓó Íöíäó ÝöÑóÇÑò æóáóÇ ãóáúÌóÃó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÚóÇíóäõæåõ.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇÊó åöíó áóÇ ÇáäøóÇÝöíóÉõ ÒöíÏóÊú ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÊóÇÁõ ÇáÊøóÃúäöíËö ÇááøóÝúÙöíøóÉö ßóãóÇ ÒöíÏóÊú Ýöí Ëóãøó¡ ÝóÞöíáó ÝöíåóÇ ËóãøóÊú¡ æóÝöí ÑõÈøó¡ ÝóÞöíáó ÝöíåóÇ ÑõÈøóÊú.
æóÃóÔúåõÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõ Úóãóáó áóíúÓó æóÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍöíäö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ Ãóæú Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÇáúÍöíäö æóäóÍúæöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÒúãöäóÉö¡ ßóÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóÇáúÃóæóÇäö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íõÍúÐóÝó ÇÓúãõåóÇ Ãóæú ÎóÈóÑõåóÇ æóÇáúÃóßúËóÑõ ÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúãóÑúÝõæÚö ãöäúåõãóÇ æóÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÈö¡ æóÑõÈøóãóÇ ÚõßöÓó¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÓöíÈóæóíúåó æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
Ýöí ÇáäøóßöÑóÇÊö ÃõÚúãöáóÊú ßóáóíúÓó «áóÇ» ... æóÞóÏú Êóáöí «áóÇÊó» æó «Åöäú» ÐóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáóÇ
æóãóÇ áöáóÇÊó Ýöí Óöæóì Íöíäò Úóãóáú ... æóÍóÐúÝõ Ðöí ÇáÑøóÝúÚö ÝóÔóÇ æóÇáúÚóßúÓõ Þóáú
æóÇáúãóäóÇÕõ ãóÝúÚóáñ ãöäó ÇáäøóæúÕö¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: äóÇÕóåõ íóäõæÕõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÝóÇÊóåõ æóÚóÌóÒó Úóäú ÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö¡ æóíõØúáóÞõ ÇáúãóäóÇÕõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃóÎøõÑö áöÃóäøó ãöäú ÊóÃóÎøóÑó æóãóÇáó Åöáóì ãóáúÌóÃò íõäúÞöÐõåõ ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóÎóÇÝõåõ ÝóÞóÏú æóÌóÏó ÇáúãóäóÇÕó.
æóÇáúãóäóÇÕõ æóÇáúãóáúÌóÃõ æóÇáúãóÝóÑøõ æóÇáúãóæúÆöáõ ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÇÓúÊóäóÇÕó ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÈó ÇáúãóäóÇÕó¡ Ãóíö ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó æóÇáúãóÝóÑøó ãöãøóÇ íóÎóÇÝõåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÍóÇÑöËóÉó Èúäö ÈóÏúÑò:
ÛóãúÑõ ÇáúÌöÑóÇÁö ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÕóÑúÊõ ÚöäóÇäóåõ ... ÈöíóÏöí ÇÓúÊóäóÇÕó æóÑóÇãó ÌóÑúíó ÇáúãöÓúÍóáö
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáäøóæúÕö Úóáóì ÇáúÝóæúÊö æóÇáÊøóÞóÏøõãö¡ æóÅöØúáóÇÞöåö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃóÎøõÑö æóÇáÑøóæóÛóÇäö ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóäóÇÕó ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãöíãöíøñ ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúãõäúØóÈöÞõ Úóáóì ÌõÒúÆöíøóÇÊöåö¡ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ Ýöí ßóÑúÈò æóÖöíÞò¡ ÝóíóÚúãóáõ ÚóãóáðÇ¡ íóßõæäõ Èöåö ÎóáóÇÕóåõ æóäóÌóÇÊóåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó.(6/333)
ÝóÊóÇÑóÉð íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÈöÇáúÌóÑúíö æóÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÚö ÃóãóÇãó ãóäú íõÑöíÏõåõ ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö¡ æóÊóÇÑóÉð íóßõæäõ ÈöÇáÊøóÃóÎøõÑö æóÇáÑøóæóÛóÇäö ÍóÊøóì íóäúÌõæó ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇáäøóæúÕó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃóÎøõÑö. æóÇáúÈõæÕõ ÈöÇáúÈóÇÁö ÇáúãõæóÍøóÏóÉö ÇáÊøóÍúÊöíøóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞóÏøõãö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
Ãóãöäú ÐößúÑö Óóáúãóì ÅöÐú äóÃóÊúßó ÊóäõæÕõ ... ÝóÊóÞúÕõÑõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÎõØúæóÉð æóÊóÈõæÕõ
æóÃóÕúæóÈõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí áóÇÊó Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÇÁó ãõäúÝóÕöáóÉñ Úóäú Íöíäò æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõ Úóãóáó áóíúÓó ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõ Úóãóáó Åöäøó¡ æóáöãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÊøóÇÁó ãõÊøóÕöáóÉñ ÈöÍöíäò æóÃóäøóåõ ÑóÂåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóåõæó ãõÕúÍóÝõ ÃóãöíÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÚõËúãóÇäó Èúäö ÚóÝøóÇäó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãõÊøóÕöáóÉð ÈöåóÇ.
æóÚóáóì Þóæúáö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÇÁó áóíúÓóÊú ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ ÈöÍöíäò¡ ÝóÇáúæóÞúÝõ Úóáóì áóÇÊó ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö ÚöäúÏó ÌóãöíÚöåöãú¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÞöÝõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáúåóÇÁö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ßóÓóÑö ÇáÊøóÇÁö æóÖóãøöåóÇ ÝóßöáúÊóÇåõãóÇ ÔóÇÐøóÉñ áóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ßóÓúÑö Çáäøõæäö ãöäú Íöíäó¡ Ýóåöíó ÔóÇÐøóÉñ áóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÊóÎúÑöíÌó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãõÔúßöáñ.
æóÊóÚóÓøóÝó áóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÌúåðÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÓõÞõæØõåõ¡ æóÑóÏøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ãóäøó ÊóÎúÑöíÌó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúßóÓúÑö Ãóäøó Íöíäó ãóÌúÑõæÑóÉñ Èöãöäú ãóÍúÐõæÝóÉò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ ÃóÕúáõ ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö: ÑóÝúÚõ ÇáÕøóæúÊö¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÝõáóÇäñ ÃóäúÏóì ÕóæúÊðÇ ãöäú ÝõáóÇäò¡ Ãóíú ÃóÑúÝóÚõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ:
ÝóÞõáúÊõ ÇÏúÚöí æóÃóÏúÚõæó Åöäøó ÃóäóÏóÇ ... áöÕóæúÊò Ãóäú íõäóÇÏöíó ÏóÇÚöíóÇäö
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÃõãóãó ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉó ÇáúãõåúáößóÉó íõäóÇÏõæäó ÚöäúÏó ãõÚóÇíóäóÉö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊó áóíúÓó æóÞúÊó äöÏóÇÁò ÅöÐú áóÇ ãóáúÌóÃó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ãóÝóÑøó æóáóÇ ãóäóÇÕó. ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóßóÝóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Èöåö ãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýóáóãú íóßõ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 84 - 85] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÍóÓøõæÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäúåóÇ íóÑúßõÖõæäó áóÇ ÊóÑúßõÖõæÇ æóÇÑúÌöÚõæÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃõÊúÑöÝúÊõãú Ýöíåö æóãóÓóÇßöäößõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÓúÃóáõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇæóíúáóäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÙóÇáöãöíäó ÝóãóÇ ÒóÇáóÊú Êöáúßó ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú ÍóÊøóì ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÍóÕöíÏðÇ ÎóÇãöÏöíäó [21 \ 12 - 15] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(6/334)
æóÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú æóÞóÇáó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åóÐóÇ ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ (4)
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì æõÞõæÚó ãöËúáó Ðóáößó Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áöÑóÈøößõãú ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó íóæúãñ áóÇ ãóÑóÏøó áóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú ãóáúÌóÅò íóæúãóÆöÐò æóãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú äóßöíÑò [42 \ 47] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÑöÞó ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ æóÎóÓóÝó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ æóÌõãöÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò Ãóíúäó ÇáúãóÝóÑøõ ßóáøóÇ áóÇ æóÒóÑó [75 \ 7 - 11] æóÇáúæóÒóÑõ: ÇáúãóáúÌóÃõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÍóÓøóÇäö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ:
æóÇáäøóÇÓõ ÅöáúÈñ ÚóáóíúäóÇ Ýöíßó áóíúÓó áóäóÇ ... ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøöãóÇÍõ æóÃóØúÑóÇÝõ ÇáúÞóäóÇ æóÒóÑõ
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú áóåõãú ãóæúÚöÏñ áóäú íóÌöÏõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãóæúÆöáðÇ [18 \ 58] æóÇáúãóæúÆöáõ ÇÓúãõ ãóßóÇäò ãöäú æóÃóáó íóÆöáõ ÅöÐóÇ æóÌóÏó ãóáúÌóÃð íóÚúÊóÕöãõ Èöåö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì ãóíúãõæäö Èúäö ÞóíúÓò:
æóÞóÏú ÃõÎóÇáöÓõ ÑóÈøó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÛóÝúáóÊóåõ ... æóÞóÏú íõÍóÇÐöÑõ ãöäøöí Ëõãøó ãóÇ íóÆöáõ
Ãóíú: Ëõãøó ãóÇ íóäúÌõæ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ßõÝøóÇÑó ÞõÑóíúÔò ÚóÌöÈõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÌúáö Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÑóÓõæáñ ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ãöäú ÚóÌóÈöåöãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö æóÃóäúßóÑóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÃóæúÖóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÓóÈóÈóåõ æóÑóÏøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÚóÌóÈöåöãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Þ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúãóÌöíÏö Èóáú ÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú [50 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÅöäúßóÇÑöåö Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó ÇáÑ Êöáúßó ÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÍóßöíãö ÃóßóÇäó áöáäøóÇÓö ÚóÌóÈðÇ Ãóäú ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúåõãú Ãóäú ÃóäúÐöÑö ÇáäøóÇÓó [10 \ 1 - 2] æóÐóßóÑó ãöËúáó ÚóÌóÈöåöãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö Úóäú Þóæúãö äõæÍò æóÞóæúãö åõæÏò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó Úóäú äõæÍò ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ áöÞóæúãöåö: ÃóæóÚóÌöÈúÊõãú Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÐößúÑñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúßõãú áöíõäúÐöÑóßõãú æóáöÊóÊøóÞõæÇ æóáóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÑúÍóãõæäó [7 \ 63] .
æóÞóÇáó Úóäú åõæÏò ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ áöÚóÇÏò: ÃóæóÚóÌöÈúÊõãú Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÐößúÑñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúßõãú áöíõäúÐöÑóßõãú æóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÚóáóßõãú ÎõáóÝóÇÁó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö Þóæúãö äõæÍò ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 69] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÚóÌóÈöåöãú ãóäú ßóæúäö ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö ãöäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáóåõãú ÒóÇÚöãöíäó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÑúÓöáõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãóäú ÌöäúÓöåöãú. æóÃóäøóåõ áóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íõÑúÓöáó Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ áóÃóÑúÓóáó Åöáóíúåöãú ãóáóßðÇ áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöËúáóåõãú æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÃúßõáõ(6/335)
æóáóÇ íóÔúÑóÈõ æóáóÇ íóãúÔöí Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúæóÇÞö.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóáóÇÆößóÉñ íóãúÔõæäó ãõØúãóÆöäøöíäó áóäóÒøóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóáóßðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 94 - 95] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóäõÄúãöäõ áöÈóÔóÑóíúäö ãöËúáöäóÇ æóÞóæúãõåõãóÇ áóäóÇ ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó [23 \ 47] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãóáóÃõ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöáöÞóÇÁö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÃóÊúÑóÝúäóÇåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íóÃúßõáõ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó ãöäúåõ æóíóÔúÑóÈõ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÔúÑóÈõæäó æóáóÆöäú ÃóØóÚúÊõãú ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöËúáóßõãú Åöäøóßõãú ÅöÐðÇ áóÎóÇÓöÑõæäó [23 \ 33 - 34] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáö íóÃúßõáõ ÇáØøóÚóÇãó æóíóãúÔöí Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúæóÇÞö [25 \ 7] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÔóÑñ íóåúÏõæäóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [64 \ 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐøóÈóÊú ËóãõæÏõ ÈöÇáäøõÐõÑö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöäøóÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ äóÊøóÈöÚõåõ ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò æóÓõÚõÑò [54 \ 23 - 24] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 10] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ãóáóßñ æóáóæú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãóáóßðÇ áóÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ëõãøó áóÇ íõäúÙóÑõæäó æóáóæú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ãóáóßðÇ áóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÑóÌõáðÇ æóáóáóÈóÓúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ íóáúÈöÓõæäó [6 \ 8 - 9] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ÃóÚúÑóÖõæÇ ÝóÞõáú ÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉð ãöËúáó ÕóÇÚöÞóÉö ÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãöäú ÎóáúÝöåöãú ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó ÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõäóÇ áóÃóäúÒóáó ãóáóÇÆößóÉð ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõãú Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó [41 \ 13 - 14] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúãóáóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö ãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóÊóÝóÖøóáó Úóáóíúßõãú æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áóÃóäúÒóáó ãóáóÇÆößóÉð ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÂÈóÇÆöäóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [23 \ 24] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí äõÒøöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÐøößúÑõ Åöäøóßó áóãóÌúäõæäñ áóæú ãóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíäóÇ ÈöÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Åöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó ãóÇ äõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ãõäúÙóÑöíäó [15 \ 6 - 8] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúåö ãóáóßñ Ýóíóßõæäó ãóÚóåõ äóÐöíÑðÇ [25 \ 7] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÑúÌõæäó áöÞóÇÁóäóÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Ãóæú äóÑóì ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóÚóÊóæúÇ ÚõÊõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ íóæúãó íóÑóæúäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó áóÇ ÈõÔúÑóì íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 21 - 22] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ãóÚó ãõæÓóì: ÝóáóæúáóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÓúæöÑóÉñ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò Ãóæú ÌóÇÁó ãóÚóåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ãõÞúÊóÑöäöíäó [43 \ 53] .
æóÞóÏú ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÚóÌóÈóåõãú ãöäú ÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡(6/336)
ÃóÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÐøößúÑõ ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ Èóáú åõãú Ýöí Ôóßøò ãöäú ÐößúÑöí Èóáú áóãøóÇ íóÐõæÞõæÇ ÚóÐóÇÈö (8)
ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÞóÈúáóßó ãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ Åöäøóåõãú áóíóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó æóíóãúÔõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúæóÇÞö [25 \ 20] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áóåõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ æóÐõÑøöíøóÉð [13 \ 38] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÑöÌóÇáðÇ äõæÍöí Åöáóíúåöãú ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì [12 \ 109] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÞóÈúáóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÑöÌóÇáðÇ äõæÍöí Åöáóíúåöãú ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáÐøößúÑö Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÌóÓóÏðÇ áóÇ íóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó [21 \ 7 - 8] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú Åöäú äóÍúäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóãõäøõ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö [14 \ 11] Ãóíú ÈöÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáúæóÍúíö æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöËúáóßõãú Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇäúØóáóÞó ÇáúãóáóÃõ ãöäúåõãú Ãóäö ÇãúÔõæÇ æóÇÕúÈöÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÂáöåóÊößõãú. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ßóÇÏó áóíõÖöáøõäóÇ Úóäú ÂáöåóÊöäóÇ áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ÕóÈóÑúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ [25 \ 42] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÄõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÐøößúÑõ ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ßõÝøóÇÑó ãóßøóÉó¡ ÃóäúßóÑõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÎóÕøó äóÈöíøóåõ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóíúåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóáóãú íõäúÒöáúåõ Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏò ÂÎóÑó ãöäúåõãú¡ æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ãóÚó ÇáÑøóÏøö Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí ÅöäúßóÇÑöåöãú ÎõÕõæÕóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæúáóÇ äõÒøöáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö ÚóÙöíãò [43 \ 31] íóÚúäõæäó ÈöÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö ãóßøóÉó æóÇáØøóÇÆöÝó¡ æóÈöÇáÑøóÌõáóíúäö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö ÇáúæóáöíÏó Èúäó ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö Ýöí ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÚõÑúæóÉó Èúäó ãóÓúÚõæÏò Ýöí ÇáØøóÇÆöÝö ÒóÇÚöãöíäó ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÏøó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ðóáößó Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóåõãú íóÞúÓöãõæäó ÑóÍúãóÉó ÑóÈøößó [43 \ 32] áöÃóäøó ÇáúåóãúÒóÉó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóåõãú íóÞúÓöãõæäó¡ áöáúÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáúãõÔúÊóãöáö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ áóäú äõÄúãöäó ÍóÊøóì äõÄúÊóì ãöËúáó ãóÇ ÃõæÊöíó ÑõÓõáõ Çááøóåö [6 \ 124] .
æóÞóÏú ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ðóáößó Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÍóíúËõ íóÌúÚóáõ ÑöÓóÇáóÊóåõ ÓóíõÕöíÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÌúÑóãõæÇ ÕóÛóÇÑñ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö æóÚóÐóÇÈñ ÔóÏöíÏñ ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóãúßõÑõæäó [6 \ 124] æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì ÑóÏøö Ðóáößó Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÂíóÉö Õ åóÐöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Èóáú åõãú Ýöí Ôóßøò ãöäú ÐößúÑöí Èóáú áóãøóÇ íóÐõæÞõæÇ ÚóÐóÇÈö Ãóãú ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÎóÒóÇÆöäõ ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúæóåøóÇÈö Ãóãú áóåõãú ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [38 \ 8 - 10] .(6/337)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÚóÌøöáú áóäóÇ ÞöØøóäóÇ ÞóÈúáó íóæúãö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö (16)
áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉó ÍóíúËõ íóÔóÇÁõ¡ æóíóÎõÕøõ ÈöåóÇ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÎóÒóÇÆöäõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö. æóáóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÄõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÐøößúÑõ ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó ËóãõæÏó ÞóÇáõæÇ ãöËúáóåõ áöäóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÕóÇáöÍò Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ÃóÄõáúÞöíó ÇáÐøößúÑõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ Èóáú åõæó ßóÐøóÇÈñ ÃóÔöÑñ [54 \ 25] æóÞóÏú ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó ÛóÏðÇ ãóäö ÇáúßóÐøóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóÔöÑõ [54 \ 26] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú áóåõãú ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍóÝöÙúäóÇåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúØóÇäò ÑóÌöíãò [15 \ 17] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐøóÈóÊú ÞóÈúáóåõãú Þóæúãõ äõæÍò æóÚóÇÏñ æóÝöÑúÚóæúäõ Ðõæ ÇáúÃóæúÊóÇÏö æóËóãõæÏõ æóÞóæúãõ áõæØò æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈõ Åöäú ßõáøñ ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐøóÈó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÝóÍóÞøó ÚöÞóÇÈö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÌøö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú íõßóÐøöÈõæßó ÝóÞóÏú ßóÐøóÈóÊú ÞóÈúáóåõãú Þóæúãõ äõæÍò ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 42] æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÚóÌøöáú áóäóÇ ÞöØøóäóÇ ÞóÈúáó íóæúãö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö. æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÚöäúÏöí ãóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäó Èöåö. [6 \ 57] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóËõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÂãóäúÊõãú Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 15] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÑøóÚúÏö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäóßó ÈöÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 6] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÌøö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäóßó ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 47] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞöØøó¡ ÇáäøóÕöíÈõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúÁö¡ Ãóíú ÚóÌøöáú áóäóÇ äóÕöíÈóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÊõæÚöÏúäóÇ Èöåö.
æóÃóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÞöØøö ßöÊóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóÇÆöÒóÉö ; áöÃóäøó Çáúãóáößó íóßúÊõÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáäøóÕöíÈó ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúØöíåö áöÐóáößó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÌóãúÚõåõ ÞõØõæØñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:(6/338)
íóÇ ÏóÇæõæÏõ ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇßó ÎóáöíÝóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚö Çáúåóæóì ÝóíõÖöáøóßó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÖöáøõæäó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÔóÏöíÏñ ÈöãóÇ äóÓõæÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö (26)
æóáóÇ Çáúãóáößõ ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäõ Íöíäó áóÞöíÊõåõ ... ÈöÛöÈúØóÊöåö íõÚúØöí ÇáúÞõØõæØó æóíóÃúÝöÞõ
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóíóÃúÝöÞõ Ãóíú íõÝóÖøöáõ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÇáúÚóØóÇÁö ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈö Ýöí ÇáúÞõØõæØö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÓóÎøóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ãóÚóåõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÃóæøóÇÈñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓóÎøóÑúäóÇ ãóÚó ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó íõÓóÈøöÍúäó æóÇáØøóíúÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 79] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÙóäøó ÏóÇæõÏõ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÝóÊóäøóÇåõ ÝóÇÓúÊóÛúÝóÑó ÑóÈøóåõ æóÎóÑøó ÑóÇßöÚðÇ æóÃóäóÇÈó ÝóÛóÝóÑúäóÇ áóåõ Ðóáößó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ãóËóáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåóÇ ÕõÏõæÑõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøóíúÁö¡ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ßóáóÇãó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Øå¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóÕóì ÂÏóãõ ÑóÈøóåõ ÝóÛóæóì [20 \ 121] .
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöãóäúÕöÈö ÏóÇæõÏó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ ßõáøõåõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÇÊö¡ ÝóáóÇ ËöÞóÉó Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ ãõÚóæøóáó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãöäúåõ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÏóÇæõÏõ ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇßó ÎóáöíÝóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚö Çáúåóæóì ÝóíõÖöáøóßó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö. Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇßó ÎóáöíÝóÉð Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÇáøóÐöí Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßó áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Åöäøöí ÌóÇÚöáñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÎóáöíÝóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [2] . æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÝóÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚö Çáúåóæóì ÝóíõÖöáøóßó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÞóÏú ÃóãóÑó äóÈöíøóåõ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöíåö¡ ÈöÇáúÍõßúãö Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóäóåóÇåõ Ýöíåö Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö Çáúåóæóì¡ æóÃóäøó ÇÊøöÈóÇÚó Çáúåóæóì¡ ÚöáøóÉñ áöáÖøóáóÇáö Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÇÁó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÝóíõÖöáøóßó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚöáøöíøóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ Ýöí ãóÓúáóßö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÇÁó ãöäú ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö ßóÞóæúáöåö: Óóåóì ÝóÓóÌóÏó¡ æóÓóÑóÞó ÝóÞõØöÚóÊú íóÏõåõ¡ Ãóæú áöÚöáøóÉö ÇáÓøóåúæö Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóáöÚöáøóÉö ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉö Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóÃõÊúÈöÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏö áöãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó Çáúåóæóì¡ ÝóÃóÖóáøóåõ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ íóáöíåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÖöáøõæäó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÔóÏöíÏñ ÈöãóÇ äóÓõæÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö [38 \ 26] .(6/339)
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö ÏóÇæõÏó áóÇ íóÍúßõãõ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóáóÇ íóÊøóÈöÚõ Çáúåóæóì ÝóíõÖöáøóåõ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ íóÃúãõÑõ ÃóäúÈöíóÇÁóåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóíóäúåóÇåõãú áöíóÔúÑóÚó áöÃõãóãöåöãú.
æóáöÐóáößó ÃóãóÑó äóÈöíøóäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó Èöåö ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóäóåóÇåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ãóËóáö Ðóáößó¡ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÍóßóãúÊó ÝóÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö [15 \ 42] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäö ÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚú ÃóåúæóÇÁóåõãú æóÇÍúÐóÑúåõãú Ãóäú íóÝúÊöäõæßó Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúßó [15 \ 49] æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó [33 \ 48] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãöäúåõãú ÂËöãðÇ Ãóæú ßóÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 24] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãóäú ÃóÛúÝóáúäóÇ ÞóáúÈóåõ Úóäú ÐößúÑöäóÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚó åóæóÇåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 28] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÝóÊóÞúÚõÏó ãóÐúãõæãðÇ ãóÎúÐõæáðÇ [17 \ 22] .
æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó íõÎóÇØóÈõ ÈöÎöØóÇÈò¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ÛóíúÑõåõ íóÞöíäðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÖóì ÑóÈøõßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 23] ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÊõæõÝøöíó ÞóÈúáó æöáóÇÏóÊöåö¡ æóÃóäú Ãóãøóåõ ãóÇÊóÊú æóåõæó ÕóÛöíÑñ¡ æóãóÚó Ðóáößó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íõÎóÇØöÈõåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ßöáóÇåõãóÇ áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÏú ãóÇÊóÇ ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ÈöÒóãóÇäò.
ÝóÊóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÃóãúÑóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áöäóÈöíøöåö æóäóåúíóåõ áóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ æóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ßóÑöíãðÇ æóÇÎúÝöÖú áóåõãóÇ ÌóäóÇÍó ÇáÐøõáøö ãöäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ Úóáóì áöÓóÇäöåö áöÃõãøóÊöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö åõæó äóÝúÓõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóãúËóÇáö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö. ÅöíøóÇßó ÃóÚúäöí æóÇÓúãóÚöí íóÇ ÌóÇÑóÉõ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÑóÌóÒó Óóåúáö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÇáúÝóÒóÇÑöíøö ÇáøóÐöí ÎóÇØóÈó Èöåö ÇãúÑóÃóÉð¡ æóåõæó íóÞúÕöÏõ ÃõÎúÑóì æóåöíó ÃõÎúÊõ ÍóÇÑöËóÉó Èúäö áóÃúãò ÇáØøóÇÆöíøö æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ:
íóÇ ÃõÎúÊó ÎóíúÑö ÇáúÈóÏúæö æóÇáúÍóÖóÇÑóåú ... ßóíúÝó ÊóÑóíúäó Ýöí ÝóÊóì ÝóÒóÇÑóåú
ÃóÕúÈóÍó íóåúæóì ÍõÑøóÉð ãöÚúØóÇÑóåú ... ÅöíøóÇßö ÃóÚúäöí æóÇÓúãóÚöí íóÇ ÌóÇÑóåú
æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ åõäóÇßó ÇáÑøóÌóÒó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÌóÇÈóÊúåõ Èöåö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó¡ æóÞóæúáó ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó Ýöí(6/340)
æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÈóÇØöáðÇ Ðóáößó Ùóäøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö (27)
Þóæúáöåö: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ åõæó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÝúÑöÏö¡ ÇáøóÐöí íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö Úõãõæãõ ßõáøö ãóäú íóÕöÍøõ ÎöØóÇÈõåõ. ßóÞóæúáö ØóÑóÝóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
ÓóÊõÈúÏöí áóßó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãõ ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÌóÇåöáðÇ ... æóíóÃúÊöíßó ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ãóäú áóãú ÊõÒóæøöÏö
Ãóíú ÓóÊõÈúÏöí áóßó æóíóÃúÊöíßó ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÕöÍøõ ÎöØóÇÈõßó¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÛóíúÑó ÕóÍöíÍò¡ æóÝöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉñ æóÇÖöÍóÉñ ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈó ÈöÐóáößó åõæó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ¡ åöíó Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑö æóÇáäøóæóÇåöí ÇáøóÊöí ÎóÇØóÈó ÈöåóÇ ÑóÓõæáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæøóáõåóÇ: æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó. ãóÇ åõæó ÕóÑöíÍñ¡ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈó ÈöÐóáößó åõæó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ áóÇ Úõãõæãõ ßõáøö ãóäú íóÕöÍøõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÎõØøóÇÈõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúßó ÑóÈøõßó ãöäó ÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÝóÊõáúÞóì Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó ãóáõæãðÇ ãóÏúÍõæÑðÇ [17 \ 39] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÈóÇØöáðÇ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö [15 \ 85] æóÝöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó. Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÍóÓöÈúÊõãú ÃóäøóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ÚóÈóËðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 115] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó Ùóäøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö. ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ðóáößó ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøö¡ Ðóáößó Ãóíú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÇØöáðÇ åõæó Ùóäøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöäóÇ¡ æóÇáäøóÝúíõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ¡ ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáö áóÇ Úóáóì ÚóÇãöáöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÎóáóÞúäóÇ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóäúÝöíøó ÈöÃóÏóÇÉö ÇáäøóÝúíö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãóÇ: áóíúÓó ÎóáúÞóåõ áöáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ Èóáú åõæó ËóÇÈöÊñ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúãóäúÝöíøõ ÈöåóÇ¡ åõæó ßóæúäõåõ ÈóÇØöáðÇ¡ Ýóåöíó ÍóÇáñ ÔöÈúåõ ÇáúÚõãúÏóÉö æóáóíúÓóÊú ÝóÖúáóÉð ÕóÑöíÍóÉð ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÝúíó ãõäúÕóÈøñ ÚóáóíúåóÇ åöíó ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÇáúßóáóÇãõ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÏõæäóåóÇ. æóÇáúßóáóÇãõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ãóÚúáõæãñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö¡ æóäóÝúíõ ßóæúäö ÎóáúÞöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÇØöáðÇ äóÒøóåó Úóäúåõ äóÝúÓóåõ æóäóÒøóåóåõ Úóäúåõ ÚöÈóÇÏõåõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõæäó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóäúÒöíåõåõ äóÝúÓóåõ Úóäúåõ ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÍóÓöÈúÊõãú ÃóäøóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ÚóÈóËðÇ æóÃóäøóßõãú ÅöáóíúäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [23 \ 115] .(6/341)
Ëõãøó äóÒøóåó äóÝúÓóåõ¡ Úóäú ßóæúäöåö ÎóáóÞóåõãú ÚóÈóËðÇ¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÊóÚóÇáóì Çááøóåõ Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÇáúßóÑöíãö [23 \ 116] Ãóíú: ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÊóÞóÏøóÓó æóÊóäóÒøóåó Úóäú ßóæúäöåö ÎóáóÞóåõãú ÚóÈóËðÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÊóäúÒöíåõ ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó áóåõ Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö áóÂíóÇÊò áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÐúßõÑõæäó Çááøóåó ÞöíóÇãðÇ æóÞõÚõæÏðÇ æóÚóáóì ÌõäõæÈöåöãú æóíóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÑóÈøóäóÇ ãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊó åóÐóÇ ÈóÇØöáðÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ÝóÞöäóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó Ãóíú ÊóäúÒöíåðÇ áóßó¡ Úóäú Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÎóáóÞúÊó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÇØöáðÇ. ÝóÞóæúáõåõãú ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ÊóäúÒöíåñ áóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ äóÒøóåó äóÝúÓóåõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÊóÚóÇáóì Çááøóåõ Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 116] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú Ùóäøó ÈöÇááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ Èöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Ýóáóåõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó ãóäú Ùóäøó ÈöÇááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ Èöåö ÃóÑúÏóÇåõ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáäøóÇÑó ãóËúæóÇåõ. æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóßöäú ÙóäóäúÊõãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó æóÐóáößõãú Ùóäøõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÙóäóäúÊõãú ÈöÑóÈøößõãú ÃóÑúÏóÇßõãú ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó ÝóÅöäú íóÕúÈöÑõæÇ ÝóÇáäøóÇÑõ ãóËúæðì áóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 22 - 24] .
æóÞóæúáõäóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ðóáößó ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøö ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó äóæúÚóÇäö¡ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøõ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáúÍóÏóËõ ÇáúãõÊóÌóÏøöÏõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Ýöí ÕöäóÇÚóÉö Úöáúãö ÇáäøóÍúæö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö¡ æóÝöÚúáö ÇáúÃóãúÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøñ Úóäö ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøó íóäúÍóáøõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó¡ Úóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóÒóãóäò¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:(6/342)
Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßóÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ßóÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö (28)
ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇÓúãõ ãóÇ Óöæóì ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ãöäú ãóÏúáõæáóíö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ßóÃóãúäò ãöäú Ãóãöäú
æóÚöäúÏó ÌóãóÇÚóÇÊò ãöäó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó¡ Ãóäøóåõ íóäúÍóáøõ Úóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò¡ æóÒóãóäò æóäöÓúÈóÉò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÍóÑøóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉö ÇáÊøóÈóÚöíøóÉö¡ æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑó æóÇáÒøóãóäó ßóÇãöäóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøö¡ ÝóíóÕöÍøõ ÑõÌõæÚõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö æóÇáÖøóãöíÑö Åöáóì ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö æóÇáÒøóãóäö ÇáúßóÇãöäóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøö.
ÝóãöËóÇáõ ÑõÌõæÚö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: Ðóáößó Ùóäøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÎóáúÞõ ßóÇãöäñ Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáúãóÇÖöí Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÈóÇØöáðÇ Ðóáößó Ãóíú ÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÇáúßóÇãöäõ Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãö ÎóáúÞöäóÇ Ùóäøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ.
æóãöËóÇáõ ÑõÌõæÚö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì ÇáÒøóãóäö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö Ðóáößó íóæúãõ ÇáúæóÚöíÏö [50 \ 20] Ãóíú Ðóáößó ÇáÒøóãóäõ ÇáúßóÇãöäõ Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáö åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúæóÚöíÏö.
æóãöËóÇáõ ÑõÌõæÚö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö áöáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúÝöÚúáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÚúÏöáõæÇ åõæó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáÊøóÞúæóì [5 \ 8] ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: åõæó¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÚóÏúáõ ÇáúßóÇãöäõ Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãò ÇÚúÏöáõæÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßóÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ßóÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö. Ãóãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó¡ ßöáúÊóÇåõãóÇ¡ ãõäúÞóØöÚóÉñ æóÃóãö ÇáúãõäúÞóØöÚóÉõ¡ ÝöíåóÇ áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ãóÐóÇåöÈó:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì åóãúÒóÉö ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì Èóáö ÇáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈöíøóÉö.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÔúãóáõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÍóÞøöÞöíäó.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈõ ÈöåóÇ åõäóÇ ÇäúÊöÞóÇáöíøñ áóÇ ÅöÈúØóÇáöíøñ æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö ÈöåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÇÖöÍñ ; áöÃóäøó(6/343)
ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Åöáóíúßó ãõÈóÇÑóßñ áöíóÏøóÈøóÑõæÇ ÂíóÇÊöåö æóáöíóÊóÐóßøóÑó Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö (29)
ãóäú Ùóäøó ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÍóßöíãö ÇáúÎóÈöíÑö¡ Ãóäøóåõ íõÓóÇæöí Èóíúäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö ÇáúãõÕúáöÍö¡ æóÇáúãõÝúÓöÏö ÇáúÝóÇÌöÑö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Ùóäøó ÙóäøðÇ ÞóÈöíÍðÇ ÌóÏöíÑðÇ ÈöÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ æóÐóãøó Íõßúãó ãóäú íóÍúßõãõ Èöåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÌóÇËöíóÉö: Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÌúÊóÑóÍõæÇ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö Ãóäú äóÌúÚóáóåõãú ßóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÓóæóÇÁð ãóÍúíóÇåõãú æóãóãóÇÊõåõãú ÓóÇÁó ãóÇ íóÍúßõãõæäó [45 \ 21] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Åöáóíúßó ãõÈóÇÑóßñ áöíóÏøóÈøóÑõæÇ ÂíóÇÊöåö æóáöíóÊóÐóßøóÑó Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö. Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÃò ãóÍúÐõæÝò Ãóíú: åóÐóÇ ßöÊóÇÈñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóäúÒóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó¡ ãõÚóÙøöãðÇ äóÝúÓóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßöÊóÇÈñ ãõÈóÇÑóßñ æóÃóäøó ãöäú Íõßúãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö Ãóäú íóÊóÏóÈøóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÂíóÇÊöåö¡ Ãóíú íóÊóÝóåøóãõæåóÇ æóíóÊóÚóÞøóáõæåóÇ æóíõãúÚöäõæÇ ÇáäøóÙóÑó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÝúåóãõæÇ ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúåõÏóì¡ æóÃóäú íóÊóÐóßøóÑó ÃõæáõæÇ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö¡ Ãóíú íóÊøóÚöÙó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÚõÞõæáö ÇáÓøóáöíãóÉö¡ ãöäú ÔóæóÇÆöÈó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇáö.
æóßõáøõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÌóÇÁó æóÇÖöÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó.
ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö [97 \ 1] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Ýöí áóíúáóÉò ãõÈóÇÑóßóÉò [44 \ 3] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäúåõ ÂíóÇÊñ ãõÍúßóãóÇÊñ åõäøó Ãõãøõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÃõÎóÑõ ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåóÇÊñ [3 \ 7] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãõÈóÇÑóßðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåóÐóÇ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãõÈóÇÑóßñ ãõÕóÏøöÞõ ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 92] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåóÐóÇ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãõÈóÇÑóßñ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæåõ æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÑúÍóãõæäó [6 \ 155] . æóÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßõ ßóËöíÑõ ÇáúÈóÑóßóÇÊö¡ ãöäú ÎóíúÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóäóÑúÌõæ Çááøóåó ÇáúÞóÑöíÈó ÇáúãõÌöíÈó¡ ÅöÐú æóÝøóÞóäóÇ áöÎöÏúãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáóäóÇ ãõÈóÇÑóßöíäó ÃóíúäóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ¡ æóÃóäú íõÈóÇÑößó áóäóÇ æóÚóáóíúäóÇ¡ æóÃóäú íóÔúãóáóäóÇ ÈöÈóÑóßóÇÊöåö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÃóäú íóÚõãøó ÌóãöíÚó ÅöÎúæóÇäöäóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÃúÊóãöÑõæäó ÈöÃóæóÇãöÑöåö ÈöÇáúÈóÑóßóÇÊö æóÇáúÎóíøöÑóÇÊö¡ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ Åöäøóåõ ÞóÑöíÈñ ãõÌöíÈñ.(6/344)
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÊõÏóÈøöÑõ ÂíóÇÊöåö¡ ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö: ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ÈöÇáÊøóÍúÖöíÖö Úóáóì ÊóÏóÈøõÑöåö¡ æóÊóæúÈöíÎö ãóäú áóãú íóÊóÏóÈøóÑúåõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÊóÏóÈøóÑõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ãóãú Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈò ÃóÞúÝóÇáõåóÇ [47 \ 24] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÊóÏóÈøóÑõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó æóáóæú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö áóæóÌóÏõæÇ Ýöíåö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ [4 \ 82] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóÏøóÈøóÑõæÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó Ãóãú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãóÇ áóãú íóÃúÊö ÂÈóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [23 \ 68] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÊóÐóßøõÑö Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ãõÞúÊóÑöäðÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÍößóãö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÇáøóÊöí áóãú ÊõÐúßóÑú Ýöí ÂíóÉö (Õ) åóÐöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó åóÐóÇ ÈóáóÇÛñ áöáäøóÇÓö æóáöíõäúÐóÑõæÇ Èöåö æóáöíóÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ åõæó Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ æóáöíóÐøóßøóÑó Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö [14 \ 52] ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÊóÐóßøõÑó Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö¡ ãóäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÍößúãóÊóíúäö ÃõÎúÑóíóíúäö¡ ãóäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ æóåõãóÇ ÅöäúÐóÇÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Èöåö¡ æóÊóÍúÞöíÞõ ãóÚúäóì áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóßóæúäõ ÅöäúÐóÇÑö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÊóÐóßøõÑõ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö¡ ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáãÕ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó ÝóáóÇ íóßõäú Ýöí ÕóÏúÑößó ÍóÑóÌñ ãöäúåõ áöÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö æóÐößúÑóì áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [7 \ 1 - 2] áöÃóäøó ÇááøóÇãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö áöÊõäúÐöÑó¡ ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉð ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃõäúÒöáó¡ æóÇáÐøößúÑóì ÇÓúãõ ãóÕúÏóÑò ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö¡ æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøóåõãú åõãú Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö.
æóÐößúÑõ ÍößúãóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí äóÒøóáó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö áöíóßõæäó áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó äóÐöíÑðÇ [25 \ 1] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ áöÃõäúÐöÑóßõãú Èöåö æóãóäú ÈóáóÛó [6 \ 19] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóäúÒöíáó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö áöÊõäúÐöÑó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 5 - 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíõäúÐöÑó ãóäú ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 70] .
æóÐõßöÑó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ Ãóäøó ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ æóÇáÊøóÈúÔöíÑõ ãóÚðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÓøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöáöÓóÇäößó áöÊõÈóÔøöÑó Èöåö ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó æóÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö ÞóæúãðÇ áõÏøðÇ [19 \ 97] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ ÞóíøöãðÇ áöíõäúÐöÑó ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö Ãóäú íõÈóíøöäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöáäøóÇÓö ãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúåöãú æóáöÃóÌúáö Ãóäú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÇáÐøößúÑó áöÊõÈóíøöäó áöáäøóÇÓö ãóÇ äõÒøöáó Åöáóíúåöãú æóáóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó [16 \ 44] .(6/345)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ßóæúäó áóÚóáøó ãöäú ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ æóÐößúÑó ÍößúãóÉö ÇáÊøóÈúíöíäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ãóÚó ÍößúãóÉö ÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÅöáøóÇ áöÊõÈóíøöäó áóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåö æóåõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉð áöÞóæúãò íõÄúãöäõæäó [16 \ 64] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ ÊóËúÈöíÊõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáúÈõÔúÑóì áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú äóÒøóáóåõ ÑõæÍõ ÇáúÞõÏõÓö ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö áöíõËóÈøöÊó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóåõÏðì æóÈõÔúÑóì áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó [16 \ 102] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö¡ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ãóäú íóÍúßõãó Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöãóÇ ÃóÑóÇåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö áöÊóÍúßõãó Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöãóÇ ÃóÑóÇßó Çááøóåõ [4 \ 105] .
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÈöãóÇ ÃóÑóÇßó Çááøóåõ Ãóíú ÈöãóÇ Úóáøóãóßó ãöäó ÇáúÚõáõæãö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÑõæÍðÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ æóáóßöäú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 52] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÍúäõ äóÞõÕøõ Úóáóíúßó ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÞóÕóÕö ÈöãóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó æóÅöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö áóãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÝöáöíäó [12 \ 3] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö ÅöÎúÑóÇÌó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Åöáóì ÇáäøõæÑö æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáÑ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ Åöáóíúßó áöÊõÎúÑöÌó ÇáäøóÇÓó ãöäó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Åöáóì ÇáäøõæÑö ÈöÅöÐúäö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 1] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉó áöãóäú íóÎúÔóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Øå ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó áöÊóÔúÞóì ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÐúßöÑóÉð áöãóäú íóÎúÔóì [20 \ 1 - 3] Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÐúßöÑóÉð áöãóäú íóÎúÔóì.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÕúÑõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö ÅöÖóÇÝöíøñ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÞóÕúÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ÞóÈúáó åóÐóÇ: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÅöáøóÇ áöÊõÈóíøöäó áóåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 64] ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúÍößóãö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇåóÇ.
æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãöäú Íößóãö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ æóÊóÕúÑöíÝö Çááøóåö Ýöíåö ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúæóÚöíÏö Ãóäú íóÊøóÞöíó(6/346)
ÝóÓóÎøóÑúäóÇ áóåõ ÇáÑøöíÍó ÊóÌúÑöí ÈöÃóãúÑöåö ÑõÎóÇÁð ÍóíúËõ ÃóÕóÇÈó (36)
ÇáäøóÇÓõ Çááøóåó¡ Ãóæú íõÍúÏöËó áóåõãú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÐößúÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú ãóæúÚöÙóÉð æóÊóÐóßøõÑðÇ¡ íóåúÏöíóåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ æóÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊøóÞõæäó Ãóæú íõÍúÏöËõ áóåõãú ÐößúÑðÇ [20 \ 113] æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóåóÈúäóÇ áöÏóÇæõÏó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó. ÐóßóÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ æóåóÈó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó áöÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Çáäøóãúáö Ãóäøó ÇáúãóæúåõæÈó æóÑöËó ÇáúãóæúåõæÈó áóåõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÑöËó ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ ÏóÇæõÏó [27 \ 16] .
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ãóÑúíóãó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ: ÝóåóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó æóáöíøðÇ íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 5 - 6] ÃóäøóåóÇ æöÑóÇËóÉõ Úöáúãò æóÏöíäò áóÇ æöÑóÇËóÉõ ãóÇáò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÝóÊóäøóÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó æóÃóáúÞóíúäóÇ Úóáóì ßõÑúÓöíøöåö ÌóÓóÏðÇ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì ãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ãöäó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÓõÞõæØõåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóáöíÞõ ÈöãóäúÕöÈö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáóäøó áöÔóíúÁò Åöäøöí ÝóÇÚöáñ Ðóáößó ÛóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [18 \ 23 - 24] . æóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäúåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóáóÝö ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ÃóÎóÐó ÎóÇÊóãó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ æóÌóáóÓó Úóáóì ßõÑúÓöíøöåö æóØóÑóÏó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö íõæóÖøöÍõ ÈõØúáóÇäóåõ¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÚöÈóÇÏöí áóíúÓó áóßó Úóáóíúåöãú ÓõáúØóÇäñ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚóßó ãöäó ÇáúÛóÇæöíäó [15 \ 42] æóÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóßó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúãõÎúáóÕöíäó [15 \ 40] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓóÎøóÑúäóÇ áóåõ ÇáÑøöíÍó ÊóÌúÑöí ÈöÃóãúÑöåö ÑõÎóÇÁð ÍóíúËõ ÃóÕóÇÈó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáÑøöíÍó ÚóÇÕöÝóÉð ÊóÌúÑöí ÈöÃóãúÑöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 81] .
æóÝóÓøóÑúäóÇ åõäóÇßó Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ ÍóíúËõ ÃóÕóÇÈó æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ åõäóÇßó ÃóæúÌõåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÑõÎóÇÁð¡ æóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇßó: æóáöÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáÑøöíÍó ÚóÇÕöÝóÉð [21 \ 81] æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÃóíúÖðÇ Èóíúäó Úõãõæãö ÇáúÌöåóÇÊö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÍóíúËõ ÃóÕóÇÈó Ãóíú: ÍóíúËõ ÃóÑóÇÏó æóÈóíúäó ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö åõäóÇßó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÊóÌúÑöí ÈöÃóãúÑöåö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÊöí ÈóÇÑóßúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 81] .(6/347)
Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÑöÒúÞõäóÇ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú äóÝóÇÏò (54)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ßõáøó ÈóäøóÇÁò æóÛóæøóÇÕò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö ãóäú íóÛõæÕõæäó áóåõ æóíóÚúãóáõæäó ÚóãóáðÇ Ïõæäó Ðóáößó æóßõäøóÇ áóåõãú ÍóÇÝöÙöíäó [21 \ 82] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÐúßõÑú ÚóÈúÏóäóÇ ÃóíøõæÈó ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì ÑóÈøóåõ Ãóäøöí ãóÓøóäöíó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÈöäõÕúÈò æóÚóÐóÇÈò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÚóÑøõÖö áöÅöÒóÇáóÉö ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóíøõæÈó ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì ÑóÈøóåõ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÐößúÑóì áöáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÐúßõÑú ÚöÈóÇÏóäóÇ ÅÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó. ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäú íóÐúßõÑó ÚóÈúÏóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóáóãú íõÞóíøöÏú Ðóáößó ÇáÐøößúÑó Èößóæúäöåö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóíøóÏóåõ ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ãóÑúíóãó¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÐúßõÑú Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÕöÏøöíÞðÇ äóÈöíøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 41] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÐúßõÑú ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÇáúíóÓóÚó. ÃóØúáóÞó åõäóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÈöÐößúÑö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÞóíøóÏóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ãóÑúíóãó Èößóæúäöåö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÐúßõÑú Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÕóÇÏöÞó ÇáúæóÚúÏö ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 54] ¡ æóÝöí Ðóáößó ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÃúãõæÑñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÐößúÑö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö. æóáöÐóáößó ÌóÇÁó ÐößúÑõåõãú ßõáøõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö ÃóÊúÑóÇÈñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö Úöíäñ [37 \ 48] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÑöÒúÞõäóÇ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú äóÝóÇÏò. ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó äóÚöíãó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ áóÇ äóÝóÇÏó áóåõ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÇäúÞöØóÇÚó áóåõ æóáóÇ ÒóæóÇáó¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöíåö: ÚóØóÇÁð ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÐõæÐò [11 \ 108](6/348)
æóáóÊóÚúáóãõäøó äóÈóÃóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Íöíäò (88)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóßõãú íóäúÝóÏõ æóãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÈóÇÞò [16 \ 96] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ðóáößó áóÍóÞøñ ÊóÎóÇÕõãõ Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõåõ¡ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøõÈöÚõæÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 166] ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÇÑóßõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 38] æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ ÎóáóÞúÊóäöí ãöäú äóÇÑò æóÎóáóÞúÊóåõ ãöäú Øöíäò.
ÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ¡ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóÈóÇÍöËö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÃóÈóì æóÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑó æóßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [2 \ 34] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÃóÌúÑò æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöÝöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãó ÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉó ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö äõæÍò: æóíóÇ Þóæúãö áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ãóÇáðÇ Åöäú ÃóÌúÑöíó ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 29] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÊóÚúáóãõäøó äóÈóÃóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Íöíäò. ÇáúÍöíäõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áóåõ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÚúÈõÏú ÑóÈøóßó ÍóÊøóì íóÃúÊöíóßó ÇáúíóÞöíäõ [15 \ 99] .
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúÍöíäõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ¡ åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóáóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÊóÊóÈóíøóäõ áóåõ ÍóÞóÇÆöÞõ ÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö.
æóÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí áöÊóÚúáóãõäøó ãõæØöÆóÉñ áöáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóßøóÏó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõãú ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó äóÈóÃó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóíú ÕöÏúÞóåõ¡ æóÕöÍøóÉó ÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÈóÚúÏó Íöíäò ÈöÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóäõæäö ÇáÊøóæúßöíÏö.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÊóåúÏöíÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó äóÈóÃóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Íöíäò¡ ÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐøóÈó Èöåö Þóæúãõßó æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ Þõáú áóÓúÊõ Úóáóíúßõãú Èöæóßöíáò áößõáøö äóÈóÅò ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøñ æóÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [6 \ 66 - 67] .(6/349)
ÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: áößõáøö äóÈóÅò ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøñ¡ Ãóíú: áößõáøö ÎóÈóÑò ÍóÞöíÞóÉñ æóæõÞõæÚñ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÍóÞøðÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó ÕöÏúÞõåõ æóáóæú ÈóÚúÏó Íöíäò¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ßóÐöÈðÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó ßóÐöÈõåõ¡ æóÓóÊóÚúáóãõæäó ÕöÏúÞó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóáóæú ÈóÚúÏó Íöíäò.
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÒøõãóÑö(6/350)
ÊóäúÒöíáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö (1)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóäúÒöíáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö. ÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÐóßøóÑó ÊóäúÒöíáóåõ áößöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ÇáúÍõÓúäóì¡ ÇáúãõÊóÖóãøöäóÉö ÕöÝóÇÊóåõ ÇáúÚõáúíóÇ.
ÝóÝöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÊóäúÒöíáóåõ ßöÊóÇÈóåõ¡ Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãóÈúÏóÃó ÊóäúÒöíáöåö ßóÇÆöäñ ãöäúåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇÓúãóåõ Çááøóåó¡ æóÇÓúãóåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒó¡ æóÇáúÍóßöíãó¡ æóÐóßóÑó ãöËúáó Ðóáößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÌóÇËöíóÉö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Íã ÊóäúÒöíáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÂíóÇÊò áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [45 \ 1 - 3] ¡ æóÝöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÝö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Íã ÊóäúÒöíáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö ãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúÂíóÉó [46 \ 1 - 3] .
æóÞóÏú ÊóßóÑøóÑó ßóËöíÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÐößúÑõåõ ÈóÚúÖó ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö ÊóäúÒöíáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö Íã ÊóäúÒöíáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö ÛóÇÝöÑö ÇáÐøóäúÈö æóÞóÇÈöáö ÇáÊøóæúÈö ÔóÏöíÏö ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö Ðöí ÇáØøóæúáö áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ [40 \ 1 - 3] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÝõÕøóáóÊú: Íã ÊóäúÒöíáñ ãöäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö [41 \ 1 - 2] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åõæÏò: ÇáÑ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõÍúßöãóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ Ëõãøó ÝõÕøöáóÊú ãöäú áóÏõäú Íóßöíãò ÎóÈöíÑò [11 \ 1] æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÝõÕøöáóÊú: æóÅöäøóåõ áóßöÊóÇÈñ ÚóÒöíÒñ áóÇ íóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ ãöäú Èóíúäö íóÏóíúåö æóáóÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÝöåö ÊóäúÒöíáñ ãöäú Íóßöíãò ÍóãöíÏò [41 \ 41 - 42] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÕóÏúÑö íÓ ÊóäúÒöíáó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö áöÊõäúÐöÑó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú [36 \ 5 - 6] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÊóäúÒöíáõ ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó äóÒóáó Èöåö ÇáÑøõæÍõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [26 \ 192 - 193] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóäúÒöíáñ ãöäú ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó æóáóæú ÊóÞóæøóáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÞóÇæöíáö ÇáúÂíóÉó [69 \ 43 - 44] .
æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ÐößúÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁó ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉó¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑöåö ÊóäúÒöíáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ íóÏõáøõ ÈöÅöíÖóÇÍò¡ Úóáóì ÚóÙóãóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÌóáóÇáóÉö ÔóÃúäöåö æóÃóåóãøöíøóÉö äõÒõæáöåö¡(6/351)
ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóÇÚúÈõÏö Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó (2) ÃóáóÇ áöáøóåö ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÕõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÍúßõãõ Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ãóÇ åõãú Ýöíåö íóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú åõæó ßóÇÐöÈñ ßóÝøóÇÑñ (3)
æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÚúÈõÏö Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÃóáóÇ áöáøóåö ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÕõ. ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏóåõ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö¡ ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó¡ Ãóíú ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö¡ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøöÑúßö ÕóÛöíóÑöåóÇ æóßóÈöíÑöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ãöäú áóÝúÙö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕõ¡ ÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö ÈöÇáúÞóÕúÏö¡ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó ÈöÇáÊøóÞóÑøõÈö Èöåö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäúåõ¡ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉò¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉð íõÎúáöÕõ áóåõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏõ ÝöíåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãõÎúáöÕö Ýóßõáøõ ãóÇ ÃóÊóì Èöåö ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ãöäú ÊöáúÞóÇÁö äóÝúÓöåö¡ áóÇ ÈöÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃõãöÑõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [98 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: Þõáú Åöäøöí ÃõãöÑúÊõ Ãóäú ÃóÚúÈõÏó Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó æóÃõãöÑúÊõ áöÃóäú Ãóßõæäó Ãóæøóáó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö Çááøóåó ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ Ïöíäöí ÝóÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÔöÆúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö [39 \ 14¡ 15] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö¡ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÃóáóÇ áöáøóåö ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÕõ Ãóíö: ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏõ ÇáÕøóÇÝöí ãöäú ÔóæóÇÆöÈö ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ Ãóíú: åõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ áöÐóáößó æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóãóÑó Èöåö.
æóÞóæúáõ ãöäú ÞóÇáó ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÏøöíäö ÇáúÎóÇáöÕö ßóáöãóÉõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ãõæóÇÝöÞñ áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Ëõãøó áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÅöÎúáóÇÕó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ Èóíøóäó ÔõÈúåóÉó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÈöåóÇ áöáúÅöÔúÑóÇßö Èöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ýöí
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì. ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõãú íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏõæÇ ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó¡ ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóÌúáö Ãóäú ÊõÞóÑøöÈóåõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì¡ æóÇáÒøõáúÝóì: ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉõ.(6/352)
ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ æóÃóäúÒóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌò íóÎúáõÞõßõãú Ýöí ÈõØõæäö ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú ÎóáúÞðÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÎóáúÞò Ýöí ÙõáõãóÇÊò ËóáóÇËò Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõßõãú áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÝóÃóäøóì ÊõÕúÑóÝõæäó (6)
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÒõáúÝóì¡ ãóÇ äóÇÈó Úóäö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ¡ Ãóíú áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóíúåö ÞóÑóÇÈóÉð ÊóäúÝóÚõäóÇ ÈöÔóÝóÇÚóÊöåöãú Ýöí ÒóÚúãöåöãú.
æóáöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÞõæáõæäó Ýöí ÊóáúÈöíóÊöåöãú: áóÈøóíúßó áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóßó¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÔóÑöíßðÇ åõæó áóßú Êóãúáößõåõ æóãóÇ ãóáóßó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó [6 \ 35] Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚó ãöäö ÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÇáÔøõÝóÚóÇÁö¡ æóÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊö ãóäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóÓóÇÆöØó ãóäú ÃóÕõæáö ßõÝúÑö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: æóíóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÖõÑøõåõãú æóáóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú æóíóÞõæáõæäó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÔõÝóÚóÇÄõäóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö Þõáú ÃóÊõäóÈøöÆõæäó Çááøóåó ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó [10 \ 18] .
ÝóÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚó¡ ãöäö ÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÇáÔøõÝóÚóÇÁö ÔöÑúßñ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóäóÒøóåó äóÝúÓóåõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó Úóäúåõ¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáÒøõãóÑö åóÐöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóäúåõãú: ãóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÍúßõãõ Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ãóÇ åõãú Ýöíåö íóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó [39 \ 3] ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú åõæó ßóÇÐöÈñ ßóÝøóÇÑñ [39 \ 3] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ßõÝøóÇÑñ¡ ÕöíÛóÉõ ãõÈóÇáóÛóÉò¡ ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì ÌóÇãöÚõæäó ÈöÐóáößó¡ Èóíúäó ÇáúßóÐöÈö æóÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåöãú Ðóáößó¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áöåóÐóÇ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ áóÇÕúØóÝóì ãöãøóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøóÍóÉó¡ ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÌúÚóáõæäó áöáøóåö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóáóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔúÊóåõæäó [16 \ 57] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÎóáóÞó Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò åöíó ÃóÈõæåõãú(6/353)
Åöäú ÊóßúÝõÑõæÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Ûóäöíøñ Úóäúßõãú æóáóÇ íóÑúÖóì áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúßõÝúÑó æóÅöäú ÊóÔúßõÑõæÇ íóÑúÖóåõ áóßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößõãú ãóÑúÌöÚõßõãú ÝóíõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö (7)
ÂÏóãõ¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ íóÚúäöí ÍóæøóÇÁó. Ãóíú: æóÈóËøó ÌóãöíÚó Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò æóÎóáóÞó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ æóÈóËøó ãöäúåõãóÇ ÑöÌóÇáðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ æóäöÓóÇÁð [4 \ 1] æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò æóÌóÚóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ áöíóÓúßõäó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 189] ¡ æóÊóÃúäöíËõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö æóÇÍöÏóÉò¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝó Èöåö ãõÐóßøóÑñ¡ æóåõæó ÂÏóãõ äóÙóÑðÇ Åöáóì ÊóÃúäöíËö áóÝúÙö ÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ãõÐóßøóÑðÇ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõåõ:
ÃóÈõæßó ÎóáöíÝóÉñ æóáóÏóÊúåõ ÃõÎúÑóì ... æóÃóäúÊó ÎóáöíÝóÉõ ÐóÇßó ÇáúßóãóÇáö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáËøóãóÇäöíóÉö ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÎóíúáö ÇáúãõÓóæøóãóÉö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóÇáúÍóÑúËö [3 \ 14] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÎúáõÞõßõãú Ýöí ÈõØõæäö ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú ÎóáúÞðÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÎóáúÞò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÑóíúÈò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 5] æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö ÇáËøóáóÇËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö åõäóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊóßúÝõÑõæÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Ûóäöíøñ Úóäúßõãú. ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ Úóäú ÎóáúÞöåö ÇáúÛöäóì ÇáúãõØúáöÞó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÖõÑøõåõ ßõÝúÑõåõãú Èöåö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì Åöäú ÊóßúÝõÑõæÇ ÃóäúÊõãú æóãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÛóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ [14 \ 8] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ æóÊóæóáøóæúÇ æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Çááøóåõ æóÇááøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ ÍóãöíÏñ [64 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ åõæó ÇáúÛóäöíøõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 68] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóäúÊõãõ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÛóäöíøõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏõ [35 \ 15] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÇáúÛóäöíøõ æóÃóäúÊõãõ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁõ [47 \ 38] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.(6/354)
ÝóÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÔöÆúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóÓöÑõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú æóÃóåúáöíåöãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÃóáóÇ Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ (15)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößõãú ãóÑúÌöÚõßõãú. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ãóÚó ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈö Úóäö ÇáúÃóÓúÆöáóÉö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö¡ Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] ¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó¡ ãóÚó ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíóÍúãöáõæÇ ÃóæúÒóÇÑóåõãú ßóÇãöáóÉð íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóãöäú ÃóæúÒóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÖöáøõæäóåõãú ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 25] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÖõÑøñ ÏóÚóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ ãõäöíÈðÇ Åöáóíúåö Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ Îóæøóáóåõ äöÚúãóÉð ãöäúåõ äóÓöíó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÌóÚóáó áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ áöíõÖöáøó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáöåö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÇáÖøõÑøõ ÏóÚóÇäóÇ áöÌóäúÈöåö Ãóæú ÞóÇÚöÏðÇ Ãóæú ÞóÇÆöãðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 12] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÊóãóÊøóÚú ÈößõÝúÑößó ÞóáöíáðÇ Åöäøóßó ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì ÈóÍúËö ÃõÕõæáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÐóÑúåõãú íóÃúßõáõæÇ æóíóÊóãóÊøóÚõæÇ æóíõáúåöåöãõ ÇáúÃóãóáõ ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÚúáóãõæäó [15 \ 3] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÑúÖõ Çááøóåö æóÇÓöÚóÉñ. ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ãóÍóáøò áóÇ íóÊóãóßøóäõ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÅöÞóÇãóÉö Ïöíäöåö Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈö¡ ÝóÚóáóíúåö Ãóäú íõåóÇÌöÑó ãöäúåõ¡ Ýöí ãóäóÇßöÈö ÃóÑúÖö Çááøóåö ÇáúæóÇÓöÚóÉö¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÌöÏó ãóÍóáøðÇ Êõãóßøöäõåõ Ýöíåö ÅöÞóÇãóÉó Ïöíäöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóæóÝøóÇåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÙóÇáöãöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöíãó ßõäúÊõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÓúÊóÖúÚóÝöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÞóÇáõæÇ Ãóáóãú Êóßõäú ÃóÑúÖõ Çááøóåö æóÇÓöÚóÉð ÝóÊõåóÇÌöÑõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ [4 \ 97] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÚöÈóÇÏöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Åöäøó ÃóÑúÖöí æóÇÓöÚóÉñ ÝóÅöíøóÇíó ÝóÇÚúÈõÏõæäö [29 \ 56] ¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈó ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöíøóÇíó ÝóÇÚúÈõÏõæäö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÃóÑúÖöí æóÇÓöÚóÉñ Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóÓöÑõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú æóÃóåúáöíåöãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÃóáóÇ Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ.(6/355)
ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÝóíóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÃóÍúÓóäóåõ ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó åóÏóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãú Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö (18)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ¡ ãöäú ÃóæúÌõåò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú ÎóÓöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöáöÞóÇÁö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ãõåúÊóÏöíäó [10 \ 45] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõãú ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú Ùõáóáñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö æóãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåöãú Ùõáóáñ Ðóáößó íõÎóæøöÝõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæú íóÚúáóãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Íöíäó áóÇ íóßõÝøõæäó Úóäú æõÌõæåöåöãõ ÇáäøóÇÑó æóáóÇ Úóäú ÙõåõæÑöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 39] ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÍóÕöíÑðÇ [17 \ 8] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÌúÊóäóÈõæÇ ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊó Ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏõæåóÇ æóÃóäóÇÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö. ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ãóÚúäóì áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöíøóÇßó äóÚúÈõÏõ [1 \ 5] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÝóíóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÃóÍúÓóäóåõ. ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö¡ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ãöäú æóÍúíö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøóäóÉö¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÞóæúáö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóÏøóÈøóÑõæÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 68] . æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáñ ÝóÕúáñ æóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÇáúåóÒúáö [86 \ 13 - 14] . æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóíóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÃóÍúÓóäóåõ [39 \ 18] Ãóíú: íõÞóÏøöãõæäó ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäó¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÔóÏøõ ÍõÓúäðÇ¡ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Ïõæäóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÍõÓúäö¡ æóíõÞóÏøöãõæäó ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäó ãõØúáóÞðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÓóäö. æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúãõÊøóÈóÚó. ãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ÃóÍúÓóäó ãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßõãú ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú [39 \ 55] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöãõæÓóì íóÃúãõÑõåõ ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÐö ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö: ÝóÎõÐúåóÇ ÈöÞõæøóÉò æóÃúãõÑú Þóæúãóßó íóÃúÎõÐõæÇ ÈöÃóÍúÓóäöåóÇ [7 \ 145] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäõ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö.
æóÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäó ÇáúãóäúÏõæÈö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóäúÏõæÈó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäú(6/356)
ãõØúáóÞö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ãóËóáðÇ Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÝúÚóáõæÇ ÇáúÎóíúÑó áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÝúáöÍõæäó [22 \ 77] ÞóÏøóãõæÇ ÝöÚúáó ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó¡ Úóáóì ÝöÚúáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáúãóäúÏõæÈö¡ æóÞóÏøóãõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑó¡ Úóáóì ãõØúáóÞö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÌóÇÆöÒõ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ æóÇáúãóäúÏõæÈõ¡ áóÇ Úóáóì ãõØúáóÞö ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóäóÌúÒöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [16 \ 97] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì æóíóÌúÒöíóåõãú ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [39 \ 35] ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóáóäõÍúíöíóäøóåõ ÍóíóÇÉð ØóíøöÈóÉð æóáóäóÌúÒöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [16 \ 97] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÈóÇÍó ÍóÓóäñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãóÑóÇÞöí:
ãóÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ áóãú íóäúåó Úóäúåõ ÍóÓóäõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ ÇáúÞóÈöíÍõ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóåúÌóäõ
æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö ÇáÊøóÑúÛöíÈö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎúÐö ÈöÇáúÃóÍúÓóäö æóÃóÝúÖóáöíøóÊöåö ãóÚó ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúÃóÎúÐö ÈöÇáúÍóÓóäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÚóÇÞóÈúÊõãú ÝóÚóÇÞöÈõæÇ ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÚõæÞöÈúÊõãú Èöåö æóáóÆöäú ÕóÈóÑúÊõãú áóåõæó ÎóíúÑñ áöáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó [16 \ 126] ÝóÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÚóÇÞöÈõæÇ ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÚõæÞöÈúÊõãú Èöåö áöáúÌóæóÇÒö¡ æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÍóÓóäò. ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãó ÍóÓóäñ¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÝúæó æóÇáÕøóÈúÑó¡ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÆöäú ÕóÈóÑúÊõãú áóåõæó ÎóíúÑñ áöáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó æóÃóãúËóÇáõ Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö: æóáóãóäö ÇäúÊóÕóÑó ÈóÚúÏó Ùõáúãöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ãóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÓóÈöíáò [42 \ 43] ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÈúÑó æóÇáúÛõÝúÑóÇäó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóáóãóäú ÕóÈóÑó æóÛóÝóÑó Åöäøó Ðóáößó áóãöäú ÚóÒúãö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö [42 \ 43] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö: áóÇ íõÍöÈøõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÌóåúÑó ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú Ùõáöãó [4 \ 148] ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÝúæó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãóÚó ßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ: Åöäú ÊõÈúÏõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ Ãóæú ÊõÎúÝõæåõ Ãóæú ÊóÚúÝõæÇ Úóäú ÓõæÁò ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÚóÝõæøðÇ ÞóÏöíÑðÇ [4 \ 149] . æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãõËúäöíðÇ Úóáóì ãóäú ÊóÕóÏøóÞó¡ ÝóÃóÈúÏóì ÕóÏóÞóÊóåõ: Åöäú ÊõÈúÏõæÇ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö ÝóäöÚöãøóÇ åöíó [2 \ 271] Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÅöÎúÝóÇÁóåóÇ æóÅöíÊóÇÁóåóÇ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó¡ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÅöÈúÏóÇÆöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ãóÏóÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúÌóÇãöÏö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó áöÅöäúÔóÇÁö ÇáúãóÏúÍö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó äóÚöãøó¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäú ÊõÈúÏõæÇ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö ÝóäöÚöãøóÇ åöíó æóÅöäú ÊõÎúÝõæåóÇ æóÊõÄúÊõæåóÇ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó Ýóåõæó ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú [2 \ 271] .(6/357)
ÃóÝóãóäú ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåö ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõäúÞöÐõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö (19)
æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí äöÕúÝö ÇáÕøóÏóÇÞö ÇááøóÇÒöãö¡ áöáÒøóæúÌóÉö ÈöÇáØøóáóÇÞö¡ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö¡ ÝóäöÕúÝõ ãóÇ ÝóÑóÖúÊõãú [2 \ 237] æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÃóÎúÐó ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÇáäøöÕúÝó ÍóÓóäñ¡ áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÔóÑóÚóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóäöÕúÝõ ãóÇ ÝóÑóÖúÊõãú ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÛøóÈó ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ Ãóäú íóÚúÝõæó áöáúÂÎóÑö Úóäú äöÕúÝöåö¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáÊøóÞúæóì æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóÃóäú ÊóÚúÝõæÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáÊøóÞúæóì æóáóÇ ÊóäúÓóæõÇ ÇáúÝóÖúáó Èóíúäóßõãú [2 \ 237] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÒóÇÁõ ÓóíøöÆóÉò ÓóíøöÆóÉñ ãöËúáõåóÇ [42 \ 40] Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÔóÏó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú ÚóÝóÇ æóÃóÕúáóÍó ÝóÃóÌúÑõåõ Úóáóì Çááøóåö [42 \ 40] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÌõÑõæÍó ÞöÕóÇÕñ [5 \ 45] Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÔóÏó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÍúÓóäö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú ÊóÕóÏøóÞó Èöåö Ýóåõæó ßóÝøóÇÑóÉñ áóåõ [5 \ 45] .
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáðÇ ÛóíúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÑúäóÇ.
ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÝóíóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÃóÍúÓóäóåõ ÞóÇáó: «åõæó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ íóÓúãóÚõ ÇáúÍóÓóäó æóÇáúÞóÈöíÍó ÝóíóÊóÍóÏøóËõ ÈöÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóíóäúßóÝøõ Úóäö ÇáúÞóÈöíÍö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÊóÍóÏøóËõ Èöåö» .
æóÞöíáó íóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó æóÛóíúÑóåõ¡ ÝóíóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáúÞóæúáö áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöåóÐóÇ íóÞõæáõ: Åöäö ÇáúÂíóÉó äóÒóáóÊú Ýöíãóäú ßóÇäó íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÞóÈúáó ÈóÚúËö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ßóÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö äõÝóíúáò ÇáúÚóÏóæöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÐóÑøò ÇáúÛöÝóÇÑöíøö¡ æóÓóáúãóÇäó ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóãóäú ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåö ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõäúÞöÐõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö. ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÌõãúáóÊóÇäö ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÊóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóÝóãóäú ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåö ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÌõãúáóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉñ¡ áóßöäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÐúÝðÇ¡ æóÍóÐúÝõ ãóÇ Ïóáøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö æóÇÖöÍñ¡ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö.
æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: ÃóÝóãóäú ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåö ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ ÊõÎóáøöÕõåõ ÃóäúÊó ãöäúåõ¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ ãõÖóãøóäñ ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ Ãóíú áóÇ ÊõÎøóáöÕõ ÃóäúÊó íóÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÓóÈóÞó Ýöí Úöáúãö Çááøóåö Ãóäøóåõ íõÚóÐøöÈõåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõäúÞöÐõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Þóæúáöí ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ÃóÏóÇÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÇáúãõÞúÊóÑöäóÉö ÈöÃóÏóÇÉö ÚóØúÝò ßóÇáúÝóÇÁö æóÇáúæóÇæö(6/358)
Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÓóáóßóåõ íóäóÇÈöíÚó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ëõãøó íõÎúÑöÌõ Èöåö ÒóÑúÚðÇ ãõÎúÊóáöÝðÇ ÃóáúæóÇäõåõ Ëõãøó íóåöíÌõ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ãõÕúÝóÑøðÇ Ëõãøó íóÌúÚóáõåõ ÍõØóÇãðÇ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÐößúÑóì áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö (21)
æóËõãøó ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÃóÝóãóäú ÍóÞøó æóÞóæúáóåõ: ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõäúÞöÐõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÌõãúáóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö: Ãóãóäú ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåö ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ ÝóÃóäúÊö ÊõäúÞöÐõåõ ÌõãúáóÉñ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ ÏóÎóáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ åóãúÒóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ æóÇáúÝóÇÁõ ÝóÇÁõ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ Ëõãøó ÏóÎóáóÊö ÇáúÝóÇÁõ ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí ÃóæøóáöåóÇ áöáúÚóØúÝö Úóáóì ãóÍúÐõæÝò íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ¡ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ÃóÃóäúÊó ãóÇáößõ ÃóãúÑöåöãú¡ Ýóãöäú ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõäúÞöÐõåõ¡ æóÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ åöíó ÇáúÃõæáóì ßõÑøöÑóÊú áöÊóæúßöíÏö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏö¡ æóæóÖúÚö ãóäú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ãóæúÖöÚó ÇáÖøóãöíÑö¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÌõãúáóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ßõáøó ÇáÙøõåõæÑö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö íÓ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 7] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈößóáöãóÉö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóßöäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú áóåõãú ÛõÑóÝñ ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåóÇ ÛõÑóÝñ ãóÈúäöíøóÉñ. ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú æóÚúÏö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÈöÇáúÛõÑóÝö ÇáúãóÈúäöíøóÉö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÓóÈóÃò ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú Âãóäó æóÚóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáÖøöÚúÝö ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ æóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÛõÑõÝóÇÊö Âãöäõæäó [34 \ 37] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö: æóÚóÏó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö ÌóäøóÇÊò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ æóãóÓóÇßöäó ØóíøöÈóÉð Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 72] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÕøóÝøö: íóÛúÝöÑú áóßõãú ÐõäõæÈóßõãú æóíõÏúÎöáúßõãú ÌóäøóÇÊò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ æóãóÓóÇßöäó ØóíøöÈóÉð Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ [61 \ 12] ¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÓóÇßöäó ÇáØøóíøöÈóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö æóÇáÕøóÝøö ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ ÈöÇáúÛõÑóÝö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáÒøõãóÑö æóÓóÈóÃò¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó íõÌúÒóæúäó ÇáúÛõÑúÝóÉó ÈöãóÇ ÕóÈóÑõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 75] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÓóáóßóåõ íóäóÇÈöíÚó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. ÇáúíóäóÇÈöíÚõ: ÌóãúÚõ íóäúÈõæÚò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÇáúßóËöíÑõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÓóáóßóåõ Ãóíú ÃóÏúÎóáóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞõáúäóÇ ÇÍúãöáú ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøò ÒóæúÌóíúäö ÇËúäóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 40] .(6/359)
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõãóÑö¡ ÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÓóÈóÃò Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ íóáöÌõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó íõÎúÑöÌõ Èöåö ÒóÑúÚðÇ ãõÎúÊóáöÝðÇ ÃóáúæóÇäõåõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ãóÇ íõãóÇËöáõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÑøõæãö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊößõãú æóÃóáúæóÇäößõãú [30 \ 22] æóÃóÍóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÝóÇØöÑò¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ Èöåö ËóãóÑóÇÊò ãõÎúÊóáöÝðÇ ÃóáúæóÇäõåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó íóåöíÌõ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ãõÕúÝóÑøðÇ Ëõãøó íóÌúÚóáõåõ ÍõØóÇãðÇ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÐößúÑóì áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö. Þóæúáõåõ: Ëõãøó íóåöíÌõ Ãóíú: Ëõãøó ÈóÚúÏó äóÖóÇÑóÉö Ðóáößó ÇáÒøóÑúÚö æóÎõÖúÑóÊöåö íóíúÈóÓõ¡ æóíóÊöãøõ ÌóÝóÇÝõåõ æóíóËõæÑõ ãöäú ãóäóÇÈöÊöåö ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÙöÑõ ãõÕúÝóÑøðÇ íóÇÈöÓðÇ¡ ÞóÏú ÒóÇáóÊú ÎõÖúÑóÊõåõ æóäóÖóÇÑóÊõåõ. Ëõãøó íóÌúÚóáõåõ ÍõØóÇãðÇ Ãóíú ÝõÊóÇÊðÇ¡ ãõÊóßóÓøöÑðÇ¡ åóÔöíãðÇ¡ ÊóÐúÑõæåõ ÇáÑøöíóÇÍõ¡ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäú ÍóÇáóÇÊö Ðóáößó ÇáÒøóÑúÚö¡ ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝö ÇáúÃóáúæóÇäö¡ áóÐößúÑóì Ãóíú ÚöÈúÑóÉð æóãóæúÚöÙóÉð æóÊóÐúßöíÑðÇ áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö¡ Ãóíú áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÚõÞõæáö ÇáÓøóáöíãóÉö ãöäú ÔóæóÇÆöÈö ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇáö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãóÕöíÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáÒøóÑúÚö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãóæúÚöÙóÉö æóÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó¡ Ãóäøó ãóÇ æóÚóÙó Èöåö ÎóáúÞóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÍóÇáóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáÒøóÑúÚö ÔóÈöíåñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. ÝóæóÚóÙó Èöåö Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò æóÔóÈøóåó Èöåö ÍóÇáóÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö: ÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ áóÚöÈñ æóáóåúæñ æóÒöíäóÉñ æóÊóÝóÇÎõÑñ Èóíúäóßõãú æóÊóßóÇËõÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö ßóãóËóáö ÛóíúËò ÃóÚúÌóÈó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó äóÈóÇÊõåõ Ëõãøó íóåöíÌõ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ ãõÕúÝóÑøðÇ Ëõãøó íóßõæäõ ÍõØóÇãðÇ [257 \ 20] . æóíõÈóíøöäõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÑøõæãö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇÕúÝöÑóÇÑöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÅöÑúÓóÇáõ ÇáÑøöíÍö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÆöäú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑöíÍðÇ ÝóÑóÃóæúåõ ãõÕúÝóÑøðÇ áóÙóáøõæÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö íóßúÝõÑõæäó [30 \ 51] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóãóäú ÔóÑóÍó Çááøóåõ ÕóÏúÑóåõ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ýóåõæó Úóáóì äõæÑò ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö. ÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóåÏöíóåõ íóÔúÑóÍú ÕóÏúÑóåõ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö [6 \ 125] .(6/360)
ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ ÛóíúÑó Ðöí ÚöæóÌò áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊøóÞõæäó (28)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÖúáöáö Çááøóåõ ÝóãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú åóÇÏò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊóÍúÑöÕú Úóáóì åõÏóÇåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú íõÖöáøõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 37] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ ÛóíúÑó Ðöí ÚöæóÌò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ ÞóíøöãðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 1 - 2] . æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÇäúÊõÕöÈó Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáö æóåöíó ÍóÇáñ ãõÄóßøóÏóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÍóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö åõæó ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ¡ æóÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÊóæúØöÆóÉñ áóåõ æóÞöíáó ÇäúÊõÕöÈó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÏúÍö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóäøóåõ ÈöáöÓóÇäò ÚóÑóÈöíøò ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöÓóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí íõáúÍöÏõæäó Åöáóíúåö ÃóÚúÌóãöíøñ æóåóÐóÇ áöÓóÇäñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãõÈöíäñ [16 \ 103] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö íõæÓõÝó: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó [43 \ 3] . æóÞóÇáó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó [43 \ 3] . æóÞóÇáó Ýöí Øå æóßóÐóáößó ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ æóÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊøóÞõæäó Ãóæú íõÍúÏöËõ áóåõãú ÐößúÑðÇ [20 \ 113] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÝõÕøöáóÊú: æóáóæú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÃóÚúÌóãöíøðÇ áóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæúáóÇ ÝõÕøöáóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ ÃóÃóÚúÌóãöíøñ æóÚóÑóÈöíøñ [41 \ 44] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÊóäúÒöíáõ ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó äóÒóáó Èöåö ÇáÑøõæÍõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ Úóáóì ÞóáúÈößó áöÊóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõäúÐöÑöíäó ÈöáöÓóÇäò ÚóÑóÈöíøò ãõÈöíäò [26 \ 192 - 195] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøõæÑóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áöÊõäúÐöÑó Ãõãøó ÇáúÞõÑóì æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 7] .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáÑøóÚúÏö: æóßóÐóáößó ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ÍõßúãðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ æóáóÆöäö ÇÊøóÈóÚúÊó ÃóåúæóÇÁóåõãú ÈóÚúÏóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóßó ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ãóÇ áóßó ãöäó Çááøóåö ãöäú æóáöíøò æóáóÇ æóÇÞò [13 \ 37] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔóÑóÝö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö æóÚöÙóãöåóÇ¡ ÏóáóÇáóÉð áóÇ íõäúßöÑõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãõßóÇÈöÑñ.(6/361)
áöíõßóÝøöÑó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú ÃóÓúæóÃó ÇáøóÐöí ÚóãöáõæÇ æóíóÌúÒöíóåõãú ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó (35)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáÕøöÏúÞö. ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöíäó¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞõæäó áóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõæäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú Ðóáößó ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó [29 \ 33 - 34] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö Ãóäøó «ÇáøóÐöí» ÊóÃúÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ Ýóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáÒøõãóÑö åóÐöåö: æóÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáÕøöÏúÞö ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: ãóËóáõåõãú ßóãóËóáö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÓúÊóæúÞóÏó äóÇÑðÇ [2 \ 17] Ãóíö: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóæúÞóÏõæÇ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÐóåóÈó Çááøóåõ ÈöäõæÑöåöãú æóÊóÑóßóåõãú Ýöí ÙõáõãóÇÊò áóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó [2 \ 17] æóÞóæúáöåö ÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ: ßóÇáøóÐöí íõäúÝöÞõ ãóÇáóåõ ÑöÆóÇÁó ÇáäøóÇÓö [2 \ 264] Ãóíú: ßóÇáøóÐöíäó íõäúÝöÞõæäó ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ: áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöãøóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö: æóÎõÖúÊõãú ßóÇáøóÐöí ÎóÇÖõæÇ [9 \ 69] Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ áóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÃóÔúåóÈó Èúäö ÑõãóíúáóÉó:
æóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÍóÇäóÊú ÈöÝóáúÌò ÏöãóÇÄõåõãú ... åõãõ ÇáúÞóæúãõ ßõáøõ ÇáúÞóæúãö íóÇ Ãõãøó ÎóÇáöÏö
æóÞóæúáõ ÚõÏóíúáö Èúäö ÇáúÝóÑúÎö ÇáúÚöÌúáöíøö:
ÝóÈöÊøõ ÃõÓóÇÞöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÅöÎúæóÊöí ÇáøóÐöí ... ÛóæóÇíóÊõåõãú Ûóíøñ æóÑõÔúÏõåõãú ÑõÔúÏõ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
íóÇ ÑóÈøó ÚóÈúÓò áóÇ ÊõÈóÇÑößú Ýöí ÃóÍóÏú ... Ýöí ÞóÇÆöãò ãöäúåóÇ æóáóÇ Ýöíãóäú ÞóÚóÏú
ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇãõæÇ ÈöÃóØúÑóÇÝö ÇáúãóÓóÏú
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõæäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú Ðóáößó ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò íóÏúÎõáõæäóåóÇ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 31] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÌúÒöíóåõãú ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ¡ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÈóÔøöÑú ÚöÈóÇÏöí ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÝóíóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÃóÍúÓóäóåõ [39 \ 17 - 18] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö(6/362)
ÇáäøóÍúáö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóäóÌúÒöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [16 \ 97] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóíúÓó Çááøóåõ ÈößóÇÝò ÚóÈúÏóåõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÍóÓúÈõßó Çááøóåõ æóãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚóßó ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [8 \ 64] æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÈößóÇÝò ÚóÈúÏóåõ¡ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÚóíúäö æóÓõßõæäö ÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ ÈöÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö¡ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÓóíóßúÝöíßóåõãõ Çááøóåõ [2 \ 137] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ ÍóÓúÈõßó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 64] .
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö æóÝóÊóÍö ÇáúÈóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÃóáöÝñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÌóãúÚõ ÚóÈúÏò¡ ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ íóÔúãóáõ ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö æóÃóÊúÈóÇÚóåõãú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÎóæøöÝõæäóßó ÈöÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÚóÈóÏóÉõ ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö¡ íõÎóæøöÝõæäó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÈöÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÞõæáõæäó áóåõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÓóÊóÖõÑøõåõ æóÊóÎúÈöáõåõ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÚóÇÏóÉõ ÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö áóÚóäóåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ íõÎóæøöÝõæäó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÈöÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö æóíóÒúÚõãõæäó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóÊóÖõÑøõåõãú æóÊóÕöáõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ¡ áóÇ íóÎóÇÝõæäó ÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäõ¡ ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõ æóáóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÖõÑøõ æóáóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóãøóÇ ÎóæøóÝõæåõ ÈöåóÇ: æóßóíúÝó ÃóÎóÇÝõ ãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßúÊõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæäó Ãóäøóßõãú ÃóÔúÑóßúÊõãú ÈöÇááøóåö ãóÇ áóãú íõäóÒøöáú Èöåö Úóáóíúßõãú ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ ÝóÃóíøõ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöÇáúÃóãúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 81] .
æóÞóÇáó Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö åõæÏò æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ áóåõ Þóæúãõåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó: Åöäú äóÞõæáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇÚúÊóÑóÇßó ÈóÚúÖõ ÂáöåóÊöäóÇ ÈöÓõæÁò ÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÃõÔúåöÏõ Çááøóåó æóÇÔúåóÏõæÇ Ãóäøöí ÈóÑöíÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÝóßöíÏõæäöí ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ëõãøó áóÇ ÊõäúÙöÑõæäöí Åöäøöí ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÑóÈøöí æóÑóÈøößõãú ãóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÂÎöÐñ ÈöäóÇÕöíóÊöåóÇ Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [11 \ 54 - 56] .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ äóÈöíøóäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóßóÑó ÊóÎúæöíÝóåõãú áóåõ ÈöÃóÕúäóÇãöåöãú: æóáóÆöäú ÓóÃóáúÊóåõãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóíóÞõæáõäøó Çááøóåõ Þõáú ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöíó Çááøóåõ ÈöÖõÑøò åóáú åõäøó ßóÇÔöÝóÇÊõ ÖõÑøöåö Ãóæú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöí ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò åóáú åõäøó ãõãúÓößóÇÊõ ÑóÍúãóÊöåö Þõáú ÍóÓúÈöíó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö íóÊóæóßøóáõ ÇáúãõÊóæóßøöáõæäó [39 \ 38] .(6/363)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ÇÔúãóÃóÒøóÊú ÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó (45)
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóæúÝó ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö ãóäú ÃóÔúäóÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßö ÈöÇááøóåö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó íõÎóæøöÝõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÃóÊúÈóÇÚõ ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãöäú ÃóÊúÈóÇÚöåö æóÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ Ðóáößõãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ íõÎóæøöÝõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁóåõ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæåõãú æóÎóÇÝõæäö Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó [3 \ 175] .
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: íõÎóæøöÝõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁóåõ ÍõÐöÝó Ýöíåö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ Ãóíú: íõÎóæøöÝõßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁóåõ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæåõãú æóÎóÇÝõæäö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöíó Çááøóåõ ÈöÖõÑøò åóáú åõäøó ßóÇÔöÝóÇÊõ ÖõÑøöåö Ãóæú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöí ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò åóáú åõäøó ãõãúÓößóÇÊõ ÑóÍúãóÊöåö. ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊö ãöäú Ïõæäöåö¡ áóÇ ÊóÞúÏöÑõ Ãóäú ÊóßúÔöÝó ÖõÑøðÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÊõãúÓößó ÑóÍúãóÉð ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ ÃóÍóÏðÇ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöãó ÊóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÇ áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõ æóáóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõ æóáóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúßó ÔóíúÆðÇ [19 \ 42] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó åóáú íóÓúãóÚõæäóßõãú ÅöÐú ÊóÏúÚõæäó Ãóæú íóäúÝóÚõæäóßõãú Ãóæú íóÖõÑøõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ ßóÐóáößó íóÝúÚóáõæäó [26 \ 72 - 74] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íóÝúÊóÍö Çááøóåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÉò ÝóáóÇ ãõãúÓößó áóåóÇ æóãóÇ íõãúÓößú ÝóáóÇ ãõÑúÓöáó áóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ [35 \ 2] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÅöäú íóãúÓóÓúßó Çááøóåõ ÈöÖõÑøò ÝóáóÇ ßóÇÔöÝó áóåõ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóÅöäú íõÑöÏúßó ÈöÎóíúÑò ÝóáóÇ ÑóÇÏøó áöÝóÖúáöåö íõÕöíÈõ Èöåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 107] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ÇÔúãóÃóÒøóÊú ÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÝúÚóáõ ÈöÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó [34 \ 35] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú Ãóäøó áöáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóãöËúáóåõ ãóÚóåõ áóÇÝúÊóÏóæúÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÓõæÁö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.(6/364)
æóÈóÏóÇ áóåõãú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊõ ãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ æóÍóÇÞó Èöåöãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó (48)
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ æóåõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóãöËúáóåõ ãóÚóåõ¡ áóÝóÏóæúÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú Èöåö ãöäú ÓõæÁö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÚóÇíóäõæåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó æóÕóÑøóÍó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÝöÏóÇÁó ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóãóÇÊõæÇ æóåõãú ßõÝøóÇÑñ Ýóáóäú íõÞúÈóáó ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåöãú ãöáúÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÐóåóÈðÇ æóáóæö ÇÝúÊóÏóì Èöåö ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ æóãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú äóÇÕöÑöíäó [3 \ 91] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóæú Ãóäøó áóåõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóãöËúáóåõ ãóÚóåõ áöíóÝúÊóÏõæÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóÇ ÊõÞõÈøöáó ãöäúåõãú æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõæÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÎóÇÑöÌöíäó ãöäúåóÇ æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõÞöíãñ [5 \ 36 - 37] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇáúíóæúãó áóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúßõãú ÝöÏúíóÉñ æóáóÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãóÃúæóÇßõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ åöíó ãóæúáóÇßõãú æóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ [57 \ 15] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóÚúÏöáú ßõáøó ÚóÏúáò áóÇ íõÄúÎóÐú ãöäúåóÇ ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÈúÓöáõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ áóåõãú ÔóÑóÇÈñ ãöäú Íóãöíãò æóÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÝõÑõæäó [6 \ 70] . æóÞóæúáöåö æóÅöäú ÊóÚúÏöáú ßõáøó ÚóÏúáò Ãóíú: æóÅöäú ÊóÝúÊóÏö ßõáøó ÝöÏóÇÁö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåóÇ ÚóÏúáñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 48] . æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ ãöäúåóÇ ÚóÏúáñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 123] ¡ æóÇáúÚóÏúáõ ÇáúÝöÏóÇÁõ. æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áóåõ áóæú Ãóäøó áóåõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóãöËúáóåõ ãóÚóåõ áóÇÝúÊóÏóæúÇ Èöåö ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÓõæÁõ ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö æóãóÃúæóÇåõãú Ìóåóäøóãõ æóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãöåóÇÏõ [13 \ 18] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóáóäú íõÞúÈóáó ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåöãú ãöáúÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÐóåóÈðÇ æóáóæö ÇÝúÊóÏóì Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 91] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÈóÏóÇ áóåõãú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊõ ãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ. Þóæúáõåõ: æóÈóÏóÇ áóåõãú Ãóíú: ÙóåóÑó áóåõãú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊõ ãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÓóíøöÆóÇÊöåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí ÇßúÊóÓóÈõæåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö åõäóÇ ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÈöåóÇ ÌóÒóÇÄõåóÇ.
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÒóÇÁõ ÓóíøöÆóÉò ÓóíøöÆóÉñ ãöËúáõåóÇ [42 \ 40] .
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö¡ Úóáóì ÌóÒóÇÁö ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó æóãóäú ÚóÇÞóÈó ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÚõæÞöÈó Èöåö Ëõãøó ÈõÛöíó Úóáóíúåö áóíóäúÕõÑóäøóåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 60] .(6/365)
æóíóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÊóÑóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐóÈõæÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö æõÌõæåõåõãú ãõÓúæóÏøóÉñ ÃóáóíúÓó Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó ãóËúæðì áöáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑöíäó (60)
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõãú íóÈúÏõæ áóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäóåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõäóÇáößó ÊóÈúáõæ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝóÊú [10] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íõäóÈøóÃõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó æóÃóÎøóÑó [75 \ 13] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóáöãóÊú äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú æóÃóÎøóÑóÊú [82 \ 5] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÞõæáõæäó íóÇæóíúáóÊóäóÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 49] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 13 - 14] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÖõÑøñ ÏóÚóÇäóÇ Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ÎóæøóáúäóÇåõ äöÚúãóÉð ãöäøóÇ ÞóÇáó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõæÊöíÊõåõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÇáÖøõÑøõ ÏóÚóÇäóÇ áöÌóäúÈöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 12] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ÃóÍúÓóäó ãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßõãú ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÈóÔøöÑú ÚöÈóÇÏöí ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÝóíóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÃóÍúÓóäóåõ [39 \ 17 - 18] æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóäóÌúÒöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [16 \ 97] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæú ÊóÞõæáó Íöíäó ÊóÑóì ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó áóæú Ãóäøó áöí ßóÑøóÉð ÝóÃóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ãöäú ÌöåóÇÊò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÃúÊöí ÊóÃúæöíáõåõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ýóåóáú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÔõÝóÚóÇÁó ÝóíóÔúÝóÚõæÇ áóäóÇ Ãóæú äõÑóÏøõ ÝóäóÚúãóáó ÛóíúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ßõäøóÇ äóÚúãóáõ [7 \ 53] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÊóÑóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐóÈõæÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö æõÌõæåõåõãú ãõÓúæóÏøóÉñ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì ãóÇ íõãóÇËöáõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÈúíóÖøõ æõÌõæåñ æóÊóÓúæóÏøõ æõÌõæåñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 106] .(6/366)
æóÃóÔúÑóÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÈöäõæÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÌöíÁó ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö æóÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóåõãú áóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó (69) æóæõÝøöíóÊú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú æóåõæó ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäó (70)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóíúÓó Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó ãóËúæðì áöáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑöíäó.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÌõãúáóÉð ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ÇáúßöÈúÑö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÝóÇåúÈöØú ãöäúåóÇ ÝóãóÇ íóßõæäõ áóßó Ãóäú ÊóÊóßóÈøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÇÎúÑõÌú Åöäøóßó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÛöÑöíäó [7 \ 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó æóÅöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó áóÆöäú ÃóÔúÑóßúÊó áóíóÍúÈóØóäøó Úóãóáõßó. ÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ áóÍóÈöØó Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [6 \ 88] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÖóãøöäóÉó áöáúÞóíúÏö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íõÐúßóÑú Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóßúÝõÑú ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÝóÞóÏú ÍóÈöØó Úóãóáõåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 5] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó äõÝöÎó Ýöíåö ÃõÎúÑóì ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ÞöíóÇãñ íóäúÙõÑõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íÓ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇËö Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóäúÓöáõæäó [36 \ 51] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö [18 \ 49] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ [17 \ 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌöíÁó ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö æóÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóåõãú áóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó æóæõÝøöíóÊú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú. ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åõãõ ÇáúÍóÝóÙóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ íõÍúÕõæäó ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÌóÇÁóÊú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÚóåóÇ ÓóÇÆöÞñ æóÔóåöíÏñ [50 \ 21] .
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁõ ÃõãøóÉõ ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ íóÔúåóÏõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÃõãóãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÌóÚóáúäóÇßõãú ÃõãøóÉð æóÓóØðÇ áöÊóßõæäõæÇ ÔõåóÏóÇÁó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö æóíóßõæäó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ Úóáóíúßõãú ÔóåöíÏðÇ.(6/367)
æóÞöíáó: ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞõÊöáõæÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÚöäúÏöí¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁó åõãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÑúÓöáõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÃõãóãö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÖöí Èóíúäó ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÍóÊøóì íóÃúÊöíó ÑóÓõæáõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáößõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÑóÓõæáñ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÑóÓõæáõåõãú ÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö æóåõãú áóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó [10 \ 47] ÝóÕóÑøóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ íóÓúÃóáõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÚóãøóÇ ÃóÌóÇÈóÊúåõãú Èöåö Ãõãóãõåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÌúãóÚõ Çááøóåõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÝóíóÞõæáõ ãóÇÐóÇ ÃõÌöÈúÊõãú [5 \ 109] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóäóÓúÃóáóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÑúÓöáó Åöáóíúåöãú æóáóäóÓúÃóáóäøó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó [7 \ 6] æóÞóÏú íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÈöÔóåöíÏò æóÌöÆúäóÇ Èößó Úóáóì åóÄõáóÇÁö ÔóåöíÏðÇ [4 \ 41] áöÃóäøó ßóæúäóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó åõæó ÇáÔøóåöíÏõ Úóáóì åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÃõãøóÊõåõ¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóåöíÏó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò åõæó ÑóÓõæáõåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóåöíÏó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó äóÈúÚóËõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÔóåöíÏðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú [16 \ 89] æóÇáÑøõÓõáõ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓö ÇáúÃõãóãö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äóÈöíøöäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó:
áóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú [9 \ 128] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ãóäøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÅöÐú ÈóÚóËó Ýöíåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 164] .
æóÇáúãõÓóæøöÛõ áöáúÅöíÌóÇÒö ÈöÍóÐúÝö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌöíÁó ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó [39 \ 69] åõæó Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÌöíÁö Èöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö æóåöÔóÇãò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò¡ æóÌöíÁó ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÌöíãö ßóÓúÑóÉò ÎóÇáöÕóÉò.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö æóåöÔóÇãñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò ÈöÅöÔúãóÇãö ÇáúßóÓúÑóÉö ÇáÖøóãøö.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöÔúãóÇãõ åõäóÇ ÌóÇÆöÒðÇ¡ æóÇáúßóÓúÑõ ÌóÇÆöÒðÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó¡ áóÈúÓñ Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÈúäöíøö áöáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ æóÇáúãóÈúäöíøö áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ ÅöÐú ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ: æóÌöíÁó ãóÈúäöíøñ áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö æóáóÇ íóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇáúÈöäóÇÁó áöáúÝóÇÚöáö ÈöæóÌúåò¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ßóÐóáößó ÌóÇÒó Ýöíåö ÇáúßóÓúÑõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÕõ æóÅöÔúãóÇãõ ÇáúßóÓúÑóÉö ÇáÖøóãøó ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇßúÓöÑú Ãóæú ÃóÔúãöãú ÝóÇ ËõáóÇËöíøò ÃõÚöáú ... ÚóíúäðÇ æóÖõãøó ÍóÇÁó ßóÈõæÚó ÝóÇÍúÊõãöáú(6/368)
æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöáóì Ìóåóäøóãó ÒõãóÑðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁõæåóÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú ÃóÈúæóÇÈõåóÇ æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú ÑõÓõáñ ãöäúßõãú íóÊúáõæäó Úóáóíúßõãú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøößõãú æóíõäúÐöÑõæäóßõãú áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì æóáóßöäú ÍóÞøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó (71)
ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÓúäóÏó Ðóáößó ÇáúÝöÚúáó Åöáóì ÖóãöíÑö ÇáÑøóÝúÚö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ðóáößó ÞóÏú íõÄóÏøöí Åöáóì ÇááøóÈúÓö¡ ÝóíõÔúÊóÈóåõ ÇáúãóÈúäöíøõ áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ ÈöÇáúãóÈúäöíøö áöáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÍöíäóÆöÐò ÇÌúÊöäóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóßúáö ÇáøóÐöí íõæÌöÈõ ÇááøóÈúÓó¡ æóÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäó ÈöãóÇ íõÒöíáõ ÇááøóÈúÓó ãöäú Ôóßúáò Ãóæú ÅöÔúãóÇãò ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÅöäú ÈöÔóßúáò ÎöíÝó áóÈúÓñ íõÌúÊóäóÈú
æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóäúÔóÏóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇááøöÓóÇäö:
æóÅöäøöí Úóáóì Çáúãóæúáóì æóÅöäú Þóáøó äóÝúÚõåõ ... ÏõÝõæÚñ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÖõãúÊõ ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÈõæÑö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÖõãúÊõ ÃóÕúáõåõ ÖöíãúÊõ ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÇáúÅöÔúãóÇãõ Ãóæö ÇáÖøóãøõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúßóÓúÑó ÇáúÎóÇáöÕó íóÌúÚóáõåõ ãõÍöÊóãöáðÇ áöáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúÝóÇÚöáö ßóÈöÚúÊõ æóÓöÑúÊõ. æóÞóæúáõ ÌóÑöíÑò íóÑúËöí ÇáúãóÑøóÇÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑóÉó:
æóÃóÞõæáõ ãöäú ÌóÒóÚò æóÞóÏú ÝõÊúäóÇ Èöåö ... æóÏõãõæÚõ Úóíúäöí Ýöí ÇáÑøöÏóÇÁö ÛöÒóÇÑõ
áöáÏøóÇÝöäöíäó ÃóÎóÇ ÇáúãóßóÇÑöãö æóÇáäøóÏóÇ ... áöáøóåö ãóÇ ÖõãöäóÊú Èößó ÇáúÃóÍúÌóÇÑõ
ÃóÕúáõåõ ÝõæÊúäóÇ ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÇáúßóÓúÑõ Ãóæö ÇáúÅöÔúãóÇãõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÖøóãøó ÇáúÎóÇáöÕó íóÌúÚóáõåõ ãõÍúÊóãöáðÇ áöáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ ßóÞõáúäóÇ æóÞõãúäóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöáóì Ìóåóäøóãó ÒõãóÑðÇ. ÇáÒøõãóÑõ: ÇáúÃóÝúæóÇÌõ ÇáúãõÊóÝóÑøöÞóÉõ¡ æóÇÍöÏõåõ ÒõãúÑóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóÈøóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóäúåóÇ åõäóÇ ÈöÇáÒøõãóÑö¡ æóÚóÈøóÑó ÚóäúåóÇ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö ÈöÇáúÃóÝúæóÇÌö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøóãóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóæúÌñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [67 \ 8] ¡ æóÚóÈøóÑó ÚóäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö ÈöÇáúÃõãóãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇÏúÎõáõæÇ Ýöí Ãõãóãò ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ßõáøóãóÇ ÏóÎóáóÊú ÃõãøóÉñ áóÚóäóÊú ÃõÎúÊóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÇÑóßõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÞóÇáóÊú ÃõÎúÑóÇåõãú áöÃõæáóÇåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 38] .
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÝõÕøöáóÊú: æóÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Ýöí Ãõãóãò ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÎóÇÓöÑöíäó [41 \ 25] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóÐóÇ ÝóæúÌñ ãõÞúÊóÍöãñ ãóÚóßõãú áóÇ ãóÑúÍóÈðÇ Èöåöãú Åöäøóåõãú ÕóÇáõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÑö [38 \ 59] .
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÒøõãóÑö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Þóæúáõåõ:(6/369)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÕóÏóÞóäóÇ æóÚúÏóåõ æóÃóæúÑóËóäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó äóÊóÈóæøóÃõ ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÍóíúËõ äóÔóÇÁõ ÝóäöÚúãó ÃóÌúÑõ ÇáúÚóÇãöáöíäó (74)
æóÊóÑóì ÇáäøóÇÓó Åöáóì ãóäúÒöáöåö ... ÒõãóÑðÇ ÊóäúÊóÇÈõåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÒõãóÑú
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
Åöäøó ÇáúÚõÝóÇÉó ÈöÇáÓøõíõæÈö ÞóÏú ÛóãóÑó ... ÍóÊøóì ÇÍúÒóÃóáøóÊú ÒõãóÑðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÒóãóÑú
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁõæåóÇ æóÝõÊöÍóÊú ÃóÈúæóÇÈõåóÇ. áóãú íõÈóíøöäú Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åõäóÇ ÚóÏóÏó ÃóÈúæóÇÈöåóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøó Ìóåóäøóãó áóãóæúÚöÏõåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó áóåóÇ ÓóÈúÚóÉõ ÃóÈúæóÇÈò áößõáøö ÈóÇÈò ãöäúåõãú ÌõÒúÁñ ãóÞúÓõæãñ [16 \ 43 - 44] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÝõÊöÍóÊú ÃóÈúæóÇÈõåóÇ ÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò: (ÝõÊøöÍóÊú) ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú ÑõÓõáñ ãöäúßõãú íóÊúáõæäó Úóáóíúßõãú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøößõãú æóíõäúÐöÑõæäóßõãú áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì æóáóßöäú ÍóÞøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúßõãú ØöÈúÊõãú ÝóÇÏúÎõáõæåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÊóæóÝøóÇåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ØóíøöÈöíäó íóÞõæáõæäó ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [16 \ 32] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÕóÏóÞóäóÇ æóÚúÏóåõ æóÃóæúÑóËóäóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó äóÊóÈóæøóÃõ ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÍóíúËõ äóÔóÇÁõ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáõæåóÇ æóÚóÇíóäõæÇ ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÚöíãö¡ ÍóãöÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú æóÃóËúäóæúÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóäóæøóåõæÇ ÈöÕöÏúÞö æóÚúÏöåö áóåõãú¡ æóÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÒóÚúäóÇ ãóÇ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑöåöãú ãöäú Ûöáøò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåöãõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí åóÏóÇäóÇ áöåóÐóÇ æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ áöäóåúÊóÏöíó áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú åóÏóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóäõæÏõæÇ Ãóäú Êöáúßõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÃõæÑöËúÊõãõæåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [7 \ 43] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÇÏóì ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö Ãóäú ÞóÏú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏóäóÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ ÍóÞøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 44] .(6/370)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò íóÏúÎõáõæäóåóÇ íõÍóáøóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇæöÑó ãöäú ÐóåóÈò æóáõÄúáõÄðÇ æóáöÈóÇÓõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÑöíÑñ æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÐúåóÈó ÚóäøóÇ ÇáúÍóÒóäó Åöäøó ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÛóÝõæÑñ ÔóßõæÑñ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍóáøóäóÇ ÏóÇÑó ÇáúãõÞóÇãóÉö ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö áóÇ íóãóÓøõäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ äóÕóÈñ æóáóÇ íóãóÓøõäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ áõÛõæÈñ [35 \ 33 - 34] .(6/371)
ãóÇ íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóáóÇ íóÛúÑõÑúßó ÊóÞóáøõÈõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö (4)
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ÓõæÑóÉõ ÛóÇÝöÑò
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÛóÇÝöÑö ÇáÐøóäúÈö æóÞóÇÈöáö ÇáÊøóæúÈö ÔóÏöíÏö ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö Ðöí ÇáØøóæúáö. ÌóãóÚó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáÊøóÑúÛöíÈö æóÇáÊøóÑúåöíÈö æóÇáúæóÚúÏö æóÇáúæóÚöíÏö ; áöÃóäøó ãóØóÇãöÚó ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö ãóÍúÕõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ åõãóÇ ÌóáúÈõ ÇáäøóÝúÚö æóÏóÝúÚõ ÇáÖøõÑøö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÈøöÆú ÚöÈóÇÏöí Ãóäøöí ÃóäóÇ ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ æóÃóäøó ÚóÐóÇÈöí åõæó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóáöíãõ [15 \ 49 - 50] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÚóÐóÇÈöí ÃõÕöíÈõ Èöåö ãóäú ÃóÔóÇÁõ æóÑóÍúãóÊöí æóÓöÚóÊú ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÓóÃóßúÊõÈõåóÇ áöáøóÐöíäó íóÊøóÞõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 156] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó ÓóÑöíÚõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö æóÅöäøóåõ áóÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ. [6 \ 165] æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó áóÓóÑöíÚõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö æóÅöäøóåõ áóÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ [7 \ 167] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú áóÇ íõÎóÇÕöãõ ÝöíåóÇ ãõÍóÇæöáðÇ ÑóÏøóåóÇ¡ æóÅöÈúØóÇáó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÛóÑóÖó ÇáúÍóÇãöáó áóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúÌöÏóÇáö ÝöíåóÇ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÕöÝóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóíõÌóÇÏöáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöíõÏúÍöÖõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÂíóÇÊöí æóãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑõæÇ åõÒõæðÇ [18 \ 56] æóÃóæúÖóÍó Ðóáößó ÇáúÛóÑóÖó¡ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÌóÇÏóáõæÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöíõÏúÍöÖõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÍóÞøó [40 \ 5] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÌøö Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÌóÇÏöáõæäó Ýöí Çááøóåö ãöäúåõãú¡ ÃóÊúÈóÇÚñ íóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÑõÄóÓóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúãõÖöáøöíäó¡ ãöäú ÔóíóÇØöíäö ÇáúÅöäúÓö æóÇáúÌöäøö¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõæäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí Çááøóåö ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò æóíóÊøóÈöÚõ ßõáøó ÔóíúØóÇäò ãóÑöíÏò ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÊóæóáøóÇåõ ÝóÃóäøóåõ íõÖöáøõåõ æóíóåúÏöíåö Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [22 \ 3 - 4] .(6/372)
æóÃóäøó ãöäúåõãú ÞóÇÏóÉð åõãú ÑõÄóÓóÇÄõåõãõ ÇáúãóÊúÈõæÚõæäó æóåõãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõæäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí Çááøóåö ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò æóáóÇ åõÏðì æóáóÇ ßöÊóÇÈò ãõäöíÑò ËóÇäöíó ÚöØúÝöåö áöíõÖöáøó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 8 - 9] .
æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÌöÏóÇáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÌöÏóÇáóåõãú áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈõæÇ áöáøóåö æóÂãóäõæÇ Èöåö æóÈöÑóÓõæáöåö¡ áöíóÑõÏøõæåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÈõØúáóÇäó ÍõÌøóÉö åóÄõáóÇÁö¡ æóÊóæóÚøóÏóåõãú ÈöÛóÖóÈöåö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÚóÐóÇÈöåö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÍóÇÌøõæäó Ýöí Çááøóåö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÇÓúÊõÌöíÈó áóåõ ÍõÌøóÊõåõãú ÏóÇÍöÖóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÚóáóíúåöãú ÛóÖóÈñ æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÔóÏöíÏñ [42 \ 16] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ íóÛúÑõÑúßó ÊóÞóáøõÈõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö.
äóåóì Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ áöíóÔúÑóÚó áöÃõãøóÊöåö Úóäú Ãóäú íóÛõÑøóåõ ÊóÞóáøõÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÈöÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÈóÇÍö¡ æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö æóÓóÚóÉö ÇáÑøöÒúÞö¡ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÞõÑóíúÔñ ÊóÝöíÖõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáõ ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÇÍö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÇÊö¡ æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÑöÍúáóÉö ÇáÔøöÊóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóíúÝö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöíáóÇÝöåöãú ÑöÍúáóÉó ÇáÔøöÊóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóíúÝö [106 \ 2] Ãóíú: Åöáóì Çáúíóãóäö æóÇáÔøóÇãö æóåõãú ãóÚó Ðóáößó ßóÝóÑóÉñ ÝóÌóÑóÉñ¡ íõßóÐøöÈõæäó äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö æóíõÚóÇÏõæäóåõ.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: áóÇ ÊóÛúÊóÑøó ÈöÅöäúÚóÇãö Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú ÊóÞóáøõÈöåöãú Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåö Ýöí ÅöäúÚóÇãò æóÚóÇÝöíóÉò ; ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÏúÑöÌõåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãö¡ ÝóíõãóÊøöÚõåõãú Èöåö ÞóáöíáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó íõåúáößõåõãú ÝóíóÌúÚóáõ ãóÕöíÑóåõãú Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÛõÑøóäøóßó ÊóÞóáøõÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ãóÊóÇÚñ Þóáöíáñ Ëõãøó ãóÃúæóÇåõãú Ìóåóäøóãõ æóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãöåóÇÏõ [3 \ 196 - 197] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÝóáóÇ íóÍúÒõäúßó ßõÝúÑõåõ ÅöáóíúäóÇ ãóÑúÌöÚõåõãú ÝóäõäóÈøöÆõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö äõãóÊøöÚõåõãú ÞóáöíáðÇ Ëõãøó äóÖúØóÑøõåõãú Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈò ÛóáöíÙò [31 \ 23 - 24] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó æóãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÝóÃõãóÊøöÚõåõ ÞóáöíáðÇ Ëõãøó ÃóÖúØóÑøõåõ Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö æóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ [2 \ 26] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÝúÊóÑõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõæäó ãóÊóÇÚñ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ëõãøó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ãóÑúÌöÚõåõãú Ëõãøó äõÐöíÞõåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáÔøóÏöíÏó ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÝõÑõæäó [10 \ 69 - 70] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáúÝóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ íóÛúÑõÑúßó¡ ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ Ãóíú: áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÊóÞóáøõÈõåõãú Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏö Çááøóåö. ãõÊóäóÚøöãöíäó(6/373)
ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóãóÊøóäóÇ ÇËúäóÊóíúäö æóÃóÍúíóíúÊóäóÇ ÇËúäóÊóíúäö ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÝúäóÇ ÈöÐõäõæÈöäóÇ Ýóåóáú Åöáóì ÎõÑõæÌò ãöäú ÓóÈöíáò (11)
ÈöÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóÑúÒóÇÞö¡ ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöÇÛúÊöÑóÇÑößó Èöåöãú¡ ÝóÊóÙõäøõ Èöåöãú ÙóäøðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóäóÚøõãó¡ ÊóäóÚøõãõ ÇÓúÊöÏúÑóÇÌò¡ æóåõæó ÒóÇÆöáñ Úóäú ÞóÑöíÈò¡ æóåõãú ÕóÇÆöÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúåóáóÇßö æóÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÏøóÇÆöãö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÍóÞøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö. ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò (ßóáöãóÇÊõ) ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÇáúãõÄóäøóËö ÇáÓøóÇáöãö æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó (ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó) ÈöÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúßóáöãóÉö æóÇáúßóáöãóÇÊö ÝöíãóÇ íõãóÇËöáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íÓ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [36 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÃóÏúÎöáúåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò ÇáøóÊöí æóÚóÏúÊóåõãú æóãóäú ÕóáóÍó ãöäú ÂÈóÇÆöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú æóÐõÑøöíøóÇÊöåöãú. áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÖóãøöäóÉó áöæóÚúÏöåöãú ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÇÊö¡ åõãú æóãóäú ÕóáóÍó ãöäú ÂÈóÇÆöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú æóÐõÑøöíøóÇÊöåöãú.
æóáóßöäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó æóÚúÏóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõãú ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÑøóÚúÏö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÕóÈóÑõæÇ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó æóÌúåö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ ãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú ÓöÑøðÇ æóÚóáóÇäöíóÉð æóíóÏúÑóÁõæäó ÈöÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉó ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÚõÞúÈóì ÇáÏøóÇÑö ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò íóÏúÎõáõæäóåóÇ æóãóäú ÕóáóÍó ãöäú ÂÈóÇÆöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú æóÐõÑøöíøóÇÊöåöãú æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íóÏúÎõáõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÈóÇÈò ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 23 - 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóãóÊøóäóÇ ÇËúäóÊóíúäö æóÃóÍúíóíúÊóäóÇ ÇËúäóÊóíúäö. ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÅöãóÇÊóÊóíúäö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÇáúÅöãóÇÊóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ßóæúäõåõãú Ýöí ÈõØõæäö ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú äõØóÝðÇ æóÚóáóÞðÇ æóãõÖóÛðÇ¡ ÞóÈúáó äóÝúÎö ÇáÑøõæÍö Ýöíåöãú¡ Ýóåóáú ÞóÈöáó äóÝúÎö ÇáÑøõæÍö Ýöíåöãú áóÇ ÍóíóÇÉó áóåõãú¡ ÝóÃóØúáóÞó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÐóáößó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇÓúãó ÇáúãóæúÊö.
æóÇáúÅöãóÇÊóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ åöíó ÅöãóÇÊóÊõåõãú æóÕóíúÑõæÑóÊõåõãú Åöáóì ÞõÈõæÑöåöãú ÚöäúÏó ÇäúÞöÖóÇÁö ÂÌóÇáöåöãú Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÅöÍúíóÇÁóÊóíúäö: ÇáúÅöÍúíóÇÁóÉó ÇáúÃõæáóì Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöÍúíóÇÁóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúÈóÚúËõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö¡ æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÇáúÎõáõæÏö ÇáúÃóÈóÏöíøö¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ãóæúÊó Ýöíåö¡ ÅöãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÅöãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.(6/374)
Ðóáößõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõÚöíó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú æóÅöäú íõÔúÑóßú Èöåö ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÝóÇáúÍõßúãõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÚóáöíøö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö (12)
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ¡ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÕóÑøóÍó Èöåö æóÇÖöÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: ßóíúÝó ÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóßõäúÊõãú ÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ ÝóÃóÍúíóÇßõãú Ëõãøó íõãöíÊõßõãú Ëõãøó íõÍúíöíßõãú Ëõãøó Åöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [2 \ 28] æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÓöæóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áóÇ ãõÚóæøóáó Úóáóíúåö.
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓóæøöÛó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóæøóÛó ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóæúÊö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö¡ æóÇáúãõÖúÛóÉö ãóËóáðÇ¡ Ýöí ÈõØõæäö ÇáúÃõãøóåóÇÊö¡ Ãóäøó Úóíúäó Ðóáößó ÇáÔøóíúÁö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö æóÇáúãõÖúÛóÉö¡ áóåõ ÃóØúæóÇÑñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞóßõãú ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ íóÎúáõÞõßõãú Ýöí ÈõØõæäö ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú ÎóáúÞðÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÎóáúÞò [39 \ 6] ¡ æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÇáÔøóíúÁõ¡ Êóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóØúæóÇÑö¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ áóÇ ÍóíóÇÉó áóåõ¡ ÕóÍøó ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúãóæúÊö æóÇáúÍóíóÇÉö Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ Åöäøóåõ ÔóíúÁñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ ÊóÑúÊóÝöÚõ Úóäúåõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ÊóÇÑóÉð æóÊóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó áóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ ãõÓóæøöÛðÇ ÛóíúÑó åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÇäúÙõÑúåõ Åöäú ÔöÆúÊó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÝúäóÇ ÈöÐõäõæÈöäóÇ Ýóåóáú Åöáóì ÎõÑõæÌò ãöäú ÓóÈöíáò. ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝó ÈöÇáÐøóäúÈö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÝõæÇ ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú ÝóÓõÍúÞðÇ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [67 \ 11] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÈúÕóÑúäóÇ æóÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÝóÇÑúÌöÚúäóÇ äóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãõæÞöäõæäó [32 \ 12] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ýóåóáú Åöáóì ÎõÑõæÌò ãöäú ÓóÈöíáò ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÃúÊöí ÊóÃúæöíáõåõ íóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓõæåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ýóåóáú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÔõÝóÚóÇÁó ÝóíóÔúÝóÚõæÇ áóäóÇ Ãóæú äõÑóÏøõ ÝóäóÚúãóáó ÛóíúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ßõäøóÇ äóÚúãóáõ [7 \ 53] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõÚöíó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú æóÅöäú íõÔúÑóßú Èöåö ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ. ÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÝúÚóáõ ÈöÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 34 - 35] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇáúÍõßúãõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÚóáöíøö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 26] .(6/375)
åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑöíßõãú ÂíóÇÊöåö æóíõäóÒøöáõ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÑöÒúÞðÇ æóãóÇ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú íõäöíÈõ (13)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑöíßõãú ÂíóÇÊöåö. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑöí ÎóáúÞóåõ ÂíóÇÊöåö¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉó ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉó ; áöíóÌúÚóáóåóÇ ÚóáóÇãóÇÊò áóåõãú Úóáóì ÑõÈõæÈöíøóÊöåö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Çááøóíúáõ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ æóÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Çááøóíúáõ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ æóÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 37] .
æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõæäó¡ æóãóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ æóÇáäøõÌõæãõ¡ æóÇáÑøöíóÇÍõ æóÇáÓøóÍóÇÈõ¡ æóÇáúÈöÍóÇÑõ æóÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ¡ æóÇáúÚõíõæäõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ æóÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑõ æóÂËóÇÑõ Þóæúãò åóáóßõæÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [2 \ 164] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö áóÂíóÇÊò áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö. æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÂíóÇÊò áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÝöí ÎóáúÞößõãú æóãóÇ íóÈõËøõ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò ÂíóÇÊñ áöÞóæúãò íõæÞöäõæäó æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãöäú ÑöÒúÞò ÝóÃóÍúíóÇ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ æóÊóÕúÑöíÝö ÇáÑøöíóÇÍö ÂíóÇÊñ áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [45 \ 3 - 5] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöäøó Ýöí ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íóÊøóÞõæäó [10 \ 6] .
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö åóÐöåö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑöí ÎóáúÞóåõ ÂíóÇÊöåö¡ Èóíøóäóåõ æóÒóÇÏóåõ ÅöíÖóÇÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ íõÑöíåöãú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúÂÝóÇÞö æóÝöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ æóÃóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÈóíóÇäö Ãóäú íóÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõãú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ãõÍóãøóÏñ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÍóÞøñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóäõÑöíåöãú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÝóÇÞö æóÝöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÍóÊøóì íóÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ [41 \ 53] .
æóÇáúÂÝóÇÞõ ÌóãúÚó ÃõÝõÞò æóåõæó ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ãöäú ÛóÑóÇÆöÈö ÕõäúÚöåö æóÚóÌóÇÆöÈöåö Ýöí äõæóÇÍöí ÓóãóÇæóÇÊöåö æóÃóÑúÖöåö¡ ãóÇ íóÊóÈóíøóäõ Èöåö áößõáøö ÚóÇÞöáò Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÑøóÈøõ ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏõ æóÍúÏóåõ. ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóíúåö¡ ãöäó ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö æóÇáäøõÌõæãö æóÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ æóÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö æóÇáúÈöÍóÇÑö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóÈóíøóäó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí íõÑöíåöãú æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõåõãú Ãóäú íõäúßöÑõæÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÊóÓúÎöíÑõåõ áóåõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó áöíóÑúßóÈõæåóÇ æóíóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöäú áõÍõæãöåóÇ¡ æóíóäúÊóÝöÚõæÇ ÈöÃóáúÈóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóÒõÈúÏöåóÇ æóÓóãúäöåóÇ¡ æóÃóÞöØöåóÇ æóíóáúÈóÓõæÇ ãöäú ÌõáõæÏöåóÇ¡ æóÃóÕúæóÇÝöåóÇ æóÃóæúÈóÇÑöåóÇ æóÃóÔúÚóÇÑöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó áöÊóÑúßóÈõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó æóáóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóäóÇÝöÚõ æóáöÊóÈúáõÛõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉð Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑößõãú æóÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÝõáúßö ÊõÍúãóáõæäó æóíõÑöíßõãú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÝóÃóíøó ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÊõäúßöÑõæäó [40 \ 79 - 81] .(6/376)
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö Ãóäøó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí íõÑöíåóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÎóáúÞöåö ãõÚúÌöÒóÇÊö ÑõÓõáöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÚúÌöÒóÇÊö ÂíóÇÊñ Ãóíú: ÏóáóÇáóÇÊñ æóÚóáóÇãóÇÊñ Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞö ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÝöÑúÚóæúäó: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑóíúäóÇåõ ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ÝóßóÐøóÈó æóÃóÈóì [20 \ 56] æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí íõÑöíåóÇ ÎóáúÞóåõ ÚõÞõæÈóÊóåõ ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó ÑõÓõáóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÅöåúáóÇßöåö Þóæúãó áõæØò: æóáóÞóÏú ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÂíóÉð ÈóíøöäóÉð áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [29 \ 35] .
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÚõÞõæÈóÊöåö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãóåõ ÈöÇáØøõæÝóÇäö æóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏö æóÇáúÞõãøóáö. . . ÅöáóÎú: ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáØøõæÝóÇäó æóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏó æóÇáúÞõãøóáó æóÇáÖøóÝóÇÏöÚó æóÇáÏøóãó ÂíóÇÊò ãõÝóÕøóáóÇÊò ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 133] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõäóÒøöáõ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÑöÒúÞðÇ. ÃóØúáóÞó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáÑøöÒúÞó æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúãóØóÑó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóØóÑó ÓóÈóÈõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞö¡ æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúãõÓóÈøöÈö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÓóÈóÈöåö áöÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúãõáóÇÈóÓóÉö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÚóßúÓõåõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáÓøóÈóÈö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúãõÓóÈøöÈö ßóÞóæúáöåö:
ÃóßóáúÊõ ÏóãðÇ Åöäú áóãú ÃóÑõÚúßö ÈöÖõÑøóÉò ... ÈóÚöíÏóÉó ãõåúæóì ÇáúÞõÑúØö ØóíøöÈóÉó ÇáäøóÔúÑö
ÝóÃóØúáóÞó ÇáÏøóãó æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÓóÈóÈõåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÊöäóÇ ÇáúãõÓóãøóÇÉö: ãóäúÚó ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö¡ Ýöí ÇáúãóäúÒöáö áöáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö æóÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö¡ Ãóäøó ÃóãúËóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÃóÓóÇáöíÈõ ÚóÑóÈöíøóÉñ¡ äóØóÞóÊú ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ Ýöí áõÛóÊöåóÇ¡ æóäóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íõÓóãøõæäóåõ ÇáúãóÌóÇÒó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáó ÇáøóÐöí íóÚõÏøõæäó ãöäú ÚóáóÇÞóÇÊöåö ÇáÓøóÈóÈöíøóÉó æóÇáúãõÓóÈøöÈöíøóÉó áóÇ ÏóÇÚöíó Åöáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóíúåö¡ íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö.
æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞö Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö åóÐöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóØóÑö ÌóÇÁó ãöËúáõåõ¡ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÌóÇËöíóÉö: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãöäú ÑöÒúÞò ÝóÃóÍúíóÇ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ [ÇáúÂíóÉó 5] ÝóÃóæúÖóÍó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÍúíóÇ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ Ãóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ ÈöÇáÑøöÒúÞö ÇáúãóØóÑõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóØóÑó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúíöí Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ Óõãøöíó ÇáúãóØóÑõ ÑöÒúÞðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóØóÑó ÓóÈóÈõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 22] ¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.(6/377)
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú æóÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãõ ÇáúÝõáúßó ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 32] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Þ: æóäóÒøóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ãõÈóÇÑóßðÇ ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ Èöåö ÌóäøóÇÊò æóÍóÈøó ÇáúÍóÕöíÏö æóÇáäøóÎúáó ÈóÇÓöÞóÇÊò áóåóÇ ØóáúÚñ äóÖöíÏñ ÑöÒúÞðÇ áöáúÚöÈóÇÏö [50 \ 9 - 11] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöÒúÞó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÔóÇãöáñ áöãóÇ íóÃúßõáõåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõåõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãõ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõåõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãõ¡ íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö áöáäøóÇÓö ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚõ ÈöáõÍõæãöåóÇ¡ æóÌõáõæÏöåóÇ æóÃóáúÈóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóÃóÕúæóÇÝöåóÇ æóÃóæúÈóÇÑöåóÇ æóÃóÔúÚóÇÑöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ÃóäøóÇ äóÓõæÞõ ÇáúãóÇÁó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÌõÑõÒö ÝóäõÎúÑöÌõ Èöåö ÒóÑúÚðÇ ÊóÃúßõáõ ãöäúåõ ÃóäúÚóÇãõåõãú æóÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú ÃóÝóáóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó [32 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð áóßõãú ãöäúåõ ÔóÑóÇÈñ æóãöäúåõ ÔóÌóÑñ Ýöíåö ÊõÓöíãõæäó íõäúÈöÊõ áóßõãú Èöåö ÇáÒøóÑúÚó æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäó æóÇáäøóÎöíáó æóÇáúÃóÚúäóÇÈó æóãöäú ßõáøö ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 10 - 11] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: Ýöíåö ÊõÓöíãõæäó¡ Ãóíú: ÊóÊúÑõßõæäó ÃóäúÚóÇãóßõãú ÓóÇÆöãóÉð Ýöíåö¡ ÊóÃúßõáõ ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö Ãóäú ÊóÊóßóáøóÝõæÇ áóåóÇ ãóÆõæäóÉó ÇáúÚóáóÝö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäú äóÈóÇÊò ÔóÊøóì ßõáõæÇ æóÇÑúÚóæúÇ ÃóäúÚóÇãóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [20 \ 53 - 54] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú æóáöÃóäúÚóÇãößõãú [79 \ 31 - 33] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú íõäöíÈõ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ãóÇ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ãöäúåõãú¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ íóÊøóÚöÙõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑöíßõãú ÂíóÇÊöåö æóíõäóÒøöáõ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÑöÒúÞðÇ æóãóÇ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú íõäöíÈõ Ãóíú: ãóäú ÑóÒóÞóåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÅöäóÇÈóÉó Åöáóíúåö.
æóÇáúÅöäóÇÈóÉõ: ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Úóäö ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉö.
æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãõäöíÈõæäó¡ ÇáúãõÊóÐóßøöÑõæäó¡ ÇáúãõÊøóÚöÙõæäó¡ åõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÚõÞõæáö ÇáÓøóáöíãóÉö ãöäú ÔóæóÇÆöÈö ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇáö¡ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõæäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó: æóãóÇ íóÐøóßøóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö [3 \ 7] æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: æóáöíóÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ åõæó Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ æóáöíóÐøóßøóÑó Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö [14 \ 52](6/378)
ÑóÝöíÚõ ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÇÊö Ðõæ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö íõáúÞöí ÇáÑøõæÍó ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö áöíõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáÊøóáóÇÞö (15) íóæúãó åõãú ÈóÇÑöÒõæäó áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ãöäúåõãú ÔóíúÁñ áöãóäö Çáúãõáúßõ Çáúíóæúãó áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö (16)
Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÉõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäö åóÐöåö¡ æóãóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö ÇáúãõÊóÐóßøöÑöíäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó ÂäöÝðÇ¡ áóÇ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ æóáóÇ íóÊøóÚöÙõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ Èóáú íõÚúÑöÖõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÂíóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóãõÑøõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóåõãú ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÚúÑöÖõæäó [12 \ 105] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú íóÑóæúÇ ÂíóÉð íõÚúÑöÖõæÇ æóíóÞõæáõæÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÓúÊóãöÑøñ [54 \ 2] æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÂíóÉð íóÓúÊóÓúÎöÑõæäó [37 \ 14] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö ÇäúÙõÑõæÇ ãóÇÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÊõÛúäöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÇáäøõÐõÑõ Úóäú Þóæúãò áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [10 \ 101] æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäú ÂíóÉò ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÚúÑöÖöíäó [36 \ 46] Ýöí ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóíÓ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÏúÚõæÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì äóÍúæöåö ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõãóÑö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÚúÈõÏö Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÃóáóÇ áöáøóåö ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÕõ [39 \ 2 - 3] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõáúÞöí ÇáÑøõæÍó ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö áöíõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáÊøóáóÇÞö íóæúãó åõãú ÈóÇÑöÒõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÈöÇáÑøõæÍö ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö Ãóäú ÃóäúÐöÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÝóÇÊøóÞõæäö [16 \ 2] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö åóÐöåö: íóæúãó åõãú ÈóÇÑöÒõæäó áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ãöäúåõãú ÔóíúÁñ ÌóÇÁó ãöËúáõåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÈõÑõæÒöåöãú Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãó: íóæúãó ÊõÈóÏøóáõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ æóÈóÑóÒõæÇ áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö [14 \ 48] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÈóÑóÒõæÇ áöáøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁõ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóßõãú ÊóÈóÚðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 21] .
æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ßóæúäöåöãú áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ãöäúåõãú ÔóíúÁñ Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãó: íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊõÚúÑóÖõæäó áóÇ ÊóÎúÝóì ãöäúßõãú ÎóÇÝöíóÉñ [69 \ 18] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóåõãú Èöåöãú íóæúãóÆöÐò áóÎóÈöíÑñ [100 \ 11] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÁñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö [3 \ 5] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇåóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõãú íóËúäõæäó ÕõÏõæÑóåõãú áöíóÓúÊóÎúÝõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 5] ¡(6/379)
æóÃóäúÐöÑúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉö ÅöÐö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ áóÏóì ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑö ßóÇÙöãöíäó ãóÇ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ãöäú Íóãöíãò æóáóÇ ÔóÝöíÚò íõØóÇÚõ (18)
æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÓóÈóÃò¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäúåõ ãöËúÞóÇáõ ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 3] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÐöÑúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉö ÅöÐö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ áóÏóì ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑö ßóÇÙöãöíäó. ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ¡ æóÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÞúÊóÑöäõ ÈöÊóåúÏöíÏò ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ Ýóßõáøõ ÅöäúÐóÇÑò ÅöÚúáóÇãñ¡ æóáóíúÓó ßõáøõ ÅöÚúáóÇãò ÅöäúÐóÇÑðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö æóÃóäúæóÇÚóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó ÝóáóÇ íóßõäú Ýöí ÕóÏúÑößó ÍóÑóÌñ ãöäúåõ áöÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 2] .
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ: íóæúãó ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉö åõæó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí áöáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö áóÇ ÙóÑúÝó áóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑó æóÇáÊøóÎúæöíÝó ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÇÞöÚñ Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. æóÇáúÂÒöÝóÉõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ. Ãóíú: ÃóäúÐöÑúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÎóæøöÝúåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ æóåóÏøöÏúåõãú ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóåúæóÇáö ÇáúÚöÙóÇãö áöíóÓúÊóÚöÏøõæÇ áöÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉö.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÚóÈøóÑó Úóäö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöÜ ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉö áöÃóÌúáö ÃõÒõæÝöåóÇ Ãóíú: ÞõÑúÈöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÃóÒöÝó ÇáÊøóÑóÍøõáõ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÒøóÇíö¡ íóÃúÒóÝõ ÈöÝóÊúÍöåóÇ¡ ÃóÒóÝðÇ ÈöÝóÊúÍóÊóíúäö¡ Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ æóÃõÒõæÝðÇ Ýóåõæó ÂÒöÝñ¡ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÞöíóÇÓö¡ Ýöí ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö¡ æóÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÞóÑõÈó æóÞúÊõåõ æóÍóÇäó æõÞõæÚõåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ äóÇÈöÛóÉö ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
ÃóÒöÝó ÇáÊøóÑóÍøõáõ ÛóíúÑó Ãóäøó ÑößóÇÈóäóÇ ... áóãøóÇ ÊóÒóáú ÈöÑöÍóÇáöäóÇ æóßóÃóäú ÞóÏö
æóíõÑúæóì ÃóÝöÏó ÇáÊøóÑóÍøõáõ¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóÃóäúÐöÑúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉö Ãóíú: íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÇáúÞóÑöíÈõ ãóÌöíÄõåóÇ æóæõÞõæÚõåóÇ.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäö ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈö ÞöíóÇãö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÒöÝóÊö ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉõ áóíúÓó áóåóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ßóÇÔöÝóÉñ [53 \ 57 - 58] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [54 \ 1] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÊóÑóÈó áöáäøóÇÓö ÍöÓóÇÈõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 1] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö: æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó Êóßõæäõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ [33 \ 63] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáÔøõæÑóì: æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÑöíÈñ [42 \ 17] .(6/380)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÊóì ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæåõ [16 \ 1] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÅöÐö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ áóÏóì ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑö ßóÇÙöãöíäó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ýöíåö Ãóäøó ÅöÐú ÈóÏóáñ ãöäú íóæúãò¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóåõæó ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö Èöåö áóÇ ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö Ýöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÂäöÝðÇ.
æóÇáúÞõáõæÈõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÞóáúÈò æóåõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóáóÏóì: ÙóÑúÝñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÚöäúÏó.
æóÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÍóäúÌóÑóÉò æóåöíó ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ.
æóãóÚúäóì ßóæúäö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö áóÏóì ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑö¡ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö Ýöíåö áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö æóÌúåóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ ; ãöäú Ãóäøó ÞõáõæÈóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊóÑúÊóÝöÚõ ãöäú ÃóãóÇßöäöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÊóáúÊóÕöÞó ÈöÇáúÍõáõæÞö¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ áóÏóì ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑö¡ ÝóáóÇ åöíó ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú ÝóíóãõæÊõæÇ¡ æóáóÇ åöíó ÊóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÃóãóÇßöäöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö ÝóíóÊóäóÝøóÓõæÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èößóæúäö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö áóÏóì ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑö¡ ÈóíóÇäõ ÔöÏøóÉö Çáúåóæúáö¡ æóÝóÙóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÒóÇÛóÊö ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ æóÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑó æóÊóÙõäøõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÙøõäõæäó åõäóÇáößó ÇÈúÊõáöíó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóÒõáúÒöáõæÇ ÒöáúÒóÇáðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ [33 \ 10 - 11] æóåõæó ÒöáúÒóÇáõ ÎóæúÝò æóÝóÒóÚò áóÇ ÒöáúÒóÇáõ ÍóÑóßóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ßóÇÙöãöíäó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ãóßúÑõæÈöíäó ãõãúÊóáöÆöíäó ÎóæúÝðÇ æóÛóãøðÇ æóÍõÒúäðÇ.
æóÇáúßóÙúãõ: ÊóÑóÏøõÏõ ÇáúÎóæúÝö æóÇáúÛóíúÙö æóÇáúÍõÒúäö Ýöí ÇáúÞóáúÈö ÍóÊøóì íóãúÊóáöÆó ãöäúåõ¡ æóíóÖöíÞó Èöåö.
æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ßóÙóãúÊõ ÇáÓøöÞóÇÁó ÅöÐóÇ ãóáóÃúÊõåõ ãóÇÁð¡ æóÔóÏóÏúÊõåõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóæúáõ ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ßóÇÙöãöíäó¡ Ãóíú ÓóÇßöÊöíäó¡ áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóæúÝó æóÇáúÛóãøó ÇáøóÐöí ãóáóÃó ÞõáõæÈóåõãú íóãúäóÚõåõãú ãöäó ÇáúßóáóÇãö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõæäó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúßóÙúãö Úóáóì ÇáÓøõßõæÊö(6/381)
æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóÓõáúØóÇäò ãõÈöíäò (23) Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóåóÇãóÇäó æóÞóÇÑõæäó ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ (24)
Þóæúáõ ÇáúÚóÌøóÇÌö:
æóÑõÈøó ÃóÓúÑóÇÈö ÍóÌöíÌò ßõÙøóãö ... Úóäö ÇááøóÛóÇ æóÑóÝóËö ÇáÊøóßóáøõãö
æóíóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ßóÇÙöãöíäó Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÞóÇáó ÕóæóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 38] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ßóÇÙöãöíäó ÍóÇáñ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì. æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: ÅöÐö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ áóÏóì ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑö¡ Ãóíú: ÅöÐú ÞõáõæÈõåõãú áóÏóì ÍóäóÇÌöÑöåöãú Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåöãú ßóÇÙöãöíäó¡ Ãóíú: ãõãúÊóáöÆöíäó ÎóæúÝðÇ æóÛóãøðÇ æóÍõÒúäðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ æõÕöÝóÊú ÈöÇáúßóÙúãö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÕöÝóÉõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåóÇ.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: Åöäøöí ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÃóÍóÏó ÚóÔóÑó ßóæúßóÈðÇ æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ÑóÃóíúÊõåõãú áöí ÓóÇÌöÏöíäó [12 \ 4] ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóØúáóÞó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Úóáóì ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÕöÝóÉó ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑóÃóíúÊõåõãú áöí ÓóÇÌöÏöíäó¡ æóÇáúãõÓóæøöÛõ áöÐóáößó æóÕúÝõåõ ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈó æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ÈöÕöÝóÉö ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏõ.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú äóÔóÃú äõäóÒøöáú Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÂíóÉð ÝóÙóáøóÊú ÃóÚúäóÇÞõåõãú áóåóÇ ÎóÇÖöÚöíäó [26 \ 4] æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáóÊóÇ ÃóÊóíúäóÇ ØóÇÆöÚöíäó [41 \ 11] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ãöäú Íóãöíãò æóáóÇ ÔóÝöíÚò íõØóÇÚõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö æóÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö¡ æóÃóÍóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÚúáóãõ ÎóÇÆöäóÉó ÇáúÃóÚúíõäö æóãóÇ ÊõÎúÝöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ãóÇ íõãóÇËöáõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò æóÝöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ æóÃóÍóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóÓõáúØóÇäò ãõÈöíäò Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóåóÇãóÇäó æóÞóÇÑõæäó ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóÇÍöÑñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑúÓóáó äóÈöíøóåõ ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ ÈöÂíóÇÊöåö æóÍõÌóÌöåö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÉö ßóÇáúÚóÕóÇ æóÇáúíóÏö ÇáúÈóíúÖóÇÁö Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóåóÇãóÇäó æóÞóÇÑõæäó(6/382)
æóÞóÇáó ÑóÌõáñ ãõÄúãöäñ ãöäú Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó íóßúÊõãõ ÅöíãóÇäóåõ ÃóÊóÞúÊõáõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÑóÈøöíó Çááøóåõ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóÅöäú íóßõ ßóÇÐöÈðÇ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ßóÐöÈõåõ æóÅöäú íóßõ ÕóÇÏöÞðÇ íõÕöÈúßõãú ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÚöÏõßõãú Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú åõæó ãõÓúÑöÝñ ßóÐøóÇÈñ (28)
ÝóßóÐøóÈõæåõ¡ æóÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÇÍöÑñ.
æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ãóåúãóÇ ÊóÃúÊöäóÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÂíóÉò áöÊóÓúÍóÑóäóÇ ÈöåóÇ [7 \ 132] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó: Åöäøóåõ áóßóÈöíÑõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí Úóáøóãóßõãõ ÇáÓøöÍúÑó [20 \ 71] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó áöáúãóáóÅö Íóæúáóåõ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÓóÇÍöÑñ Úóáöíãñ [26 \ 34] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ. æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇåóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì Åöäøöí ÚõÐúÊõ ÈöÑóÈøöí æóÑóÈøößõãú ãöäú ßõáøö ãõÊóßóÈøöÑò áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó äóÈöíøóåõ ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ ÚóÇÐó ÈöÑóÈøöåö¡ Ãóíö: ÇÚúÊóÕóãó Èöåö¡ æóÊóãúäøóÚõ ãöäú ßõáøö ãõÊóßóÈøöÑò¡ Ãóíú: ãõÊøóÕöÝò ÈöÇáúßöÈúÑö¡ áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö¡ Ãóíú áóÇ íõÕóÏøöÞõ ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö.
æóÓóÈóÈõ ÚöíóÇÐö ãõæÓóì ÈöÑóÈøöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ Ãóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö: ÐóÑõæäöí ÃóÞúÊõáú ãõæÓóì æóáúíóÏúÚõ ÑóÈøóåõ Åöäøöí ÃóÎóÇÝõ Ãóäú íõÈóÏøöáó Ïöíäóßõãú Ãóæú Ãóäú íõÙúåöÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÝóÓóÇÏó [40 \ 26] .
ÝóÚöíóÇÐõ ãõæÓóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãöäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÉõ ÃóÚóãøó ãöäú ÎõÕõæÕö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ áöÃóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ ãõÊóßóÈøöÑñ¡ áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö Ýóåõæó ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÏõÎõæáðÇ ÃóæøóáöíøðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ ÈöÇáúßóáóÇãö.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö åóÐöåö¡ ãöäú ÚöíóÇÐö ãõæÓóì ÈöÇááøóåö ãöäú ßõáøö ãõÊóßóÈøöÑò áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö ßóÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÚõÊóÇÉö Þóæúãöåö¡ ÐóßóÑó äóÍúæóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÏøõÎóÇäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ãõæÓóì ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãóåõ: æóÅöäøöí ÚõÐúÊõ ÈöÑóÈøöí æóÑóÈøößõãú Ãóäú ÊóÑúÌõãõæäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [44 \ 20] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÑóÌõáñ ãõÄúãöäñ ãöäú Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó íóßúÊõãõ ÅöíãóÇäóåõ ÃóÊóÞúÊõáõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÑóÈøöíó Çááøóåõ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú ÑóÌõáðÇ ãõÄúãöäðÇ ãöäú Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó íóßúÊõãõ ÅöíãóÇäóåõ Ãóíú: íõÎúÝöí Úóäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ãõÄúãöäñ¡ ÃóäúßóÑó Úóáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãöåö ÅöÑóÇÏóÊóåõãú ÞóÊúáó äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö(6/383)
æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ Íöíäó ÞóÇáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ: ÐóÑõæäöí ÃóÞúÊõáú ãõæÓóì æóáúíóÏúÚõ ÑóÈøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 26] . ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÐóäúÈó áóåõ¡ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Èöåö ÇáúÞóÊúáó¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: ÑóÈøöíó Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ãöäú ÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÞóÊúáó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÇáÊøóäúßöíáó Èöåöãú¡ æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌóåõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÐóäúÈò¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóíóÞõæáõæäó: ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÑøóÞõæÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: ÞõÊöáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃõÎúÏõæÏö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÐóÇÊö ÇáúæóÞõæÏö ÅöÐú åõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÞõÚõæÏñ æóåõãú Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäó ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÔõåõæÏñ æóãóÇ äóÞóãõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö [85 \ 4 - 8] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõÐöäó áöáøóÐöíäó íõÞóÇÊóáõæäó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÙõáöãõæÇ æóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Úóáóì äóÕúÑöåöãú áóÞóÏöíÑñ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞøò ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ [22 \ 39 - 40] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Úóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ ÓóÍóÑóÉð áöÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ æóÕóÇÑõæÇ ãöäú ÎöíóÇÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ áóãøóÇ åóÏøóÏóåõãú ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: áóÃõÞóØøöÚóäøó ÃóíúÏöíóßõãú æóÃóÑúÌõáóßõãú ãöäú ÎöáóÇÝò Ëõãøó áóÃõÕóáøöÈóäøóßõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [7 \ 124] Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÌóÇÈõæåõ¡ ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöäóÇ ãõäúÞóáöÈõæäó æóãóÇ ÊóäúÞöãõ ãöäøóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöäóÇ áóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúäóÇ [7 \ 125 - 126] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú ÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ßóãóÇ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: «ãöäú Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó» .
ÝóÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøñ æóÃóäøó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÊóÞöÏöíãðÇ æóÊóÃúÎöíÑðÇ. æóÃóäøó ãöäú Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞñ ÈöÜ (íóßúÊõãõ) ¡ Ãóíú æóÞóÇáó ÑóÌõáñ ãõÄúãöäñ íóßúÊõãõ ÅöíãóÇäóåõ ãöäú Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ãóíú íõÎúÝöí ÅöíãóÇäóåõ Úóäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãöåö ÎöáóÇÝó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáó áöãõæÓóì: Åöäøó ÇáúãóáóÃó íóÃúÊóãöÑõæäó Èößó áöíóÞúÊõáõæßó ÝóÇÎúÑõÌú [28 \ 20] æóÞöíáó ÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇÓúãöåö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ÝóÞöíáó: ÇÓúãõåõ ÍóÈöíÈñ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇÓúãõåõ ÔóãúÚóÇäõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇÓúãõåõ ÍöÒúÞöíáõ¡ æóÞöíáó ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó¡ æóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ýöí ÅöÚúÑóÇÈö ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúãõäúÓóÈößö ãóäú Ãóäú æóÕöáóÊöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÑóÈøöíó Çááøóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÝúÚõæáñ ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåö.(6/384)
íóÇ Þóæúãö áóßõãõ Çáúãõáúßõ Çáúíóæúãó ÙóÇåöÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýóãóäú íóäúÕõÑõäóÇ ãöäú ÈóÃúÓö Çááøóåö Åöäú ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ÞóÇáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ãóÇ ÃõÑöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÑóì æóãóÇ ÃóåúÏöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÓóÈöíáó ÇáÑøóÔóÇÏö (29)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúæóáöíÏõ Èúäõ ãõÓúáöãò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ßóËöíÑò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáÊøóíúãöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚõÑúæóÉõ Èúäõ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞõáúÊõ áöÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö: ÃóÎúÈöÑúäöí ÈöÃóÔóÏøö ãóÇ ÕóäóÚó ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÈöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. ÞóÇáó: «ÈóíúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íõÕóáøöí ÈöÝóäóÇÁö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö ÅöÐú ÃóÞúÈóáó ÚõÞúÈóÉõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ãõÚóíúØò ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÈöãóäúßöÈö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóáóæóì ËóæúÈóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö¡ ÝóÎóäóÞóåõ ÎóäúÞðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ¡ ÝóÃóÞúÈóáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÈöãóäúßöÈöåö¡ æóÏóÝóÚó Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÞóÇáó: ÃóÊóÞúÊõáõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÑóÈøöí Çááøóåõ¿ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ãóÇ ÃõÑöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÑóì æóãóÇ ÃóåúÏöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÓóÈöíáó ÇáÑøóÔóÇÏö. ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÃóÑóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÚöáúãöíøóÉñ ÚöÑúÝóÇäöíøóÉñ¡ ÊóÊóÚóÏøóì áöãóÝúÚõæáò æóÇÍöÏò¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
áöÚöáúãö ÚöÑúÝóÇäò æóÙóäøö Êõåúãóåú ÊóÚúÏöíóÉñ áöæóÇÍöÏò ãõáúÊóÒóãóåú
æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÞóÇáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ãóÇ ÃõÚóáøöãõßõãú æóÃõÚóÑøöÝõßõãú ãöäú ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãõæÓóì æóÃóäøóåõ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõÞúÊóáó¡ ÎóæúÝó Ãóäú íõÈóÏøöáó Ïöíäóßõãú¡ æóíõÙúåöÑó ÇáúÝóÓóÇÏó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖößõãú¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÑóì¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÚúáóãõ æóÃóÚúÑöÝõ Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ ÝóãóÇ ÃõÎúÝöí Úóäúßõãú ÎöáóÇÝó ãóÇ ÃõÙúåöÑõåõ áóßõãú¡ æóãóÇ ÃóåúÏöíßõãú ÈöåóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓóÈöíáó ÇáÑøóÔóÇÏö¡ Ãóíú: ØóÑöíÞó ÇáÓøóÏóÇÏö æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈö.
æóåóÐóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóÇäö ÇááøóÐóÇäö ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáóåõãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ßóÇÐöÈñ Ýöí ßõáøò æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: ãóÇ ÃõÑöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÑóì ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóÐöÈóåõ Ýöíåö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍó ÝöíåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ æóíóÊóíóÞøóäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÌóÇÁóåõ ÈöåóÇ ãõæÓóì ÍóÞøñ¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÌóÍóÏóåóÇ åõæó æóãóäö ÇÓúÊóíúÞóäóåóÇ ãóÚóåõ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö áöíóÓúÊóÎöÝøõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÚõÞõæáó ÇáúÌóåóáóÉö ãöäúåõãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Çáäøóãúáö: æóÃóÏúÎöáú íóÏóßó Ýöí ÌóíúÈößó ÊóÎúÑõÌú ÈóíúÖóÇÁó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÓõæÁò Ýöí ÊöÓúÚö ÂíóÇÊò Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãöåö Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÝóÇÓöÞöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÈöíäñ æóÌóÍóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóÇÓúÊóíúÞóäóÊúåóÇ ÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú ÙõáúãðÇ æóÚõáõæøðÇ ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó [27 \ 12 - 14] .(6/385)
ãóäú Úóãöáó ÓóíøöÆóÉð ÝóáóÇ íõÌúÒóì ÅöáøóÇ ãöËúáóåóÇ æóãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó íóÏúÎõáõæäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó íõÑúÒóÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍöÓóÇÈò (40)
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÌóÍóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóÇÓúÊóíúÞóäóÊúåóÇ ÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú ÙõáúãðÇ æóÚõáõæøðÇ Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ßóÇÐöÈñ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÃõÑöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÑóì.
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó: ÞóÇáó áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÕóÇÆöÑó æóÅöäøöí áóÃóÙõäøõßó íóÇÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ãóËúÈõæÑðÇ [17 \ 102] ÝóÞóæúáõ äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì áöÝöÑúÚóæúäó: áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãõÄóßöÏðÇ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑóåõ ÈöÃóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÚóÇáöãñ ÈöÐóáößó ÈöÇáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇÐöÈñ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÃõÑöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÑóì.
æóßóÇäó ÛóÑóÖõ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúßóÐöÈö ÇáÊøóÏúáöíÓó æóÇáÊøóãúæöíåó ; áöíóÙõäøó ÌóåóáóÉõ Þóæúãöåö Ãóäøó ãóÚóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÓúÊóÎóÝøó Þóæúãóåõ ÝóÃóØóÇÚõæåõ Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÝóÇÓöÞöíäó [43 \ 54] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ ÃóåúÏöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÓóÈöíáó ÇáÑøóÔóÇÏö ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóÐöÈóåõ Ýöíåö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ÃóãúÑó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÈöÑóÔöíÏò [11 \ 97] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÖóáøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ Þóæúãóåõ æóãóÇ åóÏóì [20 \ 79] . æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÃõÑöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÑóì Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃõÔöíÑõ Úóáóíúßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÑóì áöäóÝúÓöí¡ ãöäú ÞóÊúáö ãõæÓóì. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÓóíøöÆóÉð ÝóáóÇ íõÌúÒóì ÅöáøóÇ ãöËúáóåóÇ. åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóäú Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö áóÇ ÊõÖóÇÚóÝõ æóáóÇ ÊõÌúÒóì ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãöËúáöåóÇ¡ ÈóíøóäóåóÇ æóÈóíøóäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö ÑõÈøóãóÇ ÖõæÚöÝóÊú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äóÈöíøöäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ÅöÐðÇ áóÃóÐóÞúäóÇßó ÖöÚúÝó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóÖöÚúÝó ÇáúãóãóÇÊö [17 \ 75] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äöÓóÇÆöåö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõäøó: íóÇäöÓóÇÁó ÇáäøóÈöíøö ãóäú íóÃúÊö ãöäúßõäøó ÈöÝóÇÍöÔóÉò ãõÈóíøöäóÉò íõÖóÇÚóÝú áóåóÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÖöÚúÝóíúäö [33] ÅöÔúßóÇáñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Úóäúåõ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Çáäøóãúáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÝóßõÈøóÊú æõÌõæåõåõãú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö åóáú ÊõÌúÒóæúäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [27 \ 90] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó íóÏúÎõáõæäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó íõÑúÒóÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍöÓóÇÈò(6/386)
ÝóÓóÊóÐúßõÑõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú æóÃõÝóæøöÖõ ÃóãúÑöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÈóÕöíÑñ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö (44) ÝóæóÞóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÓóíøöÆóÇÊö ãóÇ ãóßóÑõæÇ æóÍóÇÞó ÈöÂáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÓõæÁõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö (45)
ÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍó ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉó áöãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóáóäõÍúíöíóäøóåõ ÍóíóÇÉð ØóíøöÈóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 97] . æóÝöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ãóäøó áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ ãóÇßöËöíäó Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ [18 \ 2 - 3] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÏúÚõæäóäöí Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÊóÏúÚõæäóäöí áöÃóßúÝõÑó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÃõÔúÑößó Èöåö ãóÇ áóíúÓó áöí Èöåö Úöáúãñ. ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÌõãúáóÉó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÏúÚõæäóäöí ÊóÏúÚõæäóäöí áöÃóßúÝõÑó ÈóÏóáñ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: æóÊóÏúÚõæäóäöí Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÏøóÚúæóÉó Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßö Èöåö ÏóÚúæóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝúÑó æóÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßó ÈöÇááøóåö ãõÓúÊóæúÌöÈñ áöÏõÎõæáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ ãóäú íõÔúÑößú ÈöÇááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóãóÃúæóÇåõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ [5 \ 72] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ßöÝóÇíóÉñ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÌøö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÔúÑößú ÈöÇááøóåö ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÎóÑøó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 31] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓóÊóÐúßõÑõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú æóÃõÝóæøöÖõ ÃóãúÑöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÈóÕöíÑñ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ÝóæóÞóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÓóíøöÆóÇÊö ãóÇ ãóßóÑõæÇ æóÍóÇÞó ÈöÂáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÓõæÁõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö. ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ãõÄúãöäö Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóáóíúÓó áöãõæÓóì Ýöíåö ÏóÎúáñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÓóÊóÐúßõÑõæäó ãóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÚúáóãõæäó ÕöÍøóÉó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ áóåõãú¡ æóíóÐúßõÑõæäó äóÕöíÍóÊóåõ¡ ÝóíóäúÏóãõæäó ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáäøóÏóãõ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÊóäúßóÔöÝõ áóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÍóÞóÇÆöÞõ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íõßóÐøöÈõæäó Èöåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ - ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐøóÈó Èöåö Þóæúãõßó æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ Þõáú áóÓúÊõ Úóáóíúßõãú Èöæóßöíáò áößõáøö äóÈóÅò ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøñ æóÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [6 \ 66 - 67] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÊóÚúáóãõäøó äóÈóÃóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Íöíäò [38 \ 88] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ëõãøó ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóÚúáóãõæäó [78 \ 4 - 5] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ëõãøó ßóáøóÇ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [102 \ 3 - 4] .(6/387)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúßó ÛöØóÇÁóßó ÝóÈóÕóÑõßó Çáúíóæúãó ÍóÏöíÏñ [50 \ 22] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÃõÝóæøöÖõ ÃóãúÑöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÈóÕöíÑñ ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ÝóæóÞóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÓóíøöÆóÇÊö ãóÇ ãóßóÑõæÇ [40 \ 44 - 45] Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóæóßøõáó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞó Úóáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÊóÝúæöíÖó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö Åöáóíúåö ÓóÈóÈñ áöáúÍöÝúÙö æóÇáúæöÞóÇíóÉö ãöäú ßõáøö ÓõæÁò¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÇÁó ãöäú ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÓóåóÇ ÝóÓóÌóÏó¡ Ãóíú: ÓóÌóÏó áöÚöáøóÉö Óóåúæöåö¡ æóÓóÑóÞó ÝóÞõØöÚóÊú íóÏõåõ¡ Ãóíú: áöÚöáøóÉö ÓóÑöÞóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáÊøóæóßøõáö Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöáúÍöÝúÙö¡ æóÇáúæöÞóÇíóÉö ãöäó ÇáÓøõæÁö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈöíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÊóæóßøóáú Úóáóì Çááøóåö Ýóåõæó ÍóÓúÈõåõ [65 \ 3] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáó áóåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÞóÏú ÌóãóÚõæÇ áóßõãú ÝóÇÎúÔóæúåõãú ÝóÒóÇÏóåõãú ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóäöÚúãó Çáúæóßöíáõ ÝóÇäúÞóáóÈõæÇ ÈöäöÚúãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÝóÖúáò áóãú íóãúÓóÓúåõãú ÓõæÁñ [3 \ 173 - 174] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈößóËúÑóÉò¡ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöí æóßöíáðÇ [17 \ 2] .
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÓóíøöÆóÇÊö ãóÇ ãóßóÑõæÇ [40 \ 45] ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ¡ Ãóíú: ÝóæóÞóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÓóíøöÆóÇÊö ãóßúÑöåöãú¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÖúÑóÇÑó ãóßúÑöåöãú æóÔóÏóÇÆöÏóåõ¡ æóÇáúãóßúÑõ: ÇáúßóíúÏõ.
ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóãúßõÑõæÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó æóÞóÇåõ¡ Ãóíú ÍóÝöÙóåõ æóäóÌøóÇåõ¡ ãöäú ÃóÖúÑóÇÑö ãóßúÑöåöãú æóÔóÏóÇÆöÏöåö ÈöÓóÈóÈö Êóæóßøõáöåö Úóáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÊóÝúæöíÖöåö ÃóãúÑóåõ Åöáóíúåö.
æóÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö íóÞõæáõ: äóÌøóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäúåõãú ãóÚó ãõæÓóì æóÞóæúãöåö æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú íóÞõæáõ: ÕóÚöÏó ÌóÈóáðÇ ÝóÃóÚúÌóÒóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóäóÌøóÇåõ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóßõáøõ åóÐóÇ áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó æóÞóÇåõ ÓóíøöÆóÇÊö ãóßúÑöåöãú¡ Ãóíú ÍóÝöÙóåõ æóäóÌøóÇåõ ãöäúåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÍóÇÞó ÈöÂáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÓõæÁõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãóÚúäóÇåõ: Ãóäøóåõãú áóãøóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóãúßõÑõæÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäö æóÞóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ãóßúÑóåõãú¡ æóÑóÏøó ÇáúÚóÇÞöÈóÉó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÑóÏøó ÓõæÁó ãóßúÑöåöãú Åöáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ äóÇÌöíðÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ æóÞóæúãõåõ åóÇáößöíäó(6/388)
æóÅöÐú íóÊóÍóÇÌøõæäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁõ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóßõãú ÊóÈóÚðÇ Ýóåóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ãõÛúäõæäó ÚóäøóÇ äóÕöíÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö (47) ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõáøñ ÝöíåóÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏú Íóßóãó Èóíúäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö (48)
Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÇáúÈóÑúÒóÎö.
ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí åóáóÇßöåöãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ: æóÃóÛúÑóÞúäóÇ Âáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóÕöíÑöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑúÒóÎö: ÇáäøóÇÑõ íõÚúÑóÖõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÛõÏõæøðÇ æóÚóÔöíøðÇ [40 \ 46] .
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÚóÐóÇÈöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö: æóíóæúãó ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÃóÏúÎöáõæÇ Âáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö [40 \ 46] .
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÍóíúÞö ÇáúãóßúÑö ÇáÓøóíøöÆö ÈöÇáúãóÇßöÑö ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íóÍöíÞõ ÇáúãóßúÑõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóåúáöåö [35 \ 43] .
æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ ÍóÇÞó Èöåö ÇáúãóßúÑõæåõ íóÍöíÞõ Èöåö ÍóíúÞðÇ æóÍõíõæÞðÇ¡ ÅöÐóÇ äóÒóáó Èöåö æóÃóÍóÇØó Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõØúáóÞõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÅöÍóÇØóÉö ÇáúãóßúÑõæåö ÎóÇÕøóÉð.
íõÞóÇáõ: ÍóÇÞó Èöåö ÇáÓøõæÁõ æóÇáúãóßúÑõæåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: ÍóÇÞó Èöåö ÇáúÎóíúÑõ¡ ÝóãóÇÏøóÉõ ÇáúÍóíúÞö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúæóÝö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó íóÇÆöíøõ ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóÇáúæóÕúÝõ ãöäúåõ ÍóÇÆöÞñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÝóÃóæúØóÃó ÌõÑúÏó ÇáúÎóíúáö ÚõÞúÑó ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ... æóÍóÇÞó Èöåöãú ãöäú ÈóÃúÓö ÖóÈøóÉó ÍóÇÆöÞõ
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó æóÒúäó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÈöÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÇáÕøóÑúÝöíøö ÝóíúÚóáóÉñ ãöäó ÇáÓøõæÁö¡ ÝóÃõÏúÛöãóÊú íóÇÁõ ÇáúÝóíúÚóáóÉö ÇáÒøóÇÆöÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúæóÇæö¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Úóíúäõ ÇáúßóáöãóÉö¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÈúÏóÇáö ÇáúæóÇæö íóÇÁð Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÝöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
Åöäú íóÓúßõäö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõ ãöäú æóÇæò æóíóÇ ... æóÇÊøóÕóáóÇ æóãöäú ÚõÑõæÖò ÚóÑöíóÇ
ÝóíóÇÁõ ÇáúæóÇæö Ýóáóíøöäú ãõÏúÛöãóÇ ... æóÔóÐøó ãõÚúØöí ÛóíúÑó ãóÇ ÞóÏú ÑõÓöãóÇ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú íóÊóÍóÇÌøõæäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁõ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóßõãú ÊóÈóÚðÇ Ýóåóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ãõÛúäõæäó ÚóäøóÇ äóÕöíÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõáøñ ÝöíåóÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏú Íóßóãó Èóíúäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö. Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÊóÍóÇÌøõæäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÃóÕúáõåõ íóÊóÝóÇÚóáõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö Ãóíú: íóÎúÊóÕöãõæäó¡ æóíóÍúÊóÌøõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ðóáößó áóÍóÞøñ ÊóÎóÇÕõãõ Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö [38 \ 64] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(6/389)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö áöÎóÒóäóÉö Ìóåóäøóãó ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú íõÎóÝøöÝú ÚóäøóÇ íóæúãðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö (49)
æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐö ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó ãóæúÞõæÝõæäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú íóÑúÌöÚõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖò ÇáúÞóæúáó íóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊõÖúÚöÝõæÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú áóßõäøóÇ ãõÄúãöäöíäó ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊõÖúÚöÝõæÇ ÃóäóÍúäõ ÕóÏóÏúäóÇßõãú Úóäö ÇáúåõÏóì ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóßõãú Èóáú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÌúÑöãöíäó æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊõÖúÚöÝõæÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ Èóáú ãóßúÑõ Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐú ÊóÃúãõÑõæäóäóÇ Ãóäú äóßúÝõÑó ÈöÇááøóåö æóäóÌúÚóáó áóåõ ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ [34 \ 31 - 33] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøóãóÇ ÏóÎóáóÊú ÃõãøóÉñ áóÚóäóÊú ÃõÎúÊóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÇÑóßõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÞóÇáóÊú ÃõÎúÑóÇåõãú áöÃõæáóÇåõãú ÑóÈøóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÃóÖóáøõæäóÇ ÝóÂÊöåöãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÖöÚúÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö ÞóÇáó áößõáøò ÖöÚúÝñ æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó æóÞóÇáóÊú ÃõæáóÇåõãú áöÃõÎúÑóÇåõãú ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóßõãú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáò ÝóÐõæÞõæÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóßúÓöÈõæäó [7 \ 38 - 39] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøõÈöÚõæÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ æóÑóÃóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó æóÊóÞóØøóÚóÊú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈõ æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ áóæú Ãóäøó áóäóÇ ßóÑøóÉð ÝóäóÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõãú ßóãóÇ ÊóÈóÑøóÁõæÇ ãöäøóÇ [2 \ 166 - 167] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÈóÑóÒõæÇ áöáøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁõ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóßõãú ÊóÈóÚðÇ Ýóåóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ãõÛúäõæäó ÚóäøóÇ ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú åóÏóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ áóåóÏóíúäóÇßõãú ÓóæóÇÁñ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÃóÌóÒöÚúäóÇ Ãóãú ÕóÈóÑúäóÇ ãóÇ áóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÍöíÕò æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áóãøóÇ ÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó æóÚóÏóßõãú æóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóæóÚóÏúÊõßõãú ÝóÃóÎúáóÝúÊõßõãú æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöí Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäú ÓõáúØóÇäò ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÊõßõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúÊõãú áöí ÝóáóÇ Êóáõæãõæäöí æóáõæãõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈöãõÕúÑöÎößõãú æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÈöãõÕúÑöÎöíøó Åöäøöí ßóÝóÑúÊõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßúÊõãõæäöí ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ [14 \ 21 - 22] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö áöÎóÒóäóÉö Ìóåóäøóãó ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú íõÎóÝøöÝú ÚóäøóÇ íóæúãðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáäøóÇÑö ØóáóÈõæÇ ãöäú ÎóÒóäóÉö Ìóåóäøóãó Ãóäú íóÏúÚõæó áóåõãõ Çááøóåó Ãóäú íõÎóÝøöÝó Úóäúåõãú ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö Ãóäøóåõãú äóÇÏóæúÇ ãóÇáößðÇ ÎóÇÕøóÉð ãöäú ÎóÒóäóÉö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö áöíóÞúÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Ãóíú: áöíõãöíÊóåõãú ÝóíóÓúÊóÑöíÍõæÇ ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÍóÇÈõæäó Ýöí æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ; ÝóáóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÃóáõæÇ ÊóÎúÝöíÝóåõ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö åóÐöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ áóåõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÃóáõæåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Úóäúåõãú Ýöí(6/390)
æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúåõÏóì æóÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó (53) åõÏðì æóÐößúÑóì áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö (54)
åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóæó áóãú Êóßõ ÊóÃúÊöíßõãú ÑõÓõáõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÇÏúÚõæÇ æóãóÇ ÏõÚóÇÁõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò [40 \ 50] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈöåóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ßõáøó ßóÝõæÑò [35 \ 36] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóáóäú äóÒöíÏóßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ [78] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõÝóÊøóÑõ Úóäúåõãú æóåõãú Ýöíåö ãõÈúáöÓõæäó [43 \ 75] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈóåóÇ ßóÇäó ÛóÑóÇãðÇ [25 \ 65] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓóæúÝó íóßõæäõ áöÒóÇãðÇ [25 \ 77] æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ æóáóÇ åõãú íõäúÙóÑõæäó [3 \ 88] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõÞöíãñ [5 \ 37] .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ãóæúÊöåöãú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö: áóÇ íõÞúÖóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóíóãõæÊõæÇ [35 \ 36] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúãóæúÊõ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò æóãóÇ åõæó ÈöãóíøöÊò [14 \ 17] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøóãóÇ äóÖöÌóÊú ÌõáõæÏõåõãú ÈóÏøóáúäóÇåõãú ÌõáõæÏðÇ ÛóíúÑóåóÇ áöíóÐõæÞõæÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó [4 \ 56] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõ ãóäú íóÃúÊö ÑóÈøóåõ ãõÌúÑöãðÇ ÝóÅöäøó áóåõ Ìóåóäøóãó áóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÍúíóÇ [20 \ 74] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÊóÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íóÕúáóì ÇáäøóÇÑó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì Ëõãøó áóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÍúíóÇ [87 \ 11 - 13]
æóáöãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: áöíóÞúÖö ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÑóÈøõßó [43 \ 77] ÃóÌóÇÈóåõãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó Åöäøóßõãú ãóÇßöËõæäó [43 \ 77] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ Ãóæóáóãú Êóßõ ÊóÃúÊöíßõãú ÑõÓõáõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ áóäóäúÕõÑõ ÑõÓõáóäóÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóíóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáúÃóÔúåóÇÏõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú äóÈöíøò ÞóÇÊóáó ãóÚóåõ ÑöÈøöíøõæäó ßóËöíÑñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 14] ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÓóÈóÞóÊú ßóáöãóÊõäóÇ áöÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó Åöäøóåõãú áóåõãõ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÑõæäó [37 \ 171 - 172] æóÓóÊóÃúÊöí áóåõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÌóÇÏöáóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúåõÏóì æóÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó åõÏðì æóÐößúÑóì áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö.(6/391)
áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó (57)
ÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúåõÏóì ãõæØöÆóÉñ áöáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ýöí ÂÊóíúäóÇ æóÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ áöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö.
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúåõÏóì ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóåõ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉõ ãöäó ÇáúåõÏóì Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏö æóÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö: æóÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóåõæó ÇáÊøóæóÑóÇÉõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: åõÏðì æóÐößúÑóì áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö ãóÝúÚõæáñ ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåö¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóÌúáö ÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åõÏðì ÍóÇáñ¡ æóæõÑõæÏõ ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúãõäúßøóÑö ÍóÇáðÇ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóãóÕúÏóÑò ãõäóßøóÑò ÍóÇáðÇ íóÞóÚú ÈößóËúÑóÉò ßóÜ ÈóÛúÊóÉð ÒöíÏñ ØóáóÚú
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: åõÏðì ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ Ãóæú ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÃò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó Úóáóì ãõæÓóì æóÃóäúÒóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúåõÏóì áöÈóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ åõÏðì áöÈóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöí æóßöíáðÇ [17 \ 2] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÝóáóÇ Êóßõäú Ýöí ãöÑúíóÉò ãöäú áöÞóÇÆöåö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ åõÏðì áöÈóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÇáúÂíóÉó [32 \ 23] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ åõÏðì æóäõæÑñ íóÍúßõãõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøõæäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÓúáóãõæÇ áöáøóÐöíäó åóÇÏõæÇ æóÇáÑøóÈøóÇäöíøõæäó æóÇáúÃóÍúÈóÇÑõ [5 \ 44] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÇáúÞõÑõæäó ÇáúÃõæáóì ÈóÕóÇÆöÑó áöáäøóÇÓö æóåõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉð áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó [28 \ 43] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÊóãóÇãðÇ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóåõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉð áóÚóáøóåõãú ÈöáöÞóÇÁö ÑóÈøöåöãú íõÄúãöäõæäó [6 \ 154] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÊóÈúäóÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóáúæóÇÍö ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãóæúÚöÙóÉð æóÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 145] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ßöÈúÑñ ãóÇ åõãú ÈöÈóÇáöÛöíåö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÝóÇåúÈöØú ãöäúåóÇ ÝóãóÇ íóßõæäõ áóßó Ãóäú ÊóÊóßóÈøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ [7 \ 13] ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ åõäóÇßó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáäøóÊóÇÆöÌö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÇáäøóÇÔöÆóÉö Úóäö ÇáúßöÈóÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö.(6/392)
æóÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßõãõ ÇÏúÚõæäöí ÃóÓúÊóÌöÈú áóßõãú Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöí ÓóíóÏúÎõáõæäó Ìóåóäøóãó ÏóÇÎöÑöíäó (60)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ãöäó ÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ßõáøó ÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö¡ æóÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö¡ æóÃóÍóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ãóæóÇÖöÚö Ðóáößó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö æóáóÇ ÇáúãõÓöíÁõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ßóÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÃóÕóãøö æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑö æóÇáÓøóãöíÚö ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 24] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö æóáóÇ ÇáúãõÓöíÁõ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Õ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßóÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú äóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ßóÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö [38 \ 28] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó áóÂÊöíóÉñ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöãóäú ßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÓóÚöíÑðÇ [25 \ 11] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßõãõ ÇÏúÚõæäöí ÃóÓúÊóÌöÈú áóßõãú Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöí ÓóíóÏúÎõáõæäó Ìóåóäøóãó ÏóÇÎöÑöíäó. ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇÏúÚõæäöí ÃóÓúÊóÌöÈú áóßõãú: ÇÚúÈõÏõæäöí ÃõËöÈúßõãú ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊößõãú¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöí ÓóíóÏúÎõáõæäó Ìóåóäøóãó ÏóÇÎöÑöíäó.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇÏúÚõæäöí ÃóÓúÊóÌöÈú áóßõãú Ãóíö: ÇÓúÃóáõæäöí ÃõÚúØößõãú.
æóáóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ; áöÃóäøó ÏõÚóÇÁó Çááøóåö ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóÃóáóßó ÚöÈóÇÏöí Úóäøöí ÝóÅöäøöí ÞóÑöíÈñ ÃõÌöíÈõ ÏóÚúæóÉó ÇáÏøóÇÚö ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇäö [2 \ 186] ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóíóßúÔöÝõ ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó Åöáóíúåö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó(6/393)
æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÕóÕúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú áóãú äóÞúÕõÕú Úóáóíúßó æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöÑóÓõæáò Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÈöÂíóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÞõÖöíó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÎóÓöÑó åõäóÇáößó ÇáúãõÈúØöáõæäó (78)
ÝóÃóÛúäóì Ðóáößó Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ Çááøóíúáó áöÊóÓúßõäõæÇ Ýöíåö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ãõÈúÕöÑðÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÐõæ ÝóÖúáò Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÔúßõÑõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ Çááøóíúáó áöÈóÇÓðÇ æóÇáäøóæúãó ÓõÈóÇÊðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáäøóåóÇÑó äõÔõæÑðÇ [25 \ 47] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÂíóÉó Çááøóíúáö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð áöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú [17 \ 12] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ëõãøó ãöäú ÚóáóÞóÉò Ëõãøó íõÎúÑöÌõßõãú ØöÝúáðÇ Ëõãøó áöÊóÈúáõÛõæÇ ÃóÔõÏøóßõãú Ëõãøó áöÊóßõæäõæÇ ÔõíõæÎðÇ æóãöäúßõãú ãóäú íõÊóæóÝøóì ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóáöÊóÈúáõÛõæÇ ÃóÌóáðÇ ãõÓóãøðì æóáóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÌøö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÑóíúÈò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 5] ¡ æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÖóì ÃóãúÑðÇ ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÞóæúáõäóÇ áöÔóíúÁò ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÏúäóÇåõ Ãóäú äóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [16 \ 40] . æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÃóæúÌõåó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóíóßõæäõ åõäóÇßó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÏúÎõáõæÇ ÃóÈúæóÇÈó Ìóåóäøóãó ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÈöÆúÓó ãóËúæóì ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑöíäó. áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÚóÏóÏó ÃóÈúæóÇÈö Ìóåóäøóãó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó Ìóåóäøóãó áóãóæúÚöÏõåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó áóåóÇ ÓóÈúÚóÉõ ÃóÈúæóÇÈò áößõáøö ÈóÇÈò ãöäúåõãú ÌõÒúÁñ ãóÞúÓõæãñ [15 \ 43 - 44] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÕóÕúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú áóãú äóÞúÕõÕú Úóáóíúßó. ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÕøó Úóáóì äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóäúÈóÇÁó ÈóÚúÖö(6/394)
Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó áöÊóÑúßóÈõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó (79) æóáóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóäóÇÝöÚõ æóáöÊóÈúáõÛõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉð Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑößõãú æóÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÝõáúßö ÊõÍúãóáõæäó (80)
ÇáÑøõÓõáö ; Ãóíú: ßóäõæÍò æóåõæÏò¡ æóÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóáõæØò¡ æóÔõÚóíúÈò¡ æóãõæÓóì¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÞúÕõÕú Úóáóíúåö ÃóäúÈóÇÁó ÑõÓõáò ÂÎóÑöíäó¡ Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö: æóÑõÓõáðÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÕóÕúäóÇåõãú Úóáóíúßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÑõÓõáðÇ áóãú äóÞúÕõÕúåõãú Úóáóíúßó æóßóáøóãó Çááøóåõ ãõæÓóì ÊóßúáöíãðÇ [4 \ 164] ¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú äóÈóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú Þóæúãö äõæÍò æóÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 9] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóÇÏðÇ æóËóãõæÏó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáÑøóÓøö æóÞõÑõæäðÇ Èóíúäó Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑðÇ [25 \ 38] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÞõÖöíó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÎóÓöÑó åõäóÇáößó ÇáúãõÈúØöáõæäó. Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö Ãóíú ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÊóì ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæåõ [16 \ 1] Ãóíú: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ ÞóÖóì Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÎóÇáöØõåõ ÍóíúÝñ æóáóÇ ÌóæúÑñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÔúÑóÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÈöäõæÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÌöíÁó ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö æóÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 69] .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÑóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÍóÇÝøöíäó ãöäú Íóæúáö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö [39 \ 75] .
æóÇáúÍõÞøõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö: åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáößõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÑóÓõæáñ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÑóÓõæáõåõãú ÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö [10 \ 47] .
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ íóÎúÓóÑõ ÇáúãõÈúØöáõæäó¡ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÌóÇËöíóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöáøóåö ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóíóæúãó ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ íóæúãóÆöÐò íóÎúÓóÑõ ÇáúãõÈúØöáõæäó [45 \ 27] .
æóÇáúãõÈúØöáõ åõæó: ãóäú ãóÇÊó ãõÕöÑøðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇØöáö.
æóÎõÓúÑóÇäõ ÇáúãõÈúØöáöíäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóíóÇäóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÎóÓöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöáöÞóÇÁö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ãõåúÊóÏöíäó [10 \ 45] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó áöÊóÑúßóÈõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó æóáóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóäóÇÝöÚõ æóáöÊóÈúáõÛõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉð Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑößõãú æóÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÝõáúßö ÊõÍúãóáõæäó(6/395)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó ÌóÚóáó ÊóÃúÊöí Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö áöÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ãóÚóÇäò ; ËóáóÇËóÉñ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÌóÚóáó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇÚúÊóÞóÏó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÅöäóÇËðÇ [43 \ 19] Ãóíö: ÇÚúÊóÞóÏõæåõãú ÅöäóÇËðÇ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÊóäúÕöÈõ ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃó æóÇáúÎóÈóÑó.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÌóÚóáó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÕóíøóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÍóÊøóì ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÍóÕöíÏðÇ ÎóÇãöÏöíäó [21 \ 15] æóåóÐöåö ÊóäúÕöÈõ ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃó æóÇáúÎóÈóÑó ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÌóÚóáó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÎóáóÞó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÌóÚóáó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö æóÇáäøõæÑó [6 \ 1] Ãóíú: ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÎóáóÞó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö æóÇáäøõæÑó.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ãöäúåõ Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó Ãóíú: ÎóáóÞó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó¡ æóíõÄóíøöÏõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó ÎóáóÞóåóÇ áóßõãú [16 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ áóåõãú ãöãøóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ÃóíúÏöíäóÇ ÃóäúÚóÇãðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 71] .
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÌóÚóáó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÔóÑóÚó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ:
æóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúÊõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÞõãúÊõ íõËúÞöáõäöí ËóæúÈöí ÝóÃóäúåóÖõ äóåóÖó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÈö ÇáÓøóßöÑö
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ãöäó ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇäö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáäøöÚóãö ÇáúßóËöíÑóÉö¡ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöåóÇ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÎóáúÞöåö áóåõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó æóåöíó ÇáÐøõßõæÑõ æóÇáúÅöäóÇËõ¡ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö æóÇáúÈóÞóÑö æóÇáÖøóÃúäö æóÇáúãóÚúÒö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóÇáúÍóÑúËö [3 \ 14] Èóíøóäóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó ÎóáóÞóåóÇ áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÏöÝúÁñ æóãóäóÇÝöÚõ æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó æóáóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãóÇáñ Íöíäó ÊõÑöíÍõæäó æóÍöíäó ÊóÓúÑóÍõæäó æóÊóÍúãöáõ ÃóËúÞóÇáóßõãú Åöáóì ÈóáóÏò áóãú ÊóßõæäõæÇ ÈóÇáöÛöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÔöÞøö ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓö [16 \ 5 - 7] . æóÇáÏøöÝúÁõ ãóÇ íóÊóÏóÝøóÆõæäó Èöåö Ýöí ÇáËøöíóÇÈö ÇáúãóÕúäõæÚóÉö ãöäú ÌõáõæÏö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóÃóæúÈóÇÑöåóÇ æóÃóÔúÚóÇÑöåóÇ æóÃóÕúæóÇÝöåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÈõíõæÊößõãú ÓóßóäðÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÌõáõæÏö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÈõíõæÊðÇ ÊóÓúÊóÎöÝøõæäóåóÇ íóæúãó ÙóÚúäößõãú æóíóæúãó ÅöÞóÇãóÊößõãú æóãöäú ÃóÕúæóÇÝöåóÇ æóÃóæúÈóÇÑöåóÇ æóÃóÔúÚóÇÑöåóÇ ÃóËóÇËðÇ æóãóÊóÇÚðÇ Åöáóì Íöíäò [16 \ 80] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(6/396)
Ýóáóãú íóßõ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÓõäøóÊó Çááøóåö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóÎóÓöÑó åõäóÇáößó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó (85)
Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ áóåõãú ãöãøóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ÃóíúÏöíäóÇ ÃóäúÚóÇãðÇ Ýóåõãú áóåóÇ ãóÇáößõæäó æóÐóáøóáúäóÇåóÇ áóåõãú ÝóãöäúåóÇ ÑóßõæÈõåõãú æóãöäúåóÇ íóÃúßõáõæäó æóáóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóäóÇÝöÚõ æóãóÔóÇÑöÈõ ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÔúßõÑõæäó [36 \ 71 - 73] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó áóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö áóÚöÈúÑóÉð äõÓúÞöíßõãú ãöãøóÇ Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåö ãöäú Èóíúäö ÝóÑúËò æóÏóãò áóÈóäðÇ ÎóÇáöÕðÇ ÓóÇÆöÛðÇ áöáÔøóÇÑöÈöíäó [61 \ 66] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó áóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö áóÚöÈúÑóÉð äõÓúÞöíßõãú ãöãøóÇ Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ æóáóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóäóÇÝöÚõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó æóÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÝõáúßö ÊõÍúãóáõæäó [23 \ 21 - 22] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÍóãõæáóÉð æóÝóÑúÔðÇ ßõáõæÇ ãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞóßõãõ Çááøóåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ÎõØõæóÇÊö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö Åöäøóåõ áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÈöíäñ ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌò ãöäó ÇáÖøóÃúäö ÇËúäóíúäö æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúÒö ÇËúäóíúäö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: Ãóãú ßõäúÊõãú ÔõåóÏóÇÁó ÅöÐú æóÕøóÇßõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ [6 \ 142 - 144] æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌò [39 \ 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ æóãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 11] . æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÝõáúßö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ãóÇ ÊóÑúßóÈõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 12] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóãú íóÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíóäúÙõÑõæÇ ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú. ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ãóæóÇÖöÚóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÑøõæãö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíóäúÙõÑõæÇ ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóáóãú íóßõ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÓõäøóÉó Çááøóåö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóÎóÓöÑó åõäóÇáößó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóËõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÂãóäúÊõãú Èöåö ÂáúÂäó æóÞóÏú ßõäúÊõãú Èöåö ÊóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäó [10 \ 51] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö Õ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ãóäóÇÕò [38 \ 3] .(6/397)
ßöÊóÇÈñ ÝõÕøöáóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áöÞóæúãò íóÚúáóãõæäó (3)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÝõÕøöáóÊú
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Íã ÊóäúÒöíáñ ãöäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö. ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÙóÇÆöÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõãóÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÝõÕøöáóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ.
(ßöÊóÇÈñ) ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÅò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ Ãóíú: åóÐóÇ ßöÊóÇÈñ¡ æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝöÚóÇáñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÝúÚõæáò¡ Ãóíú ãóßúÊõæÈñ.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ Þöíáó áóåõ (ßöÊóÇÈñ) áöÃóäøóåõ ãóßúÊõæÈñ Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Èóáú åõæó ÞõÑúÂäñ ãóÌöíÏñ Ýöí áóæúÍò ãóÍúÝõæÙò [85 \ 21 - 22] .
æóãóßúÊõæÈñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÕõÍõÝò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÐúßöÑóÉñ Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÕõÍõÝò ãõßóÑøóãóÉò ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉò ãõØóåøóÑóÉò ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÓóÝóÑóÉò ßöÑóÇãò ÈóÑóÑóÉò [80 \ 11 - 16] .
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áöãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ ÇáÕøõÍõÝõ ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ: ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö íóÊúáõæ ÕõÍõÝðÇ ãõØóåøóÑóÉð ÝöíåóÇ ßõÊõÈñ ÞóíøöãóÉñ) [98 \ 2 - 3] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝõÕøöáóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ ÖöÏøõ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö¡ Ãóíú ÝóÕøóáó Çááøóåõ ÂíóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ Ãóíú ÈóíøóäóåóÇ æóÃóæúÖóÍó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÎóáúÞõ ãöäú ÃõãõæÑö Ïöíäöåöãú æóÏõäúíóÇåõãú.
æóÇáúãõÓóæøöÛõ áöÍóÐúÝö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝõÕøöáóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ åõæó ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÈöÃóäøó ÊóÝúÕöíáó ÂíóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÊóÝúÕöíáö ÂíóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ãõÈóíøóäðÇ ÝöíåóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÝóÕøóáóåõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÕøóáóåõ Íóßöíãñ ÎóÈöíÑñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÝóÕøóáóåõ áöíóåúÏöíó(7/3)
Èöåö ÇáäøóÇÓó æóíóÑúÍóãóåõãú¡ æóÃóäøó ÊóÝúÕöíáóåõ ÔóÇãöáñ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÒøóáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúäóÇåõãú ÈößöÊóÇÈò ÝóÕøóáúäóÇåõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò åõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉð áöÞóæúãò íõÄúãöäõæäó [7 \ 52] æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõÍúßöãóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ Ëõãøó ÝõÕøöáóÊú ãöäú áóÏõäú Íóßöíãò ÎóÈöíÑò [11 \ 1] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäú íõÝúÊóÑóì ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóáóßöäú ÊóÕúÏöíÞó ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö æóÊóÝúÕöíáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [10 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÍóÏöíËðÇ íõÝúÊóÑóì æóáóßöäú ÊóÕúÏöíÞó ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö æóÊóÝúÕöíáó ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóåõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉð áöÞóæúãò íõÄúãöäõæäó [11 \ 111] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÝóÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ÃóÈúÊóÛöí ÍóßóãðÇ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Åöáóíúßõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ [6 \ 114] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áöÞóæúãò íóÚúáóãõæäó ÈóÔöíÑðÇ æóäóÐöíÑðÇ ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó
Þóæúáõåõ: (ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ) ÞóÏú ÊóßóáøóãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞõÑúÁóÇäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ ÛóíúÑó Ðöí ÚöæóÌò [39 \ 28] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áöÞóæúãò íóÚúáóãõæäó [41 \ 3] Ãóíú ÝõÕøöáóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö (ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áöÞóæúãò íóÚúáóãõæäó) .
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÎóÕøóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó áöÃóäøóåõãú åõãõ ÇáúãõäúÊóÝöÚõæäó ÈöÊóÝúÕöíáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÎóÕøóåõãú ÈöÊóÝúÕöíáö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö íõÝóÕøöáõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áöÞóæúãò íóÚúáóãõæäó [10 \ 5] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áöÞóæúãò íóÚúáóãõæäó æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÃóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò ÝóãõÓúÊóÞóÑøñ æóãõÓúÊóæúÏóÚñ ÞóÏú ÝóÕøóáúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áöÞóæúãò íóÝúÞóåõæäó [6 \ 97 - 98] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ æóÌúåó ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúãõäúÊóÝöÚöíäó ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑóßö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåöãú Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõäúÐöÑõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó [35 \ 18] æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó ÊóÎúÕöíÕóåõãú ÈöÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåöãú Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» åóÐöåö¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «íÓ» : ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõäúÐöÑõ ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÇáÐøößúÑó æóÎóÔöíó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö [36 \ 11] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãõäúÐöÑõ ãóäú íóÎúÔóÇåóÇ [79 \ 45] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» æóÃóäúÐöÑú Èöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎóÇÝõæäó Ãóäú íõÍúÔóÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú áóíúÓó áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö æóáöíøñ æóáóÇ ÔóÝöíÚñ(7/4)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ Ýöí ÃóßöäøóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäóÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöäóÇ æóÞúÑñ æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ ÝóÇÚúãóáú ÅöäøóäóÇ ÚóÇãöáõæäó (5)
ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 51] . ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö ÚóÇãøñ ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí äóÒøóáó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö áöíóßõæäó áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó äóÐöíÑðÇ [25 \ 1] .
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÎóÕøó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó ÈöÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú åõãõ ÇáúãõäúÊóÝöÚõæäó Èöåö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú áóãú íóäúÊóÝöÚú ÈöÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö¡ æóãóäú áóãú íõäúÐóÑú ÃóÕúáðÇ - ÓóæóÇÁñ Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÓóæóÇÁñ Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÃóäúÐóÑúÊóåõãú Ãóãú áóãú ÊõäúÐöÑúåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [36 \ 10] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÈóÔöíÑðÇ æóäóÐöíÑðÇ [41 \ 4] ÍóÇáñ ÈóÚúÏó ÍóÇáò. æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö æóÈóÚúÖó ÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áöíõäúÐöÑó ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [18 \ 2] ¡ æóÈóÓóØúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó ÝóáóÇ íóßõäú Ýöí ÕóÏúÑößó ÍóÑóÌñ ãöäúåõ áöÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö æóÐößúÑóì áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [7 \ 2] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [36 \ 7] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ÊõØöÚú ÃóßúËóÑó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íõÖöáøõæßó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö [6 \ 116] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó Ãóíú áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÓóãóÇÚó ÞóÈõæáò æóÇäúÊöÝóÇÚò.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóáóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáÕøõãøó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 80] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ Ýöí ÃóßöäøóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäóÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöäóÇ æóÞúÑñ æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ.
ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÕóÑøóÍõæÇ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæäó áóåõ æóáóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÈóáõæäó ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú Èöåö ; ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ: ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ ÇáøóÊöí äóÚúÞöáõ ÈöåóÇ æóäóÝúåóãõ (Ýöí ÃóßöäøóÉò) Ãóíú ÃóÛúØöíóÉò.(7/5)
æóÇáúÃóßöäøóÉõ ÌóãúÚõ ßöäóÇäò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÛöØóÇÁõ æóÇáúÛöáóÇÝõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÛóØøöí ÇáÔøóíúÁó æóíóãúäóÚõåõ ãöäó ÇáúæõÕõæáö Åöáóíúåö.
æóíóÚúäõæäó Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÛúØöíóÉó ãóÇäöÚóÉñ áóåõãú ãöäú Ýóåúãö ãóÇ íóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÈöåóÇ æóÞúÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú ËöÞóáðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáÕøóãóãõ¡ æóÅöäøó Ðóáößó ÇáÕøóãóãó ãóÇäöÚñ áóåõãú ãöäú Ãóäú íóÓúãóÚõæÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÔóíúÆðÇ æóãöãøóÇ íóÞõæáõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõãú: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáúÛóæúÇ Ýöíåö [41 \ 26] .
æóÃóäøó ãöäú Èóíúäöåöãú æóÈóíúäóåõ ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÇäöÚðÇ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáöÇÊøöÕóÇáö æóÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈó íóÍúÌõÈõ ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóíóÍõæáõ Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó ÑõÄúíóÉö ãóÇ íõÈúÏöíåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö.
æóÇááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÐóßóÑó Úóäúåõãú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÐøóãøö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉó¡ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãõ ÇáúæóÞúÑó¡ æóÌóÚóáó Èóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó ÑóÓõæáöåö ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÞöÑóÇÁóÊöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó¡ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» : æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [17 \ 45 - 46] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÓúÊóãöÚõ Åöáóíúßó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ æóÅöäú íóÑóæúÇ ßõáøó ÂíóÉò áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöåóÇ [6 \ 25] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - «Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö» : ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ [18 \ 57] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Þóæöíøñ¡ æóæóÌúåõ ßóæúäöåö ãõÔúßöáðÇ ÙóÇåöÑñ; áöÃóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ðóãøóåõãú Úóáóì ÏóÚúæóÇåõãõ ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉó æóÇáúæóÞúÑó æóÇáúÍöÌóÇÈó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ Ðóãøóåõãú Úóáóì ÇÏøöÚóÇÆöåö æóÇÞöÚñ Èöåöãú ÝöÚúáðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáóåõ Ýöíåöãú.
ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: ÝóßóíúÝó íõÐóãøõæäó Úóáóì Þóæúáö ÔóíúÁò åõæó ÍóÞøñ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¿
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉó¡ æóØóÈóÚó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÎóÊóãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáúæóÞúÑó Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇäöÚö ãöäó ÇáúåõÏóì - ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ãóäøóåõãú ÈóÇÏóÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ØóÇÆöÚöíäó ãõÎúÊóÇÑöíäó¡ ÝóÌóÒóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáÐøóäúÈö ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãö ØóãúÓó ÇáúÈóÕöíÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚóãóì Úóäö ÇáúåõÏóì¡ ÌóÒóÇÁð æöÝóÇÞðÇ.(7/6)
ÝóÇáúÃóßöäøóÉõ æóÇáúæóÞúÑõ æóÇáúÍöÌóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÚóáóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÌóÇÒóÇÉð áößõÝúÑöåöãõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
æóãöäú ÌóÒóÇÁö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÊóãóÇÏöí ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÖøóáóÇáö¡ æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇáöÛóÉõ Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÕóÑøöÍóÉõ ÈöãóÚúäóì åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóæúáöåöãú ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ ÛõáúÝñ Èóáú ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú [4 \ 155] .
ÝóÞóæúáõ ÇáúíóåõæÏö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ ÛõáúÝñ ßóÞóæúáö ßõÝøóÇÑö ãóßøóÉó: ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ Ýöí ÃóßöäøóÉò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÛõáúÝó ÌóãúÚõ ÃóÛúáõÝó¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÛöáóÇÝñ¡ æóÇáúÃóßöäøóÉõ ÌóãúÚõ ßöäóÇäò¡ æóÇáúÛöáóÇÝõ æóÇáúßöäóÇäõ ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÛöØóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÇÊöÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúíóåõæÏö ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú Èö (Èóáö) ÇáøóÊöí åöíó áöáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈö ÇáúÅöÈúØóÇáöíøö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Èóáú ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú [4 \ 155] .
ÝóÇáúÈóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú) ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ¡ æóåöíó ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÇáØøóÈúÚö Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú åõæó ßóÝúÑõåõãú¡ æóÇáúÃóßöäøóÉõ æóÇáúæóÞúÑõ æóÇáØøóÈúÚõ ßõáøõåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈò æóÇÍöÏò.
æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó [63 \ 3] ¡ æóÇáúÝóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÝóØõÈöÚó) ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ¡ Ãóíú Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÇáúßõÝúÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÇÁó ãöäú ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöáøóÉó ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉó ÓóÈóÈñ ÔóÑúÚöíøñ.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÝóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó Ýóåöíó ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú¡ Ýóåõãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÇáØøóÈúÚö (áóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó) Ãóíú áóÇ íóÝúåóãõæäó ãöäú ÈóÑóÇåöíäö Çááøóåö æóÍõÌóÌöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ.
æóÐóáößó ãöãøóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ Ãóäøó ÇáØøóÈúÚó æóÇáúÃóßöäøóÉó íóÆõæáõ ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ íóäúÔóÃõ Úóäú ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÝóåúãö.
áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáØøóÈúÚö ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ [6 \ 25] Ãóíú ßóÑóÇåóÉó Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ Ãóæú áöÃóÌúáö ÃóáøóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ.(7/7)
æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú [61 \ 5] ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÒóíúÛóåõãõ ÇáúÃóæøóáó ßóÇäó ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöÅöÒóÇÛóÉö Çááøóåö ÞõáõæÈóåõãú¡ æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÅöÒóÇÛóÉõ ÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ÈöÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö æóÇáØøóÈúÚö æóÇáúÎóÊúãö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö.
æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ ÝóÒóÇÏóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãóÑóÖðÇ [2 \ 10] æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóäõÞóáøöÈõ ÃóÝúÆöÏóÊóåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú ßóãóÇ áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Èöåö Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 110] æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ ÝóÒóÇÏóÊúåõãú ÑöÌúÓðÇ Åöáóì ÑöÌúÓöåöãú [9 \ 125] .
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÞóÇáõæÇ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ Ýöí ÃóßöäøóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäóÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöäóÇ æóÞúÑñ æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ íóÞúÕöÏõæäó ÈöÐóáößó ÅöÎúÈóÇÑóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö ÈöæóÌúåò¡ æóáóÇ íóÊøóÈöÚõæäóåõ ÈöÍóÇáò¡ æóáóÇ íõÞöÑøõæäó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ßóæúäõ ßõÝúÑöåöãú åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÌóÑöíãóÉõ æóÇáÐøóäúÈõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö æóÇáúæóÞúÑö æóÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö.
ÝóÏóÚúæóÇåõãú ßóÇÐöÈóÉñ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÌóÚóáó áóåõãú ÞõáõæÈðÇ íóÝúåóãõæäó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÂÐóÇäðÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÈöåóÇ¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóÇ ÒóÚóãõæÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÓóÈøóÈó áóåõãõ ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉó æóÇáúæóÞúÑó æóÇáúÍöÌóÇÈó ÈöÓóÈóÈö ãõÈóÇÏóÑóÊöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ ÑóÏøõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóáóì ÇáúíóåõæÏö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: æóÞóæúáöåöãú ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ ÛõáúÝñ Èóáú ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú ÍóÇæóáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó Åöäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Íóßóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Úóäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÐøóãøö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÇ íóÞúÑõÈõ ãöäúåõ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÐøóãøö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ ÛõáúÝñ Èóáú áóÚóäóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú [2 \ 88] Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÐóßóÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁó ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉó ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑö æóÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [6 \ 25] ÝóßóíúÝó ÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¿
ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøóåõ áóãú íóÞõáú åóÇ åõäóÇ Åöäøóåõãú ßóÐóÈõæÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Ðóãøóåõãú Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßõäøóÇ ßóÐóáößó áóãú íóÌõÒú ÊóßúáöíÝõäóÇ æóÊóæúÌöíåõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóÇáäøóåúíö ÚóáóíúäóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÈóÇØöáñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÝóáöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÐóÈõæÇ Ýöíåö. ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ. æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.(7/8)
Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ ÝóÇÓúÊóÞöíãõæÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæåõ æóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó (6) ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúÊõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóåõãú ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö åõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó (7)
ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ.
ÝóÅöäú ÞõáúÊó: åóáú áöÒöíóÇÏóÉö (ãöäú) Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ) - ÝóÇÆöÏóÉñ¿ ÞõáúÊõ: äóÚóãú ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú Þöíáó: æóÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäóßó ÍöÌóÇÈñ¡ áóßóÇäó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäú ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ÍóÇÕöáñ æóÓóØó ÇáúÌöåóÊóíúäö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÈöÒöíóÇÏóÉö (ãöäú) ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ÇÈúÊóÏóÃó ãöäøóÇ æóÇÈúÊóÏóÃó ãöäúßó¡ ÝóÇáúãóÓóÇÝóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÓøöØóÉõ áöÌöåóÊöäóÇ æóÌöåóÊößó ãõÓúÊóæúÚóÈóÉñ ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö¡ áóÇ ÝóÑóÇÛó ÝöíåóÇ. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ.
æóÇÓúÊóÍúÓóäó ßóáóÇãóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ¡ æóÊóÚóÞøóÈóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäöíÑö Úóáóì ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö¡ ÝóÃóæúÖóÍó ÓõÞõæØóåõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÊóÚóÞøõÈöåö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÊóÝúÓöíÑóåõ æóÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ [17 \ 45] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ.
ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áöáäøóÇÓö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÇáúÞóÕúÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ÅöÖóÇÝöíøñ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú: Åöäøöí ãóáóßñ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãöËúáõßõãú Ýöí ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÔóÑöíøóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó ÝóÖøóáóäöí ÈöãóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíøó ãöäú ÊóæúÍöíÏöåö.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäö ÇáÑøõÓõáö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú Åöäú äóÍúäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóãõäøõ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö [14 \ 11] Ãóíú ßóãóÇ ãóäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö æóÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 110] .(7/9)
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ æóÌúåó ÍóÕúÑö ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ãóÖúãõæäö áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ Ýóåóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ãõÓúáöãõæäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] .
æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ÅöäúßóÇÑó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ßóæúäó ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú Èöåö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Õ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú [38 \ 4] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áóäóÒøóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóáóßðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 94 - 95] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúÊõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóåõãú ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö åõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó.
ÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ãõÎóÇØóÈõæäó ÈöÝõÑõæÚö ÇáÔøóÑöíÚóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ãõÔúÑößõæäó¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóæóÚøóÏóåõãú ÈöÇáúæóíúáö Úóáóì ÔöÑúßöåöãú æóßõÝúÑöåöãú ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÅöíÊóÇÆöåöãõ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö åöíó ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ¡ Ãóæú ÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúÃóÈúÏóÇäö ÈöÝöÚúáö ÇáØøóÇÚóÇÊö æóÇÌúÊöäóÇÈö ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí.
æóÑóÌøóÍó ÈóÚúÖõåõãõ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóÎöíÑó ; áöÃóäøó ÓõæÑóÉó ÝõÕøöáóÊú åóÐöåö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáäøóÇÒöáö ÈöãóßøóÉó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóÒóßóÇÉõ ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÝõÑöÖóÊú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö ÓóäóÉó ÇËúäóÊóíúäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÂÊõæÇ ÍóÞøóåõ íóæúãó ÍóÕóÇÏöåö [6 \ 141] .
æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÈöÝõÑõæÚö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
ÃóÚúäöí ÇãúÊöËóÇáó ÃóæóÇãöÑöåö æóÇÌúÊöäóÇÈó äóæóÇåöíåö. æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ßóæúäöåöãú ãõÎóÇØóÈöíäó ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íõÚóÐøóÈõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóíõÚóÐøóÈõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõãú ãõÞóÑøöÑðÇ áóåõ: ãóÇ Óóáóßóßõãú Ýöí ÓóÞóÑó ÞóÇáõæÇ áóãú äóßõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó æóáóãú äóßõ äõØúÚöãõ ÇáúãöÓúßöíäó æóßõäøóÇ äóÎõæÖõ ãóÚó ÇáúÎóÇÆöÖöíäó æóßõäøóÇ äõßóÐøöÈõ Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö ÍóÊøóì ÃóÊóÇäóÇ ÇáúíóÞöíäõ [74 \ 42 - 47] .(7/10)
Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò (8)
ÝóÕóÑøóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõãú ãõÞóÑøöÑðÇ áóåõ Ãóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ÇáøóÊöí ÓóáóßóÊúåõãú Ýöí ÓóÞóÑó - Ãóíú ÃóÏúÎóáóÊúåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑó - ÚóÏóãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÅöØúÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö¡ æóÚúÏøó Ðóáößó ãóÚó ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö Èöíóæúãö ÇáÏøöíäö.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÎõÐõæåõ ÝóÛõáøõæåõ Ëõãøó ÇáúÌóÍöíãó Õóáøõæåõ Ëõãøó Ýöí ÓöáúÓöáóÉò ÐóÑúÚõåóÇ ÓóÈúÚõæäó ÐöÑóÇÚðÇ ÝóÇÓúáõßõæåõ [69 \ - 32] Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÓóÈóÈó Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö æóáóÇ íóÍõÖøõ Úóáóì ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãöÓúßöíäö ÝóáóíúÓó áóåõ Çáúíóæúãó åóÇåõäóÇ Íóãöíãñ æóáóÇ æóáóÇ ØóÚóÇãñ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÛöÓúáöíäò [69 \ 33 - 36] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò.
ÇáúÃóÌúÑõ ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÌóÒóÇÁõ Úóãóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö åõæó äóÚöíãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ (ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò) Ãóíú ÛóíúÑõ ãóÞúØõæÚò¡ ÝóÇáúãóãúäõæäõ ÇÓúãõ ãóÝúÚõæáò ãöäúåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÞóØóÚóåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ áóÈöíÏö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
áöãõÚóÝøóÑò ÞóåúÏò ÊóäóÇÒóÚó Ôöáúæóåõ ... ÛõÈúÓñ ßóæóÇÓöÈõ ãóÇ íõãóäøõ ØóÚóÇãõåóÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóÇ íõãóäøõ ØóÚóÇãõåóÇ¡ Ãóíú ãóÇ íõÞúØóÚõ. æóÞóæúáõ Ðöí ÇáúÃõÕúÈõÚö:
Åöäøöí áóÚóãúÑõßó ãóÇ ÈóÇÈöí ÈöÐöí ÛóáóÞò ... Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÏöíÞö æóáóÇ ÎóíúÑöí Èöãóãúäõæäö
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÃóÌóÑóåõãú ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò - äóÕøó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáöÇäúÔöÞóÇÞö: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò [84 \ 25] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÊøöíäö: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ýóáóåõãú ÃóÌúÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò [95 \ 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò: æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓõÚöÏõæÇ ÝóÝöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ ÏóÇãóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó ÚóØóÇÁð ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÐõæÐò [11 \ 108] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: (ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÐõæÐò) Ãóíú ÛóíúÑó ãóÞúØõæÚò¡ æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó (ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÐõæÐò) æó (ÛóíúÑó ãóãúäõæäò) - ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «Õ» : Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÑöÒúÞõäóÇ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú äóÝóÇÏò [38 \ 54] Ãóíú ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäö ÇäúÊöåóÇÁò æóáóÇ ÇäúÞöØóÇÚò. æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáäøóÍúáö» : ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóßõãú íóäúÝóÏõ æóãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÈóÇÞò [16 \ 96] .(7/11)
æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåóÇ æóÈóÇÑóßó ÝöíåóÇ æóÞóÏøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇÊóåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò ÓóæóÇÁð áöáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó (10)
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì (ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò) ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò Úóáóíúåöãú Èöåö.
æóÚóáóíúåö ; ÝóÇáúãóäøõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú ÌöäúÓö Çáúãóäøö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÇ ÊõÈúØöáõæÇ ÕóÏóÞóÇÊößõãú ÈöÇáúãóäøö æóÇáúÃóÐóì [2 \ 264] .
æóãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì (ÛóíúÑõ ãóãúäõæäò) ÛóíúÑõ ãóäúÞõæÕò¡ ãõÍúÊóÌøðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÑóÈó ÊõØúáöÞõ Çáúãóãúäõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúãóäúÞõæÕö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÒõåóíúÑò:
ÝóÖúáõ ÇáúÌöíóÇÏö Úóáóì ÇáúÎóíúáö ÇáúÈöØóÇÁö ÝóáóÇ ... íõÚúØóì ÈöÐóáößó ãóãúäæäðÇ æóáóÇ äóÒóÞóÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóãúäõæäðÇ¡ Ãóíú ãóäúÞõæÕðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ æóÅöäú ÕóÍøó áõÛóÉð¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö.
Èóáú ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåóÇ æóÈóÇÑóßó ÝöíåóÇ æóÞóÏøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇÊóåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò.
ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ (Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò) Ãóíú Ýöí ÊóÊöãøóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò.
æóÊóÊöãøóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÍóÇÕöáóÉñ Èöíóæúãóíúäö ÝóÞóØú ; áöÃóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÞóÇáó: Þõáú ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: (Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò) Ãóíú Ýöí ÊóÊöãøóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÞóÖóÇåõäøó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö [41 \ 12] ÝóÊóÖõãøõ Çáúíóæúãóíúäö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞóÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÌúãõæÚõ ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö ÇáøóÊöí ÎóáóÞó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ - ÓöÊøóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ÈöÍóÇáò ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» : ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÝóÇÓúÃóáú Èöåö ÎóÈöíÑðÇ [25 \ 59] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú æóáöíøò æóáóÇ ÔóÝöíÚò [32 \ 4] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «Þ» : æóáóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò æóãóÇ ãóÓøóäóÇ ãöäú áõÛõæÈò [50 \ 38] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» : Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßõãõ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö(7/12)
[7 \ 54] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Ýóáóæú áóãú íõÝóÓøóÑú Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò ÈöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÊóÊöãøóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò - áóßóÇäó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ËóãóÇäöíóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò ÅöÐóÇ ÝõÓøöÑó ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ ßóÇãöáóÉñ Ëõãøó ÌõãöÚóÊú ãóÚó Çáúíóæúãóíúäö ÇááøóÐóíúäö ÎõáöÞóÊú ÝöíåöãóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö [41 \ 9] ¡ æóÇáúíóæúãóíúäö ÇááøóÐóíúäö ÎõáöÞóÊú ÝöíåöãóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÞóÖóÇåõäøó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö [41 \ 12]- áóßóÇäó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚõ ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò.
æóÐóáößó áóãú íóÞõáú Èöåö ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉõ ãõÕóÑøöÍóÉñ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÓöÊøóÉõ ÃóíøóÇãò¡ ÝóÚõáöãó ÈöÐóáößó ÕöÍøóÉõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÕöÍøóÉõ ÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåóÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÃóãúËóÇáöåö ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóáúÞóì Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÑóæóÇÓöíó Ãóäú ÊóãöíÏó Èößõãú [16 \ 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÈóÇÑóßó ÝöíåóÇ Ãóíú ÃóßúËóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÈóÑóßóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÈóÑóßóÉõ ÇáúÎóíúÑõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - æóÞóÏøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇÊóåóÇ.
ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ æóÇáúÎóáúÞõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÇáúÃóÞúæóÇÊõ ÌóãúÚõ ÞõæÊò¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÃóÞúæóÇÊö ÃóÑúÒóÇÞõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÚóÇíöÔõåõãú æóãóÇ íõÕúáöÍõåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» åóÐöåö¡ ÃóÚúäöí Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÏøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇÊóåóÇ íõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÎõáöÞóÊú ÞóÈúáó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: Þõáú ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö Ëõãøó ÑóÊøóÈó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÜ (Ëõãøó) Þóæúáóåõ: Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóåöíó ÏõÎóÇäñ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóÞóÖóÇåõäøó ÓóÈúÚó ÓóãóÇæóÇÊò Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÎõáöÞóÊú ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö» : ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈóäóÇåóÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ [79 \ 27 - 30] .
ÝóÞõáúäóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:(7/13)
åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö [2 \ 29] ¡ ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÞóÈúáó ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö áóÝúÙóÉö (Ëõãøó) ÇáøóÊöí åöíó áöáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö æóÇáöÇäúÝöÕóÇáö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÂíóÉö «Íã ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» ÊóÏõáøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ: Þõáú ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóåöíó ÏõÎóÇäñ ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó «ÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö» ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÏóÍúæó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈóäóÇåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - ÓõÆöáó Úóäö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÂíóÉö «ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» æóÂíóÉö «ÇáäøóÇÒöÚóÇÊö» ÝóÃóÌóÇÈó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÃóæøóáðÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÛóíúÑó ãóÏúÍõæøóÉò¡ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÓóæøóÇåõäøó ÓóÈúÚðÇ Ýöí íóæúãóíúäö¡ Ëõãøó ÏóÍóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÑøóæóÇÓöíó æóÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑó æóÛóíúÑó Ðóáößó.
ÝóÃóÕúáõ ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÞóÈúáó ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÏóÍúæõåóÇ ÈöÌöÈóÇáöåóÇ æóÃóÔúÌóÇÑöåóÇ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ÈóÚúÏó ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ æóáóãú íóÞõáú: ÎóáóÞóåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÝóÓøóÑó ÏóÍúæóåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ [79 \ 31] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóãóÚó Èöåö ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò Èóíúäó åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö æóÇÖöÍñ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö¡ ãóÝúåõæãñ ãöäú ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íõÑóÏøõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöÔúßóÇáñ ãöäú ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» åóÐöåö.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÌóãóÚó ÈöÃóäøó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÞóÈúáó ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÏóÍúæóåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈöÃóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÎúáõæÞñ ÞóÈúáó ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
æóÞóÏú ãóßóËúÊõ ÒóãóäðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ ÃõÝóßøöÑõ Ýöí Íóáøö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ÍóÊøóì åóÏóÇäöí Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö ÐóÇÊó íóæúãò¡ ÝóÝóåöãúÊõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáó ãóÑúÝõæÚñ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö¡ ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.(7/14)
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÎóáúÞö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÞóÈúáó ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö - ÇáúÎóáúÞõ ÇááøõÛóæöíøõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ¡ áóÇ ÇáúÎóáúÞõ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÅöÈúÑóÇÒõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö Åöáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÏö¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊõÓóãøöí ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑó ÎóáúÞðÇ. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÒõåóíúÑò:
æóáóÃóäúÊó ÊóÝúÑöí ãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊó ... æóÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÞóæúãö íóÎúáõÞõ Ëõãøó áóÇ íóÝúÑöí
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ Ãóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - äóÕøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» ; ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏøóÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇÊóåóÇ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóåöíó ÏõÎóÇäñ ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÛóíúÑó ãóÏúÍõæøóÉò æóåöíó ÃóÕúáñ áößõáøö ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ßóÇäó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ßóÃóäøóåõ ÎõáöÞó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö áöæõÌõæÏö ÃóÕúáöåö ÝöÚúáðÇ.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì Ãóäøó æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÃóÕúáö íõãúßöäõ Èöåö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑúÚö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö - Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ëõãøó ÕóæøóÑúäóÇßõãú Ëõãøó ÞõáúäóÇ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 11] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ëõãøó ÕóæøóÑúäóÇßõãú Ãóíú ÈöÎóáúÞöäóÇ æóÊóÕúæöíÑöäóÇ áöÃóÈöíßõãú ÂÏóãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÕúáõßõãú.
æóÌóãóÚó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÈöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ Ãóíú ãóÚó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóáóÝúÙóÉõ (ÈóÚúÏó) ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÚó.
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÚõÊõáøò ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Òóäöíãò æóÚóáóíúåö ; ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóíõÓúÊóÃúäóÓõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÔøóÇÐøóÉö - æóÈöåóÇ ÞóÑóÃó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ -: (æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóÚó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ) .
æóÌóãóÚó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈöÃóæúÌõåò ÖóÚöíÝóÉò ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÈúäöíøóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóåõæó ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö.
ãöäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó (Ëõãøó) ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÇæö.
æóãöäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ áöáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö ÇáÐøößúÑöíøö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [90 \ 17] .(7/15)
ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÑöíÍðÇ ÕóÑúÕóÑðÇ Ýöí ÃóíøóÇãò äóÍöÓóÇÊò áöäõÐöíÞóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÎöÒúíö Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóáóÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÃóÎúÒóì æóåõãú áóÇ íõäúÕóÑõæäó (16)
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÒóíøóäøóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöãóÕóÇÈöíÍó æóÍöÝúÙðÇ.
ÇáúãóÕóÇÈöíÍõ: ÇáäøõÌõæãõ.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäú ÊóÒúíöíäö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÇáäøõÌõæãö¡ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáäøõÌõæãó áöÊóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ [6 \ 97] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÍöÝúÙðÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÍóÝöÙúäóÇåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóíúØóÇäò ÑóÌöíãò ÇáúÂíóÉó [15 \ 17] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõäóÇ áóÃóäúÒóáó ãóáóÇÆößóÉð ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõãú Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÚóÌöÈõæÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãõäúÐöÑñ ãöäúåõãú [38 \ 4] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÑöíÍðÇ ÕóÑúÕóÑðÇ Ýöí ÃóíøóÇãò äóÍöÓóÇÊò. ÇáÕøóÑúÕóÑõ: æóÒúäõåõ ÈöÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÇáÕøóÑúÝöíøö «ÝóÚóÝóáõ» ¡ æóÝöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáÕøóÑúÕóÑö áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö æóÌúåóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö.
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöíÍó ÇáÕøóÑúÕóÑó åöíó ÇáÑøöíÍõ ÇáúÚóÇÕöÝóÉõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏóÉõ ÇáúåõÈõæÈö ÇáøóÊöí íõÓúãóÚõ áöåõÈõæÈöåóÇ ÕóæúÊñ ÔóÏöíÏñ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ; ÝóÇáÕøóÑúÕóÑõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÑøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÇáúãõÒúÚöÌóÉõ.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÝóÃóÞúÈóáóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ Ýöí ÕóÑøóÉò Ãóíú Ýöí ÕóíúÍóÉò¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÕóÑöíÑõ ÇáúÈóÇÈö æóÇáúÞóáóãö¡ Ãóíú ÕóæúÊõåõãóÇ.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÑúÕóÑó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÑøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÈóÑúÏõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏõ ÇáúãõÍúÑöÞõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßóãóËóáö ÑöíÍò ÝöíåóÇ ÕöÑøñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 117] ¡ Ãóíú ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÑúÏñ ÔóÏöíÏñ ãõÍúÑöÞñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÍóÇÊöãò ÇáØøóÇÆöíøö:
ÃóæúÞöÏú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóíúáó áóíúáñ ÞóÑøõ ... æóÇáÑøöíÍó íóÇ æóÇÞöÏõ ÑöíÍñ ÕöÑøõ
Úóáøó íóÑóì äóÇÑóßó ãóäú íóãõÑøõ ... Åöäú ÌóáóÈóÊú ÖóíúÝðÇ ÝóÃóäúÊó ÍõÑø(7/16)
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÑöíÍñ ÕöÑøñ¡ Ãóíú ÈóÇÑöÏóÉñ ÔóÏöíÏóÉõ ÇáúÈóÑúÏö.
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÑøöíÍó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó ÌóÇãöÚóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ Ýóåöíó ÚóÇÕöÝóÉñ ÔóÏöíÏóÉõ ÇáúåõÈõæÈö¡ ÈóÇÑöÏóÉñ ÔóÏöíÏÉõ ÇáúÈóÑúÏö.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ãöäú ÅöåúáóÇßöåö ÚóÇÏðÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöíÍö ÇáÕøóÑúÕóÑö¡ Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö ÇáäøóÍöÓóÇÊö - Ãóíö ÇáúãóÔúÆõæãóÇÊö ÇáäøóßöÏóÇÊö; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÍúÓó ÖöÏøõ ÇáÓøóÚúÏö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÔøõÄúãõ - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÚóÏóÏó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö æóÇááøóíóÇáöí ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÑúÓóáó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÑøöíÍó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóãøóÇ ÚóÇÏñ ÝóÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÑöíÍò ÕóÑúÕóÑò ÚóÇÊöíóÉò ÓóÎøóÑóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÓóÈúÚó áóíóÇáò æóËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò ÍõÓõæãðÇ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúÞóæúãó ÝöíåóÇ ÕóÑúÚóì ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÚúÌóÇÒõ äóÎúáò ÎóÇæöíóÉò Ýóåóáú ÊóÑóì áóåõãú ãöäú ÈóÇÞöíóÉò [69 \ 6 - 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÝöí ÚóÇÏò ÅöÐú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÑøöíÍó ÇáúÚóÞöíãó ãóÇ ÊóÐóÑõ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÃóÊóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ÌóÚóáóÊúåõ ßóÇáÑøóãöíãö [51 \ 41 - 42] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÑöíÍðÇ ÕóÑúÕóÑðÇ Ýöí íóæúãö äóÍúÓò ãõÓúÊóãöÑøò ÊóäúÒöÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÚúÌóÇÒõ äóÎúáò ãõäúÞóÚöÑò [54 \ 19 - 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Èóáú åõæó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÚúÌóáúÊõãú Èöåö ÑöíÍñ ÝöíåóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ ÊõÏóãøöÑõ ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÈöÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [46 \ 24 - 25] .
æóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöíÍõ ÇáÕøóÑúÕóÑõ åöíó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÕóÇÚöÞóÉö ÚóÇÏò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÞõáú ÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉð ãöËúáó ÕóÇÚöÞóÉö ÚóÇÏò ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 13] .
æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó äóÇÝöÚñ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚõãóÑó (äóÍúÓóÇÊò) ÈöÓõßõæäö ÇáúÍóÇÁö; æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáäøóÍúÓõ æóÕúÝñ Ãóæú ãóÕúÏóÑñ¡ äóÒóáó ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáúæóÕúÝö.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò¡ æóÚóÇÕöãñ¡ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ¡ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ (äóÍöÓóÇÊò) ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÍóÇÁö¡ æóæóÌúåõåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÍöÓóÇÊö ÇáúãóÔúÆõæãóÇÊõ ÇáäøóßöÏóÇÊõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑö: æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáØøóÓúÊöíøõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ - Ãóäøó äóÇÝöÚó Èúäó ÇáúÃóÒúÑóÞö ÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóÎúÈöÑúäöí Úóäú Þóæúáöåö - ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó -: Ýöí íóæúãö äóÍúÓò [54 \ 19] . ÞóÇáó:(7/17)
ÇáäøóÍúÓõ ÇáúÈóáóÇÁõ æóÇáÔøöÏøóÉõ. ÞóÇáó: æóåóáú ÊóÚúÑöÝõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ Ðóáößó¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú¡ ÃóãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊó ÒõåóíúÑó Èúäó ÃóÈöí Óõáúãóì íóÞõæáõ:
ÓóæóÇÁñ Úóáóíúåö Ãóíøó íóæúãò ÃóÊóíúÊõåõ ... ÃóÓóÇÚóÉó äóÍúÓò ÊóÊøóÞöí Ãóãú ÈöÃóÓúÚóÏö
æóÊóÝúÓöíÑõ ÇáäøóÍúÓö ÈöÇáúÈóáóÇÁö æóÇáÔøöÏøóÉö ÊóÝúÓöíÑñ ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøõÄúãó ÈóáóÇÁñ æóÔöÏøóÉñ¡ æóãõÞóÇÈóáóÉõ ÒõåóíúÑò ÇáäøóÍúÓó ÈöÇáúÃóÓúÚóÏö Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåö íõæóÖøöÍõ Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
æóíóÒúÚõãõ ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÂÎóÑö ÔóæøóÇáò¡ æóÃóäøó ÃóæøóáóåóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö¡ æóÂÎöÑóåóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöäú Ãóäøó íóæúãó ÇáäøóÍúÓö ÇáúãõÓúÊóãöÑøö åõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóåúÑö¡ Ãóæú íóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúãõäúÊóÓöÈöíäó áöØóáóÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóæóÇãøö ÕóÇÑõæÇ íóÊóÔóÇÁóãõæäó Èöíóæúãö ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö ãöäú ßõáøö ÔóåúÑò¡ ÍóÊøóì Åöäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÞúÏöãõæäó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóÝóÑö æóÇáÊøóÒóæøõÌö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó Ýöíåö¡ ÙóÇäøöíäó Ãóäøóåõ íóæúãõ äóÍúÓò æóÔõÄúãò¡ æóÃóäøó äóÍúÓóåõ ãõÓúÊóãöÑøñ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÎóáúÞö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÒøóãóäö - áóÇ ÃóÕúáó áóåõ æóáóÇ ãõÚóæøöáó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ íóáúÊóÝöÊõ Åöáóíúåö ãóäú ÚöäúÏóåõ Úöáúãñ; áöÃóäøó äóÍúÓó Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ãõÓúÊóãöÑøñ Úóáóì ÚóÇÏò ÝóÞóØö ÇáøóÐöíäó Ãóåúáóßóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÇÊøóÕóáó áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúÈóÑúÒóÎö æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÈöÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÝóÕóÇÑó Ðóáößó ÇáÔøõÄúãõ ãõÓúÊóãöÑøðÇ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇÓúÊöãúÑóÇÑðÇ áóÇ ÇäúÞöØóÇÚó áóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÚóÇÏò ÝóáóíúÓó ãõÄóÇÎóÐðÇ ÈöÐóäúÈö ÚóÇÏò ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÑóÏúäóÇ åõäóÇ Ãóäú äóÐúßõÑó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÛúÊóÑøó ÈöåóÇ ãóäú Ùóäøó ÇÓúÊöãúÑóÇÑó äóÍúÓó Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãö ; áöäõÈóíøöäó ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ãõÚóæøöáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑö: æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò Úóäú ÒöÑøö Èúäö ÍõÈóíúÔò Ýöí íóæúãö äóÍúÓò ãõÓúÊóãöÑøò ÞóÇáó: íóæúãó ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö.
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÞóÇáó áöí ÌöÈúÑöíáõ: ÇÞúÖö ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö ãóÚó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö. æóÞóÇáó: íóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö íóæúãõ äóÍúÓò ãõÓúÊóãöÑøò» .
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÞóÇáó: «äóÒóáó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö ãóÚó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö¡ æóÇáúÍöÌóÇãóÉö¡ æóíóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö íóæúãõ äóÍúÓò ãõÓúÊóãöÑøò» .õõ(7/18)
æóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóåóÏóíúäóÇåõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Çáúåõæäö ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó (17)
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÞóÇáóÊú: ßóÇäó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: «íóæúãõ äóÍúÓò íóæúãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö» .
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö Úóäú ÃóäóÓò ÞóÇáó: «ÓõÆöáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóäö ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö¡ æóÓõÆöáó Úóäú íóæúãö ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö ÞóÇáó: íóæúãõ äóÍúÓò. ÞóÇáõæÇ ßóíúÝó ÐóÇßó íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÛúÑóÞó Ýöíåö Çááøóåõ ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãóåõ¡ æóÃóåúáóßó ÚóÇÏðÇ æóËóãõæÏó» .
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó æóßöíÚñ Ýöí ÇáúÛóÑóÑö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö æóÇáúÎóØöíÈõ ÈöÓóäóÏò ÖóÚöíÝò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - «ÂÎöÑõ ÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáÔøóåúÑö íóæúãõ äóÍúÓò ãõÓúÊóãöÑøò» .
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔõÄúãö íóæúãö ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö Úóáóì ãóäú áóãú íóßúÝõÑú ÈöÇááøóåö æóáóãú íóÚúÕöåö; áöÃóäøó ÃóÛúáóÈóåóÇ ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóãóÇ ÕóÍøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöäóÍúÓöåö ÔõÄúãõåõ Úóáóì ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö ÇáúÚõÕóÇÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó Ãóåúáóßóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöíåö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ßõÝúÑöåöãú æóãóÚóÇÕöíåöãú.
ÝóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÍúÓó æóÇáÔøõÄúãó ÅöäøóãóÇ ãóäúÔóÄõåõ æóÓóÈóÈõåõ ÇáúßõÝúÑõ æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ßóÇäó ãõÊøóÞöíðÇ áöáøóåö ãõØöíÚðÇ áóåõ Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÃóÑúÈöÚóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö - ÝóáóÇ äóÍúÓó æóáóÇ ÔõÄúãó Ýöíåö Úóáóíúåö. Ýóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÚúÑöÝó ÇáäøóÍúÓó æóÇáÔøõÄúãó æóÇáäøóßóÏó æóÇáúÈóáóÇÁó æóÇáÔøóÞóÇÁó Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö¡ ÝóáúíóÊóÍóÞøóÞú Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ßõáøóåõ Ýöí ãóÚúÕöíóÉö Çááøóåö æóÚóÏóãö ÇãúÊöËóÇáö ÃóãúÑöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóåóÏóíúäóÇåõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóåóÏóíúäóÇåõãú ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúåõÏóì Ýöíåö åõÏóì ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö æóÇáúÈóíóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÑúÔóÇÏö¡ áóÇ åõÏóì ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö æóÇáöÇÕúØöÝóÇÁö.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóæú ßóÇäóÊú åöÏóÇíóÉó ÊóæúÝöíÞò áóãóÇ ÇäúÊóÞóáó ÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúåõÏóì Åöáóì ÇáúÚóãóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ãóíö ÇÎúÊóÇÑõæÇ ÇáúßõÝúÑó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÂËóÑõæåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÊóÚóæøóÖõæåõ ãöäúåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÂÈóÇÁóßõãú æóÅöÎúæóÇäóßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó Åöäö ÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúßõÝúÑó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö [9 \ 23] ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö» åóÐöåö:(7/19)
Åöäö ÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúßõÝúÑó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ãõæóÇÝöÞñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì áöÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóÍöÈøõæäó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóíóÕõÏøõæäó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö [14 \ 3] .
ÝóáóÝúÙóÉõ ÇÓúÊóÍóÈøó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ßóËöíÑðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÊóÚóÏøóì ÈöÚóáóì; áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇÎúÊóÇÑó æóÂËóÑó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóËóáõ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ßóÇáúÃóÚúãóì - Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóì ÇáúßõÝúÑõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÃóÚúãóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÚóÏöíÏóÉò ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúåõÏóì íóÃúÊöí Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúÚóÇãøö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÈóíóÇäõ æóÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉõ æóÇáúÅöÑúÔóÇÏõ - áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ãóäøó ÇáúåõÏóì ÞóÏú íõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÎóÇÕøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ æóÇáöÇÕúØöÝóÇÁõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó åóÏóì Çááøóåõ ÝóÈöåõÏóÇåõãõ ÇÞúÊóÏöåö [6 \ 90] .
Ýóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúåõÏóì Úóáóì ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúÚóÇãøö Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: æóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóåóÏóíúäóÇåõãú Ãóíú ÈóíøóäøóÇ áóåõãú ØóÑöíÞó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÃóãóÑúäóÇåõãú ÈöÓõáõæßöåóÇ¡ æóØõÑõÞö ÇáÔøóÑøö æóäóåóíúäóÇåõãú Úóäú ÓõáõæßöåóÇ Úóáóì áöÓóÇäö äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÕóÇáöÍò - Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -: ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ãóíö ÇÎúÊóÇÑõæÇ ÇáúßóÝúÑó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈóÚúÏó ÅöíÖóÇÍö ÇáúÍóÞøö áóåõãú.
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúÚóÇãøö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóÇ åóÏóíúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó [76 \ 3] ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÅöãøóÇ ÔóÇßöÑðÇ æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó åõÏóì ÊóæúÝöíÞò áóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóÅöãøóÇ ßóÝõæÑðÇ.
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÈöåõÏóÇåõãõ ÇÞúÊóÏöåö [6 \ 90] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇåúÊóÏóæúÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú åõÏðì [47 \ 17] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóäú íóåúÏö Çááøóåõ Ýóåõæó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏöí [18 \ 17] .
æóÈöãóÚúÑöÝóÉö åóÐóíúäö ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞóíúäö ÊóÊóíóÓøóÑõ ÅöÒóÇáóÉõ ÅöÔúßóÇáò ÞõÑúÂäöíøò æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóËúÈóÊó ÇáúåõÏóì áöäóÈöíøöäóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÂíóÉò¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [42 \ 52] æóäóÝóÇåõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó [28 \ 56] .(7/20)
ÝóíõÚúáóãõ ãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúãõËúÈóÊó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åõæó ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÚóÇãøõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÈóíóÇäõ æóÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉõ æóÇáúÅöÑúÔóÇÏõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóÈóíøóäó ÇáúãóÍóÌøóÉó ÇáúÈóíúÖóÇÁó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÑóßóåóÇ áóíúáõåóÇ ßóäóåóÇÑöåóÇ¡ áóÇ íóÒöíÛõ ÚóäúåóÇ åóÇáößñ.
æóÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúãóäúÝöíøõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó [28 \ 56]- åõæó ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÊøóÝóÖøõáõ ÈöÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÈöíóÏö Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöíóÏöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ ÝöÊúäóÊóåõ Ýóáóäú Êóãúáößó áóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íõØóåøöÑó ÞõáõæÈóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 41] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú ÊóÍúÑöÕú Úóáóì åõÏóÇåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú íõÖöáøõ [16 \ 37] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ åõÏðì áöáäøóÇÓö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 185]- áóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Ýöíåö Èóíúäó Úõãõæãö ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó áöÃóäøó ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÚóÇãøó áöáäøóÇÓö åõæó ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÚóÇãøõ¡ æóÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ ÈöÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó åõæó ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Çáúåõæäö.
ÇáúÝóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãú) ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ¡ Ãóíú ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì¡ æóÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Çáúåõæäö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÚóÈøóÑó Úóäö ÇáúåóáóÇßö ÇáøóÐöí Ãóåúáóßó Èöåö ËóãõæÏó ÈöÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò¡ ÝóÐóßóÑóåõ åóäóÇ ÈóÇÓöãö ÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Çáúåõæäö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÞõáú ÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉð ãöËúáó ÕóÇÚöÞóÉö ÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó [41 \ 31] .
æóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÝöí ËóãõæÏó ÅöÐú Þöíáó áóåõãú ÊóãóÊøóÚõæÇ ÍóÊøóì Íöíäò ÝóÚóÊóæúÇ Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉõ æóåõãú íóäúÙõÑõæäó [51 \ 43 - 44] .
æóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáÕøóíúÍóÉö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» Ýöí ÅöåúáóÇßöåö ËóãõæÏó: æóÃóÎóÐó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ÌóÇËöãöíäó ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÛúäóæúÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ËóãõæÏó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú ÃóáóÇ ÈõÚúÏðÇ áöËóãõæÏó(7/21)
[11 \ 67 - 68] æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» : æóßóÇäõæÇ íóäúÍöÊõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÈõíõæÊðÇ Âãöäöíäó ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó [15 \ 82 - 83] æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÇáúÞóãóÑö: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÕóíúÍóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóßóÇäõæÇ ßóåóÔöíãö ÇáúãõÍúÊóÙöÑö [54 \ 31] æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö» æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÃóÎóÐóÊúåõ ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ íóÚúäöí Èöåö ËóãõæÏó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÞóÈúáóåõ: æóÚóÇÏðÇ æóËóãõæÏó æóÞóÏú ÊóÈóíøóäó áóßõãú ãöäú ãóÓóÇßöäöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [29 \ 38] .
æóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÚóÞóÑõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó æóÚóÊóæúÇ Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÕóÇáöÍõ ÇÆúÊöäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚöÏõäóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 77 - 51] .
æóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáÊøóÏúãöíÑö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ãóßúÑöåöãú ÃóäøóÇ ÏóãøóÑúäóÇåõãú æóÞóæúãóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [27 \ 51] .
æóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÇÞøóÉö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö [69 \ 5] .
æóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáÏøóãúÏóãóÉö Ýöí «ÇáÔøóãúÓö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÝóÚóÞóÑõæåóÇ ÝóÏóãúÏóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ [91 \ 14] .
æóÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÚóÞóÑõæåóÇ ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ äóÇÏöãöíäó ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð [26 \ 157 - 158] .
æóãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊö ßõáøöåóÇ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÑúÓóáó Úóáóíúåöãú ÕóíúÍóÉð ÃóåúáóßóÊúåõãú¡ æóÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÇáÕøóæúÊõ ÇáúãõÒúÚöÌõ Çáúãõåúáößõ.
æóÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉõ ÊõØúáóÞõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóæúÊö ÇáúãõÒúÚöÌö Çáúãõåúáößö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇáúãõÍúÑöÞóÉö¡ æóÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ æóáöÔöÏøóÉö ÚöÙóãö ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉö æóåóæúáöåóÇ ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú ÑóÌóÝóÊú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåöãú¡ Ãóíú ÊóÍóÑøóßóÊú ÍóÑóßóÉð ÞóæöíøóÉð¡ ÝóÇÌúÊóãóÚó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÕóíúÍóÉñ æóÕóÇÚöÞóÉñ æóÑóÌúÝóÉñ¡ æóßóæúäõ Ðóáößó ÊóÏúãöíÑðÇ æóÇÖöÍñ. æóÞöíáó áóåóÇ ØóÇÛöíóÉñ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ æóÇÞöÚóÉñ ãõÌóÇæóÒóÉñ áöáúÍóÏøö Ýöí ÇáúÞõæøóÉö æóÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÅöåúáóÇßö.
æóÇáØøõÛúíóÇäõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãõÌóÇæóÒóÉõ ÇáúÍóÏøö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóÇ áóãøóÇ ØóÛóì ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [69 \ 11] Ãóíú ÌóÇæóÒó ÇáúÍõÏõæÏó ÇáøóÊöí íóÈúáõÛõåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÚóÇÏóÉð.(7/22)
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉö [69 \ 5] ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí Ãóåúáóßóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóÃóãøóÇ ÚóÇÏñ ÝóÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÑöíÍò ÕóÑúÕóÑò ÚóÇÊöíóÉò [69 \ 6] .
ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉó ãóÕúÏóÑñ ßóÇáúÚóÇÞöÈóÉö æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöØõÛúíóÇäöåöãú¡ Ãóíú ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú æóÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãú äóÈöíøóåõãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÐøóÈóÊú ËóãõæÏõ ÈöØóÛúæóÇåóÇ [91 \ 11] .
æóÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÇáØøóÇÛöíóÉó åöíó ÃóÔúÞóÇåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÇäúÈóÚóËó ÝóÚóÞóÑó ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ÃõåúáößõæÇ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÝöÚúáöåö¡ æóåõæó ÚóÞúÑõåõ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó¡ æóßõáøõ åóÐóÇ ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö.
æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò.
æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÏóãúÏóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú [91 \ 14] ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÎóÇáöÝõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÏóãúÏóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú¡ Ãóíú ÃóØúáóÞó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó æóÃóáúÈóÓóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ¡ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÐóäúÈöåöãú.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÏóãúÏóãó: æóåõæó ãöäú ÊóßúÑöíÑö Þóæúáöåöãú: äóÇÞóÉñ ãóÏúãõæãóÉñ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÃõáúÈöÓóåóÇ ÇáÔøóÍúãõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» ÝóæóÇÖöÍñ¡ ÝóÇÊøóÖóÍó ÑõÌõæÚõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÕóÇÚöÞóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Çáúåõæäö - ãöäó ÇáäøóÚúÊö ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ; áöÃóäøó Çáúåõæäö ãóÕúÏóÑñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúåóæóÇäö¡ æóÇáäøóÚúÊõ ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóäóÚóÊõæÇ ÈöãóÕúÏóÑò ßóËöíÑðÇ ... ÝóÇáúÊóÒóãõæÇ ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏó æóÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑóÇ
æóåõæó ãõæóÌøóåñ ÈöÃóÍóÏö ÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäú íóßõæäó Úóáóì ÍóÐúÝö ãõÖóÇÝò¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Ðöí Çáúåõæäö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö¡ ÝóßóÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó áöÔöÏøóÉö ÇÊøöÕóÇÝöåö ÈöÇáúåóæóÇäö ÇááøóÇÍöÞö Èöãóäú æóÞóÚó Úóáóíúåö - ÕóÇÑó ßóÃóäøóåõ äóÝúÓõ ÇáúåóæóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.õõ(7/23)
æóíóæúãó íõÍúÔóÑõ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁõ Çááøóåö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýóåõãú íõæÒóÚõæäó (19)
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó ßóÇáÊøóæúßöíÏö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ; áöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÈøõæÇ ÇáúÚóãóì Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÓóÈóÈñ áöÃóÎúÐö ÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉö ÅöíøóÇåõãú¡ ÝóÇáúÝóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãú) ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ) ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóäóÌøóíúäóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÊøóÞõæäó.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ Ãóåúáóßó ËóãõæÏó ÈöÇáÕøóÇÚöÞóÉö¡ æóäóÌøóì ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöåúáóÇßö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÊøóÞõæäó Çááøóåó¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåöãú ÕóÇáöÍñ æóãóäú Âãóäó ãóÚóåõ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõäóÇ äóÌøóíúäóÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãóÚóåõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäøóÇ æóãöäú ÎöÒúíö íóæúãöÆöÐò Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó åõæó ÇáúÞóæöíøõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ æóÃóÎóÐó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 66] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «Çáäøóãúáö» : æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Åöáóì ËóãõæÏó ÃóÎóÇåõãú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ Ãóäö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ÝóÑöíÞóÇäö íóÎúÊóÕöãõæäó [27 \ 45] Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ËóãõæÏó» ÝóÊöáúßó ÈõíõæÊõåõãú ÎóÇæöíóÉð ÈöãóÇ ÙóáóãõæÇ Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð áöÞóæúãò íóÚúáóãõæäó æóÃóäúÌóíúäóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÊøóÞõæäó [27 \ 52 - 53] Ãóíú æóåõãú ÕóÇáöÍñ æóãóäú Âãóäó ãóÚóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóæúãó íõÍúÔóÑõ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁõ Çááøóåö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýóåõãú íõæÒóÚõæäó.
ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö ÛóíúÑó äóÇÝöÚò (íõÍúÔóÑõ) ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúíóÇÁö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáÔøöíäö ãóÈúäöíøðÇ áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ (ÃóÚúÏóÇÁõ Çááøóåö) ÈöÇáÑøóÝúÚö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ äóÇÆöÈõ ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ¡ ãöäó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö (äóÍúÔõÑõ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁó Çááøóåö) ÈöÇáäøõæäö ÇáúãóÝúÊõæÍóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö¡ æóÖóãøö ÇáÔøöíäö ãóÈúäöíøðÇ áöáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ (ÃóÚúÏóÇÁó Çááøóåö) ÈöÇáäøóÕúÈö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö¡ Ãóíú æóÇÐúßõÑú æóíóæúãó íõÍúÔóÑõ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁõ Çááøóåö Ãóíú íõÌúãóÚõæäó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó áöáøóåö ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íõÍúÔóÑõæäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö - ÌóÇÁó ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó; ÝóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ Ãóäøó áóåõ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð¡ æóÃóäøó ÃóÚúÏóÇÁóåõ åõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÃóäøó ÌóÒóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóäú ßóÇäó ÚóÏõæøðÇ áöáøóåö æóãóáóÇÆößóÊöåö æóÑõÓõáöåö æóÌöÈúÑöíáó æóãöíßóÇáó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÏõæøñ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [2 \ 98] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãöäú ÑöÈóÇØö ÇáúÎóíúáö ÊõÑúåöÈõæäó Èöåö ÚóÏõæøó Çááøóåö æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú [8 \ 60] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚóÏõæøöí æóÚóÏõæøóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó(7/24)
ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæåóÇ ÔóåöÏó Úóáóíúåöãú ÓóãúÚõåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú æóÌõáõæÏõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó (20)
[60 \ 1] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáúíõáúÞöåö Çáúíóãøõ ÈöÇáÓøóÇÍöáö íóÃúÎõÐúåõ ÚóÏõæøñ áöí æóÚóÏõæøñ áóåõ [20 \ 39] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ðóáößó ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁö Çááøóåö ÇáäøóÇÑõ áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÏóÇÑõ ÇáúÎõáúÏö ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 28] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýóåõãú íõæÒóÚõæäó Ãóíú íõÑóÏøõ Ãóæøóáõåõãú Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåöãú¡ æóíóáúÍóÞõ ÂÎöÑõåõãú ÈöÃóæøóáöåöãú¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÌúÊóãöÚõæÇ ÌóãúíÚðÇ¡ Ëõãøó íõÏúÝóÚõæäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóåõæó ãöäú Þóæúáö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: æóÒøóÚúÊõ ÇáúÌóíúÔó¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÈóÓúÊó Ãóæøóáóåõ Úóáóì ÂÎöÑöåö ÍóÊøóì íóÌúÊóãöÚó.
æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúæóÒóÚö ÇáúßóÝøõ¡ ÊóÞõæáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ æóÒóÚóåõ íóÒóÚõåõ æóÒóÚðÇ Ýóåõæó æóÇÒöÚñ áóåõ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÝøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ äóÇÈöÛóÉö ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
Úóáóì Íöíäó ÚóÇÊóÈúÊõ ÇáúãóÔöíÈó Úóáóì ÇáÕøöÈóÇ ... ÝóÞõáúÊõ ÃóáóãøóÇ ÃóÕúÍó æóÇáÔøóíúÈõ æóÇÒöÚõ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
æóáóäú íóÒóÚó ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÇááøóÌõæÌó Úóäö Çáúåóæóì ... ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÝöÑõ ÇáúÚóÞúáö ßóÇãöáõåõ
æóÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó ãóÚúäóì (íõæÒóÚõæäó) Ãóíú íóßõÝøõ Ãóæøóáóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÊøóÞóÏøõãö æóÂÎöÑóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÊøóÃóÎøõÑö¡ ÍóÊøóì íóÌúÊóãöÚõæÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ.
æóÐóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íõÓóÇÞõæäó ÓóæúÞðÇ ÚóäöíÝðÇ¡ íõÌúãóÚõ Èöåö Ãóæøóáõåõãú ãóÚó ÂÎöÑöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ãóäøóåõãú íõÓóÇÞõæäó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåöãú ÚöØóÇÔðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóäóÓõæÞõ ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó Åöáóì Ìóåóäøóãó æöÑúÏðÇ [19 \ 86] . æóáóÚóáøó ÇáúæóÒóÚó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáÒøõãúÑóÉö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö ãöäú ÒõãóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú íõÓóÇÞõæäó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÒõãóÑðÇ ÒõãóÑðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöáóì Ìóåóäøóãó ÒõãóÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 71] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæåóÇ ÔóåöÏó Úóáóíúåöãú ÓóãúÚõåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú æóÌõáõæÏõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çáúíóæúãó äóÎúÊöãõ Úóáóì ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÊõßóáøöãõäóÇ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 65] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íóßúÊõãõæäó Çááøóåó ÍóÏöíËðÇ [4 \ 42] .õõ(7/25)
æóÞóíøóÖúäóÇ áóåõãú ÞõÑóäóÇÁó ÝóÒóíøóäõæÇ áóåõãú ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú æóÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Ýöí Ãõãóãò ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúÅöäúÓö Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÎóÇÓöÑöíäó (25)
æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íóßúÊõãõæäó Çááøóåó ÍóÏöíËðÇ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö Ëõãøó áóãú Êóßõäú ÝöÊúäóÊõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÇááøóåö ÑóÈøöäóÇ ãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÔúÑößöíäó [6 \ 23] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóßöäú ÙóäóäúÊõãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó æóÐóáößõãú Ùóäøõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÙóäóäúÊõãú ÈöÑóÈøößõãú ÃóÑúÏóÇßõãú ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó ÝóÅöäú íóÕúÈöÑõæÇ ÝóÇáäøóÇÑõ ãóËúæðì áóåõãú.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ðóáößó Ùóäøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö [38 \ 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú íóÓúÊóÚúÊöÈõæÇ ÝóãóÇ åõãú ãöäó ÇáúãõÚúÊóÈöíäó.
ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ ãóÚó ÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó áóÇ íõÄúÐóäõ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóáóÇ åõãú íõÓúÊóÚúÊóÈõæäó [16 \ 84] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóíøóÖúäóÇ áóåõãú ÞõÑóäóÇÁó ÝóÒóíøóäõæÇ áóåõãú ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú.
áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö: ÞóíøóÖúäóÇ ÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊñ íóÑúÌöÚõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì Åöáóì ÈóÚúÖò.
ßóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú: æóÞóíøóÖúäóÇ áóåõãú ÞõÑóäóÇÁó Ãóíú ÌöÆúäóÇåõãú Èöåöãú¡ æóÃóÊóÍúäóÇåõãú áóåõãú.
æóßóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú: ÞóíøóÖúäóÇ Ãóíú åóíøóÃúäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú: ÞóíøóÖúäóÇ Ãóíú ÓóáøóØúäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú: Ãóíú ÈóÚóËúäóÇ æóæóßóáúäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú: ÞóíøóÖúäóÇ Ãóíú ÓóÈøóÈúäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú: ÞóÏóÑúäóÇ. æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊö; ÝóÅöäøó ÌóãöíÚó Êöáúßó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì - åóíøóÃó áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÞõÑóäóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö íõÖöáøõæäóåõãú Úóäö ÇáúåõÏóì¡ æóíõÒóíøöäõæäó áóåõãõ ÇáúßõÝúÑó æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöíó¡ æóÞóÏøóÑóåõãú Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÇáúÞõÑóäóÇÁõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÞóÑöíäò¡ æóåõãú ÞõÑóäóÇÄõåõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÝóÒóíøóäõæÇ áóåõãú ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíåöãú - Ãóíú ãöäú ÃóãúÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÂËóÑõæåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö -(7/26)
æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóåõãú Ãóíú ãöäú ÃóãúÑö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ ÝóÏóÚóæúåõãú Åöáóì ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö Èöåö¡ æóÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáúÈóÚúËö.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ Ãóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÞóíøóÖó áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÞõÑóäóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö¡ íõÖöáøõæäóåõãú Úóäö ÇáúåõÏóì - Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö.
æóÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÓóÈóÈó ÊóÞúíöíÖöåöãú áóåõãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ãóÚó ÅöÖúáóÇáöåöãú áóåõãú íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÊóãóäøóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÞóÑöíäöåö ãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö ÈõÚúÏñ ÚóÙöíãñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóÐõãøõåõ Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö äõÞóíøöÖú áóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõ ÞóÑöíäñ æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÕõÏøõæäóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇáóíúÊó Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäóßó ÈõÚúÏó ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞóíúäö ÝóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúÞóÑöíäõ [43 \ 36 - 38] .
ÝóÊóÑúÊöíÈõåõ Þóæúáóåõ: (äõÞóíøöÖú áóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ) Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: (æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö) - ÊóÑúÊöíÈõ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúØö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÊóÞúíöíÖöåö áóåõ åõæó ÛóÝúáóÊõåõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãöäú ÔóÑøö ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö [114 \ 4] áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓó åõæó ßóËöíÑõ ÇáúæóÓúæóÓóÉö áöíõÖöáøó ÈöåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó¡ æóÇáúÎóäøóÇÓó åõæó ßóËöíÑõ ÇáÊøóÃóÎøõÑö æóÇáÑøõÌõæÚö Úóäú ÅöÖúáóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: ÎóäóÓó - ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö - íóÎúäõÓõ - ÈöÇáÖøóãøö - ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÃóÎøóÑó.
Ýóåõæó æóÓúæóÇÓñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÛóÝúáóÉö Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ ÎóäøóÇÓñ ÚöäúÏó ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÉõ «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ¡ æóÏóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóåõ áóíúÓó áóåõ ÓõáúØóÇäñ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóÊóæóßøóáõæäó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäõåõ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊóæóáøóæúäóåõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Èöåö ãõÔúÑößõæäó [16 \ 99 - 100] áöÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊóæóáøóæúäóåõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Èöåö ãõÔúÑößõæäó - ÛóÇÝöáõæäó Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ æóÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÞóíøóÖóåõ Çááøóåõ áóåõãú ÝóÃóÖóáøóåõãú.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÊóÞúíöíÖö ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö áöíõÖöáøõæåõãú¡ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÊóÄõÒøõåõãú ÃóÒøðÇ [19 \ 83] æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó ÃóÞúæóÇáó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÊóÄõÒøõåõãú ÃóÒøðÇ.
æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó. Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóæúãó íóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ íóÇãóÚúÔóÑó ÇáúÌöäøö ÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóßúËóÑúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓö [6 \ 128] Ãóíö ÇÓúÊóßúËóÑúÊõãú ãöäú ÅöÖúáóÇáö ÇáúÅöäúÓö Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÅöÎúæóÇäõåõãú íóãõÏøõæäóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÛóíøö Ëõãøó áóÇ íõÞúÕöÑõæäó [7 \ 202] .(7/27)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáúÛóæúÇ Ýöíåö áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÛúáöÈõæäó (26)
æóãöäúåóÇ ÃóíÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóãú ÃóÚúåóÏú Åöáóíúßõãú íóÇÈóäöí ÂÏóãó Ãóäú áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÖóáøó ãöäúßõãú ÌöÈöáøðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ [36 \ 60 - 62] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» : ÝóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúÞóÑöíäõ [43 \ 38] Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÞõÑóäóÇÁó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» æóÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ - ÌóÏöíÑöíäó ÈöÇáÐøóãøö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóäú íóßõäö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áóåõ ÞóÑöíäðÇ ÝóÓóÇÁó ÞóÑöíäðÇ [4 \ 38] áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÝóÓóÇÁó ÞóÑöíäðÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÝóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúÞóÑöíäõ ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäú «ÓóÇÁó» æó «ÈöÆúÓó» ÝöÚúáñ ÌóÇãöÏñ áöÅöäúÔóÇÁö ÇáÐøóãøö¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇÌúÚóáú ßóÈöÆúÓó ÓóÇÁó æóÇÌúÚóáú ÝöÚúáðÇ ... ãöäú Ðöí ËóáóÇËóÉò ßóäöÚúãó ãõÓúÌóáóÇ
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÖóáøóåõãú ÞõÑóäóÇÄõåõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö - íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú Úóáóì åõÏðì¡ Ýóåõãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáÖøóáóÇáö ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúåõÏóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõãú: æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÕõÏøõæäóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó [43 \ 37] æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóåõãõ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó [7] .
æóÈóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ãóäøóåõãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÇáÙøóäøö ÇáúÝóÇÓöÏö åõãú ÃóÎúÓóÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú åóáú äõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóåõãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÍúÓöäõæäó ÕõäúÚðÇ [18 \ 103 - 104] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» : æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö [43 \ 36] ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: ÚóÔóÇ - ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö - Úóäö ÇáÔøóíúÁö íóÚúÔõæ - ÈöÇáÖøóãøö - ÅöÐóÇ ÖóÚõÝó ÈóÕóÑõåõ Úóäú ÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó ÃóÚúãóì ÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ ÝóÈóÕöíÑóÊõåõ ÊóÖúÚõÝõ Úóäö ÇáöÇÓúÊöäóÇÑóÉö ÈöÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ æóÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó íõÞóíøöÖõ Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÞõÑóäóÇÁó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íÓ» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÞóÏú ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.õõ(7/28)
ÝóÅöäö ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÝóÇáøóÐöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó áóåõ ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÃóãõæäó (38)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÎõÐõæÇ ãóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇßõãú ÈöÞõæøóÉò æóÇÓúãóÚõæÇ [2 \ 93] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ ÊóÊóäóÒøóáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäõæÇ æóÃóÈúÔöÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßõäúÊõãú ÊõæÚóÏõæäó äóÍúäõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÄõßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÝöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóáóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ ÊóÔúÊóåöí ÃóäúÝõÓõßõãú æóáóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ ÊóÏøóÚõæäó äõÒõáðÇ ãöäú ÛóÝõæÑò ÑóÍöíãò.
ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöãøóÇ ÃóÚóÏøóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö áöáøóÐöíäö ÞóÇáõæÇ: (ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ) - ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÝö» : Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ ÝóáóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÌóÒóÇÁð ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [46 \ 13 - 14] áöÃóäøó ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁó ÇáúÎóæúÝö æóÇáúÍõÒúäö æóÇáúæóÚúÏö ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞö ÈöÇáúÎõáõæÏö Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÝö» åóÐöåö - íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÌóãöíÚó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇÏúÝóÚú ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäóåõ ÚóÏóÇæóÉñ ßóÃóäøóåõ æóáöíøñ Íóãöíãñ æóãóÇ íõáóÞøóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÕóÈóÑõæÇ æóãóÇ íõáóÞøóÇåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ðõæ ÍóÙøò ÚóÙöíãò æóÅöãøóÇ íóäúÒóÛóäøóßó ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö äóÒúÛñ ÝóÇÓúÊóÚöÐú ÈöÇááøóåö Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ.
ÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÎõÐö ÇáúÚóÝúæó æóÃúãõÑú ÈöÇáúÚõÑúÝö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö Åöäøóåõ ÓóãöíÚñ Úóáöíãñ [7 \ 199 - 200] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Çááøóíúáõ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÂíóÊóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 12] æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÇ ÊóÓúÌõÏõæÇ áöáÔøóãúÓö æóáóÇ áöáúÞóãóÑö ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 37] .
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóáøóÇ íóÓúÌõÏõæÇ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí íõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúÎóÈúÁó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 25] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäö ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÝóÇáøóÐöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó áóåõ ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÃóãõæäó.(7/29)
æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ãóäøóßó ÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÎóÇÔöÚóÉð ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÇåúÊóÒøóÊú æóÑóÈóÊú Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúíóÇåóÇ áóãõÍúíö ÇáúãóæúÊóì Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ (39)
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäö ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ¡ Ãóíú ÝóÅöäú ÊóßóÈøóÑó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Úóäú ÊóæúÍöíÏö Çááøóåö æóÇáÓøõÌõæÏö áóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÅöÎúáóÇÕö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áóåõ (ÝóÇáøóÐöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó) æóåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ (íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó áóåõ ÈöÇááøóíúáö) Ãóíú íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåõ æóíõäóÒøöåõæäóåõ ÏóÇÆöãðÇ áóíúáðÇ æóäóåóÇÑðÇ (æóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÃóãõæäó) Ãóíú áóÇ íóãóáøõæäó ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåöãú ; áöÇÓúÊöáúÐóÇÐöåöãú áóåóÇ æóÍóáóÇæóÊöåóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú¡ ãóÚó ÎóæúÝöåöãú ãöäúåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíõÓóÈøöÍõ ÇáÑøóÚúÏõ ÈöÍóãúÏöåö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ãöäú ÎöíÝóÊöåö [13 \ 13] .
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» Úóáóì ÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Åöäú ßóÝóÑó Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõ ÎóáúÞöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÂÎóÑó ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö íõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö æóíõØöíÚõæäóåõ ßóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí¡ æóíõáóÇÒöãõæäó ØóÇÚóÊóåõ ÏóÇÆöãðÇ ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó Çááøóåó æóíõØöíÚõæäóåõ ÏóÇÆöãðÇ áóÇ íóÝúÊõÑõæäó Úóäú Ðóáößó.
æóåóÐóÇäö ÇáúÃóãúÑóÇäö ÇááøóÐóÇäö ÏóáøóÊú ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ - ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöäú íóßúÝõÑú ÈöåóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÝóÞóÏú æóßøóáúäóÇ ÈöåóÇ ÞóæúãðÇ áóíúÓõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÈößóÇÝöÑöíäó [6 \ 89] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåõãóÇ: ÝóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» : æóáóåõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóäú ÚöäúÏóåõ áóÇ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÍúÓöÑõæäó íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó áóÇ íóÝúÊõÑõæäó [21 \ 19 - 20] æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂÎöÑö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö æóíõÓóÈøöÍõæäóåõ æóáóåõ íóÓúÌõÏõæäó [7 \ 206] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÃóãõæäó Ãóíú áóÇ íóãóáøõæäó¡ æóÇáÓøóÂãóÉõ: Çáúãóáóáõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÒõåóíúÑò:
ÓóÆöãúÊõ ÊóßóÇáöíÝó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóãóäú íóÚöÔú ... ËóãóÇäöíäó ÍóæúáðÇ áóÇ ÃóÈóÇ áóßó íóÓúÃóãõ
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ãóäøóßó ÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÎóÇÔöÚóÉð ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÇåúÊóÒøóÊú æóÑóÈóÊú.
åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãóÚó ãóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøóõõ(7/30)
ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóáöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú ÃóÓóÇÁó ÝóÚóáóíúåóÇ æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö (46)
Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäõ ÇáúÞóÇØöÚõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãóÚóåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí íóßúËõÑõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóåöíó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÈóÑóÇåöíäó ÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉò.
ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ¡ æóÃóÍóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÝóãóäú íõáúÞóì Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú ãóäú íóÃúÊöí ÂãöäðÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö ãóÚó ãóÇ íõãóÇËöáõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú ÃóÐóáößó ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú ÌóäøóÉõ ÇáúÎõáúÏö ÇáúÂíóÉó [15 \ 15] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú åõæó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ åõÏðì æóÔöÝóÇÁñ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [2 \ 2] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóäõäóÒøöáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÇ åõæó ÔöÝóÇÁñ æóÑóÍúãóÉñ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 82] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóáöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú ÃóÓóÇÁó ÝóÚóáóíúåóÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú ÃóÍúÓóäúÊõãú ÃóÍúÓóäúÊõãú áöÃóäúÝõÓößõãú æóÅöäú ÃóÓóÃúÊõãú ÝóáóåóÇ [41 \ 7] æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú ÔóßóÑó ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÔúßõÑõ áöäóÝúÓöåö [27 \ 40] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö.
ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ßóæúäöåö áóíúÓó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö - ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíßõãú æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóíúÓó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÚóåöÏó ÅöáóíúäóÇ [3 \ 182] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíßõãú æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóíúÓó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö ßóÏóÃúÈö Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó [8 \ 51 - 52] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÌøö» : Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇßó æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóíúÓó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏõ Çááøóåó ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 10 - 11] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Þ» : ãóÇ íõÈóÏøóáõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ áóÏóíøó æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö [50 \ 29] .
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÓõÄóÇáñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó (ÙóáøóÇãò) ÝöíåóÇ ÕöíÛóÉõ ãõÈóÇáöÛóÉò¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ(7/31)
Ãóäøó äóÝúíó ÇáúãõÈóÇáöÛóÉö áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ äóÝúíó ÇáúÝöÚúáö ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö.
ÝóÞóæúáõßõ ãóËóáðÇ: ÒöíÏñ áóíúÓó ÈöÞóÊøóÇáò áöáÑøöÌóÇáö - áóÇ íóäúÝöí ÅöáøóÇ ãõÈóÇáóÛóÊóåõ Ýöí ÞóÊúáöåöãú¡ ÝóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ãóäøóåõ ÑõÈøóãóÇ ÞóÊóáó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöäóÝúíö ÇáúãõÈóÇáöÛóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö - åõæó äóÝúíõ ÇáÙøõáúãö ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö.
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó äóÝúíó ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö äóÝúíõ ÇáÙøõáúãö ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö.
æóäóÝúíõ ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö ÅöÐóÇ ÏóáøóÊú ÃóÏöáøóÉñ ãõäúÝóÕöáóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÑóÇÏó Èöåö äóÝúíõ ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó áöÞöíóÇãö ÇáÏøóáöíáö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò æóÅöäú Êóßõ ÍóÓóäóÉð íõÖóÇÚöÝúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 40] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóßöäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú íóÙúáöãõæäó [10 \ 44] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÑóÈøõßó ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 49] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóäóÖóÚõ ÇáúãóæóÇÒöíäó ÇáúÞöÓúØó áöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÝóáóÇ ÊõÙúáóãõ äóÝúÓñ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 47] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» æó «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» .
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - äóÝóì Ùõáúãóåõ áöáúÚóÈöíÏö¡ æóÇáúÚóÈöíÏõ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö¡ æóÇáÙøõáúãõ ÇáúãóäúÝöíøõ Úóäúåõãú ÊóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ßóËúÑóÊõåõãú ßóËúÑóÊóåõ¡ ÝóäóÇÓóÈó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö áöáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ßóËúÑóÉö ÇáúãóäúÝöíøö ÇáÊøóÇÈöÚóÉö áößóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÚóÈöíÏö ÇáúãóäúÝöíøö Úóäúåõãõ ÇáÙøõáúãõ¡ ÅöÐú áóæú æóÞóÚó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÚóÈúÏò Ùõáúãñ¡ æóáóæú ÞóáöíáðÇ¡ ßóÇäó ãóÌúãõæÚõ Ðóáößó ÇáÙøõáúãö Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ ÇÊøöÌóÇåó ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÐóáößó äóÝúíõ ÃóÕúáö ÇáÙøõáúãö Úóäú ßõáøö ÚóÈúÏò ãöäú ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÚóÈöíÏö¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ãóäú íóÙúáöãó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäóÊúåõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «íóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏöí¡ Åöäøöí ÍóÑøóãúÊõ ÇáÙøõáúãó Úóáóì äóÝúÓöí» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓóæøöÛó áöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö Ãóäøó ÚóÐóÇÈóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈóÇáöÛñ ãöäó ÇáúÚöÙóãö æóÇáÔøöÏøóÉö Ãóäøóåõ áóæúáóÇ ÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞõ ÇáúãõÚóÐøóÈöíäó áöÐóáößó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú æóãóÚóÇÕöíåöãú - áóßóÇäó ãõÚóÐøöÈõåõãú Èöåö ÙóáøóÇãðÇ ÈóáöíÛó(7/32)
ÇáÙøõáúãö ãõÊóÝóÇÞöãóåõ¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÈúáóåõ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõãóÇ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» .
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö æóÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáäøóÝúíö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö äóÝúíõ äöÓúÈóÉö ÇáÙøõáúãö Åöáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøó ÕöíÛóÉó ÝóÚøóÇáò ÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÈöåóÇ ÇáäøöÓúÈóÉõ¡ ÝóÊõÛúäöí Úóäú íóÇÁö ÇáäøóÓóÈö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóãóÚó ÝóÇÚöáò æóÝóÚøóÇáò ÝóÚöáó ... Ýöí äóÓóÈò ÃóÛúäóì Úóäö ÇáúíóÇ ÝóÞõÈöáú
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ãóäøó ÇáÕøöíóÛó ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöíåö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÝóÇÚöáñ ßóÙóÇáöãò æóÝóÚøóÇáñ ßóÙóáøóÇãò æóÝóÚöáñ ßóÝóÑöÍò - ßõáøñ ãöäúåóÇ ÞóÏú ÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÈöåóÇ ÇáäøöÓúÈóÉõ¡ ÝóíõÓúÊóÛúäóì ÈöåóÇ Úóäú íóÇÁö ÇáäøóÓóÈö¡ æóãöËóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÝóÇÚöáò Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍõØóíúÆóÉö Ýöí åóÌúæöåö ÇáÒøöÈúÑöÞóÇäö Èúäö ÈóÏúÑò ÇáÊøóãöíãöíøö:
ÏóÚö ÇáúãóßóÇÑöãó áóÇ ÊóÑúÍóáú áöÈõÛúíóÊöåóÇ ... æóÇÞúÚõÏú ÝóÅöäøóßó ÃóäúÊó ÇáØøóÇÚöãõ ÇáúßóÇÓö
ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáØøóÇÚöãõ ÇáúßóÇÓöí - ÇáäøöÓúÈóÉõ¡ Ãóíú Ðõæ ØóÚóÇãò æóßõÓúæóÉò. æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö - æóåõæó ãöäú ÔóæóÇåöÏö ÓöíÈóæóíúåö -:
æóÛóÑóÑúÊóäöí æóÒóÚóãúÊó Ãóäøóßó ... áóÇÈöäñ Ýöí ÇáÕøóíúÝö ÊóÇãöÑú
Ãóíú Ðõæ áóÈóäò æóÐõæ ÊóãúÑò. æóÞóæúáõ äóÇÈöÛóÉö ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
ßöáöíäöí áóåõãú íóÇ ÃõãóíúãóÉõ äóÇÕöÈö ... æóáóíúáò ÃõÞóÇÓöíåö ÈóØöíÁö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: «äóÇÕöÈö» ¡ Ãóíú Ðõæ äóÕóÈò. æóãöËóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÝóÚøóÇáò Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
æóáóíúÓó ÈöÐöí ÑõãúÍò ÝóíóØúÚóäõäöí Èöåö ... æóáóíúÓó ÈöÐöí ÓóíúÝò æóáóíúÓó ÈöäóÈøóÇáö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóíúÓó ÈöäóÈøóÇáò¡ Ãóíú áóíúÓó ÈöÐöí äóÈúáò¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÞóÈúáóåõ: æóáóíúÓó ÈöÐöí ÑõãúÍò¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöÐöí ÓóíúÝò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃõÔúãõæäöíøõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÔúåóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö: ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÕóäøóÝõ - íóÚúäöí ÇÈúäó ãóÇáößò -: æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ Íóãóáó ÇáúãõÍóÞøöÞõæäó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö Ãóíú ÈöÐöí Ùõáúãò. ÇåÜ.õõ(7/33)
æóÖóáøó Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÙóäøõæÇ ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ãóÍöíÕò (48)
æóãóÇ ÚóÒóÇåõ áöÇÈúäö ãóÇáößò ÌóÒóãó Èöåö ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó æóÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ æóãöËóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÝóÚöáò Þóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö - æóåõæó ãöäú ÔóæóÇåöÏö ÓöíÈóæóíúåö -:
áóíúÓó Èöáóíúáöí æóáóßöäøöí äóåöÑñ ... áóÇ ÃóÏúáõÌõ Çááøóíúáó æóáóßöäú ÃóÈúÊóßöÑú
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: äóåöÑñ ÈöãóÚúäóì äóåóÇÑöíøò¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÙøõáúãö ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöáóíúåö íõÑóÏøõ Úöáúãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö.
ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì äóÍúæöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÚöáúãõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöí áóÇ íõÌóáøöíåóÇ áöæóÞúÊöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó [7 \ 187] . æóÝöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ÚöäúÏó Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó [6 \ 59] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ãöäú ÃõäúËóì æóáóÇ ÊóÖóÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÚöáúãöåö.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ßõáøõ ÃõäúËóì æóãóÇ ÊóÛöíÖõ ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãõ æóãóÇ ÊóÒúÏóÇÏõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 8] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÙóäøõæÇ ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ãóÍöíÕò.
ÇáÙøóäøõ åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÇíóäõæÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó¡ æóÔóÇåóÏõæÇ ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞó - ÚóáöãõæÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö Ãóäøóåõãú áóíúÓó áóåõãú ãöäú ãóÍöíÕò¡ Ãóíú áóíúÓó áóåõãú ãóÝóÑøñ æóáóÇ ãóáúÌóÃñ.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÍöíÕó ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãöíãöíøñ¡ ãöäú ÍóÇÕó íóÍöíÕõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÍóÇÏó æóÚóÏóáó æóåóÑóÈó.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÙøóäøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö æóÇáúÚöáúãö - åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - ; áöÃóäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÊóäúßóÔöÝõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞõ¡ ÝóíóÍúÕõáõ áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÈöåóÇ áóÇ íõÎóÇáöÌõåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó Ôóßøñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõãú íóÞõæáõæäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö: ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÈúÕóÑúäóÇ æóÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÝóÇÑúÌöÚúäóÇ äóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãõæÞöäõæäó [32 \ 12] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÓúãöÚú Èöåöãú æóÃóÈúÕöÑú íóæúãó íóÃúÊõæäóäóÇ [19 \ 38] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúßó ÛöØóÇÁóßó ÝóÈóÕóÑõßó Çáúíóæúãó ÍóÏöíÏñ [50 \ 22] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐú æõÞöÝõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú ÞóÇáó ÃóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöäóÇ [6] . æóÞóÏúõõ(7/34)
æóáóÆöäú ÃóÐóÞúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÖóÑøóÇÁó ãóÓøóÊúåõ áóíóÞõæáóäøó åóÐóÇ áöí æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð æóáóÆöäú ÑõÌöÚúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí Åöäøó áöí ÚöäúÏóåõ áóáúÍõÓúäóì ÝóáóäõäóÈøöÆóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ æóáóäõÐöíÞóäøóåõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈò ÛóáöíÙò (50)
ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Èóáö ÇÏøóÇÑóßó Úöáúãõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö [27 \ 66] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáÙøóäøó íõØúáóÞõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóíóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ÇáÔøóßøõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö æóÅöäøó ÇáÙøóäøó áóÇ íõÛúäöí ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö ÔóíúÆðÇ [53 \ 28] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: Åöäú äóÙõäøõ ÅöáøóÇ ÙóäøðÇ æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãõÓúÊóíúÞöäöíäó [45 \ 32] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: åõæó ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáÙøóäøö ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÇáúÚöáúãõ æóÇáúíóÞöíäõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõäóÇ: æóÙóäøõæÇ ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ãóÍöíÕò [41 \ 48] Ãóíú ÃóíúÞóäõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú áóíúÓó áóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóÍöíÕñ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ ãóÝóÑøó æóáóÇ ãóåúÑóÈó áóåõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö ÑóÈøöåöãú¡ æóãöäúåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÑóÃóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ÇáäøóÇÑó ÝóÙóäøõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõæóÇÞöÚõæåóÇ [18 \ 53] Ãóíú ÃóíúÞóäõæÇ Ðóáößó æóÚóáöãõæåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃóäøóåõãú Åöáóíúåö ÑóÇÌöÚõæäó [2 \ 46] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ Çááøóåö ßóãú ãöäú ÝöÆóÉò ÞóáöíáóÉò ÛóáóÈóÊú ÝöÆóÉð ßóËöíÑóÉð ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö [2 \ 249] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ åóÇÄõãõ ÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ßöÊóÇÈöíóåú Åöäøöí ÙóäóäúÊõ Ãóäøöí ãõáóÇÞò ÍöÓóÇÈöíóåú [69 \ 19 - 20] . ÝóÇáÙøóäøõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ßõáøöåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÏõÑóíúÏö Èúäö ÇáÕøöãøóÉö:
ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõãú ÙõäøõæÇ ÈöÃóáúÝóíú ãõÏóÌøóÌò ... ÓõÑóÇÊõåõãõ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøö ÇáúãõÓóÑøóÏö
æóÞóæúáõ ÚóãöíÑóÉó Èúäö ØóÇÑöÞò:
ÈöÃóäú ÊóÛúÊóÒõæÇ Þóæúãöí æóÃóÞúÚõÏó Ýöíßõãõ ... æóÃóÌúÚóáó ãöäøöí ÇáÙøóäøó ÛóíúÈðÇ ãõÑóÌøóãóÇ
æóÇáÙøóäøõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáúÞóáúÈöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Þóæúáõåõ: æóÙóäøõæÇ ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ãóÍöíÕò ãõÚóáøöÞñ Úóäö ÇáúÚóãóáö Ýöí ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáóíúäö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøóÝúíö ÈöáóÝúÙóÉö (ãóÇ) Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ãóÍöíÕò ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇáúÊóÒöãö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞó ÞóÈúáó äóÝúíö «ãóÇ
»
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÆöäú ÃóÐóÞúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÖóÑøóÇÁó ãóÓøóÊúåõ áóíóÞõæáóäøó åóÐóÇ áöí æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð æóáóÆöäú ÑõÌöÚúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí Åöäøó áöí ÚöäúÏóåõ áóáúÍõÓúäóì.õõ(7/35)
ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõãú Ýöí ãöÑúíóÉò ãöäú áöÞóÇÁö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãõÍöíØñ (54)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÆöäú ÑõÏöÏúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí áóÃóÌöÏóäøó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãõäúÞóáóÈðÇ [18 \ 36] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÚóãúäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÃóÚúÑóÖó æóäóÃóì ÈöÌóÇäöÈöåö æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÝóÐõæ ÏõÚóÇÁò ÚóÑöíÖò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ æóÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉó ÇáúãõæóÇÝöÞóÉö áóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÇáÖøõÑøõ ÏóÚóÇäóÇ áöÌóäúÈöåö Ãóæú ÞóÇÚöÏðÇ Ãóæú ÞóÇÆöãðÇ ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúåõ ÖõÑøóåõ ãóÑøó ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÏúÚõäóÇ Åöáóì ÖõÑøò ãóÓøóåõ [10 \ 12] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÓóäõÑöíåöãú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÝóÇÞö æóÝöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑöíßõãú ÂíóÇÊöåö æóíõäóÒøöáõ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÑöÒúÞðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõãú Ýöí ãöÑúíóÉò ãöäú áöÞóÇÁö ÑóÈøöåöãú.
ÇáúãöÑúíóÉõ: ÇáÔøóßøõ. æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ôóßøö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö - ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ¡ æóáöãóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÎõáõæÏö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Èóáú ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöãóäú ßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÓóÚöíÑðÇ [25 \ 11] .(7/36)
Íã (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÔøõæÑóì Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Íã ÚÓÞ ßóÐóáößó íõæÍöí Åöáóíúßó æóÅöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» .
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ßóÐóáößó íõæÍöí Åöáóíúßó Ãóíú ãöËúáó Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ Ãóæú ãöËúáó Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö íõæÍöí Åöáóíúßó æóÅöáóì ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãöäú ÞóÈöáóßó Çááøóåõ.
íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÞóÏú ÃóæúÍóì Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúßó ãöËúáóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøõæóÑö¡ æóÃóæúÍóÇåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó Åöáóì ÑõÓõáöåö¡ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ßóÑøóÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöíó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÝöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö¡ áöãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö ÇáúÈóáöíÛö¡ æóÇááøõØúÝö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó. ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
æóÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãöåö Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ßóÐóáößó íõæÍöí) ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúãõæÍóì ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö.
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑöíøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÅöíÍóÇÁõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÅöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó áóãú íõÕóÑøöÍú åõäóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞóÈúáöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÃóÓúãóÇÁó ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÝöíåóÇ Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖóåõãú áóãú íóÞúÕõÕú ÎóÈóÑóåõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú æóÃóÑúÓóáóåõãú áöÞóØúÚö ÍõÌóÌö ÇáúÎóáúÞö Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóì äõæÍò æóÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö æóÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó æóÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇØö æóÚöíÓóì æóÃóíøõæÈó æóíõæäõÓó æóåóÇÑõæäó æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó æóÂÊóíúäóÇ ÏóÇæõÏó ÒóÈõæÑðÇ æóÑõÓõáðÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÕóÕúäóÇåõãú Úóáóíúßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÑõÓõáðÇ áóãú äóÞúÕõÕúåõãú Úóáóíúßó æóßóáøóãó Çááøóåõ ãõæÓóì ÊóßúáöíãðÇ ÑõÓõáðÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó áöÆóáøóÇ íóßõæäó áöáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÍõÌøóÉñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒöíÒðÇ ÍóßöíãðÇ(7/37)
áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóåõæó ÇáúÚóáöíøõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ (4)
[4 \ 163 - 165] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö ÐóßóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöíåö ÇáËøóäóÇÁó Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÇÓúãöåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö æóÇÓúãöåö ÇáúÍóßöíãö ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑöåö ÅöäúÒóÇáóåõ æóÍúíóåõ Úóáóì ÃóäúÈöíóÇÆöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö: æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒöíÒðÇ ÍóßöíãðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑöåö ÅöíÍóÇÁóåõ Åöáóì ÑõÓõáöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» Ãóäøó ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÞóÏú Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÅöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÊóäúÒöíáóåõ áößöÊóÇÈöåö ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈóÚúÖó ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ÇáúÍõÓúäóì æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö ÇáúÚõáúíóÇ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÛóíúÑó ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò: (íõæÍöí) ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÍóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö åóÐöåö ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: (Çááøóåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÍóßöíãö) - ÝóÇÚöáõ íõæÍöí.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò (íõæÍóì Åöáóíúßó) ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÍóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: (Çááøóåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ) ÝóÇÚöáõ ÝöÚúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ íõæÍóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÛõÏõæøö æóÇáúÂÕóÇáö ÑöÌóÇáñ [24 \ 36 - 37] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚóÇäöíó ÇáúæóÍúíö ãóÚó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóæúÍóì ÑóÈøõßó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÍúáö [16 \ 68] æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóåõæó ÇáúÚóáöíøõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ.
æóÕóÝó äóÝúÓóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÇáúÚõáõæøö æóÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö¡ æóåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö [7 \ 54] .
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú æóÕúÝöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - äóÝúÓóåõ ÈöåóÇÊóíúäö ÇáÕøöÝóÊóíúäö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚóÊóíúäö ÇáúãõÊóÖóãøöäóÊóíúäö áößõáøö ßóãóÇáò æóÌóáóÇáò - ÌóÇÁó ãöËúáõåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íóÆõæÏõåõ ÍöÝúÙõåõãóÇ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóáöíøõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ [2 \ 255] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÚóáöíøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [4 \ 34] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ ÇáúãõÊóÚóÇáö [13 \ 9] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóåõ ÇáúßöÈúÑöíóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [45 \ 37] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(7/38)
ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöäøó æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäó áöãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ (5)
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöäøó æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäó áöãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÛóíúÑó äóÇÝöÚò æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö (ÊóßóÇÏõ) ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö ÇáúÝóæúÞöíøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ãõÄóäøóËóÉñ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ (íóßóÇÏõ) ÈöÇáúíóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÍúÊöíøóÉö áöÃóäøó ÊóÃúäöíËó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÛóíúÑõ ÍóÞöíÞöíøò.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÛóíúÑó ÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóÔõÚúÈóÉó Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò (íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó) ÈöÊóÇÁò ãõËóäøóÇÉò ÝóæúÞöíøóÉò ãóÝúÊõæÍóÉò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúíóÇÁö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáØøóÇÁö ÇáúãõÔóÏøóÏóÉö¡ ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ÊóÝóØøóÑó¡ Ãóíú ÊóÔóÞøóÞõ.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÔõÚúÈóÉõ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò (íóäúÝóØöÑúäó) Èöäõæäò ÓóÇßöäóÉò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúíóÇÁö æóßóÓúÑö ÇáØøóÇÁö ÇáúãõÎóÝøóÝóÉö¡ ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ÇäúÝóØóÑóÊú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöÐóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÇäúÝóØóÑóÊú [82 \ 1] Ãóíö ÇäúÔóÞøóÊú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÊóßóÇÏõ¡ ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ßóÇÏó¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÝöÚúáõ ãõÞóÇÑóÈóÉò¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÅö æóÇáúÎóÈóÑö¡ æóãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåóÇ ÝöÚúáó ãõÞóÇÑóÈóÉò¡ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÞõÑúÈö ÇÊøöÕóÇÝö ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÅö ÈöÇáúÎóÈóÑö.
æÅÐðÇ¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÞóÇÑóÈóÊú Ãóäú ÊóÊøóÕöÝó ÈöÇáÊøóÝóØøõÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÇáöÇäúÝöØóÇÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ãõÞóÇÑóÈóÉö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö áöáÊøóÝóØøõÑö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö - Ýöíåö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö æóÌúåóÇäö ßöáóÇåõãóÇ íóÏõáøõ áóåõ ÞõÑúÂäñ: ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑõäøó ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóåöíÈóÉð æóÅöÌúáóÇáðÇ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÞóÈúáóåõ: æóåõæó ÇáúÚóáöíøõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ [42 \ 4] ; áöÃóäøó Úõáõæøóåõ æóÚóÙóãóÊóåõ ÓóÈøóÈó áöáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö Ðóáößó ÇáúÎóæúÝó æóÇáúåóíúÈóÉó æóÇáúÅöÌúáóÇáó¡ ÍóÊøóì ßóÇÏóÊú ÊóÊóÝóØøóÑõ.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäó áöãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãõäóÇÓóÈóÊõåõ áöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ æóÇÖöÍóÉñ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÎóæúÝö ãöäúåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - æóÇáúåóíúÈóÉö æóÇáúÅöÌúáóÇáö áóåõ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÓõßøóÇäõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ Ýóåõãú (íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú) Ãóíú íõäóÒøöåõæäóåõ Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö ãóÚó ÅöËúÈóÇÊöåöãú áóåõ ßõáøó ßóãóÇáò æóÌóáóÇáò¡ ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäúåõ æóåöíÈóÉð æóÅöÌúáóÇáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíõÓóÈøöÍõ ÇáÑøóÚúÏõ ÈöÍóãúÏöåö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ãöäú ÎöíÝóÊöåö [13 \ 13] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáöáøóåö íóÓúÌõÏõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó íóÎóÇÝõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú æóíóÝúÚóáõæäó ãóÇ íõÄúãóÑõæäó [16 \ 49 - 50] .(7/39)
Ýóåõãú áöÔöÏøóÉö ÎóæúÝöåöãú ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÅöÌúáóÇáöåöãú áóåõ íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú¡ æóíóÎóÇÝõæäó Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóáöÐóÇ íóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäó áóåõãú ÎóæúÝðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÓóÎóØö Çááøóåö æóÚöÞóÇÈöåö¡ æóíõÓúÊóÃúäóÓõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóÇ ÚóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ [33 \ 72] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÔúÝóÇÞó ÇáúÎóæúÝõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäó áöãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÚúäöí áöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãöäúåõãú æóÊóÇÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ÓóÈöíáóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÍúãöáõæäó ÇáúÚóÑúÔó æóãóäú Íóæúáóåõ íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóíõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [40 \ 7] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ - íõæóÖøöÍõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: áöãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. \ 5 æóíóÒöíÏõ Ðóáößó ÅöíÖóÇÍðÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõãú íóÞõæáõæäó Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑöåöãú áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó -: ÝóÇÛúÝöÑú áöáøóÐöíäó ÊóÇÈõæÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ÓóÈöíáóßó [40 \ 7] áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó íóÏõáøõ ÏóáóÇáóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑöåöãú áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÚöÙóãö ÇáúÝöÑúíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÝúÊóÑóÇåóÇ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Úóáóì ÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ãöäú ßóæúäöåö ÇÊøóÎóÐó æóáóÏðÇ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöÏøðÇ ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäúåõ æóÊóäúÔóÞøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÊóÎöÑøõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ åóÏøðÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÇ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏðÇ æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÑøóÍúãóäö Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ Åöäú ßõáøõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÂÊöí ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÚóÈúÏðÇ [19 \ 88 - 93] . ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ.
æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» åóÐöåö ÝöíåóÇ ÅöÌúãóÇáñ Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö ÊóÝóØøõÑö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ðóáößó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö. æóßöáóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö ÍóÞøñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöäøó Ýöíåö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÃóæúÌõåñ.
Þöíáó: (íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó) ¡ Ãóíö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ. (ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöäøó) Ãóíö ÇáúÃóÑóÖöíäó¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÈõÚúÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.(7/40)
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: (ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöäøó) ¡ Ãóíú ßõáøõ ÓóãóÇÁò ÊóÊóÝóØøóÑõ ÝóæúÞó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóáöíåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö: ÝóÅöäú ÞõáúÊó: áöãó ÞóÇáó: ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöäøó¿ ÞõáúÊõ: áöÃóäøó ÃóÚúÙóãó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóÃóÏõáøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóáóÇáö æóÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö ÝóæúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö¡ æóåöíó: ÇáúÚóÑúÔõ¡ æóÇáúßõÑúÓöíøõ¡ æóÕõÝõæÝõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇáúãõÑúÊóÌøóÉõ ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÓö Íóæúáó ÇáúÚóÑúÔö¡ æóãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ßõäúåóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ãöäú ÂËóÇÑö ãóáóßõæÊöåö ÇáúÚõÙúãóì¡ ÝóáöÐóáößó ÞóÇáó: íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöäøó Ãóíú íóÈúÊóÏöÆõ ÇáöÇäúÝöØóÇÑõ ãöäú ÌöåóÊöåöäøó ÇáúÝóæúÞóÇäöíøóÉö.
Ãóæú áöÃóäøó ßóáöãóÉó ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÌóÇÁóÊú ãöäó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÍúÊó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåöäøó ãöäó ÇáúÌöåóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÌóÇÁóÊú ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúßóáöãóÉõ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÈõæáöÛó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÌõÚöáóÊú ãõÄóËøöÑóÉð Ýöí æöÌúåóÉö ÇáúÝóæúÞö¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ Þöíáó: íóßóÏúäó íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöåóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÝóæúÞóåõäøó¡ ÏóÚö ÇáúÌöåóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÍúÊóåõäøó.
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö Þóæúáõåõ - ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó -: íõÕóÈøõ ãöäú ÝóæúÞö ÑõÁõæÓöåöãõ ÇáúÍóãöíãõ íõÕúåóÑõ Èöåö ãóÇ Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåöãú ÝóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÍóãöíãó ãõÄóËøöÑðÇ Ýöí ÃóÌúÒóÇÆöåöãõ ÇáúÈóÇØöäóÉö. ÇåÜ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÊóãóÔøóì Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÇáÊøóÝóØøõÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö åõæó ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÄõåõãú Úóáóì Çááøóåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãõ: ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ [19 \ 88] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÂäöÝðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÓõæÑóÉõ «ãóÑúíóãó» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóãõäóÇÓöÈóÉõ Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú áöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ - Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó æóÅöäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÚúÙóãó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÃóÔúäóÚóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÈöÎöáóÇÝöåöãú¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íõÏóÇæöãõæäó ÐößúÑó Çááøóåö æóØóÇÚóÊóåõ.
æóíõæóÖøöÍõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäö ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÝóÇáøóÐöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó áóåõ ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÃóãõæäó [41 \ 38] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäú íóßúÝõÑú ÈöåóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÝóÞóÏú æóßøóáúäóÇ ÈöåóÇ ÞóæúãðÇ áóíúÓõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÈößóÇÝöÑöíäó [6 \ 89] . ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ.
ÃóßøóÏó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÝöíåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ åõæó æóÍúÏóåõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÐóáößó.(7/41)
æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÍóÝöíÙñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú Èöæóßöíáò (6)
æóåóÐóÇäö ÇáúÃóãúÑóÇäö ÇááøóÐóÇäö ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ - ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÇ ãõæóÖøóÍóíúäö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕõåõ åõæó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÈöÛõÝúÑóÇäö ÇáÐøõäõæÈö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ [3 \ 135] . æóÇáúãóÚúäóì áóÇ íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö «ÑóÈøö Åöäøöí ÙóáóãúÊõ äóÝúÓöí ÙõáúãðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäúÊó» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÓóíøöÏö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö: «Çááøóåõãøó ÃóäúÊó ÑóÈøöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÎóáóÞúÊóäöí» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóÝöíåö «æóÃóÈõæÁõ ÈöÐóäúÈöí ÝóÇÛúÝöÑú áöí ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäúÊó» .
æóæóÌúåõ ÏóáóÇáóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó æóÍúÏóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó - åõæó Ãóäøó ÖóãöíÑó ÇáúÝóÕúáö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö æóÇáúãõÓúäóÏö Åöáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: åõæó ÊóæúßöíÏõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóßøóÏó Ðóáößó åõäóÇ ÈöÍóÑúÝö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúÊóÇÍö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó (ÃóáóÇ) ¡ æóÍóÑúÝö ÇáÊøóæúßöíÏö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó (Åöäøó) . æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó ÌóãöíÚðÇ Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [39 \ 53] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøöí áóÛóÝøóÇÑñ áöãóäú ÊóÇÈó æóÂãóäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [20 \ 82] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó æóÇÓöÚõ ÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉö [53 \ 32] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: Þõáú áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöäú íóäúÊóåõæÇ íõÛúÝóÑú áóåõãú ãóÇ ÞóÏú ÓóáóÝó [8 \ 38] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ËóÇáöËõ ËóáóÇËóÉò: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÊõæÈõæäó Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäóåõ æóÇááøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ [5 \ 74] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
ÝóäóÑúÌõæ Çááøóåó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÇáúßóÑöíãó ÇáÑøóÁõæÝó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑó ÇáÑøóÍöíãó - Ãóäú íóÛúÝöÑó áóäóÇ ÌóãöíÚó ÐõäõæÈöäóÇ¡ æóíóÊóÌóÇæóÒó Úóäú ÌóãöíÚö ÓóíøöÆóÇÊöäóÇ¡ æóíõÏúÎöáóäóÇ ÌóäøóÊóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäøóÇ¡ æóíóÛúÝöÑó áöÅöÎúæóÇäöäóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ Åöäøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÍóÝöíÙñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú Èöæóßöíáò.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæáöíóÇÁó. Ãóíú ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ ãóÚóåõ ÔõÑóßóÇÁó íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÍúßõãõ Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ãóÇ åõãú Ýöíåö íóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú åõæó ßóÇÐöÈñ [39 \ 3] .(7/42)
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÃóæúáöíóÇÄõåõãõ ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊõ íõÎúÑöÌõæäóåõãú ãöäó ÇáäøõæÑö Åöáóì ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö åõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó [2 \ 257] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóåõãõ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó [7] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóãóÇ Ðóáößõãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ íõÎóæøöÝõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁóåõ [3 \ 175] . Ãóíú íõÎóæøöÝõßõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁóåõ. æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÞóÇÊöáõæÇ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 76] .
æóÞóÏú æóÈøóÎóåõãú - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóáóì ÇÊøöÎóÇÐöåöãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäóåõ æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöí æóåõãú áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ÈöÆúÓó áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÈóÏóáðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÈöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ äóÇåöíðÇ Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãõÊøóÎóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßõãú ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÞóáöíáðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó [7 \ 3] .
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ãóäøó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæåõãú æóÚóÈóÏõæåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö äóæúÚóÇäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäõ¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú áöáÔøóíúØóÇäó ØóÇÚóÊõåõãú áóåõ ÝöíãóÇ íõÒóíøöäõ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ ÝóÔöÑúßõåõãú Èöåö ÔöÑúßõ ØóÇÚóÉò¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú áöáÔøóíóÇØöíäö ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóãú ÃóÚúåóÏú Åöáóíúßõãú íóÇÈóäöí ÂÏóãó Ãóäú áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 60] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 44] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóÅöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ ãóÑöíÏðÇ [4 \ 117] ¡ Ãóíú æóãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ ãóÑöíÏðÇ. æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ÃóäúÊó æóáöíøõäóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåöãú Èóáú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÇáúÌöäøó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú Èöåöãú ãõÄúãöäõæäó [34 \ 41] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäõåõ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊóæóáøóæúäóåõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Èöåö ãõÔúÑößõæäó [16 \ 100] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - æóÅöäøó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó áóíõæÍõæäó Åöáóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåöãú áöíõÌóÇÏöáõæßõãú æóÅöäú ÃóØóÚúÊõãõæåõãú Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó [6 \ 121] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáäøóæúÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: åõæó ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäõ¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 3] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Çááøóåõ ÍóÝöíÙñ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Ãóíú ÑóÞöíÈñ Úóáóíúåöãú ÍóÇÝóÙñ(7/43)
æóßóÐóáößó ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ áöÊõäúÐöÑó Ãõãøó ÇáúÞõÑóì æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ æóÊõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö (7)
Úóáóíúåöãú ßõáøó ãóÇ íóÚúãóáõæäóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ æóÝöí Ãóæøóáöåö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõãõ ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁó íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóåúÏöíÏñ ÚóÙöíãñ áößõáøö ãõÔúÑößò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú Èöæóßöíáò.
Ãóíú áóÓúÊó íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èöãõæóßøóáò Úóáóíúåöãú ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÔöÆúÊó åöÏóÇíóÊóåõ ãöäúåõãú¡ Èóáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó äóÐöíÑñ ÝóÍóÓúÈõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóáøóÛúÊó æóäóÕóÍúÊó.
æóÇáúæóßöíáõ Úóáóíúåöãú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí íóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóíõÖöáøõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó äóÐöíÑñ æóÇááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóßöíáñ [11 \ 12] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó áóÂãóäó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßõáøõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõßúÑöåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäõæÇ ãõÄúãöäöíäó æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöäóÝúÓò Ãóäú ÊõÄúãöäó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóíóÌúÚóáõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó [10 \ 99 - 100] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ßóÈõÑó Úóáóíúßó ÅöÚúÑóÇÖõåõãú ÝóÅöäö ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊó Ãóäú ÊóÈúÊóÛöíó äóÝóÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóæú ÓõáøóãðÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÈöÂíóÉò æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áóÌóãóÚóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíäó [6 \ 35] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú Èöæóßöíáò¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÑóì ãóÌúÑóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áóíúÓó ãóäúÓõæÎðÇ ÈöÂíóÉö ÇáÓøóíúÝö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóßóÐóáößó ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áöÊóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõäúÐöÑöíäó ÈöáöÓóÇäò ÚóÑóÈöíøò ãõÈöíäò [26 \ 194 - 195] . æóÝöí «ÇáúãõÄúãöäö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞõÑúÁóÇäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ ÛóíúÑó Ðöí ÚöæóÌò [39 \ 28] . æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áöÊõäÐöÑó Ãõãøó ÇáúÞõÑóì æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ.
ÎóÕøó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÅöäúÐóÇÑóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÃõãøö ÇáúÞõÑóì æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÃõãøö ÇáúÞõÑóì ãóßøóÉõ - ÍóÑóÓóåóÇ Çááøóåõ -.
æóáóßöäøóåõ ÃóæúÖóÍó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÅöäúÐóÇÑóåõ ÚóÇãøñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáËøóÞóáóíúäö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ [7 \ 158] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí äóÒøóáó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö áöíóßõæäó áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó äóÐöíÑðÇ [25 \ 1] .(7/44)
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇÝøóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 28] . ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Úóäú ÊóÎúÕöíÕö Ãõãøö ÇáúÞõÑóì æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ åõäóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáöÊõäúÐöÑó Ãõãøó ÇáúÞõÑóì æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö íõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 92] . Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» ÝóÞõáúäóÇ Ýöíåö: æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ ÔóÇãöáñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ßóãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóÇ áóæú ÓóáøóãúäóÇ ÊóÓúáöíãðÇ ÌóÏóáöíøðÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ áóÇ íóÊóäóÇæóáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóÑöíÈó ãöäú ãóßøóÉó ÇáúãõßóÑøóãóÉö - ÍóÑóÓóåóÇ Çááøóåõ - ßóÌóÒöíÑóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãóËóáðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÃõÎóÑó¡ äóÕøóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö áöíóßõæäó áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó äóÐöíÑðÇ [25 \ 1] . æóÐößúÑõ ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÈöÍõßúãö ÇáúÚóÇãøö - áóÇ íõÎóÕøöÕõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóáóãú íõÎóÇáöÝú Ýöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ðóáößó æóÇÖöÍðÇ ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» ¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ßóÞóæúáöåö æóÃóäúÐöÑú ÚóÔöíÑóÊóßó ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó [26 \ 214] ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÅöäúÐóÇÑö ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö [42 \ 7] .
ÊóÖóãøóäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ãöäú Íõßúãö ÅöíÍóÇÆöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Åöáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøó - ÅöäúÐóÇÑó íóæúãö ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö ãóÚúØõæÝñ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: áöÊõäúÐöÑó Ãõãøó ÇáúÞõÑóì Ãóíú áöÃóÌúáö Ãóäú ÊõäúÐöÑó Ãõãøó ÇáúÞõÑóì æóÃóäú ÊõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ ÝóÍõÐöÝó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÃóÍóÏó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáóíúäö¡ æóÍõÐöÝó Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöí ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãóÇ ÃõËúÈöÊó Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÍõÐöÝó Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ ÝóÝöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÍõÐöÝó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ «áöÊõäúÐöÑó Ãõãøó ÇáúÞõÑóì» ¡ Ãóíú Ãóåúáó ãóßøóÉó «æóãóäú ÍóæúáóåóÇ» ¡ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ Åöäú áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ. æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇäöí ÍõÐöÝó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ Ãóíú æóÊõäúÐöÑó ÇáäøóÇÓó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö æóåõæó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ Ãóíú ÊõÎóæøöÝõåõãú ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóåúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúÌóÇáö; áöíóÓúÊóÚöÏøõæÇ áöÐóáößó Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.(7/45)
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö (áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö) ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí æõÞõæÚöåö.
æóåóÐóÇäö ÇáúÃóãúÑóÇäö ÇááøóÐóÇäö ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ - ÌóÇÁóÇ ãõæóÖøóÍóíúäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó.
ÃóãøóÇ ÊóÎúæöíÝõåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ íóæúãðÇ ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó Ýöíåö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 281] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäúÐöÑúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 18] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóßóíúÝó ÊóÊøóÞõæäó Åöäú ßóÝóÑúÊõãú íóæúãðÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúæöáúÏóÇäó ÔöíÈðÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ãõäúÝóØöÑñ Èöåö [73 \ 17 - 18] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóáóÇ íóÙõäøõ ÃõæáóÆößó Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÈúÚõæËõæäó áöíóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò íóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ áöÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [83 \ 4 - 6] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåõãóÇ: æóåõæó ßóæúäõ íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö (áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö) ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó áóíóÌúãóÚóäøóßõãú Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö [4 \ 87] . æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÌóãóÚúäóÇåõãú áöíóæúãò áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö [3 \ 25] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÂÊöíóÉñ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 7] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó Åöäøó æóÚúÏó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøñ æóÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ ÞõáúÊõãú ãóÇ äóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [45 \ 32] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ Óõãøöíó íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÌúãóÚõ Ýöíåö ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö. æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó áóãóÌúãõæÚõæäó Åöáóì ãöíÞóÇÊö íóæúãò ãóÚúáõæãò [56 \ 49 - 50] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åóÐóÇ íóæúãõ ÇáúÝóÕúáö ÌóãóÚúäóÇßõãú æóÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [77 \ 38] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó áóíóÌúãóÚóäøóßõãú Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 87] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóæúãó íóÌúãóÚõßõãú áöíóæúãö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ðóáößó íóæúãõ ÇáÊøóÛóÇÈõäö [64 \ 9] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ðóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÌúãõæÚñ áóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóÐóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÔúåõæÏñ [11 \ 103] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÌóãóÚúäóÇåõãú áöíóæúãò áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö æóæõÝøöíóÊú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú æóåõãú áóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó [3 \ 25] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÍóÔóÑúäóÇåõãú Ýóáóãú äõÛóÇÏöÑú ãöäúåõãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 47] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ôõãõæáó Ðóáößó ÇáúÌóãúÚö áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøö æóÇáØøóíúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ØóÇÆöÑò íóØöíÑõ ÈöÌóäóÇÍóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãõãóãñ ÃóãúËóÇáõßõãú ãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íõÍúÔóÑõæäó [6 \ 38] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö.(7/46)
æóãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝúÊõãú Ýöíåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÍõßúãõåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøöí Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÃõäöíÈõ (10)
ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÎóáúÞó¡ æóÌóÚóáó ãöäúåõãú ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ÓõÚóÏóÇÁó¡ æóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÝóÑöíÞðÇ ÃóÔúÞöíóÇÁó æóåõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú Ýóãöäúßõãú ßóÇÝöÑñ æóãöäúßõãú ãõÄúãöäñ [64 \ 2] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõæäó ãõÎúÊóáöÝöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÑóÍöãó ÑóÈøõßó æóáöÐóáößó ÎóáóÞóåõãú [11 \ 118 - 119] ¡ Ãóíú æóáöÐóáößó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Åöáóì ãõÄúãöäò æóßóÇÝöÑò æóÔóÞöíøò æóÓóÚöíÏò - ÎóáóÞóåõãú - Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö -. æóäõÕõæÕõ ÇáúæóÍúíö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ: «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» - æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó Þóæúáöåö: æóáöÐóáößó ÎóáóÞóåõãú [11 \ 119] Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáöåö æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæäö [51 \ 56] . æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ Ðóáößó - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö» .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóåúÏöíåö Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 4] . æóÇáúÌóäøóÉõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáúÈõÓúÊóÇäõ.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÒõåóíúÑö Èúäö ÃóÈöí Óõáúãóì:
ßóÃóäøó Úóíúäóíøó Ýöí ÛóÑúÈöíøö ãóÞúÊóáóÉò ... ãöäó ÇáäøóæóÇÖöÍö ÊóÓúÞöí ÌóäøóÉð ÓõÍõÞðÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÌóäøóÉð ÓõÍõÞðÇ¡ íóÚúäöí ÈõÓóÊóÇäðÇ Øóæöíáó ÇáäøóÎúáö¡ æóÝöí ÇÕúØöáóÇÍö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö åöíó ÏóÇÑõ ÇáúßóÑóÇãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÚóÏøó Çááøóåõ áöÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóÇáúÝóÑöíÞõ: ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÉõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóíóÌõæÒõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏõåõ Åöáóì ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäö ÇËúäóíúäö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ äõÕóíúÈò: ÝóÞóÇáó ÝóÑöíÞõ ÇáúÞóæúãö¡ áóÇ æóÝóÑöíÞõåõãú äóÚóãú¡ æóÝóÑöíÞñ ÞóÇáó æóíúÍóßó ãóÇ äóÏúÑöí
æóÇáúãõÓóæøöÛõ áöáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö ÈöÇáäøóßöÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö) ¡ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö.
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÏóäóæúÊõ ÊóÓóÏøóíúÊõåóÇ ... ÝóËóæúÈðÇ äóÓöíÊõ æóËóæÈðÇ ÃóÌõÑú
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝúÊõãú Ýöíåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÍõßúãõåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö.
ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ýöíåö ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÝóÍõßúãõåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ áóÇ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò.õõ(7/47)
ÝóÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßõ ÈöÇááøóåö Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ßóÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßö Èöåö Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí Íõßúãöåö: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 26] . æóÝöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò ãöäó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö æóáóÇ ÊõÔúÑößú Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö Çáäøóåúíö.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßö Èöåö Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 110] ¡ ÝóÇáúÃóãúÑóÇäö ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ -.
æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóáóÇáó åõæó ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÑóÇãó åõæó ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇáÏøöíäó åõæó ãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ Ýóßõáøõ ÊóÔúÑöíÚò ãóäú ÛóíúÑöåö ÈóÇØöáñ¡ æóÇáúÚóãóáõ Èöåö ÈóÏóáó ÊóÔúÑöíÚö Çááøóåö ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íóÚúÊóÞöÏõ Ãóäøóåõ ãöËúáõåõ Ãóæú ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ - ßõÝúÑõ ÈóæóÇÍò áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö.
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Íõßúãó áöÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇÊøöÈóÇÚó ÊóÔúÑöíÚö ÛóíúÑöåö ßõÝúÑñ Èöåö¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÍõßúãó áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö ÃóãóÑó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ [12 \ 40] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [12 \ 67] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö íóÞõÕøõ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóåõæó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÝóÇÕöáöíäó [6 \ 57] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóäú áóãú íóÍúßõãú ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [5 \ 44] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 26] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò åóÇáößñ ÅöáøóÇ æóÌúåóåõ áóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [28 \ 88] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóáóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [28 \ 70] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 26] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇÊøöÈóÇÚó ÊóÔúÑöíÚö ÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ßõÝúÑñ¡ Ýóåöíó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäõåõ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊóæóáøóæúäóåõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Èöåö ãõÔúÑößõæäó [16 \ 100] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ÃóØóÚúÊõãõæåõãú Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó [16 \ 121] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóãú ÃóÚúåóÏú Åöáóíúßõãú íóÇÈóäöí ÂÏóãó Ãóäú áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 60] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ýöí «ÇáúßóåúÝö» .(7/48)
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ÕöÝóÇÊö ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÍõßúãõ áóåõ¡ ÝóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÚóÇÞöáò Ãóäú íóÊóÃóãøóáó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÓóäõæóÖøöÍõåóÇ ÇáúÂäó - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - æóíõÞóÇÈöáóåóÇ ãóÚó ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚöíäó áöáúÞóæóÇäöíäö ÇáúæóÖúÚöíøóÉö¡ ÝóíóäúÙõÑõ åóáú ÊóäúØóÈöÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÕöÝóÇÊõ ãóäú áóåõ ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó.
ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÊóäúØóÈöÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú - æóáóäú Êóßõæäó - ÝóáúíóÊøóÈöÚú ÊóÔúÑöíÚóåõãú.
æóÅöäú ÙóåóÑó íóÞöíäðÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÍúÞóÑõ æóÃóÎóÓøõ æóÃóÐóáøõ æóÃóÕúÛóÑõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÝóáúíóÞöÝú Èöåöãú ÚöäúÏó ÍóÏøöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ íõÌóÇæöÒúåõ Èöåöãú Åöáóì ãóÞóÇãö ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö.
ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö Ãóæú Íõßúãöåö Ãóæú ãõáúßöåö.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæúÖóÍó ÈöåóÇ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÕöÝóÇÊö ãöäú áóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: æóãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝúÊõãú Ýöíåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÍõßúãõåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÕöÝóÇÊö ãóäú áóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ: Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøöí Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÃõäöíÈõ ÝóÇØöÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ æóãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú Ýöíåö áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ áóåõ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ Åöäøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ [42 \ 10 - 12] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÌóÑóÉö ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚöíäó áöáäøõÙõãö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäöíøóÉö ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáÑøóÈøõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÝóæøóÖõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ¡ æóíõÊóæóßøóáõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÝóÇØöÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö - Ãóíú ÎóÇáöÞõåõãóÇ æóãõÎúÊóÑöÚõåõãóÇ - Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãöËóÇáò ÓóÇÈöÞò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó áöáúÈóÔóÑö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ¡ æóÎóáóÞó áóåõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÇáËøóãóÇäöíóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌò ãöäó ÇáÖøóÃúäö ÇËúäóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 143] ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóåõ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞóÏöÑõ - Ãóíú íõÖóíøöÞõåõ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ - æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ.
ÝóÚóáóíúßõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Ãóäú ÊóÊóÝóåøóãõæÇ ÕöÝóÇÊö ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõÔóÑøöÚó æóíõÍóáøöáó æóíõÍóÑøöãó¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÈóáõæÇ ÊóÔúÑöíÚðÇ ãöäú ßóÇÝöÑò ÎóÓöíÓò ÍóÞöíÑò ÌóÇåöáò.
æóäóÙöíÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÝóÅöäú ÊóäóÇÒóÚúÊõãú Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÝóÑõÏøõæåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇáÑøóÓõæáö Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÊõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö Ðóáößó ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ÊóÃúæöíáðÇ [4 \ 59] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÝöíåóÇ: ÝóÑõÏøõæåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö: ÝóÍõßúãõåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö.(7/49)
æóÞóÏú ÚóÌöÈó äóÈöíøõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÑõÏøõæåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏøóÚõæäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÑöíÏõæäó ÇáúãõÍóÇßóãóÉó Åöáóì ãóäú áóãú íóÊøóÕöÝú ÈöÕöÝóÇÊö ãóäú áóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ¡ ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑö Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö¡ æóßõáøõ ÊóÍóÇßõãò Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö ÔóÑúÚö Çááøóåö Ýóåõæó ÊóÍóÇßõãñ Åöáóì ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóÍóÇßóãõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö æóÞóÏú ÃõãöÑõæÇ Ãóäú íóßúÝõÑõæÇ Èöåö æóíõÑöíÏõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Ãóäú íõÖöáøóåõãú ÖóáóÇáðÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ [4 \ 60] .
ÝóÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÈöÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö ÇáøóÐöí ÕóÑøóÍó Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÃóãóÑóåõãú Èöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö - ÔóÑúØñ Ýöí ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú íóßúÝõÑú ÈöÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö æóíõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö ÝóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóãúÓóßó ÈöÇáúÚõÑúæóÉö ÇáúæõËúÞóì [2 \ 256] .
ÝóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøó ãóäú áóãú íóßúÝõÑú ÈöÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö áóãú íóÊóãóÓøóßú ÈöÇáúÚõÑúæóÉö ÇáúæõËúÞóì¡ æóãóäú áóãú íóÓúÊóãúÓößú ÈöåóÇ Ýóåõæó ãõÊóÑóÏøò ãóÚó ÇáúåóÇáößöíäó.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóåõ ÛóíúÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÈúÕöÑú Èöåö æóÃóÓúãöÚú ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú æóáöíøò æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 26] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÌóÑóÉö ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚöíäó ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøó áóåõ ÛóíúÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¿ æóÃóäú íõÈóÇáóÛó Ýöí ÓóãúÚöåö æóÈóÕóÑöåö áöÅöÍóÇØóÉö ÓóãúÚöåö Èößõáøö ÇáúãóÓúãõæÚóÇÊö æóÈóÕóÑöåö Èößõáøö ÇáúãõÈúÕóÑóÇÊö¿ æóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó áöÃóÍóÏò Ïõæäóåõ ãöäú æóáöíøò¿
ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò åóÇáößñ ÅöáøóÇ æóÌúåóåõ áóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [28 \ 88] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÌóÑóÉö ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚöíäó ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáúÅöáóåõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ¿ æóÃóäøó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò åóÇáößñ ÅöáøóÇ æóÌúåóåõ¿ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞó íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Åöáóíúåö¿
ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÑóÈøõäóÇ æóÊóÚóÇÙóãó æóÊóÞóÏøóÓó Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÃóÎóÓøõ ÎóáúÞöåö ÈöÕöÝóÇÊöåö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ðóáößõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõÚöíó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú æóÅöäú íõÔúÑóßú Èöåö ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÝóÇáúÍõßúãõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÚóáöíøö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö [40 \ 12] .(7/50)
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö ÇáúÝóÌóÑóÉö ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚöíäó ÇáäøõÙõãó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäöíøóÉó ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó Ýöí ÃóÚúÙóãö ßöÊóÇÈò ÓóãóÇæöíøò ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáúÚóáöíøõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ¿
ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÊóÚóÇáóíúÊó Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáößó æóÌóáóÇáößó.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóåõæó Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó áóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóáóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßõãõ Çááøóíúáó ÓóÑúãóÏðÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóäú Åöáóåñ ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÃúÊöíßõãú ÈöÖöíóÇÁò ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæäó Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÓóÑúãóÏðÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóäú Åöáóåñ ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÃúÊöíßõãú Èöáóíúáò ÊóÓúßõäõæäó Ýöíåö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó æóãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó áöÊóÓúßõäõæÇ Ýöíåö æóáöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö æóáóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó [28 \ 73] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ãõÔóÑøöÚöí ÇáúÞóæóÇäöíäö ÇáúæóÖúÚöíøóÉö ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøó áóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæúáóì æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÕóÑøöÝõ Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó¡ ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÈöÐóáößó ßóãóÇáó ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ æóÚóÙóãóÉó ÅöäúÚóÇãöåö Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö.
ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö Ãóæú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö Ãóæú ãõáúßöåö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö ÃóãóÑó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ Ðóáößó ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãõ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [12 \ 40] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ÃõæáóÆößó ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÅöáóåõ ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÚöÈóÇÏóÊóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ åöíó ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãõ¿
ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáúíóÊóæóßøóáö ÇáúãõÊóæóßøöáõæäó [12 \ 67] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöíåöãú ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõÊóæóßøóáó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÊõÝóæøöÖó ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ Åöáóíúåö¿
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:(7/51)
æóÃóäö ÇÍúßõãú Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚú ÃóåúæóÇÁóåõãú æóÇÍúÐóÑúåõãú Ãóäú íóÝúÊöäõæßó Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúßó ÝóÅöäú ÊóæóáøóæúÇ ÝóÇÚúáóãú ÃóäøóãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íõÕöíÈóåõãú ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÐõäõæÈöåöãú æóÅöäøó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÝóÇÓöÞõæäó ÃóÝóÍõßúãó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö íóÈúÛõæäó æóãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÍõßúãðÇ áöÞóæúãò íõæÞöäõæäó [5 \ 49 - 50] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚöíäó ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøó Íõßúãóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ æóÃóäøóåõ ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö Çáúåóæóì¿ æóÃóäøó ãóäú Êóæóáøóì Úóäúåõ ÃóÕóÇÈóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÐõäõæÈöåö¿ áöÃóäøó ÇáÐøõäõæÈó áóÇ íõÄóÇÎóÐõ ÈöÌóãöíÚöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¿ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ Íõßúãó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäú Íõßúãöåö áöÞóæúãò íõæÞöäõæäó¿
ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöäóÇ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö.
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö íóÞõÕøõ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóåõæó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÝóÇÕöáöíäó [6 \ 57] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöíåöãú ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøóåõ íóÞõÕøõ ÇáúÍóÞøó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÝóÇÕöáöíäó¿
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÝóÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ÃóÈúÊóÛöí ÍóßóãðÇ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Åöáóíúßõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÒøóáñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúãõãúÊóÑöíäó æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 114 - 115] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ¡ ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÒøóáñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÈöÃóäøóåõ ÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÇÊõåõ ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ - Ãóíú ÕöÏúÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö¡ æóÚóÏúáðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö - æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊöåö æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ¿
ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöäóÇ¡ ãóÇ ÃóÚúÙóãóåõ¡ æóãóÇ ÃóÌóáøó ÔóÃúäóåõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ãöäú ÑöÒúÞò ÝóÌóÚóáúÊõãú ãöäúåõ ÍóÑóÇãðÇ æóÍóáóÇáðÇ Þõáú Âááøóåõ ÃóÐöäó áóßõãú Ãóãú Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÝúÊóÑõæäó [10 \ 59] .
Ýóåóáú Ýöí ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÈöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõäóÒøöáõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÊóÍúáöíáñ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÑöíãñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö¿ áöÃóäøó ãöäó ÇáÖøóÑõæÑöíøö Ãóäøó ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáÑøöÒúÞó æóÃóäúÒóáóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝõ Ýöíåö ÈöÇáÊøóÍúáöíáö æóÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö¿
ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍúáöíáö æóÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö.
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú áóãú íóÍúßõãú ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [5 \ 44] .(7/52)
Ýóåóáú Ýöíåöãú ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÇáúæóÕúÝó ÈöÐóáößó¿
ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöäóÇ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó.
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáõæÇ áöãóÇ ÊóÕöÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊõßõãõ ÇáúßóÐöÈó åóÐóÇ ÍóáóÇáñ æóåóÐóÇ ÍóÑóÇãñ áöÊóÝúÊóÑõæÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÝúÊóÑõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõæäó ãóÊóÇÚñ Þóáöíáñ æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ [16 \ 116 - 117] .
ÝóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚöíäó ÛóíúÑó ãóÇ ÔóÑøóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÕöÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊõåõãõ ÇáúßóÐöÈó¡ áöÃóÌúáö Ãóäú íóÝúÊóÑõæåõ Úóáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõæäó¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íõãóÊøóÚõæäó ÞóáöíáðÇ Ëõãøó íõÚóÐøóÈõæäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó¡ æóÐóáößó æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí ÈõÚúÏö ÕöÝóÇÊöåöãú ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ãóäú áóåõ Ãóäú íõÍóáøöáó æóíõÍóÑøöãó.
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú åóáõãøó ÔõåóÏóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÔúåóÏõæäó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÍóÑøóãó åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäú ÔóåöÏõæÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÔúåóÏú ãóÚóåõãú [6 \ 150] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: åóáõãøó ÔõåóÏóÇÁóßõãõ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÊóÚúÌöíÒò¡ Ýóåõãú ÚóÇÌöÒõæäó Úóäú ÈóíóÇäö ãõÓúÊóäóÏö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö. æóÐóáößó æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö áóÇ íóÊøóÕöÝõ ÈöÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáÊøóÍúáöíáö æóáóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö. æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ æóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö - ÔóÑúÚöíøóÉð ßóÇäóÊú Ãóæú ßóæúäöíøóÉð ÞóÏóÑöíøóÉð - ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö - ßóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ - ßóÇäó ßõáøõ ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÊóÔúÑöíÚðÇ ÛóíúÑó ÊóÔúÑöíÚö Çááøóåö ÞóÏö ÇÊøóÎóÐó Ðóáößó ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚó ÑóÈøðÇ¡ æóÃóÔúÑóßóåõ ãóÚó Çááøóåö.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ æóÓóäõÚöíÏõ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ßöÝóÇíóÉñ¡ Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó - æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóæúÖóÍöåö æóÃóÕúÑöÍöåö - Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí Òóãóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÞóÚóÊú ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉñ Èóíúäó ÍöÒúÈö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö æóÍöÒúÈö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö Ýöí Íõßúãò ãöäú ÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö æóÇáÊøóÍúáöíáö¡ æóÍöÒúÈõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö íóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÊóÔúÑöíÚó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Ýöí æóÍúíöåö Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãöåö¡ æóÍöÒúÈõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö íóÊøóÈöÚõæäó æóÍúíó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö Ýöí ÊóÍúáöíáöåö.
æóÞóÏú Íóßóãó Çááøóåõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóÃóÝúÊóì ÝöíãóÇ ÊóäóÇÒóÚõæÇ Ýöíåö ÝóÊúæóì ÓóãóÇæöíøóÉð ÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉð ÊõÊúáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» .
æóÐóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó áóãøóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåö ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú Ýöí æóÍúíöåö: ÓóáõæÇ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÉö ÊõÕúÈöÍõ ãóíúÊóÉð¡ ãóäú åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÊóáóåóÇ¿ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈõæåõãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÊóáóåóÇ.
ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúãóíúÊóÉõ ÅöÐðÇ ÐóÈöíÍóÉõ Çááøóåö¡ æóãóÇ ÐóÈóÍóåõ Çááøóåõ ßóíúÝó ÊóÞõæáõæäó Åöäøóåõ ÍóÑóÇãñ¿ ãóÚó Ãóäøóßõãú ÊóÞõæáõæäó(7/53)
ÅöäøóãóÇ ÐóÈóÍúÊõãõæåõ ÈöÃóíúÏöíßõãú ÍóáóÇáñ¡ ÝóÃóäúÊõãú ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÃóÍóáøõ ÐóÈöíÍóÉð.
ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ãóäú íõÚúÊóÏøõ Èöåö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöãøóÇ áóãú íõÐúßóÑö ÇÓúãõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö [6 \ 121] ¡ íóÚúäöí ÇáúãóíúÊóÉó¡ Ãóíú æóÅöäú ÒóÚóãó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÐóßøóÇåóÇ ÈöíóÏöåö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÓößøöíäò ãöäú ÐóåóÈò. æóÅöäøóåõ áóÝöÓúÞñ [6 \ 121] ¡ æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì ÇáúÃóßúáö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÝöÓúÞñ¡ Ãóíú ÎõÑõæÌñ Úóäú ØóÇÚóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚñ áöÊóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö. æóÅöäøó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó áóíõæÍõæäó Åöáóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåöãú áöíõÌóÇÏöáõæßõãú [6 \ 121] . Ãóíú ÈöÞóæúáöåöãú: ãóÇ ÐóÈóÍúÊõãõæåõ ÍóáóÇáñ æóãóÇ ÐóÈóÍóåõ Çááøóåõ ÍóÑóÇãñ¡ ÝóÃóäúÊõãú ÅÐðÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóÍóáøõ ÊóÐúßöíóÉð¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúÝóÊúæóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö ãöäú ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó¡ Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ÃóØóÚúÊõãõæåõãú Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó [6 \ 121] Ýóåöíó ÝóÊúæóì ÓóãóÇæöíøóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÕóÑøóÍó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÃóäøó ãõÊøóÈöÚó ÊóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝö áöÊóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö - ãõÔúÑößñ ÈöÇááøóåö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãóËøóáó ÈöåóÇ ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö áöÍóÐúÝö ÇááøóÇãö ÇáúãõæóØøöÆóÉö áöáúÞóÓóãö¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì ÇááøóÇãö ÇáúãõæóØøöÆóÉö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝóÉö ÚóÏóãõ ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäö ÌõãúáóÉö (Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó) ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó ÔóÑúØðÇ áóãú íóÓúÈöÞúåõ ÞóÓóãñ áóÞöíáó: ÝóÅöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÇÞÑõäú ÈöÝóÇ ÍóÊúãðÇ ÌóæóÇÈðÇ áóæ ÌõÚöáú ... ÔóÑúØðÇ áöÃóäú Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ áóãú íóäúÌóÚöáú
æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÓöíÈóæóíúåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ¡ æóÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúÝóÇÁö Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó ãöäú ÖóÑõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøöÚúÑö.
æóãóÇ ÒóÚóãóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ íóÌõæÒõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÊóÇäö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö: ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ: Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ÃóØóÚúÊõãõæåõãú Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóßõãú ãöäú ãõÕöíÈóÉò ÝóÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú ÃóíúÏöíßõãú [42] ÈöÍóÐúÝö ÇáúÝóÇÁö Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö äóÇÝöÚò æóÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò ãöäó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö.
Èóáö ÇáúãõÓóæøöÛõ áöÍóÐúÝö ÇáúÝóÇÁö Ýöí ÂíóÉö: Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö ÞóÈúáó ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáúãóÏúáõæáö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÍóÐúÝö ÇáúÝóÇÁö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÇÍúÐöÝú áóÏóì ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÔóÑúØò æóÞóÓóãú ... ÌóæóÇÈó ãóÇ ÃóÍúÑóÊú Ýóåõæó ãõáúÊóÒóãú
æóÚóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÌõãúáóÉõ Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó ÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóãö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑö¡ æóÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóÑúØö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ ÝóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áöÍóÐúÝö ÇáúÝóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.õõ(7/54)
æóÇáúãõÓóæøöÛõ áóåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú ÃóíúÏöíßõãú Ãóäøó (ãóÇ) Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö äóÇÝöÚò æóÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÒóãó Èöåö ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúãõÍóÞøöÞöíäó¡ Ãóíú æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóÕóÇÈóßõãú ãöäú ãõÕöíÈóÉò ßóÇÆöäñ æóæóÇÞöÚñ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú ÃóíúÏöíßõãú.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: ÝóãóÇ ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÏõÎõæáõ ÇáúÝóÇÁö Ýöí ÎóÈóÑö ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ÌóÇÆöÒñ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÚóÏóãóåõ ÌóÇÆöÒñ¡ ÝóßöáúÊóÇ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑò ÌóÇÆöÒò.
æóãöËóÇáõ ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÝóÇÁö Ýöí ÎóÈóÑö ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõäúÝöÞõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÓöÑøðÇ æóÚóáóÇäöíóÉð Ýóáóåõãú ÃóÌúÑõåõãú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú æóáóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó [2 \ 274] æóåõæó ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöäøó (ãóÇ) Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇÞúÊöÑóÇäõ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö æóÇÌöÈñ.
ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö äóÇÝöÚò æóÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò Ýóåöíó ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ áóíúÓó ÅöáøóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ -.
æóßóæúäõ (ãóÇ) ÔóÑúØöíøóÉð Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉò¡ æóãóæúÕõæáóÉð Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉò - áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö ; áöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö ßóÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì äóÍúæö ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÉõ «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäõåõ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊóæóáøóæúäóåõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Èöåö ãõÔúÑößõæäó [16 \ 100] . ÝóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÊóæóáøöíåöãú áöáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ Ãóíú ÈöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ãóÇ íõÒóíøöäõ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí ãõÎóÇáöÝðÇ áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú Èöåö ÇáÑøõÓõáõ¡ Ëõãøó ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÅöÔúÑóÇßñ Èöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Èöåö ãõÔúÑößõæäó¡ æóÕóÑøóÍó Ãóäøó ÇáØøóÇÚóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí íõÔóÑøöÚõåõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áóåõãú æóíõÒóíøöäõåõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉñ áöáÔøóíúØóÇäö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÚóÈóÏó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔúÑóßó ÈöÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóãú ÃóÚúåóÏú Åöáóíúßõãú íóÇÈóäöí ÂÏóãó Ãóäú áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Åöäøóåõ áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÈöíäñ æóÃóäö ÇÚúÈõÏõæäöí åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØñ ãõÓúÊóÞöíãñ æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÖóáøó ãöäúßõãú ÌöÈöáøðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ¡ æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåöãú ãõÊøóÈöÚõæ äöÙóÇãö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÏõÎõæáðÇ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÃóÝóáóãú ÊóßõæäõæÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó [36 \ 60 - 62] .
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúãóÕöíÑó ÇáúÃóÎöíÑó áöãóäú ßóÇäó íóÚúÈõÏõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åóÐöåö Ìóåóäøóãõ ÇáøóÊöí ßõäúÊõãú ÊõæÚóÏõæäó ÇÕúáóæúåóÇ Çáúíóæúãó ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóßúÝõÑõæäó Çáúíóæúãó äóÎúÊöãõ Úóáóì ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÊõßóáøöãõäóÇ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÊóÔúåóÏõ ÃóÑúÌõáõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó [36 \ 63 - 65] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö ÚóÕöíøðÇ [19 \ 44] ÝóÞóæúáõåõ:(7/55)
(áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó) Ãóíú ÈöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ãóÇ íõÔóÑøöÚõåõ ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ ãõÎóÇáöÝðÇ áöãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóÅöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ ãóÑöíÏðÇ [4 \ 117] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÅöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ íóÚúäöí ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ ãóÑöíÏðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóæúãó íóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ëõãøó íóÞõæáõ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÃóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÅöíøóÇßõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ÃóäúÊó æóáöíøõäóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåöãú Èóáú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÇáúÌöäøó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú Èöåöãú ãõÄúãöäõæäó [34 \ 40 - 41] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Èóáú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÇáúÌöäøó Ãóíú íóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó æóíõØöíÚõæäóåõãú ÝöíãóÇ íõÔóÑøöÚõæäó æóíõÒóíøöäõæäó áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö.
æóÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÚóÇáöãñ ÈöÃóäøó ØóÇÚóÊóåõãú áóåõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó ÅöÔúÑóÇßñ Èöåö ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÐóáößó æóÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ äóÕøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áóãøóÇ ÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó æóÚóÏóßõãú æóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóæóÚóÏúÊõßõãú ÝóÃóÎúáóÝúÊõßõãú Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøöí ßóÝóÑúÊõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßúÊõãõæäö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ [14 \ 22] . ÝóÞóÏö ÇÚúÊóÑóÝó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ãõÔúÑößöíäó Èöåö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ Ãóíú Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóßúÝõÑú ÈöÔöÑúßöåöãú Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö áóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáóåõ ÚóÏöíøõ Èúäõ ÍóÇÊöãò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Úóäú Þóæúáöåö: ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÃóÍúÈóÇÑóåõãú æóÑõåúÈóÇäóåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ [9 \ 31] ßóíúÝó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ¿ æóÃóÌóÇÈóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÍóáøõæÇ áóåõãú ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ¡ æóÍóÑøóãõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ - ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõãú¡ æóÈöÐóáößó ÇáöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÇÊøóÎóÐõæåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ.
æóãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Ýöí åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÍóáøõæÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÍóÑøóãóåõ¡ æóÍóÑøóãõæÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÍóáøóåõ - ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íóÒúÏóÇÏõæäó ßõÝúÑðÇ ÌóÏöíÏðÇ ÈöÐóáößó ãóÚó ßõÝúÑöåöãõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáäøóÓöíÁõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑö Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóåúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [9 \ 37] .
æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò ÝóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóäú ÃóØóÇÚó ÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö Ýöí ÊóÔúÑöíÚò ãõÎóÇáöÝò áöãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔúÑóßó Èöåö ãóÚó Çááøóåö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: æóßóÐóáößó Òóíøóäó áößóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÞóÊúáó ÃóæúáóÇÏöåöãú ÔõÑóßóÇÄõåõãú [6 \ 137] . ÝóÓóãøóÇåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁó áóãøóÇ ÃóØóÇÚõæåõãú Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö.(7/56)
ÝóÇØöÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ æóãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú Ýöíåö áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ (11)
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ ÔóÑóÚõæÇ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ áóãú íóÃúÐóäú Èöåö Çááøóåõ [42 \ 21] ÝóÞóÏú Óóãøóì - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÔóÑøöÚõæäó ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ áóãú íóÃúÐóäú Èöåö Çááøóåõ - ÔõÑóßóÇÁó¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Ðóáößó ÅöíÖóÇÍðÇ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ áöáøóÐöíäö ßóÇäõæÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó Èöåö Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ: (Åöäøöí ßóÝóÑúÊõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßúÊõãõæäöí ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ) - Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÔóíúÁñ ÒóÇÆöÏñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÏóÚóÇåõãú Åöáóì ØóÇÚóÊöåö ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈõæÇ áóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõ: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöí Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäú ÓõáúØóÇäò ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÊõßõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúÊõãú áöí ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÇØöÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ æóãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú Ýöíåö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÇØöÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÊóÝúÓöíÑõåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇááøóåõ ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóÒúæóÇÌößõãú Èóäöíäó æóÍóÝóÏóÉð [16 \ 72] . æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáúÅöäóÇËõ¡ ßóãóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ãóäú ÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ áöÊóÓúßõäõæÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóÌóÚóáó Èóíúäóßõãú ãóæóÏøóÉð æóÑóÍúãóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 21] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäøóåõ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÅöÐóÇ Êõãúäóì [53 \ 45 - 46] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÌóÚóáó ãöäúåõ ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì [75 \ 39] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóì æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÌóáøóì æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÐøóßóÑó æóÇáúÃõäúËóì [92 \ 1 - 3] . æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÂÏóãó: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò æóÎóáóÞó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 1] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöíåö ÃóíúÖðÇ: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò æóÌóÚóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ áöíóÓúßõäó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 189] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöíåö ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 6] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ åöíó ÇáËøóãóÇäöíóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌò ãöäó ÇáÖøóÃúäö ÇËúäóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 143] . æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ æóÃóäúÒóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÌò [39 \ 6] . æóåöíó ÐõßõæÑõ ÇáÖøóÃúäö æóÇáúãóÚúÒö æóÇáúÅöÈöáö æóÇáúÈóÞóÑö æóÅöäóÇËõåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóÇáúÍóÑúËö [3 \ 14] .(7/57)
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú Ýöíåö ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÖóãöíÑó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúÂÏóãöíøöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ æóÊóÛúáöíÈõ ÇáúÂÏóãöíøöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö Ýöí ÖóãöíÑö ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú) æóÇÖöÍñ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «Ýöíåö» ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ãöäó ÇáÐøõßõæÑö æóÇáúÅöäóÇËö ãöäú Èóäöí ÂÏóãó æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ æóãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÞõáúäóÇ Åöäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó áöáúÂÏóãöíøöíäó ÅäóÇËðÇ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ Ãóíú ãöäú ÌöäúÓöåöãú¡ æóÌóÚóáó áöáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÅöäóÇËðÇ ßóÐóáößó¡ Ãóæú ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÇáÐøõßõæÑõ æóÇáúÅöäóÇËõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ßóÐóáößó¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö (íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú) ¡ Ãóíú íóÎúáõÞõßõãú æóíóÈõËøõßõãú æóíóäúÔõÑõßõãú (Ýöíåö) ¡ Ãóíú ÝöíãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ãöäó ÇáÐøõßõæÑö æóÇáúÅöäóÇËö¡ Ãóíú Ýöí Ööãúäöåö Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÊøóäóÇÓõáö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóíõæóÖøóÍõ Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú ãöäú äóÝúÓò æóÇÍöÏóÉò æóÎóáóÞó ãöäúåóÇ ÒóæúÌóåóÇ æóÈóËøó ãöäúåõãóÇ ÑöÌóÇáðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ æóäöÓóÇÁð [4 \ 1] . ÝóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÈóËøó ãöäúåõãóÇ ÑöÌóÇáðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ æóäöÓóÇÁð íõæóÖøöÍõ ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú Ýöíåö.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ãóÇ æóÌúåõ ÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (íóÐúÑóÄõßõãú Ýöíåö) ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúÊõãú ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì ÇáÐøõßõæÑö æóÇáúÅöäóÇËö ãöäó ÇáúÂÏóãöíøöíäó æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¿
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÑõÌõæÚõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö Åöáóì ãõËóäøóì Ãóæú ãóÌúãõæÚò ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãóËóáðÇ.
æóãöËóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÇáÖøóãöíÑö: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÃóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ÓóãúÚóßõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑóßõãú æóÎóÊóãó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈößõãú ãóäú Åöáóåñ ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÃúÊöíßõãú Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 46] . ÝóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (Èöåö) ãõÝúÑóÏñ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãúÚö æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑö æóÇáúÞõáõæÈö.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: íóÃúÊöíßõãú Èöåö Ãóíú ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ãöäú ÓóãúÚößõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑößõãú æóÞõáõæÈößõãú¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÑõÄúÈóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÌøóÇÌö:
ÝöíåóÇ ÎõØõæØñ ãöäú ÓóæÇÏò æóÈóáóÞú ... ßóÃóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÌöáúÏö ÊóæúáöíÚó ÇáúÈóåóÞú
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ßóÃóäøóåõ¡ Ãóíú ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãöäú ÎõØõæØò ãöäú ÓóæóÇÏò æóÈóáóÞò.õõ(7/58)
áóåõ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ Åöäøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ (12)
æóãöËóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö áóÇ ÝóÇÑöÖñ æóáóÇ ÈößúÑñ ÚóæóÇäñ Èóíúäó Ðóáößó [2 \ 68] Ãóíú Èóíúäó Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäú ÝóÇÑöÖò æóÈößúÑò¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì ÇáÓøóåúãöíøö:
Åöäøó áöáúÎóíúÑö æóáöáÔøóÑøö ãóÏðì ... æóßöáóÇ Ðóáößó æóÌúåñ æóÞõÈõáú
Ãóíú ßöáóÇ Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáÔøóÑøö.
æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó¡ Åöäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (Ýöíåö) ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÍöãö¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÈóØúäö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÌóÚúáö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãöäú (ÌóÚóáó) æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÏúÈöíÑö¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáÕøóæóÇÈö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóæóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö [7 \ 54] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóåõ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ.
ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö åöíó ãóÝóÇÊöíÍõåõãóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÌóãúÚñ áóÇ æóÇÍöÏó áóåõ ãöäú áóÝúÙöåö¡ ÝóãõÝúÑóÏõåóÇ ÅöÞúáöíÏñ¡ æóÌóãúÚõåóÇ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÞöíóÇÓò¡ æóÇáúÅöÞúáöíÏõ ÇáúãöÝúÊóÇÍõ. æóÞöíáó: æóÇÍöÏõåóÇ ãöÞúáöíÏñ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÚúÑõæÝò Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö.
æóßóæúäõåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - áóåõ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóíú ãóÝóÇÊöíÍõåõãóÇ¡ ßöäóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ßóæúäöåö - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - åõæó æóÍúÏóåõ ÇáúãóÇáößõ áöÎóÒóÇÆöäö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ; áöÃóäøó ãöáúßó ãóÝóÇÊöíÍöåóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ãöáúßóåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóßöíáñ áóåõ ãóÞóÇáöíÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 62 - 63] .
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÉõ «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» åóÐöåö æóÂíóÉõ «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÊóÇäö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - åõæó ãóÇáößõ ÎóÒóÇÆöäö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáöáøóåö ÎóÒóÇÆöäõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóßöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó [63 \ 7] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÎóÒóÇÆöäõåõ æóãóÇ äõäóÒøöáõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÚúáõæãò [15 \ 21] .õõ(7/59)
ÔóÑóÚó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ æóÕøóì Èöåö äõæÍðÇ æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ æóÕøóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì Ãóäú ÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÏøöíäó æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Ýöíåö ßóÈõÑó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö Çááøóåõ íóÌúÊóÈöí Åöáóíúåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóåúÏöí Åöáóíúåö ãóäú íõäöíÈõ (13)
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÎóÒóÇÆöäó ÑóÍúãóÊöåö áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó áöÛóíúÑöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóãú ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÎóÒóÇÆöäõ ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúæóåøóÇÈö [38 \ 9] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ãóãú ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÎóÒóÇÆöäõ ÑóÈøößó Ãóãú åõãõ ÇáúãõÓóíúØöÑõæäó [52 \ 37] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Þõáú áóæú ÃóäúÊõãú Êóãúáößõæäó ÎóÒóÇÆöäó ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøöí ÅöÐðÇ áóÃóãúÓóßúÊõãú ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÞóÊõæÑðÇ [17 \ 100] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ ÌóÇÁó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóíóÞúÏöÑõ áóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 39] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [34 \ 36] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ æóÝóÑöÍõæÇ ÈöÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 26] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇááøóåõ ÝóÖøóáó ÈóÚúÖóßõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÇáÑøöÒúÞö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 71] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: äóÍúäõ ÞóÓóãúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóÚöíÔóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 32] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú íóßõäú ÛóäöíøðÇ Ãóæú ÝóÞöíÑðÇ ÝóÇááøóåõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöåöãóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 135] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áöíõäúÝöÞú Ðõæ ÓóÚóÉò ãöäú ÓóÚóÊöåö æóãóäú ÞõÏöÑó Úóáóíúåö ÑöÒúÞõåõ ÝóáúíõäúÝöÞú ãöãøóÇ ÂÊóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [65 \ 7] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú ÞõÏöÑó Úóáóíúåö ÑöÒúÞõåõ [65 \ 7] Ãóíú ÖõíøöÞó Úóáóíúåö ÑöÒúÞõåõ áöÞöáøóÊöåö. æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
Ãóíú íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÈóÓúØóåõ áóåõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ¡ Ãóíú íõÖóíøöÞõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÊóÖúíöíÞóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÙóäøó Ãóäú áóäú äóÞúÏöÑó Úóáóíúåö [21 \ 87] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÍößúãóÉó ÊóÖúíöíÞöåö áöáÑøöÒúÞö Úóáóì ãóäú ÖóíøóÞóåõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøó ãöäú Íõßúãö Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÈóÓúØó ÇáÑøöÒúÞö áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ ÞóÏú íóÍúãöáõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÛúíö æóÇáØøõÛúíóÇäö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóæú ÈóÓóØó Çááøóåõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö áóÈóÛóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóßöäú íõäóÒøöáõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ Åöäøóåõ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈóÕöíÑñ [42 \ 27] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßóáøóÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóíóØúÛóì Ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì [96 \ 6] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÔóÑóÚó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáöÏöíäö ãóÇ æóÕøóì Èöåö äõæÍðÇ æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ æóÕøóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì Ãóäú ÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÏøöíäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:(7/60)
æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãöíËóÇÞóåõãú æóãöäúßó æóãöäú äõæÍò ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ ÊóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Ýöíåö.
ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (Ýöíåö) ¡ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáÏøöíäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (Ãóäú ÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÏøöíäó) .
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäó Çáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáöÇÝúÊöÑóÇÞö Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö - ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ãóäøóåõ æóÕøóì ÎóáúÞóåõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇÚúÊóÕöãõæÇ ÈöÍóÈúáö Çááøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 103] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØöí ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ÇáÓøõÈõáó ÝóÊóÝóÑøóÞó Èößõãú Úóäú ÓóÈöíáöåö Ðóáößõãú æóÕøóÇßõãú Èöåö áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó [6 \ 153] . æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÌúÊóäöÈõæäó åóÐóÇ Çáäøóåúíó¡ æóåóÏøóÏóåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Ïöíäóåõãú æóßóÇäõæÇ ÔöíóÚðÇ áóÓúÊó ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõãú Åöáóì Çááøóåö Ëõãøó íõäóÈøöÆõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäó [6 \ 159] . áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: áóÓúÊó ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÔóíúÁò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: íóÝúÚóáõæäó - Ýöíåö ÊóåúÏöíÏñ ÚóÙöíãñ áóåõãú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» : æóÅöäøó åóÐöåö ÃõãøóÊõßõãú ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð æóÃóäóÇ ÑóÈøõßõãú ÝóÇÊøóÞõæäö ÝóÊóÞóØøóÚõæÇ ÃóãúÑóåõãú Èóíúäóåõãú ÒõÈõÑðÇ ßõáøõ ÍöÒúÈò ÈöãóÇ áóÏóíúåöãú ÝóÑöÍõæäó ÝóÐóÑúåõãú Ýöí ÛóãúÑóÊöåöãú ÍóÊøóì Íöíäò [23 \ 52 - 54] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÅöäøó åóÐöåö ÃõãøóÊõßõãú ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð Ãóíú: Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÔóÑöíÚóÊõßõãú ÔóÑöíÚóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ æóÏöíäõßõãú Ïöíäñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÑóÈøõßõãú æóÇÍöÏñ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ -: ÝóÊóÞóØøóÚõæÇ ÃóãúÑóåõãú Èóíúäóåõãú ÒõÈõÑðÇ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ãóÇ äõåõæÇ Úóäúåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÐóÑúåõãú Ýöí ÛóãúÑóÊöåöãú ÍóÊøóì Íöíäò Ýöíåö ÊóåúÏöíÏñ áóåõãú æóæóÚöíÏñ ÚóÙöíãñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó. æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» : Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÃõãøóÊõßõãú ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð æóÃóäóÇ ÑóÈøõßõãú ÝóÇÚúÈõÏõæäö æóÊóÞóØøóÚõæÇ ÃóãúÑóåõãú Èóíúäóåõãú ßõáøñ ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÑóÇÌöÚõæäó [21 \ 92 - 93] . ÝóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßõáøñ ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÑóÇÌöÚõæäó Ýöíåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÊóåúÏöíÏñ áóåõãú æóæóÚöíÏñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÊóÝúÓöíÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó åóÐöåö ÃõãøóÊõßõãú ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 93] .(7/61)
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÞõ ÇáúíóåõæÏö Úóáóì ÅöÍúÏóì æóÓóÈúÚöíäó ÝöÑúÞóÉò¡ æóÇÝúÊöÑóÇÞõ ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì Åöáóì ÇËúäóÊóíúäö æóÓóÈúÚöíäó ÝöÑúÞóÉð¡ æóÇÝúÊöÑóÇÞõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö Åöáóì ËóáóÇËò æóÓóÈúÚöíäó ÝöÑúÞóÉð¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáäøóÇÌöíóÉó ãöäúåóÇ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ æóåöíó ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßóÈõÑó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö.
Èóíøöäó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ãóäøóåõ (ßóÈõÑó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó) Ãóíú ÔóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãú æóÚóÙõãó ãóÇ íóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóØóÇÚóÊöåö ÈöÇãúÊöËóÇáö ÃóãúÑöåö æóÇÌúÊöäóÇÈö äóåúíöåö¡ æóáöÚöÙóãö Ðóáößó æóãóÔóÞøóÊöåö Úóáóíúåöãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÑóåõæäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ¡ æóíóÌúÊóåöÏõæäó Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÓóãóÇÚöåö áöÔöÏøóÉö ßóÑóÇåóÊöåöãú áóåõ¡ Èóáú íóßóÇÏõæäó íóÈúØöÔõæäó Èöãóäú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåöãú áöÔöÏøóÉö ÈõÛúÖöåöãú æóßóÑóÇåóÊöåöãú áóåóÇ.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóÝöíåóÇ ÈóíóÇäõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó ÚóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ãóÚó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãöäú ÚóåúÏö äõæÍò Åöáóì ÚóåúÏö ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ãóÔóÞøóÉó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Þóæúãö äõæÍò æóßöÈúÑóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇÊúáõ Úóáóíúåöãú äóÈóÃó äõæÍò ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö íóÇÞóæúãö Åöäú ßóÇäó ßóÈõÑó Úóáóíúßõãú ãóÞóÇãöí æóÊóÐúßöíÑöí ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÝóÚóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 71] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäú äõæÍò: æóÅöäøöí ßõáøóãóÇ ÏóÚóæúÊõåõãú áöÊóÛúÝöÑó áóåõãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ ÃóÕóÇÈöÚóåõãú Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÇÓúÊóÛúÔóæúÇ ËöíóÇÈóåõãú æóÃóÕóÑøõæÇ æóÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑðÇ [71 \ 7] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÌóÚóáõæÇ ÃóÕóÇÈöÚóåõãú Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÇÓúÊóÛúÔóæúÇ ËöíóÇÈóåõãú íóÏõáøõ ÏóáóÇáóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÈõÛúÖöåöãú æóßóÑóÇåóÊöåöãú áöãóÇ íóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö äõæÍñ¡ Ýóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÈõÑó Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ íóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÊóæúÍöíÏö Çááøóåö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Èöåö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ãöËúáó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ äóÈöíøóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ÈóíøöäóÇÊò ÊóÚúÑöÝõ Ýöí æõÌõæåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúãõäúßóÑó íóßóÇÏõæäó íóÓúØõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊúáõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ [22 \ 72] . ÝóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÊóÚúÑöÝõ Ýöí æõÌõæåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúãõäúßóÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó - íóÏõáøõ ÏóáóÇáóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÈõÛúÖöåöãú æóßóÑóÇåöíóÊöåöãú áöÓóãóÇÚö Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáúÛóæúÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 26] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» : áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúäóÇßõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑóßõãú áöáúÍóÞøö ßóÇÑöåõæäó [43 \ 78] .(7/62)
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» : Ãóãú íóÞõæáõæäó Èöåö ÌöäøóÉñ Èóáú ÌóÇÁóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÃóßúËóÑõåõãú áöáúÍóÞøö ßóÇÑöåõæäó [23 \ 70] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö» : Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ßóÑöåõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÝóÃóÍúÈóØó ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú [47 \ 9] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Êöáúßó ÂíóÇÊõ Çááøóåö äóÊúáõæåóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóÈöÃóíøö ÍóÏöíËò ÈóÚúÏó Çááøóåö æóÂíóÇÊöåö íõÄúãöäõæäó æóíúáñ áößõáøö ÃóÝøóÇßò ÃóËöíãò íóÓúãóÚõ ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö Ëõãøó íõÕöÑøõ ãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåóÇ ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò [45 \ 6 - 8] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ æóáøóì ãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÓúãóÚúåóÇ ßóÃóäøó Ýöí ÃõÐõäóíúåö æóÞúÑðÇ ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò [31 \ 7] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ Ýöí ÃóßöäøóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäóÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöäóÇ æóÞúÑñ æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 5] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóßúÑóåõæäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ íóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÓúáöãò Ãóäú íóÍúÐóÑó ßõáøó ÇáúÍóÐóÑö ãöäú Ãóäú íõØöíÚóåõãú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÃóãúÑöåöãú; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ äóÊóÇÆöÌó ÓóíøöÆóÉð ãõÊóäóÇåöíóÉð Ýöí ÇáÓøõæÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÊóÏóÈøóÑõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ãóãú Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈò ÃóÞúÝóÇáõåóÇ Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÑúÊóÏøõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóÏúÈóÇÑöåöãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Óóæøóáó áóåõãú æóÃóãúáóì áóåõãú Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÑöåõæÇ ãóÇ äóÒøóáó Çááøóåõ ÓóäõØöíÚõßõãú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ÅöÓúÑóÇÑóåõãú ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÊóæóÝøóÊúåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íóÖúÑöÈõæäó æõÌõæåóåõãú æóÃóÏúÈóÇÑóåõãú Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãõ ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóÓúÎóØó Çááøóåó æóßóÑöåõæÇ ÑöÖúæóÇäóåõ ÝóÃóÍúÈóØó ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú [47 \ 24 - 28] . ÝóÚóáóì ßõáøö ãõÓúáöãò Ãóäú íóÍúÐóÑó Ëõãøó íóÍúÐóÑó Ëõãøó íóÍúÐóÑó ßõáøó ÇáúÍóÐóÑö ãöäú Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áöáøóÐöíäö ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóßúÑóåõæäó ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ -: ÓóäõØöíÚõßõãú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó íõÓóÈøöÈõ áóåõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ æóíóßúÝöíåö ÒóÌúÑðÇ æóÑóÏúÚðÇ Úóäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõ ÑóÈøöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÊóæóÝøóÊúåõãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íóÖúÑöÈõæäó æõÌõæåóåõãú æóÃóÏúÈóÇÑóåõãú Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÝóÃóÍúÈóØó ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú [47 \ 27 - 28] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ íóÌúÊóÈöí Åöáóíúåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóåúÏöí Åöáóíúåö ãóäú íõäöíÈõ.
ÇáöÇÌúÊöÈóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ æóÇáöÇÕúØöÝóÇÁõ.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - íóÌúÊóÈöí ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÇÌúÊöÈóÇÁóåõ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ÈóÚúÖó ãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÇÌúÊöÈóÇÁóåõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÑúßóÚõæÇ æóÇÓúÌõÏõæÇ æóÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú æóÇÝúÚóáõæÇ ÇáúÎóíúÑó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇÌúÊóÈóÇßõãú æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáó Úóáóíúßõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ãöäú ÍóÑóÌò [22 \ 77 - 78] .(7/63)
Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÑöíÈñ (17)
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó ÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÕúØóÝóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 32] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó ãöäúåõãú ÂÏóãó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó ÇÌúÊóÈóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö æóåóÏóì [20 \ 122] . æóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøó ãöäúåõãú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ßóÇäó ÃõãøóÉð Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÔóÇßöÑðÇ áöÃóäúÚõãöåö ÇÌúÊóÈóÇåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 120 - 121] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇÌúÊöÈóÇÁö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÈöÇáÊøóÚúíöíäö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóåúÏöí Åöáóíúåö ãóäú íõäöíÈõ Ãóíú ãóäú ÓóÈóÞó Ýöí Úöáúãöåö Ãóäøóåõ íõäöíÈõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú íóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ãóÇ íõÑúÖöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉö¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» : Þõáú Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÖöáøõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóåúÏöí Åöáóíúåö ãóäú ÃóäóÇÈó [13 \ 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞõáú ÂãóäúÊõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóÃõãöÑúÊõ áöÃóÚúÏöáó Èóíúäóßõãõ.
ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÃõæÊöíó ÇáäøóÈöíøõæäó ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú áóÇ äõÝóÑøöÞõ Èóíúäó ÃóÍóÏò ãöäúåõãú [2 \ 136] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó.
Èóíøóäó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ãõÊóáóÈøöÓðÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÖöÏøõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇÓúãõ ÌöäúÓò ãõÑóÇÏñ Èöåö ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÝúÑóÏó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÌöäúÓö íõØúáóÞõ ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÇáúÌóãúÚõ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãóÚó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáúÚóÏúáõ æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÇáúãöíÒóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ÂáóÉõ ÇáúæóÒúäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ãöÝúÚóÇáñ¡ æóÇáúãöÝúÚóÇáõ ÞöíóÇÓöíøñ Ýöí ÇÓúãö ÇáúÂáóÉö.
æóÚóáóì ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö - æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÇáúÚóÏúáõ æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝõ - ÝóÇáúãöíÒóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÂáóÉõ ÇáúæóÒúäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÅöÞóÇãóÉó ÇáúæóÒúäö ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝö.(7/64)
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒöáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó - ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» : áóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáóäóÇ ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãóÚóåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó áöíóÞõæãó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö [57 \ 25] .
ÝóÕóÑøóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÃóäúÒóáó ãóÚó ÑõÓõáöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó áöÃóÌúáö Ãóäú íóÞõæãó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÏúáõ æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝõ. æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» : æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÑóÝóÚóåóÇ æóæóÖóÚó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóØúÛóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáúæóÒúäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö æóáóÇ ÊõÎúÓöÑõæÇ ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó [55 \ 7 - 9] .
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ - ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ -: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí æóÇááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÃóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» æóÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» åõæó ÇáúÚóÏúáõ æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó.
æóÃóäøó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» åõæó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäõ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ¡ ÃóÚúäöí ÂáóÉó ÇáúæóÒúäö ÇáøóÊöí íõæÒóäõ ÈöåóÇ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãóÈöíÚóÇÊö.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» æóÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» ÚóÈøóÑó ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö áóÇ ÈöæóÖúÚöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» : Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó. æóÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» : æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãóÚóåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó [57 \ 25] .
æóÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» ÝóÞóÏú ÚóÈøóÑó ÈöÇáúæóÖúÚö áóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÒóÇáö¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÑóÝóÚóåóÇ æóæóÖóÚó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó [55 \ 7] . Ëõãøó ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÂáóÉõ ÇáúæóÒúäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáúæóÒúäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö æóáóÇ ÊõÎúÓöÑõæÇ ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó [55 \ 9] áöÃóäøó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí äõåõæÇ Úóäú ÅöÎúÓóÇÑöåö åõæó ÃóÎõæ ÇáúãößúíóÇáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóáóÇ ÊóßõæäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÎúÓöÑöíäó æóÒöäõæÇ ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØóÇÓö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÎóÓõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú [26 \ 181 - 183] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíúáñ áöáúãõØóÝøöÝöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÇßúÊóÇáõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÓúÊóæúÝõæäó æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇáõæåõãú Ãóæú æóÒóäõæåõãú íõÎúÓöÑõæäó [83 \ 1 - 3] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö ÔõÚóíúÈò: æóáóÇ ÊóäúÞõÕõæÇ ÇáúãößúíóÇáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 84] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊúßõãú ÈóíøöäóÉñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú ÝóÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 85] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : æóÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö áóÇ äõßóáøöÝõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ æõÓúÚóåóÇ [6 \ 152] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí(7/65)
ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» : æóÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó ÅöÐóÇ ßöáúÊõãú æóÒöäõæÇ ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØóÇÓö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö Ðóáößó ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ÊóÃúæöíáðÇ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóÑúÊõãú Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúãöíÒóÇäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» æóÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» - åõæó ÇáúÚóÏúáõ æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúãöíÒóÇäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö» åõæó ÂáóÉõ ÇáúæóÒúäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ¡ æóÐóßóÑúÊõãú äóÙóÇÆöÑó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÑúÊõãú íõÔóßøóáõ ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúßõÊõÈó ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉó ßõáøõåóÇ ÚóÏúáñ æóÅöäúÕóÇÝñ.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏó ÅöÐóÇ ÚõÈøöÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÕöÝóÊóíúäö ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÊóíúäö ÌóÇÒó ÚóØúÝõåõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ áöáÊøóÛóÇíõÑö Èóíúäó ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáÊøóÛóÇíõÑö Ýöí ÇáÐøóæóÇÊö¡ æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÓóÈøöÍö ÇÓúãó ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÃóÚúáóì ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÝóÓóæøóì æóÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóÑó ÝóåóÏóì æóÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúãóÑúÚóì [87 \ 1 - 4] . ÝóÇáúãóæúÕõæÝõ æóÇÍöÏñ æóÇáÕøöÝóÇÊõ ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÛó ÇáúÚóØúÝõ áöÊóÛóÇíõÑö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö. æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Åöáóì Çáúãóáößö ÇáúÞóÑúãö æóÇÈúäö ÇáúåõãóÇãö ... æóáóíúËö ÇáúßóÊöíÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãõÒúÏóÍöãö
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ýóåõæó ãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãö - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÃóÚúáóÇãö ÇáúãõæóÞøöÚöíäó¡ ãöäó ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäö.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö åõæó ÇáúÚóÏúáõ æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝõ ÇáúãõÕóÑøóÍõ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãöíÒóÇäõ: ÝóíóÕúÏõÞõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íõÕóÑøóÍú Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ãóÚúáõæãñ ãöãøóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó Èöåö ÝöíåóÇ.
ÝóÇáÊøóÃúÝöíÝõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò [17 \ 23] . ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÕóÑøóÍñ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóãóäúÚõ ÖóÑúÈö ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ãóËóáðÇ ÇáúãóÏúáõæáõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáäøóåúíö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÃúÝöíÝö ãöäó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö¡ Ãóíú ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ãóÚó ÑõÓõáöåö.
æóÞóÈõæáõ ÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÏúáóíúäö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÌúÚóÉö æóÇáØøóáóÇÞö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóÔúåöÏõæÇ Ðóæóíú ÚóÏúáò ãöäúßõãú [65 \ 2] ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÕóÑøóÍñ Èöåö Ýöíåö.õõ(7/66)
æóÞóÈõæáõ ÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò ÚõÏõæáò Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ãóÚó ÑõÓõáöåö.
æóÊóÍúÑöíãõ Ãóßúáö ãóÇáö ÇáúíóÊöíãö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÃúßõáõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì ÙõáúãðÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÃúßõáõæäó Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåöãú äóÇÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 10]- ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö.
æóÊóÍúÑöíãõ ÅöÛúÑóÇÞö ãóÇáö ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÅöÍúÑóÇÞöåö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ãöäú Ðóáößó - ãöäó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ãóÚó ÑõÓõáöåö.
æóÌóáúÏõ ÇáúÞóÇÐöÝö ÇáÐøóßóÑö áöáúãõÍúÕóäóÉö ÇáúÃõäúËóì ËóãóÇäöíäó ÌöáúÏóÉð æóÑóÏøõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊöåö¡ æóÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÝöÓúÞöåö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóÑúãõæäó ÇáúãõÍúÕóäóÇÊö Ëõãøó áóãú íóÃúÊõæÇ ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÔõåóÏóÇÁó ÝóÇÌúáöÏõæåõãú ËóãóÇäöíäó ÌóáúÏóÉð Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÇÈõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 4 - 5]- ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÚõÞõæÈóÉõ ÇáúÞóÇÐöÝö ÇáÐøóßóÑö áöÐóßóÑò ãöËúáöåö¡ æóÇáúÃõäúËóì ÇáúÞóÇÐöÝóÉö áöáÐøóßóÑö Ãóæú áöÃõäúËóì ÈöãöËúáö Êöáúßó ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö - ãöäó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
æóÍöáøöíøóÉõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú ãóÈúÊõæÊóÉð¡ ÈöÓóÈóÈö äößóÇÍö ÒóæúÌò ËóÇäò æóØóáóÇÞöåö áóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö¡ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäú ØóáøóÞóåóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ Ãóäú íóÊóÑóÇÌóÚóÇ [2 \ 230] Ãóíú ÝóÅöäú ØóáøóÞóåóÇ ÇáÒøóæúÌõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö æóÐóæúÞö ÇáúÚõÓóíúáóÉö - ÝóáóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú ãóÈúÊõæÊóÉð¡ æóÇáÒøóæúÌõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäóÊú ÍóÑóÇãðÇ Úóáóíúåö - Ãóäú íóÊóÑóÇÌóÚóÇ ÈóÚúÏó äößóÇÍö ÇáËøóÇäöí æóØóáóÇÞöåö áóåóÇ - ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ãóÇÊó ÇáÒøóæúÌõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÏóÎóáó ÈöåóÇ æóßóÇäó ãóæúÊõåõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõØóáøöÞóåóÇ¡ ÝóÍöáøöíøóÊõåóÇ áöáúÃóæøóáö ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäóÊú ÍóÑóÇãðÇ Úóáóíúåö - ãöäó ÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ãóÚó ÑõÓõáöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóíøöãö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúËöáóÉö áöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» Ýöí ßóáóÇãöäóÇ ÇáØøóæöíáö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÏóÇæõÏó æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÅöÐú íóÍúßõãóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúËö ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 78] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÑöíÈñ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÊóì ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 1] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö(7/67)
íóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöåóÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãõÔúÝöÞõæäó ãöäúåóÇ æóíóÚúáóãõæäó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõãóÇÑõæäó Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ÈóÚöíÏò (18)
- ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó Êóßõæäõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ [33 \ 63] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäúÐöÑúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÂÒöÝóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 18] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöåóÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãõÔúÝöÞõæäó ãöäúåóÇ æóíóÚúáóãõæäó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøõ.
ÐóßóÑó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ËóáóÇËó ãóÓóÇÆöáó: ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö íóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäó ÈöåóÇ¡ Ãóíú íóØúáõÈõæäó ÊóÚúÌöíáóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ áöÔöÏøóÉö ÅöäúßóÇÑöåöãú áóåóÇ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞõæäó ãöäúåóÇ¡ Ãóíú ÎóÇÆöÝõæäó ãöäúåóÇ.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉó: Ãóäøóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ Ãóíú Ãóäøó ÞöíóÇãóåóÇ æóæõÞõæÚóåóÇ ÍóÞøñ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö.
æóßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáËøóáóÇËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÌóÇÁóÊú ãõæóÖøóÍóÉð Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊöÚúÌóÇáõåõãú áóåóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæäóßó ÈöÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãõ ÇáúãóËõáóÇÊõ [13 \ 6] . æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÅöÔúÝóÇÞõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÎóæúÝõåõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ãõÔúÝöÞõæäó [21 \ 49] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÎóÇÝõæäó íóæúãðÇ ÊóÊóÞóáøóÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ [24 \ 37] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íõæÝõæäó ÈöÇáäøóÐúÑö æóíóÎóÇÝõæäó íóæúãðÇ ßóÇäó ÔóÑøõåõ ãõÓúÊóØöíÑðÇ [76 \ 7] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ æóåöíó Úöáúãõåõãú Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÍóÞøñ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÕóÑøöÍóÉõ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ äóÝúíó ÇáÑøóíúÈö ÝöíåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó.
æóÇáÑøóíúÈõ: ÇáÔøóßøõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäö ÇáÑøóÇÓöÎöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÑóÈøóäóÇ Åöäøóßó ÌóÇãöÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓö áöíóæúãò áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 9] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó áóíóÌúãóÚóäøóßõãú Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 87] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÌóãóÚúäóÇåõãú áöíóæúãò áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 25] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 7] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:(7/68)
Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí íõÈóÔøöÑõ Çááøóåõ ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Þõáú áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóãóäú íóÞúÊóÑöÝú ÍóÓóäóÉð äóÒöÏú áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÍõÓúäðÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÛóÝõæÑñ ÔóßõæÑñ (23)
Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÃóäøóåõ íõÍúíöí ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÂÊöíóÉñ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÈúÚóËõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö [22 \ 6 - 7] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõãóÇÑõæäó Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ÈóÚöíÏò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Èóáú ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöãóäú ßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÓóÚöíÑðÇ [25 \ 11] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: íõãóÇÑõæäó¡ ãõÖóÇÑöÚõ ãóÇÑóì íõãóÇÑöí ãöÑóÇÁð æóãõãóÇÑóÇÉð¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÇÕóãó æóÌóÇÏóáó.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóÇ ÊõãóÇÑö Ýöíåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ãöÑóÇÁð ÙóÇåöÑðÇ [18 \ 22] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ÈóÚöíÏò¡ Ãóíú ÈóÚöíÏò Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚóÇäöíó ÇáÖøóáóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáó ÝóÚóáúÊõåóÇ ÅöÐðÇ æóÃóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó [26 \ 20] . æóÝöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì. ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÇ Þóæúãö áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ãóÇáðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 29]- Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáÑøõÓõáö - Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - áóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõæäó ÃóÌúÑðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóÂíóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» åóÐöåö¡ ÝóÞõáúäóÇ Ýöíåö:
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÞúæóÇáò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ æóÚößúÑöãóÉõ æóÃóÈõæ ãóÇáößò æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ æóÇÈúäõ ÒóíúÏò æóÛóíúÑõåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ - Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Þõáú áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì¡ Ãóíú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóæóÏøõæäöí Ýöí ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöí ÇáøóÊöí Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäóßõãú¡ ÝóÊóßõÝøõæÇ Úóäøöí ÃóÐóÇßõãú æóÊóãúäóÚõæäöí ãöäú ÃóÐóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóãúäóÚõæäó ßõáøó ãóäú Èóíúäóßõãú æóÈóíúäóåõ ãöËúáõ ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöí ãöäúßõãú¡ æóßóÇäó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÈóØúäò ãöäú ÞõÑóíúÔò ÑóÍöãñ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÃóáóåõãú áóíúÓó(7/69)
ÈöÃóÌúÑò Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÈúÐõæáñ áößõáøö ÃóÍóÏò ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÃóÍóÏò íóæóÏøõåõ Ãóåúáõ ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöåö æóíóäúÊóÕöÑõæäó áóåõ ãöäú ÃóÐóì ÇáäøóÇÓö.
æóÞóÏú ÝóÚóáó áóåõ Ðóáößó ÃóÈõæ ØóÇáöÈò æóáóãú íóßõäú íóÓúÃóáõ ÃóÌúÑðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íõÄúãöäú.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó áóÇ íóÓúÃóáõ ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÅöáøóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí áóíúÓó ÈöÃóÌúÑò - ÊóÍóÞøóÞó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúÃóáõ ÃóÌúÑðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÇÈöÛóÉö:
æóáóÇ ÚóíúÈó Ýöíåöãú ÛóíúÑó Ãóäøó ÓõíõæÝóåõãú ... Èöåöäøó Ýõáõæáñ ãöäú ÞöÑóÇÚö ÇáúßóÊóÇÆöÈö
æóãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ íõÓóãøöíåö ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøõæäó ÊóÃúßöíÏó ÇáúãóÏúÍö ÈöãóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ ÇáÐøóãøó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì¡ Ãóíú áóÇ ÊõÄúÐõæÇ ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöí æóÚöÊúÑóÊöí¡ æóÇÍúÝóÙõæäöí Ýöíåöãú¡ æóíõÑúæóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò æóÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò æóÚóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó ÃóíúÖðÇ.
áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÇÌöÈóÉñ ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú¡ æóÃóÍúÑóì ÞóÑóÇÈóÉõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -. ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò [9 \ 71] . æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö «ãóËóáõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí ÊóÑóÇÍõãöåöãú æóÊóæóÇÏøöåöãú ßóÇáúÌóÓóÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÅöÐóÇ ÃõÕöíÈó ãöäúåõ ÚõÖúæñ ÊóÏóÇÚóì áóåõ ÓóÇÆöÑõ ÇáúÌóÓóÏö ÈöÇáÓøóåóÑö æóÇáúÍõãøóì» æóÞóÇáó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - «áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ÍóÊøóì íõÍöÈøó áöÃóÎöíåö ãóÇ íõÍöÈøõ áöäóÝúÓöåö» . æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó äóÝúÓõ ÇáÏøöíäõ íõæÌöÈõ åóÐóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ÊóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ÚöæóÖò Úóäö ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ ãõäúÞóØöÚñ Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó.
ÝóãóÚúäóÇåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö áóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ÃóÌúÑðÇ áóßöäú ÃõÐóßøöÑõßõãú ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöí Ýöíßõãú.
æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí: áóßöäú ÃõÐóßøöÑõßõãõ Çááøóåó Ýöí ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöí¡ ÝóÇÍúÝóÙõæäöí Ýöíåöãú.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ - æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ -: (ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì) Ãóíú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÊóæóÏøóÏõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÊóÊóÞóÑøóÈõæÇ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö æóÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÞóÑøõÈó Åöáóì Çááøóåö áóíúÓó ÃóÌúÑðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö.õõ(7/70)
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: (ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì) Ãóíú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÊóæóÏøóÏõæÇ Åöáóì ÞóÑóÇÈóÇÊößõãú æóÊóÕöáõæÇ ÃóÑúÍóÇãóßõãú¡ ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÞóÇÓöãò¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó.
áöÃóäøó ÕöáóÉó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÑóÍöãóåõ áóíúÓóÊú ÃóÌúÑðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÈúáöíÛö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÙóåóÑó áóßó ÑóÝúÚõ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì - ãóäúÓõæÎñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú ãóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊõßõãú ãöäú ÃóÌúÑò Ýóåõæó áóßõãú [34 \ 47]- Ýóåõæó ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöíåö Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó åõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö.
ãóÚó Ãóäøó ßËíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáËøóÇäöíó åõæó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÝóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóæóÏøõæäöí Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöí.
æóãöãøóäú Ùóäøó Ðóáößó ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÇáÓóÌøóÇÏõ ; ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó áöÞóÇÊöáöåö íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãóáö: ÃõÐóßøöÑõßó «Íã» íóÚúäöí ÓõæÑóÉó «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» åóÐöåö¡ æóãõÑóÇÏõåõ Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÞóÑóÇÈóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÝóíóáúÒóãõ ÍöÝúÙóåõ Ýöíåöãú ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÞóÇáó Ýöí «Íã» åóÐöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì Ýóåõæó íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó¡ íóÙõäøõåõ åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÊöáõåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó:
íõÐóßøöÑõäöí ÍóÇãöíãó æóÇáÑøõãúÍõ ÔóÇÌöÑõ ... ÝóåóáøóÇ ÊóáóÇ ÍóÇãöíãó ÞóÈúáó ÇáÊøóÞóÏøõãö
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊó æóÇáúÃóÈúíóÇÊó ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøó ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÈóíúÊó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäö» ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝó Ýöí ÞóÇÆöáö ÇáúÃóÈúíóÇÊö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÊóáó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÇáÓøóÌøóÇÏó Èúäó ØóáúÍóÉó Èúäö ÚõÈóíúÏö Çááøóåö íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãóáö¡ åóáú åõæó ÔõÑóíúÍõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÃóæúÝóì ÇáúÚóÈúÓöíøõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÃóÔúÊóÑõ ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ Ãóæú ÚöÕóÇãõ Èúäõ ãõÞúÔóÚöÑøò¡ Ãóæú ãõÏúáöÌõ Èúäõ ßóÚúÈò ÇáÓøóÚúÏöíøõ¡ Ãóæú ßóÚúÈõ Èúäõ ãõÏúáöÌò.
æóãöãøóäú Ùóäøó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ãóÇ Ùóäøóåõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÇáÓøóÌøóÇÏõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ - ÇáúßõãóíúÊõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÞóÑóÇÈóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -:
æóÌóÏúäóÇ áóßõãú Ýöí Âáö ÍóÇãöíãó ÂíóÉð ... ÊóÃóæøóáóåóÇ ãöäøóÇ ÊóÞöíøñ æóãõÚúÑöÈõ
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÏøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóìõõ(7/71)
æóáóæú ÈóÓóØó Çááøóåõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö áóÈóÛóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóßöäú íõäóÒøöáõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ Åöäøóåõ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈóÕöíÑñ (27)
Ãóíú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóæóÏøõæäöí Ýöí ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöí Ýöíßõãú æóÊóÍúÝóÙõæäöí ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóßõÝøõæÇ Úóäøöí ÃóÐóÇßõãú æóÊóãúäóÚõæäöí ãöäú ÃóÐóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ÔóÃúäõ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÞõÑóÇÈóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú íóÞúÊóÑöÝú ÍóÓóäóÉð äóÒöÏú áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÍõÓúäðÇ. ÇáöÇÞúÊöÑóÇÝõ ãóÚóäóÇåõ ÇáöÇßúÊöÓóÇÈõ¡ Ãóíú ãóäú íóÚúãóáú ÍóÓóäóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÍóÓóäóÇÊö æóíóßúÊóÓöÈúåóÇ - äóÒöÏú áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÍõÓúäðÇ¡ Ãóíú äõÖóÇÚöÝúåóÇ áóåõ.
ÝóãõÖóÇÚóÝóÉõ ÇáúÍóÓóäóÇÊö åöíó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ Ýöí ÍõÓúäöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÊõæóÖøöÍõåõ ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú Êóßõ ÍóÓóäóÉð íõÖóÇÚöÝúåóÇ æóíõÄúÊö ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ [4 \ 40] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö Ýóáóåõ ÚóÔúÑõ ÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ [6 \ 160] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóäú ÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íõÞúÑöÖõ Çááøóåó ÞóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ ÝóíõÖóÇÚöÝóåõ áóåõ ÃóÖúÚóÇÝðÇ ßóËöíÑóÉð [2 \ 245] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÂÊõæÇ ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóÃóÞúÑöÖõæÇ Çááøóåó ÞóÑúÖðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ æóãóÇ ÊõÞóÏøöãõæÇ áöÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ÊóÌöÏõæåõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö åõæó ÎóíúÑðÇ æóÃóÚúÙóãó ÃóÌúÑðÇ [73 \ 20] . Ýóßóæúäõåõ ÎóíúÑðÇ æóÃóÚúÙóãó ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ Ýöí ÍõÓúäöåö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì. Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÈóáõ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóíóÚúÝõæ Úóäö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö.
Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ åõæó æóÍúÏóåõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÈóáõ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ æóíóÚúÝõæ Úóäö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ðóáößó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóãú íóÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó íóÞúÈóáõ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóíóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáÊøóæøóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ [9 \ 104] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóæúÈóÉð äóÕõæÍðÇ ÚóÓóì ÑóÈøõßõãú Ãóäú íõßóÝøöÑó Úóäúßõãú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [66 \ 8] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ [3 \ 135] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö æóÃóÑúßóÇäóåóÇ æóÅöÒóÇáóÉó ãóÇ Ýöí ÃóÑúßóÇäöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÝúáöÍõæäó [24 \ 31] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóßöäú íõäóÒøöáõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ.
ÐóßóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íõäóÒøöáõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ ÊóäúÒöíáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÒóÇÞö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ(7/72)
æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÇáúÌóæóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ßóÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãö (32)
ÈöÞóÏóÑò¡ Ãóíú ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑò ãóÚúáõæãò ÚöäúÏóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - æóåõæó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö Ýöí ãöÞúÏóÇÑö ßóáøö ãóÇ íõäóÒøöáõåõ. æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÎóÒóÇÆöäõåõ æóãóÇ äõäóÒøöáõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÚúáõæãò [15 \ 21] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑò [13 \ 8] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÈöãõÚúÌöÒöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøõæÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÇ ÊóÍúÓóÈóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãõÚúÌöÒöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÃúæóÇåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 57] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ÇáúÌóæóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ßóÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãö.
Þóæúáõåõ: (æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö) Ãóíú ãöäú ÚóáóÇãóÇÊöåö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåö áöáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÍúÏóåõ - ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöí æóåöíó ÇáÓøõÝõäõ¡ æóÇÍöÏóÊõåóÇ ÌóÇÑöíóÉñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóÇ áóãøóÇ ØóÛóì ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÍóãóáúäóÇßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö [69 \ 11] íóÚúäöí ÓóÝöíäóÉó äõæÍò¡ æóÓõãøöíóÊú ÌóÇÑöíóÉð áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÌúÑöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: (ßóÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãö) ¡ Ãóíú ßóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö¡ ÔóÈøóåó ÇáÓøõÝõäó ÈöÇáúÌöÈóÇáö áöÚöÙóãöåóÇ.
æóÚóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãó ÇáúÞõÕõæÑõ¡ æóÚóäö ÇáúÎóáöíáö Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãõÑúÊóÝöÚò ÊõÓóãøöíåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÚóáóãðÇ¡ æóÌóãúÚõ ÇáúÚóáóãö ÃóÚúáóÇãñ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÎóáöíáõ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÎóäúÓóÇÁö ÊóÑúËöí ÃóÎóÇåóÇ ÕóÎúÑðÇ:
æóÅöäøó ÕóÎúÑðÇ áóÊóÃúÊóãøõ ÇáúåõÏóÇÉõ Èöåö ... ßóÃóäøóåõ Úóáóãñ Ýöí ÑóÃúÓöåö äóÇÑñ
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÌóÑóíóÇäó ÇáÓøõÝõäö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÂíóÉñ áóåõãú ÃóäøóÇ ÍóãóáúäóÇ ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáúãóÔúÍõæäö æóÎóáóÞúäóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ãöËúáöåö ãóÇ íóÑúßóÈõæäó æóÅöäú äóÔóÃú äõÛúÑöÞúåõãú ÝóáóÇ ÕóÑöíÎó áóåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íõäúÞóÐõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäøóÇ æóãóÊóÇÚðÇ Åöáóì Íöíäò [36 \ 41 - 44] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóäúÌóíúäóÇåõ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáÓøóÝöíäóÉö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÂíóÉð áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [29 \ 15] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÌúÑöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [2 \ 164] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» : æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÝõáúßó ãóæóÇÎöÑó Ýöíåö æóáöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 14] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÝóÇØöÑò» :õõ(7/73)
æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóÌúÊóäöÈõæäó ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÛóÖöÈõæÇ åõãú íóÛúÝöÑõæäó (37)
æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÝõáúßó Ýöíåö ãóæóÇÎöÑó áöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 12] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó äóÇÝöÚñ æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ (ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöí) ÈöíóÇÁò ÓóÇßöäóÉò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÑøóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö ÝóÞóØú Ïõæäó ÇáúæóÞúÝö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÈöÇáúíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö æóÇáúæóÞúÝö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó (ÇáúÌöæóÇÑö) ÈöÍóÐúÝö ÇáúíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö æóÇáúæóÞúÝö ãóÚðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóÌúÊóäöÈõæäó ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó.
ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ (ßóÈöíÑó ÇáúÅöËúãö) ¡ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÈóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ íóÇÁñ ÓóÇßöäóÉñ æóÑóÇÁñ Úóáóì ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÃóáúÝñ ÝóåóãúÒóÉñ ãóßúÓõæÑóÉñ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÑøóÇÁö Úóáóì ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÌóÑøò ÚóØúÝðÇ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÈúÞóì áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóÊóæóßøóáõæäó Ãóíú æóÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÈúÞóì ÃóíúÖðÇ áöáøóÐöíäó íóÌúÊóäöÈõæäó ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó.
æóÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔõ ÌóãúÚõ ÝóÇÍöÔóÉò. æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö.
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÔúäóÚöåóÇ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔóÉó Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö åöíó ÇáúÎóÕúáóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóäóÇåöíóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈúÍö¡ æóßõáøõ ãõÊóÔóÏøöÏò Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãõÈóÇáöÛò Ýöíåö Ýóåõæó ÝóÇÍöÔñ Ýöíåö.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ØóÑóÝóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
ÃóÑóì ÇáúãóæúÊó íóÚúÊóÇãõ ÇáúßöÑóÇãó æóíóÕúØóÝöí ... ÚóÞöíáóÉó ãóÇáö ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔö ÇáúãõÊóÔóÏøöÏö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔõ¡ Ãóíö ÇáúãõÈóÇáöÛõ Ýöí ÇáúÈõÎúáö ÇáúãõÊóäóÇåöí Ýöíåö.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú æóÚúÏöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞö áöáøóÐöíäó íóÌúÊóäöÈõæäó ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó ÈöãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáËøóæóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÈúÞóì - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» Ãóäøó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÊóßúÝöíÑóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõãú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊöåõãú¡ æóÅöÏúÎóÇáóåõãõ ÇáúãõÏúÎóáó ÇáúßóÑöíãó æóåõæó ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú ÊóÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ãóÇ Êõäúåóæúäó Úóäúåõ äõßóÝøöÑú Úóäúßõãú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊößõãú æóäõÏúÎöáúßõãú ãõÏúÎóáðÇ ßóÑöíãðÇ [4 \ 31] . æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÌúãö» Ãóäøóåõãú ÈöÇÌúÊöäóÇÈöåöãú ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó - íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇÓúãõ ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó¡ æóæóÚúÏóåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì.õõ(7/74)
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áóåõ ÍóÏöíËõ «ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ¡ æóÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉõ ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóì æóÌúåö Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÑöíãö» Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áöáøóÐöíäó ÃóÍúÓóäõæÇ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì æóÒöíóÇÏóÉñ [10 \ 26] ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ.
æóÂíóÉõ «ÇáäøóÌúãö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ åöíó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÌúÒöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÍúÓóäõæÇ ÈöÇáúÍõÓúäóì [53 \ 31] . Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáøóÐöíäö ÃóÍúÓóäõæÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÌúÊóäöÈõæäó ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóãóãó Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó æóÇÓöÚõ ÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉö [53 \ 23] .
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóãóãó) - Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇááøóãóãö ÕóÛóÇÆöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈö¡ æóãöäú ÃóæúÖóÍö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú ÊóÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ãóÇ Êõäúåóæúäó Úóäúåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 31] . ÝóÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇÌúÊöäóÇÈó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö ÓóÈóÈñ áöÛõÝúÑóÇäö ÇáÕøóÛóÇÆöÑö¡ æóÎóíúÑõ ãóÇ íõÝóÓøóÑõ Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÇáËøóÇÈöÊõ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÃóÔúÈóåó ÈöÇááøóãóãö ãöãøóÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÊóÈó Úóáóì ÇÈúäö ÂÏóãó ÍóÙøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÒøöäóÇ¡ ÃóÏúÑóßó Ðóáößó áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó¡ ÝóÒöäóÇ ÇáúÚóíúäö ÇáäøóÙóÑõ¡ æóÒöäóÇ ÇááøöÓóÇäö ÇáúãóäúØöÞõ¡ æóÇáäøóÝúÓõ Êõãóäøöí æóÊóÔúÊóåöí æóÇáúÝóÑúÌõ íõÕóÏøöÞõ Ðóáößó Ãóæú íõßóÐøöÈõåõ» .
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóãóãó) ãõäúÞóØöÚñ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóãóãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÕøóÛóÇÆöÑõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÊóÍúÞöíÞó ÇáúãóÞóÇãö Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ÇáúãõäúÞóØöÚö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÝöíåóÇ áóÛúæðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ [19 \ 62] .
æóÞóÇáóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ ãõÊøóÕöáñ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóãóÚúäóì (ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóãóãó) ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóáõãøó ÈöÝóÇÍöÔóÉò ãóÑøóÉð¡ Ëõãøó íóÌúÊóäöÈõåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÚõæÏõ áóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
Åöäú ÊóÛúÝöÑö Çááøóåõãøó ÊóÛúÝöÑú ÌóãøðÇ ... æóÃóíøõ ÚóÈúÏò áóßó ãóÇ ÃóáóãøóÇ
æóÑóæóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ. æóÝöí ÕöÍøóÊöåö ãõÑúÝõæÚðÇ äóÙóÑñ.õõ(7/75)
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇááøóãóãö ãóÇ ÓóáóÝó ãöäúåõãú ãóäö ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí ÞóÈúáó ÇáÏøõÎõæáö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö. æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÈõÚúÏõåõ.
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÂíóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÇáúãõÊøóÝöÞö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ÇáúÅöËúãö áóíúÓóÊú ãóÍúÏõæÏóÉð Ýöí ÚóÏóÏò ãõÚóíøóäò¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÊóÚúíöíäõ ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ¡ ßóÇáÓøóÈúÚö ÇáúãõæÈöÞóÇÊö¡ Ãóíö ÇáúãõåóáößóÇÊö áöÚöÙóãöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÃóäøóåóÇ: ÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßõ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÞóÊúáõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÇáÓøöÍúÑõ¡ æóÃóßúáõ ÇáÑøöÈóÇ¡ æóÃóßúáõ ãóÇáö ÇáúíóÊöíãö¡ æóÇáÊøóæóáøöí íóæúãó ÇáÒøóÍúÝö¡ æóÞóÐóÝõ ÇáúãõÍúÕóäóÇÊö ÇáúÛóÇÝöáóÇÊö ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑöæóÇíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö ßóÚõÞõæÞö ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÍúáóÇáö ÍõÑúãóÉö ÈóíúÊö Çááøóåö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ æóÇáÑøõÌõæÚö Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÇÏöíóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ æóÔõÑúÈö ÇáúÎóãúÑö¡ æóÇáúíóãöíäö ÇáúÛóãõæÓö¡ æóÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉö¡ æóãóäúÚö ÝóÖúáö ÇáúãóÇÁö¡ æóãóäúÚö ÝóÖúáö ÇáúßóáóÅö¡ æóÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáÒøõæÑö.
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò Ãóäøó ÃóßúÈóÑó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÎóáúÞó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÊúáõ ÇáÑøóÌõáö æóáóÏóåõ ÎóÔúíóÉó Ãóäú íóØúÚóãó ãóÚóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÒöäóÇåõ ÈöÍóáöíáóÉö ÌóÇÑöåö. æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ «Ãóäøó ãöäó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö ÊóÓóÈøõÈó ÇáÑøóÌõáö Ýöí ÓóÈøö æóÇáöÏóíúåö» . æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ «Ãóäøó ÓöÈóÇÈó ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÝõÓõæÞñ æóÞöÊóÇáóåõ ßõÝúÑñ» . æóÐóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö.
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö «Ãóäøó ãöäó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö ÇáúæõÞõæÚó Ýöí ÚöÑúÖö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ æóÇáÓøóÈøóÊóíúäö ÈöÇáÓøóÈøóÉö» .
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö «Ãóäøó ãöäúåóÇ ÌóãúÚó ÇáÕøóáóÇÊóíúäö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÚõÐúÑò» .
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ «Ãóäøó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúíóÃúÓó ãöäú ÑóæúÍö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúÃóãúäó ãöäú ãóßúÑö Çááøóåö» . æóíóÏõáøõ ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóíúÆóÓõ ãöäú ÑóæúÍö Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúãõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [12 \ 87] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóáóÇ íóÃúãóäõ ãóßúÑó Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑõæäó [7 \ 99] .
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ «Ãóäøó ãöäúåóÇ ÓõæÁó ÇáÙøóäøö ÈöÇááøóåö» . æóíóÏõáøõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíõÚóÐøöÈó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞóÇÊö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóÇáúãõÔúÑößóÇÊö ÇáÙøóÇäøöíäó ÈöÇááøóåö Ùóäøó ÇáÓøóæúÁö Úóáóíúåöãú ÏóÇÆöÑóÉõ ÇáÓøóæúÁö æóÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÚóäóåõãú æóÃóÚóÏøó áóåõãú Ìóåóäøóãó æóÓóÇÁóÊú ãóÕöíÑðÇ [48 \ 6] .
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ «Ãóäøó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÅöÖúÑóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúæóÕöíøóÉö» .(7/76)
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ «Ãóäøó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÛóáõæáó» . æóíóÏõáøõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú íóÛúáõáú íóÃúÊö ÈöãóÇ Ûóáøó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö [3 \ 161] . æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÛóáõæáö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ Íõßúãó ÇáúÛóÇáøö.
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ «Ãóäøó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÔúÊóÑõæäó ÈöÚóåúÏö Çááøóåö æóÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú ËóãóäðÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ» . æóíóÏõáøõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃõæáóÆößó áóÇ ÎóáóÇÞó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóáóÇ íõßóáøöãõåõãõ Çááøóåõ æóáóÇ íóäúÙõÑõ Åöáóíúåöãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóáóÇ íõÒóßøöíåöãú æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ [3 \ 77] . æóáóãú äóÐúßõÑú ÃóÓóÇäöíÏó åóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö æóäõÕõæÕó ãõÊõæäöåóÇ ÎóæúÝó ÇáúÅöØóÇáóÉö¡ æóÃóÓóÇäöíÏõ ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÎúáõæ ãöäú äóÙóÑò¡ áóßöäøóåóÇ áóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íóÎúáõæ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäúåóÇ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÍóÏøö ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ; ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åöíó ßõáøõ ÐóäúÈò ÇÓúÊóæúÌóÈó ÍóÏøðÇ ãöäú ÍõÏõæÏö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åöíó ßõáøõ ÐóäúÈò ÌóÇÁó ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöäóÇÑò Ãóæú áóÚúäóÉò Ãóæú ÛóÖóÈò Ãóæú ÚóÐóÇÈò.
æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑöíäó ÍóÏøó ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ßõáøõ ÐóäúÈò Ïóáøó Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇßúÊöÑóÇËö ÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÈöÇáÏøöíäö.
æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÈúÚöíäó ãöäúåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÈúÚö. æóÚóäúåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóì ÓóÈúÚöãöÇÆóÉò ãöäúåóÇ Åöáóì ÓóÈúÚò.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ - ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ -: ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóäúÍóÕöÑõ Ýöí ÓóÈúÚò¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóÈúÚñ áóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇäúÍöÕóÇÑóåóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÏóÏö; áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóì äóÝúíö ÛóíúÑö ÇáÓøóÈúÚö ÈöÇáúãóÝúåõæãö¡ æóåõæó ãóÝúåõæãõ áóÞóÈò¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ ÚóÏóãõ ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑöåö.
æóáóæú ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøóåõ ãóÝúåõæãõ ÚóÏóÏò - áóßóÇäó ÛóíúÑó ãõÚúÊóÈóÑò ÃóíúÖðÇ; áöÃóäøó ÒöíóÇÏóÉó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö Úóáóì ÇáÓøóÈúÚö ãóÏúáõæáñ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáúãóäúØõæÞö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÚóÏóÏñ ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÓóÈúÚò¡ æóÇáúãóäúØõæÞõ ãõÞóÏøóãñ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ãóÝúåõæãó ÇáúÚóÏóÏö áóíúÓó ãöäú ÃóÞúæóì ÇáúãóÝóÇåöíãö.
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí ÖóÇÈöØö ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøõ ÐóäúÈò ÇÞúÊóÑóäó ÈöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú ãõØúáóÞö ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉö¡ ÓóæóÇÁð ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöäóÇÑò Ãóæú ÛóÖóÈò Ãóæú áóÚúäóÉò Ãóæú ÚóÐóÇÈò¡ Ãóæú ßóÇäó æõÌõæÈõ ÇáúÍóÏøö Ýöíåö¡ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÊóÛúáöíÙö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö æóÊóæúßöíÏöåö.(7/77)
æóßóÐóáößó ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÑõæÍðÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ æóáóßöäú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò (52)
ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ßõáøó ÐóäúÈò ßóÈöíÑóÉñ. æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú ÊóÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ãóÇ Êõäúåóæúäó Úóäúåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 31] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóãóãó [53 \ 32] íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí ßóÈóÇÆöÑõ¡ æóÈóÚúÖóåóÇ ÕóÛóÇÆöÑõ¡ æóÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÕóÛöíÑóÉó ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÕúÑóÇÑö¡ æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉó ãóÚó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõå - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÒóÇÁõ ÓóíøöÆóÉò ÓóíøöÆóÉñ ãöËúáõåóÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ÚóÇÞóÈúÊõãú ÝóÚóÇÞöÈõæÇ ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÚõæÞöÈúÊõãú Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 126] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÈóÔøöÑú ÚöÈóÇÏöí ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÓúÊóãöÚõæäó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÝóíóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÃóÍúÓóäóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 17 - 18] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóãóäö ÇäúÊóÕóÑó ÈóÚúÏó Ùõáúãöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ãóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÓóÈöíáò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÂíóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» æóÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÊóíúäö ÂäöÝðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊóÑóì ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ýóåóáú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÔõÝóÚóÇÁó ÝóíóÔúÝóÚõæÇ áóäóÇ Ãóæú äõÑóÏøõ ÝóäóÚúãóáó ÛóíúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ßõäøóÇ äóÚúãóáõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 53] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóßóÐóáößó ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÑõæÍðÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÈöÇáÑøõæÍö ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ æóáóßöäú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ - íõÈóíøöäõ Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöíåö ãöäøóÊóåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøö ÇáúßóÑöíãö¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõ Úóáøóãóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó æóáóãú íóßõäú íóÚúáóãõåõ ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó¡ æóÚóáøóãóåõ ÊóÝóÇÕöíáó Ïöíäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóáóãú íóßõäú íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó.(7/78)
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: (ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ) Ãóíú ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ åõæó åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÚóáøóãúÊõßóåõ¡ æóãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÊóÝóÇÕöíáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøöíäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö¡ ÍóÊøóì ÚóáøóãúÊõßóåõ.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö - Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúÞóæúáö æóÇáúÚóãóáö ãóÚó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö.
æóÐóáößó ËóÇÈöÊñ Ýöí ÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÕóÍöíÍóÉò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ æóÝúÏö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÞóíúÓö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ: «ãóäú ÞóÇãó ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóÇÍúÊöÓóÇÈðÇ. . .» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ ÝóÓóãøóì Ýöíåö ÞöíóÇãó ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÅöíãóÇäðÇ¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ «ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÖúÚñ æóÓóÈúÚõæäó ÔõÚúÈóÉð» ¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊöåö «ÈöÖúÚñ æóÓöÊøõæäó ÔõÚúÈóÉð¡ ÃóÚúáóÇåóÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÃóáøóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÃóÏúäóÇåóÇ ÅöãóÇØóÉõ ÇáúÃóÐóì Úóäö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö» .
æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóíóßúÝöí Ýöí Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÔõÚóÈö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ Ýóåõæó - ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö - ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÚúÑöÝõ ÊóÝóÇÕöíáó ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈóÉö æóÃóæúÞóÇÊóåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ Õóæúãó ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ æóãóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ýöíåö æóãóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú íóÚúÑöÝõ ÊóÝóÇÕöíáó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö æóáóÇ ãóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ÞóÏúÑó ÇáäøöÕóÇÈö æóÞóÏúÑó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÝóÇÕöíáó ÇáúÍóÌøö æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú íóÚúáóãõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑó ÍóÊøóì Úóáøóãóåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ÈöÃóäú ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøõæÑó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøóåö - ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÚóáøóãóßó ãóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÚúáóãõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 113] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ -: äóÍúäõ äóÞõÕøõ Úóáóíúßó ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÞóÕóÕö ÈöãóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó æóÅöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö áóãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÝöáöíäó [12 \ 3] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «íõæÓõÝó» åóÐöåö: æóÅöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö áóãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÝöáöíäó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóæóÌóÏóßó ÖóÇáøðÇ ÝóåóÏóì [93 \ 7] Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáó ÝóÚóáúÊõåóÇ ÅöÐðÇ æóÃóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó [26 \ 20] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáóßöäú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ¡ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ) ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÑõæÍðÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ.(7/79)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ¡ Ãóíú æóáóßöäú ÌóÚúáóäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ åöÏóÇíóÊóåõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ.
æóÓõãøöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ äõæÑðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íõÖöíÁõ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóíõÒöíáõ ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÌóåúáö æóÇáÔøóßøö æóÇáÔøöÑúßö.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó äõæÑñ - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÈõÑúåóÇäñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßõãú äõæÑðÇ ãõÈöíäðÇ [4 \ 174] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ÇáäøõæÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó ãóÚóåõ [7 \ 157] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö äõæÑñ æóßöÊóÇÈñ ãõÈöíäñ íóåúÏöí Èöåö Çááøóåõ ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÑöÖúæóÇäóåõ ÓõÈõáó ÇáÓøóáóÇãö æóíõÎúÑöÌõåõãú ãöäó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Åöáóì ÇáäøõæÑö ÈöÅöÐúäöåö æóíóåúÏöíåöãú Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [5 \ 15 - 16] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö æóÇáäøõæÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ [64 \ 8] .
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ßóæúäö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ äõæÑðÇ - íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóßúÔöÝõ ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÌóåúáö¡ æóíóÙúåóÑõ Ýöí ÖóæúÆöåö ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ æóíóÊóãóíøóÒõ Úóäö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóíõãóíøóÒõ Èöåö Èóíúäó ÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö æóÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇáúÞóÈöíÍö.
ÝóíóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÓúáöãò Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÖöíÁó ÈöäõæÑöåö¡ ÝóíóÚúÊóÞöÏó ÚóÞóÇÆöÏóåõ¡ æóíõÍöáøó ÍóáóÇáóåõ¡ æóíõÍóÑøöãó ÍóÑóÇãóåõ¡ æóíóãúÊóËöáó ÃóæóÇãöÑóåõ¡ æóíóÌúÊóäöÈó ãóÇ äóåóì Úóäúåõ¡ æóíóÚúÊóÈöÑó ÈöÞóÕóÕöåö æóÃóãúËóÇáöåö.
æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ßõáøõåóÇ ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö Èöåö¡ áöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ [59 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò.
ÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ ÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇåúÏöäóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó ÕöÑóÇØó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóäúÚóãúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÛúÖõæÈö Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó [1 \ 6 - 7] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóãøóÇ ËóãõæÏõ ÝóåóÏóíúäóÇåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 17] ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ åõäóÇßó æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó [28 \ 56] .(7/80)
ÕöÑóÇØö Çááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóáóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÕöíÑõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ (53)
æóÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÇáØøóÑöíÞõ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍõ¡ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ: ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÇÚúæöÌóÇÌó Ýöíåö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÌóÑöíÑò:
ÃãöíÑõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ... ÅöÐóÇ ÇÚúæóÌøó ÇáúãóæóÇÑöÏõ ãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóáóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÕöíÑõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ.
ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ßõáøöåóÇ ÊóÕöíÑõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú ÊóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóíúåö æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáöáøóåö ÛóíúÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÅöáóíúåö íõÑúÌóÚõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßõáøõåõ [11 \ 123] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáöáøóåö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÅöáóì Çááøóåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ ßõäúÊõãú ÎóíúÑó ÃõãøóÉò ÃõÎúÑöÌóÊú áöáäøóÇÓö [3 \ 109 - 110] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.õõõõ(7/81)
ÝóÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ãöäúåõãú ÈóØúÔðÇ æóãóÖóì ãóËóáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó (8)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Íã æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈöíäö ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áöÊóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõäúÐöÑöíäó ÈöáöÓóÇäò ÚóÑóÈöíøò ãõÈöíäò [26 \ 194 - 195] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞõÑúÁóÇäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ ÛóíúÑó Ðöí ÚöæóÌò ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 28] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ãöäúåõãú ÈóØúÔðÇ æóãóÖóì ãóËóáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó.
ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ãöäúåõãú) ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáúãõÓúÑöÝöíäó¡ ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈöíäó ÈöÞóæúáöåö:: ÃóÝóäóÖúÑöÈõ Úóäúßõãõ ÇáÐøößúÑó ÕóÝúÍðÇ Ãóäú ßõäúÊõãú ÞóæúãðÇ ãõÓúÑöÝöíäó [43 \ 5] . æóÝöíåö ãóÇ íõÓóãøöíåö ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö ÈöÇáöÇáúÊöÝóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö Åöáóì ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóÔóÏøó ãöäúåõãú ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö áöÜ (ÃóåúáóßóäóÇ) ¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ äóÚúÊñ áöãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ ÝóÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ãöäúåõãú ÈóØúÔðÇ¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóäúÚõæÊö æóÇáäøóÚúÊö ÚõÞöáú ... íóÌõæÒõ ÍóÐúÝõåõ æóÝöí ÇáäøóÚúÊö íóÞöáú
æóÞóæúáõåõ: (ÈóØúÔðÇ) ÊóãúíöíÒñ ãõÍóæøóáñ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö: æóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇäúÕóÈóäú ÈöÃóÝúÚóáóÇ ãõÝóÖøöáðÇ ßóÃóäúÊó ÃóÚóáóÇ ãóäúÒöáóÇ
æóÇáúÈóØúÔõ: ÃóÕúáõåõ ÇáúÃóÎúÐõ ÈöÚõäúÝò æóÔöÏøóÉò.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÝóÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ÈóØúÔðÇ ãöäú ßõÝøóÇÑö ãóßøóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ äóÈöíøóäóÇ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãú ÑõÓõáóåõãú¡ ÝóáúíóÍúÐóÑö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæßó Ãóäú äõåúáößóåõãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ãöäúåõãú ÈóØúÔðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäúåõãú ÚóÏóÏðÇ æÚõÏóÏðÇ æóÌóáóÏðÇ.õõõõ(7/82)
ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÃóÖúÚóÝö ÇáúÃóÞóáøö Ãóäú íõÊøóÚóÙó ÈöÅöåúáóÇßö ÇáúÃóÞúæóì ÇáúÃóßúËóÑö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãóÖóì ãóËóáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ãóíú ÕöÝóÊõåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÅöåúáóÇßõåõãõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÃúÕöáõ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó.
æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ãóËóáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ãóíú ÚõÞõæÈóÊõåõãú æóÓõäøóÊõåõãõ - ÑóÇÌöÚñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì Åöáóì Ðóáößó.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÊóåúÏöíÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ãóåúáóßó ãóäú åõãú ÃóÞúæóì ãöäúåõãú¡ áöíóÍúÐóÑõæÇ Ãóäú íõÝúÚóáó Èöåöãú ãöËúáó ãóÇ ÝõÚöáó ÈöÃõæáóÆößó - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóæóáóãú íóÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíóäúÙõÑõæÇ ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ãöäúåõãú ÞõæøóÉð æóÃóËóÇÑõæÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÚóãóÑõæåóÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöãøóÇ ÚóãóÑõæåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 9] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÝóáóãú íóÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíóäúÙõÑõæÇ ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäúåõãú æóÃóÔóÏøó ÞõæøóÉð æóÂËóÇÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 82] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöäú ÞóÑúäò ãóßøóäøóÇåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÇ áóãú äõãóßøöäú áóßõãú æóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó Úóáóíúåöãú ãöÏúÑóÇÑðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú ÈöÐõäõæÈöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóßóÐøóÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú æóãóÇ ÈóáóÛõæÇ ãöÚúÔóÇÑó ãóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ÝóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÑõÓõáöí ÝóßóíúÝó ßóÇäó äóßöíÑö [34 \ 45] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóæóáóãú íóÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíóäúÙõÑõæÇ ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú æóßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ãöäúåõãú ÞõæøóÉð æóãóÇ ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ áöíõÚúÌöÒóåõ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÚóáöíãðÇ ÞóÏöíÑðÇ [35 \ 44] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãóÖóì ãóËóáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÊóåúÏöíÏö ßõÝøóÇÑö ãóßøóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÈöÕöÝóÊöåö¡ ÅöåúáóÇßõåõãú æóÓõäøóÊõåõ Ýöíåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉõ æóÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúÕóÇáö ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú äóÐöíÑñ ãóÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ äõÝõæÑðÇ ÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóßúÑó ÇáÓøóíøöÆö æóáóÇ íóÍöíÞõ ÇáúãóßúÑõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóåúáöåö Ýóåóáú íóäúÙõÑõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÓõäøóÉó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ýóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áöÓõäøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÈúÏöíáðÇ æóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áöÓõäøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÍúæöíáðÇ [35 \ 42 - 43] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÝóÑöÍõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÍóÇÞó Èöåöãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóßóÝóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Èöåö ãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýóáóãú íóßõ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÅöíãóÇäõåõãú áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÓõäøóÉó Çááøóåö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóÎóÓöÑó åõäóÇáößó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [40 \ 83 - 85] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 55] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:(7/83)
ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóåúÏðÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÈõáðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóåúÊóÏõæäó (10)
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÂÓóÝõæäóÇ ÇäúÊóÞóãúäóÇ ãöäúåõãú ÝóÃóÛúÑóÞúäóÇåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÓóáóÝðÇ æóãóËóáðÇ áöáúÂÎöÑöíäó [43 \ 55 - 56] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãöäú ÃóÌúáö Ðóáößó ßóÊóÈúäóÇ Úóáóì Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 32] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÆöäú ÓóÃóáúÊóåõãú ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó áóíóÞõæáõäøó ÎóáóÞóåõäøó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóåúÏðÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÈõáðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóåúÊóÏõæäó.
ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ãóåúÏðÇ ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáúãöíãö æóÓõßõæäö ÇáúåóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÈóÇÞöí ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ãöåóÇÏðÇ ÈößóÓúÑö Çáúãöíãö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáúåóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÃóáúÝñ æóãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÝöÑóÇÔõ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó áöÈóäöí ÂÏóãó ãóåúÏðÇ Ãóíú ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÈõáðÇ Ãóíú ØõÑõÞðÇ áöíóãúÔõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóíóÓúáõßõæåóÇ¡ ÝóíóÕöáõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÞõØúÑò Åöáóì ÞõØúÑò. æóåóÐóÇäö ÇáúÃóãúÑóÇäö ÇááøóÐóÇäö ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú ßóæúäöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÌóÚóáó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ áöÈóäöí ÂÏóãó¡ æóÌóÚóáó áóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÇáØøõÑõÞó áöíóäúÝõÐõæÇ ãöäú ÞõØúÑò Åöáóì ÞõØúÑò - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇááøóåõ ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÓóÇØðÇ áöÊóÓúáõßõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÓõÈõáðÇ ÝöÌóÇÌðÇ [71 \ 19 - 20] . æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÑóæóÇÓöíó Ãóäú ÊóãöíÏó Èöåöãú æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÝöÌóÇÌðÇ ÓõÈõáðÇ áóÚóáøóåõãú íóåúÊóÏõæäó [21 \ 31] .
æóÐóßóÑó ßóæúäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ áöÈóäöí ÂÏóãó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝóÑóÔúäóÇåóÇ ÝóäöÚúãó ÇáúãóÇåöÏõæäó [51 \ 48] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú [2 \ 22] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÞóÑóÇÑðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 64] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áöåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:(7/84)
æóÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÝõáúßö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ãóÇ ÊóÑúßóÈõæäó (12) áöÊóÓúÊóæõæÇ Úóáóì ÙõåõæÑöåö Ëõãøó ÊóÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÉó ÑóÈøößõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóæóíúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö æóÊóÞõæáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó áóäóÇ åóÐóÇ æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóåõ ãõÞúÑöäöíäó (13)
æóÃóáúÞóì Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÑóæóÇÓöíó Ãóäú ÊóãöíÏó Èößõãú æóÃóäúåóÇÑðÇ æóÓõÈõáðÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóåúÊóÏõæäó [16 \ 15] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáøóÐöí äóÒøóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÈöÞóÏóÑò ÝóÃóäúÔóÑúäóÇ Èöåö ÈóáúÏóÉð ãóíúÊðÇ ßóÐóáößó ÊõÎúÑóÌõæäó.
ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÏóáóÇáóÉö ÅöÍúíóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåóÇ Úóáóì ÎõÑõæÌö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÞõÈõæÑöåöãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁð ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßóÐóáößó ÊõÎúÑóÌõæäó - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú [2 \ 22] ãóÚó ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÈóÑóÇåöíäö ÇáúÈóÚúËö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö. æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð áóßõãú ãöäúåõ ÔóÑóÇÈñ æóãöäúåõ ÔóÌóÑñ Ýöíåö ÊõÓöíãõæäó [16 \ 10] . æóÝöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö¡ æóÃóÍóáúäóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ßóËöíÑóÉð Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöäúÔóÇÁö æóÇáäøõÔõæÑö æóãóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇááøõÛóÇÊö ãóÚó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÈöÞóÏóÑò.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Ãóíú ÈöÞóÏóÑò ÓóÇÈöÞò æóÞóÖóÇÁò.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Ãóíú ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑò íóßõæäõ Èöåö ÅöÕúáóÇÍõ ÇáúÈóÔóÑö¡ Ýóáóãú íóßúËõÑö ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÌöÏøðÇ Ýóíóßõæäõ ØõæÝóÇäðÇ Ýóíõåúáößõåõãú¡ æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáúåõ ÞóáöíáðÇ Ïõæäó ÞóÏúÑö ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉö¡ Èóáú äóÒøóáóåõ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ãóÖóÑøóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÈöÞóÏóÑò ÝóÃóÓúßóäøóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÐóåóÇÈò Èöåö áóÞóÇÏöÑõæäó [23 \ 18] .
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÎóÒóÇÆöäõåõ æóãóÇ äõäóÒøöáõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÚúáõæãò Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú áóåõ ÈöÎóÇÒöäöíäó [15 \ 21 - 22] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ.
ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌõ ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝõ¡ æóÇáÒøóæúÌõ ÊõØúáöÞõåõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÕøöäúÝö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó åõäóÇ ÊóÔúãóáõ ÃóÕúäóÇÝó ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö æóÈóäöí ÂÏóãó æóãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊõäúÈöÊõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [36 \ 36] .(7/85)
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäú äóÈóÇÊò ÔóÊøóì [20 \ 53] .
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁó ÇåúÊóÒøóÊú æóÑóÈóÊú æóÃóäúÈóÊóÊú ãöäú ßõáøö ÒóæúÌò ÈóåöíÌò [22 \ 5] . Ãóíú ãöäú ßõáøö ÕöäúÝò ÍóÓóäò ãöäú ÃóÕúäóÇÝö ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö.
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÒóæúÌò ßóÑöíãò [31 \ 10] .
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÂÎóÑõ ãöäú Ôóßúáöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌñ [38 \ 58] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ ÊóãõÏøóäøó Úóíúäóíúßó Åöáóì ãóÇ ãóÊøóÚúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäúåõãú [20 \ 131] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇÍúÔõÑõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÃóÒúæóÇÌóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 22] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÝõáúßö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ãóÇ ÊóÑúßóÈõæäó áöÊóÓúÊóæõæÇ Úóáóì ÙõåõæÑöåö Ëõãøó ÊóÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÉó ÑóÈøößõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóæóíúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó áöÊóÑúßóÈõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 79] . æóÖóãöíÑõ ÇáúãõÝúÑóÏö ÇáúãõÐóßøóÑö ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áöÊóÓúÊóæõæÇ Úóáóì ÙõåõæÑöåö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóæóíúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö - ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì áóÝúÙö (ãóÇ) Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÝõáúßö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ãóÇ ÊóÑúßóÈõæäó.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊóÞõæáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó áóäóÇ åóÐóÇ æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóåõ ãõÞúÑöäöíäó.
íóÚúäöí - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó áöÈóäöí ÂÏóãó ãóÇ íóÑúßóÈõæäóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáÓøõÝõäõ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö áöíóÓúÊóæõæÇ¡ Ãóíú íóÑúÊóÝöÚõæÇ ãõÚúÊóÏöáöíäó Úóáóì ÙõåõæÑöåö¡ Ëõãøó íóÐúßõÑõæÇ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú äöÚúãóÉó ÑóÈøöåöãú Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúãóÑúßõæÈóÇÊö¡ Ëõãøó íóÞõæáõæÇ - ÈöÃóáúÓöäóÊöåöãú ãóÚó ÊóÝóåøõãö ãóÚúäóì ãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó -: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó áóäóÇ åóÐóÇ æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóåõ ãõÞúÑöäöíäó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÓõÈúÍóÇäó» ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÈöÅöíÖóÇÍò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÊóäúÒöíåö Çááøóåö - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ãóßúãóáó ÇáÊøóäúÒöíåö æóÃóÊóãøóåõ¡ Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö¡ æóÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åóÐóÇ ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì áóÝúÙö ãóÇ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÊóÑúßóÈõæäó æóÌóãóÚó ÇáÙøõåõæÑó äóÙóÑðÇ Åöáóì ãóÚúäóì ãóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÚóÇãøñ ÔóÇãöáñ áößõáøö ãóÇ ÊóÔúãóáõåõ ÕöáóÊõåóÇ¡ æóáóÝúÙõåóÇ ãõÝúÑóÏñ¡ ÝóÇáúÌóãúÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö áóÝúÙöåóÇ.(7/86)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó áóäóÇ åóÐóÇ Ãóíö ÇáøóÐöí Ðóáøóáó áóäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãóÇ äóÑúßóÈõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóÇáÓøõÝõäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãó áóæú áóãú íõÐóáøöáúåóÇ Çááøóåõ áóåõãú áóãóÇ ÞóÏóÑõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóãóáó ÃóÞúæóì ãöäó ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ áóæú áóãú íõÐóáøöáúåõ áóåõãú æóíõÓóÎøöÑú áóåõãú ÅöÌúÑóÇÁó ÇáÓøõÝõäö Ýöíåö áóãóÇ ÞóÏóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóåõ ãõÞúÑöäöíäó Ãóíú ãõØöíÞöíäó. æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÃóÞúÑóäó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ áöáúÃóãúÑö æóÃóÞúÑóäóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõØöíÞðÇ áóåõ ßõÝõÄðÇ áöáúÞöíóÇãö Èöåö¡ ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: ÃóÞóÑóäúÊõ ÇáÏøóÇÈøóÉó áöáÏøóÇÈøóÉö¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóßó ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóäúÊóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÈúáò ÞóÏóÑúÊó Úóáóì ãõÞóÇæóãóÊöåóÇ¡ æóáóãú Êóßõäú ÃóÖúÚóÝó ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÊóÌõÑøóåóÇ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÖøóÚöíÝó ÅöÐóÇ áõÒøó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÑóäö¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÍóÈúáö¡ ãóÚó ÇáúÞóæöíøö - ÌóÑøóåõ æóáóãú íóÞúÏöÑú Úóáóì ãõÞóÇæóãóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÌóÑöíÑñ:
æóÇÈúäõ ÇááøóÈõæäö ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ áõÒøó Ýöí ÞóÑóäò ... áóãú íóÓúÊóØöÚú ÕóæúáóÉó ÇáúÈõÒúáö ÇáúÞóäóÇÚöíÓö
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ãóÚúÏöíßóÑöÈó æóÞóÏú ÃóäúÔóÏóåõ ÞõØúÑõÈõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì:
áóÞóÏú Úóáöãó ÇáúÞóÈóÇÆöáõ ãóÇ ÚóÞöíáõ ... áóäóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÆöÈóÇÊö ÈöãõÞúÑöäöíäóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇÈúäö åóÑúãóÉó:
æóÃóÞúÑóäóÊú ãóÇ ÍóãóáóÊúäöí æóáóÞóáøóãóÇ ... íõØóÇÞõ ÇÍúÊöãóÇáõ ÇáÕøóÏúíóÇÏö ÚóÏõæøö ÇáúåóÌúÑö
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÑóßöÈúÊõãú ÕóÚúÈóÊóíú ÃóÔóÑðÇ æóÍóíúÝðÇ ... æóáóÓúÊõãú áöáÕøöÚóÇÈö ÈöãõÞúÑöäöíäóÇ
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøõÝõäö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö áóæú áóãú íõÐóáøöáúåõ Çááøóåõ áóåõãú áóãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóäõæÇ áóåõ æóáóãóÇ ÃóØóÇÞõæåõ - ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó; ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÑõßõæÈö ÇáúÝõáúßö: æóÂíóÉñ áóåõãú ÃóäøóÇ ÍóãóáúäóÇ ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáúãóÔúÍõæäö æóÎóáóÞúäóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ãöËúáöåö ãóÇ íóÑúßóÈõæäó [36 \ 41 - 42] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó ÇáúÈóÍúÑó áöÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöäúåõ áóÍúãðÇ ØóÑöíøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 14] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãõ ÇáúÈóÍúÑó áöÊóÌúÑöíó ÇáúÝõáúßõ Ýöíåö ÈöÃóãúÑöåö æóáöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [45 \ 12] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãõ ÇáúÝõáúßó áöÊóÌúÑöíó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöÃóãúÑöåö æóÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑóõõ(7/87)
æóÌóÚóáõæÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÌõÒúÁðÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóßóÝõæÑñ ãõÈöíäñ (15)
ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 32] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÌúÑöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 164] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÓóÎøóÑó áóßõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÝõáúßó ÊóÌúÑöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöÃóãúÑöåö æóíõãúÓößõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó Ãóäú ÊóÞóÚó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÊóÓúÎöíÑö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö: æóÐóáøóáúäóÇåóÇ áóåõãú ÝóãöäúåóÇ ÑóßõæÈõåõãú æóãöäúåóÇ íóÃúßõáõæäó [36 \ 72] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóÌóÈóÊú ÌõäõæÈõåóÇ ÝóßõáõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóÃóØúÚöãõæÇ ÇáúÞóÇäöÚó æóÇáúãõÚúÊóÑøó ßóÐóáößó ÓóÎøóÑúäóÇåóÇ áóßõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó áóäú íóäóÇáó Çááøóåó áõÍõæãõåóÇ æóáóÇ ÏöãóÇÄõåóÇ æóáóßöäú íóäóÇáõåõ ÇáÊøóÞúæóì ãöäúßõãú ßóÐóáößó ÓóÎøóÑóåóÇ áóßõãú áöÊõßóÈøöÑõæÇ Çááøóåó Úóáóì ãóÇ åóÏóÇßõãú æóÈóÔøöÑö ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó [22 \ 36 - 37] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÌõÒúÁðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÌõÒúÁðÇ Ãóíú ÚöÏúáðÇ æóäóÙöíÑðÇ¡ íóÚúäöí ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó æóÛóíúÑóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊö ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÌõÒúÁðÇ Ãóíú æóáóÏðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÌõÒúÁðÇ íóÚúäöí ÇáúÈóäóÇÊó.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõÒúÁó ÇáäøóÕöíÈõ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÔúåóÏó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ ÃóÚúäöí Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ãöãøóÇ ÐóÑóÃó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÑúËö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö äóÕöíÈðÇ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ áöáøóåö ÈöÒóÚúãöåöãú æóåóÐóÇ áöÔõÑóßóÇÆöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 136] .
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ - ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ -: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò åóÐóÇ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÛóíúÑõ ÕóæóÇÈò Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÌúÚõæáó áöáøóåö Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» åõæó ÇáäøóÕöíÈõ ãöãøóÇ ÐóÑóÃó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÑúËö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ æóÇáúãóÌúÚõæáó áóåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» åóÐöåö ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö áóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÐóÑóÃó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÑúËö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö.
æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÝóÑúÞñ æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÃóäøó Þóæúáó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáúÚöÏúáõ æóÇáäøóÙöíÑõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÔøóÑöíßõ - ÛóíúÑõ ÕóæóÇÈò ÃóíúÖðÇ; áöÃóäøó ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáúÌõÒúÁö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÙöíÑö áóíúÓó ÈöãóÚúÑõæÝò Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö.
ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏó¡ æóßóæúäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúæóáóÏö ÎõÕõæÕó ÇáúÅöäóÇËö - ÝóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö.(7/88)
æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÌõÒúÁö Úóáóì ÇáúæóáóÏö íõæóÌøóåõ ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÑóÈó ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇáúÌõÒúÁó ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊõ¡ æóíóÞõæáõæäó: ÃóÌúÒóÃóÊö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÅöÐóÇ æóáóÏóÊö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö¡ æóÇãúÑóÃóÉõ ãõÌúÒöÆóÉñ¡ Ãóíú ÊóáöÏõ ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Åöäú ÃóÌúÒóÃóÊú ÍõÑøóÉð íóæúãðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÚóÌóÈó ... ÞóÏú ÊõÌúÒöíÁõ ÇáúÍõÑøóÉõ ÇáúãöÐúßóÇÑó ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÒóæøóÌúÊõåóÇ ãöäú ÈóäóÇÊö ÇáúÃóæúÓö ãõÌúÒöÆóÉð ... áöáúÚóæúÓóÌö ÇááøóÏúäö Ýöí ÃóÈúíóÇÊöåóÇ ÒóÌóáõ
æóÃóäúßóÑó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ åóÐöåö ÇááøõÛóÉó ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ßóÐöÈñ æóÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁñ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑóÈö.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãöäú ÈöÏóÚö ÇáÊøóÝóÇÓöíÑö ÊóÝúÓöíÑõ ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÈöÇáúÅöäóÇËö¡ æóÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõÒúÁó Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇÓúãñ áöáúÅöäóÇËö¡ æóãóÇ åõæó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐöÈñ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóæóÖúÚñ ãõÓúÊóÍúÏóËñ ãóäúÍõæáñ¡ æóáóãú íõÞúäöÚúåõãú Ðóáößó ÍóÊøóì ÇÔúÊóÞøõæÇ ãöäúåõ (ÃóÌóÒóÃóÊö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ) Ëõãøó ÕóäóÚõæÇ ÈóíúÊðÇ æóÈóíúÊðÇ:
Åöäú ÃóÌóÒóÃóÊú ÍõÑøóÉñ íóæúãðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÚóÌóÈó ... ÒóæøóÌúÊõåóÇ ãöäú ÈóäóÇÊö ÇáúÃóæúÓö ãõÌúÒöÆóÉð
ÇåÜ. ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóäúÙõæÑò Ýöí ÇááøöÓóÇäö: æóÝöí ÇáÊøóäúÒöíáö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÌõÒúÁðÇ. ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: íóÚúäöí Èöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÚóáõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÈóäóÇÊö Çááøóåö¡ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÊóÞóÏøóÓó ÚóãøóÇ ÇÝúÊóÑóæúÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏú ÃóäúÔóÏúÊõ ÈóíúÊðÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÌõÒúÁðÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöäóÇËö ; ÞóÇáó - æóáóÇ ÃóÏúÑöí ÇáúÈóíúÊó åõæó ÞóÏöíãñ Ãóæú ãóÕúäõæÚñ -:
Åöäú ÃóÌóÒóÃóÊú ÍõÑøóÉñ íóæúãðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÚóÌóÈó
ÇáúÈóíúÊó.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÌõÒúÁðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÌóÚóáõæÇ äóÕöíÈó Çááøóåö ãöäó ÇáúæóáóÏöõõ(7/89)
Ãóãö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöãøóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÈóäóÇÊò æóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó (16)
ÇáúÅöäóÇËó¡ ÞóÇáó æóáóãú ÃóÌöÏúåõ Ýöí ÔöÚúÑò ÞóÏöíãò æóáóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáËøöÞóÇÊö¡ æóÃóÌúÒóÃóÊö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ æóáóÏóÊö ÇáúÅöäóÇËó¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó:
ÒóæøóÌúÊõåóÇ ãöäú ÈóäóÇÊö ÇáúÃóæúÓö ãõÌúÒöÆóÉð
ÇáúÈóíúÊó.
ÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇááøöÓóÇäö.
æóÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí äóÞóáóåõ Úóäö ÇáÒøõÌóÇÌö Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõãú: ÃóÌúÒóÃóÊö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÅöÐóÇ æóáóÏóÊö ÇáúÅöäóÇËó - ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ; æóáöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÈóíúÊó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÔóÏóåõ áóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ßóÇáúãõÓóáøöãö áóåõ.
æóÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóåõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÌõÒúÁö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÃóØúáóÞó Úóáóíúåö ÇÓúãó ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÚó ßóÃóäøóåõ ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö¡ æóÇáúæóáóÏó ßóÃóäøóåõ ÈöÖúÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúæóÇáöÏö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúæóáóÏö ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑö Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúÌõÒúÁö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö - ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÅöäóÇËö¡ ÝóÞóÑöíäóÉõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóíúåö ÏóáóÇáóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð ; áöÃóäøó ÌóÚúáó ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö áöáøóåö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö åõæó ÈöÚóíúäöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöäúßóÇÑðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ¡ æóÞóÑøóÚó ãõÑúÊóßöÈóåõ ÊóÞúÑöíÚðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈóÚúÏóåõ: Ãóãö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöãøóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÈóäóÇÊò æóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÅöÐóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÖóÑóÈó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö ãóËóáðÇ Ùóáøó æóÌúåõåõ ãõÓúæóÏøðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÎöÕóÇãö ÛóíúÑõ ãõÈöíäò [43 \ 16 - 18] .
æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÔõÚúÈóÉõ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò ÌõÒúÁðÇ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÒøóÇíö¡ æóÈóÇÞöí ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúæóÞúÝö íõÓúÞöØõ ÇáúåóãúÒóÉó ÈöäóÞúáö ÍóÑóßóÊöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÒøóÇíö ãóÚó ÍóÐúÝö ÇáÊøóäúæöíäö áöáúæóÞúÝö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóãö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöãøóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÈóäóÇÊò æóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó.
(Ãóãú) åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö ; ÝóÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóäóÇÊõ Çááøóåö - ÃóäúßóÑó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ ãõæóÈøöÎðÇ áóåõãú ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáÊøóæúÈöíÎö ; ÍóíúËõ ÇÝúÊóÑóæúÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúæóáóÏó¡ Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáõæÇ áóåõ ÃóäúÞóÕó ÇáúæóáóÏóíúäö æóÃóÍúÞóÑóåõãóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃõäúËóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó åõäóÇ: Ãóãö ÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöãøóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÈóäóÇÊò¡ æóåöíó ÇáäøóÕöíÈõ ÇáúÃóÏúäóì ãöäó ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö¡ (æóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú) ÃóäúÊõãú¡ Ãóíú ÎõÕøößõãú æóÂËóÑóßõãú (ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó) ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãõ ÇáäøóÕöíÈõ ÇáúÃóÚúáóì ãöäó ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö.
æóÅöäúßóÇÑõ åóÐóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÊóæúÈöíÎõåõãú Úóáóíúåö - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ:(7/90)
æóÌóÚóáõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÅöäóÇËðÇ ÃóÔóåöÏõæÇ ÎóáúÞóåõãú ÓóÊõßúÊóÈõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõãú æóíõÓúÃóáõæäó (19)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÖóÑóÈó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö ãóËóáðÇ [43 \ 17] . íóÚúäöí ÇáúÃõäúËóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãú ÈöÇáúÃõäúËóì Ùóáøó æóÌúåõåõ ãõÓúæóÏøðÇ æóåõæó ßóÙöíãñ [16 \ 58] íóÚúäöí ÝóßóíúÝó ÊóÌúÚóáõæäó áöáøóåö ÇáúÅöäóÇËó æóÃóäúÊõãú áóæú ÈõÔøöÑó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ãöäúßõãú ÈöÃóäøó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ æóáóÏóÊú ÃõäúËóì áóÙóáøó æóÌúåõåõ ãõÓúæóÏøðÇ¡ íóÚúäöí ãöäó ÇáúßóÂÈóÉö¡ æóåõæó ßóÙöíãñ¡ Ãóíú ãõãúÊóáöÆñ ÍõÒúäðÇ æóÛóãøðÇ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõäóÇ: Ãóæóãóäú íõäóÔøóÃõ Ýöí ÇáúÍöáúíóÉö æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÎöÕóÇãö ÛóíúÑõ ãõÈöíäò [43 \ 18] ÝóÝöíåö ÅöäúßóÇÑñ ÔóÏöíÏñ æóÊóÞúÑöíÚñ ÚóÙöíãñ áóåõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ãóÚó ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÆöåöãú Úóáóíúåö - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÇáúæóáóÏó ÌóÚóáõæÇ áóåõ ÃóäúÞóÕó ÇáúæóáóÏóíúäö¡ ÇáøóÐöí áöäóÞúÕöåö ÇáúÎõáõÞöíøö íóäúÔóÃõ Ýöí ÇáúÍöáúíóÉö - ãöäó ÇáúÍõáöíøö¡ æóÇáúÍõáóáö æóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÒøöíäóÉö - ãöäú ÕöÛóÑöåö Åöáóì ßöÈóÑöåö; áöíóÌúÈõÑó ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÒøöíäóÉö äóÞúÕóåõ ÇáúÎõáõÞöíøó ÇáØøóÈöíÚöíøó¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÎöÕóÇãö ÛóíúÑõ ãõÈöíäò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃõäúËóì ÛóÇáöÈðÇ áóÇ ÊóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöÍõÌøóÊöåóÇ æóáóÇ ÇáÏøöÝóÇÚó Úóäú äóÝúÓöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ [17 \ 9] . æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÌúÚóáõæäó áöáøóåö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóáóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔúÊóåõæäó [16 \ 57] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÌúÚóáõæäó áöáøóåö ãóÇ íóßúÑóåõæäó [16 \ 62] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÝóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÅöäóÇËðÇ Åöäøóßõãú áóÊóÞõæáõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ [17 \ 40] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóáóßõãõ ÇáÐøóßóÑõ æóáóåõ ÇáúÃõäúËóì Êöáúßó ÅöÐðÇ ÞöÓúãóÉñ ÖöíÒóì [53 \ 21 - 22] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú ÃóáöÑóÈøößó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊõ æóáóåõãõ ÇáúÈóäõæäó Ãóãú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóåõãú ÔóÇåöÏõæäó ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõãú ãöäú ÅöÝúßöåöãú áóíóÞõæáõæäó æóáóÏó Çááøóåõ æóÅöäøóåõãú áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó ÃóÇÕúØóÝóì ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóäöíäó ãóÇ áóßõãú ßóíúÝó ÊóÍúßõãõæäó ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó Ãóãú áóßõãú ÓõáúØóÇäñ ãõÈöíäñ ÝóÃúÊõæÇ ÈößöÊóÇÈößõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [37 \ 149 - 157] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÌúÚóáõæäó áöáøóåö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóáóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔúÊóåõæäó [16 \ 57] . æóæóÌúåõ ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑö Úóäö ÇáúÃõäúËóì ÈöãóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ãóËóáðÇ áöáøóåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÖóÑóÈó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö ãóËóáðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 17]- ÙóÇåöÑñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãóÉó íõáúÒöãõ ÇÏøöÚóÇÄõåóÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ãóäú äõÓöÈóÊú Åöáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÇáöÏó æóÇáúæóáóÏó ãóäú ÌöäúÓò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ íõÔúÈöåõ ÇáúÂÎóÑó Ýöí ÕöÝóÇÊöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÅöäóÇËðÇ ÃóÔóåöÏõæÇ ÎóáúÞóåõãú ÓóÊõßúÊóÈõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõãú æóíõÓúÃáõæäó.(7/91)
ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò ÚöäúÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÈöÓõßõæäö Çáäøõæäö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáÏøóÇáö¡ ÙóÑúÝñ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó [7 \ 206] . æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö æóÈóÇÁò ãõæóÍøóÏóÉò ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÃóáöÝñ æóÖóãøö ÇáÏøóÇáö¡ ÌóãúÚõ ÚóÈúÏò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 63] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóÔóåöÏõæÇ ÎóáúÞóåõãú. ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÛóíúÑó äóÇÝöÚò (ÃóÔóåöÏõæÇ) ÈöåóãúÒóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãóÚó ÝóÊúÍö ÇáÔøöíäö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ (ÃóÃõÔúåöÏõæÇ) . ÈöåóãúÒóÊóíúäö ÇáúÃõæáóì ãóÝúÊõæÍóÉñ ãõÍóÞøóÞóÉñ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ãóÖúãõæãóÉñ ãõÓóåøóáóÉñ Èóíúäó Èóíúäó¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: íõÌúÚóáõ Èóíúäó ÇáúåóãúÒóÊóíúäö ÃóáöÝõ ÇáúÅöÏúÎóÇáö Úóáóì ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚó ãóÓóÇÆöáó: ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÇÝúÊóÑóæúÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ãóäøóåõãú ÅöäóÇËñ¡ ÒóÇÚöãöíäó Ãóäøóåõãú ÈóäóÇÊõ Çááøóåö.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäøóåõ æóÈøóÎóåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÊóæúÈöíÎðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ æóÃóäúßóÑó Úóáóíúåöãú Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÔóåöÏõæÇ ÎóáúÞóåõãú íóÚúäöí åóáú ÍóÖóÑõæÇ ÎóáúÞó Çááøóåö áóåõãú ÝóÚóÇíóäõæåõãú ÅäóÇËðÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: Ãóäøó ÔóåóÇÏóÊóåõãõ ÇáúßóÇÐöÈóÉó ÈöÐóáößó ÓóÊõßúÊóÈõ Úóáóíúåöãú.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: Ãóäøóåõãú íõÓúÃóáõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ÌóÇÁóÊú ãõæóÖøóÍóÉð Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäúåóÇ. æóåöíó ßóæúäõåõãõ ÇÚúÊóÞóÏõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÅäóÇËðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåóÇ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÝóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÅöäóÇËðÇ Åöäøóßõãú áóÊóÞõæáõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ [17 \ 40] . æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö áóíõÓóãøõæäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÊóÓúãöíóÉó ÇáúÃõäúËóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [53 \ 27] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúÊöåöãú ÃóáöÑóÈøößó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊõ æóáóåõãõ ÇáúÈóäõæäó Ãóãú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÅöäóÇËðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 149 - 150] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ¡ æóåöíó ÓõÄóÇáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - áóåõãú Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö æóÇáÊøóæúÈöíÎö æóÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÚö:(7/92)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ÔóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúäóÇåõãú ãóÇ áóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ãöäú Úöáúãò Åöäú åõãú ÅöáøóÇ íóÎúÑõÕõæäó (20)
åóáú ÔóåöÏõæÇ ÎóáúÞó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö æóÍóÖóÑõæåõ ÍóÊøóì ÚóáöãõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÎõáöÞõæÇ ÅäóÇËðÇ¿ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóãú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóåõãú ÔóÇåöÏõæäó [37 \ 150] . æóÈóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõÔúåöÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÎóáúÞó ÔóíúÁò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÎóáúÞó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 51] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ßóæúäõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊöåöãú ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÓóÊõßúÊóÈõ Úóáóíúåöãú - ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåóÇ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøó Úóáóíúßõãú áóÍóÇÝöÙöíäó ßöÑóÇãðÇ ßóÇÊöÈöíäó íóÚúáóãõæäó ãóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó [82 \ 10 - 12] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åóÐóÇ ßöÊóÇÈõäóÇ íóäúØöÞõ Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ äóÓúÊóäúÓöÎõ ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [45 \ 29] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó ÃóäøóÇ áóÇ äóÓúãóÚõ ÓöÑøóåõãú æóäóÌúæóÇåõãú Èóáóì æóÑõÓõáõäóÇ áóÏóíúåöãú íóßúÊõÈõæäó [43 \ 80] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÑõÓõáóäóÇ íóßúÊõÈõæäó ãóÇ ÊóãúßõÑõæäó [10 \ 21] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 13¡ 14] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÓóäóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ æóäóãõÏøõ áóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãóÏøðÇ [19 \ 79] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: æóåöíó ßóæúäõåõãú íõÓúÃóáõæäó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÇáöÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁö æóÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåóÇ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóíóÍúãöáõäøó ÃóËúÞóÇáóåõãú æóÃóËúÞóÇáðÇ ãóÚó ÃóËúÞóÇáöåöãú æóáóíõÓúÃóáõäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÊóÑõæäó [29 \ 13] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóæóÑóÈøößó áóäóÓúÃóáóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [15 \ 92 - 93] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÐößúÑñ áóßó æóáöÞóæúãößó æóÓóæúÝó ÊõÓúÃóáõæäó [43 \ 44] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÌúÚóáõæäó áöãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó äóÕöíÈðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú ÊóÇááøóåö áóÊõÓúÃóáõäøó ÚóãøóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÝúÊóÑõæäó [16 \ 56] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ÔóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúäóÇåõãú ãóÇ áóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ãöäú Úöáúãò Åöäú åõãú ÅöáøóÇ íóÎúÑõÕõæäó.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÅöÔúßóÇáñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóæóÌúåõåõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú åõäóÇ¡ ÃóÚúäöí Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ÔóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúäóÇåõãú [43 \ 20]- åõæó ÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÙóÇåöÑöåö ßóáóÇãñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóæú ÔóÇÁó Ãóäú áóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæåõãú ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏõæåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ [6 \ 107] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áóÌóãóÚóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíäó [6 \ 35] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóæú ÔöÆúäóÇ áóÂÊóíúäóÇ ßõáøó äóÝúÓò åõÏóÇåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó(7/93)
[32 \ 13] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ýóáóæú ÔóÇÁó áóåóÏóÇßõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [6 \ 149] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó áóÂãóäó ãóäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßõáøõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõßúÑöåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäõæÇ ãõÄúãöäöíäó [10 \ 99] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» åõæó ÈöÚóíúäöåö æóÇÞöÚñ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ¡ æóÂíóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» .
ÃóãøóÇ ÂíóÉõ «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ: ÓóíóÞõæáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ áóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßúäóÇ æóáóÇ ÂÈóÇÄõäóÇ æóáóÇ ÍóÑøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 148] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÂíóÉõ «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ áóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúäóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò äóÍúäõ æóáóÇ ÂÈóÇÄõäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 35] .
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» æóÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» æóÂíóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» - Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ÍóÞøñ¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóæú ÔóÇÁó ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò æóáóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ Èöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøóÍóÉö ÞóÑöíÈðÇ - ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó æóÌúåó ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö¡ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÕóÑøóÍó ÈößóÐöÈöåöãú Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÏøóÚúæóì ÇáøóÊöí ÙóÇåóÑõåóÇ ÍóÞøñ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» : ãóÇ áóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ãöäú Úöáúãò Åöäú åõãú ÅöáøóÇ íóÎúÑõÕõæäó [43 \ 20] . Ãóíú íóßúÐöÈõæäó¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : ßóÐóáößó ßóÐøóÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ÍóÊøóì ÐóÇÞõæÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ Þõáú åóáú ÚöäúÏóßõãú ãöäú Úöáúãò ÝóÊõÎúÑöÌõæåõ áóäóÇ Åöäú ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÙøóäøó æóÅöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÎúÑõÕõæäó [6 \ 148] . æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» : ßóÐóáößó ÝóÚóáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú Ýóåóáú Úóáóì ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÇÛõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ [16 \ 35] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÚóáóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú åõæó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÇáúßóÐöÈõ Úóáóì Çááøóåö Ýöí ÌóÚúáö ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁö áóåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÍóÑøóãó ãóÇ áóãú íõÍóÑøöãúåõ.
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäú åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ãõÑóÇÏó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåöãú: áóæú ÔóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúäóÇåõãú¡ æóÞóæúáöåöãú: áóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßúäóÇ [6 \ 148]- ãõÑóÇÏóåõãú Èöåö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÞóÇÏöÑðÇ Úóáóì ãóäúÚöåöãú ãöäó ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ æóåöÏóÇíóÊöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóáóãú íóãúäóÚúåõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøöÑúßö - Ïóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÇÖò ãöäúåõãú ÈöÇáÔøöÑúßö Ýöí ÒóÚúãöåöãú.(7/94)
ÞóÇáõæÇ: áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú áóãú íóßõäú ÑóÇÖöíðÇ Èöåö áóÕóÑóÝóäóÇ Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóÊóßúÐöíÈõ Çááøóåö áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÇÖò Èöåö¡ æóÇááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - íõßóÐøöÈõ åóÐöåö ÇáÏøóÚúæóì Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íóÑúÖóì áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúßõÝúÑó [39 \ 7] .
ÝóÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉó ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉó ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉó ÊóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáÑøöÖóì¡ æóåõæó ÒóÚúãñ ÈóÇØöáñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ßóÐøóÈóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöíåö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Åöáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» : Ãóãú ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö Ýóåõãú Èöåö ãõÓúÊóãúÓößõæäó [43 \ 21] . Ãóíú ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóÇ ÑóÇÖõæäó ãöäúåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÖúÑóÈó Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÅöÖúÑóÇÈó ÅöÈúØóÇáò ãõÈóíøöäðÇ Ãóäøó ãõÓúÊóäóÏóåõãú Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáÏøóÚúæóì ÇáúßóÇÐöÈóÉö åõæó ÊóÞúáöíÏõ ÂÈóÇÆöåöãõ ÇáÊøóÞúáöíÏó ÇáúÃóÚúãóì¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Èóáú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Úóáóì ÃõãøóÉò [43 \ 22] . Ãóíú ÔóÑöíÚóÉò æóãöáøóÉò¡ æóåöíó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ æóÚöÈóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó [43 \ 22] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Úóäúåõãú: (ãõåúÊóÏõæäó) æóåõæó ãóÕóÈøõ ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÑúÖóì ÈöÇáöÇåúÊöÏóÇÁö áóÇ ÈöÇáÖøóáóÇáö.
ÝóÇáöÇåúÊöÏóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãõ ÃóÓóÇÓõåõ ÊóÞúáöíÏõ ÇáúÂÈóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÚúãóì¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÅöíÖóÇÍõ ÑóÏøöåö Úóáóíúåöãú ÞóÑöíÈðÇ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ -.
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑöåö ÏóÚúæóÇåõãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó: æóáóÞóÏú ÈóÚóËúäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÑóÓõæáðÇ Ãóäö ÇõÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÇÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊó Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú åóÏóì Çááøóåõ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáÖøóáóÇáóÉõ [16 \ 36] .
ÝóÃóæúÖóÍó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú ÑóÇÖöíðÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÈóÚóËó Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÑóÓõæáðÇ¡ æóÃóãóÑóåõãú Úóáóì áöÓóÇäöåö Ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóíóÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊó¡ Ãóíú íóÊóÈóÇÚóÏõæÇ Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ßõáøö ãóÚúÈõæÏò ÓöæóÇåõ.
æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó åóÏóì ÈóÚúÖóåõãú Åöáóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÃóäú ÈóÚúÖóåõãú ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáÖøóáóÇáóÉõ¡ Ãóíú ËóÈóÊó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúßõÝúÑõ æóÇáÔøóÞóÇÁõ.
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : Þõáú Ýóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇáöÛóÉõ Ýóáóæú ÔóÇÁó áóåóÏóÇßõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [6 \ 149] .(7/95)
Ýóãöáúßõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - æóÍúÏóåõ áöáÊøóæúÝöíÞö æóÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö¡ åõæó ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇáöÛóÉõ Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö¡ íóÚúäöí Ýóãóäú åóÏóíúäóÇåõ æóÊóÝóÖøóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö¡ Ýóåõæó ÝóÖúáñ ãöäøóÇ æóÑóÍúãóÉñ.
æóãóäú áóãú äóÝúÚóáú áóåõ Ðóáößó Ýóåõæó ÚóÏúáñ ãöäøóÇ æóÍößúãóÉñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú áóåõ Ðóáößó ÏóíúäðÇ ÚóáóíúäóÇ¡ æóáóÇ æóÇÌöÈðÇ ãõÓúÊóÍóÞøðÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ¡ Èóáú Åöäú ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇ Ðóáößó ÝóÝóÖúáñ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú äõÚúØöåö ÝóÚóÏúáñ.
æóÍóÇÕöáõ åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì - ÞóÏøóÑó ãóÞóÇÏöíÑó ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÎúáõÞó ÇáúÎóáúÞó¡ æóÚóáöãó Ãóäøó ÞóæúãðÇ ÕóÇÆöÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÞóÇÁö æóÞóæúãðÇ ÕóÇÆöÑõæäó Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö¡ ÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö.
æóÃóÞóÇãó ÇáúÍõÌøóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ÈöÈóÚúËö ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóÊóÃúíöíÏöåöãú ÈöÇáúãõÚúÌöÒóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊóÊúÑõßõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞøö áóÈúÓðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇãóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ÍõÌøóÉõ Çááøóåö Ýöí ÃóÑúÖöåö ÈöÐóáößó.
Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - æóÝøóÞó ãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÊóæúÝöíÞóåõ¡ æóáóãú íõæóÝøöÞú ãóäú ÓóÈóÞó áóåõãú Ýöí Úöáúãöåö ÇáÔøóÞóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóÒóáöíøõ¡ æóÎóáóÞó áößõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÞõÏúÑóÉð æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉð íóÞúÏöÑõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÊóÍúÕöíáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáÔøóÑøö¡ æóÕóÑóÝó ÞõÏúÑóÊóåõãú æóÅöÑóÇÏóÇÊöåöãú ÈöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÊöåö Åöáóì ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó áóåõãú Ýöí Úöáúãöåö ãöäú ÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóæúÌöÈóÉö áöáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑøö ÇáúãõÓúÊóæúÌöÈóÉö áöáÔøóÞóÇÁö.
ÝóÃóÊóæúÇ ßõáøó ãóÇ ÃóÊóæúÇ æóÝóÚóáõæÇ ßõáøó ãóÇ ÝóÚóáõæÇ¡ ØóÇÆöÚöíäó ãõÎúÊóÇÑöíäó¡ ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÈõæÑöíäó æóáóÇ ãóÞúåõæÑöíäó æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [76] . Þõáú Ýóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇáöÛóÉõ Ýóáóæú ÔóÇÁó áóåóÏóÇßõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [6 \ 149] .
æóÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ãóÌúÈõæÑñ áóÇ ÅöÑóÇÏóÉó áóåõ ÖóÑõæÑöíøõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö ÚöäúÏó ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö.
æóãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáÖøóÑõæÑöíøóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóíúåö Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÚóÇÞöáò íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöíøóÉö æóÇáúÍóÑóßóÉö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÑöíøóÉö¡ ßóÍóÑóßóÉö ÇáúãõÑúÊóÚöÔö - ÝóÑúÞðÇ ÖóÑúæÑöíðÇ¡ áóÇ íõäúßöÑõåõ ÚóÇÞöáñ.
æóÃóäøóßó áóæú ÖóÑóÈúÊó ãóäú íóÏøóÚöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóáúÞó ãóÌúÈõæÑõæäó¡ æóÝóÞóÃóÊú Úóíúäóåõ ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóÞóÊóáúÊó æóáóÏóåõ æóÇÚúÊóÐóÑúÊó áóåõ ÈöÇáúÌóÈúÑö¡ ÝóÞõáúÊó áóåõ: ÃóäóÇ ãóÌúÈõæÑñ æóáóÇ ÅöÑóÇÏóÉó áöí Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõæÁö ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÚóáúÊõåõ Èößó¡ Èóáú åõæó ÝöÚúáõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóäóÇ áóÇ ÏóÎúáó Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÈóáõ ãöäúßó åóÐöåö ÇáÏøóÚúæóì ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò.
Èóáú íõÈóÇáöÛõ Ýöí ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö ãöäúßó ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÊößó æóãóÔöíÆóÊößó.(7/96)
æóãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÞóØúÚöíøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó áóÇ íóÓúÊóÞöáøõ ÈöÃóÝúÚóÇáöåö Ïõæäó ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö æóãóÔöíÆóÊöåö - Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ Ãóäú íõäúßöÑó Úöáúãó Çááøóåö Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÈúáó æõÞõæÚöåö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ áóÇ íõäúßöÑõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãõßóÇÈöÑñ.
æóÓóÈúÞõ Úöáúãö Çááøóåö ÈöãóÇ íóÞóÚõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ÞóÈúáó æõÞõæÚöåö ÈõÑúåóÇäñ ÞóÇØöÚñ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö Êöáúßó ÇáÏøóÚúæóì.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøóßó áóæú ÞõáúÊó áöáúÞóÏóÑöíøö: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Úöáúãõ Çááøóåö Ýöí ÓóÇÈöÞö ÃóÒóáöåö ÊóÚóáøóÞó ÈöÃóäøóßó ÊóÞóÚõ ãöäúßó ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉõ Ãóæö ÇáÒøöäóÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ßóÐóÇ Ýöí æóÞúÊö ßóÐóÇ¡ æóÃóÑóÏúÊó ÃóäúÊó ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÊößó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöáøóÉö Ýöí ÒóÚúãößó Ïõæäó ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáó Êöáúßó ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉó Ãóæö ÇáÒøöäóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÈóÞó ÈöÚöáúãö Çááøóåö æõÞõæÚõåõ¡ Ýóåóáú íõãúßöäõßó Ãóäú ÊóÓúÊóÞöáøó ÈöÐóáößó¿ æóÊõÕóíøöÑó Úöáúãó Çááøóåö ÌóåúáðÇ¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÞóÚõ ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó Ýöí Úöáúãöåö æõÞõæÚõåõ Ýöí æóÞúÊöåö ÇáúãõÍóÏøöÏö áóåõ¿
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò: åõæó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÈöÍóÇáò ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [76] . æóÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Ýóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇáöÛóÉõ Ýóáóæú ÔóÇÁó áóåóÏóÇßõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [6 \ 149] .
æóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó ÃóáúÈóÊøóÉó Ýöí Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íóÎúáõÞõ áöáúÚóÈúÏö ÞõÏúÑóÉð æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉð íóÞúÏöÑõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÝöÚúáö æóÇáÊøóÑúßö¡ Ëõãøó íóÕúÑöÝõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÊöåö ÞõÏúÑóÉó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÊóåõ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó Èöåö Úöáúãõåõ¡ ÝóíóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ØóÇÆöÚðÇ ãõÎóÊóÇÑðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóÞúåõæÑò æóáóÇ ãóÌúÈõæÑò¡ æóÛóíúÑó ãõÓúÊóÞöáøò Èöåö Ïõæäó ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Èóíúäó ÃóÈöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÇáúÅöÓúÝóÑóÇíöíäöíøö æóÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÒöáöíøö ÊõæóÖøöÍõ åóÐóÇ.
æóåöíó Ãóäøó ÚóÈúÏó ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö ÞóÇáó: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ãóäú ÊóäóÒøóåó Úóäö ÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉó æóÇáÒøöäóÇ áóíúÓóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÒóÚúãöåö ÃóäúÒóåõ ãöäú Ãóäú Êóßõæäó åóÐöåö ÇáÑøóÐóÇÆöáõ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: ßóáöãóÉõ ÍóÞøò ÃõÑöíÏó ÈöåóÇ ÈóÇØöáñ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ãóäú áóãú íóÞóÚú Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö: ÃóÊóÑóÇåõ íóÔóÇÄõåõ æóíõÚóÇÞöÈõäöí Úóáóíúåö.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: ÃóÊóÑóÇßó ÊóÝúÚóáõåõ ÌóÈúÑðÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÂäúÊó ÇáÑøóÈøõ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ¿(7/97)
Ãóãú ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö Ýóåõãú Èöåö ãõÓúÊóãúÓößõæäó (21)
ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö: ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó Åöäú ÏóÚóÇäöí Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì¡ æóÞóÖóì Úóáóíøó ÈöÇáÑøóÏöíÁö¡ ÏóÚóÇäöí æóÓóÏøó ÇáúÈóÇÈó Ïõæäöí¿ ÃóÊóÑóÇåõ ÃóÍúÓóäó Ãóãú ÃóÓóÇÁó¿
ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: ÃóÑóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ãóäóÚóßó Åöäú ßóÇäó ÍóÞøðÇ æóÇÌöÈðÇ áóßó Úóáóíúåö - ÝóÞóÏú Ùóáóãóßó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÓóÇÁó¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöáúßõåõ ÇáúãóÍúÖõ ÝóÅöäú ÃóÚúØóÇßó ÝóÝóÖúáñ¡ æóÅöäú ãóäúÚóßó ÝóÚóÏúáñ. ÝóÈõåöÊó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑõæäó: æóÇááøóåö ãóÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÌóæóÇÈñ.
æóãóÖúãõæäõ ÌóæóÇÈö ÃóÈöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÝúÍóãó Èöåö ÚóÈúÏó ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö¡ åõæó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Ýóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇáöÛóÉõ Ýóáóæú ÔóÇÁó áóåóÏóÇßõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [6 \ 149] .
æóÐóßóÑó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóäøó ÚóãúÑóæ Èúäó ÚõÈóíúÏò ÌóÇÁóåõ ÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøñ ÝóÔóßóÇ Åöáóíúåö Ãóäøó ÏóÇÈøóÊóåõ ÓõÑöÞóÊú¡ æóØóáóÈó ãöäúåõ Ãóäú íóÏúÚõæó Çááøóåó áöíóÑõÏøóåóÇ Åöáóíúåö.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóãúÑñæ ãóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: Çááøóåõãøó ÅöäøóåóÇ ÓõÑöÞóÊú æóáóãú ÊõÑöÏú ÓóÑöÞóÊóåóÇ; áöÃóäøóßó ÃóäúÒóåõ æóÃóÌóáøõ ãöäú Ãóäú ÊõÏóÈøöÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóäóÇ.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøõ: äóÇÔóÏúÊõßó Çááøóåó íóÇ åóÐóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÝóÝúÊó Úóäøöí ãöäú ÏõÚóÇÆößó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóÈöíËö¡ Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÓõÑöÞóÊú æóáóãú íõÑöÏú ÓóÑöÞóÊóåóÇ ÝóÞóÏú íõÑöíÏõ ÑóÏøóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊõÑóÏøõ¡ æóáóÇ ËöÞóÉó áöí ÈöÑóÈøò íóÞóÚõ Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÔóÇÄõåõ. ÝóÃóáúÞóãóåõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóäú ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËö¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøóãúÓö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóäú Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóáúåóãóåóÇ ÝõÌõæÑóåóÇ æóÊóÞúæóÇåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóãú ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö Ýóåõãú Èöåö ãõÓúÊóãúÓößõæäó.
(Ãóãú) åõäóÇ ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ ãóÚúäóì ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ íóÚúäöí - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íóÒúÚõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõãú Úóáóì ÍóÞøò Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãõ ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäó¡ æóÌóÚúáöåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÈóäóÇÊö Çááøóåö - áóÇ Ïóáöíáó áóåõãú Úóáóíúåö ; æóáöÐóÇ ÃóäúßóÑó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÂÊóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóÍöáøõ Ýöíåö Ðóáößó æóÃóäøó íóßõæäõæÇ ãõÓúÊóãúÓößöíäó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈößöÊóÇÈò ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÃóäúßóÑó Úóáóíúåöãú åóÐóÇ åõäóÇ ÅöäúßöÇÑðÇ ÏóÇáøðÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúíö áöáÊøóãóÓøõßö ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ ãóÚó ÇáÊøóæúÈöíÎö æóÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÚö.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ßõÝúÑóåõãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó áóãú íóßõäú Úóäú åõÏðì ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóáóÇ ßöÊóÇÈò ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÐóáößó - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» :(7/98)
æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÇáó ãõÊúÑóÝõæåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Úóáóì ÃõãøóÉò æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ãõÞúÊóÏõæäó (23) ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóæú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú ÈöÃóåúÏóì ãöãøóÇ æóÌóÏúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóßõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõãú Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó (24)
Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔöÑúßñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö Ãóãú ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ Ýóåõãú Úóáóì ÈóíøöäóÉò ãöäúåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 40] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÝö» : Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔöÑúßñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇöÆúÊõæäöí ÈößöÊóÇÈò ãöäú ÞóÈúáö åóÐóÇ Ãóæú ÃóËóÇÑóÉò ãöäú Úöáúãò Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [46 \ 4] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáÑøõæãö» : Ãóãú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó íóÊóßóáøóãõ ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íõÔúÑößõæäó [30 \ 35] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» : Ãóãú áóßõãú ÓõáúØóÇäñ ãõÈöíäñ ÝóÃúÊõæÇ ÈößöÊóÇÈößõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [37 \ 156 - 157] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «Çáäøóãúáö» : Ãóãøóäú íóÈúÏóÃõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó Ëõãøó íõÚöíÏõåõ æóãóäú íóÑúÒõÞõßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÅöáóåñ ãóÚó Çááøóåö Þõáú åóÇÊõæÇ ÈõÑúåóÇäóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [27 \ 64] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÌøö» æó «áõÞúãóÇäó» : æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóäú íõÌóÇÏöáõ Ýöí Çááøóåö ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò æóáóÇ åõÏðì æóáóÇ ßöÊóÇÈò ãõäöíÑò [22 \ 8] æó [31 \ 20] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : Þõáú åóáú ÚöäúÏóßõãú ãöäú Úöáúãò ÝóÊõÎúÑöÌõæåõ áóäóÇ Åöäú ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÙøóäøó æóÅöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÎúÑõÕõæäó [6 \ 148] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÇáó ãõÊúÑóÝõæåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Úóáóì ÃõãøóÉò æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ãõÞúÊóÏõæäó ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóæú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú ÈöÃóåúÏóì ãöãøóÇ æóÌóÏÊøõãú Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóßõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáóäóÇ ÊóÊúÑóì ßõáøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃõãøóÉð ÑóÓõæáõåóÇ ßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 44] .
æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóßóÐóáößó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÞóÑúíóÉò ÃóßóÇÈöÑó ãõÌúÑöãöíåóÇ [6 \ 123] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóæú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú ÈöÃóåúÏóì ãöãøóÇ æóÌóÏúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóßõãú [43 \ 24] .(7/99)
æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó (26) ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓóíóåúÏöíäö (27)
ÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÔõÚúÈóÉõ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò: (Þõáú Ãóæóáóæú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú) ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÞóÇÝö æóÓõßõæäö ÇááøóÇãö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÃóãúÑö.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò (ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóæú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú) ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÞóÇÝö æóÇááøóÇãö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÃóáúÝñ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúãóÇÖöí.
ÝóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Þõáú áóåõãú íóÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö: ÃóÊóÞúÊóÏõæäó ÈöÂÈóÇÆößõãú Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö¡ æóáóæú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú ÈöÃóåúÏóì¡ Ãóíú ÈöÏöíäò ÃóåúÏóì ãöãøóÇ æóÌóÏúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóßõãú¡ æóÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö åõäóÇ áöãõØúáóÞö ÇáúæóÕúÝö ; áöÃóäøó ÂÈóÇÁóåõãú áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÚöäúÏóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö ÃóÕúáðÇ.
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò æóÍóÝúÕò ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÞóÇáó åõæó: Ãóíú ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÊóÓúÝöíåö ÑóÃúíö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóÈóíóÇäö ÔöÏøóÉö ÖóáóÇáöåöãú Ýöí ÊóÞúáöíÏöåöãú ÂÈóÇÁóåõãú åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÞúáöíÏó ÇáúÃóÚúãóì - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» : æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãõ ÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú äóÊøóÈöÚõ ãóÇ ÃóáúÝóíúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó [2 \ 170] . æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» : æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãú ÊóÚóÇáóæúÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ æóÅöáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÞóÇáõæÇ ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ ãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó [5 \ 104] .
æóÃóæúÖóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÉö «áõÞúãóÇäó» Ãóäøó ãóÇ æóÌóÏõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö ØóÑöíÞñ ãöäú ØõÑõÞö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö íóÏúÚõæåõãú ÈöÓõáõæßöåóÇ Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãõ ÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú äóÊøóÈöÚõ ãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ íóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [31 \ 21] . ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóåõãú ÃóáúÝóæúÇ ÂÈóÇÁóåõãú ÖóÇáøöíäó Ýóåõãú Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú íõåúÑóÚõæäó [37 \ 69 - 70] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÑõÔúÏóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóßõäøóÇ Èöåö ÚóÇáöãöíäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö ãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóãóÇËöíáõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÊõãú áóåóÇ ÚóÇßöÝõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ áóåóÇ ÚóÇÈöÏöíäó ÞóÇáó áóÞóÏú ßõäúÊõãú ÃóäúÊõãú æóÂÈóÇÄõßõãú Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò [21 \ 51 - 54] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓóíóåúÏöíäö.(7/100)
ÐóßóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó - Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö: Åöäøóåõ ÈóÑóÇÁñ¡ Ãóíú ÈóÑöíÁñ¡ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊöåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÑöíÁñ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ßõáøö ãóÚúÈõæÏò¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóåõ æóÃóæúÌóÏóåõ¡ Ýóåõæó æóÍúÏóåõ ãóÚúÈõæÏõåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáó ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÃóäúÊõãú æóÂÈóÇÄõßõãõ ÇáúÃóÞúÏóãõæäó ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÚóÏõæøñ áöí ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóäöí Ýóåõæó íóåúÏöíäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [26 \ 57 - 78] . æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÈóÇÒöÛóÉð ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÑóÈøöí åóÐóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÝóáóÊú ÞóÇáó íóÇÞóæúãö Åöäøöí ÈóÑöíÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæäó Åöäøöí æóÌøóåúÊõ æóÌúåöíó áöáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÍóäöíÝðÇ æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó [6 \ 78 - 79] .
æóÒóÇÏó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõãúÊóÍóäóÉö» ÈóÑóÇÁóÊóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó¡ æóÚóÏóÇæóÊóåõ áóåõãú¡ æóÈõÛúÖóåõ áóåõãú Ýöí Çááøóåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú áóßõãú ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ Ýöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÚóåõ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ áöÞóæúãöåöãú ÅöäøóÇ ÈõÑóÂÁõ ãöäúßõãú æóãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ßóÝóÑúäóÇ Èößõãú æóÈóÏóÇ ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäóßõãõ ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉõ æóÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁõ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ [60 \ 4] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓóíóåúÏöíäö ÐóßóÑó äóÍúæóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóäöí Ýóåõæó íóåúÏöíäö [26 \ 78] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÐóÇåöÈñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí ÓóíóåúÏöíäö [37 \ 99] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÝóáó ÞóÇáó áóÆöäú áóãú íóåúÏöäöí ÑóÈøöí áóÃóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó [6 \ 77] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí Ãóíú ÎóáóÞóäöí - íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ æóÍúÏóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ -.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ - ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 21] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáúÌöÈöáøóÉó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó [26 \ 184] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ãóãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ÎóáóÞõæÇ ßóÎóáúÞöåö ÝóÊóÔóÇÈóåó ÇáúÎóáúÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú Þõáö Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ [13 \ 16] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÝóãóäú íóÎúáõÞõ ßóãóäú áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 17] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:(7/101)
æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉð ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöí ÚóÞöÈöåö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó (28)
ÃóíõÔúÑößõæäó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó [7 \ 191] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãõáúßõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö æóÎóáóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ ÊóÞúÏöíÑðÇ æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 2 - 3] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉð ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöí ÚóÞöÈöåö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Èóáú ãóÊøóÚúÊõ åóÄõáóÇÁö æóÂÈóÇÁóåõãú ÍóÊøóì ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÑóÓõæáñ ãõÈöíäñ æóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ æóÅöäøóÇ Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó.
ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ÇáúãóäúÕõæÈõ Ýöí (ÌóÚóáóåóÇ) Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ßóáöãóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÇáúãõÔúÊóãöáóÉö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí [43 \ 26 - 27] . áöÃóäøó áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ äóÝúíñ æóÅöËúÈóÇÊñ¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÝúíö ãöäúåóÇ åõæó ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁóÉõ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊö ÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó.
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö ãöäúåóÇ åõæó ÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáøóÐöí ÔóÑóÚóåõ Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÑõÓõáöåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓóíóåúÏöíäö.
æóÖóãöíÑõ ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÊöÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åõæó ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åõæó ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì ÕóíøóÑó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Êöáúßó ÇáúßóáöãóÉó (ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöí ÚóÞöÈöåö) Ãóíú æóáóÏöåö æóæóáóÏö æóáóÏöåö.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöíåöãú¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÓóÈøóÈó áöÐóáößó ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: æóÕøóíúÊõåõ áöÃóæúáóÇÏöåö ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÕóÇÑõæÇ íóÊóæóÇÑóËõæäó ÇáúæóÕöíøóÉó ÈöÐóáößó Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóíõæÕöí Èöåö ÇáÓøóáóÝõ ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÎóáúÝó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú íóÑúÛóÈõ Úóäú ãöáøóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÓóÝöåó äóÝúÓóåõ æóáóÞóÏö ÇÕúØóÝóíúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÅöäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö áóãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÃóÓúáöãú ÞóÇáó ÃóÓúáóãúÊõ áöÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó æóæóÕøóì ÈöåóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Èóäöíåö æóíóÚúÞõæÈõ íóÇÈóäöíøó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÕúØóÝóì áóßõãõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 130 - 132](7/102)
æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí åõæó ÓõÄóÇáõåõ ÑóÈøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - áöÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó æóÇáÕøóáóÇÍó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - æóÅöÐö ÇÈúÊóáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÑóÈøõåõ ÈößóáöãóÇÊò ÝóÃóÊóãøóåõäøó ÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÌóÇÚöáõßó áöáäøóÇÓö ÅöãóÇãðÇ ÞóÇáó æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí [2 \ 124] . Ãóíú æóÇÌúÚóáú ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí ÃóíúÖðÇ ÃóÆöãøóÉð¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõ: ÑóÈøö ÇÌúÚóáúäöí ãõÞöíãó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí [14 \ 40] . æóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõ: æóÇÌúäõÈúäöí æóÈóäöíøó Ãóäú äóÚúÈõÏó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó [14 \ 35] . æóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõ åõæó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÇÌúÚóáúäóÇ ãõÓúáöãóíúäö áóßó æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöäóÇ ÃõãøóÉð ãõÓúáöãóÉð áóßó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÇÈúÚóËú Ýöíåöãú ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊößó æóíõÚóáøöãõåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóíõÒóßøöíåöãú [2 \ 129] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÈó Çááøóåõ ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ Ýöí ÈóÚúËö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÈöÈóÚúËöåö ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÃóäóÇ ÏóÚúæóÉõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó» .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö» : æóæóåóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉó æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈó [29 \ 27] . æóÞóÇáó Úóäúåõ æóÚóäú äõæÍò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» : æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ äõæÍðÇ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåöãóÇ ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉó æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó [57 \ 26] .
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» åóÐöåö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íõÌöÈú ÏóÚúæóÉó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö¡ æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáö ÇáúßóáöãóÉó ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÚóÞöÈöåö ; áöÃóäøó ßõÝøóÇÑó ãóßøóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöäóÈöíøöäóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÚóÞöÈöåö ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÐøóÈõæåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõ ÓóÇÍöÑñ. æóßóËöíÑñ ãöäúåõãú ãóÇÊó Úóáóì Ðóáößó. æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Èóáú ãóÊøóÚúÊõ åóÄõáóÇÁö íóÚúäöí ßõÝøóÇÑó ãóßøóÉó æóÂÈóÇÁóåõãú¡ ÍóÊøóì ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÑóÓõæáñ ãõÈöíäñ¡ åõæó ãõÍóãøóÏñ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ æóÅöäøóÇ Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó.
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÉõ «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» åóÐöåö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÚóÞöÈö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóãú íóÌúÚóáö Çááøóåõ ÇáúßóáöãóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöíåöãú - ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» :(7/103)
ÞóÇáó æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí ÞóÇáó áóÇ íóäóÇáõ ÚóåúÏöí ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [2 \ 124] . Ãóíö ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» : æóÈóÇÑóßúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåöãóÇ ãõÍúÓöäñ æóÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö ãõÈöíäñ [37 \ 113] .
ÝóÇáúãõÍúÓöäõ ãöäúåõãú åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÇáúßóáöãóÉõ ÈóÇÞöíóÉñ Ýöíåö¡ æóÇáÙøóÇáöãõ áöäóÝóÓöåö ÇáúãõÈöíäõ ãöäúåõãú áóíúÓó ßóÐóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» : ÝóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ Âáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ãõáúßðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú Âãóäó Èöåö æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÕóÏøó Úóäúåõ æóßóÝóì ÈöÌóåóäøóãó ÓóÚöíÑðÇ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö» Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏöíäó ãöäúåõãú ßóËöíÑõæäó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ äõæÍðÇ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåöãóÇ ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉó æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈó Ýóãöäúåõãú ãõåúÊóÏò æóßóËöíÑñ ãöäúåõãú ÝóÇÓöÞõæäó [57 \ 26] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Ãóíú ÌóÚóáó ÇáúßóáöãóÉó ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöíåöãú; áóÚóáøó ÇáÒøóÇÆöÛóíúäö ÇáÖøóÇáøóíúäö ãöäúåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö ÈöÅöÑúÔóÇÏö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáöãõåúÊóÏöíäó ãöäúåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó ãóÇ ÏóÇãó ÞóÇÆöãðÇ Ýöí ÌõãúáóÊöåöãú ÝóÑõÌõæÚõ ÇáÒøóÇÆöÛóíúäö Úóäúåõ Åöáóíúåö ãóÑúÌõæøñ ãóÃúãõæáñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ: áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó.
æóÇáÑøóÌóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ; áöÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó ãóäú íóÕöíÑõ Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì¡ æóãóäú íóÕöíÑõ Åöáóì ÇáÖøóáóÇáö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÊóÞúÏöíãñ æóÊóÃúÎöíÑñ.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì (ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓóíóåúÏöíäö) ¡ (áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó) ¡ (æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉð ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöí ÚóÞöÈöåö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó) ¡ Ãóíú ÞóÇáó áóåõãú¡ íóÊõæÈõæäó Úóäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö. ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ ßóáóÇãöåö Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö: (Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó) áöÃóÌúáö Ãóäú íóÑúÌöÚõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúßõÝúÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö.
æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó) Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö.(7/104)
æóÚóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÝóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ãóäú Öóáøó ãöäú ÚóÞöÈöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó ãöäúåõãú ÏóÇÎöáõæäó Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÇáúÚóÞöÈö.
ÝóÑõÌõæÚõ ÖóãöíÑöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÞöÈö áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇÊøöÍóÇÏö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÞöÈö æóÇáÐøõÑøöíøóÉö æóÇáúÈóäöíäó ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: æóÇÌúäõÈúäöí æóÈóäöíøó Ãóäú äóÚúÈõÏó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó [14 \ 35] .
æóÞóÇáó Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ: ÑóÈøö ÇÌúÚóáúäöí ãõÞöíãó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí [14 \ 40] . æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ: ÑóÈøóäóÇ Åöäøöí ÃóÓúßóäúÊõ ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí ÈöæóÇÏò ÛóíúÑö Ðöí ÒóÑúÚò ÚöäúÏó ÈóíúÊößó ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö ÑóÈøóäóÇ áöíõÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 37] . æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉó æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈó [29 \ 27] . æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ: æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉð ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöí ÚóÞöÈöåö.
ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏöÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇáÐøõÑøöíøóÉö æóÇáúÚóÞöÈö ÔóíúÁñ æóÇÍöÏñ ; áöÃóäøó ÌóãöíÚóåóÇ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò. æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú æóÞóÝó æóÞúÝðÇ Ãóæú ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÕóÏóÞóÉð Úóáóì Èóäöíåö Ãóæú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö Ãóæú ÚóÞöÈöåö - Ãóäøó Íõßúãó Ðóáößó æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÃóæúáóÇÏó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí ÇÓúãö ÇáÐøóÑøöíøóÉö æóÇÓúãö ÇáúÈóäöíäó.
æóÅöÐóÇ Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÏõÎõæáö æóáóÏö ÇáúÈöäúÊö Ýöí ÇÓúãö ÇáÐøõÑøöíøóÉö æóÇáúÈóäöíäó¡ æóÇáúÝóÑúÖõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÞöÈó ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ - Ïóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÏõÎõæáö ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞöÈö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÏõÎõæáö æóáóÏö ÇáúÈöäúÊö Ýöí ÇÓúãö ÇáÐøóÑøöíøóÉö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö ÏóÇæõÏó æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÚöíÓóì æóÅöáúíóÇÓó [6 \ 84 - 85] . æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÏõÎõæáö æóáóÏö ÇáúÈöäúÊö Ýöí ÇÓúãö ÇáÐøóÑøöíøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - æóáóÏõ ÈöäúÊò¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ÃóÈó áóåõ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÏõÎõæáö æóáóÏö ÇáúÈöäúÊö Ýöí ÇÓúãö ÇáúÈóäöíäó Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÍõÑøöãóÊú Úóáóíúßõãú ÃõãøóåóÇÊõßõãú æóÈóäóÇÊõßõãú [4 \ 23] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÈóäóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÎö æóÈóäóÇÊõ ÇáúÃõÎúÊö [4 \ 23] . áöÃóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö - ÔóÇãöáñ áöÈóäóÇÊö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö æóÈóäóÇÊö ÈóäóÇÊöåöäøó¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö Èóíúäó(7/105)
ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóåõæó äóÕøñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ Ýöí ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö ÈóäóÇÊö Èóäöíåöäøó æóÈóäóÇÊö ÈóäóÇÊöåöäøó.
ÝóÊóÍóÕøóáó Ãóäøó ÏõÎõæáó ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÝö Úóáóì ÇáÐøõÑøöíøóÉö æóÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇáúÚóÞöÈö¡ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ.
æóßóáóÇãõ ÝõÞóåóÇÁö ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáöÇØøöáóÇÚó Úóáóíúåö ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑú ßõÊõÈó ÝõÑõæÚö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö¡ æóáóãú äóÈúÓõØú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúßóáóÇãó åõäóÇ ; áöÃóäøóäóÇ äõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú äóÐúßõÑó åõäóÇ ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ÊóÑúÌöíÍöåö ãöäú Ðóáößó ÝóÞóØú.
ÃóãøóÇ áóÝúÙõ ÇáúæóáóÏö ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÃóæúáóÇÏó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöíåö.
æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íõæÕöíßõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÃóæúáóÇÏößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 11] . ÝóÅöäøó Þóæúáóåõ: (Ýöí ÃóæúáóÇÏößõãú) áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ÃóæúáóÇÏõ ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö¡ æóÐóáößó áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóåõæó äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøñ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÏõÎõæáö ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö Ýöí ÇÓúãö ÇáúæóáóÏö.
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÌóãóÇåöíÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÞöÈó æóÇáúæóáóÏó ÓóæóÇÁñ.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇÊøöÈóÇÚó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö åõæó ÇáúãõÊóÚóíøóäõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãõÓúáöãò.
ÃóãøóÇ áóÝúÙõ ÇáäøóÓúáö ÝóÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ôõãõæáõåõ áöÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ðóáößó ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ æóÈóÏóÃó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú Øöíäò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó äóÓúáóåõ ãöäú ÓõáóÇáóÉò ãöäú ãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò [32 \ 6 - 8]- ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó ÇáäøóÓúáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÔóÇãöáóÉñ áöÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÊóßóáøóãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö åöíó ÃóÍóÏó ÚóÔóÑó áóÝúÙðÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÎóãúÓóÉð ãöäúåóÇ æóåöíó: ÇáÐøõÑøöíøóÉõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó æóÇáúÚóÞöÈõ æóÇáúæóáóÏõ æóÇáäøóÓúáõ. æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉð ãöäúåóÇ íóÏõáøõ ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõ ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö¡ æóæóÇÍöÏñ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó æóåõæó ÇáúæóáóÏõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøöÊøóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÉõ ãöäúåóÇ Ýóåöíó: ÇáúÂáõ æóÇáúÃóåúáõ¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉõ æóÇáúÚóÔöíÑóÉõ æóÇáúÞóæúãõ æóÇáúãóæóÇáöí¡ æóßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÝöíåóÇ ãõÖúØóÑöÈñ.
æóáóãú íóÍúÖõÑúäöí ÇáúÂäó ÊóÍúÏöíÏñ íóÊóãóíøóÒõ Èöåö ãóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ Úóäúåõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö¡ ÅöáøóÇ áóÝúÙóíúäö ãöäúåóÇ æóåõãóÇ ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉõ æóÇáúÚóÔöíÑóÉõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉõ ÝóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - «Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÚúØóì ãöäú ÎõãõÓö ÎóíúÈóÑó Èóäöí åóÇÔöãò æóÈóäöí(7/106)
ÇáúãõØøóáöÈö Ïõæäó Èóäöí ÚóÈúÏö ÔóãúÓò æóÈóäöí äóæúÝóáò» ¡ ãõÈóíøöäðÇ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóäøó áöáøóåö ÎõãõÓóåõ æóáöáÑøóÓõæáö æóáöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì [8 \ 41] . ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÂíóÉö ÇáúÎõãõÓö åóÐöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóÔöíÑóÉõ ÝóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú æóÃóäúÐöÑú ÚóÔöíÑóÊóßó ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó [26 \ 214]- ÕóÚöÏó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÝóÇ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó íõäóÇÏöí: «íóÇ Èóäöí ÝöåúÑò¡ íóÇ Èóäöí ÚóÏöíøò» áöÈõØõæäö ÞõÑóíúÔò ÍóÊøóì ÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ¡ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóÝöíåö ÊóÍúÏöíÏõ ÇáúÚóÔöíÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈöíäó ÈöÌóãöíÚö Èóäöí ÝöåúÑö Èúäö ãóÇáößò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÌóÏøõ ÇáúÚóÇÔöÑõ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ÞóÇáó: «íóÇ ãóÚúÔóÑó ÞõÑóíúÔò» Ãóæú ßóáöãóÉð äóÍúæóåóÇ¡ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóÞõÑóíúÔñ åõãú ÃóæúáóÇÏõ ÝöåúÑö Èúäö ãóÇáößò. æóÞöíáó: ÃóæúáóÇÏõ ÇáäøóÖúÑö Èúäö ßöäóÇäóÉó. æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ åõæó ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ áöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÃóßúËóÑõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
[ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó] : ÐóßóÑúÊõãú Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÏõÎõæáö ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÇáúÈóäöíäó¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ íóÞõæáõ Ýöí ÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó:
ÈóäõæäóÇ ÈóäõæÇ ÃóÈúäóÇÆöäóÇ æóÈóäóÇÊõäóÇ ... Èóäõæåõäøó ÃóÈúäóÇÁõ ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ÇáúÃóÈóÇÚöÏö
æóßóËöíÑñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÝöÞúåö íóÐúßõÑõæäó ÇáúÈóíúÊó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö áóåõ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãöãøóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõ ÕöÏúÞóåõ Ãóäøóåõãú íõäúÓóÈõæäó Åöáóì ÑöÌóÇáò ÂÎóÑöíäó¡ ÑõÈøóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð áöÃóåúáö ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú¡ æóßóËöíÑðÇ ãóÇ íóÊúÈóÚõ ÇáúæóáóÏõ ÃóÈóÇåõ æóÚõÕúÈóÊóåõ Ýöí ÚóÏóÇæóÉö ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö æóÈõÛúÖöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
[ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ] Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏó ÈöÇáÔøóÎúÕö áóåõ ÌöåóÊóÇäö¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì áóÝúÙö ÇáöÇÈúäö áóåõ ÌöåóÉñ ÎóÇÕøóÉñ åöíó ãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåö ÎõáöÞó ãöäú ãóÇÁö åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÌõáö Úóáóì æóÌúåò íóáúÍóÞõ Ýöíåö äóÓóÈõåõ Èöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóäúÝöíøñ Úóäú æóÇáöÏö Ãõãøöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: ÇÈúäñ - ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö æóËóÇÈöÊñ áöÃóÈöíåö ÇáøóÐöí ÎõáöÞó ãöäú ãóÇÆöåö¡ æóáóåõ ÌöåóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì åöíó ßóæúäõåõ ÎóÇÑöÌðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÎúÕö¡ ÓóæóÇÁð ßóÇäó ÈöÇáúãõÈóÇÔöÑóÉö¡ Ãóæú ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÇÈúäöåö Ãóæú ÈöäúÊöåö æóÅöäú ÓóÝõáó¡ ÝóÇáúÈõäõæøóÉõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ËóÇÈöÊóÉñ áöæóáóÏö ÇáúÈöäúÊö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÚóäóÇåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö Úóáöíøò - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ -: «æóÅöäøó ÇÈúäöí åóÐóÇ ÓóíøöÏñ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÍõÑøöãóÊú Úóáóíúßõãú ÃõãøóåóÇÊõßõãú æóÈóäóÇÊõßõãú [4 \ 23] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÈóäóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÎö æóÈóäóÇÊõ ÇáúÃõÎúÊö [4 \ 23] . æóßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:õõ áóÇ ÌõäóÇÍó Úóáóíúåöäøó Ýöí ÂÈóÇÆöåöäøó æóáóÇ ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåöäøó(7/107)
æóáóÇ ÅöÎúæóÇäöåöäøó æóáóÇ ÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÅöÎúæóÇäöåöäøó æóáóÇ ÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÃóÎóæóÇÊöåöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 55] .
ÝóáóÝúÙõ ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÈúäóÇÁö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÔóÇãöáñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇáúÈóäóÇÊö æóÅöäú ÓóÝõáõæÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ Ôóãöáóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÌöåóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÈöÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóåõæó ÅöØúáóÇÞõ áóÝúÙö ÇáöÇÈúäö Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóäú ÎóÑóÌó ãöäó ÇáÔøóÎúÕö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ æóáóæú ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÈóäóÇÊöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
ÝóÅöäøó Èóäöí ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö áóíúÓõæÇ ÃóÈúäóÇÁð áöÂÈóÇÁö ÃõãøóåóÇÊöåöãú ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÌöåóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú áóãú íõÎúáóÞõæÇ ãöäú ãóÇÆöåöãú¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÎõáöÞõæÇ ãöäú ãóÇÁö ÑöÌóÇáò ÂÎóÑöíäó¡ ÑõÈøóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÈóÇÚöÏó¡ æóÑõÈøóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð.
ÝóÕóÍøó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö äóÝúíõ ÇáúÈõäõæøóÉö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÈöäúÊö.
æóÕóÍøó ÈöÇáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÈõäõæøóÉö áóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóäóÇÞõÖó ãóÚó ÇäúÝößóÇßö ÇáúÌöåóÉö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌöåóÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÊóíúäö æóÃóäøóåõ ÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÊóËúÈõÊõ ÇáúÈõäõæøóÉõ áöÇÈúäö ÇáúÈöäúÊö¡ æóÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÊóäúÊóÝöí Úóäúåõ.
ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «Åöäøó ÇÈúäöí åóÐóÇ ÓóíøöÏñ» ¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÈóäóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÎö æóÈóäóÇÊõ ÇáúÃõÎúÊö [4 \ 23] . æóäóÍúæóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö íóäúÒöáõ Úóáóì ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÌöåóÊóíúäö.
æóÞóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÃóÈóÇ ÃóÍóÏò ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáößõãú [33 \ 40]- íóÊóäóÒøóáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌöåóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì. æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÌöåóÉõ åöíó ÇáøóÊöí íóÚúäöí ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÈóäóÇÊõäóÇ Èóäõæåõäøó ÃóÈúäóÇÁõ ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ÇáúÃóÈóÇÚöÏö
æóíóÒöíÏõ Ðóáößó ÅöíÖóÇÍðÇ Ãóäøó ÞóÈóÇÆöáó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ Èóíúäóåõãú ÍõÑõæÈñ æóãõÞóÇÊóáóÇÊñ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáõ Èóíúäó ÃóÚúãóÇãö ÇáÑøóÌõáö æóÃóÎúæóÇáöåö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÚó ÚõÕúÈóÊöåö ÏóÇÆöãðÇ Úóáóì ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÃóÎúæóÇáöåö ÝóíõÚóÇãöáõæäóåõ ãõÚóÇãóáóÉð Ïõæäó ãõÚóÇãóáóÊöåöãú áöÃóÈúäóÇÆöåöãú.
ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó Ðóáößó ÛóÓøóÇäõ Èúäõ æóÚúáóÉó Ýöí ÔöÚúÑöåö ÍóíúËõ íóÞõæáõ:
ÅöÐóÇ ßõäúÊó Ýöí ÓóÚúÏò æóÃõãøõßó ãöäúåõãõ ÔóØöíÑðÇ ... ÝóáóÇ íóÛúÑõÑúßó ÎóÇáõßó ãöäú ÓóÚúÏöõõ(7/108)
ÝóÅöäøó ÇÈúäó ÃõÎúÊö ÇáúÞóæúãö ãõÕúÛöí ÅöäóÇÄõåõ ... ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõÒóÇÍöãú ÎóÇáóåõ ÈöÃóÈò ÌóáúÏö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ãõÕúÛöí ÅöäóÇÄõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÕúÛóÇÁö æóåõæó ÇáúÅöãóÇáóÉõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäóÇÁó ÅöÐóÇ Ãõãöíáó æóáóãú íõÊúÑóßú ãõÚúÊóÏöáðÇ áóãú íóÊøóÓöÚú ÅöáøóÇ áöáúÞóáöíáö¡ Ýóåõæó ßöäóÇíóÉñ Úóäú äóÞúÕö äóÕöíÈöåö Ýöíåöãú æóÞöáøóÊöåö.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÌöåóÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÊóíúäö íóÊóäóÒøóáõ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ãöíÑóÇËö ÇáúÌóÏøö æóÇáúÅöÎúæóÉö.
Ýóãóäú ÑóÃóì ãöäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÈñ íóÍúÌõÈõ ÇáúÅöÎúæóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÇÚóì Ýöí ÇáúÌóÏøö ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÌöåóÊóíúäö.
æóãóäú ÑóÃóì ãöäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÃóÈò æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÍúÌõÈõ ÇáúÅöÎúæóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÏú áóÇÍóÙó ÇáúÌöåóÉó ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì.
æóáóãú äõØöáö ÇáúßóáóÇãó åõäóÇ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍóÏó ÚóÔóÑó áóÝúÙðÇ ÎóæúÝó ÇáúÅöØóÇáóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøóäóÇ áóãú äóÌöÏú äõÕõæÕðÇ ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúíö ÊõÍóÏøöÏõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÊóÍúÏöíÏðÇ ÏóÞöíÞðÇ.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÞóæúãö ãöäúåóÇ ÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÇáÐøõßõæÑö Ïõæäó ÇáúÅöäóÇËö.
æóÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäóÇËó ÞóÏú íóÏúÎõáúäó Ýöíåö ÈöÍõßúãö ÇáÊøóÈóÚö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÞúÊóÑóäó ÈöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóÓúÎóÑú Þóæãñ ãöäú Þóæúãò ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåõãú æóáóÇ äöÓóÇÁñ ãöäú äöÓóÇÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [49 \ 11] . ÝóÚóØúÝõåõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúãö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÏõÎõæáöåöäøó Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÇáúÞóæúãö.
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÒõåóíúÑò:
æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑöí æóÓóæúÝó ÅöÎóÇáõ ÃóÏúÑöí ... ÃóÞóæúãñ Âáõ ÍöÕúäò Ãóãú äöÓóÇÁõ
æóÃóãøóÇ ÏõÎõæáõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÞóæúãö ÈöÍõßúãö ÇáÊøóÈóÚö ÚöäúÏó ÇáöÇÞúÊöÑóÇäö ÈöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó - ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ãóáößóÉö ÓóÈóÅò: æóÕóÏøóåóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÚúÈõÏõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÅöäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ãöäú Þóæúãò ßóÇÝöÑöíäó [27 \ 43] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóæóÇáöí ÝóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ æóÇááøõÛóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çáúãóæúáóì íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóäú áóåõ ÓóÈóÈñ íõæóÇáöí æóíóæóÇáóì Èöåö.
æóáöÐóÇ ÃóØúáóÞó Úóáóì Çááøóåö Ãóäøóåõ ãóæúáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ; áöÃóäøóåõãú íõæóÇáõæäóåõ ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö æóíõæóÇáöíåöãú ÈöÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö.
æóäóÝóì æöáóÇíóÉó ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö Úóäö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ãóæúáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÃóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó áóÇ ãóæúáóì áóåõãú [47 \ 11] .õõ(7/109)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæúáóÇ äõÒøöáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö ÚóÙöíãò (31)
æóÃóËúÈóÊó áóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æöáóÇíóÉó Çáúãõáúßö æóÇáúÞóåúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÑõÏøõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ãóæúáóÇåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÖóáøó Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÊóÑõæäó [10] . ßóãóÇ ÃóËúÈóÊó áóåõãú æöáóÇíóÉó ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÃúæóÇßõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ åöíó ãóæúáóÇßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [57 \ 15] .
æóÃóØúáóÞó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÇÓúãó ÇáúãóæóÇáöí Úóáóì ÇáúÚõÕóÈóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáößõáøò ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãóæóÇáöíó ãöãøóÇ ÊóÑóßó ÇáúæóÇáöÏóÇäö æóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈõæäó [4 \ 33] .
æóÃóØúáóÞó ÇÓúãó Çáúãóæúáóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞóÇÑöÈö æóäóÍúæöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóæúãó áóÇ íõÛúäöí ãóæúáðì Úóäú ãóæúáðì ÔóíúÆðÇ [44 \ 41] .
æóíóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúãóæóÇáöí Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö æóÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóãøö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö Èúäö ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö Èúäö ÚõÊúÈóÉó Èúäö ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò: ãóåúáðÇ Èóäöí ÚóãøöäóÇ ãóåúáðÇ ãóæóÇáöíäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÙúåöÑóäøó áóäóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÏúÝõæäðÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ØóÑóÝóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö:
æóÃóÚúáóãõ ÚöáúãðÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÇáÙøóäøö Ãóäøóåõ ... ÅöÐóÇ Ðóáøó ãóæúáóì ÇáúãóÑúÁö Ýóåõæó Ðóáöíáñ
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ æóÞúÝñ¡ Ãóæú ÕóÏóÞóÉñ Úóáóì Þóæúãöí¡ Ãóæú ãóæóÇáöíøó - Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäó åõäóÇßó ÚõÑúÝñ ÎóÇÕøñ¡ æóÌóÈó ÇÊøöÈóÇÚõåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú åõäóÇßó ÚõÑúÝñ ÝóáóÇ äóÚúáóãõ äóÕøðÇ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉò íõÍóÏøöÏõ Ðóáößó ÊóÍúÏöíÏðÇ ÏóÞöíÞðÇ.
æóßóáóÇãõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöíåö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ãóÍóÇáøöåö.
æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæúáóÇ äõÒøöáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö ÚóÙöíãò Ãóåõãú íóÞúÓöãõæäó ÑóÍúãóÉó ÑóÈøößó äóÍúäõ ÞóÓóãúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóÚöíÔóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú ÝóæúÞó ÈóÚúÖò ÏóÑóÌóÇÊò áöíóÊøóÎöÐó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÓõÎúÑöíøðÇ æóÑóÍúãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÎóíúÑñ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúãóÚõæäó.
(æóÞóÇáõæÇ) Ãóíú ÞóÇáó ßõÝøóÇÑõ ãóßøóÉó: (áóæúáóÇ) Ãóíú åóáøóÇ (äõÒøöáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö) Ãóíú ãöäú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö¡ æóåõãóÇ ãóßøóÉõ æóÇáØøóÇÆöÝõ (ÚóÙöíãò) íóÚúäõæäó ÈöÚöÙóãöåö ßóËúÑóÉó ãóÇáöåö æóÚöÙóãó ÌóÇåöåö¡ æóÚõáõæøó ãóäúÒöáóÊöåö Ýöí Þóæúãöåö¡ æóÚóÙöíãõ ãóßøóÉó ÇáøóÐöí íõÑöíÏõæäó åõæó ÇáúæóáöíÏõ Èúäõõõ(7/110)
ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ãóÎúÒõæãö Èúäö íóÞóÙóÉó Èúäö ãõÑøóÉó Èúäö ßóÚúÈò¡ æóÝöí ãõÑøóÉó Èúäö ßóÚúÈò íóÌúÊóãöÚõ äóÓóÈõåõ ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÚõÊúÈóÉõ Èúäõ ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÔóãúÓö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ãóäóÇÝò.
æóÚóÙöíãõ ÇáØøóÇÆöÝö åõæó ÚõÑúæóÉõ Èúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÞöíáó: ÍóÈöíÈõ Èúäõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÚõãóíúÑò¡ æóÞöíáó: åõæó ßöäóÇäóÉõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö íóÇáöíáó¡ æóÞöíáó ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÃóäúßóÑõæÇ ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÑóÓúæáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
Ëõãøó áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íóÈúÚóËú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÑóÓõæáðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÊóäóÇÒóáõæÇ Úóäö ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÍöåöãú ÅöÑúÓóÇáó ÑõÓõáò ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Åöáóì ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÍò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóåõæó ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÍõ ÊóäúÒöíáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáÑøóÌõáóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÞúÊöÑóÇÍõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö Ìóåúáöåöãú¡ æóÓóÎóÇÝóÉö ÚõÞõæáöåöãú ; ÍóíúËõ íóÌúÚóáõæäó ßóËúÑóÉó ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúÌóÇåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãõæÌöÈðÇ áöÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÊóäúÒöíáö ÇáúæóÍúíö.
æóáöÐóÇ ÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóíúÓó ÃóåúáðÇ áöÅöäúÒóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóíúåö¡ áöÞöáøóÉö ãóÇáöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÃóÍóÏó ÇáÑøóÌõáóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ãöäúåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÔöÏøóÉó Ìóåúáöåöãú¡ æóÓóÎóÇÝóÉó ÚõÞõæáöåöãú¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ãóåõãú íóÞúÓöãõæäó ÑóÍúãóÉó ÑóÈøößó. æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉõ æóÅöäúÒóÇáõ ÇáúæóÍúíö.
æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáÏøõÎóÇäö» : ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÑúÓöáöíäó ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [44 \ 5 - 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö «ÇáúÞóÕóÕö» : æóãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú íõáúÞóì Åöáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 86] . æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» : æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [21 \ 107] .
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö æóÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóæóÌóÏóÇ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 65] .(7/111)
æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚóÇäöíó ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ íóÝúÊóÍö Çááøóåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÉò ÝóáóÇ ãõãúÓößó áóåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 2] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: äóÍúäõ ÞóÓóãúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóÚöíÔóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú ÝóæúÞó ÈóÚúÖò ÏóÑóÌóÇÊò íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - áóãú íõÝóæøöÖú Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóãúÑó ãóÚóÇíöÔöåöãú æóÍõÙõæÙóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ Èóáú Êóæóáøóì åõæó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÞöÓúãóÉó Ðóáößó Èóíúäóåõãú¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó åóÐóÇ ÛóäöíøðÇ æóåóÐóÇ ÝóÞöíÑðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÑóÝöíÚðÇ æóåóÐóÇ æóÖöíÚðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÎóÇÏöãðÇ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÎúÏõæãðÇ¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõÝóæøöÖú Åöáóíúåöãú ÍõÙõæÙóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÍóßøöãúåõãú ÝöíåóÇ¡ Èóáú ßóÇäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõæó ÇáúãõÊóÕóÑøöÝõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ßóíúÝó ÔóÇÁó¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íõÝóæøöÖõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóãúÑó ÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúæóÍúíö ÍóÊøóì íóÊóÍóßøóãõæÇ Ýöíãóäú íóäúÒöáõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúæóÍúíõ¿
ÝóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íõÚúÞóáõ æóáóÇ íóÙõäøõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÛóÈöíøñ ÌóÇåöáñ ßóÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áöíóÊøóÎöÐó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÓõÎúÑöíøðÇ [43 \ 32] ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÓúÎöíÑö.
æóãóÚúäóì ÊóÓúÎöíÑö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú áöÈóÚúÖò - ÎöÏúãóÉõ ÈóÚúÖöåöãõ ÇáúÈóÚúÖó¡ æóÚóãóáõ ÈóÚúÖöåöãú áöÈóÚúÖò ; áöÃóäøó äöÙóÇãó ÇáúÚóÇáóãö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ íóÊóæóÞøóÝõ ÞöíóÇãõåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ Ýóãöäú ÍößúãóÊöåö - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáó åóÐóÇ ÝóÞöíÑðÇ ãóÚó ßóæúäöåö ÞóæöíøðÇ ÞóÇÏöÑðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóíóÌúÚóáó åóÐóÇ ÖóÚöíÝðÇ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - íõåóíøöÆõ áóåõ ÏóÑóÇåöãó íõÄóÌøöÑõ ÈöåóÇ Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóÞöíÑó ÇáúÞóæöíøó¡ ÝóíóäúÊóÝöÚõ ÇáúÞóæöíøõ ÈöÏóÑóÇåöãö ÇáÖøóÚöíÝö¡ æóÇáÖøóÚöíÝõ ÈöÚóãóáö ÇáúÞóæöíøö ; ÝóÊóäúÊóÙöãõ ÇáúãóÚöíÔóÉõ áößõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö - ÌóÇÁóÊú ßõáøõåóÇ ãõæóÖøóÍóÉð Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÒóÚúãõåõãú Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÃóäúÞóÕõ ÔóÑóÝðÇ æóÞóÏúÑðÇ ãöäú Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúæóÍúíõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú Ýöí «Õ» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÄõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÐøößúÑõ ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ Èóáú åõãú Ýöí Ôóßøò ãöäú ÐößúÑöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [38 \ 8] .
ÝóÞóæúáõ ßõÝøóÇÑö ãóßøóÉó: ÃóÄõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÐøößúÑõ ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÅöäúßóÇÑõåõãú Ãóäú íóÎõÕøóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúæóÍúíö ãöäú Èóíúäöåöãú¡ áöÒóÚúãöåöãú Ãóäøó Ýöíåöãú ãóäú åõæó ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöÇáúæóÍúí ãöäúåõ¡ áößóËúÑóÉö ãóÇáöåö æóÌóÇåöåö æóÔóÑóÝöåö Ýöíåöãú.(7/112)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Þóæúãõ ÕóÇáöÍò ãöËúáó Ðóáößó áöÕóÇáöÍò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäúåõãú: ÃóÄõáúÞöíó ÇáÐøößúÑõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ Èóáú åõæó ßóÐøóÇÈñ ÃóÔöÑñ [54 \ 25] .
ÝóÞõáõæÈõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåóÉñ¡ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåóÉð.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßóÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ãöËúáó Þóæúáöåöãú ÊóÔóÇÈóåóÊú ÞõáõæÈõåõãú [2 \ 118] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÊóæóÇÕóæúÇ Èöåö Èóáú åõãú Þóæúãñ ØóÇÛõæäó [51 \ 53] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÍõåõãú ÅöäúÒóÇáó ÇáúæóÍúíö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÑúÖóæúäó ÎõÕõæÕöíøóÊóåõ ÈöÐóáößó Ïõæäóåõãú - ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÂíóÉñ ÞóÇáõæÇ áóäú äõÄúãöäó ÍóÊøóì äõÄúÊóì ãöËúáó ãóÇ ÃõæÊöíó ÑõÓõáõ Çááøóåö [6 \ 124] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúãõÏøóËøöÑö» : Èóáú íõÑöíÏõ ßõáøõ ÇãúÑöÆò ãöäúåõãú Ãóäú íõÄúÊóì ÕõÍõÝðÇ ãõäóÔøóÑóÉð [74 \ 52] . Ãóíú ÊóäúÒöáõ Úóáóíúåö ÕõÍõÝñ ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ãõÌóÇåöÏñ æóÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö Þóæúáñ ÂÎóÑõ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöäúßóÇÑõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÍõ ÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúæóÍúíö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóãúÒóÉõ ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáúãõÊóÖóãøöäóÉõ ãóÚó ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö áöÊóÌöåöíáöåöãú æóÊóÓúÝöíåö ÚõÞõæáöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóåõãú íóÞúÓöãõæäó ÑóÍúãóÉó ÑóÈøößó - ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Åöáóíúåö ãóÚó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ; áöÃóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÂíóÉñ ÞóÇáõæÇ áóäú äõÄúãöäó ÍóÊøóì äõÄúÊóì ãöËúáó ãóÇ ÃõæÊöíó ÑõÓõáõ Çááøóåö [6 \ 124] ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÑóÏøðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÅöäúßóÇÑðÇ áöãóÞóÇáóÊöåöãú: Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÍóíúËõ íóÌúÚóáõ ÑöÓóÇáóÊóåõ [6 \ 124] .
Ëõãøó ÃóæÚóÏóåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÓóíõÕöíÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÌúÑóãõæÇ ÕóÛóÇÑñ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö æóÚóÐóÇÈñ ÔóÏöíÏñ ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóãúßõÑõæäó [6 \ 124] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõæó ÇáøóÐöí Êóæóáøóì ÞöÓúãóÉó ãóÚöíÔóÊöåöãú Èóíúäóåõãú - ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇááøóåõ ÝóÖøóáó ÈóÚúÖóßõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÇáÑøöÒúÞö ÝóãóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝõÖøöáõæÇ ÈöÑóÇÏøöí ÑöÒúÞöåöãú Úóáóì ãóÇ ãóáóßóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõåõãú Ýóåõãú Ýöíåö ÓóæóÇÁñ [16 \ 71] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇäúÙõÑú ßóíúÝó ÝóÖøóáúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò æóáóáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊò æóÃóßúÈóÑõ ÊóÝúÖöíáðÇ [17 \ 21] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåó íóÈúÓõØõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ æóíóÞúÏöÑõ [39 \ 52] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóßöäú íõäóÒøöáõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ Åöäøóåõ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈóÕöíÑñ(7/113)
[42 \ 27] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú íóßõäú ÛóäöíøðÇ Ãóæú ÝóÞöíÑðÇ ÝóÇááøóåõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöåöãóÇ [4 \ 135] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÍößúãóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝóÇÖõáö æóÇáÊøóÝóÇæõÊö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÒóÇÞö æóÇáúÍõÙõæÙö¡ æóÇáúÞõæøóÉö æóÇáÖøóÚúÝö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó - ÈöÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: áöíóÊøóÎöÐó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÓõÎúÑöíøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõäóÇ: æóÑóÍúãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÎóíúÑñ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúãóÚõæäó¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉó æóÇáöÇåúÊöÏóÇÁó ÈöåõÏóì ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ æóãóÇ íóäóÇáõåõ ÇáúãõåúÊóÏõæäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÎóíúÑñ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúãóÚõåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú ÍõØóÇãöåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» : Þõáú ÈöÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö æóÈöÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÝóÈöÐóáößó ÝóáúíóÝúÑóÍõæÇ åõæó ÎóíúÑñ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúãóÚõæäó [10 \ 85] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : æóáóÆöäú ÞõÊöáúÊõãú Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö Ãóæú ãõÊøõãú áóãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑóÍúãóÉñ ÎóíúÑñ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúãóÚõæäó [3 \ 157] .
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ åõäóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: äóÍúäõ ÞóÓóãúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóÚöíÔóÊóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ ÝóÖøóáó ÈóÚúÖóßõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÇáÑøöÒúÞö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 71] æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö - Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÊóÝóÇæõÊó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÒóÇÞö æóÇáúÍõÙõæÙö ÓõäøóÉñ ãöäú Óõäóäö Çááøóåö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö¡ áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÊóÈúÏöíáóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúæöíáóåóÇ¡ ÈöæóÌúåò ãöäó ÇáúæõÌõæåö Ýóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áöÓõäøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÈúÏöíáðÇ æóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áöÓõäøóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÍúæöíáðÇ [35 \ 43] .
æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÍóÞøóÞó Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÊóÐóÑøóÚõ Èöåö ÇáúÂäó ÇáúãóáóÇÍöÏóÉõ ÇáúãõäúßöÑõæäó áöæõÌõæÏö Çááøóåö æóáöÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÇÊö æóÇáÑøóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö - Åöáóì ÇÈúÊöÒóÇÒö ËóÑóæóÇÊö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóäóÒúÚö ãöáúßöåöãõ ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Úóäú ÃóãúáóÇßöåöãú¡ ÈöÏóÚúæóì ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉö Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ãóÚóÇíöÔöåöãú - ÃóãúÑñ ÈóÇØöáñ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÈöÍóÇáò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö.
ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÞúÕöÏõæäó Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí íóÒúÚõãõæäó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÞúÕöÏõæäó ÇÓúÊöÆúËóÇÑóåõãú ÈöÃóãúáóÇßö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ áöíóÊóãóÊøóÚõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóíóÊóÕóÑøóÝõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ßóíúÝó ÔóÇÁõæÇ¡ ÊóÍúÊó ÓöÊóÇÑö ßóËöíÑò ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúßóÐöÈö æóÇáúÛõÑõæÑö æóÇáúÎöÏóÇÚö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÊóÍóÞøóÞõåõ ßõáøõ ÚóÇÞöáò ãõØøóáöÚò Úóáóì ÓöíÑóÊöåöãú æóÃóÍúæóÇáöåöãú ãóÚó ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåöãú.(7/114)
æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð áóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöãóäú íóßúÝõÑõ ÈöÇáÑøóÍúãóäö áöÈõíõæÊöåöãú ÓõÞõÝðÇ ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò æóãóÚóÇÑöÌó ÚóáóíúåóÇ íóÙúåóÑõæäó (33)
ÝóÇáØøóÛúãóÉõ ÇáúÞóáöíáóÉõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãóÉõ æóãóäú íóäúÖóãøõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ - åõãõ ÇáúãõÊóãóÊøöÚõæäó ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÎóíúÑóÇÊö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ãöäú ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáÔøóÚúÈö ãóÍúÑõæãõæäó ãöäú ßõáøö ÎóíúÑò¡ ãóÙúáõæãõæäó Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ÍóÊøóì ãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæåõ ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú¡ íõÚúáóÝõæäó ÈöÈöØóÇÞóÉò ßóãóÇ ÊõÚúáóÝõ ÇáúÈöÛóÇáõ æóÇáúÍóãöíÑõ.
æóÞóÏú Úóáöãó Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí ÓóÇÈöÞö Úöáúãöåö Ãóäøóåõ íóÃúÊöí äóÇÓñ íóÛúÊóÕöÈõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÝóÞöíÑñ æóåóÐóÇ Ûóäöíó¡ æóÞóÏú äóåóì - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö Çáúåóæóì ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÏøóÚúæóì¡ æóÃóæúÚóÏó ãóäú áóãú íóäúÊóåö Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú íóßõäú ÛóäöíøðÇ Ãóæú ÝóÞöíÑðÇ ÝóÇááøóåõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöåöãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ Çáúåóæóì Ãóäú ÊóÚúÏöáõæÇ æóÅöäú ÊóáúæõæÇ Ãóæú ÊõÚúÑöÖõæÇ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÎóÈöíÑðÇ [4 \ 135] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÎóÈöíÑðÇ Ýöíåö æóÚöíÏñ ÔóÏöíÏñ áöãóäú ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð áóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöãóäú íóßúÝõÑõ ÈöÇáÑøóÍúãóäö áöÈõíõæÊöåöãú ÓõÞõÝðÇ ãöäú ÝóÖøóÉò æóãóÚóÇÑöÌó ÚóáóíúåóÇ íóÙúåóÑõæäó æóáöÈõíõæÊöåöãú ÃóÈúæóÇÈðÇ æóÓõÑõÑðÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ íóÊøóßöÆõæäó æóÒõÎúÑõÝðÇ æóÅöäú ßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóãøóÇ ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ: (áöÈõíõæÊöåöãú) Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ æóÑúÔñ æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò - ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÈóÇÁö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÞóÇáõæäõ Úóäú äóÇÝöÚò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò¡ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ¡ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÔõÚúÈóÉõ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò: áöÈõíõæÊöåöãú ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÈóÇÁö áöãõÌóÇäöÓóÉö ÇáúßóÓúÑóÉö áöáúíóÇÁö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: (ÓõÞõÝðÇ) ÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÚóÇÕöãñ - ÓõÞõÝðÇ ÈöÖóãøóÊóíúäö Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãúÚö.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ: ÓóÞúÝðÇ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÓøöíäö æóÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáúÞóÇÝö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö Èöåö ÇáúÌóãúÚõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÒõÎúÑõÝðÇ æóÅöäú ßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóãøóÇ ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäö ÐóßúæóÇäó¡ æóÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäú åöÔóÇãò æóÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö: áóãøóÇ ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÊóÎúÝöíÝö Çáúãöíãö ãöäú (áóãóÇ) .
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóåöÔóÇãñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò¡ æóÝöí ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö: áóãøóÇ ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÊóÔúÏöíÏö Çáúãöíãö ãöäú (áóãøóÇ) .(7/115)
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãøóÇ Èóíøóäó ÍóÞóÇÑóÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÚöÙóãó ÔóÃúäö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÑóÍúãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÎóíúÑñ ãöãøóÇ íóÌúãóÚõæäó [43 \ 32]- ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÈóíóÇäö ÔöÏøóÉö ÍóÞóÇÑóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ãõÔúÊóÑóßóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóÌóÚóáó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãöäó ÇáäøóÚöíãö ÎóÇÕøðÇ ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ïõæäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÍößúãóÊóåõ Ýöí ÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ãóÚó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö Ýöí äóÚöíãö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð Ãóíú áóæúáóÇ ßóÑóÇåóÊõäóÇ áößóæúäö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ãõÊøóÝöÞóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ áóÃóÚúØóíúäóÇ ÒóÎóÇÑöÝó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóáóßöäøóäóÇ áöÚöáúãöäóÇ ÈöÔöÏøóÉö ãóíúáö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö Åöáóì ÒóåúÑóÉö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÍõÈøöåóÇ áóåóÇ¡ áóæú ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇ Ðóáößó ßõáøóåõ áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö áóÍóãóáóÊö ÇáÑøóÛúÈóÉõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ßõÝøóÇÑðÇ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÛóäöíøðÇ æóÝóÞöíÑðÇ¡ æóÃóÔúÑóßúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÕó äóÚöíãö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöäú ßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóãøóÇ ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó¡ Ãóíú ÎóÇáöÕóÉñ áóåõãú Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» : Þõáú ãóäú ÍóÑøóãó ÒöíäóÉó Çááøóåö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÎúÑóÌó áöÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóÇáØøóíøöÈóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáÑøöÒúÞö Þõáú åöíó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÎóÇáöÕóÉð íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö [7 \ 32] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: Þõáú åöíó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóíú ãõÔúÊóÑóßóÉñ Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÎóÇáöÕóÉñ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ Ãóíú ÎóÇÕøóÉñ Èöåöãú Ïõæäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ; ÅöÐú áóÇ äóÕöíÈó áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó Ýöí ØóíøöÈóÇÊö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» åóÐöåö: Þõáú åöíó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ - ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãóÚó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí ãóÊóÇÚö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóÐóáößó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö ÍóÑúÝõ ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇÚö áöáúæõÌõæÏö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó (áóæúáóÇ) Ýöí Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð.
æóÎõÕõæÕõ ØóíøöÈóÇÊö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÎóÇáöÕóÉð íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö [7 \ 32]- åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» åóÐöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [43 \ 35] .(7/116)
æóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ãõÄúãöäò ÇÊøóÞóì ÇáÔøöÑúßó ÈöÇááøóåö.
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - íõÚúØöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ãöäú ãóÊóÇÚö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ - ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáó æóãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÝóÃõãóÊøöÚõåõ ÞóáöíáðÇ Ëõãøó ÃóÖúØóÑøõåõ Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáäøóÇÑö [2 \ 126] . æóÞóæúáöåö: äõãóÊøöÚõåõãú ÞóáöíáðÇ Ëõãøó äóÖúØóÑøõåõãú Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈò ÛóáöíÙò [31 \ 24] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÈóÛúíõßõãú Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ãóÊóÇÚó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ëõãøó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ãóÑúÌöÚõßõãú ÝóäõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [10 \ 23] . æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÝúÊóÑõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõæäó ãóÊóÇÚñ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ëõãøó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ãóÑúÌöÚõåõãú Ëõãøó äõÐöíÞõåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáÔøóÏöíÏó ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÝõÑõæäó [10 \ 69 - 70] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö Ãóäøó ÅöäúÚóÇãóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó áóíúÓó áößóÑóÇãóÊöåöãú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ áöáöÇÓúÊöÏúÑóÇÌö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÐóÑúäöí æóãóäú íõßóÐøöÈõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÓóäóÓúÊóÏúÑöÌõåõãú ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó æóÃõãúáöí áóåõãú Åöäøó ßóíúÏöí ãóÊöíäñ [68 \ 44 - 45] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÓõæÇ ãóÇ ÐõßøöÑõæÇ Èöåö ÝóÊóÍúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÈúæóÇÈó ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑöÍõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõæÊõæÇ ÃóÎóÐúäóÇåõãú ÈóÛúÊóÉð ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãõÈúáöÓõæäó ÝóÞõØöÚó ÏóÇÈöÑõ ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [6 \ 44 - 45] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó ÈóÏøóáúäóÇ ãóßóÇäó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉó ÍóÊøóì ÚóÝóæúÇ æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÞóÏú ãóÓøó ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ ÇáÖøóÑøóÇÁõ æóÇáÓøóÑøóÇÁõ ÝóÃóÎóÐúäóÇåõãú ÈóÛúÊóÉð æóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó [7 \ 95] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú ãóäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÖøóáóÇáóÉö ÝóáúíóãúÏõÏú áóåõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãóÏøðÇ [19 \ 75] Úóáóì ÃóÙúåóÑö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö. æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íóÍúÓóÈóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ äõãúáöí áóåõãú ÎóíúÑñ áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÅöäøóãóÇ äõãúáöí áóåõãú áöíóÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÅöËúãðÇ æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõåöíäñ [3 \ 178] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóãúáóíúÊõ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó Ëõãøó ÃóÎóÐúÊõåõãú ÝóßóíúÝó ßóÇäó äóßöíÑö [22 \ 44] .
æóÏóÚúæóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÃóÚúØóÇåõãõ ÇáúãóÇáó æóäóÚöíãó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áößóÑóÇãóÊöåöãú Úóáóíúåö æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåöãú áöÐóáößó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÈóÚúËõ ÍóÞøðÇ ÃóÚúØóÇåõãú ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö - ÞóÏú ÑóÏøóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó ÃóäøóãóÇ äõãöÏøõåõãú Èöåö ãöäú ãóÇáò æóÈóäöíäó äõÓóÇÑöÚõ áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúÑóÇÊö Èóá áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó [23 \ 55 - 56] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÈöÇáøóÊöí ÊõÞóÑøöÈõßõãú ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÒõáúÝóì ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú Âãóäó æóÚóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ [34 \ 37] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäúßõãú ÌóãúÚõßõãú æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó [7 \ 48] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ æóãóÇ ßóÓóÈó [111 \ 2] .(7/117)
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÑóÏøóì [92 \ 11] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ÝõÑóÇÏóì ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóÊóÑóßúÊõãú ãóÇ ÎóæøóáúäóÇßõãú æóÑóÇÁó ÙõåõæÑößõãú [6 \ 94] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÆöäú ÑõÏöÏúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí áóÃóÌöÏóäøó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãõäúÞóáóÈðÇ [18 \ 36] .
æóáúäóÑúÌöÚú Åöáóì ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ãóíú ÕóíøóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: áöÈõíõæÊöåöãú ÈóÏóáõ ÇÔúÊöãóÇáò ãóÚó ÅöÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãöáö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: áöãóäú íóßúÝõÑõ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÓõÞõÝðÇ ÈöÖóãøóÊóíúäö¡ Ýóåõæó ÌóãúÚõ ÓóÞúÝò¡ æóÓóÞúÝõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÓóÞúÝðÇ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÓøöíäö æóÓõßõæäö ÇáúÞóÇÝö: Ýóåõæó ãõÝúÑóÏñ ÃõÑöíÏó Èöåö ÇáúÌóãúÚõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó äõÎúÑöÌõßõãú ØöÝúáðÇ [22 \ 5]- Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÝúÑóÏó ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇÓúãó ÌöäúÓò. íóÌõæÒõ ÅöØúáóÇÞõåõ ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÇáúÌóãúÚõ¡ æóÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóãöäó ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóÚóÇÑöÌó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ ÌóãúÚõ ãöÚúÑóÌò¡ ÈöáóÇ ÃóáúÝò ÈóÚúÏö ÇáÑøóÇÁö.
æóÇáúãöÚúÑóÌõ æóÇáúãöÚúÑóÇÌõ ÈöãóÚúäóì æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÂáóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí íõÚúÑóÌõ ÈöåóÇ Ãóíú íõÕúÚóÏõ ÈöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÚõáõæøö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: (íóÙúåóÑõæäó) ¡ Ãóíú íóÕúÚóÏõæäó æóíóÑúÊóÝöÚõæäó ÍóÊøóì íóÕöíÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÙõåõæÑö ÇáúÈõíõæÊö. æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóãóÇ ÇÓúØóÇÚõæÇ Ãóäú íóÙúåóÑõæåõ æóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÇÚõæÇ áóåõ äóÞúÈðÇ [18 \ 97] .
æóÇáÓøõÑõÑõ ÌóãúÚõ ÓóÑöíÑò¡ æóÇáöÇÊøößóÇÁõ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóÇáúÃóÈúæóÇÈõ ÌóãúÚõ ÈóÇÈò æóåõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝõ ÇáÐøóåóÈõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: Åöäøó ÇáúãóÚóÇÑöÌó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúãóÕóÇÚöÏõ æóÇáúÃóÈúæóÇÈõ æóÇáÓøõÑõÑõ - ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ íóÑóì ÇÔúÊöÑóÇßó ÇáúãóÚúØõæÝö æóÇáúãóÚúØõæÝö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÒõÎúÑõÝðÇ - ãóÝúÚõæáñ ÚóÇãöáõåõ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áóåõãú ãóÚó Ðóáößó ÒõÎúÑõÝðÇ.(7/118)
æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö äõÞóíøöÖú áóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõ ÞóÑöíäñ (36)
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó ÌóãöíÚó Ðóáößó ÈóÚúÖõåõ ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõ ãöäú ÒõÎúÑõÝò¡ Ãóíú ÐóåóÈò.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ãóäøó ÅöÚúÑóÇÈó Þóæúáöåö: æõÒõÎúÑõÝðÇ - Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ãóäøóåõ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöäóÒúÚö ÇáúÎóÇÝöÖö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãöäú ÝöÖøóÉò¡ æóãöäú ÒõÎúÑõÝò¡ ÝóÍóÐóÝó ÍóÑúÝó ÇáúÌóÑøö ÝóÇäúÊóÕóÈó ÒõÎúÑõÝðÇ.
æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáäøóÍúæö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÕúÈó ÈöäóÒúÚö ÇáúÎóÇÝöÖö áóíúÓó ãõØøóÑöÏðÇ æóáóÇ ÞöíóÇÓöíøðÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÓõãöÚó ãöäúåõ íõÍúÝóÙõ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇÓõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÚóáóíúåö ÏóÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:
æóÅöäú ÍõÐöÝú ÝóÇáäøóÕúÈõ áöáúãõäúÌóÑøö äóÞúáðÇ. . . ÅöáóÎú.
æóÚóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÎúÝóÔõ ÇáÕøóÛöíÑõ íóÑóì ÇØøöÑóÇÏóåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò Ãõãöäó Ýöíåö ÇááøóÈúÓõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúßóÇÝöíóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇÈúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇØøöÑóÇÏóåõ ÑóÃóì ... Åöäú áóãú íõÎóÝú áóÈúÓñ ßóãöäú ÒóíúÏò äóÃóì
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóãøóÇ ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ [43 \ 35] Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÈöÊóÎúÝöíÝö Çáúãöíãö ãöäú (áóãóÇ) ¡ ÝóÜ (Åöäú) åöíó ÇáúãõÎóÝøóÝóÉõ ãöäó ÇáËøóÞöíáóÉö¡ æóÇááøóÇãõ åöíó ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞóÉõ Èóíúäó (Åöäö) ÇáúãõÎóÝøóÝóÉö ãöäó ÇáËøóÞöíáóÉö¡ æó (Åöäö) ÇáäøóÇÝöíóÉö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÎõÝøöÝóÊú Åöäú ÝóÞóáøó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ... æóÊóáúÒóãõ ÇááøóÇãõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ Êõåúãóáõ
æó (ãóÇ) ãóÒöíÏóÉñ áöáÊøóæúßöíÏö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÚóÇÕöãò æóÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö Úóäú åöÔóÇãò (áóãøóÇ) ÈöÊóÔúÏöíÏö Çáúãöíãö ÝóÜ (Åöäú) äóÇÝöíóÉñ¡ æó (áóãøóÇ) ÍóÑúÝõ ÅöËúÈóÇÊò ÈöãóÚúäóì ÅöáøóÇ.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóãóÇ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóäøó ÊóÔúÏöíÏó ãöíãö (áóãøóÇ) Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÂíóÉö «ÇáØøóÇÑöÞö» Åöäú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò áóãøóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÝöÙñ [86 \ 4]- áõÛóÉõ Èóäöí åõÐóíúáö Èúäö ãõÏúÑößóÉó. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö äõÞóíøöÖú áóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõ ÞóÑöíäñ æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÕõÏøõæäóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇ áóíúÊó Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäóßó ÈõÚúÏó ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞóíúäö ÝóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúÞóÑöíäõ.õõ(7/119)
ÝóÇÓúÊóãúÓößú ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó Åöäøóßó Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò (43)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóíøóÖúäóÇ áóåõãú ÞõÑóäóÇÁó ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 25] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóäú íóäúÝóÚóßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó ÅöÐú ÙóáóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãõÔúÊóÑößõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäøóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãõÔúÊóÑößõæäó [37 \ 33] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóÝóÃóäúÊó ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáÕøõãøó Ãóæú ÊóåúÏöí ÇáúÚõãúíó æóãóäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ÈößóËúÑóÉò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóáóÇ ÊõÓúãöÚõ ÇáÕøõãøó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó ÅöÐóÇ æóáøóæúÇ ãõÏúÈöÑöíäó [27 \ 80] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÇÓúÊóãúÓößú ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó Åöäøóßó Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò.
ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - äóÈöíøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó íóÊóãóÓøóßó ÈöåóÏúíö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò¡ Ãóíú ØóÑöíÞò æóÇÖöÍò áóÇ ÇÚúæöÌóÇÌó Ýöíåö¡ æóåõæó Ïöíäõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÖúãøóäóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúåö.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ - ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÈöÇáÊøóãóÓøõßö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö - ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇÊúáõ ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö ÑóÈøößó áóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊöåö [18 \ 27] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑõåõ áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæúÖóÍó Ðóáößó ÝöíåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáúäóÇßó Úóáóì ÔóÑöíÚóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚúåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚú ÃóåúæóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [45 \ 18] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò ÕöÑóÇØö Çááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö [42 \ 52 - 53] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò æóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö Úóäö ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö áóäóÇßöÈõæäó [23 \ 73 - 74] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóÇ íõäóÇÒöÚõäøóßó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóÇÏúÚõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó Åöäøóßó áóÚóáóì åõÏðì ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [22 \ 67] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÊóæóßøóáú Úóáóì Çááøóåö Åöäøóßó Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúãõÈöíäö [27 \ 79] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(7/120)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ Ãóíøõåó ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑõ ÇÏúÚõ áóäóÇ ÑóÈøóßó ÈöãóÇ ÚóåöÏó ÚöäúÏóßó ÅöäøóäóÇ áóãõåúÊóÏõæäó (49) ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóäúßõËõæäó (50)
æóÂíóÉõ «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» åóÐöåö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóãóÓøõßó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì åõÏðì ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúáõæãñ ÈöÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇÓúÃóáú ãóäú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ãöäú ÑõÓõáöäóÇ ÃóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÂáöåóÉð íõÚúÈóÏõæäó.
ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÌóÇÁõæÇ ÈöÅöÎúáóÇÕö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö áöáøóåö¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ ßóáöãóÉõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÞóÏú ÈóÚóËúäóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÑóÓõæáðÇ Ãóäö ÇõÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÇÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊó [16 \ 36] .
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ãöäú ÑóÓõæáò ÅöáøóÇ äõæÍöí Åöáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÝóÇÚúÈõÏõæäö [21 \ 25] . æóÐóáößó ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏõ åõæó Ãóæøóáõ ãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ Èöåö ßõáøõ äóÈöíøö ÃõãøóÊóåõ.
ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ äõæÍðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãöåö ÝóÞóÇáó íóÇÞóæúãö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú Åöáóåò ÛóíúÑõåõ [11 \ 50] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöáóì ËóãõæÏó ÃóÎóÇåõãú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇÞóæúãö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú Åöáóåò ÛóíúÑõåõ [11 \ 61] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöáóì ËóãõæÏó ÃóÎóÇåõãú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇÞóæúãö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú Åöáóåò ÛóíúÑõåõ [11 \ 61] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöáóì ãóÏúíóäó ÃóÎóÇåõãú ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇÞóæúãö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 85] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóãóáóÆöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÞöÕøóÉö ãõæÓóì æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» æóÓõæÑóÉö «Øå» .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóÎóÐúäóÇåõãú ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó.
áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ äóæúÚó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎóÐóåõãú Èöåö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ãóåúãóÇ ÊóÃúÊöäóÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÂíóÉò áöÊóÓúÍóÑóäóÇ ÈöåóÇ ÝóãóÇ äóÍúäõ áóßó ÈöãõÄúãöäöíäó ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáØøõæÝóÇäó æóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏó æóÇáúÞõãøóáó æóÇáÖøóÝóÇÏöÚó æóÇáÏøóãó ÂíóÇÊò ãõÝóÕøóáóÇÊò [7 \ 132 - 133] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ Âáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÈöÇáÓøöäöíäó æóäóÞúÕò ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 130] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑõ ÇÏúÚõ áóäóÇ ÑóÈøóßó ÈöãóÇ ÚóåöÏó ÚöäúÏóßó ÅöäøóäóÇ áóãõåúÊóÏõæäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóäúßõËõæäó.(7/121)
æóáóãøóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ãóËóáðÇ ÅöÐóÇ Þóæúãõßó ãöäúåõ íóÕöÏøõæäó (57)
ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö - ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóãøóÇ æóÞóÚó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÒõ ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇãõæÓóì ÇÏúÚõ áóäóÇ ÑóÈøóßó ÈöãóÇ ÚóåöÏó ÚöäúÏóßó áóÆöäú ßóÔóÝúÊó ÚóäøóÇ ÇáÑøöÌúÒó áóäõÄúãöäóäøó áóßó æóáóäõÑúÓöáóäøó ãóÚóßó Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáÑøöÌúÒó Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò åõãú ÈóÇáöÛõæåõ ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóäúßõËõæäó.
æóÇáÑøöÌúÒõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» åõæó ÈöÚóíúäöåö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÂíóÉö «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» åóÐöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íõÈöíäõ.
ÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí «Øå» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Úóäú ãõæÓóì: æóÇÍúáõáú ÚõÞúÏóÉð ãöäú áöÓóÇäöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [20 \ 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóæúáóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÓúæöÑóÉñ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò Ãóæú ÌóÇÁó ãóÚóåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ãõÞúÊóÑöäöíäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóæúáóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúåö ãóáóßñ Ýóíóßõæäó ãóÚóåõ äóÐöíÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 7] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÂÓóÝõæäóÇ ÇäúÊóÞóãúäóÇ ãöäúåõãú.
(ÂÓóÝõæäóÇ) ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÃóÛúÖóÈõæäóÇ æóÃóÓúÎóØõæäóÇ¡ æóßóæúäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÃóÓóÝö ÇáúÛóÖóÈó - íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÃóÓóÝö Úóáóì ÃóÔóÏøö ÇáúÛóÖóÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóãøóÇ ÑóÌóÚó ãõæÓóì Åöáóì Þóæúãöåö ÛóÖúÈóÇäó ÃóÓöÝðÇ [7 \ 150] Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÓóáóÝðÇ æóãóËóáðÇ áöáúÂÎöÑöíäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÃóÔóÏøó ãöäúåõãú ÈóØúÔðÇ æóãóÖóì ãóËóáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóãøóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ãóËóáðÇ ÅöÐóÇ Þóæúãõßó ãöäúåõ íóÕöÏøõæäó æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÂáöåóÊõäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú åõæó ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæåõ áóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÌóÏóáðÇ Èóáú åõãú Þóæúãñ ÎóÕöãõæäó.
ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ (íóÕõÏøõæäó) ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÕøóÇÏö.
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ (íóÕöÏøõæäó) ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÕøóÇÏö.(7/122)
ÝóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúßóÓúÑö ÝóãóÚúäóì (íóÕöÏøõæäó) íóÖöÌøõæäó æóíóÕöíÍõæäó¡ æóÞöíáó: íóÖúÍóßõæäó¡ æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö æóÇÍöÏñ¡ ßóíóÚúÑõÔõæäó æóíóÚúÑöÔõæäó¡ æóíóÚúßõÝõæäó æóíóÚúßöÝõæäó.
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáÖøóãøö Ýóåõæó ãöäó ÇáÕøõÏõæÏö¡ æóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÖõÑöÈó) ÞóÇáó ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó åõæó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÇáÒøöÈúÚóÑóì ÇáÓøóåúãöíøõ ÞóÈúáó ÅöÓúáóÇãöåö.
Ãóíú æóáóãøóÇ ÖóÑóÈó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäó ãóÑúíóãó ÝóÇÌóÃóßó Þóæúãõßó ÈöÇáÖøóÌöíÌö æóÇáÕøöíóÇÍö æóÇáÖøóÍößö¡ ÝóÑóÍðÇ ãöäúåõãú æóÒóÚúãðÇ ãöäúåõãú Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì ÎóÕúãõßó¡ Ãóæú ÝóÇÌóÃóßó ÕõÏõæÏõåõãú Úóäö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÇáúãóËóáö.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó (ãöäú) åõäóÇ ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö íóÐúßõÑõæäó Ãóäøó ãöäú ãóÚóÇäöí (ãöäú) ÇáÓøóÈóÈöíøóÉó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãöãøóÇ ÎóØöíÆóÇÊöåöãú ÃõÛúÑöÞõæÇ ÝóÃõÏúÎöáõæÇ äóÇÑðÇ [71 \ 25] . Ãóíú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÎóØöíÆóÇÊöåöãú ÃõÛúÑöÞõæÇ.
æóãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÇáöÝöíäó Ýöí ÃóíúãóÇäö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö: ÃõÞúÓöãó ÈöÇááøóåö áóãöäú ÖóÑúÈöåö ãóÇÊó.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ ãóÚúäóì ÖóÑóÈó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ - Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÍóÕóÈõ Ìóåóäøóãó ÃóäúÊõãú áóåóÇ æóÇÑöÏõæäó [21 \ 98] ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì: Åöäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ßõáøó ãóÚúÈõæÏò ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÅöäøóäóÇ æóÃóÕúäóÇãóäóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ÞóÏú ÚóÈóÏóåõ ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ãóÚó ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÈóÏõæåõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÖöíäóÇ Ãóäú äóßõæäó äóÍúäõ æóÂáöåóÊõäóÇ ãóÚóåõ.
æóÞóÇáõæÇ ãöËúáó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÚõÒóíúÑò æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÚõÒóíúÑðÇ ÚóÈóÏóåõ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ¡ æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÚóÈóÏóåõãú ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö.
ÝóÇÊøóÖóÍó Ãóäøó ÖóÑúÈóåõ ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÒúÚõãõ Ãóäú ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáóåõ¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÚúÈõæÏò æóÚóÇÈöÏöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ áöÃóÕúäóÇãöåöãú¡ Ýöí ßóæúäö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íõËúäöí Úóáóì ÚöíÓóì ÇáËøóäóÇÁó ÇáúÌóãöíáó¡ æóíõÈóíøöäõ áöáäøóÇÓö Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáõåõ¡ æóßóáöãóÊõåõ ÃóáúÞóÇåóÇ Åöáóì ãóÑúíóãó æóÑõæÍñ ãöäúåõ.
ÝóÒóÚóãó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì Ãóäøó ßóáóÇãó ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóãøóÇ ÇÞúÊóÖóì ãõÓóÇæóÇÉó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö ãóÚó ÚöíÓóì Ýöí ÏõÎõæáö(7/123)
ÇáäøóÇÑö ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÚúÊóÑöÝõ ÈöÃóäøó ÚöíÓóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ Ïóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö ßóáóÇãöåö ÚöäúÏóåõ.
æóÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÈóÞóÊú áóåõãú ãöäøóÇ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÃõæáóÆößó ÚóäúåóÇ ãõÈúÚóÏõæäó áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÍóÓöíÓóåóÇ æóåõãú Ýöí ãóÇ ÇÔúÊóåóÊú ÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú ÎóÇáöÏõæäó áóÇ íóÍúÒõäõåõãõ ÇáúÝóÒóÚõ ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 101 - 103] . æóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóãøóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ãóËóáðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæåõ áóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÌóÏóáðÇ¡ Ãóíú ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæÇ ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÇáúÌóÏóáö æóÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó (ÌóÏóáðÇ) ÍóÇáñ¡ æóÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúãõäóßøóÑö ÍóÇáðÇ ßóËöíÑñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÊóæúÌöíåóåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÌóÏóáö åõäóÇ ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉõ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöÞóÕúÏö ÇáúÛóáóÈóÉö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞøò.
ÞóÇáó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÕóÏõæÇ ÇáúÌóÏóáó ÈöÔóíúÁò íóÚúáóãõæäó Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÇØöáñ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÐóÑøóÚõæÇ ÈöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÌóÏóáö áóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÒóÚóãõæåõ¡ æóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇááøöÓóÇäö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúßóáöãóÇÊö.
æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÚóÈøóÑó Çááøóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöáóÝúÙóÉö «ãóÇ» ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö áöÛóíúÑö ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó [21 \ 98] æóáóãú íóÞõáú: æóãóäú ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó¡ æóÐóáößó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊóäóÇæóáõ ÚöíÓóì æóáóÇ ÚõÒóíúÑðÇ æóáóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõÑöÏú Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈóÚúÏóåõ: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÈóÞóÊú áóåõãú ãöäøóÇ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 101] .
æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó ãöäú áõÛóÊöåöãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó áóãú ÊóÊóäóÇæóáú ÚöíÓóì ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì áöÓóÇäöåöãõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö¡ ÇáøóÐöí äóÒóáó Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ - ÊóÍóÞøóÞúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæÇ ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóÌúáö ÇáúÌóÏóáö æóÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö.
æóæóÌúåõ ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑö Ýöí ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæåõ áóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÌóÏóáðÇ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÖóÇÑöÈó ÇáúãóËóáö æóÇÍöÏñ æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì - íóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÝöÚúáö ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö Åöáóì ÌóãöíÚö(7/124)
ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö¡ æóãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ:
ÝóÓóíúÝõ Èóäöí ÚóÈúÓò æóÞóÏú ÖóÑóÈõæÇ Èöåö ... äóÈóÇ ÈöíóÏóíú æóÑúÞóÇÁó Úóäú ÑóÃúÓö ÎóÇáöÏö
ÝóÅöäøóåõ äóÓóÈó ÇáÖøóÑúÈó Åöáóì ÌóãöíÚö Èóäöí ÚóÈúÓò ãóÚó ÊóÕúÑöíÍöåö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóíúÝó Ýöí íóÏö ÑóÌõáò æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú¡ æóåõæó æóÑúÞóÇÁõ Èúäõ ÒõåóíúÑò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ íõÔöíÑõ ÈöÐóáößó Åöáóì ÞóÊúáö ÎóÇáöÏö Èúäö ÌóÚúÝóÑò ÇáúßöáóÇÈöíøö áöÒõåóíúÑö Èúäö ÌõÐóíúãóÉó ÇáúÚóÈúÓöíøö¡ æóÃóäøó æóÑóÞøóÇÁó Èúäó ÒõåóíúÑò ÖóÑóÈó ÈöÓóíúÝö Èóäöí ÚóÈúÓò ÑóÃúÓó ÎóÇáöÏö Èúäö ÌóÚúÝóÑò ÇáúßöáóÇÈöíøö¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÊóáó ÃóÈóÇåõ æóäóÈóÇ Úóäúåõ¡ Ãóíú áóãú íõÄóËøöÑú Ýöí ÑóÃúÓöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóÚúäóì: äóÈóÇ ÇáÓøóíúÝõ - ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó Úóäö ÇáÖøóÑöíÈóÉö æóáóãú íóÞúØóÚú.
æóÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ íóåúÌõæ Èóäöí ÚóÈúÓò ÈöÐóáößó.
æóÇáúÍõÑõæÈõ ÇáøóÊöí äóÔóÃóÊú Úóäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö æóÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö Èúäö ÙóÇáöãò ÇáúãõÑøöíøö áöÎóÇáöÏò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ßõÝøóÇÑö ÞõÑóíúÔò ÕóæøóÈõæÇ ÖóÑúÈó ÇÈúäö ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóÝóÑöÍõæÇ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóæóÇÝóÞõæåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÕóÇÑõæÇ ßóÇáúãõÊóãóÇáöÆöíäó Úóáóíúåö.
æóÈöåóÐóíúäö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ÌóãóÚó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Èóíúäó ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÚóÞóÑõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó [7 \ 77] æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÝóÚóÞóÑõæåóÇ [91 \ 14] æóÈóíúäó ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõãú ÝóÊóÚóÇØóì ÝóÚóÞóÑó [54 \ 29] .
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (æóáóãøóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ãóËóáðÇ) åõæó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÞõÑóíúÔò.
æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ßõÝøóÇÑó ÞõÑóíúÔò áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÐúßõÑõ ÚöíÓóì¡ æóÓóãöÚõæÇ Þóæúáó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ãóËóáó ÚöíÓóì ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ßóãóËóáö ÂÏóãó ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò [3 \ 59]- ÞóÇáõæÇ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: ãóÇ ÊõÑöíÏõ ÈöÐößúÑö ÚöíÓóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú äóÚúÈõÏóßó ßóãóÇ ÚóÈóÏó ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÚöíÓóì.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÖóÑóÈõæÇ ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö áößõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ ÒóÇÚöãöíäó Ãóäøóåõ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íõÚúÈóÏó ßóãóÇ ÚõÈöÏó ÚöíÓóì.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæåõ áóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÌóÏóáðÇ¡ Ãóíú ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæÇ áóßó åóÐóÇõõ(7/125)
ÇáúãóËóáó ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóÌúáö ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóßó áóÇ ÊóÑúÖóì Ãóäú ÊõÚúÈóÏó ÈöæóÌúåò ãöäó ÇáúæõÌõæåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú íóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÊóÚóÇáóæúÇ Åöáóì ßóáöãóÉò ÓóæóÇÁò ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäóßõãú ÃóáøóÇ äóÚúÈõÏó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó æóáóÇ äõÔúÑößó Èöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóÊøóÎöÐó ÈóÚúÖõäóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 64] .
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúãóÏóäöíøö ÇáäøóÇÒöáö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö ÝóãóÚúäóÇåõ íõßóÑøöÑõåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßóËöíÑðÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ.
æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ íóÃúãõÑóßõãú Ãóäú ÊóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó æóÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ ÃóíóÃúãõÑõßõãú ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÐú ÃóäúÊõãú ãõÓúáöãõæäó [3 \ 80] .
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ßõÝøóÇÑó ÞõÑóíúÔò ãõÊóíóÞøöäõæäó Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÏøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÞóÇãóåóÇ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ãóßøóÉó ÞóÈúáó ÇáúåöÌúÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö¡ æóåöíó ËóáóÇËó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð - Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÏúÚõæ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ.
ÝóÇÏøöÚóÇÄõåõãú Ãóäøóåõ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóÚúÈõÏõæåõ ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁñ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõÝúÊóÑõæäó Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÃóÂáöåóÊõäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú åõæó¿
ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: åõæó ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÚöíÓóì¡ áóÇ Åöáóì ãõÍóãøóÏò - ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: æóãõÑóÇÏõåõãú ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÊóÝúÖöíáõ ãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÚöíÓóì.
Þöíáó: áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÊøóÎöÐõæäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÂáöåóÉð¡ æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÃóÝúÖóáõ ÚöäúÏöåöãú ãöäú ÚöíÓóì.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóãõÑóÇÏõåõãú Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì ÚõÈöÏó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú Ðóáößó ÓóÈóÈðÇ áößóæúäöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊõäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÚöíÓóì¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÊóÒúÚõãõ Ãóäøóåõãú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¿
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ ÊóÝúÖöíáó ÚöíÓóì Úóáóì ÂáöåóÊöåöãú.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú íóÞõæáõæäó: ÚöíÓóì ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÂáöåóÊöäóÇ¡ Ãóíú Ýöí ÒóÚúãößó¡ æóÃóäúÊó ÊóÒúÚõãõ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì Úõãõæãö ãóÇ ÊóÊúáõæåõ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÍóÕóÈõ Ìóåóäøóãó [21 \ 98] .
æóÚöíÓóì ÚóÈóÏóåõ ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÏóáóÇáóÉõ Þóæúáößö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ãóÚó(7/126)
Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÈúÏñ ÃóäúÚóãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ãóËóáðÇ áöÈóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó (59)
ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝößó ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõåõ ãóäú ÃóäøóÇ æóÂáöåóÊóäóÇ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö - áóíúÓó ÈöÍóÞøò ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Èóáú åõãú Þóæúãñ ÎóÕöãõæäó Ãóíú áõÏøñ¡ ãõÈóÇáöÛõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö ÞóæúãðÇ áõÏøðÇ [19 \ 97] Ãóíú ÔóÏöíÏöí ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóåõæó ÃóáóÏøõ ÇáúÎöÕóÇãö [2 \ 204] áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÈöÝóÊúÍò ÝóßóÓúÑò ßóÎóÕöãó - ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõäóÇ: æóáóãøóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ãóËóáðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó - ÅöäøóãóÇ ÈóíøóäóÊúåõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÈöÈóíóÇäö ÓóÈóÈöåö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÞóÏú íóÊøóÖöÍõ ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÈóíóÇäö ÓóÈóÈöåóÇ.
ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú ÖóÑóÈõæÇ ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ áöÃóÕúäóÇãöåöãú Ýöí ÏõÎõæáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúãóËóáó íõÝúåóãõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó äõÒõæáö ÇáúÂíóÉö äõÒõæáõ Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÞóÈúáóåóÇ: Åöäøóßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÍóÕóÈõ Ìóåóäøóãó ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäú ÚöíÓóì ÚõÈöÏó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ßóÂáöåóÊöåöãú¡ Ýóåõãú ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö - ÓóæóÇÁñ.
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ÈõØúáóÇäó åóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ÂäöÝðÇ.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí Ãóäøóåõãú ÖóÑóÈõæÇ ÚöíÓóì ãóËóáðÇ áöãõÍóãøóÏò - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì ÞóÏú ÚõÈöÏó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íõÚúÈóÏó ßóãóÇ ÚõÈöÏó ÚöíÓóì¡ Ýóßóæúäõ ÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÓóãóÇÚóåõãú áöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ãóËóáó ÚöíÓóì ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ßóãóËóáö ÂÏóãó ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò [3 \ 59] . æóÓóãóÇÚóåõãú áöáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóßøöíøóÉö ÇáäøóÇÒöáóÉö Ýöí ÔóÃúäö ÚöíÓóì - íõæóÖøöÍõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúãóËóáö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáøóÊöí ÈóíøóäóÊú Þóæúáóåõ: ãóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæåõ áóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÌóÏóáðÇ ÝóÈóíóÇäõåóÇ áóåõ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÈúÏñ ÃóäúÚóãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (åõæó) ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì ÚöíÓóì ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ áóÇ Åöáóì ãõÍóãøóÏò - ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ -.
æóÞóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: ÚóÈúÏñ ÃóäúÚóãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÚóãó Èöåö Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö(7/127)
æóÅöäøóåõ áóÚöáúãñ áöáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÝóáóÇ ÊóãúÊóÑõäøó ÈöåóÇ æóÇÊøóÈöÚõæäö åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØñ ãõÓúÊóÞöíãñ (61)
ÚöíÓóì¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó Ýöí «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ íóÇÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäó ãóÑúíóãó ÇÐúßõÑú äöÚúãóÊöí Úóáóíúßó æóÚóáì æóÇáöÏóÊößó ÅöÐú ÃóíøóÏúÊõßó ÈöÑõæÍö ÇáúÞõÏõÓö Êõßóáøöãõ ÇáäøóÇÓó Ýöí ÇáúãóåúÏö æóßóåúáðÇ æóÅöÐú ÚóáøóãúÊõßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó æóÇáúÅöäúÌöíáó æóÅöÐú ÊóÎúáõÞõ ãöäó ÇáØøöíäö ßóåóíúÆóÉö ÇáØøóíúÑö ÈöÅöÐúäöí ÝóÊóäúÝõÎõ ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ØóíúÑðÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöí æóÊõÈúÑöÆõ ÇáúÃóßúãóåó æóÇáúÃóÈúÑóÕó ÈöÅöÐúäöí æóÅöÐú ÊõÎúÑöÌõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÈöÅöÐúäöí æóÅöÐú ßóÝóÝúÊõ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Úóäúßó ÅöÐú ÌöÆúÊóåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö [5 \ 110] . æóÝöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÈóÔøöÑõßö ÈößóáöãóÉò ãöäúåõ ÇÓúãõåõ ÇáúãóÓöíÍõ ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó æóÌöíåðÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóãöäó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÈöíäó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó [3 \ 45 - 46] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÚöáúãñ áöáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÝóáóÇ ÊóãúÊóÑõäøó ÈöåóÇ.
ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (æóÅöäøóåõ) ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÚöíÓóì áóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóáóÇ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -.
æóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: áóÚöáúãñ áöáÓøóÇÚóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑóÉõ - åõæó Ãóäøó äõÒõæáó ÚöíÓóì Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ÍóíøðÇ Úöáúãñ áöáÓøóÇÚóÉö¡ Ãóíú ÚóáóÇãóÉñ áöÞõÑúÈö ãóÌöíÆöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÔúÑóÇØöåóÇ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÞõÑúÈöåóÇ.
æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ Úöáúãö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö Úóáóì äóÝúÓö ÚöíÓóì - ÌóÇÑò Úóáóì ÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó äõÒõæáó ÚöíÓóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÚóáóÇãóÉð áöÞõÑúÈöåóÇ¡ ßóÇäóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉõ ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöÚöáúãö ÞõÑúÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃõØúáöÞó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈõ æóÃõÑöíÏõ ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ.
æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈóÈö - ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö.
æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíõäóÒøöáõ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÑöÒúÞðÇ [40 \ 13] . ÝóÇáÑøöÒúÞõ ãõÓóÈøóÈñ Úóäö ÇáúãóØóÑö¡ æóÇáúãóØóÑõ ÓóÈóÈõåõ¡ ÝóÃõØúáöÞó ÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÑøöÒúÞõ æóÃõÑöíÏó ÓóÈóÈõåõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúãóØóÑõ¡ áöáúãõáóÇÈóÓóÉö ÇáúÞóæöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóÈóÈö æóÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõãú íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøó ãöËúáó Ðóáößó ãöäú äóæúÚö ãóÇ íõÓóãøõæäóåõ ÇáúãóÌóÇÒó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáó¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõáóÇÈóÓóÉó Èóíúäó ÇáÓøóÈóÈö æóÇáúãõÓóÈøóÈö ãöäú ÚóáóÇÞóÇÊö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáö ÚöäúÏóåõãú.(7/128)
æóÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö: Ãóäøó ÛóÇíóÉó ãóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÍóÐúÝö ãõÖóÇÝò¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÐõæ Úöáúãò áöáÓøóÇÚóÉö¡ Ãóíú æóÅöäøóåõ áóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÞõÑúÈö ãóÌöíÆöåóÇ¡ áößóæúäöåö ÚóáóÇãóÉð áöÐóáößó¡ æóÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö æóÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö Åöáóíúåö ãóÞóÇãóåõ - ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóÅöáóíúåö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íóáöí ÇáúãõÖóÇÝó íóÃúÊö ÎóáóÝðÇ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÈö ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÍõÐöÝóÇ
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö ÇááøóÐóíúäö æóÌøóåó ÈöåöãóÇ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáäøóÚúÊó ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáößó: ÒóíúÏñ ßóÑóãñ æóÚóãúÑñæ ÚóÏúáñ¡ Ãóíú Ðõæ ßóÑóãò æóÐõæ ÚóÏúáò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóÔúåöÏõæÇ Ðóæóíú ÚóÏúáò ãöäúßõãú [65 \ 2] . æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóäóÚóÊõæÇ ÈöãóÕúÏóÑò ßóËöíÑðÇ ÝóÇáúÊóÒóãõæÇ ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏó æóÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑóÇ
ÃóãøóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ": æóÅöäú ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÅöáøóÇ áóíõÄúãöäóäøó Èöåö ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö [4 \ 159] Ãóíú áóíõÄúãöäóäøó ÈöÚöíÓóì ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊö ÚöíÓóì¡ æóÐóáößó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì Íóíøñ æóÞúÊó äõÒõæáö ÂíóÉö " ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö " åóÐöåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÍóÊøóì íõÄúãöäó Èöåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó äõÒõæáöåö Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó ÞóÏú ÐóåóÈóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Ýóãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõãú Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö) ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøö¡ Ãóíú ÅöáøóÇ áóíõÄúãöäõäøó Èöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøö ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøö.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ÑóÇÌöÚðÇ Åöáóì ÚöíÓóì¡ íóÌöÈõ ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö¡ Ïõæäó ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÑúÌóÍõ ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóÑõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÊóäúÓóÌöãõ ÇáÖøóãóÇÆöÑõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖò.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÞóÇáó: æóÞóæúáöåöãú ÅöäøóÇ ÞóÊóáúäóÇ ÇáúãóÓöíÍó ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäó ãóÑúíóãó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÞóÊóáõæåõ¡ Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ æóãóÇ ÕóáóÈõæåõ Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ æóáóßöäú ÔõÈøöåó áóåõãú Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåö Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ áóÝöí Ôóßøò ãöäúåõ Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ ãóÇ áóåõãú Èöåö ãöäú Úöáúãò Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ æóãóÇ ÞóÊóáõæåõ íóÞöíäðÇ Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ Èóáú ÑóÝóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ(7/129)
Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ æóÅöäú ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÅöáøóÇ áóíõÄúãöäóäøó Èöåö [4 \ 159] Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì¡ æóíóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóßõæäõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÔóåöíÏðÇ [4 \ 157 - 159] Ãóíú íóßõæäõ åõæó - Ãóíú ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåöãú ÔóåöíÏðÇ.
ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÑóì - ÙóÇåöÑñ ÙõåõæÑðÇ áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ¡ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö) ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÚöíÓóì.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ãöäú ãõÑóÌøöÍóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ ÝóãõÝóÓøöÑõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ãóáúÝõæÙñ ãõÕóÑøóÍñ Èöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóæúáöåöãú ÅöäøóÇ ÞóÊóáúäóÇ ÇáúãóÓöíÍó ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäó ãóÑúíóãó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö [4 \ 157] .
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÝóãõÝóÓøöÑñ ÇáÖøóãöíÑö áóíúÓó ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ Èóáú åõæó ãõÞóÏøóÑñ¡ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ãóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÃóÍóÏñ ÅöáøóÇ áóíõÄúãöäóäøó Èöåö ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö¡ Ãóíú ãóæúÊö ÃóÍóÏö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑö.
æóãöãøóÇ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö Ãóäøó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÊóÞúÏöíÑò ÃóÑúÌóÍó æóÃóæúáóì ãöãøóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÊóÞúÏöíÑò.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ãöäú ãõÑóÌøöÍóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáäøóÈóæöíøóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑóÉõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÏú ÊóæóÇÊóÑóÊú Úóäúåõ ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÈöÃóäøó ÚöíÓóì Íóíøñ ÇáúÂäó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÓóíóäúÒöáõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ÍóßóãðÇ ãõÞúÓöØðÇ. æóáóÇ íõäúßöÑõ ÊóæóÇÊõÑó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÈöÐóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ãõßóÇÈöÑñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó æóäóÓóÈóåõ Åöáóì ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó - ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ßóãóÇ ÓóäõÈóíøöäõåõ ÈóÚúÏõ ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö ÇáúÞóÇØöÚö - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÇåÜ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö ÇáúÞóÇØöÚö - íóÚúäöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉó ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑóÉó ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóØúÚöíøóÉñ¡ æóåõæó ÕóÇÏöÞñ Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÂíóÉö " ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö " åóÐöåö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóÞóÏú ÊóæóÇÊóÑóÊö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÎúÈóÑó ÈöäõÒõæáö ÚöíÓóì - Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ - ÞóÈúáó íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÅöãóÇãðÇ ÚóÇÏöáðÇ æóÍóßóãðÇ ãõÞúÓöØðÇ ". ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
æóåõæó ÕóÇÏöÞñ Ýöí ÊóæóÇÊõÑö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÈöÐóáößó.(7/130)
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö - Ýóåõæó ÎöáóÇÝõ ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóáóãú íóÞõãú Úóáóíúåö Ïóáöíáñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉò.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó æóÇÖöÍñ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÊóÃúæöíáò æóáóÇ ÊóÎúÕöíÕò¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÔúßöáñ áóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íóÕúÏõÞõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÚó ÊóÎúÕöíÕò¡ æóÇáÊøóÃúæöíáóÇÊõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÑúæõæäóåóÇ Ýöíåö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÛóíúÑöåö ÙóÇåöÑóÉõ ÇáúÈõÚúÏö æóÇáÓøõÞõæØö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÚöíÓóì¡ ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó æóáóÇ ÎóÝóÇÁó¡ æóáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó Åöáóì ÊóÃúæöíáò¡ æóáóÇ Åöáóì ÊóÎúÕöíÕò.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøö ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãõÔúßöáñ ÌöÏøðÇ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áößõáøö ãóäú ÝóÇÌóÃóåõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ßóÇáøóÐöí íóÓúÞõØõ ãöäú ÚóÇáò Åöáóì ÃóÓúÝóáó¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íõÞúØóÚõ ÑóÃúÓõåõ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö æóåõæó ÛóÇÝöáñ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóãõæÊõ Ýöí äóæúãöåö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕúÏõÞõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÚóì ÅöÎúÑóÇÌóåõãú ãöäúåõ ÈöãõÎóÕøöÕò.
æóáóÇ ÓóÈöíáó Åöáóì ÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÚõãõæãóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúãõÎóÕøöÕóÇÊö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúãõäúÝóÕöáóÉö.
æóãóÇ íõÐúßóÑõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÓõÆöáó Úóäö ÇáøóÐöí íõÞúØóÚõ ÑóÃúÓõåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÑóÃúÓóåõ íóÊóßóáøóãõ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÚöíÓóì¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóåúæöí ãöäú ÚóÇáò Åöáóì ÃóÓúÝóáó íõÄúãöäõ Èöåö æóåõæó íóåúæöí - áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÈóÚúÏõåõ æóÓõÞõæØõåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ Ïóáöíáó ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó Úóáóíúåö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÚöíÓóì¡ æóÃóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÉó ãöäú ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö " ÊõÈóíøöäõ Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõäóÇ: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÚöáúãñ áöáÓøóÇÚóÉö ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: Åöäøó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóäú áóÇ ÊóÍúÞöíÞó ÚöäúÏóåõãú íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì ÞóÏú ÊõæõÝøöíó¡ æóíóÚúÊóÞöÏõæäó ãöËúáó ãóÇ íóÚúÊóÞöÏõåõ ÖõáøóÇáõ ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ æóíóÓúÊóÏöáøõæäó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ íóÇÚöíÓóì Åöäøöí ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó æóÑóÇÝöÚõßó Åöáóíøó [3 \ 55] . æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóæóÝøóíúÊóäöí ßõäúÊó ÃóäúÊó ÇáÑøóÞöíÈó Úóáóíúåöãú [5 \ 117] .
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉó Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì ÞóÏú ÊõæõÝøöíó ÝöÚúáðÇ.(7/131)
ÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøöí ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó ÝóÅöäøó ÏóáóÇáóÊóåõ ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãóäúÝöíøóÉñ ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó ÍóÞöíÞóÉñ áõÛóæöíøóÉñ Ýöí ÃóÎúÐö ÇáÔøóíúÁö ßóÇãöáðÇ ÛóíúÑó äóÇÞöÕò¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÊóæóÝøóì ÝõáóÇäñ Ïöíäóåõ íóÊóæóÝøóÇåõ Ýóåõæó ãõÊóæóÝøò áóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÈóÖóåõ æóÍóÇÒóåõ Åöáóíúåö ßóÇãöáðÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö äóÞúÕò.
ÝóãóÚúäóì: Åöäøöí ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó Ýöí ÇáúæóÖúÚö ÇááøõÛóæöíøö¡ Ãóíú ÍóÇÆöÒõßó Åöáóíøó ßóÇãöáðÇ ÈöÑõæÍößó æóÌöÓúãößó.
æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉó ÎóÕøóÕóÊö ÇáÊøóæóÝøöíó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÈöÞóÈúÖö ÇáÑøõæÍö Ïõæäó ÇáúÌöÓúãö¡ æóäóÍúæõ åóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÏóÇÑó Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö Ýöíåö áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ãóÐóÇåöÈó: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ æóÊóÎúÕöíÕõ Úõãõæãö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö ÈöåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ Ýöí ÃõÕõæáö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ Ýöí ÃõÕõæáö ãóÇáößò¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö ÑõÈøóãóÇ áóãú íóÚúÊóãöÏõæåõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö.
æóÅöáóì ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇááøóÝúÙõ ãóÍúãõæáñ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøö ... Åöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÝóãõØúáóÞñ ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøö
ÝóÇááøõÛóæöíøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóáöíøö æóáóãú íóÌöÈú ... ÈóÍúËñ Úóäö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÇáøóÐöí ÇäúÊõÎöÈó
ÇáúãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: åõæó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉó - æóÅöäú ÊóÑóÌøóÍóÊú ÈöÚõÑúÝö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö - ÝóÅöäøó ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉó ãõÊóÑóÌøöÍóÉñ ÈöÃóÕúáö ÇáúæóÖúÚö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ -.
ÇáúãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊõÞóÏøóãõ ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉõ Úóáóì ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ Èóáú íõÍúßóãõ ÈöÇÓúÊöæóÇÆöåöãóÇ æóãõÚóÇÏóáóÉö ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáóíúäö ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ ÝóíõÍúßóãõ Úóáóì ÇááøóÝúÙö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãõÌúãóáñ¡ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö åóÐöåö æóÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Êöáúßó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÇáÓøõÈúßöíøö æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ¡ æóÅöáóì åóÐóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúåóÈóíúäö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑóíúäö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö ÚóßúÓö ãóÇ ãóÖóì ... æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö Ýöíåö ãõÑúÊóÖóì(7/132)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøöí ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó áóÇ íóÏõáøõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÈóÖóåõ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÑõæÍöåö æóÌöÓúãöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóæúÊö ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÊóæóÝøöí ÇáúÛóÑöíãö áöÏóíúäöåö áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóæúÊö Ïóíúäöåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö [[ÇáÃæá]] (*) : æóåõæó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáÊøóæóÝøöí ÍöíäóÆöÐò íóÏõáøõ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãóæúÊö.
æóáóßöäú ÓóÊóÑóì Åöäú - ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ãóäøóåõ æóÅöäú Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì ÞóÏú ÊõæõÝøöíó ÝöÚúáðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ " ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö " Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó " - æóÌúåó ÚóÏóãö ÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì ãóæúÊö ÚöíÓóì ÝöÚúáðÇ¡ ÃóÚúäöí Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøöí ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó ÝóÞõáúäóÇ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäú åóÐóÇ¡ ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÊóÚúíöíäö ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ æóáóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ßóæúäöåö ÞóÏú ãóÖóì¡ æóåõæó ãõÊóæóÝøöíåö ÞóØúÚðÇ íóæúãðÇ ãóÇ¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Çáúíóæúãó ÞóÏú ãóÖóì.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÚóØúÝõåõ (æóÑóÇÝöÚõßó Åöáóíøó) Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: (ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó) ÝóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöíåö áöÅöØúÈóÇÞö ÌõãúåõæÑö Ãóåúáö ÇááøöÓóÇäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇæó áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈó æóáóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ãõØúáóÞó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíßö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÏøóÚóì ÇáÓøöíÑóÇÝöíøõ æóÇáÓøõåóíúáöíøõ ÅöÌúãóÇÚó ÇáäøõÍóÇÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ ÇáúÃóßúËóÑõ áöáúãõÍóÞøóÞóíúäö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ¡ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÞõØúÑõÈõ æóÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ æóËóÚúáóÈõ æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ ÇáÒøóÇåöÏõ æóåöÔóÇãñ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ãöäú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÝöíÏõ ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈó áößóËúÑóÉö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáöåóÇ Ýöíåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóäúßóÑó ÇáÓøöíÑóÇÝöíøõ ËõÈõæÊó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Úóäö ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö æóÞóÇáó: áóãú ÃóÌöÏúåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö.
æóÞóÇáó æóáöíøõ ÇáÏøöíäö: ÃóäúßóÑó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõäóÇ äöÓúÈóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö.
ÍóßóÇåõ Úóäúåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÖøöíóÇÁö ÇááøóÇãöÚö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: " ÃóÈúÏóÃõ ÈöãóÇ ÈóÏóÃó Çááøóåõ Èöåö " íóÚúäöí ÇáÕøóÝóÇ - áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇÞúÊöÖóÇÆöåóÇ ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈó.
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(*) ÞÇá ãõÚöÏøõ ÇáßÊÇÈ ááÔÇãáÉ: Ýí ÇáãØÈæÚÉ (ÏÇÑ ÇáÝßÑ) [[ÇáËÇäí]] ¡ æÇáÊÕæíÈ ãä Ø ÚÇáã ÇáÝæÇÆÏ(7/133)
æóÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÝöåúÑóíøõ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Úóäúåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÖøöíóÇÁö ÇááøóÇãöÚö.
æóåõæó ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈó æóáóÇ ÇáúãóÚöíøóÉó¡ ÝóßóÐóáößó áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáúãóäúÚó ãöäúåõãóÇ.
ÝóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáúÚóØúÝõ ÈöåóÇ ãóÚó ÞóÕúÏö ÇáöÇåúÊöãóÇãö ÈöÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáÕøóÝóÇ æóÇáúãóÑúæóÉó ãöäú ÔóÚóÇÆöÑö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 158] ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö.
æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáúãóÚúØõæÝõ ÈöåóÇ ãõÑóÊøóÈðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÍóÓøóÇäó: åóÌóæúÊó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ æóÃóÌóÈúÊõ Úóäúåõ
Úóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇáúæóÇæö.
æóÞóÏú íõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúãóÚöíøóÉõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäúÌóíúäóÇåõ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáÓøóÝöíäóÉö [29 \ 15] . æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÌõãöÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ [75 \ 9] . æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÊõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÑúÊöíÈö æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚöíøóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò ãõäúÝóÕöáò.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó Ãóíú ãõäöíãõßó¡ (æóÑóÇÝöÚõßó Åöáóíøó) Ãóíú Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáäøóæúãóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúæóÝóÇÉö Úóáóì Çáäøóæúãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóæóÝøóÇßõãú ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÌóÑóÍúÊõãú ÈöÇáäøóåóÇÑö [6 \ 60] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Çááøóåõ íóÊóæóÝøóì ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓó Íöíäó ãóæúÊöåóÇ æóÇáøóÊöí áóãú ÊóãõÊú Ýöí ãóäóÇãöåóÇ [39 \ 42] ¡ æóÚóÒóì ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó áöáúÃóßúËóÑöíäó¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈöÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÊóíúäö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó ãõÊóæóÝøöíóßó¡ ÇÓúãõ ÝóÇÚöáòº ÊóæóÝøóÇåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÈóÖóåõ æóÍóÇÒóåõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõãú: ÊóæóÝøóì ÝõáóÇäñ Ïóíúäóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÈóÖóåõ Åöáóíúåö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÚúäóì ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ: ÞóÇÈöÖóßó ãöäúåõãú Åöáóíøó ÍóíøðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÊóæóÝøóÇåõ ÓóÇÚóÇÊò Ãóæú ÃóíøóÇãðÇ Ëõãøó ÃóÍúíóÇåõ - ÝóáóÇ ãõÚóæøöáó Úóáóíúåö; ÅöÐú áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóíúåö. ÇåÜ. ãöäú ÏóÝúÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËö Ãóäøó ÏóáóÇáóÉó Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó Úóáóì ãóæúÊö ÚöíÓóì ÝöÚúáðÇ - ãóäúÝöíøóÉñ ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉð ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóäúÙöíãò:(7/134)
ÃóæøóáõåóÇ: Ãóäøó ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó ÍóÞöíÞóÉñ áõÛóæöíøóÉñ Ýöí ÃóÎúÐöåö ÈöÑõæÍöåö æóÌöÓúãöåö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó æóÕúÝñ ãõÍúÊóãöáñ áöáúÍóÇáö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáö æóÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóæóÝøöíó ÞóÏú æóÞóÚó æóãóÖóì¡ Èóáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑóÉõ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÏóÇáøóÇäö Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÊóæóÝøöíó äóæúãò¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çáäøõæøóãó íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúæóÝóÇÉõ¡ Ýóßõáøñ ãöäó Çáäøóæúãö æóÇáúãóæúÊö íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇÓúãõ ÇáÊøóæóÝøöí¡ æóåõãóÇ ãõÔúÊóÑößóÇäö Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøö.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÌõåõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí äóÞóáúäóÇ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ " ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ".
æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáó ãöäúåóÇ ÈöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏöåö ; áöäõÈóíøöäó ãóÐóÇåöÈó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó Ýöíåö.
ÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóæóÝøóíúÊóäöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 117] ¡ ÝóÏóáóÇáóÊõåõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì ãóÇÊó ãóäúÝöíøóÉñ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì íóÞõæáõ Ðóáößó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ íóãõæÊõ ÞóÈúáó íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÅöÎúÈóÇÑõåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöãóæúÊöåö áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÂäó ÞóÏú ãóÇÊó ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÊóæóÝøöíó ÑóÝúÚò æóÞóÈúÖò áöáÑøõæÍö æóÇáúÌóÓóÏö¡ áóÇ ÊóæóÝøöíó ãóæúÊò.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ãõÞóÇÈóáóÊóåõ áöÐóáößó ÇáÊøóæóÝøöí ÈöÇáÏøóíúãõæãóÉö Ýöíåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóßõäúÊõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÔóåöíÏðÇ ãóÇ ÏõãúÊõ Ýöíåöãú ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóæóÝøóíúÊóäöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 117]- ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó ÊóæóÝøöí ãóæúÊò¡ áóÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÏõãúÊõ ÍóíøðÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóæóÝøóíúÊóäöí ; áóÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íõÞóÇÈóáõ ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö åõæó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÃóæúÕóÇäöí ÈöÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãóÇ ÏõãúÊõ ÍóíøðÇ [19 \ 31] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóæóÝøöí ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáõ ÈöÇáÏøóíúãõæãóÉö Ýöíåöãú ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóæóÝøöí ÇäúÊöÞóÇáò Úóäúåõãú Åöáóì ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó.
æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó åõæó Íóãúáõ ÇááøóÝúÙö Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö ãóÚó ÞóÑöíäóÉò ÕóÇÑöÝóÉò Úóäú ÞóÕúÏö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæúÌõåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì ÞóÏú ãóÇÊó¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ ÓóÈóÈó áöÐóáößó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúíóåõæÏó ÞóÊóáõæåõ æóÕóáóÈõæåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÍóÞøóÞó äóÝúíõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÈóÈö(7/135)
æóÞóØúÚõåõãú Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóãõÊú ÈöÓóÈóÈò ÛóíúÑöåö - ÊóÍóÞøóÞúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóãõÊú ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ ÇáøóÐöí ÒóÚóãõæåõ¡ ãóäúÝöíøñ íóÞöíäðÇ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ÞóÇáó: æóãóÇ ÞóÊóáõæåõ æóãóÇ ÕóáóÈõæåõ [4 \ 157] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ÞóÊóáõæåõ íóÞöíäðÇ Èóáú ÑóÝóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö [4 \ 157 - 158] .
æóÖóãöíÑõ ÑóÝúÚöåö ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí ÑóÝúÚö ÇáúÌöÓúãö æóÇáÑøõæÍö ãóÚðÇ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - ãõÓúÊóäóÏó ÇáúíóåõæÏö Ýöí ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏöåöãú Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÊóáõæåõ¡ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóáúÞóì ÔóÈóåóåõ Úóáóì ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÂÎóÑó ÝóÕóÇÑó ãóäú íóÑóÇåõ íóÚúÊóÞöÏõ ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏðÇ ÌóÇÒöãðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÚöíÓóì.
ÝóÑóÂåõ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ áóãøóÇ ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì ÞóÊúáö ÚöíÓóì ÝóÇÚúÊóÞóÏõæÇ áöÃóÌúáö Ðóáößó ÇáÔøóÈóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõáúÞöíó Úóáóíúåö ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏðÇ ÌóÇÒöãðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÚöíÓóì ; ÝóÞóÊóáõæåõ.
Ýóåõãú íóÚúÊóÞöÏõæäó ÕöÏúÞóåõãú Ýöí Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÊóáõæåõ æóÕóáóÈõæåõ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÚóáöíãó ÇááøóØöíÝó ÇáúÎóÈöíÑó ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóì äóÈöíøöåö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ ãöäú Èóíúäö íóÏóíúåö æóáóÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÝöåö¡ Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÞúÊõáõæåõ æóáóãú íóÕúáõÈõæåõ.
ÝóãõÍóãøóÏñ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú Úöáúãñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÈöÃóãúÑö ÚöíÓóì áóãú íóßõäú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóáóÇ ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåö áóÝöí Ôóßøò ãöäúåõ ãóÇ áóåõãú Èöåö ãöäú Úöáúãò ÅöáøóÇ ÇÊøöÈóÇÚó ÇáÙøóäøö æóãóÇ ÞóÊóáõæåõ íóÞöíäðÇ Èóáú ÑóÝóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö [4 \ 157 - 158] .
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑóÉö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÏóÇáøñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÚöíÓóì Íóíøñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÓóíóäúÒöáõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÒøóãóÇäö¡ æóÃóäøó äõÒõæáóåõ ãöäú ÚóáóÇãóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ãõÚúÊóãóÏó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÊóáõæåõ æóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóåõãú åõæó ÅöáúÞóÇÁõ ÔóÈóåöåö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏõåõãõ ÇáúßóÇÐöÈõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáó ÇáøóÐöí ÔõÈøöåó ÈöÚöíÓóì åõæó ÚöíÓóì.
æóÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúÊó ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúæóÍúíö Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóæúÊöåö ÝöÚúáðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊó ÊóæúÌöíåó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑö Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóãõÊú ÝöÚúáðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö ÝóÇáúÃóãúÑõ æóÇÖöÍñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó áóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóæúÊö.(7/136)
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáö¡ ÝóÇáúãõÞóÑøöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÍúãöáó áóÇ íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ãóÚúäóíóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ ãóÚóÇäöíåö¡ Èóáú íõØúáóÈõ ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ãöäúåõ ÈöÏóáöíáò ãõäúÝóÕöáò.
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ åõäóÇ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóãõÊú æóÃóäøóåõ Íóíøñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÌóÇÈõ Úóäúåõ ãöäú ÃóæúÌõåò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóæóÝøöíó ãóÍúãõæáñ Úóáóì Çáäøóæúãö¡ æóÍóãúáõåõ Úóáóíúåö íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÇÓúãö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóÇ æóÅöäú ÓóáøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóæóÝøöí ãóæúÊò¡ ÝóÇáÕøöíÛóÉõ áóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ÝöÚúáðÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö ãóÍóáøõåõ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõæÌóÏõ Ïóáöíáñ ÕóÇÑöÝñ Úóäú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ïóáöíáñ æóÌóÈó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö ÞóæúáðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑóÉö Úóáóì ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö åóäóÇ¡ Ïõæäó ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö.
æóÇÚúáóãú ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö ãóÍóáøõåõ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú ÊõÊóäóÇÓó ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉõ ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÃõãöíÊóÊö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉõ ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ æóÌóÈó ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ Åöáóì ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÅöáóíúåö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
ÃóÌóãúÚñ Åöäú ÍóÞöíÞóÉñ ÊõãóÇÊõ ... Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞóÏøõãö áóåõ ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊõ
Ýóãóäú ÍóáöÝó áóíóÃúßõáóäøó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáäøóÎúáóÉö¡ ÝóãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÈóÑøõ íóãöíäóåõ ÍóÊøóì íóÃúßõáó ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáäøóÎúáóÉö¡ áóÇ ãöäú ËóãóÑóÊöåóÇ.
æóãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íóÃúßõáõ ãöäú ËóãóÑóÊöåóÇ áóÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÌöÐúÚöåóÇ.
æóÇáúãóÕöíÑõ Åöáóì ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉö åõäóÇ æóÇÌöÈñ ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉó Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÃõãöíÊóÊú ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞúÕöÏõ ÚóÇÞöáñ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÇáúÃóßúáó ãöäú ÌöÐúÚö ÇáäøóÎúáóÉö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøöí ãõÊóæóÝøöíßó ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúãõãóÇÊóÉö ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõÑúÝöíøóÉó ÊõÓóãøóì ÍóÞöíÞóÉð ÚõÑúÝöíøóÉð æóãóÌóÇÒðÇ áõÛóæöíøðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉó ÊõÓóãøóì ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÍóÞöíÞóÉð áõÛóæöíøóÉð¡ æóãóÌóÇÒðÇ ÚõÑúÝöíøðÇ.(7/137)
ÝóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈõ ãöäú Èóíúäöåöãú Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö íóæúãò Ãóáöíãò (65)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ÃóäøóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúßóÑöíãó áóÇ ãóÌóÇÒó Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÊöäóÇ ÇáúãõÓóãøóÇÉö " ãóäúÚõ ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÒøóáö áöáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö æóÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö ".
ÝóÇÊøóÖóÍó ãöãøóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ßõáøóåõ Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó " ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö " åóÐöåö ÊõÈóíøöäõåóÇ ÂíóÉõ " ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö " ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÚöíÓóì áóãú íóãõÊú¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóäúÒöáõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÇáÒøóãóÇäö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - åõäóÇ: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÚöáúãñ áöáÓøóÇÚóÉö Ãóíú ÚóáóÇãóÉñ æóÏóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÞõÑúÈö ãóÌöíÆöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó æóÞúÊó ãóÌöíÆöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóãúÊóÑõäøó ÈöåóÇ Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóÔõßøõäøó Ýöí ÞöíóÇãö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÂÊöíóÉñ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ [22 \ 7] . æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÊõäúÐöÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÌóãúÚö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [42 \ 7] . æóÞóæúáöåö: áóíóÌúãóÚóäøóßõãú Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö [6 \ 12] . æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÌóãóÚúäóÇåõãú áöíóæúãò áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö [3 \ 25] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóÇ íóÕõÏøóäøóßõãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Åöäøóåõ áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÈöíäñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ ÈößóËúÑóÉò ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ÝóÇÊøóÎöÐõæåõ ÚóÏõæøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 6] . æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäóåõ æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöí æóåõãú áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 50] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö íóæúãò Ãóáöíãò.
Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: ÙóáóãõæÇ Ãóíú ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ãóÑúíóãó Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú ãóÔúåóÏö íóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò [19 \ 37] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãöäú ãóÔúåóÏö íóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò íõæóÖøöÍõåõ Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö íóæúãò Ãóáöíãò.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÙøõáúãö Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáÔøöÑúßó áóÙõáúãñ ÚóÙöíãñ [31 \ 13] . æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó [2 \ 254] . æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõßó æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõßó ÝóÅöäú ÝóÚóáúÊó ÝóÅöäøóßó ÅöÐðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [10 \ 106] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -:(7/138)
íóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏö áóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÍúÒóäõæäó (68)
æóáóãú íóáúÈöÓõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäóåõãú ÈöÙõáúãò Ãóíú ÈöÔöÑúßò¡ ßóãóÇ ÝóÓøóÑóåõ Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åóáú íóäúÙõÑõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÈóÛúÊóÉð æóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó.
ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ Èöåóáú åõäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ æó (íóäúÙõÑõæäó) ÈöãóÚúäóì íóäúÊóÙöÑõæäó¡ Ãóíú ãóÇ íóäúÊóÙöÑõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉó¡ (Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÈóÛúÊóÉð) Ãóíú Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåóÇ ãõÈóÇÛöÊóÉð áóåõãú¡ Ãóíú ãõÝóÇÌöÆóÉð áóåõãú¡ (æóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó) Ãóíú ÈöãõÝóÇÌóÃóÊöåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÛóÝúáóÊöåöãú æóÚóÏóãö ÔõÚõæÑöåöãú ÈöãóÌöíÆöåóÇ.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑó ÇáúãõäúÓóÈößó ãöäú Ãóäú æóÕöáóÊöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú Ýöí ãóÍóáøö äóÕúÈò Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÏóáõ ÇÔúÊöãóÇáò ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö¡ æóßóæúäó íóäúÙõÑõæäó ÈöãóÚúäóì íóäúÊóÙöÑõæäó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
ÝóÅöäøóßõãóÇ Åöäú ÊõäúÙöÑóÇäöí ÓóÇÚóÉð ãöäó ... ÇáÏøóåúÑö ÊóäúÝóÚõäöí áóÏóì Ãõãøö ÌõäúÏõÈö
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ÈóÛúÊóÉð - ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» : ËóÞõáóÊú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÛúÊóÉð [7 \ 187] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö» : Ýóåóáú íóäúÙõÑõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÈóÛúÊóÉð ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÃóÔúÑóÇØõåóÇ [47 \ 18] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ íóäúÙõÑõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÕóíúÍóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÊóÃúÎõÐõåõãú æóåõãú íóÎöÕøöãõæäó ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÊóæúÕöíóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [36 \ 49 - 50] .
ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÕøóíúÍóÉö: ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóåõãú íóÎöÕøöãõæäó ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÊóæúÕöíóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó - íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú æóåõãú Ýöí ÛóÝúáóÉò æóÚóÏóãö ÔõÚõæÑò ÈöÅöÊúíóÇäöåóÇ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏö áóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÍúÒóäõæäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ ãõÓúáöãöíäó.
ÐóßóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈóÚúÖó ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóäúÊóÝöí Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÎóæúÝõ æóÇáúÍóÒóäõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ; ÝóÐóßóÑó ãöäúåóÇ åõäóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÈóÚúÖðÇ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.(7/139)
Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ æóÇáÊøóÞúæóì¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» : ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó Çááøóåö áóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÊøóÞõæäó [10 \ 62 - 63] .
æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõãú: ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» : Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ ÊóÊóäóÒøóáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäõæÇ [41] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÍúÞóÇÝö» : Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ Çááøóåõ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÞóÇãõæÇ ÝóáóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó [46 \ 13] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáúÎóæúÝõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÇáúÛóãøõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑò ãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáò.
æóÇáúÍóÒóäõ: ÇáúÛóãøõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑò ãóÇÖò.
æóÑõÈøóãóÇ ÇÓúÊõÚúãöáó ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÎóæúÝö Úóáóì ÇáúÛóãøö ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÎóÇÝóÇ ÃóáøóÇ íõÞöíãóÇ ÍõÏõæÏó Çááøóåö [2 \ 229] .
ÞóÇáó ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÚúáóãóÇ.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ãöÍúÌóäò ÇáËøóÞóÝöíøö:
ÅöÐóÇ ãöÊøõ ÝóÇÏúÝöäøöí Åöáóì ÌóäúÈö ßóÑúãóÉò ... ÊõÑóæøöí ÚöÙóÇãöí Ýöí ÇáúãóãóÇÊö ÚõÑõæÞõåóÇ
æóáóÇ ÊóÏúÝöäóäøöí Ýöí ÇáúÝóáóÇÉö ÝóÅöäøóäöí ... ÃóÎóÇÝõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ãöÊøõ ÃóáøóÇ ÃóÐõæÞóåóÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóÎóÇÝõ¡ Ãóíú ÃóÚúáóãõ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÔõßøõ Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÔúÑóÈõåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ ãõÓúáöãöíäó ÙóÇåöÑõåõ ÇáúãõÛóÇíöÑóÉõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇÊøöÍóÇÏöåöãóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ ãóäú ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÝóãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÈóíúÊò ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó [51 \ 35 - 36] .
æóáóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó íõØúáóÞõ ÊóÇÑóÉð Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ ãöäó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö æóÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ßóãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö æóÝúÏö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÞóíúÓö¡ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.(7/140)
æóãöäú ÃóÕóÑóÍöåóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÖúÚñ æóÓóÈúÚõæäó» .
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: «æóÓöÊøõæäó ÔõÚúÈóÉð ÃóÚúáóÇåóÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÃóáøóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÃóÏúäóÇåóÇ ÅöãóÇØóÉõ ÇáúÃóÐóì Úóäö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö» .
ÝóÞóÏú Óóãøóì - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - «ÅöãóÇØóÉó ÇáúÃóÐóì Úóäö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö» ÅöíãóÇäðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÔõÚóÈö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí ÌóÇÁó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöÊóÓúãöíóÊöåóÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ.
ÝóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøõ ÇáÊøóÇãøõ æóÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøõ ÇáÊøóÇãøõ ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ.
æóÞóÏú íõØúáóÞõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÅöØúáóÇÞðÇ ÂÎóÑõ Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö Ñõßúäöåö ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÌöÈúÑöíáó ÇáËøóÇÈöÊö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö.
æóÇáúÞóáúÈõ ãõÖúÛóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÓóÏö ÅöÐóÇ ÕóáóÍóÊú ÕóáóÍó ÇáúÌóÓóÏõ ßõáøõåõ¡ ÝóÛóíúÑõåõ ÊóÇÈöÚñ áóåõ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÊóÍúÕõáõ ÇáúãõÛóÇíóÑóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
ÝóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ¡ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏñ¡ æóÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúÚóãóáö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãõÛóÇíóÑóÊóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈõ ÂãóäøóÇ Þõáú áóãú ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ æóáóßöäú ÞõæáõæÇ ÃóÓúáóãúäóÇ æóáóãøóÇ íóÏúÎõáö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈößõãú [49 \ 14] .
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö åõäóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇááøõÛóæöíøõ¡ áöÃóäøó ÅöÐúÚóÇäó ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍö æóÇäúÞöíóÇÏóåóÇ Ïõæäó ÅöíãóÇäö ÇáúÞóáúÈö - ÅöÓúáóÇãñ áõÛóÉð áóÇ ÔóÑúÚðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èößõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøõ¡ æóáóßöäøó äóÝúíó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãøóÇ íóÏúÎõáö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ¡ íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÚöäúÏó ãóäú ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ äóÝúíõ ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ áóÇ äóÝúíõ ÃóÕúáöåö¡ æóáóßöäú ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö áóÇ íõÓóÇÚöÏõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóáóãøóÇ íóÏúÎõáö ÝöÚúáñ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ æóåõæó ÕöíÛóÉõ Úõãõæãò Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íõÄóßøóÏú ÈöãóÕúÏóÑò¡ æóæóÌúåõåõ æóÇÖöÍñ ÌöÏøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøó íóäúÍóáøõ Úóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóÒóãóäò ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó¡ æóÚóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóÒóãóäò æóäöÓúÈóÉò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÍóÑøóÑõæåõ Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉö ÇáÊøóÈóÚöíøóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕúæóÈõ.(7/141)
ÇÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÃóäúÊõãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõßõãú ÊõÍúÈóÑõæäó (70)
ÝóÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ßóÇãöäñ Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóåõæó äóßöÑóÉñ áóãú ÊóÊóÚóÑøóÝú ÈöÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóíóÆõæáõ Åöáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóßöÑóÉö Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö Ãóæö ÇáÔøóÑúØö ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóäóÍúæõ áóÇ ÔóÑöÈúÊó Ãóæú æóÅöäú ÔóÑöÈóÇ ... æóÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Åöäú ãóÕúÏóÑñ ÞóÏú ÌóáóÈóÇ
æóæóÌúåõ ÅöåúãóÇáö (áóÇ) Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÇ ÎóæúÝñ [46 \ 13]- Ãóäøó (áóÇ) ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó [46 \ 13] ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãóÚúÑöÝóÉñ¡ æóåöíó ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ¡ æóåöíó áóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚóÇÑöÝö¡ Èóáú Ýöí ÇáäøóßöÑóÇÊö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ æóÌóÈó ÅöåúãóÇáõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÃõåúãöáóÊö ÇáúÃõæáóì áöíóäúÓóÌöãó ÇáúÍóÑúÝóÇäö ÈóÚúÖõåõãóÇ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÅöåúãóÇáöåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÇÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÃóäúÊõãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõßõãú ÊõÍúÈóÑõæäó.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõßõãú Ýöíåö áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö æóÌúåóÇäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú äõÙóÑóÇÄõåõãú æóÃóÔúÈóÇåõåõãú Ýöí ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö æóÊóÞúæóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÇÞúÊóÕóÑó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú äöÓóÇÄõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑó ÃóÈúáóÛõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóäóÚøõãö æóÇáÊøóáóÐøõÐö ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö.
æóáöÐóÇ íóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÐößúÑõ ÅößúÑóÇãö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Èößóæúäöåöãú ãóÚó äöÓóÇÆöåöãú Ïõæäó ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇäö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Èößóæúäöåöãú ãóÚó äõÙóÑóÇÆöåöãú æóÃóÔúÈóÇåöåöãú Ýöí ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö.
ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Çáúíóæúãó Ýöí ÔõÛõáò ÝóÇßöåõæäó åõãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõãú Ýöí ÙöáóÇáò Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑóÇÆößö ãõÊøóßöÆõæäó [36 \ 55] .
æóÞóÇáó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÔøóÛõáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ åõæó ÇÝúÊöÖóÇÖõ ÇáúÃóÈúßóÇÑö. æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÒóæøóÌúäóÇåõãú ÈöÍõæÑò Úöíäò [52 \ 20] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÍõæÑñ Úöíäñ ßóÃóãúËóÇáö ÇááøõÄúáõÄö Çáúãóßúäõæäö [56 \ 22 - 23] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ýöíåöäøó ÎóíúÑóÇÊñ ÍöÓóÇäñ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÍõæÑñ ãóÞúÕõæÑóÇÊñ Ýöí ÇáúÎöíóÇãö [55 \ 22 - 23] . æóÞóÇáó: æóÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö Úöíäñ [37 \ 48] .(7/142)
íõØóÇÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÕöÍóÇÝò ãöäú ÐóåóÈò æóÃóßúæóÇÈò æóÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ ÊóÔúÊóåöíåö ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓõ æóÊóáóÐøõ ÇáúÃóÚúíõäõ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó (71)
æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÇÕöÑóÇÊõ ÇáØøóÑúÝö ÃóÊúÑóÇÈñ [38 \ 52] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ãõÝúÑóÏó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌö ÒóæúÌñ ÈöáóÇ åóÇÁò¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉó ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö áõÛóÉñ áóÇ áóÍúäñ¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉó áóÍúäñ ãöäú áóÍúäö ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó áóÇ ÃóÕóáó áóåõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö.
æóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áõÛóÉñ ÚóÑóÈöíøóÉñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÝóÑóÒúÏóÞö:
æóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÓúÚóì áöíõÝúÓöÏó ÒóæúÌóÊöí ... ßóÓóÇÚò Åöáóì ÃóÓóÏö ÇáÔøóÑóì íóÓúÊóÈöíáõåóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÍóãóÇÓöíøö:
ÝóÈóßóì ÈóäóÇÊöí ÔóÌõæóåõäøó æóÒóæúÌóÊöí ... æóÇáÙøóÇÚöäõæäó Åöáóíøó Ëõãøó ÊóÕóÏøóÚõæÇ
æóÝöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóäóÓò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÕóÝöíøóÉó: «ÅöäøóåóÇ ÒóæúÌóÊöí» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÊõÍúÈóÑõæäó ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöíåö ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõãú íõßúÑóãõæäó ÈöÃóÚúÙóãö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÅößúÑóÇãö æóÃóÊóãøöåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íõØóÇÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÕöÍóÇÝò ãöäú ÐóåóÈò.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ¡ æóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãõ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÈöÃóæóÇäöí ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøóÍóáøöí ÈöåöãóÇ¡ æóáõÈúÓõ ÇáúÍóÑöíÑö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáÓøõäúÏõÓõ æóÇáúÅöÓúÊóÈúÑóÞõ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊóÓúÊóÎúÑöÌõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÍöáúíóÉð ÊóáúÈóÓõæäóåóÇ [16 \ 14] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ ÊóÔúÊóåöíåö ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓõ æóÊóáóÐøõ ÇáúÃóÚúíõäõ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó.
ÐóßóÑó - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÊóÔúÊóåöíåö ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓõ¡ æóÊóáóÐøõ ÇáúÃóÚúíõäõ¡ Ãóíú ÊóáúÊóÐøõ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÚúíõäõ¡ Ãóíú ÈöÑõÄúíóÊöåö áöÍõÓúäöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÕóÝúÑóÇÁõ ÝóÇÞöÚñ áóæúäõåóÇ ÊóÓõÑøõ ÇáäøóÇÙöÑöíäó [2 \ 69] . æóÃóÓúäóÏó ÇááøóÐøóÉó Åöáóì ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãõÓúäóÏóÉñ áöÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ ßóÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇáúßóÐöÈö æóÇáúÎóØöíÆóÉö Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö¡ æóåöíó ãõÞóÏøóãõ ÔóÚúÑö ÇáÑøóÃúÓö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: äóÇÕöíóÉò ßóÇÐöÈóÉò ÎóÇØöÆóÉò [96 \ 16] æóßóÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇáúÎõÔõæÚö æóÇáúÚóãóáö æóÇáäøóÕóÈö Åöáóì ÇáúæõÌõæåö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [88 \ 2 - 3] .(7/143)
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÐöÈó æóÇáúÎóØöíÆóÉó ãõÓúäóÏóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö áöÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáäøóÇÕöíóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎõÔõæÚó æóÇáúÚóãóáó æóÇáäøóÕóÈó ãõÓúäóÏóÇÊñ Åöáóì ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúæõÌõæåö.
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó ÝöíåóÇ ßõáøõ ãõÔúÊóåðì¡ æóßõáøõ ãõÓúÊóáöÐøò - ÌóÇÁó ãóÈúÓõæØðÇ ãõæóÖøóÍóÉð ÃóäúæóÇÚõåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóÌóÇÁó ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÅöÌúãóÇáðÇ ÔóÇãöáðÇ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáäøóÚöíãö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÌúãóÇáõ Ðóáößó ÝóÝöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÃõÎúÝöíó áóåõãú ãöäú ÞõÑøóÉö ÃóÚúíõäò ÌóÒóÇÁð ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [32 \ 17] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÈóÓúØõ Ðóáößó æóÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáäøóÚöíãö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö - ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÈó¡ æóÇáúãóÂßöáó æóÇáúãóäóÇßöÍó¡ æóÇáúÝõÑõÔó æóÇáÓøõÑõÑó¡ æóÇáúÃóæóÇäöíó¡ æóÃóäúæóÇÚó ÇáúÍõáöíøö æóÇáúãóáóÇÈöÓó¡ æóÇáúÎóÏóãó Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÂßöáõ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÇßöåóÉñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãöäúåóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó [43 \ 73] . æóÞóÇáó: æóáóÍúãö ØóíúÑò ãöãøóÇ íóÔúÊóåõæäó [56 \ 32 - 33] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÝóÇßöåóÉò ßóËöíÑóÉò áóÇ ãóÞúØõæÚóÉò æóáóÇ ãóãúäõæÚóÉò [56 \ 32 - 33] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßõáøóãóÇ ÑõÒöÞõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãöäú ËóãóÑóÉò ÑöÒúÞðÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÑõÒöÞúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÃõÊõæÇ Èöåö ãõÊóÔóÇÈöåðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 25] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÈõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ ÚóíúäðÇ íóÔúÑóÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏõ Çááøóåö íõÝóÌøöÑõæäóåóÇ ÊóÝúÌöíÑðÇ [76 \ 5 - 6] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíõÓúÞóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ ßóÃúÓðÇ ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ÒóäúÌóÈöíáðÇ ÚóíúäðÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÊõÓóãøóì ÓóáúÓóÈöíáðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [76 \ 17 - 18] . æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íóØõæÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú æöáúÏóÇäñ ãõÎóáøóÏõæäó ÈöÃóßúæóÇÈò æóÃóÈóÇÑöíÞó æóßóÃúÓò ãöäú ãóÚöíäò áóÇ íõÕóÏøóÚõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ æóáóÇ íõäúÒöÝõæäó [56 \ 17 - 19] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: íõØóÇÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈößóÃúÓò ãöäú ãóÚöíäò ÈóíúÖóÇÁó áóÐøóÉò áöáÔøóÇÑöÈöíäó áóÇ ÝöíåóÇ Ûóæúáñ æóáóÇ åõãú ÚóäúåóÇ íõäúÒóÝõæäó [37 \ 45 - 47] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝöíåóÇ ÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÛóíúÑö ÂÓöäò æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú áóÈóäò áóãú íóÊóÛóíøóÑú ØóÚúãõåõ æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú ÎóãúÑò áóÐøóÉò áöáÔøóÇÑöÈöíäó æóÃóäúåóÇÑñ ãöäú ÚóÓóáò ãõÕóÝøðì æóáóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö [47 \ 15] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßõáõæÇ æóÇÔúÑóÈõæÇ åóäöíÆðÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúÊõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö ÇáúÎóÇáöíóÉö [69 \ 24] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(7/144)
æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃõæÑöËúÊõãõæåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó (72)
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÈöÓõ æóÇáúÃóæóÇäöí æóÇáúÍõáöíøõ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóäóÇßöÍõ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ¡ æóåöíó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóáóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÒúæóÇÌñ ãõØóåøóÑóÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 25] . æóíóßúÝöí ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÞóÑöíÈðÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íóÊøóßöÆõæäó Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÝõÑõÔö æóÇáÓøõÑõÑö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÝöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãõÊøóßöÆöíäó Úóáóì ÝõÑõÔò ÈóØóÇÆöäõåóÇ ãöäú ÅöÓúÊóÈúÑóÞò [55 \ 45] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: åõãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõãú Ýöí ÙöáóÇáò Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑóÇÆößö ãõÊøóßöÆõæäó [36 \ 56] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Úóáóì ÓõÑõÑò ãóæúÖõæäóÉò ãõÊøóßöÆöíäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãõÊóÞóÇÈöáöíäó [56 \ 15 - 16] .
æóÇáÓøõÑõÑõ ÇáúãóæúÖõæäóÉõ åöíó ÇáúãóäúÓõæÌóÉõ ÈöÞõÖúÈóÇäö ÇáÐøóåóÈö.
æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöÎúæóÇäðÇ Úóáóì ÓõÑõÑò ãõÊóÞóÇÈöáöíäó [15 \ 47] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝöíåóÇ ÓõÑõÑñ ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉñ [88 \ 13] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãõÊøóßöÆöíäó Úóáóì ÑóÝúÑóÝò ÎõÖúÑò æóÚóÈúÞóÑöíøò ÍöÓóÇäò [55 \ 76] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÎóÏóãõåõãú ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí Ðóáößó: íóØõæÝõ Úóáóíúåöãú æöáúÏóÇäñ ãõÎóáøóÏõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [56 \ 17] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö» Ýöí ÕöÝóÉö åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÛöáúãóÇäö: ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊóåõãú ÍóÓöÈúÊóåõãú áõÄúáõÄðÇ ãóäúËõæÑðÇ [76 \ 19] æóÐóßóÑó äóÚöíãó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÈöÃóÈúáóÛö ÕöíÛóÉò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊó Ëóãøó ÑóÃóíúÊó äóÚöíãðÇ æóãõáúßðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [76 \ 20] .
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ÃóäúæóÇÚö äóÚöíãö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÍõÓúäöåóÇ æóßóãóÇáöåóÇ ßóÇáÙøöáóÇáö æóÇáúÚõíõæäö æóÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑö æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó - ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóáúäóßúÊóÝö ãöäúåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÃóäúÊõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó [43 \ 71]- ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøóÍóÉó ; áöÃóäøó ÎõáõæÏóåõãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó áóÇ ÇäúÞöØóÇÚó áóåõ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÚóØóÇÁð ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÐõæÐò [11 \ 108] Ãóíú ÛóíúÑó ãóÞúØõæÚò¡ æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÑöÒúÞõäóÇ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú äóÝóÇÏò [38 \ 54] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóßõãú íóäúÝóÏõ æóãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÈóÇÞò [16 \ 96] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃõæÑöËúÊõãõæåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó.(7/145)
æóäóÇÏóæúÇ íóÇ ãóÇáößõ áöíóÞúÖö ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÑóÈøõßó ÞóÇáó Åöäøóßõãú ãóÇßöËõæäó (77)
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÓóÈóÈñ áöÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóäõæÏõæÇ Ãóäú Êöáúßõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÃõæÑöËúÊõãõæåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [7 \ 43] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Êöáúßó ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí äõæÑöËõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ãóäú ßóÇäó ÊóÞöíøðÇ [19 \ 63] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÃõÎúÝöíó áóåõãú ãöäú ÞõÑøóÉö ÃóÚúíõäò ÌóÒóÇÁð ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [32 \ 17] .
æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÃóæúÌõåö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóãóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: «áóäú íõÏúÎöáó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú Úóãóáõåõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó» . ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊó íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö. ÞóÇáó: «æóáóÇ ÃóäóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÊóÛóãøóÏóäöíó Çááøóåõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäúåõ æóÝóÖúáò» .
æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáøóÐöí ÈóíøóäóÊö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ßóæúäóåõ ÓóÈóÈó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö - åõæó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÞóÈøóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäúåõ æóÝóÖúáò¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÏúÎöáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÊóÞóÈøóáúåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÇááøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÊóÞóÈøóáõ Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [5 \ 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóäóÇÏóæúÇ íóÇ ãóÇáößõ áöíóÞúÖö ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÑóÈøõßó ÞóÇáó Åöäøóßõãú ãóÇßöËõæäó.
ÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áöíóÞúÖö áóÇãõ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ÓõÄóÇáõ ãóÇáößò ÎóÇÒöäö ÇáäøóÇÑö Ãóäú íóÏúÚõæó Çááøóåó áóåõãú ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃóãúÑóÇäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõãú áóæú ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ ÏõÚóÇÁó Çááøóåö ÈöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú Ãóäú íõãöíÊóåõãú áóãóÇ äóÇÏóæúÇ: íóÇ ãóÇáößõ¡ æóáóãóÇ ÎóÇØóÈõæåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: ÑóÈøõßó.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäö» Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáäøóÇÑö íóØúáõÈõæäó ãöäú ÎóÒóäóÉö ÇáäøóÇÑö Ãóäú íóÏúÚõæÇ Çááøóåó áóåõãú áöíõÎóÝøöÝó Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö áöÎóÒóäóÉö Ìóåóäøóãó ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú íõÎóÝøöÝú ÚóäøóÇ íóæúãðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö [40 \ 49] . æóÞóæúáöåö: áöíóÞúÖö ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÑóÈøõßó Ãóíú áöíõãöÊúäóÇ¡ ÝóäóÓúÊóÑöíÍó ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö.
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóæóßóÒóåõ ãõæÓóì ÝóÞóÖóì Úóáóíúåö [28 \ 15] Ãóíú ÃóãóÇÊóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÞóÇáó Åöäøóßõãú ãóÇßöËõæäó - Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÌóÇÈõæäó(7/146)
Åöáóì ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ Èóáú íóãúßõËõæäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ãõÚóÐøóÈöíäó Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö äöåóÇíóÉò.
æóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóãõæÊõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóíóÓúÊóÑöíÍõæÇ ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÛúäöíó åöíó Úóäúåõãú¡ æóáóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈõåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõæäó ãöäúåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõåõãú áóÇ íóãõæÊõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: ÞóÇáó Åöäøóßõãú ãóÇßöËõæäó - ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäøóåõ ãóäú íóÃúÊö ÑóÈøóåõ ãõÌúÑöãðÇ ÝóÅöäøó áóåõ Ìóåóäøóãó áóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÍúíóÇ [20 \ 74] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÊóÌóäøóÈõåóÇ ÇáúÃóÔúÞóì ÇáøóÐöí íóÕúáóì ÇáäøóÇÑó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì Ëõãøó áóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÍúíóÇ [87 \ 11 - 13] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóåõãú äóÇÑõ Ìóåóäøóãó áóÇ íõÞúÖóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóíóãõæÊõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 36] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúãóæúÊõ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò æóãóÇ åõæó ÈöãóíøöÊò ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 17] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáäøóÇÑö áóÇ ÊõÛúäöí Úóäúåõãú¡ ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ßõáøóãóÇ ÎóÈóÊú ÒöÏúäóÇåõãú ÓóÚöíÑðÇ [17 \ 97] . Ýóãóäú íóÏøóÚöí Ãóäøó áöáäøóÇÑö ÎóÈúæóÉð äöåóÇÆöíøóÉð æóÝóäóÇÁð - ÑõÏøó Úóáóíúåö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö áóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈöåóÇ [35 \ 36] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóáóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõãú æóáóÇ åõãú íõäúÙóÑõæäó [16 \ 85] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Ýóáóäú äóÒöíÏóßõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 30] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÇ íõÝóÊøóÑõ Úóäúåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 75] . æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈóåóÇ ßóÇäó ÛóÑóÇãðÇ [25 \ 65] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÓóæúÝó íóßõæäõ áöÒóÇãðÇ [25 \ 77] Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕóÍøö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎöíÑóíúäö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõåõãú áóÇ íõÎúÑóÌõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» : ßóÐóáößó íõÑöíåöãõ Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú ÍóÓóÑóÇÊò Úóáóíúåöãú æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÎóÇÑöÌöíäó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö [2 \ 167] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» : íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõæÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö æóãóÇ åõãú ÈöÎóÇÑöÌöíäó ãöäúåóÇ æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõÞöíãñ [5 \ 37] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÍóÌøö» : ßõáøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãöäú Ûóãøò ÃõÚöíÏõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 22] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» : ßõáøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÃõÚöíÏõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ [32 \ 20] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí «ÇáúÌóÇËöíóÉö» : ÝóÇáúíóæúãó áóÇ íõÎúÑóÌõæäó ãöäúåóÇ æóáóÇ åõãú íõÓúÊóÚúÊóÈõæäó [45 \ 35] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍóäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËó ÅöíÖóÇÍðÇ ÔóÇÝöíðÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö(7/147)
Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó (81)
ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÇÑõ ãóËúæóÇßõãú ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [6 \ 128] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÈóÅö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÇÈöËöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÍúÞóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 23] æóÓóäõæóÖøöÍõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÂíóÉö «ÇáäøóÈóÅö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ æóäõæóÖøöÍõ åõäóÇßó - Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ - ÅöÒóÇáóÉó ÅöÔúßóÇáò íõæÑöÏõåõ ÇáúãõáúÍöÏõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúäóÇßõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑóßõãú áöáúÍóÞøö ßóÇÑöåõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõæÑóì» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßóÈõÑó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö [42 \ 13] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Èóáóì æóÑõÓõáõäóÇ áóÏóíúåöãú íóßúÊõÈõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉó áóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÓóÊõßúÊóÈõ ÔóåóÇÏóÊõåõãú æóíõÓúÃóáõæäó [43 \ 9] æóÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉö áöÐóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ßóáøóÇ ÓóäóßúÊõÈõ ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 79] .
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó.
ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì Åöäøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
ÝóÞóÇáóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóãöãøóäö ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áöÐóáößó ÇáúæóáóÏö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áöáøóåö Úóáóì ÝóÑúÖö Ãóäøó áóåõ æóáóÏðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áöáøóåö ÌóÇÒöãöíäó ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ æóáóÏñ.
æóÞóÇáóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ÂÎóÑõæäó: Åöäøó áóÝúÙóÉó Åöäú Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö äóÇÝöíóÉñ.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöáøóåö æóáóÏñ¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ äóÇÝöíóÉñ ÝóÝöí ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóæúÌõåò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ - æóåõæó ÃóÞúÑóÈõåóÇ -: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöáøóåö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áöáøóåö ÇáúãõäóÒøöåöíäó áóåõ(7/148)
Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ æóÚóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó Ãóíö ÇáúÂäöÝóíúäö ÇáúãõÓúÊóäúßöÝóíúäö ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ íóÚúäöí ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ÇáúãõÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì ÑóÈøöäóÇ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ ÇáúæóáóÏö áóåõ.
æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÚóÈöÏó - ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÈóÇÁö - íóÚúÈóÏõ - ÈöÝóÊúÍöåóÇ - Ýóåõæó ÚóÈöÏñ - ÈöÝóÊúÍò ÝóßóÓúÑò - Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ æóÚóÇÈöÏñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÓóãóÇÚðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÔúÊóÏøóÊú ÃóäóÝóÊõåõ æóÇÓúÊöäúßóÇÝõåõ æóÛóÖóÈõåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÝóÑóÒúÏóÞö:
ÃõæáóÆößó Þóæúãöí Åöäú åóÌóæúäöí åóÌóæúÊõåõãú ... æóÃóÚúÈöÏõ Ãóäú ÃóåúÌõæó ßõáóíúÈðÇ ÈöÏóÇÑöãö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóÚúÈöÏõ¡ íóÚúäöí ÂäóÝõ æóÃóÓúÊóäúßöÝõ.
æóãöäúåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö: ãóÊóì ãóÇ íóÔóÃú Ðõæ ÇáúæõÏøö íóÕúÑõãõ Îóáöíáóåõ æóíóÚúÈóÏõ Úóáóíúåö áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó ÙóÇáöãðÇ
æóÝöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÚõËúãóÇäó Èúäö ÚóÝøóÇäó - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÌöíÁó ÈöÇãúÑóÃóÉò ãöäú ÌõåóíúäóÉó ÊóÒóæøóÌóÊú¡ ÝóæóáóÏóÊú áöÓöÊøóÉö ÃóÔúåõÑò¡ ÝóÈóÚóËó ÈöåóÇ ÚõËúãóÇäõ áöÊõÑúÌóãó¡ ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏðÇ ãöäúåõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÍóÇãöáðÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÚóÞúÏö áöæöáóÇÏóÊöåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÊöÓúÚóÉö ÃóÔúåõÑò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ Úóáöíøñ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ -: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: æóÍóãúáõåõ æóÝöÕóÇáõåõ ËóáóÇËõæäó ÔóåúÑðÇ [46 \ 15] æóíóÞõæáõ - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ -: æóÝöÕóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÚóÇãóíúäö [31 \ 14] Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó Úóäö ÇáúÝöÕóÇáö ãöäó ÇáúãõÏøóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÓöÊøóÉõ ÃóÔúåõÑò.
ÝóãóÇ ÚóÈöÏó ÚõËúãóÇäõ - ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäú ÈóÚóËó ÅöáóíúåóÇ áöÊõÑóÏøó æóáóÇ ÊõÑúÌóãó.
æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ãöäó ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö¡ ÝóæóÇááøóåö: (ãóÇ ÚóÈöÏó ÚõËúãóÇäõ) Ãóíú ãóÇ ÃóäöÝó æóáóÇ ÇÓúÊóäúßóÝó ãöäó ÇáÑøõÌõæÚö Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó Ãóíö ÇáúÌóÇÍöÏöíäó ÇáäøóÇÝöíäó Ãóäú íóßõæäó áöáøóåö æóáóÏñ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ -.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ - ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ -: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí Ýöí ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ Åöáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó (Åöäú) äóÇÝöíóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈößóæúäöåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉð áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÕöÍøó áóåõ ãóÚúäðì ÈöÍóÓóÈö æóÖúÚö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóÅöäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú ÃóÌöáøóÇÁö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.(7/149)
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇÎúÊóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó Åöäú åöíó ÇáäøóÇÝöíóÉõ áóÇ ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉõ¡ æóÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúãóÕöíÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ãõÊóÚóíøóäñ Ýöí äóÙóÑöäóÇ - áöÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃõãõæÑò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÌóÇÑò Úóáóì ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÌóÑóíóÇäðÇ æóÇÖöÍðÇ¡ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö¡ Ýóßóæúäõ (Åöäú ßóÇäó) ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó - ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÅöáøóÇ ÕóíúÍóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð [36 \ 29] Ãóíú ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÅöáøóÇ ÕóíúÍóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð.
ÝóÞóæúáõßó ãóËóáðÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöáøóåö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó ÇáúÎóÇÖöÚöíäó áöáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãö¡ ÇáúãõäóÒøóåö Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÂäöÝóíúäö ÇáúãõÓúÊóäúßöÝóíúäö ãöäú Ãóäú íõæÕóÝó ÑóÈøõäóÇ ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö ãöäú äöÓúÈóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏö Åöáóíúåö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÌóÇÍöÏöíäó ÇáäøóÇÝöíäó Ãóäú íóßõæäó áöÑóÈøöäóÇ æóáóÏñ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ - áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÇÑò Úóáóì ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ ÏóÇáøñ Úóáóì ÊóäúÒöíåö Çááøóåö ÊóäúÒöíåðÇ ÊóÇãøðÇ Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÅöíåóÇãò ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó áöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÊóäúÒöíåó Çááøóåö Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö ÈöÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÅöíåóÇãó ÝöíåóÇ - åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÇÁóÊú Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúßóËöíÑóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóíõäúÐöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 4] . æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ãóÑúíóãó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöÏøðÇ [19 \ 88 - 89] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúßóËöíÑóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇåóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÊõÈóíøöäõ Ãóäøó (Åöäú) äóÇÝöíóÉñ.
ÝóÇáäøóÝúíõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö íõÈóíøöäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö - ÇáäøóÝúíõ ÇáÕøóÑöíÍõ.
æóÎóíúÑõ ãóÇ íõÝóÓøóÑõ Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ; Ýóßóæúäõ ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑö Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö (ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ) [43 \ 81] ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáäøóÝúíö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍö - ãõØóÇÈöÞñ áöÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» : æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 111] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - Ýöí Ãóæøóáö «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» : æóáóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 2] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ãöäú æóáóÏò ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 91] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóãú íóáöÏú æóáóãú íõæáóÏú [112 \ 3] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõãú ãöäú ÅöÝúßöåöãú áóíóÞõæáõæäó æóáóÏó Çááøóåõ æóÅöäøóåõãú áóßóÇÐöÈõæäó [37 \ 151 - 152] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó (Åöäú) ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó - ÌóÒóÇÁñ(7/150)
áöÐóáößó ÇáÔøóÑúØö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ðóáößó áóÇ äóÙöíÑó áóåõ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊõæÌóÏõ Ýöíåö ÂíóÉñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÃóäøó (Åöäú) ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÕöÍøó áóåõ ãóÚúäðì Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÚúäðì ãóÍúÐõæÑñ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Èöåö ÈöÍóÇáò¡ æóßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøóåö - Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ - íóÌöÈõ ÊóäúÒöíåõåõ Úóäú Íóãúáöåö Úóáóì ãóÚóÇäò ãóÍúÐõæÑóÉò áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöåóÇ.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ åóÐóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó (Åöäú) ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáÔøóÑúØö - áóÇ ãóÚúäóì áöÕöÏúÞöåö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóÑúØö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö Ãóäøó ãóÏóÇÑó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúßóÐöÈö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáóÉö - ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ãõÞóÏøóãöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÔøóÑúØõ¡ æóÊóÇáöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäõ ÇáúÞóÇØöÚõ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö åóÐóÇ åõæó ßóæúäõ ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáóÉö Êóßõæäõ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáÕøöÏúÞö ãóÚó ßóÐöÈö ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ áóæú ÃõÒöíáóÊú ÃóÏóÇÉõ ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóãöËóÇáõ ßóÐöÈöåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ ãóÚó ÕöÏúÞöåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóæú ßóÇäó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÂáöåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÝóÓóÏóÊóÇ [21 \ 22] ÝóåóÐöåö ÞóÖöíøóÉñ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáÕøöÏúÞö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ ãóÚó ÃóäøóåóÇ áóæú ÃõÒöíáóÊú ÃóÏóÇÉõ ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ßóÇäó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ÞóÖöíøóÉð ßóÇÐöÈóÉð ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò¡ æóäóÚúäöí ÈöÃóÏóÇÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö áóÝúÙóÉó (áóæú) ãöäó ÇáØøóÑóÝö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóÇááøóÇãó ãöäó ÇáØøóÑóÝö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãóÇ áóæú ÃõÒöíáóÇ æóÍõÐöÝóÇ ÕóÇÑó ÇáØøóÑóÝõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ßóÇäó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÂáöåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÞóÖöíøóÉñ Ýöí ãõäúÊóåóì ÇáúßóÐöÈö¡ æóÕóÇÑó ÇáØøóÑóÝõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÝóÓóÏóÊóÇ¡ Ãóíö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÞóÖöíøóÉñ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóÐöÈö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
ÝóÇÊøóÖóÍó ÈöåóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÏóÇÑó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúßóÐöÈö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÇÊö Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö æóÚóÏóãö ÕöÍøóÊöåö.
ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáÑøóÈúØõ ÕóÍöíÍðÇ Ýóåöíó ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ¡ æóáóæú ßõÐøöÈó ØóÑóÝóÇåóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö.
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáÑøóÈúØõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ßóÇÐöÈðÇ ßóÇäóÊú ßóÇÐöÈóÉð ßóãóÇ áóæú ÞõáúÊó: áóæú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ áóßóÇäó ÍóÌóÑðÇ¡ ÝóßóÐöÈõ ÇáÑøóÈúØö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóßóÐöÈõ ÇáúÞóÖöíøóÉö ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö ßöáóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ.
æóÃóãúËöáóÉõ ÕöÏúÞö ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ãóÚó ßóÐöÈö ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóßóÞóæúáößó: áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ áóßóÇäó ÌóãóÇÏðÇ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÝóÑóÓõ íóÇÞõæÊðÇ áóßóÇäó ÍóÌóÑðÇ¡ Ýóßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÖóÇíóÇ æóäóÍúæõåóÇ ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ ãóÚó ßóÐöÈö ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ áóæú ÃõÒöíáóÊú ÃóÏóÇÉõ ÇáÑøóÈúØö.
æóãöËóÇáõ ÕöÏúÞöåóÇ ãóÚó ßóÐöÈö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ Þóæúáõßó: áóæú ßóÇäó ÒóíúÏñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇ äóÌóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö ;(7/151)
ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ áöÕöÏúÞö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ¡ ãóÚó ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇÐöÈóÉñ Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö Ïõæäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÚóÏóãó ÇáäøóÌóÇÉö ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÕöÏúÞñ¡ æóßóæúäõ ÒóíúÏò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ßóÐöÈñ¡ åóßóÐóÇ ãóËøóáó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãöËóÇáö ÇáúÈõäóÇäöíøõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÚöäúÏöí Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ãóËøóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉñ áóÇ áõÒõæãöíøóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ ÏóÎúáó áöáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÇÊö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö.
æóÇáúãöËóÇáõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ: áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ áóßóÇäó ÌöÓúãðÇ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÞóæúãðÇ ÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó ãóÏóÇÑó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúßóÐöÈö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÇÊö ãõäúÕóÈøñ Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÊøóÇáöí ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÔøóÑúØõ ÞóíúÏñ Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇááøöÓóÇäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
æóáóãú íóÞõáú ÃóÍóÏñ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÈöÞóæúáò ËóÇáöËò Ýöí ãóÏóÇÑö ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúßóÐöÈö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÇÊö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÍóÞóÞúÊó åóÐóÇ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó - Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÌõãúáóÉõ ÔóÑúØò æóÌóÒóÇÁò - áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÑøóÈúØõ Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÈöÍóÇáò Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÇááøóÐóíúäö áóÇ ËóÇáöËó áóåõãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì æóÌúåò ãóÍúÐõæÑò áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Èöåö ÈöÍóÇáò.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö: Ãóäøó ãóÕóÈøó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúßóÐöÈö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÇÊö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÇáöí ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÔøóÑúØõ ÞóíúÏñ Ýöí Ðóáößó - ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóíúåö ÈóÇØöáñ¡ Èóáú åõæó ßõÝúÑñ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ãóäøó ßóæúäóåõ Ãóæøóáó ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó íõÔúÊóÑóØõ Ýöíåö Ãóäú íóßõæäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ -.
áöÃóäøó ãóÝúåõæãó ÇáÔøóÑúØö Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú áóãú íóßõäú áóåõ æóáóÏñ áóãú íóßõäú Ãóæøóáó ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó¡ æóÝóÓóÇÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ãóäøó ãóÏóÇÑó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúßóÐöÈö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÇÊö Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö.
ÝóÅöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó ÌõãúáóÉõ ÔóÑúØò æóÌóÒóÇÁò - áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÑøóÈúØõ Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì æóÌúåò ãóÍúÐõæÑò áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÍóÇáò; áöÃóäøó ßóæúäó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö ÐóÇ æóáóÏò¡ æóÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞóåõ åõæó Ãóæú æóáóÏõåõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó¡ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÑøóÈúØõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì¡ åõæó ßõÝúÑñ ÈöÇááøóåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøó áöáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áóÇ íõÚúÞóáõ ÈöÍóÇáò Ãóäú íóßõæäó æóáóÏðÇ Ãóæú æóÇáöÏðÇ.(7/152)
æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúØó ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ - ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö ãõÍóÇáñ áöÇÓúÊöÍóÇáóÉö ßóæúäö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÐóÇ æóáóÏò.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÍóÇáó áóÇ íõÚóáøóÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÍóÇáõ.
ÝóÊóÚúáöíÞõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÕúáõ ÇáÏøöíäö Úóáóì ßóæúäöåö ÐóÇ æóáóÏò - ÙõåõæÑõ ÝóÓóÇÏöåö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÕúÏõÞõ ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉõ Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞõ Úóáóíúåö ãõÓúÊóÍöíáðÇ¡ ÝóÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ Ãóäøó (Åöäú) Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ ãöËúáõ ãóÇ áóæú Þöíáó: áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ÂáöåóÉñ áóßõäúÊõ Ãóæøóáó ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÕúÏõÞõ ÈöÍóÇáò; áóÃóäøó æóÇÍöÏðÇ ãöäú ÂáöåóÉò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÚúÈóÏó¡ ÝóÇáÑøóÈúØõ Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ãöËúáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÖöíøóÉö áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÈöÍóÇáò.
æóíóÊøóÖöÍõ áóßó Ðóáößó ÈöãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ãöäú Åöáóåò ÅöÐðÇ áóÐóåóÈó ßõáøõ Åöáóåò ÈöãóÇ ÎóáóÞó æóáóÚóáóÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 91] .
ÝóÅöäøó Þóæúáóåõ: (ÅÐðÇ) Ãóíú áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂáöåóÉö áóÐóåóÈó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÎóáóÞó æóÇÓúÊóÞóáøó Èöåö¡ æóÛóÇáóÈó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ æóáóãú íóäúÊóÙöãú áöáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö äöÙóÇãñ¡ æóáóÝóÓóÏó ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóæú ßóÇäó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÂáöåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÝóÓóÏóÊóÇ [21 \ 22] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ÂáöåóÉñ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó ÅöÐðÇ áóÇÈúÊóÛóæúÇ Åöáóì Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÓóÈöíáðÇ [17 \ 42] Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö.
æóãóÚúäóì ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÆöåöãú Åöáóíúåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÓóÈöíáðÇ - åõæó ØóáóÈõåõãú ØóÑöíÞðÇ Åöáóì ãõÛóÇáóÈóÊöåö ßóãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ Çáúãõáõæßö ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖöåöãú.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúØó Åöäú ÚõáøöÞó Èöåö ãõÓúÊóÍöíáñ ÝóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÕöÍøó ÇáÑøóÈúØõ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ãõÓúÊóÍöíáðÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöíáó áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõæÌóÏó Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöíáõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ÇáÔøóÑúØö ãõÓúÊóÍöíáðÇ æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ åõæó ÃóÓóÇÓõ ÇáÏøöíäö æóÚöãóÇÏõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö - ÝóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÈöÍóÇáò.
æóãóäú ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáÏøöíäö áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí ÛóáóØöåö.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÔóÑúØöíøóÉò ÕóÏóÞóÊú ãóÚó ÈõØúáóÇäö ãõÞóÏøóãöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÔøóÑúØõ¡ æóÕöÍøóÉö ÊóÇáöíåóÇ(7/153)
ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ - áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÊøóãúËöíáõ ÈöåóÇ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöæóÌúåò ãöäó ÇáúæõÌõæåö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ Ùóäøóåõ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ãöäú ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÊøóãúËöíáö áóåóÇ ÈöÐóáößó ÛóáóØñ ÝóÇÍöÔñ ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò¡ æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÔóÑúØöíøóÉò ßóÇÐöÈóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÕóÇÏöÞóÉö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö ÚöäúÏó ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö - áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõæÌóÈõ Ðóáößó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÍóÏó ÃóãúÑóíúäö áóÇ ËóÇáöËó áóåõãóÇ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó.
æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáÕøöÏúÞõ Èöåö ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÃóãúÑò ÎóÇÕøò áóÇ íõãúßöäõ æõÌõæÏõ ãöËúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ¡ Èóáú åõæó ãõäóÇÞöÖñ áöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúãõÊóäóÇÞöÖóíúäó Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÖóÑõæÑöíøõ ÇáúÈõØúáóÇäö¡ æóäóÚúäöí ÈöÃóæøóáö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ßóæúäó ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉð áóÇ áõÒõæãöíøóÉð ÃóÕúáðÇ.
æóÈöÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåõãóÇ ßóæúäó ÇáÕøöÏúÞö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøöÏúÞó ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö áóÇ ÚöÈúÑóÉó Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞúáöíøóÇÊö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáúßóÐöÈö áöÚóÏóãö ÇÖúØöÑóÇÏöåö; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÕúÏõÞõ Ýöí ãóÇÏøóÉò¡ æóíóßúÐöÈõ Ýöí ÃõÎúÑóì.
æóÇáúãõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÇáÕøöÏúÞõ ÇááøóÇÒöãõ ÇáúãõÖúØóÑöÏõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ÈöÍóÇáò.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÞóÖöíøóÉò ÔóÑúØõåóÇ ãõÍóÇáñ áóÇ íóÖúØóÑöÏõ ÕöÏúÞõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÌóÒóÇÄõåóÇ ãõÍóÇáðÇ ÎóÇÕøóÉð.
ÝóÅöäú æõÌöÏóÊú ÞóÖöíøóÉñ ÈóÇØöáóÉõ ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÕóÍöíÍóÉõ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ðóáößó¡ áößóæúäöåóÇ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉð¡ Ãóæú áöÃóÌúáö ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ÝóÞóØú.
ÝóãöËóÇáõ æõÞõæÚö Ðóáößó áößóæúäöåóÇ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉð Þóæúáõßõ: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÒóíúÏñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö áóãú íóäúÌõ ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö.
ÝóÇáÔøóÑúØõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ßóæúäõåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈóÇØöáñ¡ æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ßóæúäõåõ áóãú íóäúÌõ ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÕóÍöíÍñ.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÕóÍøó åóÐóÇ áößóæúäö åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉð.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉó áóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ËõÈõæÊõ ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ æóáóÇ äóÝúíõåõ ËõÈõæÊó ÇáúÂÎóÑö æóáóÇ äóÝúíóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØó Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Ýöí ÇááøóÝúÙö ÝóÞóØú.
Ýóßóæúäõ ÒóíúÏò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö áóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó áóåõ ÈöÚóÏóãö äóÌóÇÊöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØó ÈóíúäöåöãóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇááøóÝúÙö¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÞóæúáößó: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ äóÇØöÞðÇ ÝóÇáúÝóÑóÓõ ÕóÇåöáñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó ÇáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇááøõÒõæãöíøóÉö æóÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö(7/154)
«ÇáúßóåúÝö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ [18 \ 57] ÝóÑóÇÌöÚúåõ.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ áóãú íóÞõáú ÃóÍóÏñ ÅöäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉñ¡ æóáóãú íóÏøóÚö ÃóÍóÏñ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÚóáóÇÞóÉó Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ ÃóÕúáðÇ.
æóãöËóÇáõ æõÞõæÚö Ðóáößó áöÃóÌúáö ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ÝóÞóØú - ãóÇ ãóËøóáó Èöåö ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÚóÏóãö ÇäúÊöÈóÇåöåö áöÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúãõäóÇÝóÇÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÈóíúäó ãóÇ ãóËøóáó áóåóÇ Èöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÔøóÑúØó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÈóÇØöáñ¡ æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó ÕóÍöíÍñ.
ãóËøóáó áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ Ýóåõæó ÌöÓúãñ¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ ÔóÑúØñ ÈóÇØöáñ¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ Ýóßóæúäõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÍóÌóÑðÇ¡ æóßóæúäõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÐóÇ æóáóÏò - ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÔóÑúØñ ÈóÇØöáñ.
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÕóÍøó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ Ýóåõæó ÌöÓúãñ - Ïóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó íóÕöÍøõ ÊóÑúÊöíÈõåõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÛóáóØñ ÝóÇÍöÔñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÊóÓúæöíóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÊóäóÇÝöíóíúäö ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúãõäóÇÝóÇÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ÇáúãõÑóÊøóÈó Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ Ýóåõæó ÌöÓúãñ - ÅöäøóãóÇ ÕóÏóÞó áöÃóÌúáö ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö¡ áóÇ áöãóÚúäðì ÇÞúÊóÖóÇåõ ÇáÑøóÈúØõ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÓúÈóÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúÌöÓúãö æóÇáúÍóÌóÑö¡ æóÇáäøöÓúÈóÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóÇáúÌöÓúãö - åöíó ÇáúÚõãõæãõ æóÇáúÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ßöáóíúåöãóÇ.
ÝóÇáúÌöÓúãõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÌóÑö¡ æóÇáúÍóÌóÑõ ÃóÎóÕøõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌöÓúãö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÌöÓúãó ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÚõãõæãðÇ ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáúÌöÓúãö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÎõÕõæÕðÇ ãõØúáóÞðÇ ; ÝóÇáúÌöÓúãõ ÌöäúÓñ ÞóÑöíÈñ áöáúÍóÌóÑö¡ æóÌöäúÓñ ÈóÚöíÏñ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóÅöäú ÔöÆúÊó ÞõáúÊó: ÌöäúÓñ ãõÊóæóÓøöØñ áóåõ.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäú ÊóÞõæáó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÞúÓöíãö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: ÇáúÌöÓúãõ ÅöãøóÇ äóÇãòº Ãóíú íóßúÈõÑõ ÊóÏúÑöíÌðÇ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõ äóÇãò¡ ÝóÛóíúÑõ ÇáäøóÇãöí ßóÇáúÍóÌóÑö ãóËóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÊõÞóÓøöãõ ÇáäøóÇãöí ÊóÞúÓöíãðÇ ËóÇäöíðÇ¡ ÝóÊóÞõæáõ:(7/155)
ÇáäøóÇãöí ÅöãøóÇ ÍóÓøóÇÓñ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõ ÍóÓøóÇÓò¡ ÝóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÍóÓøóÇÓö ãöäúåõ ßóÇáäøóÈóÇÊö.
Ëõãøó ÊõÞóÓøöãõ ÇáúÍóÓøóÇÓó ÊóÞúÓöíãðÇ ËóÇáöËðÇ¡ ÝóÊóÞõæáõ: ÇáúÍóÓøóÇÓõ ÅöãøóÇ äóÇØöÞñ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõ äóÇØöÞò¡ æóÇáäøóÇØöÞõ ãöäúåõ åõæó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ.
ÝóÇÊøóÖóÍó Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö æóÇáúÍóÌóÑö íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáúÌöÓúãö¡ æóÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÇáúÃóÚóãøö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÎóÕøö ÕóÇÏöÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÅöíÌóÇÈö ÈöáóÇ äöÒóÇÚò æóáóÇ ÊóÝúÕöíáò.
ÝóÞóæúáõßó: ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÌöÓúãñ ÕóÇÏöÞñ Ýöí ßõáøö ÊóÑúßöíÈò¡ æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõßóÐøóÈó ÈöæóÌúåò¡ æóÐóáößó áöáúãõáóÇÈóÓóÉö ÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáúÌöÓúãö ÌöäúÓðÇ áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóßóæúäö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÝóÑúÏðÇ ãöäú ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÌöÓúãö¡ ÝóáöÃóÌúáö ÎõÕõæÕö åóÐöåö ÇáúãõáóÇÈóÓóÉö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ - ßóÇäó ÇáúÍõßúãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÌöÓúãñ ÕóÇÏöÞðÇ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò¡ ÓóæóÇÁð ßóÇäó ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÐóáößó ÛóíúÑó ãõÚóáøóÞò Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò¡ Ãóæú ßóÇäó ãõÚóáøóÞðÇ Úóáóì ÈóÇØöáò Ãóæú ÍóÞøò.
ÝóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ: íóÕúÏõÞõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãöËóÇáõ Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóÑúØö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó ÈõØúáóÇäõåõ ßóÇáÔøóãúÓö Ýöí ÑóÇÈöÚóÉö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö.
æóÇáúÚóÌóÈõ ßõáøõ ÇáúÚóÌóÈö ãöäú ÚóÇÞöáò íóÞõæáõåõ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãöËóÇáó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÕóÏóÞóº áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó íóÔúãóáõåõ ãõÓóãøóì ÇáúÌöÓúãö.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ßóÇäó áóåõ æóáóÏñ ÝóÇáäøöÓúÈóÉõ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö ÇáúÍóÞøö åöíó ÊóÈóÇíõäõ ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö ÈöÍóÞøò æóÈóíúäó æóÇáöÏò Ãóæú æóáóÏò åöíó ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉõ Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóíúÁö æóãõÓóÇæöí äóÞöíÖöåö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú íõæáóÏõ Ãóæú íõæáóÏõ áóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóÚúÈõæÏðÇ ÈöÍóÞøò ÈöÍóÇáò.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ ÇáúãõäóÇÝóÇÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö Ãóäøóßó áóæú ÞõáúÊó: ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÌöÓúãñ - áóÞõáúÊó ÇáúÍóÞøó¡ æóáóæú ÞõáúÊó: ÇáúãóæúáõæÏõ áóåõ ãóÚúÈõæÏñ¡ Ãóæö ÇáúãóæúáõæÏõ ãóÚúÈõæÏñ - ÞõáúÊó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÇáúÈóæóÇÍõ.
æóãöãøóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøõÙøóÇÑö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÅöÍúÏóì ãõÞóÏøöãóÊóíö ÇáÏøóáöíáö ÈóÇØöáóÉð¡ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉõ ÕóÍöíÍóÉð - Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóÌúáö ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáÕøöÏúÞó áóÇ ÚöÈúÑóÉó Èöåö¡ ÝóÍõßúãõåõ Íõßúãõ ÇáúßóÐöÈö¡ æóáóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÕøöÏúÞõ ÇááøóÇÒöãõ ÇáúãõÖúØóÑöÏõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáö.
Ýóáóæú ÞõáúÊó ãóËóáðÇ: ßõáøõ ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÍóÌúÑñ¡ æóßõáøõ ÍóÌúÑò ÌöÓúãñ ; áóÃõäúÊöÌó ãöäó ÇáÔøóßúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ßõáøõ(7/156)
ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÌöÓúãñ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉõ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáÕøöÏúÞö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÏøöãóÉó ÇáÕøõÛúÑóì ãöäó ÇáÏøóáöíáö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Þóæúáõßó: ßõáøõ ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÍóÌóÑñ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóÐöÈö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÊö ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉõ áöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ¡ æóáóæúáóÇ Ðóáößó áóßóÇäóÊú ßóÇÐöÈóÉð ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÊöíÌóÉó áóÇÒöãõ ÇáÏøóáöíáö¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ áóÇÒöãðÇ áöáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ÝóÅöäú æóÞóÚó ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÝóáöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúØó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó áóÇ íóáúÒóãõ¡ æóÊóØøóÑöÏõ ÕöÍøóÉõ ÑóÈúØöåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÌóÒóÇÁò ÈóÇØöáò ãöËúáöåö.
æóãóÇ íóÙõäøõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöäú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäú ßõäúÊó Ýöí Ôóßøò ãöãøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÝóÇÓúÃóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÞúÑóÁõæäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó [10 \ 94] ßóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó - Ýóåõæó ÛóáóØñ ÝóÇÍöÔñ¡ æóÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÔóÇÓöÚñ¡ ÝóÙóäøõ ÇÓúÊöæóÇÆöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÈóÇØöáñ.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäú ßõäúÊó Ýöí Ôóßøò ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ ãöäúåõ ÌóÇÑò Úóáóì ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö¡ áóÇ ÅöÈúåóÇãó Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ Ãóäøó ãóÏóÇÑó ÕöÏúÞö ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÔóÑúØöåóÇ æóÌóÒóÇÆöåóÇ¡ Ýóåöíó ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ æóáóæú ßóÐóÈó ØóÑóÝóÇåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ.
ÝóÑóÈúØõ Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöäú ßõäúÊó Ýöí Ôóßøò ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÓúÃóáö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÞúÑóÁõæäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó - ÑóÈúØñ ÕóÍöíÍñ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÇßøó Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÔóÃúäõåõ Ãóäú íóÓúÃóáó ÇáúÚóÇáöãó Èöåö Úóäúåõ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì¡ Ýóåöíó ÞóÖöíøóÉñ ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÔóÑúØóåóÇ æóÌóÒóÇÁóåóÇ ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÈóÇØöáñ ÈöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏöåö¡ Ýóåöíó ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóæú ßóÇäó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÂáöåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÝóÓóÏóÊóÇ [21 \ 22] Ýóåöíó ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ áöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóÇäö ÈóÇØöáóíúäö ÚöäúÏó ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö.
ÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó (Åöäú) ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ - áóÇ Êõãúßöäõ ÕöÍøóÉõ ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÔóÑúØöåóÇ æóÌóÒóÇÆöåóÇ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÈúØó Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö æóÈóíúäó ßóæúäöåö æóÇáöÏðÇ Ãóæú æóáóÏðÇ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÈöÍóÇáò.
æóáöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ ÃóÔõßøõ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» ÝóäóÝóì ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö(7/157)
ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÈúØó ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóäúÝöíó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - åõæó æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑõåõ ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞõæáõ åõæó æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑõåõ: áóíúÓó áóåõ æóáóÏñ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõåõ.
æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò¡ ÝóÇáÑøóÈúØõ Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóßøö æóÓõÄóÇáö ÇáÔøóÇßøö áöáúÚóÇáöãö ÃóãúÑñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóßóæúäö ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏö æóÇáöÏðÇ Ãóæú æóáóÏðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ.
ÝóÇÊøóÖóÍó ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ: «áóÇ ÃóÔõßøõ æóáóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ Èúäõ ÏöÚóÇãóÉó ãõÑúÓóáðÇ.
æóÈöäóÍúæöåö ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Ýóãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõãú¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõ ÕóÍöíÍñ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò.
æóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö íóÓúÊóÛúÑöÈõåõ ßõáøõ ãóäú ÑóÂåõ ; áöÞõÈúÍöåö æóÔóäóÇÚóÊöåö¡ æóáóãú ÃóÚúáóãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí ãóÇ ÞóÕøó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö Úóäúåõãú íóÊóÌóÑøóÃõ Úóáóì ãöËúáöåö Ãóæú ÞóÑöíÈò ãöäúåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚó ÚóÏóãö Ýóåúãöåö áöãóÇ íóÞõæáõ æóÊóäóÇÞõÖö ßóáóÇãöåö.
æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ åõäóÇ ßóáóÇãóåõ ÇáúÞóÈöíÍó áöáÊøóäúÈöíåö Úóáóì ÔóäóÇÚóÉö ÛóáóØöåö ÇáÏøöíäöíøö æóÇááøõÛóæöíøö.
ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ æóÕóÍøó Ðóáößó æóËóÈóÊó ÈöÈõÑúåóÇäò ÕóÍöíÍò ÊõæÑöÏõæäóåõ æóÍõÌøóÉò æóÇÖöÍóÉò ÊõÏúáõæäó ÈöåóÇ¡ (ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ) ãóäú íõÚóÙøöãõ Ðóáößó ÇáúæóáóÏó æóÃóÓúÈöÞõßõãú Åöáóì ØóÇÚóÊöåö æóÇáöÇäúÞöíóÇÏö áóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ íõÚóÙøöãõ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ æóáóÏó Çáúãóáößö áöÊóÚúÙöíãö ÃóÈöíåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ßóáóÇãñ æóÇÑöÏñ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÝóÑúÖö æóÇáÊøóãúËöíáö áöÛóÑóÖò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉõ Ýöí äóÝúíö ÇáúæóáóÏö æóÇáúÅöØúäóÇÈö Ýöíåö¡ æóÃóáøóÇ íõÊúÑóßó áöáäøóÇØöÞö Èöåö ÔõÈúåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ ãõÖúãóÍöáøóÉñ¡ ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÞöÏóãö Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ÚóáøóÞó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó ÈößóíúäõæäóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏö æóåöíó ãõÍóÇáñ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÇ ãõÍóÇáðÇ ãöËúáóåóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉö ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúßóíúäõæäóÉö æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÝöí ãóÚúäóì äóÝúíöåöãóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈúáóÛö ÇáúæõÌõæåö æóÃóÞúæóÇåóÇ.
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÇáúÚóÏúáöíøõ áöáúãõÌóÈøöÑö: Åöäú ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÎóÇáöÞðÇ áöáúßõÝúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóãõÚóÐøöÈðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÓóÑúãóÏðÇ¡ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: åõæó ÔóíúØóÇäñ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöÅöáóåò.
ÝóãóÚúäóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãö æóãóÇ æõÖöÚó áóåõ ÃõÓúáõæÈõåõ æóäóÙúãõåõ äóÝúíõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÎóÇáöÞðÇ áöáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÊóäúÒöíåõåõ Úóäú Ðóáößó æóÊóÞúÏöíÓõåõ¡ æóáóßöäú Úóáóì ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ãóÚó ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÓóãóÇÍóÉö ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö æóÖóáóÇáóÉö ÇáÐøóÇåöÈö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÞóÇØöÚóÉö ÈöÅöÍóÇáóÊöåö æóÇáúÅöÝúÕóÇÍö Úóäú(7/158)
äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÇáúÈóÑóÇÁóÉö ãöäúåõ¡ æóÛóÇíóÉö ÇáäøöÝóÇÑö æóÇáöÇÔúãöÆúÒóÇÒö ãöäö ÇÑúÊößóÇÈöåö.
æóäóÍúæõ åóÐöåö ÇáØøóÑöíÞóÉö Þóæúáõ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - áöáúÍóÌøóÇÌö Íöíäó ÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóãóÇ æóÇááøóåö áóÃõÈóÏøöáóäøóßó ÈöÇáÏøõäúíóÇ äóÇÑðÇ ÊóáóÙøóì -: áóæú ÚóÑóÝúÊõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Åöáóíúßó ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúÊõ ÅöáóåðÇ ÛóíúÑóßõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊóãóÍøóáó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌõæåõ Èöåö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö ÇáúãóáöíÁö ÈöÇáäøõßóÊö æóÇáúÝóæóÇÆöÏö¡ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöáøö ÈöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö Úóáóì ÃóÈúáóÛö æõÌõæåöåö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: (Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ) Ýöí ÒóÚúãößõãú (ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó) ÇáúãõæóÍøöÏöíäó áöáøóåö ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó Þóæúáóßõãú áöÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏö Åöáóíúåö. ÇåÜ
ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö.
æóÝöí ßóáóÇãöåö åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌóåúáö ÈöÇááøóåö æóÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÌóÑóÇÁóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáÊøóÎóÈøõØö æóÇáÊøóäóÇÞõÖö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉö - ãóÇ Çááøóåõ ÚóÇáöãñ Èöåö.
æóáóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ÚóÇÞöáò ÊóÃóãøóáóåõ.
æóÓóäõÈóíøöäõ áóßó ãóÇ íóÊøóÖöÍõ Èöåö Ðóáößó ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÞóÇáó: (Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ) æóÖøóÍó Ðóáößó ÈöÈõÑúåóÇäò ÕóÍöíÍò ÊõæÑöÏõæäóåõ æóÍõÌøóÉò æóÇÖöÍóÉò ÊõÏúáõæäó ÈöåóÇ (ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ) ãóäú íõÚóÙøöãõ Ðóáößó ÇáúæóáóÏó æóÃóÓúÈöÞõßõãú Åöáóì ØóÇÚóÊöåö æóÇáöÇäúÞöíóÇÏö áóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ íõÚóÙøöãõ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ æóáóÏó Çáúãóáößö áöÊóÚúÙöíãö ÃóÈöíåö.
ÝóßóáóÇãõåõ åóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÈõØúáóÇäõåõ Úóáóì ÚóÇÞöáò ; áöÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÝóÑúÖö ÕöÍøóÉö äöÓúÈóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÞöíóÇãö ÇáúÈõÑúåóÇäö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö æóÇáúÍõÌøóÉö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóåõ æóáóÏñ - ÝóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúæóáóÏó áóÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó ÈöÍóÇáò¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÊóÚúÙöíãñ áöÃóÈöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÈóÇåõ ãöËúáõåõ Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ßõáøö æóÇáöÏò æóßõáøö ãóæúáõæÏò ÔóÑúØñ Ýöí ÅöíãóÇäö ßõáøö ãõæóÍøöÏò¡ Ýóãöäú Ãóíøö æóÌúåò íóßõæäõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãõ ÕóÍöíÍðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ ÕóÍöíÍðÇ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó.
æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõåõ íóÕöÍøõ Ýöí áõÛóÉò ãöäú áõÛóÇÊö ÇáúÚóÌóãö ; ÝóÇáÑøóÈúØõ Èóíúäó åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÑúØö æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÈöæóÌúåò.
ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóíúåö áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÈöæóÌúåò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÍóÇáö áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõÍóÇáðÇ ãöËúáóåõ.(7/159)
æóÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ßóáóÇãöåö ßõáøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÈöãöËóÇáò Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÎóÇÑöÌðÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÇÖúØõÑøó Åöáóì Ãóäú áóÇ íõÚóáøöÞó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÍóÇáö Ýöí ÒóÚúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ ãõÍóÇáðÇ.
ÝóÖóÑúÈõåõ áöáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãóËóáó ÈöÞöÕøóÉö ÇÈúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò ãóÚó ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌö - Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ æóÚóáóì ÊóäóÇÞõÖöåö æóÊóÎóÈøõØöåö.
ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌó ÞóÇáó áöÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò: áóÃõÈóÏøöáóäøóßó ÈöÇáÏøõäúíóÇ äóÇÑðÇ ÊóáóÙøóì.
ÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏñ áöáúÍóÌøóÇÌö: áóæú ÚóáöãúÊõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Åöáóíúßó ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúÊõ ÅöáóåðÇ ÛóíúÑóßó.
Ýóåõæó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÚóáøóÞó ÇáúãõÍóÇáó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÍóÇáö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÛóíúÑó ãõÊóäóÇÞöÖò áöáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ãóËøóáó áóåõ Èöåö ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ áóÞóÇáó: áóæú ÚóáöãúÊõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Åöáóíúßó áóßõäúÊõ Ãóæøóáó ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áöáøóåö.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: áóæú ÚóáöãúÊõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Åöáóíúßó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ¡ ÝóäöÓúÈóÉõ ÇáúæóáóÏö æóÇáÔøóÑöíßö Åöáóíúåö ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÍóÇáóÉö æóÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÇáäøóÞúÕö æóÇÍöÏñ.
Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÓóÚöíÏñ íóÝúåóãõ ÇáúÂíóÉó ßóÝóåúãößó ÇáúÈóÇØöáö áóÞóÇáó: áóæú ÚóáöãúÊõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Åöáóíúßó áóßõäúÊõ Ãóæøóáó ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áöáøóåö.
æóáóßöäøóåõ áóãú íóÞõáú åóÐóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó áóåõ ãóÚúäðì ÕóÍöíÍñ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÊóãúËöíáõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö áöáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýöí ßóáóÇãöåö ÇáúÞóÈöíÍö ÇáúÈóÔöÚö ÇáÔøóäöíÚö ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÞóÇÕóÑõ Úóäö ÇáÊøóáóÝøõÙö Èöåö ßõáøõ ßóÇÝöÑò.
ÝóÞóÏö ÇÖúØõÑøó Ýöíåö ÃóíúÖðÇ Åöáóì ÃóáøóÇ íõÚóáøöÞó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÍóÇáö Ýöí ÒóÚúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ ãõÍóÇáðÇ ÔóäöíÚðÇ ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÇáúÚóÏúáöíøõ áöáúãõÌóÈøöÑö: Åöäú ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÎóÇáöÞðÇ áöáúßõÝúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÞõáõæÈö¡ æóãõÚóÐøöÈðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÓóÑúãóÏðÇ¡ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú íóÞõæáõ åõæó ÔóíúØóÇäñ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöÅöáóåò.
ÝóÇäúÙõÑú Þóæúáó åóÐóÇ ÇáÖøóÇáøö Ýöí ÖóÑúÈöåö ÇáúãóËóáó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáÖøóÇáøö ÇáøóÐöí íõÓóãøöíåö ÇáúÚóÏúáöíøó: Åöäú ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞðÇ áöáúßõÝúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÞõáõæÈö. . . ÅöáóÎú.
ÝóÎóáúÞõ Çááøóåö áöáúßõÝúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóÊóÚúÐöíÈõåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåöãú - ãõÓúÊóÍöíáñ ÚöäúÏóåõ ßóÇÓúÊöÍóÇáóÉö äöÓúÈóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏö áöáøóåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöíáõ Ýöí ÒóÚúãöåö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÚóáøóÞó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÝúÙóÚó ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöíáö(7/160)
æóåõæó ÒóÚúãõåõ ÇáúÎóÈöíËõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Åöäú ßóÇäó ÎóÇáöÞðÇ áöáúßõÝúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóãõÚóÐøöÈðÇ Úóáóíúåö - Ýóåõæó ÔóíúØóÇäñ áóÇ Åöáóåñ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ -.
ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ÑóÍöãóßó Çááøóåõ ÝóÙóÇÚóÉó Ìóåúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÔöÏøóÉó ÊóäóÇÞõÖöåö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö áöáúÂíóÉö.
áöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Þóæúáóåõ: Åöäú ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞðÇ áöáúßõÝúÑö æóãõÚóÐøöÈðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöãóÚúäóì «Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ» Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúØó ÝöíåöãóÇ ãõÓúÊóÍöíáñ¡ æóÌóÚóáó Þóæúáóåõ Ýöí Çááøóåö Åöäøóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäñ áóÇ Åöáóåñ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ -.
ßóÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó -: ÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó.
ÝóÇááøóÇÒöãõ áößóáóÇãöåö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: áóæú ßóÇäó ÎóÇáöÞðÇ áöáúßõÝúÑö ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÏøöÚóÇÁó Úóáóì Çááøóåö Ãóäøóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäñ ãõäóÇÞöÖñ áöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÚúÑóÖúÊõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöØóÇáóÉö Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÈõØúáóÇäö ßóáóÇãöåö æóÔóÏøóÉö ÖóáóÇáöåö æóÊóäóÇÞõÖöåö ; áöÔóäóÇÚóÊöåö æóæõÖõæÍö ÈõØúáóÇäöåö¡ Ýóåöíó ÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊñ ãõÒóÎúÑóÝóÉñ¡ æóÔóÞúÔóÞóÉñ áóÇ ØóÇÆöáó ÊóÍúÊóåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÊóÍúãöáõ Ýöí ØóíøóÇÊöåóÇ ÇáúßõÝúÑó æóÇáúÌóåúáó ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö áöáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøóäóÇÞõÖó ÇáúæóÇÖöÍó¡ æóßóãú ãöäú ßóáóÇãò ãóáöíÁò ÈöÒõÎúÑõÝö ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóåõæó ÚóÞöíãñ áóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ ØóÇÆöáó ÊóÍúÊóåõ ßóãóÇ Þöíáó: æóÅöäøöí æóÅöäøöí Ëõãøó Åöäøöí æóÅöäøóäöí ÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÞóØóÚóÊú äóÚúáöí ÌóÚóáúÊõ áóåóÇ ÔöÓúÚðÇ ÝóÙóáøó íõÚúãöáõ ÃóíøóÇãðÇ ÑóæöíøóÊóåõ æóÔóÈøóåó ÇáúãóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÌóåúÏö ÈöÇáúãóÇÁö
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÏóÑö æóÎóáúÞö ÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäúåõ ÌõãóáðÇ ßóÇÝöíóÉð Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæú ÔóÇÁó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ãóÇ ÚóÈóÏúäóÇåõãú [43 \ 20] . æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÊóÕúÑöíÍõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [13 \ 16] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÎóáóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÞóÏøóÑóåõ ÊóÞúÏöíÑðÇ [25 \ 2] . æóÞóÇáó: åóáú ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞò ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö [35 \ 2] . æóÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöäøóÇ ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ÈöÞóÏóÑò [54 \ 49] .
ÝóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇáúÞóÏóÑö ÎóíúÑöåö æóÔóÑøöåö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãöäú ÚóÞóÇÆöÏö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÌóÚóáóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøó áöáøóåö ÔóíúØóÇäñ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ -.(7/161)
æóÌóÒóì ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøó ÈöãóÇ åõæó Ãóåúáõåõ.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: åõæó ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÝúÑöÖó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöíáó áöíõÈóíøöäó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÈöÝóÑúÖöåö - ÚóáøóÞóåõ ÃóæøóáðÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÏóÇÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö æõÌõæÏöåö¡ æóåöíó áóÝúÙóÉõ (áóæú) ¡ æóáóãú íõÚóáøöÞú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ãõÍóÇáðÇ ãöËúáóåõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóæú ßóÇäó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÂáöåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÝóÓóÏóÊóÇ [21 \ 22] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ áóÇÕúØóÝóì ãöãøóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ [39 \ 4] . æóÞóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóæú ÃóÑóÏúäóÇ Ãóäú äóÊøóÎöÐó áóåúæðÇ áóÇÊøóÎóÐúäóÇåõ ãöäú áóÏõäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 17] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÊóÚúáöíÞõ Ðóáößó ÈöÃóÏóÇÉò áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÚóÏóãó æõÌõæÏöåö ßóáóÝúÙóÉö (Åöäú) ãóÚó ßóæúäö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö ÛóíúÑó ãõÓúÊóÍöíáò - ÝóáóíúÓó ãóÚúåõæÏðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóãöãøóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ - ÇáúãõÍóÇæóÑóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ ÇáøóÊöí æóÞóÚóÊú Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÖúÑö Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö æóÇáúæóáöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö¡ æóåöíó æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÓóÇäöíÏõåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÞóÇÆöãóÉò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÇááøõÛóæöíøó ÕóÍöíÍñ.
æóåöíó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÖúÑó Èúäó ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóäóÇÊõ Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÇáúÂíóÉó.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÖúÑõ áöáúæóáöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö: ÃóáóÇ ÊóÑóì Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÕóÏóÞóäöí¿
ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúæóáöíÏõ: áóÇ¡ ãóÇ ÕóÏóÞóßó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó¡ Ãóíö ÇáúãõæóÍøöÏöíäó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ãóßøóÉó ÇáúãõäóÒøöåöíäó áóåõ Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö. ÝóãõÍóÇæóÑóÉõ åóÐóíúäö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑóíúäö¡ ÇáúÚóÇáöãóíúäö ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ãõØóÇÈöÞóÉñ áöãóÇ ÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ.
áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÖúÑó ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó (Åöäú) ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ ãõØóÇÈöÞñ áöãóÇ íóÚúÊóÞöÏõåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú äöÓúÈóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏö Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóåõæó ãóÚúäðì ãóÍúÐõæÑñ æóÃóäøó ÇáúæóáöíÏó ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó (Åäú) äóÇÝöíóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó åõæó ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóÊóäúÒöíåõ Çááøóåö Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö.
æóÈöÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ íóÊøóÖöÍõ Ãóäøó (Åöäú) Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö äóÇÝöíóÉñ.
æóÐóáößó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÇáúÍóÓóäö æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøö æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó æóÇÈúäö ÒóíúÏò æóÒõåóíúÑö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.(7/162)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÃóäøó (Åöäú) äóÇÝöíóÉñ - íóáúÒóãõåõ ÅöíåóÇãõ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÑö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: áöÃóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöáøóåö æóáóÏñ ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì äóÝúíö ÇáúæóáóÏö ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ ÝóáöáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ãóäú íóÞõæáõæÇ: ÅöÐðÇ ÕóÏóÞúÊó¡ áóãú íóßõäú áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí æóáóÏñ. æóáóßöäøó ÇáúæóáóÏó ØóÑóÃó Úóáóíúåö ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó áóãøóÇ ÕóÇåóÑó ÇáúÌöäøó¡ æóæóáóÏóÊú áóåõ ÈóäóÇÊóåõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ.
æóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÑó íóãúäóÚõ ãöäó ÇáúÍóãúáö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúíö áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÕöÍøóÊöåö ; áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÈößóËúÑóÉò Úóáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöíåóÇãó áóÇ ÃóËóÑó áóåõ æóáóæú ßóÇäó áóåõ ÃóËóÑñ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ íóãúÏóÍõ äóÝúÓóåõ ÈöÇáËøóäóÇÁö Úóáóíúåö ÈöáóÝúÙóÉö (ßóÇäó) ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÒøóãóäö ÇáúãóÇÖöí Ýöí äóÍúæö Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒöíÒðÇ ÍóßöíãðÇ [4 \ 158] . æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÚóáöíãðÇ ÍóßöíãðÇ [4 \ 17] . æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑðÇ ÑóÍöíãðÇ [4 \ 96] . æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑðÇ [33 \ 27] . Åöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÚóáöíøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [4 \ 34] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí íóÕúÚõÈõ ÍóÕúÑõåóÇ.
ÝóÅöäøó ãóÚúäóì ßõáøö Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó æóáóãú íóÒóáú.
Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ íóÞõæáõæäó Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí ÒóÚóãõæåõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Þóæúáõåõãú: ÕóÏóÞúÊó¡ ãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåõ æóáóÏñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ØóÑóÃó áóåõ - áóÞóÇáõæÇ ãöËúáóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.
ßóÃóäú íóÞõæáõæÇ: ßóÇäó ÚóáöíãðÇ ÍóßöíãðÇ [4 \ 11] Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ØóÑóÃó Úóáóíúåö ÚóÏóãõ Ðóáößó. æóåóßóÐóÇ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö æóäóÍúæöåóÇ.
æÃóíúÖðÇ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÒóÚóãõæåõ áóãú íóãúäóÚú ãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö äóÝúíö Çáúßóæúäö ÇáúãóÇÖöí Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÈøõßó äóÓöíøðÇ [19 \ 64] . æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ãõÊøóÎöÐó ÇáúãõÖöáøöíäó ÚóÖõÏðÇ [18 \ 51] . æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõåúáößöí ÇáúÞõÑóì ÅöáøóÇ æóÃóåúáõåóÇ ÙóÇáöãõæäó [28 \ 59] . æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóãöäú ÃóæúÖóÍöåóÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ãöäú Åöáóåò ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 91] .
æóáóãú íóãúäóÚú ãöäú äóÝúíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáúæóáóÏö Ýöí ÇáÒøóãóäö ÇáúãóÇÖöí Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ãöäú æóáóÏò [23 \ 91](7/163)
ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó áóãú íóÞõæáõæÇ íóæúãðÇ ãóÇ: ÕóÏóÞúÊó¡ ãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐóåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ØóÑóÃó Úóáóíúåö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ.
æóßóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ [17 \ 111] . æóÞóæúáöåö: áóãú íóáöÏú [112 \ 3] ; áöÃóäøó (áóãú) ÊóäúÞõáö ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚó Åöáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÇÖöí.
æóÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ áóãú íóÞõæáõæÇ íóæúãðÇ: ÕóÏóÞúÊó¡ áóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ØóÑóÃó Úóáóíúåö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõ¡ æóáóãú íóÞõæáõæÇ: áóãú íóáöÏú Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ æóáóÏó ÃóÎöíÑðÇ.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó áóãú íõÞöÑøõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ãõäóÒøóåñ Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúÈóÇáö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúæöáóÇÏóÉó ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãóÉó ÍóÏóËñ ãõÊóÍóÏøöÏñ.
æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÒóÚóãõæåõ ãöäú ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÑö Ýöí ßóæúäö (Åöäú) Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö äóÇÝöíóÉð - áóÇ ÃóÓóÇÓó áóåõ æóáóÇ ãõÚóæøöáó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóæúåõ ãöäú ßóæúäöåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉð áóíúÓó áóåóÇ ãóÚúäðì Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÑõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö Çááøóåö ÈöÍóÇáò.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ßóáóÇãó ÇáúÝóÎúÑö ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöí ÅöãúßóÇäó ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí ÛóáóØöåö Ýöíåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöÈúØóÇáõåõ áöÞóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ Ýöí ÒóÚúãößõãú ÝóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó áóåõ æóÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó áóßõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ Ýóåõæó ÅöÈúØóÇáñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóßóáóÇãõåõ Ýöíåö Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÍõÓúäö æóÇáÏøöÞøóÉö¡ æóåõæó íóÞúÊóÖöí ÅöÈúØóÇáóåõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ áöÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ßóÇäó íõÞóÑøöÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ßóæúäó ãóÚúäóì (Åöäú) Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö åõæó ÇáäøóÝúíõ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö¡ æóáóÇ ãóÍúÐõæÑó æóáóÇ ÅöíåóÇãó¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉó ÊóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ áößóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõØóÇÈöÞóÉö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ßóæúäõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúØó æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ áóåõ ãóÚúäðì ÛóíúÑõ ãóÍúÐõæÑò Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö¡ æóáóíúÓó áóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö äóÙöíÑñ¡ áöÅöÌúãóÇÚö Ãóåúáö ÇááøöÓóÇäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö Úóáóì ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞö ÈöÅöäú æóÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞö Èöáóæú.
áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞó ÈöÜ (áóæú) íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáÔøóÑúØö¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇÓúÊóáúÒóãó ÚóÏóãó ÇáúãóÔúÑõæØö ÈöÎöáóÇÝö (Åöäú) .(7/164)
ÝóÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞõ ÈöåóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóßøö Ýöí æõÌõæÏö ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÈöáóÇ äöÒóÇÚò.
æóãóÇ ÎóÑóÌó Úóäú Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞö ÈöåóÇ ãóÚó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÇáÔøóÑúØö Ãóæö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöäóÝúíöåö¡ ÝóáöÃóÓúÈóÇÈò ÃõÎóÑó¡ æóÃóÏöáøóÉò ÎóÇÑöÌóÉò¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÍóãúáõåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò ãõäúÝóÕöáò ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó (áóæú) ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÚóÏóãó æõÌõæÏö ÇáÔøóÑúØö¡ æóÃóäøó (Åöäú) ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÔøóßøó Ýöíåö - áóÇ íóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÝóÅöäú ßõäúÊó Ýöí Ôóßøò ãöãøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 94] . ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ áóåõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ.
áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: (ÝóÅöäú ßõäúÊó Ýöí Ôóßøò) ÎöØóÇÈñ áöáäøóÈöíøö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ãóäú íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÔõßøó Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 22]- ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍóÉó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - íóÊóæóÌøóåõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ áöÃõãøóÊöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÑóÇÏõ åõæó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö.
æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åõäóÇßó Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáóåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 23] . ÝóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó áóåõ - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÃõãøóÊõåõ áóÇ åõæó äóÝúÓõåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚõ áóåõãú ÈöÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóæú ãóÚúäóì: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó Ãóíú Åöäú íóÈúáõÛú ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó íóÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö æóÇáöÏóÇßó Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ: ÃõÝøò.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇåõ ãóÇÊó æóåõæó Íóãúáñ¡ æóÃóãøóåõ ãóÇÊóÊú æóåõæó Ýöí ÕöÈóÇåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ: Åöäú íóÈúáõÛö ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÚöäúÏóßó åõãóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÏú ãóÇÊóÇ ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ÈöÃóÒúãóÇäò.
æóÈöÐóáößó íóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöåö ÇáøóÐöí íõãúßöäõ ÅöÏúÑóÇßõ æóÇáöÏóíúåö Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÚöäúÏóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóÃóæúÑóÏúäóÇ ÔóÇåöÏðÇ áöÐóáößóº ÑóÌóÒó Óóåúáö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÇáúÝóÒóÇÑöíøö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:(7/165)
ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäó (82)
íóÇ ÃõÎúÊó ÎóíúÑö ÇáúÈóÏúæö æóÇáúÍöÖóÇÑóåú ... ßóíúÝó ÊóÑóíúäó Ýöí ÝóÊóì ÝóÒóÇÑóåú
ÃóÕúÈóÍó íóåúæóì ÍõÑøóÉð ãöÚúØóÇÑóåú ... ÅöíøóÇßö ÃóÚúäöí æóÇÓúãóÚöí íóÇ ÌóÇÑóåú
æóÞóÏú ÈóÓóØúäóÇ ÇáúÞöÕøóÉó åõäóÇßó¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 23] áößõáøö ãóäú íóÕöÍøõ ÎöØóÇÈõåõ ãöäú ÃõãøóÊöåö - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ áóåõ åõæó äóÝúÓõåõ - ÈóÇØöáñ ; ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì - ÈóÚúÏóåõ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö: Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúßó ÑóÈøõßó ãöäó ÇáúÍößúãóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 39] .
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó: ÝóÅöäú ßõäúÊó Ýöí Ôóßøò ãöãøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 94] áóÇ íõäúÞóÖõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáÖøóÇÈöØõ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó [17 \ 22] . áóÆöäú ÃóÔúÑóßúÊó áóíóÍúÈóØóäøó Úóãóáõßó [39 \ 65] . ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúãõãúÊóÑöíäó [10 \ 94] . æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó [33 \ 48] . æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãöäúåõãú ÂËöãðÇ Ãóæú ßóÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 24] . Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ åõæó - Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó - áóÇ íóÝúÚóáõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ íõÄúãóÑõ æóíõäúåóì áöíõÔóÑøöÚó áöÃõãøóÊöåö Úóáóì áöÓóÇäöåö.
æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ ÇØøöÑóÇÏó ÇáÖøóÇÈöØö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí áóÝúÙóÉö áóæú¡ æóáóÝúÙóÉö Åöäú¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõäúÊóÞóÖõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó áóäóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãóÍúÐõæÑó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ÛóÑóÑó æóáóÇ ÅöíåóÇãó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö - ÊóÚóÇáóì -.
Þóæúáõåõ - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäó.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì áóÝúÙóÉö ÓõÈúÍóÇäó¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÊóäúÒöíåö Çááøóåö Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö¡ æóÅöÚúÑóÇÈó áóÝúÙóÉö ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» .
æóáóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó - ÊóÚóÇáóì -: Þõáú Åöäú ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏñ ÇáúÂíóÉó - äóÒøóåó äóÝúÓóåõ ÊóäúÒöíåðÇ ÊóÇãøðÇ ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäóåõ Èöåö ãöäú äöÓúÈóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏö Åöáóíúåö¡ ãõÈóíøöäðÇ Ãóäøó ÑóÈøó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÑóÈøó ÇáúÚóÑúÔö - ÌóÏöíÑñ ÈöÇáÊøóäúÒöíåö Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ æóÚóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö.(7/166)