Çááøóåö¿ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Ýöíåöãú Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöãøóÇ áóãú íõÐúßóÑö ÇÓúãõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö æóÅöäøóåõ áóÝöÓúÞñ æóÅöäøó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó áóíõæÍõæäó Åöáóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåöãú áöíõÌóÇÏöáõæßõãú æóÅöäú ÃóØóÚúÊõãõæåõãú Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó [6 \ 121] æóÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúÝóÇÁö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÞóÓóãò ãóÍúÐõæÝò Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÇÍúÐöÝú áóÏóì ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÔóÑúØò æóÞóÓóãò ... ÌóæóÇÈó ãóÇ ÃóÎøóÑúÊó Ýóåõæó ãõáúÊóÒóãú
ÅöÐú áóæú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÌõãúáóÉõ ÌóæóÇÈðÇ áöáÔøóÑúØö áóÇÞúÊóÑóäóÊú ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ:
æóÇÞúÑöäú ÈöÝóÇ ÍóÊúãðÇ ÌóæóÇÈðÇ áóæú ÌóÚóáú ... ÔóÑúØðÇ áóÃóäøó Ãóæú ÛóíúÑóåóÇ áóãú íóäúÌóÚöáú
Ýóåõæó ÞóÓóãñ ãöäó Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÃóÞúÓóãó Èöåö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Ýöí ÊóÍúáöíáö ÇáúãóíúÊóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ãõÔúÑößñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÔøöÑúßõ ãõÎúÑöÌñ Úóäö ÇáúãöáøóÉö ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÓóíõæóÈøöÎõ Çááøóåõ ãõÑúÊóßöÈóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú ÃóÚúåóÏú Åöáóíúßõãú íóÇÈóäöí ÂÏóãó Ãóäú áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Åöäøóåõ áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÈöíäñ [36 \ 60] áöÃóäøó ØóÇÚóÊóåõ Ýöí ÊóÔúÑöíÚöåö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝö áöáúæóÍúíö åöíó ÚöÈóÇÏóÊõåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóÅöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ ãóÑöíÏðÇ [4 \ 117] ¡ Ãóíú ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåöãú ÊóÔúÑöíÚóåõ. æóÞóÇáó: æóßóÐóáößó Òóíøóäó áößóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÞóÊúáó ÃóæúáóÇÏöåöãú ÔõÑóßóÇÄõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 137] ¡ ÝóÓóãøóÇåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁó áöÃóäøóåõãú ÃóØóÇÚõæåõãú Ýöí ãóÚúÕöíóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÞóÇáó Úóäú Îóáöíáöåö: íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 44] ¡ Ãóíú ÈöØóÇÚóÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáó ÚóÏöíøõ Èúäõ ÍóÇÊöãò ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÃóÍúÈóÇÑóåõãú æóÑõåúÈóÇäóåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 31] ¡ Èóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóØóÇÚõæåõãú Ýöí ÊóÍúÑöíãö ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ æóÊóÍúáöíáö ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÇáúÚóÌóÈõ ãöãøóäú íõÍóßøöãõ ÛóíúÑó ÊóÔúÑöíÚö Çááøóåö Ëõãøó íóÏøóÚöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóÍóÇßóãõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö æóÞóÏú ÃõãöÑõæÇ Ãóäú íóßúÝõÑõæÇ Èöåö æóíõÑöíÏõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Ãóäú íõÖöáøóåõãú ÖóáóÇáðÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ [4 \ 60] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóãóäú áóãú íóÍúßõãú ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [5 \ 44] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÃóÝóÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ÃóÈúÊóÛöí ÍóßóãðÇ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Åöáóíúßõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÒøóáñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúãõãúÊóÑöíäó [6 \ 114] .
æóãöäú åóÏúíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ åóÏúíõåõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ÇáøóÊöí íóÌöÈõ Ãóäú íóÚúÊóÞöÏó ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÑúÈöØõ Èóíúäó ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö¡ æóÃóäú íõäóÇÏóì ÈöÇáöÇÑúÊöÈóÇØö ÈöåóÇ Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó Ïöíäõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡(3/41)
áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÈöØõ Èóíúäó ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö ÍóÊøóì íóÕöíÑó ÈöÞõæøóÉö Êöáúßó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉö ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøö ßóÃóäøóåõ ÌóÓóÏñ æóÇÍöÏñ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÔúÊóßóì ãöäúåõ ÚõÖúæñ ÊóÏóÇÚóì áóåõ ÓóÇÆöÑõ ÇáúÌóÓóÏö ÈöÇáÓøóåóÑö æóÇáúÍõãøóì¡ ÝóÑóÈúØõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áóßó ÈöÃóÎöíßö ßóÑóÈúØö íóÏößó ÈöãöÚúÕóãößó¡ æóÑöÌúáößó ÈöÓóÇÞößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ãóËóáó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí ÊóÑóÇÍõãöåöãú æóÊóÚóÇØõÝöåöãú æóÊóæóÇÏøöåöãú ßóãóËóáö ÇáúÌóÓóÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÔúÊóßóì ãöäúåõ ÚõÖúæñ ÊóÏóÇÚóì áóåõ ÓóÇÆöÑõ ÇáúÌóÓóÏö ÈöÇáÓøóåóÑö æóÇáúÍõãøóì» . æóáöÐóáößó íóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáäøóÝúÓö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÃóÎö ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÑóÇÈöØóÉó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÊóÌúÚóáõ ÃóÎóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ßóäóÝúÓöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ãöäú ÏöíóÇÑößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 84] ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ ÊõÎúÑöÌõæäó ÅöÎúæóÇäóßõãú¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóæúáóÇ ÅöÐú ÓóãöÚúÊõãõæåõ Ùóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ÈöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÎóíúÑðÇ [24 \ 12] ¡ Ãóíú ÈöÅöÎúæóÇäöåöãú Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóáúãöÒõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [49 \ 11] ¡ Ãóíú ÅöÎúæóÇäóßõãú Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ÃóãúæóÇáóßõãú Èóíúäóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 188] ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ íóÃúßõáõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ãóÇáó ÃóÎöíåö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóáöÐóáößó ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ÍóÊøóì íõÍöÈøó áöÃóÎöíåö ãóÇ íõÍöÈøõ áöäóÝúÓöåö» .
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøóÉó åöíó ÇáÏøöíäõ¡ æóÃóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ÊóÊóáóÇÔóì ãóÚóåóÇ ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáÑøóæóÇÈöØö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö æóÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ ÞóæúãðÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö íõæóÇÏøõæäó ãóäú ÍóÇÏøó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ æóáóæú ßóÇäõæÇ ÂÈóÇÁóåõãú Ãóæú ÃóÈúäóÇÁóåõãú Ãóæú ÅöÎúæóÇäóåõãú Ãóæú ÚóÔöíÑóÊóåõãú [58 \ 22] ¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ÑóÇÈöØóÉó äöÓúÈöíøóÉð ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãöäú ÑóÇÈöØóÉö ÇáúÂÈóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÈúäóÇÁö æóÇáúÅöÎúæóÇäö æóÇáúÚóÔóÇÆöÑö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 71] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó ÅöÎúæóÉñ ÝóÃóÕúáöÍõæÇ Èóíúäó ÃóÎóæóíúßõãú [49 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõãú ÈöäöÚúãóÊöåö ÅöÎúæóÇäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 103] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ÈöÑóÇÈöØóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ßóÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉö ÈöÇáúÞóæúãöíøóÉö áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøóåõ ãóãúäõæÚñ ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó: ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö ÞóÇáó: ÈóÇÈõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÞõæáõæäó áóÆöäú ÑóÌóÚúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö áóíõÎúÑöÌóäøó ÇáúÃóÚóÒøõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÃóÐóáøó æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÚöÒøóÉõ æóáöÑóÓõæáöåö æóáöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóáóßöäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [63 \ 8] ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúÍõãóíúÏöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÝöÙúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÌóÇÈöÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ íóÞõæáõ: ßõäøóÇ Ýöí ÛóÒóÇÉò ÝóßóÓóÚó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ: íóÇ áöáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö! æóÞóÇáó(3/42)
ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíøõ: íóÇ áöáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó! ÝóÓóãøóÚóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÑóÓõæáóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ãóÇ åóÐóÇ» ¿ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ßóÓóÚó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ: íóÇ áöáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíøõ: íóÇ áöáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÏóÚõæåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãõäúÊöäóÉñ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. ÝóÞóæúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö: íóÇ áöáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãõåóÇÌóÑöíøõ: íóÇ áöáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó åõæó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ ÈöÇáúÞóæúãöíøóÉö ÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö ÈöÚóíúäöåö¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÏóÚõæåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãõäúÊöäóÉñ» íóÞúÊóÖöí æõÌõæÈó ÊóÑúßö ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÈöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: «ÏóÚõæåóÇ» ÃóãúÑñ ÕóÑöíÍñ ÈöÊóÑúßöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáúæõÌõæÈó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: ÝóáúíóÍúÐóÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÎóÇáöÝõæäó Úóäú ÃóãúÑöåö Ãóäú ÊõÕöíÈóåõãú ÝöÊúäóÉñ Ãóæú íõÕöíÈóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ [24 \ 63] ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ áöÅöÈúáöíÓó: ãóÇ ãóäóÚóßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÓúÌõÏó ÅöÐú ÃóãóÑúÊõßó [7 \ 12] ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ãóÚúÕöíóÉñ. æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö ãõæÓóì Ýöí ÎöØóÇÈöåö áöÃóÎöíåö: ÃóÝóÚóÕóíúÊó ÃóãúÑöí [20 \ 93] ¡ ÝóÃóØúáóÞó ÇÓúãó ÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉö Úóáóì ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö ÇáúÃóãúÑö: æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöãõÄúãöäò æóáóÇ ãõÄúãöäóÉò ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÖóì Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ ÃóãúÑðÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõãõ ÇáúÎöíóÑóÉõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåöãú [33 \ 36] ÝóÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÃóãúÑó ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÇäöÚñ ãöäó ÇáöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑö¡ ãõæÌöÈñ áöáöÇãúÊöËóÇáö¡ áóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ æóÞóÏú ÃóßøóÏó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÈöÇáÊøóÑúßö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãõäúÊöäóÉñ» ¡ æóÍóÓúÈõßó ÈöÇáäøóÊóäö ãõæÌöÈðÇ áöáÊøóÈóÇÚõÏö áöÏóáóÇáóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÎõÈúËö ÇáúÈóÇáöÛö.
ÝóÏóáøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ÈöÑóÇÈöØóÉö ÇáúÞóæúãöíøóÉö ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöãóÇ ÃóãóÑó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÃóäøó ÝóÇÚöáóåõ íóÊóÚóÇØóì ÇáúãõäúÊöäó¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõäúÊöäó ÎóÈöíËñ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÞõæáõ: ÇáúÎóÈöíËóÇÊõ áöáúÎóÈöíËöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 26] ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: æóíõÍóÑøöãõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÎóÈóÇÆöËó [7 \ 157] æóÍóÏöíËõ ÌóÇÈöÑò åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÓúáöãñ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ æóÒõåóíúÑõ Èúäõ ÍóÑúÈò¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏóÉó ÇáÖøóÈøöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áöÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏóÉó: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ Èúäõ ÚõíóíúäóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚó ÚóãúÑñæ ÌóÇÈöÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö íóÞõæáõ: ßõäøóÇ ãóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÛóÒóÇÉò¡ ÝóßóÓóÚó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ: íóÇ áöáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö! æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíøõ: íóÇ áöáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó! ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóÇ ÈóÇáõ ÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö!» ÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ßóÓóÚó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö. ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÏóÚõæåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãõäúÊöäóÉñ.» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúÊó æóÌúåó ÏóáóÇáóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊöåö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍó ÈöÃóäøó ÏóÚúæóì ÇáÑøóÌõáö: «íóÇ áöÈóäöí ÝõáóÇäò» ãöäú ÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö. æóÅöÐóÇ ÕóÍøó ÈöÐóáößó(3/43)
ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÍøó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «áóíúÓó ãöäøóÇ ãóäú ÖóÑóÈó ÇáúÎõÏõæÏó¡ æóÔóÞøó ÇáúÌõíõæÈó¡ æóÏóÚóÇ ÈöÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö» . æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: «áóíúÓó ãöäøóÇ ãöäú ÖóÑóÈó ÇáúÎõÏõæÏó¡ Ãóæú ÔóÞøó ÇáúÌõíõæÈó¡ Ãóæú ÏóÚóÇ ÈöÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö» ¡ æóÐóáößó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ãóäú ÏóÚóÇ Êöáúßó ÇáÏøóÚúæóì áóíúÓó ãöäøóÇ¡ æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíãö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÊóÚóÒøóì Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÚóÒóÇÁö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÝóÃóÚöÖøõæåõ Èöåóäøö ÃóÈöíåö æóáóÇ ÊõßóäøõæÇ» åóÐóÇ ÍóÏöíËñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ ãöäú ØõÑõÞò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò Úóäú ÚõÊóíøö Èúäö ÖóãúÑóÉó ÇáÓøóÚúÏöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÌóÇãöÚö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö ÈöáóÝúÙö «ÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõãú ãóäú íõÚúÊóÒóì ÈöÚóÒóÇÁö ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÝóÃóÚóÖøõæåõ æóáóÇ ÊóßúäõæÇ» æóÃóÔóÇÑó áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó¡ æóÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÈöíÑö¡ æóÇáÖøöíóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓöíøõ Úóäú ÃõÈóíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóíúåö ÚóáóÇãóÉó ÇáÕøöÍøóÉö. æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÌóÇãöÚö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö ÈöáóÝúÙö «ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõãõ ÇáÑøóÌõáó íóÊóÚóÒøóì. .» ÅöáóÎú¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóíúåö ÚóáóÇãóÉó ÇáÕøöÍøóÉö. æóÞóÇáó ÔóÇÑöÍõåõ ÇáúãõäóÇæöíøõ: æóÑóæóÇåõ Úóäúåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáúåóíúËóãöíøõ: æóÑöÌóÇáõåõ ËöÞóÇÊñ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÔóÇÑöÍõåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒöíøõ: åõæó ÍóÏöíËñ ÕóÍöíÍñ. æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåö ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúÚóÌúáõæäöíøõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö (ßóÔúÝõ ÇáúÎóÝóÇÁö æóãõÒöíáõ ÇáúÅöáúÈóÇÓö ÚóãøóÇ ÇÔúÊõåöÑó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö) ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÌúãõ: ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó Úóäú ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ. æóãõÑóÇÏõåõ ÈöÇáäøóÌúãö: ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ äóÌúãõ ÇáÏøöíäö ÇáúÛõÒøöíøõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÇáúãõÓóãøóì (ÅöÊúÞóÇäõ ãóÇ íõÍúÓöäõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáÏøóÇÆöÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóáúÓõäö) ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ßóíúÝó Óóãøóì ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ðóáößó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó «ÚóÒóÇÁó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö» æóÃóãóÑó Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó áöáÏøóÇÚöí Èöåö «ÇÚúÖóÖú Úóáóì åöäøö ÃóÈöíßó» Ãóíú ÝóÑúÌöåö¡ æóÃóäú íõÕóÑøóÍó áóåõ ÈöÐóáößó æóáóÇ íõÚóÈøóÑõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúßöäóÇíóÉö¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÞõÈúÍö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóÔöÏøóÉö ÈõÛúÖö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóåõ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÑõÄóÓóÇÁó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÉö Åöáóì äóÍúæö åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóæúãöíøóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö: ÃóÈõæ Ìóåúáò¡ æóÃóÈõæ áóåóÈò¡ æóÇáúæóáöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö¡ æóäõÙóÑóÇÄõåõãú ãöäú ÑõÄóÓóÇÁö ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÊóÚóÕøõÈóåõãú áöÞóæúãöíøóÊöåöãú Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ ãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 104] æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú äóÊøóÈöÚõ ãóÇ ÃóáúÝóíúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 170] ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö - ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÂäöÝðÇ - Ýöí ãóäúÚö ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÈöÑóÇÈöØóÉò ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ßóÇáúÞóæúãöíøóÇÊö æóÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÇÊö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ ÈöÇáúÞóæúãöíøóÉö íõÞúÕóÏõ ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöåö ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÑóÇÈöØóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÅöÒóÇáóÊõåóÇ ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ÈöåóÇ ÍöíäóÆöÐò ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøõ: Ãóäøóåõ äöÏóÇÁñ(3/44)
Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÎóáøöí Úóäú Ïöíäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÑóÝúÖö ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö ÑóÝúÖðÇ ÈóÇÊøðÇ¡ Úóáóì Çááøóåö Ãóäøó íóÚúÊóÇÕó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÑóæóÇÈöØó ÚóÕóÈöíøóÉð ÞóæúãöíøóÉð¡ ãóÏóÇÑõåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäúåõãú ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóËóáðÇ. ÝóÇáúÚõÑõæÈóÉõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÎóáóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇáõåóÇ Èöåö ÕóÝúÞóÉñ ÎóÇÓöÑóÉñ¡ Ýóåöíó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒõ:
ÈóÏøóáúÊõ ÈöÇáúÌóãøóÉö ÑóÃúÓðÇ ÃóÒúÚóÑðÇ ... æóÈöÇáËøóäóÇíóÇ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÇÊö ÇáÏøõÑúÏõÑóÇ
ßóãóÇ ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ ÅöÐú ÊóäóÕøóÑóÇ
æóÞóÏú Úõáöãó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö ÍóÇáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÍóÇáõåõãú ÈóÚúÏóåõ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ãõÍúßóãö ßöÊóÇÈöåö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýöí ÌóÚúáöåö Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ÔõÚõæÈðÇ æóÞóÈóÇÆöáó åöíó ÇáÊøóÚóÇÑõÝõ ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú åöíó Ãóäú íóÊóÚóÕøóÈó ßõáøõ ÔóÚúÈò Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóßõáøõ ÞóÈöíáóÉò Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÐóßóÑò æóÃõäúËóì æóÌóÚóáúäóÇßõãú ÔõÚõæÈðÇ æóÞóÈóÇÆöáó áöÊóÚóÇÑóÝõæÇ Åöäøó ÃóßúÑóãóßõãú ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÃóÊúÞóÇßõãú [49 \ 13] ¡ ÝóÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áöÊóÚóÇÑóÝõæÇ áóÇãõ ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ áöÊóÊóÚóÇÑóÝõæÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÍõÐöÝóÊú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÊøóÇÁóíúäö ; ÝóÇáÊøóÚóÇÑõÝõ åõæó ÇáúÚöáøóÉõ ÇáúãõÔúÊóãöáóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍößúãóÉö áöÞóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇßõãú ÔõÚõæÈðÇ æóÞóÈóÇÆöáó [49 \ 13] ¡ æóäóÍúäõ Íöíäó äõÕóÑøöÍõ ÈöãóäúÚö ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÈöÇáÑøóæóÇÈöØö ÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö æóÇáúÃóæóÇÕöÑö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö¡ æóäõÞöíãõ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó Úóáóì ãóäúÚö Ðóáößó¡ áóÇ äõäúßöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãó ÑõÈøóãóÇ ÇäúÊóÝóÚó ÈöÑóæóÇÈöØó äöÓúÈöíøóÉò áóÇ ÊóãõÊøõ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÈöÕöáóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ äóÝóÚó Çááøóåõ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÚóãøöåö ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøó ÚóØúÝó Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóãøö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö Úóáóì äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú ãöäóäö Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú íóÌöÏúßó íóÊöíãðÇ ÝóÂæóì [93 \ 6] ¡ Ãóíú ÂæóÇßó ÈöÃóäú Öóãøóßó Åöáóì Úóãøößó ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò.
æóãöäú ÂËóÇÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò Ýöíåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó:
æóÇááøóåö áóäú íóÕöáõæÇ Åöáóíúßó ÈöÌóãúÚöåöãú ... ÍóÊøóì ÃõæóÓøóÏó Ýöí ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö ÏóÝöíäðÇ
ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò.
æóÞóÏú äóÝóÚó Çááøóåõ ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Þóæúãöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÔõÚóíúÈõ ãóÇ äóÝúÞóåõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ æóÅöäøóÇ áóäóÑóÇßó ÝöíäóÇ ÖóÚöíÝðÇ æóáóæúáóÇ ÑóåúØõßó áóÑóÌóãúäóÇßó [11 \ 91] .
æóÞóÏú äóÝóÚó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ; ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÊóÞóÇÓóãõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö áóäõÈóíøöÊóäøóåõ æóÃóåúáóåõ Ëõãøó áóäóÞõæáóäøó áöæóáöíøöåö ãóÇ ÔóåöÏúäóÇ ãóåúáößó Ãóåúáöåö æóÅöäøóÇ áóÕóÇÏöÞõæäó [27 \ 49] ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íóÎóÇÝõæäó ãöäú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÕóÇáöÍò¡(3/45)
æóáöÐóáößó áóãú íõÝóßøöÑõæÇ Ãóäú íóÝúÚóáõæÇ Èöåö ÓõæÁðÇ ÅöáøóÇ áóíúáðÇ ÎöÝúíóÉð. æóÞóÏú ÚóÒóãõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú Åöäú ÝóÚóáõæÇ Èöåö Ðóáößó ÃóäúßóÑõæÇ æóÍóáóÝõæÇ áöÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåö Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÇ ÍóÖóÑõæÇ ãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÈöÕóÇáöÍò ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó áõæØñ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ áóÇ ÚõÕúÈóÉó áóåõ Ýöí Þóæúãöåö ÙóåóÑó Ýöíåö ÃóËóÑõ Ðóáößó ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó: áóæú Ãóäøó áöí Èößõãú ÞõæøóÉð Ãóæú Âæöí Åöáóì Ñõßúäò ÔóÏöíÏò [11 \ 80] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Ýöí «ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò» .
ÝóíóáúÒóãõ ÇáäøóÇÙöÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ãóäú íõÝóÑøöÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ æóíóÚúáóãó Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ÈöÑóæóÇÈöØö ÇáúÞóæúãöíøóÇÊö áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÕúÏõ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁó Úóáóì ÑóÇÈöØóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÅöÒóÇáóÊóåóÇ ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö ÈöÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÓóÇíöÑõ ÇáÊøóØóæøõÑó ÇáúÌóÏöíÏó¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøóåõ ÌõãõæÏñ æóÊóÃóÎøõÑñ Úóäú ãõÓóÇíóÑóÉö ÑóßúÈö ÇáúÍóÖóÇÑóÉö - äóÚõæÐõ ÈöÇááøóåö ãöäú ØóãúÓö ÇáúÈóÕöíÑóÉö - æóÃóäøó ãóäúÚó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö ÈöÑóæóÇÈöØö ÇáúÞóæúãöíøóÇÊö áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ãóäøóåõ ÑõÈøóãóÇ ÇäúÊóÝóÚó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõ ÈöäõÕúÑóÉö ÞóÑöíÈöåö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúÚóæóÇØöÝö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö æóÇáúÃóæóÇÕöÑö ÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊóãõÊøõ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÈöÕöáóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäú ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò áöáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÄóíøöÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøöíäó ÈöÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúÝóÇÌöÑö» æóáóßöäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÇÊö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉó áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú ÊõÌúÚóáó åöíó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÔúãóáõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãó æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑó¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãó ÚóÏõæøõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ ÞóæúãðÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúíóæúãö ÇáúÂÎöÑö íõæóÇÏøõæäó ãóäú ÍóÇÏøó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [58 \ 22] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÌúãóÚõ ÇáúãõÝúÊóÑóÞó æóÊõÄóáøöÝõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóáóÝó åöíó ÑóÇÈöØóÉõ «áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ» ÃóáóÇ ÊóÑóì Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÌúÚóáõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøó ßõáøóåõ ßóÃóäøóåõ ÌóÓóÏñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÊóÌúÚóáõåõ ßóÇáúÈõäúíóÇäö íóÔõÏøõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ ÚóØóÝóÊú ÞõáõæÈó ÍóãóáóÉö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö æóãóäú Íóæúáóåó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Úóáóì Èóäöí ÂÏóãó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÚó ãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãöäó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÍúãöáõæäó ÇáúÚóÑúÔó æóãóäú Íóæúáóåõ íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóíõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÓöÚúÊó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÑóÍúãóÉð æóÚöáúãðÇ ÝóÇÛúÝöÑú áöáøóÐöíäó ÊóÇÈõæÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ ÓóÈöíáóßó æóÞöåöãú ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÌóÍöíãö ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÃóÏúÎöáúåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò ÇáøóÊöí æóÚóÏúÊóåõãú æóãóäú ÕóáóÍó ãöäú ÂÈóÇÆöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌöåöãú æóÐõÑøöíøóÇÊöåöãú Åöäøóßó ÃóäúÊó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ æóÞöåöãõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö æóãóäú ÊóÞö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö íóæúãóÆöÐò ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÍöãúÊóåõ æóÐóáößó åõæó ÇáúÝóæúÒõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ [40 \ 7 - 9] . ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÑóÈóØóÊú Èóíúäó ÍóãóáóÉö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö æóãóäú Íóæúáóåõ¡ æóÈóíúäó Èóäöí ÂÏóãó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÍóÊøóì ÏóÚóæõÇ Çááøóåó áóåõãú åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Úóäö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö: æóíõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö(3/46)
[40 \ 7] ÝóæóÕóÝóåõãú ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö. æóÞóÇáó Úóäú Èóäöí ÂÏóãó Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö áóåõãú: æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæäó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [40 \ 7] ¡ ÝóæóÕóÝóåõãú ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó Èóíúäóåõãú åöíó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÑóÇÈöØóÉð.
æóãöãøóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõ áóßó Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøóÉó åöíó Ïöíäõ ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò Úóãøö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ÓóíóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ ÐóÇÊó áóåóÈò [111 \ 3] æóíõÞóÇÈöáõ Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ áöÓóáúãóÇäó ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøö ãöäó ÇáúÝóÖúáö æóÇáúãóßóÇäóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: «ÓóáúãóÇäõ ãöäøóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö» ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÏúÑóßö¡ æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóíúåö ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÌóÇãöÚö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö ÚóáóÇãóÉó ÇáÕøöÍøóÉö¡ æóÖóÚøóÝóåõ ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇáÐøóåóÈöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúåóíúËóãöíøõ Ýöíåö¡ ÚöäúÏó ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøö ßóËöíÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúãõÒúäöíøõ ÖóÚøóÝóåõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÑöÌóÇáöåö ËöÞóÇÊñ. æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÏó ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
áóÞóÏú ÑóÝóÚó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ ÓóáúãóÇäó ÝóÇÑöÓò ... æóÞóÏú æóÖóÚó ÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÇáÔøóÑöíÝó ÃóÈóÇ áóåóÈö
æóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ: Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌõáó Åöäú ãóÇÊó æóáóíúÓó áóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑóÈóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ ÇÈúäñ ßóÇÝöÑñ¡ Ãóäøó ÅöÑúËóåõ íóßõæäõ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÈöÃõÎõæøóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóáóÇ íóßõæäõ áöæóáóÏöåö áöÕõáúÈöåö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ßóÇÝöÑñ¡ æóÇáúãöíÑóÇËõ Ïóáöíáõ ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃõÎõæøóÉó ÇáÏøöíäöíøóÉó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãöäó ÇáúÈõäõæøóÉö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö.
æóÈöÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÑúÈõØõ ÃóÝúÑóÇÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈöÈóÚúÖò¡ æóÊóÑúÈõØõ Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ åöíó ÑóÇÈöØóÉõ «áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ» ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁõ ÈöÑóÇÈöØóÉò ÛóíúÑóåóÇ. æóãóäú æóÇáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÈöÇáÑøóæóÇÈöØö ÇáäøöÓúÈöíøóÉö ãóÍóÈøóÉð áóåõãú¡ æóÑóÛúÈóÉð Ýöíåöãú íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÊóæóáøóåõãú ãöäúßõãú ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãöäúåõãú [5 \ 51] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæåõ Êóßõäú ÝöÊúäóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÝóÓóÇÏñ ßóÈöíÑñ [8 \ 73] ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÈöÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍõ ÇáøóÊöí ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãóÏóÇÑõ ÇáÔøóÑóÇÆöÚö ËóáóÇËóÉñ:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÏóÑúÁõ ÇáúãóÝóÇÓöÏö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÈöÇáÖøóÑõæÑöíøóÇÊö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÌóáúÈõ ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö¡ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÈöÇáúÍóÇÌöíøóÇÊö.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÇáúÌóÑúíõ Úóáóì ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö æóãóÍóÇÓöäö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö¡ ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÈöÇáÊøóÍúÓöíäöíøóÇÊö æóÇáÊøóÊúãöíãóÇÊö. æóßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáËøóáóÇËö åóÏóì ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ áöáØøóÑöíÞö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏõáõåóÇ.
ÝóÇáÖøóÑõæÑöíøóÇÊõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÏóÑúÁõ ÇáúãóÝóÇÓöÏö ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÏóÑúÄõåóÇ Úóäú ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóÔúíóÇÁó:(3/47)
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáÏøöíäõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇÊöáõæåõãú ÍóÊøóì áóÇ Êóßõæäó ÝöÊúäóÉñ æóíóßõæäó ÇáÏøöíäõ áöáøóåö [2 \ 193] ¡ æóÝöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö: æóíóßõæäó ÇáÏøöíäõ ßõáøõåõ áöáøóåö [ÇáúÂíóÉó 39] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊõÞóÇÊöáõæäóåõãú Ãóæú íõÓúáöãõæäó [48 \ 16] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃõãöÑúÊõ Ãóäú ÃõÞóÇÊöáó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÍóÊøóì íóÔúåóÏõæÇ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÈóÏøóáó Ïöíäóåõ ÝóÇÞúÊõáõæåõ» Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíäö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇáäøóÝúÓõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ æóáöÐóáößó ÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕó ÏóÑúÁðÇ áöáúãóÝúÓóÏóÉö Úóäö ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÍóíóÇÉñ íóÇ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 179] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 178] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóãóäú ÞõÊöáó ãóÙúáõæãðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöæóáöíøöåö ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 33] .
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÇáúÚóÞúáõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÎóãúÑõ æóÇáúãóíúÓöÑõ æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÈõ æóÇáúÃóÒúáóÇãõ ÑöÌúÓñ ãöäú Úóãóáö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÝóÇÌúÊóäöÈõæåõ - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - Ýóåóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ãõäúÊóåõæäó [5 \ 90¡ 91] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ßõáøõ ãõÓúßöÑò ÍóÑóÇãñ» æóÞóÇáó: «ãóÇ ÃóÓúßóÑó ßóËöíÑõåõ ÝóÞóáöíáõåõ ÍóÑóÇãñ» ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ðóáößó ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ æóáöáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÞúáö ÃóæúÌóÈó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÍóÏøó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÈö ÏóÑúÁðÇ áöáúãóÝúÓóÏóÉö Úóäö ÇáúÚóÞúáö.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ÇáäøóÓóÈõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ æóáöÐóáößó ÍóÑøóãó ÇáÒøöäóì æóÃóæúÌóÈó Ýöíåö ÇáúÍóÏøó ÇáÑøóÇÏöÚó¡ æóÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáúÚöÏøóÉó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÝóÇÑóÞóÉö ÈöØóáóÇÞò Ãóæú ãóæúÊò¡ áöÆóáøóÇ íóÎúÊóáöØó ãóÇÁõ ÑóÌõáò ÈöãóÇÁò ÂÎóÑó Ýöí ÑóÍöãö ÇãúÑóÃóÉò ãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÃóäúÓóÇÈö ; ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæÇ ÇáÒøöäóÇ Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÝóÇÍöÔóÉð æóÓóÇÁó ÓóÈöíáðÇ [17 \ 32] ¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáÒøóÇäöíóÉõ æóÇáÒøóÇäöí ÝóÇÌúáöÏõæÇ ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãöÇÆóÉó ÌóáúÏóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáÑøóÌúãö æóÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóäúÓõæÎóÉõ ÇáÊøöáóÇæóÉö ÈóÇÞöíóÉõ ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÅöíÌóÇÈö ÇáúÚöÏøóÉö ÍöÝúÙðÇ áöáúÃóäúÓóÇÈö: æóÇáúãõØóáøóÞóÇÊõ íóÊóÑóÈøóÕúäó ÈöÃóäúÝõÓöåöäøó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÞõÑõæÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 228] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÊóæóÝøóæúäó ãöäúßõãú æóíóÐóÑõæäó ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ íóÊóÑóÈøóÕúäó ÈöÃóäúÝõÓöåöäøó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÔúåõÑò æóÚóÔúÑðÇ [2 \ 234] æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÚöÏøóÉõ ÇáúæóÝóÇÉö ÝöíåóÇ ÔöÈúåó ÊóÚóÈøõÏò áöæõÌõæÈöåóÇ ãóÚó ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÎóáúæóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóíúäö.
æóáöÃóÌúáö ÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÓóÈö ãóäóÚó ÓóÞúíó ÒóÑúÚö ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÈöãóÇÁö ÛóíúÑöåö ; ÝóãóäóÚó äößóÇÍó ÇáúÍóÇãöáö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÖóÚó¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃõæáóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÍúãóÇáö ÃóÌóáõåõäøó Ãóäú íóÖóÚúäó Íóãúáóåõäøó [65 \ 4] .
ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: ÇáúÚöÑúÖõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ Ýóäóåóì(3/48)
ÇáúãõÓúáöãó Úóäú Ãóäú íóÊóßóáøóãó Ýöí ÃóÎöíåö ÈöãóÇ íõÄúÐöíåö¡ æóÃóæúÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö Åöäú ÑóãóÇåõ ÈöÝöÑúíóÉò ÍóÏøó ÇáúÞóÐúÝö ËóãóÇäöíäó ÌöáúÏóÉð¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÛúÊóÈú ÈóÚúÖõßõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ [49 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóÈøóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÛöíÈóÉó ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáÊøóÞúÈöíÍö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃóíõÍöÈøõ ÃóÍóÏõßõãú Ãóäú íóÃúßõáó áóÍúãó ÃóÎöíåö ãóíúÊðÇ ÝóßóÑöåúÊõãõæåõ [49 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÊóáúãöÒõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóäóÇÈóÒõæÇ ÈöÇáúÃóáúÞóÇÈö ÈöÆúÓó ÇáöÇÓúãõ ÇáúÝõÓõæÞõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóãóäú áóãú íóÊõÈú ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó [49 \ 11] æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÅöíÌóÇÈö ÍóÏøö ÇáúÞóÇÐöÝö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íóÑúãõæäó ÇáúãõÍúÕóäóÇÊö Ëõãøó áóãú íóÃúÊõæÇ ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÔõåóÏóÇÁó ÝóÇÌúáöÏõæåõãú ËóãóÇäöíäó ÌóáúÏóÉð æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÈóáõæÇ áóåõãú ÔóåóÇÏóÉð ÃóÈóÏðÇ æóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÇÈõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 4¡ 5] .
ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ: ÇáúãóÇáõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóíúåö ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ æóáöÐóáößó ãóäóÚó ÃóÎúÐóåõ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞøò ÔóÑúÚöíøò¡ æóÃóæúÌóÈó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóÇÑöÞö ÍóÏøó ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉö æóåõæó ÞóØúÚõ ÇáúíóÏö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ÃóãúæóÇáóßõãú Èóíúäóßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð Úóäú ÊóÑóÇÖò ãöäúßõãú [4 \ 29] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ÃóãúæóÇáóßõãú Èóíúäóßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö æóÊõÏúáõæÇ ÈöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÍõßøóÇãö áöÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ãöäú ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÅöËúãö æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 188] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÇáÓøóÇÑöÞõ æóÇáÓøóÇÑöÞóÉõ ÝóÇÞúØóÚõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóåõãóÇ ÌóÒóÇÁð ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÇ äóßóÇáðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 38] ¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúãóÇáö æóÏóÑúÁðÇ áöáúãóÝúÓóÏóÉö Úóäúåõ.
ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÌóáúÈõ ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÌóáúÈö ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ ÝóÝóÊóÍó ÇáúÃóÈúæóÇÈö áöÌóáúÈö ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóíóÇÏöíäö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞõÖöíóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóÇäúÊóÔöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö [62 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóíúÓó Úóáóíúßõãú ÌõäóÇÍñ Ãóäú ÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú [2 \ 198] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÂÎóÑõæäó íóÖúÑöÈõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö [73 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð Úóäú ÊóÑóÇÖò ãöäúßõãú [4 \ 29] .
æóáöÃóÌúáö åóÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáÔøóÑúÚõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ ÈöÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóáóÉö Èóíúäó ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚö¡ áöíóÓúÊóÌúáöÈó ßõáøñ ãóÕúáóÍóÊóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ßóÇáúÈõíõæÚö æóÇáúÅöÌóÇÑóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóßúÑöíóÉö æóÇáúãõÓóÇÞóÇÉö æóÇáúãõÖóÇÑóÈóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÑóì ãóÌúÑóì Ðóáößó.
ÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÇáúÌóÑúíõ Úóáóì ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö æóãóÍóÇÓöäö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÐóáößó ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóÖøõ Úóáóì ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö æóãóÍóÇÓöäö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö ßóËöíÑñ ÌöÏøðÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö æóÓõäøóÉö äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóáöÐóáößó áóãøóÇ ÓõÆöáóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ Úóäú ÎõáõÞöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáóÊú: «ßóÇäó ÎõáõÞõåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó» áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóÔúÊóãöáõ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÞõæáõ(3/49)
Ýöí äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: æóÅöäøóßó áóÚóáì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò [68 \ 4] .
ÝóÏóáøó ãóÌúãõæÚõ ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÍóÏöíËõ ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÊøóÕöÝó ÈöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö: Ãóäøóåõ íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÎõáõÞò ÚóÙöíãò¡ æóÐóáößó áöÚöÙóãö ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ áóßó ÈóÚúÖðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ Èöåö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö.
Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäú ÊóÚúÝõæÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáÊøóÞúæóì æóáóÇ ÊóäúÓóæõÇ ÇáúÝóÖúáó Èóíúäóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 237] .
ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÖøö Úóáóì ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÚóÝúæö æóÇáäøóåúíö Úóäú äöÓúíóÇäö ÇáúÝóÖúáö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÌúÑöãóäøóßõãú ÔóäóÂäõ Þóæúãò Ãóäú ÕóÏøõæßõãú Úóäö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö Ãóäú ÊóÚúÊóÏõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÌúÑöãóäøóßõãú ÔóäóÂäõ Þóæúãò Úóáóì ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÏöáõæÇ ÇÚúÏöáõæÇ åõæó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáÊøóÞúæóì [5 \ 8] . ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãöäú ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö¡ æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÃóäú ÊõÚóÇãöáó ãóäú ÚóÕóì Çááøóåó Ýöíßó ÈöÃóäú ÊõØöíÚóåõ Ýöíåö. æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæÇ Èöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ æóÈöÐöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúíóÊóÇãóì æóÇáúãóÓóÇßöíäö æóÇáúÌóÇÑö Ðöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóÇáúÌóÇÑö ÇáúÌõäõÈö æóÇáÕøóÇÍöÈö ÈöÇáúÌóäúÈö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóãóÇ ãóáóßóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõßõãú [4 \ 36] ÝóÇäúÙõÑú Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ãöäú ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö¡ æóÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóì ÇáúãõÍúÊóÇÌöíäó æóÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö æóÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö æóÅöíÊóÇÁö Ðöí ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì æóíóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö æóÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóÇáúÈóÛúíö íóÚöÙõßõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó [16 \ 90] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÈóäöí ÂÏóãó ÎõÐõæÇ ÒöíäóÊóßõãú ÚöäúÏó ßõáøö ãóÓúÌöÏò ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 31] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæÇ ÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ ÈóØóäó [6 \ 151] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÑøõæÇ ÈöÇááøóÛúæö ãóÑøõæÇ ßöÑóÇãðÇ [25 \ 72] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÓóãöÚõæÇ ÇááøóÛúæó ÃóÚúÑóÖõæÇ Úóäúåõ æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóäóÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáõäóÇ æóáóßõãú ÃóÚúãóÇáõßõãú ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúßõãú áóÇ äóÈúÊóÛöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíäó [28 \ 55] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ãöäú ãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö¡ æóãóÍóÇÓöäö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö.
æóãöäú åóÏúíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ: åóÏúíõåõ Åöáóì Íóáøö ÇáúãóÔóÇßöáö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíøóÉö ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ æóäóÍúäõ ÏóÇÆöãðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÇÊö äõÈóíøöäõ åóÏúíó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö Åöáóì Íóáøö ËóáóÇËö ãõÔúßöáóÇÊò¡ åöíó ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ãóÇ íõÚóÇäöíåö ÇáúÚóÇáóãõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÚúãõæÑóÉö ãöãøóäú íóäúÊóãöí Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ: ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: åöíó ÖóÚúÝõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ýöí ÃóÞúØóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÏóÏö æóÇáúÚöÏóÏö Úóäú ãõÞóÇæóãóÉö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÏú åóÏóì ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ Åöáóì Íóáøö åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉö ÈöÃóÞúæóãö ÇáØøõÑõÞö æóÃóÚúÏóáöåóÇ¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÚöáóÇÌó ÇáÖøóÚúÝö Úóäú ãõÞóÇæóãóÉö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÕöÏúÞö ÇáÊøóæóÌøõåö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÞõæøóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Èöåö(3/50)
æóÇáÊøóæóßøõáö Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó Þóæöíøñ ÚóÒöíÒñ¡ ÞóÇåöÑñ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÍöÒúÈöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÛúáöÈóåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ æóáóæú ÈóáóÛõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõæøóÉö ãóÇ ÈóáóÛõæÇ.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉö áöÐóáößó: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó áóãøóÇ ÖóÑóÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ðóáößó ÇáúÍöÕóÇÑó ÇáúÚóÓúßóÑöíøó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó Ýöí ÛóÒúæóÉö ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö¡ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁõæßõãú ãöäú ÝóæúÞößõãú æóãöäú ÃóÓúÝóáó ãöäúßõãú æóÅöÐú ÒóÇÛóÊö ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ æóÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ ÇáúÍóäóÇÌöÑó æóÊóÙõäøõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÙøõäõæäó åõäóÇáößó ÇÈúÊõáöíó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóÒõáúÒöáõæÇ ÒöáúÒóÇáðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ [33 \ 10 - 11] ¡ ßóÇäó ÚöáóÇÌõ Ðóáößó åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ÔöÏøóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍöÕóÇÑö ÇáúÚóÓúßóÑöíøö æóÞõæøóÉó ÃóËóÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ãõÞóÇØöÚõæåõãú ÓöíóÇÓóÉð æóÇÞúÊöÕóÇÏðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó Ðóáößó ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚöáóÇÌó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇÈóáõæÇ Èöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó¡ æóÍóáøõæÇ Èöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉó ÇáúÚõÙúãóì¡ åõæó ãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ (Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈö) ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈó ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ãóÇ æóÚóÏóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÕóÏóÞó Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóãóÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóÊóÓúáöíãðÇ [33 \ 22] .
ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÇáúßóÇãöáõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÓúáöíãõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ áöáøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ËöÞóÉð Èöåö¡ æóÊóæóßøõáðÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ åõæó ÓóÈóÈõ Íóáøö åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉö ÇáúÚõÙúãóì.
æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöäóÊöíÌóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚöáóÇÌö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÛóíúÙöåöãú áóãú íóäóÇáõæÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ æóßóÝóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÞóæöíøðÇ ÚóÒöíÒðÇ æóÃóäúÒóáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóÇåóÑõæåõãú ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ÕóíóÇÕöíåöãú æóÞóÐóÝó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãõ ÇáÑøõÚúÈó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæäó æóÊóÃúÓöÑõæäó ÝóÑöíÞðÇ æóÃóæúÑóËóßõãú ÃóÑúÖóåõãú æóÏöíóÇÑóåõãú æóÃóãúæóÇáóåõãú æóÃóÑúÖðÇ áóãú ÊóØóÆõæåóÇ æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑðÇ [33 \ 25¡ 26¡ 27] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí äóÕóÑóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÚóÏõæøöåöãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÙõäøõæäóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú íõäúÕóÑõæäó Èöåö æóåõæó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóÇáÑøöíÍõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÐúßõÑõæÇ äöÚúãóÉó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóÊúßõãú ÌõäõæÏñ ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÑöíÍðÇ æóÌõäõæÏðÇ áóãú ÊóÑóæúåóÇ [33 \ 9] ¡ æóáóãøóÇ Úóáöãó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÈóíúÚóÉö ÇáÑøöÖúæóÇäö ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕó ÇáúßóÇãöáó¡ æóäóæøóåó Úóäú ÅöÎúáóÇÕöåöãú ÈöÇáöÇÓúãö ÇáúãõÈúåóãö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúãóæúÕõæáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóÞóÏú ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÅöÐú íõÈóÇíöÚõæäóßó ÊóÍúÊó ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö ÝóÚóáöãó ãóÇ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú [48 \ 18] : Ãóíú ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö¡ ßóÇäó ãöäú äóÊóÇÆöÌó Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÃõÎúÑóì áóãú ÊóÞúÏöÑõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÞóÏú ÃóÍóÇØó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÇ æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑðÇ [48 \ 21] ¡ ÝóÕóÑøóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÞúÏöÑõæÇ(3/51)
ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÃóÍóÇØó ÈöåóÇ ÝóÃóÞúÏóÑóåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ãöäú äóÊóÇÆöÌö ÞõæøóÉö ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú æóÔöÏøóÉö ÅöÎúáóÇÕöåöãú.
ÝóÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕó áöáøóåö æóÞõæøóÉó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Èöåö¡ åõæó ÇáÓøóÈóÈõ áöÞõÏúÑóÉö ÇáÖøóÚöíÝö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæöíøö æóÛóáóÈóÊöåö áóåõ: ßóãú ãöäú ÝöÆóÉò ÞóáöíáóÉò ÛóáóÈóÊú ÝöÆóÉð ßóËöíÑóÉð ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ ãóÚó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó [2 \ 249] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: áóãú ÊóÞúÏöÑõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ [48 \ 21] ÝöÚúáñ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóæóÌúåõåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáÕøöäóÇÚöíøó - «ÃóÚúäöí ÇáøóÐöí íõÓóãøóì Ýöí ÇáöÇÕúØöáóÇÍö ÝöÚúáó ÇáúÃóãúÑö Ãóæö ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáúãóÇÖöíó Ãóæö ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚó» - íóäúÍóáøõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó æóÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó Úóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóÒóãóäò¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇÓúãõ ãóÇ Óöæóì ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ãöäú ... ãóÏúáõæáóíö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ßóÃóãúäò ãöäú Ãóãöäú
æóÚöäúÏó ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó íóäúÍóáøõ Úóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóÒóãóäò æóäöÓúÈóÉò¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ßóãóÇ ÍóÑøóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó¡ Ýöí ÈóÍúËö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉö ÇáÊøóÈóÚöíøóÉö.
ÝóÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÅöÐóäú ßóÇãöäñ Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóíóÊóÓóáøóØõ ÇáäøóÝúíõ ÇáÏøóÇÎöáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÝöÚúáö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúßóÇãöäö Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãöåö¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì äóßöÑóÉñ¡ ÅöÐú áóíúÓó áóåõ ÓóÈóÈñ íóÌúÚóáõåõ ãõÚóÑøóÝóÉð¡ ÝóíõÄóæøóáõ Åöáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóßöÑóÉö Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ æóåöíó ãóäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: áóãú ÊóÞúÏöÑõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ [48 \ 21] Ýöí ãóÚúäóì: áóÇ ÞõÏúÑóÉó áóßõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÚõãøõ ÓóáúÈó ÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóßöÑóÉó Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Úõãõæãö ÇáÓøóáúÈö æóÔõãõæáöåö áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáÏøóÇÎöáóÉö ÊóÍúÊó ÇáúÚõäúæóÇäö. ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãóÓúáõæÈñ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÃóÍóÇØó ÈöåóÇ ÝóÃóÞúÏóÑóåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ áöãóÇ Úóáöãó ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú æóÅöäøó ÌõäúÏóäóÇ áóåõãõ ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõæäó [37 \ 173] .
ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: åöíó ÊóÓúáöíØõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÈöÇáúÞóÊúáö æóÇáúÌöÑóÇÍö æóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÅöíÐóÇÁö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇØöáö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉõ ÇÓúÊóÔúßóáóåóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÃóÝúÊóì Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÇáÓøóÈóÈó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈöÝóÊúæóì ÓóãóÇæöíøóÉò ÊõÊúáóì Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ æóÞóÚó ãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÈöÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó íóæúãó ÃõÍõÏò: ÝóÞõÊöáó Úóãøõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÇÈúäõ(3/52)
ÚóãøóÊöåö¡ æóãõËøöáó ÈöåöãóÇ¡ æóÞõÊöáó ÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó¡ æóÞõÊöáó ÓóÈúÚõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö¡ æóÌõÑöÍó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÔõÞøóÊú ÔóÝóÊõåõ¡ æóßõÓöÑóÊú ÑõÈóÇÚöíøóÊõåõ¡ æóÔõÌøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ÇÓúÊóÔúßóáó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ßóíúÝó íõÏóÇáõ ãöäøóÇ ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó æóäóÍúäõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö æóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¿ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãõÈöíäò ÃóæóáóãøóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóÊúßõãú ãõÕöíÈóÉñ ÞóÏú ÃóÕóÈúÊõãú ãöËúáóíúåóÇ ÞõáúÊõãú Ãóäøóì åóÐóÇ Þõáú åõæó ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú [3 \ 165] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú åõæó ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú¡ Ýöíåö ÅöÌúãóÇáñ Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÏóÞóßõãõ Çááøóåõ æóÚúÏóåõ ÅöÐú ÊóÍõÓøõæäóåõãú ÈöÅöÐúäöåö ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÝóÔöáúÊõãú æóÊóäóÇÒóÚúÊõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö æóÚóÕóíúÊõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇßõãú ãóÇ ÊõÍöÈøõæäó ãöäúßõãú ãóäú íõÑöíÏõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - áöíóÈúÊóáöíóßõãú [3 \ 152] .
ÝóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÝóÊúæóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö ÈóíóÇäñ æóÇÖöÍñ ; áöÃóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÊóÓúáöíØö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó åõæó ÝóÔóáõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÊóäóÇÒõÚõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóÚöÕúíóÇäõåõãú ÃóãúÑóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÈóÚúÖöåöãõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãõÞóÏøöãðÇ áóåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» æóãóäú ÚóÑóÝó ÃóÕúáó ÇáÏøóÇÁö ÚóÑóÝó ÇáÏøóæóÇÁó¡ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
ÇáúãõÔúßöáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: åöíó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö Úóáóì ßöíóÇäö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøóÉö¡ áöÇÓúÊöáúÒóÇãöåö ÇáúÝóÔóáó¡ æóÐóåóÇÈó ÇáúÞõæøóÉö æóÇáÏøóæúáóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóäóÇÒóÚõæÇ ÝóÊóÝúÔóáõæÇ æóÊóÐúåóÈó ÑöíÍõßõãú [ÇáúÂíóÉó 8 \ 46] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÝóÇáö» .
ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãöíøó Çáúíóæúãó Ýöí ÃóÞúØóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ íõÖúãöÑõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú áöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉö æóÇáúÈóÛúÖóÇÁö¡ æóÅöäú ÌóÇãóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏò ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÌóÇãöáóÉð¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ ÊóäúØóæöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáÖøóãóÇÆöÑõ ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÐóáößó.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöí ÚóãøóÊú Èöåö ÇáúÈóáúæóì ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÖóÚúÝõ ÇáúÚóÞúáö ; ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÍúÓóÈõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóÞõáõæÈõåõãú ÔóÊøóì [59 \ 14] ¡ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÚöáøóÉó áößóæúäö ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÔóÊøóì ÈõÞõæáöåö: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú Þóæúãñ áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó [59 \ 14] ¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÏóÇÁó ÖóÚúÝö ÇáúÚóÞúáö ÇáøóÐöí íõÕöíÈõåõ ÝóíõÖúÚöÝõåõ Úóäú ÅöÏúÑóÇßö ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞö¡ æóÊóãúíöíÒö ÇáúÍóÞøö ãöäó ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóÇáäøóÇÝöÚö ãöäó ÇáÖøóÇÑøö¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÈöíÍö¡ áóÇ ÏóæóÇÁó áóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöäóÇÑóÊõåõ ÈöäõæÑö ÇáúæóÍúíö ; áöÃóäøó äõæÑó ÇáúæóÍúíö íóÍúíóÇ Èöåö ãóäú ßóÇäó ãóíøöÊðÇ æóíõÖöíÁõ ÇáØøóÑöíÞó áöáúãõÊóãóÓøößö Èöåö¡ ÝóíõÑöíåö ÇáúÍóÞøó ÍóÞøðÇ æóÇáúÈóÇØöáó ÈóÇØöáðÇ¡ æóÇáäøóÇÝöÚó äóÇÝöÚðÇ¡ æóÇáÖøóÇÑøó ÖóÇÑøðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóãóäú ßóÇäó ãóíúÊðÇ ÝóÃóÍúíóíúäóÇåõ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áóåõ äõæÑðÇ íóãúÔöí Èöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ßóãóäú ãóËóáõåõ Ýöí ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö áóíúÓó ÈöÎóÇÑöÌò ãöäúåóÇ ßóÐóáößó [6 \ 122](3/53)
æóíóÏúÚõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÚóÌõæáðÇ (11)
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ æóáöíøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ íõÎúÑöÌõåõãú ãöäó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Åöáóì ÇáäøõæÑö [2 \ 257] æóãóäú ÃõÎúÑöÌó ãöäó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Åöáóì ÇáäøõæÑö ÃóÈúÕóÑó ÇáúÍóÞøó ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáäøõæÑó íóßúÔöÝõ áóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞö ÝóíõÑöíåö ÇáúÍóÞøó ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóÇáúÈóÇØöáó ÈóÇØöáðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóãóäú íóãúÔöí ãõßöÈøðÇ Úóáóì æóÌúåöåö ÃóåúÏóì Ãóãøóäú íóãúÔöí ÓóæöíøðÇ Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [67 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ æóáóÇ ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊõ æóáóÇ ÇáäøõæÑõ æóáóÇ ÇáÙøöáøõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÍóÑõæÑõ æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÍúíóÇÁõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúæóÇÊõ [35 \ 19 - 22] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ßóÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÃóÕóãøö æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑö æóÇáÓøóãöíÚö åóáú íóÓúÊóæöíóÇäö ãóËóáðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 24] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó íõßúÓöÈõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÍóíóÇÉð ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóæúÊö ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó Ýöíåö¡ æóäõæÑðÇ ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøõæÑõ ÚóÙöíãñ íóßúÔöÝõ ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞó ßóÔúÝðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóËóáõ äõæÑöåö ßóãöÔúßóÇÉò ÝöíåóÇ ãöÕúÈóÇÍñ - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö æóíóÖúÑöÈõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáó áöáäøóÇÓö æóÇááøóåõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ [24 \ 35] ¡ æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÊóÊóÈøõÚõ ÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú åóÏúíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÊóÊóÈøõÚó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÌóãöíÚö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö ãöäú åóÏúíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ æóãóÇ äóåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ ÝóÇäúÊóåõæÇ [59 \ 7] ¡ æóßóÇäó ÊóÊóÈøõÚõ ÌóãöíÚö Ðóáößó ÛóíúÑó ãõãúßöäò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ ÇÞúÊóÕóÑúäóÇ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÌõãóáö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú åóÏúíö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÏúÚõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÚóÌõæáðÇ.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÌúåóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÞõÑúÂäñ.
æóåõæó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóíóÏúÚõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö [17 \ 11] ¡ ßóÃóäú íóÏúÚõæó Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö Ãóæú æóáóÏöåö ÈöÇáúåóáóÇßö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÖøóÌóÑö ãöäú ÃóãúÑò¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõãøó Ãóåúáößúäöí¡ Ãóæú Ãóåúáößú æóáóÏöí¡ ÝóíóÏúÚõæ ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö ÏõÚóÇÁð áóÇ íõÍöÈøõ Ãóäú íõÓúÊóÌóÇÈó áóåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö Ãóíú íóÏúÚõæ ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö ßóãóÇ íóÏúÚõæ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÖøóÌóÑö: Çááøóåõãøó Ãóåúáößú æóáóÏöí¡ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö æóÞúÊö ÇáÖøóÌóÑö: Çááøóåõãøó ÚóÇÝöåö¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö.
æóáóæö ÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈó Çááøóåõ ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö áóåóáóßó¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú íõÚóÌøöáõ Çááøóåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ÇáÔøóÑøó ÇÓúÊöÚúÌóÇáóåõãú ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö áóÞõÖöíó Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóÌóáõåõãú [10 \ 11] Ãóíú: áóæú ÚóÌøóáó áóåõãõ ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉó ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö ßóãóÇ íõÚóÌøöáõ áóåõãõ ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉó ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö áóÞõÖöíó Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóÌóáõåõãú ; Ãóíú áóåóáóßõæÇ(3/54)
æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÂíóÊóíúäö ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÂíóÉó Çááøóíúáö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð áöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóáöÊóÚúáóãõæÇ ÚóÏóÏó ÇáÓøöäöíäó æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈó æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÕøóáúäóÇåõ ÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ (12)
æóãóÇÊõæÇ¡ ÝóÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúÌóÇáõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÚúÌöíáö.
æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÏõÚóÇÁö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö Þóæúáõ ÇáäøóÖöÑö Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúÚóÈúÏóÑöíøö: Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøó ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó ÝóÃóãúØöÑú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóæö ÇÆúÊöäóÇ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò [8 \ 32] .
æóãöãøóäú ÝóÓøóÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ: ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕóÍøõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóíúäö áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÂíóÉö íõæäõÓó Úóáóíúåö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ßóãóÇ íóÏúÚõæ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö ÝóíóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó¡ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÈúÑö¡ ßóÐóáößó ÞóÏú íóÏúÚõæ ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö ÝóíóÓúÃóáõ Çááøóåó Ãóäú íõíóÓøöÑó áóåõ ÇáÒøöäóì ÈöãóÝúÓõæÞóÊöåö¡ Ãóæú ÞóÊúáó ãõÓúáöãò åõæó ÚóÏõæøñ áóåõ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÇãöÚò:
ÃóØõæÝõ ÈöÇáúÈóíúÊö Ýöíãóäú íóØõæÝõ ... æóÃóÑúÝóÚõ ãöäú ãöÆúÒóÑöí ÇáúãõÓúÈóáö
æóÃóÓúÌõÏõ ÈöÇááøóíúáö ÍóÊøóì ÇáÕøóÈóÇÍó ... æóÃóÊúáõæ ãöäó ÇáúãõÍúßóãö ÇáúãõäóÒøóáö
ÚóÓóì ÝóÇÑöÌõ Çáúåóãøó Úóäú íõæÓõÝó ... íõÓóÎøöÑõ áöí ÑóÈøóÉó ÇáúãóÍúãóáö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÂíóÊóíúäö ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÂíóÉó Çááøóíúáö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð áöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóáöÊóÚúáóãõæÇ ÚóÏóÏó ÇáÓøöäöíäó æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈó æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÕøóáúäóÇåõ ÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÂíóÊóíúäö¡ Ãóíú ÚóáóÇãóÊóíúäö ÏóÇáøóÊóíúäö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáÑøóÈøõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäøó íõÚúÈóÏó æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑóßõ ãóÚóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóßóÑøóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Çááøóíúáõ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑõ [41 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÂíóÉñ áóåõãõ Çááøóíúáõ äóÓúáóÎõ ãöäúåõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõãú ãõÙúáöãõæäó [36 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íóÊøóÞõæäó [10 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö áóÂíóÇÊò áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö [3 \ 190] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÇáúÝõáúßö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÌúÑöí Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - áóÂíóÇÊò áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [2 \ 164] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ æóáóåõ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó [33 \ 80] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÎöáúÝóÉð áöãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÐøóßøóÑó Ãóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔõßõæÑðÇ [25 \ 62] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö íõßóæøöÑõ Çááøóíúáó Úóáóì ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóíõßóæøöÑõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó Úóáóì Çááøóíúáö æóÓóÎøóÑó ÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ßõáøñ íóÌúÑöí áöÃóÌóáò ãõÓóãøðì ÃóáóÇ åõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÛóÝøóÇÑõ [39 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÅöÕúÈóÇÍö æóÌóÚóáó Çááøóíúáó ÓóßóäðÇ(3/55)
æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ÍõÓúÈóÇäðÇ Ðóáößó ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÚóáöíãö [6 \ 96] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÖõÍóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóáóÇåóÇ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÌóáøóÇåóÇ æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóÇåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [91 \ 1 - 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ íóÛúÔóì æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÌóáøóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [92 \ 1¡ 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáÖøõÍóì æóÇááøóíúáö ÅöÐóÇ ÓóÌóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [93 \ 1 - 2] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÂíóÉó Çááøóíúáö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð áöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ÝóÖúáðÇ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóáöÊóÚúáóãõæÇ ÚóÏóÏó ÇáÓøöäöíäó æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈó [17 \ 12] íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Çááøóíúáó ãõÙúáöãðÇ ãõäóÇÓöÈðÇ áöáúåõÏõæÁö æóÇáÑøóÇÍóÉö¡ æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ãõÖöíÆðÇ ãõäóÇÓöÈðÇ áöáúÍóÑóßóÉö æóÇáöÇÔúÊöÛóÇáö ÈöÇáúãóÚóÇÔö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÝóíóÓúÚóæúäó Ýöí ãóÚóÇÔöåöãú Ýöí ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóíóÓúÊóÑöíÍõæäó ãöäú ÊóÚóÈö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÈöÇááøóíúáö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáÒøóãóäõ ßõáøõåõ áóíúáðÇ áóÕóÚõÈó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÚóãóáõ Ýöí ãóÚóÇÔöåöãú¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ßõáøõåõ äóåóÇÑðÇ áóÃóåúáóßóåõãõ ÇáÊøóÚóÈõ ãöäú ÏóæóÇãö ÇáúÚóãóáö.
ÝóßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÂíóÊóÇäö ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÝóåõãóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ äöÚúãóÊóÇäö ãóäú äöÚóãöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö åõäóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßõãõ Çááøóíúáó ÓóÑúãóÏðÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóäú Åöáóåñ ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÃúÊöíßõãú ÈöÖöíóÇÁò ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæäó Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó ÓóÑúãóÏðÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãóäú Åöáóåñ ÛóíúÑõ Çááøóåö íóÃúÊöíßõãú Èöáóíúáò ÊóÓúßõäõæäó Ýöíåö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó æóãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ Çááøóíúáó æóÇáäøóåóÇÑó áöÊóÓúßõäõæÇ Ýöíåö æóáöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö æóáóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó [28 \ 71 - 73] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: áöÊóÓúßõäõæÇ Ýöíåö¡ Ãóíú Ýöí Çááøóíúáö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáöÊóÈúÊóÛõæÇ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö [28 \ 73] ¡ Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ äóæúãóßõãú ÓõÈóÇÊðÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Çááøóíúáó áöÈóÇÓðÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó ãóÚóÇÔðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [78 \ 9 - 11] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ Çááøóíúáó áöÈóÇÓðÇ æóÇáäøóæúãó ÓõÈóÇÊðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÇáäøóåóÇÑó äõÔõæÑðÇ [25 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãöäú ÂíóÇÊöåö ãóäóÇãõßõãú ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÇÈúÊöÛóÇÄõßõãú ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóæóÝøóÇßõãú ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÌóÑóÍúÊõãú ÈöÇáäøóåóÇÑö [6 \ 60] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáöÊóÚúáóãõæÇ ÚóÏóÏó ÇáÓøöäöíäó æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈó [17 \ 12] ¡ Èóíøóäó Ýöíåö äöÚúãóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì Úóáóì ÎõáõÞöåö¡ æóåöíó ãóÚúÑöÝóÊõåõãú ÚóÏóÏó ÇáÓøöäöíäó æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö(3/56)
Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö íóÚúáóãõæäó ÚóÏóÏó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö æóÇáÔøõåõæÑö æóÇáúÃóÚúæóÇãö¡ æóíóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÈöÐóáößó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö áöíõÕóáøõæÇ Ýöíåö ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóíóÚúÑöÝõæäó ÔóåúÑó ÇáÕøóæúãö¡ æóÃóÔúåõÑó ÇáúÍóÌøö¡ æóíóÚúáóãõæäó ãõÖöíøó ÃóÔúåõÑö ÇáúÚöÏøóÉö áöãóäú ÊóÚúÊóÏøõ ÈöÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóÇÆöí íóÆöÓúäó ãöäó ÇáúãóÍöíÖö ãöäú äöÓóÇÆößõãú Åöäö ÇÑúÊóÈúÊõãú ÝóÚöÏøóÊõåõäøó ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÔúåõÑò æóÇááøóÇÆöí áóãú íóÍöÖúäó [65 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÊóæóÝøóæúäó ãöäúßõãú æóíóÐóÑõæäó ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ íóÊóÑóÈøóÕúäó ÈöÃóäúÝõÓöåöäøó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÔúåõÑò æóÚóÔúÑðÇ [2 \ 234] . æóíóÚúÑöÝõæäó ãõÖöíøö ÇáúÂÌóÇáö ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈóÉö áöáÏøõíõæäö æóÇáúÅöÌóÇÑóÇÊö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÈóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÍößúãóÉó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÖöíóÇÁð æóÇáúÞóãóÑó äõæÑðÇ æóÞóÏøóÑóåõ ãóäóÇÒöáó áöÊóÚúáóãõæÇ ÚóÏóÏó ÇáÓøöäöíäó æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈó ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö íõÝóÕøöáõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áöÞóæúãò íóÚúáóãõæäó [10 \ 5] . æóÞóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: íóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáúÃóåöáøóÉö Þõáú åöíó ãóæóÇÞöíÊõ áöáäøóÇÓö æóÇáúÍóÌøö [2 \ 189] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÂíóÉó Çááøóíúáö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð [17 \ 12] Ýöíåö æóÌúåóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÍóÐúÝö ãõÖóÇÝò¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ äóíøöÑóíö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ Ãóíö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÂíóÊóíúäö.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ ÝóÂíóÉõ Çááøóíúáö åöíó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ¡ æóÂíóÉõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö åöíó ÇáÔøóãúÓõ¡ æóÇáúãóÍúæõ: ÇáØøóãúÓõ. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: ÝóãóÍúæõ ÂíóÉö Çááøóíúáö Þöíáó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáÓøóæóÇÏõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöí ÇáúÞóãóÑö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóáöíøñ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóì ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÂíóÉó Çááøóíúáö [17 \ 12] ¡ Ãóíú áóãú äóÌúÚóáú Ýöí ÇáúÞóãóÑö ÔõÚóÇÚðÇ ßóÔõÚóÇÚö ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÊóÑóì Èöåö ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁó ÑõÄúíóÉð ÈóíøöäóÉð¡ ÝóäóÞõÕøõ äõæÑó ÇáúÞóãóÑö Úóäú äõæÑö ÇáÔøóãúÓö åõæó ãóÚúäóì ÇáØøóãúÓö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí áöãõÞóÇÈóáóÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð [17 \ 12] ¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì ãóÍúæö ÂíóÉö Çááøóíúáö: ÇáÓøóæóÇÏõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöí ÇáúÞóãóÑö áóíúÓó ÈöÙóÇåöÑò ÚöäúÏöí æóÅöäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÇáúßöÑóÇãö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ ÃóÌöáøóÇÁö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ; Ãóíö ÇáÔøóãúÓó ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð¡ Ãóíú: ÐóÇÊó ÔõÚóÇÚò íõÈúÕóÑõ Ýöí ÖóæúÆöåóÇ ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ: åõæó ãöäú Þóæúáö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÃóÈúÕóÑó ÇáäøóåóÇÑó: ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÖóÇÁó æóÕóÇÑó ÈöÍóÇáóÉò íõÈúÕóÑõ(3/57)
ÈöåóÇ¡ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑõ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö Þóæúáöåöãú: äóåóÇÑõåõ ÕóÇÆöãñ¡ æóáóíúáõåõ ÞóÇÆöãñ. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ:
áóÞóÏú áõãúÊöäóÇ íóÇ Ãóãøó ÛóíúáóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÓøõÑóì ... æóäöãúÊö æóãóÇ áóíúáõ ÇáúãõÍöÈøö ÈöäóÇÆöãö
æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö: ÍóÐúÝõ ãõÖóÇÝò¡ æóåõæó ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Åöäú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö: æóãóÇ íóáöí ÇáúãõÖóÇÝó íóÃúÊöí ÎóáóÝðÇ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÈö ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÍõÐöÝóÇ
æóÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÂíóÉó Çááøóíúáö æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð [17 \ 12] ¡ ÝóÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÊóíúäö áóåõãóÇ áóÇ åõãóÇ ÃóäúÝóÓóåõãóÇ¡ æóÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÓúÃóáö ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ßõäøóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÇáúÚöíÑó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÞúÈóáúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ [12 \ 82] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÍõÑøöãóÊú Úóáóíúßõãú ÃõãøóåóÇÊõßõãú [4 \ 23] ; Ãóíú äößóÇÍõåóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÍõÑøöãóÊú Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúãóíúÊóÉõ [5 \ 3] ¡ Ãóíú ÃóßúáõåóÇ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÊóÞúÏöíÑö ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áößóæúäö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö ÂíóÊóíúäö ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊú ãõæóÖøóÍóÉð Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó áóíúÓó ÝöíåóÇ ãõÖóÇÝñ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÂíóÊóíúäö äóÝúÓõ Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ áóÇ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ ÇáúÂíóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö ãöäú ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáÔøóíúÁö Åöáóì äóÝúÓöåö ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇááøóÝúÙö¡ ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ áöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇááøóÝúÙö ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúÁö Åöáóì äóÝúÓöåö ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇááøóÝúÙö ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ Ýóãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÔóåúÑõ ÑóãóÖóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 185] ¡ æóÑóãóÖóÇäõ åõæó äóÝúÓõ ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÈöÚóíúäöåö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÏóÇÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [12 \ 109] ¡ æóÇáÏøóÇÑõ åöíó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: æóáóáÏøóÇÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ [6 \ 32] ÈöÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö¡ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ äóÚúÊñ áöáÏøóÇÑö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóäóÍúäõ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÍóÈúáö ÇáúæóÑöíÏö [50 \ 16] ¡ æóÇáúÍóÈúáõ åõæó ÇáúæóÑöíÏõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóßúÑó ÇáÓøóíøöÆö ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 43] ¡ æóÇáúãóßúÑõ åõæó ÇáÓøóíúÁõ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íóÍöíÞõ ÇáúãóßúÑõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóåúáöåö [35 \ 43](3/58)
æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÊöåö Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
ßóÈößúÑö ÇáúãõÞóÇäóÇÉö ÇáúÈóíóÇÖö ÈöÕõÝúÑóÉò ... ÛóÐøóÇåóÇ äóãöíÑõ ÇáúãóÇÁö ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãõÍóáøóáö
áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÇäóÇÉó åöíó ÇáúÈößúÑõ ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
æóãöÔóßøò ÓóÇÈöÛóÉò åóÊóßúÊõ ÝõÑõæÌóåóÇ ... ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö Úóäú ÍóÇãöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãõÚúáöãö
áöÃóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ ÈöÇáúãöÔóßøö: ÇáÓøóÇÈöÛóÉõ ÈöÚóíúäöåóÇ¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: åóÊóßúÊõ ÝõÑõæÌóåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÇÈöÛóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÚóÈøóÑó ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÇáúãöÔóßøö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ (ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö) Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÝóÇØöÑò¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áóäóÇ: Ãóäøó ÅöÖóÇÝóÉó ÇáÔøóíúÁö Åöáóì äóÝúÓöåö ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö áóÝúÙö ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö æóÇáúãõÖóÇÝö Åöáóíúåö ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÊóÛóÇíõÑó ÇááøóÝúÙóíúäö ÑõÈøóãóÇ äõÒøöáó ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáÊøóÛóÇíõÑö ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøö áößóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóÌóÒóãó ÈöÐóáößó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ãóæóÇÖöÚöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó Åöáóì ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö Åöáóíúåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóáóÇ íõÖóÇÝõ ÇÓúãñ áöãóÇ Èöåö ÇÊøóÍóÏó ... ãóÚúäðì æóÃóæøóáú ãõæóåøóãðÇ ÅöÐóÇ æóÑóÏó
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÖóÚúÝö ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Þóæúáõåõ:
æóÅöäú íóßõæäóÇ ãõÝúÑóÏóíúäö ÝóÃóÖöÝú ... ÍóÊúãðÇ æóÅöáøóÇ ÃóÊúÈóÚó ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÏóÝó
áöÃóäøó ÅöíÌóÇÈó ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúÚóáóãö Åöáóì ÇááøóÞóÈö ãóÚó ÇÊøöÍóÇÏöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì Åöäú ßóÇäóÇ ãõÝúÑóÏóíúäö ÇáúãõÓúÊóáúÒöãõ áöáÊøóÃúæöíáö¡ æóãóäúÚõ ÇáúÅöÊúÈóÇÚö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÊóÃúæöíáö Ïóáöíáò Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóßõäú ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈöåóÇ áóæóÌóÈó ÊóÞúÏöíãõ ãóÇ áóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÊóÃúæöíáò Úóáóì ÇáúãõÍúÊóÇÌö Åöáóì ÊóÃúæöíáò ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÝóãóÍóæúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Çááøóíúáõ¡ æóÌóÚóáóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáäøóåóÇÑõ ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð¡ Ãóíú: ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Çááøóíúáó ãóãúÍõæøó ÇáÖøóæúÁö ãóØúãõæÓóåõ¡ ãõÙúáöãðÇ áóÇ ÊõÓúÊóÈóÇäõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁõ ßóãóÇ áóÇ íõÓúÊóÈóÇäõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö ÇáúãóãúÍõæøö¡ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáäøóåóÇÑó ãõÈúÕöÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÊõÈúÕóÑõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁõ æóÊõÓúÊóÈóÇäõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÕøóáúäóÇåõ ÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ [17 \ 12] ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÒøóáúäóÇ(3/59)
æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ (13) ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ (14)
Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÊöÈúíóÇäðÇ áößõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 89] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ.
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ [17 \ 13] ¡ æóÌúåóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáØøóÇÆöÑö: ÇáúÚóãóáõ¡ ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: ØóÇÑó áóåõ Óóåúãñ ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌó áóåõ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ãóÇ ØóÇÑó áóåõ ãöäú Úóãóáöåö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáØøóÇÆöÑö ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó áóåõ Ýöí Úöáúãö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóÞóÇæóÉò Ãóæú ÓóÚóÇÏóÉò¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáóÇäö ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÇäö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ íóØöíÑõ áóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóáö åõæó ÓóÈóÈõ ãóÇ íóÆõæáõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÞóÇæóÉö Ãóæö ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ÝóÇÚúáóãú: ÃóäøóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÝöíåóÇ áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÞóæúáóÇäö Ãóæú ÃóÞúæóÇáñ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÍóÞøñ¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÞõÑúÂäõ¡ ÝóäóÐúßõÑõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ ÍóÞøñ¡ æóÇáúæóÌúåóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇäö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ßöáóÇåõãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÞõÑúÂäñ.
ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöØóÇÆöÑöåö Úóãóáõåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Úóãóáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö áóÇÒöãñ áóåõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóíúÓó ÈöÃóãóÇäöíøößõãú æóáóÇ ÃóãóÇäöíøö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãóäú íóÚúãóáú ÓõæÁðÇ íõÌúÒó Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 123] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõÌúÒóæúäó ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [66 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Åöäøóßó ßóÇÏöÍñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ßóÏúÍðÇ ÝóãõáóÇÞöíåö [84 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóáöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú ÃóÓóÇÁó ÝóÚóáóíúåóÇ [41 \ 46] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ æóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÔóÑøðÇ íóÑóåõ [99 \ 7¡ 8] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöØóÇÆöÑöåö äóÕöíÈõåõ ÇáøóÐöí ØóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÒóáö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÞóÇæóÉö Ãóæö ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú Ýóãöäúßõãú ßóÇÝöÑñ æóãöäúßõãú ãõÄúãöäñ [64 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÑöíÞðÇ åóÏóì æóÝóÑöíÞðÇ ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÖøóáóÇáóÉõ [7 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÝóÑöíÞñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [42 \ 7] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö [17 \ 13] ; Ãóíú: ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóãóáóåõ¡ Ãóæú ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó áóåõ ãöäú ÔóÞóÇæóÉò Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö¡ Ãóíú: áóÇÒöãðÇ áóåõ áõÒõæãó ÇáúÞöáóÇÏóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúÛöáøö áóÇ íóäúÝóßøõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÊóÞóáøóÏóåóÇ ØóæúÞó ÇáúÍóãóÇãóÉö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõãú: ÇáúãóæúÊõ Ýöí ÇáÑøöÞóÇÈö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÑöÈúÞóÉñ Ýöí ÑóÞóÈóÊöåö¡(3/60)
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÇÐúåóÈú ÈöåóÇ ÇÐúåóÈú ÈöåóÇ ... ØóæøóÞúÊóåóÇ ØóæúÞó ÇáúÍóãóÇãóÉö
ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö: ÇááøõÒõæãõ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáöÇäúÝößóÇßö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ [17 \ 13] ¡ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóáúÒóãó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÅöíøóÇåõ íõÎúÑöÌõåõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú ãóÝúÊõæÍðÇ íóÞúÑóÄõåõ åõæó æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÈóíøóäó ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞõæäó ; Ãóíú ÎóÇÆöÝõæäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊúÑõßõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íóÌöÏõæäó Ýöíåö ÌóãöíÚó ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ áóíúÓó ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ ÛóÇÆöÈðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áóÇ íóÙúáöãõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö æóíóÞõæáõæäó íóÇæóíúáóÊóäóÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ æóáóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÑóÈøõßó ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 49] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáäøóÇÓö íõÄúÊóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúßõÊøóÇÈõ Èöíóãöíäöåö - ÌóÚóáóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÅöÎúæóÇäöäóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäúåõãú - æóÃóäøó ãóäú ÃõæÊöíóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö íõÍóÇÓóÈõ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ¡ æóíóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÚöíÔóÉò ÑóÇÖöíóÉò¡ Ýöí ÌóäøóÉò ÚóÇáöíóÉò¡ ÞõØõæÝõåóÇ ÏóÇäöíóÉñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÝóÓóæúÝó íõÍóÇÓóÈõ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ æóíóäúÞóáöÈõ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ [84 \ 7 - 9] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ åóÇÄõãõ ÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ßöÊóÇÈöíóåú Åöäøöí ÙóäóäúÊõ Ãóäøöí ãõáóÇÞò ÍöÓóÇÈöíóåú Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÚöíÔóÉò ÑóÇÖöíóÉò Ýöí ÌóäøóÉò ÚóÇáöíóÉò ÞõØõæÝõåóÇ ÏóÇäöíóÉñ [69 \ 19 - 23] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃõæÊöíóåõ ÈöÔóãóÇáöåö íóÊóãóäøóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõÄúÊóåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íõÄúãóÑõ Èöåö ÝóíóÕúáóì ÇáúÌóÍöíãó¡ æóíõÓúáóßõ Ýöí ÓöáúÓöáóÉò ãöäú ÓóáóÇÓöáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÐóÑúÚõåóÇ ÓóÈúÚõæäó ÐöÑóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ ÈöÔöãóÇáöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí áóãú ÃõæÊó ßöÊóÇÈöíóåú æóáóãú ÃóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈöíóåú íóÇ áóíúÊóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÞóÇÖöíóÉó ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäøöí ãóÇáöíóåú åóáóßó Úóäøöí ÓõáúØóÇäöíóåú ÎõÐõæåõ ÝóÛõáøõæåõ Ëõãøó ÇáúÌóÍöíãó Õóáøõæåõ Ëõãøó Ýöí ÓöáúÓöáóÉò ÐóÑúÚõåóÇ ÓóÈúÚõæäó ÐöÑóÇÚðÇ ÝóÇÓúáõßõæåõ [69 \ 25 - 32](3/61)
ÃóÚóÇÐóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÅöÎúæóÇäóäóÇ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóãöãøóÇ ÞóÑøóÈó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãöäú Þóæúáò æóÚóãóáò.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ æóÑóÇÁó ÙóåúÑöåö íóÕúáóì ÇáÓøóÚöíÑó¡ æóíóÏúÚõæ ÇáËøõÈõæÑó. æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ æóÑóÇÁó ÙóåúÑöåö ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÏúÚõæ ËõÈõæÑðÇ æóíóÕúáóì ÓóÚöíÑðÇ [84 \ 10 - 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 14] ¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó äóÝúÓóåõ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÙúáöãú¡ æóáóãú íõßúÊóÈú Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ Úóãöáó ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ßõáøó ãóÇ Úóãöáó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú Ãóæøóáö ÚõãúÑöåö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõäóÈøóÃõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó æóÃóÎøóÑó [75 \ 13] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÃóäúßóÑó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Úóãóáöåö ÔóåöÏóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÌóæóÇÑöÍõåõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çáúíóæúãó äóÎúÊöãõ Úóáóì ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÊõßóáøöãõäóÇ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÊóÔúåóÏõ ÃóÑúÌõáõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó [36 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áöÌõáõæÏöåöãú áöãó ÔóåöÏúÊõãú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóäúØóÞóäóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúØóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó ÎóáóÞóßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÓúÊóÊöÑõæäó Ãóäú íóÔúåóÏó Úóáóíúßõãú ÓóãúÚõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõßõãú æóáóÇ ÌõáõæÏõßõãú æóáóßöäú ÙóäóäúÊõãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó æóÐóáößõãú Ùóäøõßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÙóäóäúÊõãú ÈöÑóÈøößõãú ÃóÑúÏóÇßõãú ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó [41 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: Èóáö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÈóÕöíÑóÉñ æóáóæú ÃóáúÞóì ãóÚóÇÐöíÑóåõ [75 \ 14 - 15] ¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áöåóÐóÇ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
áóÝúÙóÉõ «ßóÝóì» ÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáóíúäö:
ÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ ãõÊóÚóÏøöíóÉð¡ æóåöíó ÊóÊóÚóÏøóì ÛóÇáöÈðÇ Åöáóì ãóÝúÚõæáóíúäö¡ æóÝóÇÚöáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÊóÚóÏøöíóÉö áóÇ íóÌõÑøõ ÈöÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÝóì Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó [33 \ 25] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóáóíúÓó Çááøóåõ ÈößóÇÝò ÚóÈúÏóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÓóíóßúÝöíßóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 137] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÊóÓúÊóÚúãöáõ áóÇÒöãóÉð¡ æóíóØøóÑöÏõ ÌóÑøõ ÝóÇÚöáöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÇÁö ÇáúãóÒöíÏóÉö áöÊóæúßöíÏö ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉö ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö æóßöíáðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÝóì ÈöÇááøóåö ÍóÓöíÈðÇ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóíóßúËõÑõ ÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒö ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÇÚöáöåóÇ ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö ÈöÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ æóÒóÚóãó ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö: Ãóäøó(3/62)
ãóäö ÇåúÊóÏóì ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóåúÊóÏöí áöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú Öóáøó ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÖöáøõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ (15)
ÌóÑøó ÝóÇÚöáöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÇÁö áóÇÒöãñ¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøóåõ íóÌõæÒõ ÚóÏóãõ ÌóÑøöåö ÈöåóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÚóãöíÑóÉõ æóÏøóÚó Åöäú ÊóÌóåøóÒúÊó ÛóÇÏöíðÇ ... ßóÝóì ÇáÔøóíúÈõ æóÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ áöáúãóÑúÁö äóÇåöíðÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
æóíõÎúÈöÑõäöí Úóäú ÛóÇÆöÈö ÇáúãóÑúÁö åóÏúíõåõ ... ßóÝóì ÇáúåóÏúíõ ÚóãøóÇ ÛóíøóÈó ÇáúãóÑúÁõ ãõÎúÈöÑðÇ
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ãóäú ÞóÑóÃó: íóáúÞóÇåõ ; ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúíóÇÁö æóÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáúÞóÇÝö ãóÈúäöíðÇ áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõáúÞöíåö Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÍóÐóÝó ÇáúÝóÇÚöáó ÝóÈóäöí ÇáúÝöÚúáó áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö.
æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ãöäú ÞóÑóÃó: íóÎúÑõÌõ - ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúíóÇÁö æóÖóãøö ÇáÑøóÇÁö ãõÖóÇÑöÚñ ÎóÑóÌó ãóÈúäöíðÇ áöáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ ÝóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÖóãöíÑñ íóÚõæÏõ Åöáóì ÇáØøóÇÆöÑö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ÍóÇáñ ãöäú ÖóãöíÑö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ Ãóíú æóíóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÎúÑõÌõ åõæó¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáØøóÇÆöÑö Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ. æóßóÐóáößó Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö íõÎúÑóÌõ - ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúíóÇÁö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáÑøóÇÁö ãóÈúäöíøðÇ áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö - ÝóÇáúÖóãöíÑõ ÇáäøóÇÆöÈõ Úóäö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ÑóÇÌöÚñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Åöáóì ÇáØøóÇÆöÑö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÚóãóáõ¡ Ãóíú íóÎúÑõÌõ áóåõ åõæó¡ Ãóíú ØóÇÆöÑõåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì Úóãóáöåö¡ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ.
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö «íóÎúÑöÌõ» ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúíóÇÁö æóßóÓúÑö ÇáÑøóÇÁö ãóÈúäöíøðÇ áöáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ ÝóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÖóãöíÑñ íóÚõæÏõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö¡ Ãóíú: æóíóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íõÎúÑöÌõ åõæó¡ Ãóíö Çááøóåõ áóåõ ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ.
æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ãöäúåõãõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉõ: ÝóÇáäøõæäõ Ýöí äõÎúÑöÌõ äõæäõ ÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö áöãõØóÇÈóÞóÉö Þóæúáöåö: ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ æóßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö áöäóÎúÑõÌó ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóäö ÇåúÊóÏóì ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóåúÊóÏöí áöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú Öóáøó ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÖöáøõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ãóäö ÇåúÊóÏóì ÝóÚóãöáó ÈöãóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇåúÊöÏóÇÁóåõ Ðóáößó ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóíúåö ÝóÇÆöÏóÉõ Ðóáößó ÇáöÇåúÊöÏóÇÁö¡ æóËóãóÑóÊõåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóäú Öóáøó Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÕøóæóÇÈö ÝóÚóãöáó ÈöãóÇ íõÓúÎöØõ ÑóÈøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÖóáóÇáóåõ Ðóáößó ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÌúäöí ËóãóÑóÉó ÚóæóÇÞöÈóåõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉó ÇáúæóÎöíãóÉó¡ ÝóíóÎúáõÏõ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóáöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú ÃóÓóÇÁó ÝóÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 46] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÝóÚóáóíúåö ßõÝúÑõåõ æóãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóáöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú íóãúåóÏõæäó [30 \ 44] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÈóÕóÇÆöÑõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú Ýóãóäú ÃóÈúÕóÑó ÝóáöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú Úóãöíó ÝóÚóáóíúåóÇ æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÍóÝöíÙò [6 \ 104] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäö ÇåúÊóÏóì ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóåúÊóÏöí áöäóÝúÓöåö æóãóäú Öóáøó ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÖöáøõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú Èöæóßöíáò [10 \ 108] ¡(3/63)
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ äóÝúÓñ ÐóäúÈó ÃõÎúÑóì¡ Èóáú áóÇ ÊóÍúãóáõ äóÝúÓñ ÅöáøóÇ ÐóäúÈóåóÇ.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ [17 \ 15] ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ¡ ãöäú æóÒóÑó íóÒöÑõ ÅöÐóÇ Íóãóáó¡ æóãöäúåõ Óõãøöíó æóÒöíÑõ ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ íóÍúãöáõ ÃóÚúÈóÇÁó ÊóÏúÈöíÑö ÔõÆõæäö ÇáÏøóæúáóÉö¡ æóÇáúæöÒúÑõ: ÇáúÅöËúãõ¡ íõÞóÇáõ: æóÒóÑó íóÒöÑõ æöÒúÑðÇ¡ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóËöãó. æóÇáúæöÒúÑõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÇáËøõÞúáõ ÇáúãõËúÞóáõ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ äóÝúÓñ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ¡ Ãóíú: ÂËöãóÉñ æöÒúÑó äóÝúÓò ÃõÎúÑóì. Ãóíú ÅöËúãóåóÇ¡ Ãóæú ÍöãúáóåóÇ ÇáËøóÞöíáö¡ Èóáú áóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ÅöáøóÇ æöÒúÑó äóÝúÓöåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõ ãõËúÞóáóÉñ Åöáóì ÍöãúáöåóÇ áóÇ íõÍúãóáú ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÐóÇ ÞõÑúÈóì [35 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ ÊóßúÓöÈõ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ÅöáøóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÒöÑõ æóÇÒöÑóÉñ æöÒúÑó ÃõÎúÑóì Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÑóÈøößõãú ãóÑúÌöÚõßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 164] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Êöáúßó ÃõãøóÉñ ÞóÏú ÎóáóÊú áóåóÇ ãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú æóáóßõãú ãóÇ ßóÓóÈúÊõãú æóáóÇ ÊõÓúÃóáõæäó ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ÈöÅöíÖóÇÍò: Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áóÇ íõÚóÇÑöÖõåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóíóÍúãöáõäøó ÃóËúÞóÇáóåõãú æóÃóËúÞóÇáðÇ ãóÚó ÃóËúÞóÇáöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [29 \ 13] ¡ æóáóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: áöíóÍúãöáõæÇ ÃóæúÒóÇÑóåõãú ßóÇãöáóÉð íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóãöäú ÃóæúÒóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÖöáøõæäóåõãú ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 25] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõãú ÍóãóáõæÇ ÃóæúÒóÇÑó ÖóáóÇáöåöãú Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ æóÃóæúÒóÇÑó ÅöÖúáóÇáöåöãú ÛóíúÑóåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú Óóäøó ÓõäøóÉð ÓóíøöÆóÉð ÝóÚóáóíúåö æöÒúÑõåóÇ æóæöÒúÑõ ãóäú Úóãöáó ÈöåóÇ¡ áóÇ íóäúÞõÕõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóæúÒóÇÑöåöãú ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
íóÑõÏøõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÓõÄóÇáóÇäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ãöäú " Ãóäøó ÇáúãóíøöÊó íõÚóÐøöÈõ ÈöÈõßóÇÁö Ãóåúáöåö Úóáóíúåö " ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: ãóÇ æóÌúåõ ÊóÚúÐöíÈöåö ÈöÈõßóÇÁö ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÅöÐú ãõÄóÇÎóÐóÊõåõ ÈöÈõßóÇÁö ÛóíúÑöåö ÞóÏú íóÙõäøõ ãóäú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÎúÐö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÐóäúÈö ÛóíúÑöåö¿
ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÅöíÌóÇÈõ Ïöíøö ÇáúÎóØóÃö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ: ãóÇ æóÌúåõ ÅöáúÒóÇãö ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö ÇáÏøöíóÉó(3/64)
ÈöÌöäóÇíóÉö ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÂÎóÑó¿
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó Íóãóáõæåõ Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏö ÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãóíøöÊõ ÃóæúÕóì ÈöÇáäøóæúÍö Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ØóÑóÝóÉõ Èúäõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
ÅöÐóÇ ãöÊøõ ÝóÇäúÚöíäöí ÈöãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Ãóåúáõåõ ... æóÔõÞøöí Úóáóíøó ÇáúÌóíúÈó íóÇÈöäøóÉó ãóÚúÈóÏö
áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóæúÕóì ÈöÃóäú íõäóÇÍó Úóáóíúåö: ÝóÊóÚúÐöíÈõåõ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÅöíÕóÇÆöåö ÈöÇáúãõäúßóÑö¡ æóÐóáößó ãöäú ÝöÚúáöåö áóÇ ÝöÚúáö ÛóíúÑöåö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäú íóåúãöáó äóåúíóåõãú Úóäö ÇáäøóæúÍö Úóáóíúåö ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÓóíóäõæÍõæäó Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøó ÅöåúãóÇáóåõ äóåúíóåõãú ÊóÝúÑöíØñ ãöäúåõ¡ æóãõÎóÇáóÝóÉñ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú æóÃóåúáöíßõãú äóÇÑðÇ [66 \ 6] ÝóÊóÚúÐöíÈõåõ ÅöÐðÇ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÊóÝúÑöíØöåö¡ æóÊóÑúßöåö ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ÞõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÚóäö ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÈöÃóäøó ÅöíÌóÇÈó ÇáÏøöíóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö áóíúÓó ãöäú ÊóÍúãöíáöåöãú æöÒúÑó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ ãõæóÇÓóÇÉñ ãóÍúÖóÉñ ÃóæúÌóÈóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÚóÇÞöáóÉö ÇáúÌóÇäöí ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóÇäöíó áóãú íóÞúÕöÏú ÓõæÁðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÅöËúãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ÝóÃóæúÌóÈó Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÌöäóÇíóÊöåö ÎóØóÃð ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÈöÎöØóÇÈö ÇáúæóÖúÚö¡ æóÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáúãõæóÇÓóÇÉó ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÅöíÌóÇÈö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÎóáúÞöåö ãõæóÇÓóÇÉó ÈóÚúÖö ÎóáúÞöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÌóÈó ÃóÎúÐó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ãöäú ãóÇáö ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö æóÑóÏøöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö¡ æóÇÚúÊóÞóÏó ãóäú ÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÏöíæóÇäö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö ÎóØóÃð ßóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÛóíúÑöåö ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáäøõÕúÑóÉö ÝóÃóæúÌóÈóåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáÏøöíæóÇäö¡ æóíõÄóíøöÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: " æóÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáÓøöíóÑö æóÇáúÚöáúãö: Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÊóÍúãöáõåóÇ ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉõ¡ ÝóÃóÞóÑøóåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÊóÚóÇÞóáõæäó ÈöÇáäøõÕúÑóÉö Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãõ ÝóÌóÑóì ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó. ÍóÊøóì ÌóÚóáó ÚõãóÑõ ÇáÏøöíæóÇäó.
æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÉö Ðóáößó æóÇáúÞóæúáõ Èöåö¡ æóÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöí Òóãóäö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóáóÇ Òóãóäö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÏöíæóÇäñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÌóÚóáó ÇáÏøöíæóÇäó¡ æóÌóãóÚó Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÌóÚóáó Ãóåúáó ßõáøö äóÇÍöíóÉò íóÏðÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóíúåöãú ÞöÊóÇáó ãóäú íóáöíåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏõæøö. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ
ÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áóÇ íõÚóÐøöÈõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö áóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. ÍóÊøóì íóÈúÚóËó Åöáóíúåö ÑóÓõæáðÇ íõäúÐöÑõåõ æóíõÍóÐøöÑõåõ¡ ÝóíõÚúÕóì Ðóáößó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ¡ æóíõÓúÊóãóÑøõ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚúÕöíóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑõÓõáðÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó(3/65)
æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó áöÆóáóÇøó íóßõæäó áöáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÍõÌøóÉñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÑøõÓõáö [4 \ 165] ¡ ÝóÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÃóäú áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóÞúØóÚó ÍõÌøóÉó ßõáøö ÃóÍóÏò ÈöÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó ãóäú ÃóØóÇÚóåõãú ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó ãóäú ÚóÕóÇåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑó.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæúÖóÍó åõäóÇ ÞóØóÚóåóÇ ÈöÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó¡ ÈóíøóäóåóÇ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö Øå ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæú ÃóäøóÇ ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö áóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúÊó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ ÝóäóÊøóÈöÚó ÂíóÇÊößó ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú äóÐöáøó æóäóÎúÒóì [20 \ 134] .
æóÃóÔóÇÑó áóåóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞóÕóÕö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÕöíÈóåõãú ãõÕöíÈóÉñ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÝóíóÞõæáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúÊó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ ÝóäóÊøóÈöÚó ÂíóÇÊößó æóäóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [28 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: Ðóáößó Ãóäú áóãú íóßõäú ÑóÈøõßó ãõåúáößó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÈöÙõáúãò æóÃóåúáõåóÇ ÛóÇÝöáõæäó [6 \ 131] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÑóÓõæáõäóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ áóßõãú Úóáóì ÝóÊúÑóÉò ãöäó ÇáÑøõÓõáö Ãóäú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóäóÇ ãöäú ÈóÔöíÑò æóáóÇ äóÐöíÑò ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÈóÔöíÑñ æóäóÐöíÑñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 19] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóåóÐóÇ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãõÈóÇÑóßñ ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæåõ æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊõÑúÍóãõæäó Ãóäú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ Úóáóì ØóÇÆöÝóÊóíúäö ãöäú ÞóÈúáöäóÇ æóÅöäú ßõäøóÇ Úóäú ÏöÑóÇÓóÊöåöãú áóÛóÇÝöáöíäó Ãóæú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ áóæú ÃóäøóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóßõäøóÇ ÃóåúÏóì ãöäúåõãú ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÈóíøöäóÉñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóåõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 155 - 157] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóíõæóÖøöÍõ ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áóÇ íõÚóÐøöÈõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑö Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáÑøõÓõáö Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ ÊóÕúÑöíÍõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò: " ÈöÃóäú áóãú íúÏúÎöáú ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÇáäøóÇÑó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑö æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: ßõáøóãóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóæúÌñ ÓóÃóáóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú äóÐöíÑñ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóäóÇ äóÐöíÑñ ÝóßóÐøóÈúäóÇ æóÞõáúäóÇ ãóÇ äóÒøóáó Çááøóåõ ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [67 \ 8¡ 9] .
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: ßõáøóãóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóæúÌñ íóÚõãøõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÃóÝúæóÇÌö ÇáúãõáúÞöíäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí " ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö " Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: " æóßõáøóãóÇ " ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Úõãõæãö ÃóÒúãóÇäö ÇáúÅöáúÞóÇÁö ÝóÊóÚõãøõ ÇáúãõáúÞöíäó¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöáóì Ìóåóäøóãó ÒõãóÑðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁõæåóÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú ÃóÈúæóÇÈõåóÇ æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú ÑõÓõáñ ãöäúßõãú íóÊúáõæäó Úóáóíúßõãú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøößõãú æóíõäúÐöÑõæäóßõãú áöÞóÇÁó íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ(3/66)
Èóáóì æóáóßöäú ÍóÞøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [39 \ 71] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÚóÇãøñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõæÕõæáóÇÊö ßóÇáøóÐöí æóÇáøóÊöí æóÝõÑõæÚöåöãóÇ ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ áöÚõãõæãöåóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÊóÔúãóáõåõ ÕöáóÇÊõåóÇ¡ æóÚóÞóÏóåõ Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö:
ÕöíÛóÉõ ßõáøò Ãóæö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ... æóÞóÏú ÊóáóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÇáøóÊöí ÇáúÝõÑõæÚó
æóãõÑóÇÏõåõ ÈöÇáúÈóíúÊö: Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó " ßõáøò¡ æóÌóãöíÚò¡ æóÇáøóÐöí¡ æóÇáøóÊöí " æóÝõÑõæÚöåöãóÇ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÕøöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöáóì Ìóåóäøóãó ÒõãóÑðÇ - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì [39 \ 71] ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÞóÏú ÃóäúÐóÑóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÝóÚóÕóæõÇ ÃóãúÑó ÑóÈøöåöãú ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ.
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóåõãú äóÇÑõ Ìóåóäøóãó áóÇ íõÞúÖóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóíóãõæÊõæÇ æóáóÇ íõÎóÝøóÝõ Úóäúåõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈöåóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ßõáøó ßóÝõæÑò æóåõãú íóÕúØóÑöÎõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÎúÑöÌúäóÇ äóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÛóíúÑó ÇáøóÐöí ßõäøóÇ äóÚúãóáõ Ãóæóáóãú äõÚóãøöÑúßõãú ãóÇ íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ Ýöíåö ãóäú ÊóÐóßøóÑó æóÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáäøóÐöíÑõ [35 \ 36] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóåõãú äóÇÑõ Ìóåóäøóãó - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - æóÌóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáäøóÐöíÑõ [35 \ 37] ¡ ÚóÇãøñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö áöÎóÒóäóÉö Ìóåóäøóãó ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú íõÎóÝøöÝú ÚóäøóÇ íóæúãðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Ãóæó áóãú Êóßõ ÊóÃúÊöíßõãú ÑõÓõáõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÇÏúÚõæÇ æóãóÇ ÏõÚóÇÁõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò [40 \ 49¡ 50] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÃóäúÐóÑóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚõÐúÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÃúÊöåöãú äóÐöíÑñ æóáóæú ãóÇÊõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÐóåóÈóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóäú ãóÇÊó Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö æóáóæú áóãú íóÃúÊöåö äóÐöíÑñ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ ÈöÙóæóÇåöÑö ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóÈöÃóÍóÇÏöíËó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ ÈöåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóãõæÊõæäó æóåõãú ßõÝøóÇÑñ ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÃóáöíãðÇ [4 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóãóÇÊõæÇ æóåõãú ßõÝøóÇÑñ ÃõæáóÆößó Úóáóíúåöãú áóÚúäóÉõ Çááøóåö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [2 \ 161] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóãóÇÊõæÇ æóåõãú ßõÝøóÇÑñ Ýóáóäú íõÞúÈóáó ãöäú(3/67)
ÃóÍóÏöåöãú ãöáúÁõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÐóåóÈðÇ æóáóæö ÇÝúÊóÏóì Èöåö ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ æóãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú äóÇÕöÑöíäó [3 \ 91] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÛúÝöÑõ Ãóäú íõÔúÑóßó Èöåö æóíóÛúÝöÑõ ãóÇ Ïõæäó Ðóáößó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [4 \ 48] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóäú íõÔúÑößú ÈöÇááøóåö ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÎóÑøó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÊóÎúØóÝõåõ ÇáØøóíúÑõ Ãóæú Êóåúæöí Èöåö ÇáÑøöíÍõ Ýöí ãóßóÇäò ÓóÍöíÞò [22 \ 31] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Åöäøóåõ ãóäú íõÔúÑößú ÈöÇááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌóäøóÉó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÍóÑøóãóåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [7 \ 50] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÙóÇåöÑõ ÌóãöíÚö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÚõãõæãõ¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóãú ÊõÎóÕøóÕú ßóÇÝöÑðÇ Ïõæäó ßóÇÝöÑò¡ Èóáú ÙóÇåöÑõåóÇ Ôõãõæáõ ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó áóÇ íõÚúÐóÑõæäó Ýöí ßõÝúÑöåöãú ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãõÓúáöãñ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÝøóÇäõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÍóãøóÇÏõ Èúäõ ÓóáóãóÉó¡ Úóäú ËóÇÈöÊò¡ Úóäú ÃóäóÓò: Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíúäó ÃóÈöí¿ ÞóÇáó: " Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö " ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÝøóì ÏóÚóÇåõ ÝóÞóÇáó: " Åöäøó ÃóÈöí æóÃóÈóÇßó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö " Çå. æóÞóÇáó ãõÓúáöãñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÃóíøõæÈó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÏò - æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áöíóÍúíóì - ÞóÇáóÇ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãóÑúæóÇäõ Èúäõ ãõÚóÇæöíóÉó¡ Úóäú íóÒöíÏó - íóÚúäöí ÇÈúäó ßöíÓóÇäó - Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÒöãò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " ÇÓúÊóÃúÐóäúÊõ ÑóÈøöí Ãóäú ÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑó áöÃõãøöí Ýóáóãú íóÃúÐóäú áöí¡ æóÇÓúÊóÃúÐóäúÊõåõ Ãóäú ÃóÒõæÑó ÞóÈúÑóåóÇ ÝóÃóÐöäó áöí "¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ æóÒõåóíúÑõ Èúäõ ÍóÑúÈò¡ ÞóÇáóÇ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ Úóäú íóÒöíÏó Èúäö ßöíÓóÇäó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÒöãò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÒóÇÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÈúÑó Ãõãøöåö ÝóÈóßóì æóÃóÈúßóì ãóäú Íóæúáóåõ. ÝóÞóÇáó: " ÇÓúÊóÃúÐóäúÊõ ÑóÈøöí Ýöí Ãóäú ÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑó áóåóÇ Ýóáóãú íõÄúÐóäú áöí¡ æóÇÓúÊóÃúÐóäúÊõåõ Ýöí Ãóäú ÃóÒõæÑó ÞóÈúÑóåóÇ ÝóÃóÐöäó áöí¡ ÝóÒõæÑõæÇ ÇáúÞõÈõæÑó ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊõÐóßøöÑõ ÇáúãóæúÊó " Çå¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÚõÐúÑö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ ãóÔúåõæÑñ Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö: åóáö ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÇÊõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö æóåõãú íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö áößõÝúÑöåöãú¡ Ãóæú ãóÚúÐõæÑõæäó ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö¿ æóÚóÞóÏóåõ Ýöí " ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö " ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
Ðõæ ÝóÊúÑóÉò ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÚö áóÇ íõÑóÇÚõ ... æóÝöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Èóíúäóåõãú äöÒóÇÚñ
æóãöãøóäú ÐóåóÈó Åöáóì Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó ãóÇÊõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö: Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÍóßóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞóÑóÇÝöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáÊøóäúÞöíÍö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó¡ ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ " äóÔúÑö ÇáúÈõäõæÏö ".
æóÃóÌóÇÈó Ãóåúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Úóäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈó ÇáúãóäúÝöíö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ ãöäó(3/68)
ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈõ ÇáÏøõäúíóæöíøõ¡ ßóãóÇ æóÞóÚó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÈöÞóæúãö äõæÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö åõæÏò¡ æóÞóæúãö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö áõæØò¡ æóÞóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ æóÞóæúãö ãõæÓóì æóÃóãúËóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÅöÐðÇ ÝóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóäóÓóÈó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú Ýöí ÊóÝóÇÓöíÑöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö.
æóÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ãóÍóáøó ÇáúÚõÐúÑö ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÎúÝóì Úóáóì ÃóÏúäóì ÚóÇÞöáò¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ãóäú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÚóÞúáñ ßóÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö ÝóáóÇ íõÚúÐóÑõ Ýöíåö ÃóÍóÏñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó íõÞöÑøõæäó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÑóÈøõåõãú¡ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöÞõ¡ ÇáäøóÇÝöÚõ¡ ÇáÖøóÇÑøõ¡ æóíóÊóÍóÞøóÞõæäó ßõáøó ÇáÊøóÍóÞøõÞö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäó áóÇ ÊóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÌóáúÈö äóÝúÚò æóáóÇ Úóáóì ÏóÝúÚö ÖõÑøò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóäú Þóæúãö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö íóäúØöÞõæäó [21 \ 65] ¡ æóßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉõ ÈößóËúÑóÉò ÈöÃóäøóåõãú æóÞúÊó ÇáÔøóÏóÇÆöÏö íõÎúáöÕõæäó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ áöÚöáúãöåöãú Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑóåõ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÑóßöÈõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝõáúßö ÏóÚóæõÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [29 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÛóÔöíóåõãú ãóæúÌñ ßóÇáÙøõáóáö ÏóÚóæõÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [31 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóßõãõ ÇáÖøõÑøõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö Öóáøó ãóäú ÊóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 67] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÛóÇáóØõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú áöÔöÏøóÉö ÊóÚóÕøõÈöåöãú áöÃóæúËóÇäöåöãú¡ ÝóÒóÚóãõæÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÞóÑøöÈõåõãú Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÔõÝóÚóÇÄõåõãú ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ; ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÞúáó íóÞúØóÚõ ÈöäóÝúíö Ðóáößó.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÅöäúÐóÇÑò ãöãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú Èöåö ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÑúÓöáõæÇ ÞóÈúáó äóÈöíøöäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ; ßóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÍõÌøóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉñ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÌóÒóãó ÈöåóÐóÇ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóãóÇáó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏöí Ýöí (ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö) .
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍò ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÚõÐúÑöåöãú ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö Úóäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÌõåö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö¡ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ æóåõæó ßóæúäõ ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈõ ÇáÏøõäúíóæöíøõ Ïõæäó ÇáúÃõÎúÑóæöíøö ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÎöáóÇÝó ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ; áöÃóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁõ ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÃóÚóãøõ(3/69)
ãöäú ßóæúäöåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÕóÑúÝõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Úóäú ÙóÇåöÑöåö ãóãúäõæÚñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ïóáøó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò Úóäú Ôõãõæáö ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö ÇáúãóäúÝöíö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áöáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ßõáøóãóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóæúÌñ ÓóÃóáóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú äóÐöíÑñ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì [67 \ 8¡ 9] ¡ æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÃóÝúæóÇÌö Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ãóÇ ÚõÐøöÈõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÅöäúÐóÇÑö ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö.
æóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóåõæó Ãóäøó ãóÍóáøó ÇáúÚõÐúÑö ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÎúÝóì Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏò ÈöäóÝúÓö ÇáúÌóæóÇÈóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó ÂäöÝðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäó ÇáúæóÇÖöÍö æóÛóíúÑöåö ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÈõÏøó áóåõ ãöäú Ïóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóáöÃóäøó Çááøóåó äóÕøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáäøóÇÑö ãóÇ ÚõÐøöÈõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÇáÑøõÓõáó Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÈóÚúÏó ÅöäúÐóÇÑöåöãú ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáËøóÇáöËö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÒóãó Èöåö Çáäøóæóæöíøõ¡ æóãóÇáó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÏöíøõ æóåõæó ÞöíóÇãõ ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÅöäúÐóÇÑö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõÑúÓöáõæÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÃóäøóåõ Þóæúáñ ÈóÇØöáñ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò¡ áößóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÕóÑøöÍóÉö ÈöÈõØúáóÇäöåö ; áöÃóäøó ãõÞúÊóÖóÇåõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÃõäúÐöÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ íóäúÝöí åóÐóÇ äóÝúíðÇ ÈóÇÊøðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí " íÓ ": áöÊõäúÐöÑó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú Ýóåõãú ÛóÇÝöáõæäó [36 \ 6] æó " ãóÇ " Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú [36 \ 6] äóÇÝöíóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ áóÇ ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ¡ æóÊóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÇáúÝóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóåõãú ÛóÇÝöáõæäó¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí " ÇáúÞóÕóÕö ": æóãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÈöÌóÇäöÈö ÇáØøõæÑö ÅöÐú äóÇÏóíúäóÇ æóáóßöäú ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó áöÊõäúÐöÑó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÇ ÃóÊóÇåõãú ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 46] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí " ÓóÈóÃò " æóãóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ãöäú ßõÊõÈò íóÏúÑõÓõæäóåóÇ æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúåöãú ÞóÈúáóßó ãöäú äóÐöíÑò [34 \ 44] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí " Çáã ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö ": Ãóãú íóÞõæáõæäó ÇÝúÊóÑóÇåõ Èóáú åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó áöÊõäúÐöÑó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÇ ÃóÊóÇåõãú ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [32 \ 3] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö: ÈöÃóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö ÃóÎúÈóÇÑõ ÂÍóÇÏò íõÞóÏøóãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÞóÇØöÚõ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ßõáøóãóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóæúÌñ ÓóÃóáóåõãú ÎóÒóäóÊõåóÇ Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú äóÐöíÑñ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáóì [67 \ 8 - 9] ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÇáúÚõÐúÑö ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈöåóÇ ãõÎóÇáöÝõæåõãú ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóãõæÊõæäó æóåõãú ßõÝøóÇÑñ ÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÃóáöíãðÇ [4 \ 18] ¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó(3/70)
ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ÈöÃóäøó ãóÍóáøó Ðóáößó ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáóÊú Åöáóíúåöãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÝóßóÐøóÈõæåõãú¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] . æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÊóÚúÐöíÈö ÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö Úóäú Þóæúáö ãõÎóÇáöÝöíåöãú: Åöäøó ÇáúÞóÇØöÚó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ íóÌöÈõ ÊóÞúÏöíãõåõ Úóáóì ÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúÂÍóÇÏö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÊóÚúÐöíÈö ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö¡ ßóÍóÏöíËóíú ãõÓúáöãò Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãöíäó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÚóÇãøóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËóíúäö ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÎóÇÕøñ Ýöí ÔóÎúÕò ãõÚóíøóäò¡ æóÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÊóÚóÇÑóÖõ ÚóÇãøñ æóÎóÇÕøñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóÇÕøó íóÞúÖöí Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäóÇåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ÝóãðÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ Ïóáöíáñ ÎóÇÕøñ ÎóÑóÌó ãöäó ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ æóãóÇ áóãú íõÎúÑöÌúåõ Ïóáöíáñ ÎóÇÕøñ ÈóÞöíó ÏóÇÎöáðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚõãõæãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö.
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúãóÇäöÚõæäó ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÎúÕöíÕó íõÈúØöáõ ÍößúãóÉó ÇáúÚóÇãøö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÊóãóÏøóÍõ ÈößóãóÇáö ÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÚóÐøöÈõ ÍóÊøóì íóÞúØóÚó ÍõÌøóÉó ÇáúãõÚóÐøóÈö ÈöÅöäúÐóÇÑö ÇáÑøõÓõáö Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöäúÕóÇÝó ÇáúßóÇãöáó¡ æóÇáúÅöÚúÐóÇÑó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÞóØúÚõ ÇáúÚõÐúÑö ÚöáøóÉñ áöÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö¡ Ýóáóæú ÚóÐøóÈó ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÅöäúÐóÇÑò áóÇÎúÊóáøóÊú Êöáúßó ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóãóÏøóÍó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóáóËóÈóÊóÊú áöÐóáößó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÑúÓóáó Çááøóåõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó áöÞóØúÚöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÑõÓõáðÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó áöÆóáøóÇ íóßõæäó áöáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÍõÌøóÉñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 165] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæú ÃóäøóÇ ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö áóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúÊó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ ÝóäóÊøóÈöÚó ÂíóÇÊößó ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú äóÐöáøó æóäóÎúÒóì [20 \ 134] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝõæäó Úóäú åóÐóÇ: ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóæú Óóáøóãó Ãóäøó ÚóÏóãó ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÚöáøóÉñ áöÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÍóÕóáóÊú ÚöáøóÉõ ÇáúÍõßúãö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ãóÚó ÝóÞúÏö ÇáúÍõßúãö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö áöáäøóÕøö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÚúÐöíÈö ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó æõÌõæÏó ÚöáøóÉö ÇáúÍõßúãö ãóÚó ÝóÞúÏö ÇáúÍõßúãö ÇáúãõÓóãøóì Ýöí ÇÕúØöáóÇÍö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö. ÈöÜ " ÇáäøóÞúÖö " ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ áöáúÚöáøóÉö¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÕóÑó áóåóÇ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ãóÚúáõæáöåóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò ÎóÇÑöÌò ßóÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúÚóÇãøö ; Ãóíú ÞóÕúÑõåõ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏöåö ÈöÏóáöíáò¡ æóÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÞúÖö åóáú åõæó ÅöÈúØóÇáñ áöáúÚöáøóÉö¡ Ãóæú ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ áóåóÇ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóÚóÞóÏó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÕóÇÍöÈõ " ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö " ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÞóæóÇÏöÍö:
ãöäúåóÇ æõÌõæÏõ ÇáúæóÕúÝö Ïõæäó ÇáúÍõßúãö ... ÓóãøóÇåõ ÈöÇáäøóÞúÖö æõÚóÇÉõ ÇáúÚöáúãö(3/71)
æóÇáúÃóßúËóÑõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõãú áóÇ íóÞúÏóÍõ ... Èóáú åõæó ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ æóÐóÇ ãõÕóÍøöÍñ
æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ãóÇáößò ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ ... Åöäú íóßõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöäúÈóÇØõ áóÇ ÇáÊøóäúÕöíÕõ
æóÚóßúÓõ åóÐóÇ ÞóÏú ÑóÂåõ ÇáúÈóÚúÖõ ... æóãõäúÊóÞóì Ðöí ÇáöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÑö ÇáäøóÞúÖõ
Åöäú áóãú Êóßõäú ãóäúÕõæÕóÉð ÈöÙóÇåöÑò ... æóáóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ ÇÓúÊõäúÈöØóÊú ÈöÖóÇÆöÑö
Åöäú ÌóÇ áöÝóÞúÏö ÇáÔøóÑúØö Ãóæú áöãóÇ ãóäóÚó ... æóÇáúæóÝúÞõ Ýöí ãöËúáö ÇáúÚóÑóÇíóÇ ÞóÏú æóÞóÚó
ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÈúíóÇÊö Åöáóì ÎóãúÓóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáò Ýöí ÇáäøóÞúÖö: åóáú åõæó ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ¡ Ãóæú ÅöÈúØóÇáñ áöáúÚöáøóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÝóÇÕöíáö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÍóÞøöÞöíäó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö: Ãóäøó ÊóÎóáøõÝó ÇáúÍõßúãö Úóäö ÇáúæóÕúÝö Åöäú ßóÇäó áöÃóÌúáö ãóÇäöÚò ãóäóÚó ãöäú ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö¡ Ãóæú áöÝóÞúÏö ÔóÑúØö ÊóÃúËöíÑöåóÇ Ýóåõæó ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ áöáúÚöáøóÉö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ Ýóåõæó äóÞúÖñ æóÅöÈúØóÇáñ áóåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÚóãúÏõ ÇáúÚóÏõæøóÇäõ ÚöáøóÉñ áöæõÌõæÈö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ æõÌöÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ÇáúãõÑóßøóÈó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÚóãúÏõ ÇáúÚõÏúæóÇäõ¡ æóáóãú íõæÌóÏö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÇáúæóÇáöÏö æóáóÏóåõ áößóæúäö ÇáúÃõÈõæøóÉö ãóÇäöÚðÇ ãöäú ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÚöáøóÉõ ãóäúÞõæÖóÉñ¡ áöÊóÎóáøõÝö ÇáúÍõßúãö ÚóäúåóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö¡ Èóáú åöíó ÚöáøóÉõ ãóäóÚó ãöäú ÊóÃúËöíÑöåóÇ ãóÇäöÚñ¡ ÝóíõÎóÕøóÕõ ÊóÃúËöíÑõåóÇ ÈöãóÇ áóãú íóãúäóÚú ãöäúåõ ãóÇäöÚñ.
æóßóÐóáößó ãóäú ÒóæøóÌó ÃóãóÊóåõ ãöäú ÑóÌõáò¡ æóÛóÑøóåõ ÝóÒóÚóãó áóåõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÍõÑøóÉñ ÝóæóáóÏó ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúæóáóÏó íóßõæäõ ÍõÑøðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÑöÞøó ÇáúÃõãøö ÚöáøóÉñ áöÑöÞøö ÇáúæóáóÏö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÐóÇÊö ÑóÍöãò ÝóæóáóÏõåóÇ ÈöãóäúÒöáóÊöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÛõÑõæÑó ãóÇäöÚñ ãóäóÚó ãöäú ÊóÃúËöíÑö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÑöÞøõ ÇáúÃõãøö Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÑöÞøõ ÇáúæóáóÏö.
æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÒøöäóì ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ Úóáöãó áöáÑøóÌúãö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÎóáøóÝó ÔóÑúØõ ÊóÃúËöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáÒøöäóì Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãö ÇáøóÐöí åöíó ÇáÑøóÌúãõ¡ æóäóÚúäöí ÈöÐóáößó ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇäó¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ ÅöäøóåóÇ ÚöáøóÉñ ãóäúÞõæÖóÉñ¡ Èóáú åöíó ÚöáøóÉñ ÊóÎóáøóÝó ÔóÑúØõ ÊóÃúËöíÑöåóÇ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ åóßóÐóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÍóÞøöÞöíäó.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ: Ãóäøó ÂíóÉó " ÇáúÍóÔúÑö " Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÞúÖó ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ áöáúÚöáøóÉö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóÇááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ æóäóÚúäöí ÈöÂíóÉö " ÇáúÍóÔúÑö " Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Èóäöí ÇáäøóÖöíÑö: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ßóÊóÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÌóáóÇÁó áóÚóÐøóÈóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóáóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö [59 \ 3] .(3/72)
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÚöáøóÉó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÔóÇÞøõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [59 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóÏú íõæÌóÏõ ÈóÚúÖõ ãóäú ÔóÇÞøó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ¡ æóáóãú íõÚóÐøöÈú ÈöãöËúáö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÚóÐøóÈó Èöåö Èóäõæ ÇáäøóÖöíÑö¡ ãóÚó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö Ýöí ÇáúÚöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãõÔóÇÞøóÉõ Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö.
ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÊóÎóáøõÝó ÇáúÍõßúãö Úóäö ÇáúÚöáøóÉö Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøõæóÑö ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ áöáúÚöáøóÉö áóÇ äóÞúÖñ áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóËóáõ ÈóíúÚö ÇáÊøóãúÑö ÇáúíóÇÈöÓö ÈöÇáÑøóØúÈö Ýöí ãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÈóíúÚö ÇáúÚóÑóÇíóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÊóÎúÕöíÕñ áöáúÚöáøóÉö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ áóÇ äóÞúÖó áóåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÈúíóÇÊö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇáúæóÝúÞõ Ýöí ãöËúáö ÇáúÚóÑóÇíóÇ ÞóÏú æóÞóÚó
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó: åóáú íóÚúÐõÑõ ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö Ãóæú áóÇ¿ åõæó Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÚúÐõæÑõæäó ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóãúÊóÍöäõåõãú ÈöäóÇÑò íóÃúãõÑõåõãú ÈöÇÞúÊöÍóÇãöåóÇ¡ Ýóãóäö ÇÞúÊóÍóãóåóÇ ÏóÎúáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó íõÕóÏøöÞõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó áóæú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóãóäö ÇãúÊóäóÚó ÏóÎóáó ÇáäøóÇÑó æóÚõÐøöÈó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó íõßóÐøöÈõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó áóæú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ; áóÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóÇãöáöíäó áóæú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö áöÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ËóÈóÊó Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóËõÈõæÊõåõ Úóäúåõ äóÕøñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö ; ÝóáóÇ æóÌúåó áöáäøöÒóÇÚö ÃóáúÈóÊøóÉó ãóÚó Ðóáößó.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÇáúßóËöíÑóÉó ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÚõÐúÑöåöãú ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÑóÉö æóÇãúÊöÍóÇäöåöãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÑóÇÏøðÇ Úóáóì ÇÈúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö ÊóÖúÚöíÝó ÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÚõÐúÑöåöãú æóÇãúÊöÍóÇäöåöãú¡ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó ÏóÇÑõ ÌóÒóÇÁò áóÇ Úóãóáò¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝó ÈöÏõÎõæáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÊóßúáöíÝñ ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íõØóÇÞõ æóåõæó áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ãóÇ äóÕøóåõ:
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÚóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó: Ãóäøó ÃóÍóÇÏöíËó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈö ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ åõæó ÕóÍöíÍñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏú äóÕøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäú ÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ åõæó ÍóÓóäñ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ åõæó ÖóíúÝñ íóÊóÞóæøóì ÈöÇáÕøóÍöíÍö æóÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ãõÊøóÕöáóÉð ãõÊóÚóÇÖöÏóÉð Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóãóØö¡ ÃóÝóÇÏóÊö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉó ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÇÙöÑö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: Åöäøó ÇáÏøóÇÑó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó ÏóÇÑõ ÌóÒóÇÁò¡ ÝóáóÇ Ôóßøó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÏóÇÑõ ÌóÒóÇÁò¡ æóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöí ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝó Ýöí ÚóÑóÕóÇÊöåóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ãóæö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÃóÔúÚóÑöíøõ Úóäú ãóÐúåóÈö Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ãöäó ÇãúÊöÍóÇäö ÇáúÃóØúÝóÇáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íõßúÔóÝõ Úóäú ÓóÇÞò(3/73)
æóíõÏúÚóæúäó Åöáóì ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö [68 \ 42] .
æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ: " Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó íóÓúÌõÏõæäó áöáøóåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞó áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ Ðóáößó¡ æóíóÚõæÏõ ÙóåúÑõåõ ßóÇáÕøóÝöíÍóÉö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö ØóÈóÞðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ¡ ßõáøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáÓøõÌõæÏó ÎóÑøó áöÞóÝóÇåõ "¡ æóÝöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ ÂÎöÑó Ãóåúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÎõÑõæÌðÇ ãöäúåóÇ: " Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúÎõÐõ ÚõåõæÏóåõ æóãóæóÇËöíÞóåõ ÃóáøóÇ íóÓúÃóáó ÛóíúÑó ãóÇ åõæó Ýöíåö¡ æóíóÊóßóÑøóÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÈúäó ÂÏóãó¡ ãóÇ ÃóÚúÐóÑóßó! Ëõãøó íóÃúÐóäõ áóåõ Ýöí ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö " æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóßóíúÝó íõßóáøöÝõåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÏõÎõæáó ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóáóíúÓó Ðóáößó Ýöí æõÓúÚöåöãú¿ ÝóáóíúÓó åóÐóÇ ÈöãóÇäöÚò ãöäú ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö. " ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúãõÑõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöÇáúÌóæóÇÒö Úóáóì ÇáÕøöÑóÇØö¡ æóåõæó ÌöÓúÑñ Úóáóì ãóÊúäö Ìóåóäøóãó ÃóÍóÏøõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóíúÝö æóÃóÏóÞøõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÚúÑö¡ æóíóãõÑøõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó Úóáóíúåö ÈöÍóÓúÈö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú¡ ßóÇáúÈóÑúÞö¡ æóßóÇáÑøöíÍö¡ æóßóÃóÌóÇæöíÏö ÇáúÎóíúáö æóÇáÑøößóÇÈö. æóãöäúåõãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚöí¡ æóãöäúåõãõ ÇáúãóÇÔöí¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÍúÈõæ ÍóÈúæðÇ¡ æóãöäúåõãõ ÇáúãóßúÏõæÓõ Úóáóì æóÌúåöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö " æóáóíúÓó ãóÇ æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÃõæáóÆößó ÈöÃóÚúÙóãó ãöäú åóÐóÇ¡ Èóáú åóÐóÇ ÃõØúãñ æóÃóÚúÙóãóÇ
æóÃóíúÖðÇ: ÝóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÏøóÌøóÇáó íóßõæäõ ãóÚóåõ ÌóäøóÉñ æóäóÇÑñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÏúÑößõæäóåõ Ãóäú íóÔúÑóÈó ÃóÍóÏõåõãú ãöäó ÇáøóÐöí íóÑóì Ãóäøóåõ äóÇÑñ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóßõæäõ Úóáóíúåö ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóÓóáóÇãðÇ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó.
æóÃóíúÖðÇ: ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóãóÑó Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú¡ ÝóÞóÊóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÊóáõæÇ ÝöíãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí ÛóÏóÇÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò ÓóÈúÚöíäó ÃóáúÝðÇ¡ íóÞúÊõáõ ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÃóÈóÇåõ æóÃóÎóÇåõ¡ æóåõãú Ýöí ÚóãóÇíóÉö ÛóãóÇãóÉò ÃóÑúÓóáóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ; æóÐóáößó ÚõÞõæÈóÉñ áóåõãú Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚöÌúáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÔóÇÞøñ Úóáóì ÇáäøõÝõæÓö ÌöÏøðÇ áóÇ íóÊóÞóÇÕóÑõ ÚóãøóÇ æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö. æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóíúÖðÇ ÞóÈúáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÈöÞóáöíáò ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÐóåóÈó Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íõãúÊóÍóäõæäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ýöí ÚóÑóÕóÇÊö ÇáúãóÍúÔóÑö¡ Ýóãóäú ÃóØóÇÚó ÏóÎóáó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó¡ æóÇäúßóÔóÝó Úöáúãõ Çááøóåö Ýöíåö ÈöÓóÇÈöÞö ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö¡ æóãóäú ÚóÕóì ÏóÎóáó ÇáäøóÇÑó ÏóÇÎöÑðÇ¡ æóÇäúßóÔóÝó Úöáúãõ Çááøóåö Ýöíåö ÈöÓóÇÈöÞö ÇáÔøóÞóÇæóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ íóÌúãóÚõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ßõáøöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍóÊú Èöåö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóÚóÇÖöÏóÉõ¡ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ áöÈóÚúÖò.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÍóÓóäö Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó ÇáúÃóÔúÚóÑöíøõ Úóäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí äóÕóÑóåõ ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö (ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö) æóßóÐóáößó ÛóíúÑõåõ(3/74)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÏúäóÇ Ãóäú äõåúáößó ÞóÑúíóÉð ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÍóÞøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÝóÏóãøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÊóÏúãöíÑðÇ (16)
ãöäú ãõÍóÞøöÞöí ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÍõÝøóÇÙö æóÇáäøõÞøóÇÏö. ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ÌöÏøðÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóãúÚó Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö æóÇÌöÈñ ãóÊóì ãóÇ Ãóãúßóäó ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò ; áöÃóäøó ÅöÚúãóÇáó ÇáÏøóáöíáóíúäö Ãóæúáóì ãöäú ÅöáúÛóÇÁö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ¡ æóáóÇ æóÌúåó áöáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÅöáøóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÇáúÚõÐúÑö æóÇáöÇãúÊöÍóÇäö¡ Ýóãóäú ÏóÎóáó ÇáäøóÇÑó Ýóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóãúÊóËöáú ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó Èöåö ÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó ÇáöÇãúÊöÍóÇäö¡ æóíóÊøóÝöÞõ ÈöÐóáößó ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó ãöËúáó Þóæúáö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó ÏóÇÑõ ÌóÒóÇÁò áóÇ ÏóÇÑõ Úóãóáò áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Ãóäú ÊóÑöÏó Èöåö ÇáäøõÕõæÕõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉõ ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ (ÏóÝóÚö ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö) .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÏúäóÇ Ãóäú äõåúáößó ÞóÑúíóÉð ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÍóÞøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÝóÏóãøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÊóÏúãöíÑðÇ¡ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ [17 \ 16] ¡ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ËóáóÇËóÉõ ãóÐóÇåöÈó ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: æóåõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ åõæó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÖöÏøõ Çáäøóåúíö¡ æóÃóäøó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ áöÙõåõæÑöåö¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ÈöØóÇÚóÉö Çááøóåö æóÊóæúÍöíÏöåö¡ æóÊóÕúÏöíÞö ÑõÓõáöåö æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåöãú ÝöíãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæÇ Èöåö: ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÎóÑóÌõæÇ Úóäú ØóÇÚóÉö ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåöãú¡ æóÚóÕóæúåõ æóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÑõÓõáóåõ ÝóÍóÞøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ¡ Ãóíú æóÌóÈó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ ÝóÏóãøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÊóÏúãöíÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåóÇ ÅöåúáóÇßðÇ ãõÓúÊóÃúÕöáðÇ¡ æóÃóßøóÏó ÝöÚúáó ÇáÊøóÏúãöíÑö ÈöãóÕúÏóÑöåö áöáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö Ýöí ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúåóáóÇßö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö Èöåöãú.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÚóáõæÇ ÝóÇÍöÔóÉð ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóãóÑóäóÇ ÈöåóÇ Þõáú Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 28] . ÝóÊóÕúÑöíÍõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ [17 \ 16] ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóãóÑúäóÇåõãú ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö ÝóÚóÕóæúÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóãóÑúäóÇåõãú ÈöÇáúÝöÓúÞö ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÇáó ãõÊúÑóÝõæåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõãú Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó æóÞóÇáõæÇ äóÍúäõ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÃóãúæóÇáðÇ æóÃóæúáóÇÏðÇ æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãõÚóÐøóÈöíäó [34 \ 34¡ 35] .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ÇáúÂíóÉó(3/75)
[43 \ 23] ¡ áóÝúÙñ ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÊúÑóÝöíäó ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÞõÑóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÃóãóÑóÊúåõãú ÈöØóÇÚóÉö Çááøóåö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõãú: ÅöäøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõãú Èöåö ßóÇÝöÑõæäó¡ æóÊóÈóÌøóÍõæÇ ÈöÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏöåöãú¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ÊóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÒóÚóãóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ßóÔøóÇÝöåö ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ; Ãóíú ÃóãóÑúäóÇåõãú ÈöÇáúÝöÓúÞö ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ¡ æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ãóÌóÇÒñ ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ áöÅöÓúÈóÇÛö ÇáäøöÚóãö Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãõæÌöÈö áöÈóØóÑöåöãú æóßõÝúÑöåöãú ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÐóáößó¡ ßóáóÇãñ ßõáøõåõ ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö æóÇáúÈõØúáóÇäö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó ÅöÈúØóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí " ÇáúÈóÍúÑö "¡ æóÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÔõßøõ ãõäúÕöÝñ ÚóÇÑöÝñ Ýöí ÈõØúáóÇäöåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÌóÇÑò Úóáóì ÇáúÃõÓúáõæÈö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÇáúãóÃúáõæÝö¡ ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: ÃóãóÑúÊõåõ ÝóÚóÕóÇäöí¡ Ãóíú ÃóãóÑúÊõåõ ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö ÝóÚóÕóì. æóáóíúÓó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÃóãóÑúÊõåõ ÈöÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ÃóãúÑðÇ ßóæúäöíøðÇ ÞóÏóÑöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÞóÏøóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú Ðóáößó æóÓóÎøóÑúäóÇåõãú áóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ßóáøðÇ ãõíóÓøóÑñ áöãóÇ ÎõáöÞó áóåõ. æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ Çáúßóæúäöíøõ ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøõ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ßóáóãúÍò ÈöÇáúÈóÕóÑö [54 \ 50] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÞõáúäóÇ áóåõãú ßõæäõæÇ ÞöÑóÏóÉð ÎóÇÓöÆöíäó [2 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÊóÇåóÇ ÃóãúÑõäóÇ áóíúáðÇ Ãóæú äóåóÇÑðÇ [10 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [36 \ 82] .
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó " ÃóãóÑúäóÇ " ÈöãóÚúäóì ÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ¡ Ãóíú ÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ¡ áõÛóÉñ ÝóÕöíÍóÉñ ßóÂãóÑúäóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÏøö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Úóäú ÓõæóíúÏö Èúäö åõÈóíúÑóÉó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ÎóíúÑõ ãóÇáö ÇãúÑöÆò ãõåúÑóÉñ ãóÃúãõæÑóÉñ¡ Ãóæú ÓößøóÉñ ãóÃúÈõæÑóÉñ ".
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò ÇáúÞóÇÓöãõ Èúäõ ÓóáøóÇãò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö (ÇáúÛóÑöíÈö) : ÇáúãóÃúãõæÑóÉõ: ßóËöíÑóÉõ ÇáäøóÓúáö. æóÇáÓøößøóÉõ: ÇáØøóÑöíÞóÉõ ÇáúãõÕúØóÝøóÉõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÎúáö. æóÇáúãóÃúÈõæÑóÉõ: ãöäó ÇáÊøóÃúÈöíÑö¡ æóåõæó ÊóÚúáöíÞõ ÇáÐøóßóÑö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÎúáóÉö áöÆóáøóÇ íõÓúÞóØó ËóãóÑóåóÇ. æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÅöÊúíóÇäó ÇáúãóÃúãõæÑóÉö Úóáóì æóÒúäö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÃóãúÑó ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáúãöíãö ãõÌóÑøóÏðÇ Úóäö ÇáÒøóæóÇÆöÏö¡ ãõÊóÚóÏøò ÈöäóÝúÓöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ ÝóíóÊøóÖöÍõ ßóæúäõ ÃóãúÑöåö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÃóßúËóÑó¡ æóÃóäúßóÑó ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ÊóÚóÏøöí ÃóãúÑö ÇáËøõáóÇËöíøö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅößúËóÇÑö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÍóÏöíËõ ÓõæóíúÏö Èúäö åõÈóíúÑóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáöÇÒúÏöæóÇÌö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÇáúÛóÏóÇíóÇ æóÇáúÚóÔóÇíóÇ¡ æóßóÍóÏöíËö " ÇÑúÌöÚúäó ãóÃúÒõæÑóÇÊò ÛóíúÑó ãóÃúÌõæÑóÇÊò " ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÛóÏóÇíóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÓóÇÛó(3/76)
áöáöÇÒúÏöæóÇÌö ãóÚó ÇáúÚóÔóÇíóÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÃúÒõæÑóÇÊñ ÈöÇáúåóãúÒö Ýóåõæó Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÃóÕúáö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉó ãöäó ÇáúæöÒúÑö ÈöÇáúæóÇæö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúåóãúÒó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: " ãóÃúÒõæÑóÇÊò " áöáöÇÒúÏöæóÇÌö ãóÚó " ãóÃúÌõæÑóÇÊò "¡ æóÇáöÇÒúÏöæóÇÌõ íóÌõæÒõ Ýöíåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ. æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: " ãóÃúãõæÑóÉñ " ÅöÊúÈóÇÚñ áöÞóæúáöåö: " ãóÃúÈõæÑóÉñ " æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ áöáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö Èóíúäó ÇááøóÝúÙóíúäö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóãúÑõäóÇ [17 \ 16] ¡ ÞóÑóÃó ÃóÈõæ ÚõËúãóÇäó ÇáäøóåúÏöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÑóÌóÇÁò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÇáúÚóÇáöíóÉö¡ æóÇáÑøóÈöíÚõ¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ: " ÃóãøóÑúäóÇ " ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö¡ æóåöíó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ Ãóíú ÓóáøóØúäóÇ ÔóÑóÇÑóåóÇ ÝóÚóÕóæúÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÝóÚóáõæÇ Ðóáößó ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõËúãóÇäó ÇáäøóåúÏöíøõ " ÃóãøóÑúäóÇ " ÈöÊóÔúÏöíÏö Çáúãöíãö: ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÃõãóÑóÇÁó ãõÓóáøóØöíäó.
æóÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÒöíÒò: æóÊóÃóãøóÑó Úóáóíúåöãú ÊóÓóáøóØó Úóáóíúåöãú. æóÞóÑóÃó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóíúæóÉó ÇáÔøóÇãöíøõ¡ æóíóÚúÞõæÈõ¡ æóÎóÇÑöÌóÉõ Úóäú äóÇÝöÚò¡ æóÍóãøóÇÏõ Èúäõ ÓóáóãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò æóÚóáöíøñ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝò ÚóäúåõãóÇ: " ÂãóÑúäóÇ " ÈöÇáúãóÏøö æóÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö ; Ãóíú ÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ ÌóÈóÇÈöÑóÊóåóÇ æóÃõãóÑóÇÁóåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó: " ÂãóÑúÊõåõ - ÈöÇáúãóÏøö - æóÃóãóÑúÊõåõ áõÛóÊóÇäö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÃóßúËóÑúÊõåõ.
æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ " ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÇáö ãõåúÑóÉñ ãóÃúãõæÑóÉñ Ãóæú ÓößøóÉñ ãóÃúÈõæÑóÉñ " ; Ãóíú ßóËöíÑóÉõ ÇáäøöÊóÇÌö æóÇáäøóÓúáö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÒöíÒò: ÂãóÑúäóÇ æóÃóãóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò¡ Ãóíú ÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ. æóÚóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóíóÍúíóì Èúäö íóÚúãóÑó: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ - ÈöÇáúÞóÕúÑö æóßóÓúÑö Çáúãöíãö - Úóáóì ÝöÚúáöäóÇ¡ æóÑõæöíóÊú Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò. ÞóÇáó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ: ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóßúËóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÍóßóì äóÍúæóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÒóíúÏò æóÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ æóÃóäúßóÑóåõ ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÞóÇáó: áóÇ íõÞóÇáõ ãöäó ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÂãóÑúäóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÏøö¡ æóÃóÕúáõåóÇ ÃóÃóãóÑúäóÇ ÝóÎóÝøóÝó ; ÍóßóÇåõ ÇáúãóåúÏóæöíøõ.
æóÝöí ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍö: ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÍóÓóäö: ÃóãöÑó ãóÇáõåõ - ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö - Ãóíú ßóËõÑó. æóÃóãöÑó ÇáúÞóæúãõ: Ãóíú ßóËõÑõæÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
ØóÑöÝõæäó æóáóÇÏøõæäó ßõáøó ãõÈóÇÑóßò ... ÃóãöÑõæäó áóÇ íóÑöËõæäó Óóåúãó ÇáúÞõÚúÏõÏö
æóÂãóÑó Çááøóåõ ãóÇáóåõ ; ÈöÇáúãóÏøö. ÇáËøóÚúáóÈöíøõ: æóíõÞóÇáõ áöáÔøóíúÁö ÇáúßóËöíÑö ÃóãúÑñ¡ æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ ãöäúåõ ÃóãóÑó ÇáúÞóæúãõ íóÃúãõÑõæäó ÃóãúÑðÇ: ÅöÐóÇ ßóËõÑõæÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò: ßõäøóÇ äóÞõæáõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö áöáúÍóíøö ÅöÐóÇ ßóËõÑõæÇ: ÃóãóÑó ÃóãúÑò Èóäöí ÝõáóÇäò ; ÞóÇáó(3/77)
áóÈöíÏñ:
ßõáøõ Èóäöí ÍõÑøóÉó ãóÕöíÑõåõãú ... Þõáú æóÅöäú ÃóßúËóÑóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóÏö
Åöäú íóÛúÈöØõæÇ íóåúÈöØõæÇ æóÅöäú ÃóãóÑõæÇ ... íóæúãðÇ íóÕöíÑõæÇ áöáúåóáóßö æóÇáäøóßóÏö
ÞõáúÊõ: æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö åöÑóÞúáó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: áóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑó ÃóãúÑó ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ßóÈúÔóÉó¡ Åöäøóåõ áöíóÎóÇÝóåõ ãóáößõ Èóäöí ÇáúÃóÕúÝóÑö ; Ãóíú ßóËõÑó¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ãõÊóÚóÏøò¡ æóáöÐóáößó ÃóäúßóÑóåõ ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúãóåúÏóæöíøõ: æóãóäú ÞóÑóÃó ÃóãóÑó Ýóåöíó áõÛóÉñ¡ æóæóÌúåõ ÊóÚúÏöíóÉö ÃóãúÑò Ãóäøóåõ ÔóÈøóåóåõ ÈöÜ (ÚóãóÑó) ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúßóËúÑóÉõ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÔóíúÁò Åöáóì ÇáúÚöãóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóÚóÏøóì ßóãóÇ ÚóÏøóì ÚóãóÑó¡ Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÞöíáó ÃóãóÑúäóÇåõãú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÃõãóÑóÇÁó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÑóÈó ÊóÞõæáõ: ÃóãöíÑñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÃúãõæÑò¡ Ãóíú ÛóíúÑõ ãõÄóãøöÑò¡ æóÞöíáó ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÈóÚóËúäóÇ ãõÓúÊóßúÈóÑöíåóÇ. ÞóÇáó åóÇÑõæäõ: æóåöíó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÃõÈóíøò: ÈóÚóËúäóÇ ÃóßóÇÈöÑó ãõÌúÑöãöíåóÇ ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúãóÇæóÑúÏöíøõ.
æóÍóßóì ÇáäøóÍøóÇÓõ: æóÞóÇáó åóÇÑõæäõ Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÃõÈóíøò: æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÏúäóÇ Ãóäú äõåúáößó ÞóÑúíóÉð ÈóÚóËúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóßóÇÈöÑó ãõÌúÑöãöíåóÇ ÝóãóßóÑõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÍóÞøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ. Çå ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö.
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó ÇáøóÐöí Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö ÝóÚóÕóæúÇ ÃóãúÑóäóÇ¡ ÝóæóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ ÝóÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÓõÄóÇáñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÓúäóÏó ÇáúÝöÓúÞó ÝöíåóÇ áöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúãõÊúÑóÝöíäó Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóãóÑúäóÇ ãõÊúÑóÝöíåóÇ ÝóÝóÓóÞõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ [17 \ 16] ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÐóßóÑó Úõãõæãó ÇáúåóáóÇßö áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÊúÑóÝöíäó æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÍóÞøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÝóÏóãøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÊóÏúãöíÑðÇ [17 \ 16] íóÚúäöí ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉó¡ æóáóãú íóÓúÊóËúäö ãöäúåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãõÊúÑóÝöíäó¿
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãõÊúÑóÝöíäó ÊóÈóÚñ áóåõãú¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÎóÕøó ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö ÇáúãõÊúÑóÝöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÓóÇÏóÊõåõãú æóßõÈóÑóÇÄõåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ÛóíúÑóåõãú ÊóÈóÚñ áóåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÃóØóÚúäóÇ ÓóÇÏóÊóäóÇ æóßõÈóÑóÇÁóäóÇ ÝóÃóÖóáøõæäóÇ ÇáÓøóÈöíáó [33 \ 67] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöÐú ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøõÈöÚõæÇ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæÇ æóÑóÃóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó æóÊóÞóØøóÚóÊú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 166] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÇÏøóÇÑóßõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÞóÇáóÊú ÃõÎúÑóÇåõãú áöÃõæáóÇåõãú ÑóÈøóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÃóÖóáøõæäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(3/78)
æóßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö äõæÍò æóßóÝóì ÈöÑóÈøößó ÈöÐõäõæÈö ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÎóÈöíÑðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ (17)
æóÈóÑóÒõæÇ áöáøóåö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁõ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóßõãú ÊóÈóÚðÇ Ýóåóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ãõÛúäõæäó ÚóäøóÇ ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐú íóÊóÍóÇÌøõæäó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁõ áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ áóßõãú ÊóÈóÚðÇ Ýóåóáú ÃóäúÊõãú ãõÛúäõæäó ÚóäøóÇ äóÕöíÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö [40 \ 47] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖóåõãú Åöäú ÚóÕóì Çááøóåó æóÈóÛóì æóØóÛóì æóáóãú íóäúåóåõãõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõæäó ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúåóáóÇßó íóÚõãøõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áóÇ ÊõÕöíÈóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ãöäúßõãú ÎóÇÕøóÉð [8 \ 25] ¡ æóÝöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö Ãõãøö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÒóíúäóÈó ÈöäúÊö ÌóÍúÔò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚóÊö ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÞõæáõ: «áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóíúáñ áöáúÚóÑóÈö ãöäú ÔóÑøò ÞóÏö ÇÞúÊóÑöÈú¡ ÝõÊöÍó Çáúíóæúãó ãöäú ÑóÏúãö íóÃúÌõæÌó æóãóÃúÌõæÌó ãöËúáó åóÐöåö» - æóÍóáøóÞó ÈöÅöÕúÈóÚöåö ÇáúÅöÈúåóÇãö æóÇáøóÊöí ÊóáöíåóÇ - ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Ãóäóåúáößõ æóÝöíäóÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍõæäó¿ ÞóÇáó: «äóÚóãú¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóËõÑó ÇáúÎóÈóËõ» æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËó ãõæóÖøöÍðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö.
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö äõæÍò æóßóÝóì ÈöÑóÈøößó ÈöÐõäõæÈö ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÎóÈöíÑðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ. ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ Ãóåúáóßó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö äõæÍò ; áöÃóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó ßóãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóßóãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ [17 \ 17] ÎóÈóÑöíøóÉñ¡ ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑõ ÈöÚóÏóÏò ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈóÕöíÑñ ÈöÐõäõæÈö ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ æóÃóßøóÏó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÝóì ÈöÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 17] .
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÃóæúÖóÍóÊúåõ ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ãöäú ÃóÑúÈóÚö ÌöåóÇÊò:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóåúÏöíÏðÇ áößõÝøóÇÑö ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ áóåõãú ãöäú Ãóäú íóäúÒöáó Èöåöãú ãóÇ äóÒóáó ÈöÛóíúÑöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÐøóÈóÊú ÑõÓõáóåóÇ ; Ãóíú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ ÞõÑõæäðÇ ßóËöíÑóÉð ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö äõæÍò ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõßóÐøöÈõæÇ ÑóÓõæáóäóÇ áöÆóáøóÇ äóÝúÚóáó Èößõãú ãöËúáó ãóÇ ÝóÚóáúäóÇ Èöåöãú.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóæúÖóÍóÊú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Þóæúãö áõæØò: æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóãõÑøõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó æóÈöÇááøóíúáö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó [37 \ 137 - 138] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöíåöãú ÃóíúÖðÇ: Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöáúãõÊóæóÓøöãöíäó æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÈöÓóÈöíáò ãõÞöíãò [15 \ 75¡ 76] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöíåöãú ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóáóÞóÏú ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÂíóÉð ÈóíøöäóÉð áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó [29 \ 35] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóáóãú íóÓöíÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóíóäúÙõÑõæÇ ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ÏóãøóÑó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ [47 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÅöåúáóÇßóåõ áöÞóæúãö äõæÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö åõæÏò¡ æóÞóæúãö(3/79)
ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö áõæØò¡ æóÞóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö: Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó [26 \ 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Þóæúãö ãõæÓóì: Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÚöÈúÑóÉð áöãóäú íóÎúÔóì [79 \ 26] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð áöãóäú ÎóÇÝó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóåõãú ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú Þóæúãõ ÊõÈøóÚò æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåöãú ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [44 \ 37] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßóËöíÑóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáøó ÊóÎúæöíÝöåöãú ÈöãóÇ æóÞóÚó áöãóäú ÞóÈúáóåõãú.
ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÞõÑõæäó ÊóÚóÑøóÖóÊú áöÈóíóÇäöåóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑó ; ÝóÈóíøóäóÊú ßóíúÝöíøóÉó ÅöåúáóÇßö Þóæúãö äõæÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö åõæÏò¡ æóÞóæúãö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö áõæØò¡ æóÞóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ æóÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãöåö ãöäú Þóæúãö ãõæÓóì¡ æóÐóáößó ãóÐúßõæÑñ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ãóÚúáõæãóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÈóíúäó Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÞõÑõæäó ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÚóÇÏðÇ æóËóãõæÏðÇ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáÑøóÓøö æóÞõÑõæäðÇ Èóíúäó Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑðÇ [25 \ 38] æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: Ãóäøó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: Ãóáóãú íóÃúÊößõãú äóÈóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú Þóæúãö äõæÍò æóÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 9] . æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚóíúäö ÂÎóÑóíúäö Ãóäøó ÑõÓõáóåõãú ãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÕøó ÎóÈóÑóåõ Úóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú áóãú íóÞúÕõÕúåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåóãóÇ Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö: æóÑõÓõáðÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÕóÕúäóÇåõãú Úóáóíúßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÑõÓõáðÇ áóãú äóÞúÕõÕúåõãú Úóáóíúßó æóßóáøóãó Çááøóåõ ãõæÓóì ÊóßúáöíãðÇ [4 \ 164] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÑõÓõáðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÕóÕúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú áóãú äóÞúÕõÕú Úóáóíúßó æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöÑóÓõæáò Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÈöÂíóÉò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 78] .
ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö äõæÍò [17 \ 17] íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑõæäó ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú Èóíúäó ÂÏóãó æóäõæÍò ÃóäøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ßóÇäóÊú Èóíúäó ÂÏóãó æóäõæÍò ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÞõÑõæäò¡ ßõáøõåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö. äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 213] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÅöáøóÇ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 19] ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ Úóáóì ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÍóÊøóì æóÞóÚó ãóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäú Þóæúãö äõæÍò ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ÝóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó íóäúåóæúäó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó ãóäú ÃóØóÇÚóåõãú ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó ãóäú ÚóÕóÇåõãú ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÃóæøóáõåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó äõæÍñ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ.(3/80)
æóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó æóÓóÚóì áóåóÇ ÓóÚúíóåóÇ æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ßóÇäó ÓóÚúíõåõãú ãóÔúßõæÑðÇ (19)
æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóì äõæÍò æóÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 163] . æóÝöí ÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú íóÞõæáõæäó áöäõæÍò: Åöäøóåõ Ãóæøóáõ ÑóÓõæáò ÈóÚúËóåõ Çááøóåõ áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö.
ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóßóÝóì ÈöÑóÈøößó ÈöÐõäõæÈö ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÎóÈöíÑðÇ ÈóÕöíÑðÇ [17 \ 17] Ýöíåö ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÒóÌúÑò Úóäö ÇÑúÊößóÇÈö ãóÇ áóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áöÐóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó æóäóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ ÊõæóÓúæöÓõ Èöåö äóÝúÓõåõ æóäóÍúäõ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÍóÈúáö ÇáúæóÑöíÏö [50 \ 16] æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøóåõãú íóËúäõæäó ÕõÏõæÑóåõãú áöíóÓúÊóÎúÝõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÃóáóÇ Íöíäó íóÓúÊóÛúÔõæäó ËöíóÇÈóåõãú íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ íõÓöÑøõæäó æóãóÇ íõÚúáöäõæäó Åöäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [11 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú ÝóÇÍúÐóÑõæåõ [2 \ 235] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò. æóáóÝúÙóÉõ «ßóãú» Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýöí ãóÍóáøö äóÕúÈö ãóÝúÚõæáò Èöåö áöÜ «ÃóåúáóßúäóÇ» æóãöäú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑõæäö ÈóíóÇäñ áöÞóæúáöåö: ßóãú æóÊóãúíöíÒñ áóåõ ßóãóÇ íõãóíøóÒõ ÇáúÚóÏóÏõ ÈöÇáúÌöäúÓö. æóÃóãøóÇ áóÝúÙõåõ «ãöäú» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö äõæÍò¡ ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÃóäøóåóÇ áöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö ÇáúÛóÇíóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÍúÑö» ¡ æóÒóÚóãó ÇáúÍóæúÝöíøõ Ãóäøó «ãöäú» ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÑóÏøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó æóÓóÚóì áóåóÇ ÓóÚúíóåóÇ æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ßóÇäó ÓóÚúíõåõãú ãóÔúßõæÑðÇ
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãóÏúÍõæÑðÇ æóãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó æóÓóÚóì áóåóÇ ÓóÚúíóåóÇ [17 \ 19] Ãóíú Úóãöáó áóåóÇ ÚóãóáóåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóäóÇáõ Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇãúÊöËóÇáõ ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇÌúÊäóÇÈõ äóåúíöåö ÈöÅöÎúáóÇÕò Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúãóÔúÑõæÚö: æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ [17 \ 19] Ãóíú ãõæóÍøöÏñ áöáøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÛóíúÑõ ãõÔúÑößò Èöåö æóáóÇ ßóÇÝöÑò Èöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íóÔúßõÑõ ÓóÚúíóåõ¡ ÈöÃóäú íõËöíÈóåõ ÇáËøóæóÇÈó ÇáúÌóÒöíáó Úóäú Úóãóáöåö ÇáúÞóáöíáö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉó áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÚó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÇááøóåö.
áöÃóäøó ÇáúßõÝúÑó ÓóíøöÆóÉñ áóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ãóÚóåóÇ ÍóÓóäóÉñ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÔóÑóØó Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ [17 \ 19] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊó ãöäú(3/81)
ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó íóÏúÎõáõæäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóáóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó äóÞöíÑðÇ [4 \ 124] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóáóäõÍúíöíóäøóåõ ÍóíóÇÉð ØóíøöÈóÉð æóáóäóÌúÒöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúÑóåõãú ÈöÃóÍúÓóäö ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [16 \ 97] æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÓóíøöÆóÉð ÝóáóÇ íõÌúÒóì ÅöáøóÇ ãöËúáóåóÇ æóãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó íóÏúÎõáõæäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó íõÑúÒóÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍöÓóÇÈò [40 \ 40] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãóÝúåõæãõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóØóÇÚó Çááøóåó ÈöÅöÎúáóÇÕò áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõ Ðóáößó ; áöÝóÞúÏö ÔóÑúØö ÇáúÞóÈõæáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÃóÚúãóÇáö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: æóÞóÏöãúäóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ãöäú Úóãóáò ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ åóÈóÇÁð ãóäúËõæÑðÇ [25 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ßóÑóãóÇÏò ÇÔúÊóÏøóÊú Èöåö ÇáÑøöíÍõ Ýöí íóæúãò ÚóÇÕöÝò ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ßóÓóÑóÇÈò ÈöÞöíÚóÉò íóÍúÓóÈõåõ ÇáÙøóãúÂäõ ãóÇÁð ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ áóãú íóÌöÏúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 39] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: Ãóäøó Úóãóáó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÞóÑøóÈõ Èöåö Åöáóì Çááøóåö íõÌóÇÒóì Èöåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÍóÙøó áóåõ ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. ßóÞóæúáöåö: ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÒöíäóÊóåóÇ äõæóÝøö Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ æóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ áóÇ íõÈúÎóÓõæäó ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóíúÓó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáäøóÇÑõ æóÍóÈöØó ãóÇ ÕóäóÚõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÈóÇØöáñ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [11 \ 15¡ 16] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ ÍóÑúËó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö äóÒöÏú áóåõ Ýöí ÍóÑúËöåö æóãóäú ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ ÍóÑúËó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ äõÄúÊöåö ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãöäú äóÕöíÈò [42 \ 20] .
æóËóÈóÊó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó äóÍúæõ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú Èöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ: ãöäó ÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÈöÚóãóáöåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóäóÓò¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÓúáöãõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ æóÒõåóíúÑõ Èúäõ ÍóÑúÈò - æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áöÒõåóíúÑò - ÞóÇáóÇ: ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Èúäõ åóÇÑõæäó¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ åóãøóÇãõ Èúäõ íóÍúíóì¡ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóäóÓö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ãõÄúãöäðÇ ÍóÓóäóÉð íõÚúØóì ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóíõÌúÒóì ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ ÝóíõØúÚóãõ ÈöÍóÓóäóÇÊöåö ãóÇ Úóãöáó ÈöåóÇ áöáøóåö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÝúÖóì Åöáóì ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö áóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÍóÓóäóÉñ íõÌúÒóì ÈöåóÇ» .
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÇÕöãõ Èúäõ ÇáäøóÖöÑö ÇáÊøóíúãöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÚúÊóãöÑñ ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÃóÈöí¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ(3/82)
áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÝóÊóÞúÚõÏó ãóÐúãõæãðÇ ãóÎúÐõæáðÇ (22)
Úóäú ÃóäóÓö Èúäö ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÏøóËó Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó ÅöÐóÇ Úóãöáó ÍóÓóäóÉð ÃõØúÚöãõ ÈöåóÇ ØõÚúãóÉð ãöäó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íóÏøóÎöÑõ áóåõ ÍóÓóäóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóíõÚúÞöÈõåõ ÑöÒúÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Úóáóì ØóÇÚóÊöåö» .
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúæóåøóÇÈö Èúäõ ÚóØóÇÁò¡ Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏò¡ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóäóÓò¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöãöËúáö ÍóÏöíËöåöãóÇ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßøóÑóäóÇ ÃóÏöáøóÊóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøóäóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó íóäúÊóÝöÚõ ÈöÚóãóáöåö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ:
ßóÈöÑøö ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö¡ æóÕöáóÉö ÇáÑøóÍöãö¡ æóÅößúÑóÇãö ÇáÖøóíúÝö æóÇáúÌóÇÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóäúÝöíÓö Úóäö ÇáúãóßúÑõæÈö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ßõáøöåö ãõÞóíøóÏñ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ßóãóÇ äóÕøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ ÇáúÚóÇÌöáóÉó ÚóÌøóáúäóÇ áóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ äóÔóÇÁõ áöãóäú äõÑöíÏõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 18] .
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãõÞóíøöÏóÉñ áöãóÇ æóÑóÏó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÞóíøóÏó íóÞúÖöí Úóáóì ÇáúãõØúáóÞö¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÊøóÍóÏó ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÇáÓøóÈóÈõ ßóãóÇ åõäóÇ¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÍóãúáõ ãõØúáóÞò Úóáóì ÐóÇßó æóÌóÈú ... Åöäú ÝöíåöãóÇ ÇÊøóÍóÏó Íõßúãñ æóÇáÓøóÈóÈú
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÝóÊóÞúÚõÏó ãóÐúãõæãðÇ ãóÎúÐõæáðÇ
ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãõÊóæóÌøöåñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ áöíóÔúÑóÚó áöÃõãøóÊöåö Úóáóì áöÓóÇäöåö ÅöÎúáóÇÕó ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌúÚóáõ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÚõÏõ ãóÐúãõæãðÇ ãóÎúÐõæáðÇ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö ÏóáóÇáóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íõæóÌøóåõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÐóáößó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ áöÃõãøóÊöåö áóÇ äóÝúÓõ ÎöØóÇÈöåö åõæó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ æóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ßóÑöíãðÇ [17 \ 23] ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 23] ¡ Ãóíú Åöäú íóÈúáõÛú ÚöäúÏóßó æóÇáöÏóÇßó Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó æóÇáöÏóíúåö ÞóÏú ãóÇÊóÇ ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó ÈöÒóãóäò Øóæöíáò¡ ÝóáóÇ æóÌúåó áöÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÈõáõæÛöåöãóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ãóÇÊóÇ ãõäúÐõ Òóãóäò Øóæöíáò¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ áöÛóíúÑöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÎöØóÇÈõåõãú ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÃóãúËöáóÉö ÇáÓøóÇÆöÑóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö¡ æóåõæó Óóåúáõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößò ÇáúÝóÒóÇÑöíøõ:
ÅöíøóÇßó ÃóÚúäöí æóÇÓúãóÚöí íóÇ ÌóÇÑóåú(3/83)
æóÓóÈóÈõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóËóáö: Ãóäøóåõ ÒóÇÑó ÍóÇÑöËóÉó Èúäó áóÃúãò ÇáØøóÇÆöíøó ÝóæóÌóÏóåõ ÛóÇÆöÈðÇ¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáóÊúåõ ÃõÎúÊõåõ æóÃóßúÑóãóÊúåõ¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÌóãöíáóÉð¡ ÝóÃóÚúÌóÈóåõ ÌóãóÇáõåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ áöÃõÎúÑóì ÛóíúÑóåóÇ áöíóÓúãöÚóåóÇ åöíó:
íóÇ ÃõÎúÊó ÎóíúÑö ÇáúÈóÏúæö æóÇáúÍóÖóÇÑóåú ... ßóíúÝó ÊóÑóíúäó Ýöí ÝóÊóì ÝóÒóÇÑóåú
ÃóÕúÈóÍó íóåúæóì ÍõÑøóÉð ãöÚúØóÇÑóåú ... ÅöíøóÇßö ÃóÚúäöí æóÇÓúãóÚöí íóÇ ÌóÇÑóåú
ÝóÝóåöãóÊö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ãõÑóÇÏóåõ¡ æóÃóÌóÇÈóÊúåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåóÇ:
Åöäøöí ÃóÞõæáõ íóÇ ÝóÊóì ÝóÒóÇÑóåú ... áóÇ ÃóÈúÊóÛöí ÇáÒøóæúÌó æóáóÇ ÇáÏøóÚóÇÑóåú
æóáóÇ ÝöÑóÇÞó Ãóåúáö åóÐöí ÇáúÍóÇÑóåú ... ÝóÇÑúÍóáú Åöáóì Ãóåúáößó ÈöÇÓúÊöÍóÇÑóåú
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑö Ãóäøó ÞóæúáóåóÇ «ÈöÇÓúÊöÍóÇÑóåú» Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáóåõ ÇÓúÊöÝúÚóÇáñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÍóÇæóÑóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÑóÌúÚö ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ Ãóíö ÇÑúÍóáú Åöáóì Ãóåúáößó ÈöÇáúãõÍóÇæóÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí æóÞóÚóÊú Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäóßó¡ æóåöíó ßóáóÇãõßó æóÌóæóÇÈöí áóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÕõáõ ãöäøöí Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó! æóÇáúåóÇÁõ Ýöí «ÇáöÇÓúÊöÍóÇÑóÉö» ÚöæóÖñ ãöäó ÇáúÚóíúäö ÇáÓøóÇÞöØóÉö ÈöÇáúÅöÚúáóÇáö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí Ýóäøö ÇáÕøóÑúÝö.
æóÐóåóÈó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: áóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáú ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãõÊóæóÌøöåñ Åöáóì ÇáúãõßóáøóÝö¡ æóãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö: ÅöÝúÑóÇÏõ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ãóÚó ÞóÕúÏö ÇáÊøóÚúãöíãö ; ßóÞóæúáö ØóÑóÝóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
ÓóÊõÈúÏöí áóßó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãõ ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÌóÇåöáðÇ ... æóíóÃúÊöíßó ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ãóäú áóãú ÊõÒóæøöÏú
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: æóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÊóÞúÚõÏó [17 \ 22] Ãóíú: ÊóÕöíÑõ. æóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ ãöäúåõ Þóæúáó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
áóÇ íõÞúäöÚõ ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉó ÇáúÎöÖóÇÈõ ... æóáóÇ ÇáúæöÔóÇÍóÇäö æóáóÇ ÇáúÌöáúÈóÇÈõ
ãöäú Ïõæäö Ãóäú ÊóáúÊóÞöíó ÇáúÃóÑúßóÇÈõ ... æóíóÞúÚõÏó ÇáúÃóíúÑõ áóåõ áõÚóÇÈõ
Ãóíú íóÕöíÑõ áóåõ áõÚóÇÈñ.
æóÍóßóì ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ: ÞóÚóÏó áóÇ íõÓúÃóáõ ÍóÇÌóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÖóÇåóÇ. ÈöãóÚúäóì ÕóÇÑó. ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóÇáúÞõÚõæÏõ åõäóÇ ÚöÈóÇÑóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúãõßúËö¡ Ãóíú ÝóÊóãúßõËõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóÐúãõæãðÇ ãóÎúÐõæáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ áöãóäú ÓóÃóáó Úóäú ÍóÇáö ÔóÎúÕò: åõæó ÞóÇÚöÏñ Ýöí ÃóÓúæóÃö ÍóÇáò ; æóãóÚúäóÇåõ ãóÇßöËñ æóãõÞöíãñ. ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÞóÇÆöãðÇ Ãóãú ÌóÇáöÓðÇ. æóÞóÏú íõÑóÇÏõ ÇáúÞõÚõæÏõ ÍóÞöíÞóÉð ; áöÃóäøó ãöäú ÔóÃúäö ÇáúãóÐúãõæãö(3/84)
æóÞóÖóì ÑóÈøõßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ æóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ßóÑöíãðÇ (23)
ÇáúãóÎúÐõæáö Ãóäú íóÞúÚõÏó ÍóÇÆöÑðÇ ãõÊóÝóßøöÑðÇ¡ æóÚóÈøóÑó ÈöÛóÇáöÈö ÍóÇáöåö æóåõæó ÇáúÞõÚõæÏõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóì ÝóÊóÞúÚõÏó [17 \ 22] ÝóÊóÚúÌóÒõ. æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ãóÇ ÃóÞúÚóÏóßó Úóäö ÇáúãóßóÇÑöãö. Çå ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó.
æóÇáúãóÐúãõæãõ åõäóÇ: åõæó ãóäú íóáúÍóÞõåõ ÇáÐøóãøõ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóãöäó ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ; ÍóíúËõ ÃóÔúÑóßó ÈöÇááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò.
æóÇáúãóÎúÐõæáõ: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóäúÕõÑõåõ ãóäú ßóÇäó íõÄóãøöáõ ãöäúåõ ÇáäøóÕúÑó. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ:
Åöäøó ÇáúãóÑúÁó ãóíøöÊðÇ ÈöÇäúÞöÖóÇÁö ÍóíóÇÊöåö ... æóáóßöäú ÈöÃóäú íóÈúÛóì Úóáóíúåö ÝóíõÎúÐõáóÇ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÖóì ÑóÈøõßó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ
¡ ÃóãóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÅöÎúáóÇÕö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö áóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóÞóÑóäó ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Åöáóì ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö.
æóÌóÚúáõåõ ÈöÑøó ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ãóÞúÑõæäðÇ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö æóÍúÏóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» : æóÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæÇ Èöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöíËóÇÞó Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 83] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö áõÞúãóÇäó: Ãóäö ÇÔúßõÑú áöí æóáöæóÇáöÏóíúßó Åöáóíøó ÇáúãóÕöíÑõ [31 \ 14] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÈöÑøóåõãóÇ áóÇÒöãñ æóáóæú ßóÇäóÇ ãõÔúÑößóíúäö ÏóÇÚöíóíúäö Åöáóì ÔöÑúßöåöãóÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «áõÞúãóÇäó» : æóÅöäú ÌóÇåóÏóÇßó Úóáì Ãóäú ÊõÔúÑößó Èöí ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßó Èöåö Úöáúãñ ÝóáóÇ ÊõØöÚúåõãóÇ æóÕóÇÍöÈúåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ [31 \ 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö» : æóæóÕøóíúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÈöæóÇáöÏóíúåö ÍõÓúäðÇ æóÅöäú ÌóÇåóÏóÇßó áöÊõÔúÑößó Èöí ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßó Èöåö Úöáúãñ ÝóáóÇ ÊõØöÚúåõãóÇ Åöáóíøó ãóÑúÌöÚõßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [29 \ 8] .
æóÐößúÑõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÈöÑøö ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ãóÞúÑõæäðÇ ÈöÊóæúÍöíÏöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÊóÃóßøõÏö æõÌõæÈö ÈöÑøö ÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö. æóÌóÇÁóÊú Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ßóËöíÑóÉò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö: æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ [17 \ 23] Èóíøóäóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ ÅöãøóÇ íóÈúáõÛóäøó ÚöäúÏóßó ÇáúßöÈóÑó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóæú ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò æóáóÇ ÊóäúåóÑúåõãóÇ æóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÞóæúáðÇ ßóÑöíãðÇ æóÇÎúÝöÖú áóåõãóÇ ÌóäóÇÍó ÇáÐøõáøö ãöäó ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö æóÞõáú ÑóÈøöí ÇÑúÍóãúåõãóÇ ßóãóÇ ÑóÈøóíóÇäöí ÕóÛöíÑðÇ [17 \ 23 - 24] ; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö ÅöáóíúåöãóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÅöíÖóÇÍõ ãóÚúäóì ÎóÝúÖö ÇáúÌóäóÇÍö¡ æóÅöÖóÇÝóÊöåö Åöáóì ÇáÐøõáøö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö» ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ðóáößó ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍö Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÊöäóÇ ÇáúãõÓóãøóÇÉö «ãóäúÚó ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÇáúãóäúÒöáö áöáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö æóÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö» .(3/85)
æóÅöãøóÇ ÊõÚúÑöÖóäøó Úóäúåõãõ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÊóÑúÌõæåóÇ ÝóÞõáú áóåõãú ÞóæúáðÇ ãóíúÓõæÑðÇ (28)
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÞóÖóì ÑóÈøõßó [17 \ 23] ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÃóãóÑó æóÃóáúÒóãó¡ æóÃóæúÌóÈó æóæóÕøóì ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: æóÞóÖóì ÑóÈøõßó [17 \ 23] ¡ Ãóíú ÃóãóÑó ÃóãúÑðÇ ãóÞúØõæÚðÇ Èöåö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö» Ãóäøó ÅöÚúÑóÇÈó Þóæúáöåö: ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÕúÏóÑñ äóÇÆöÈñ Úóäú ÝöÚúáöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóÚóØúÝõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøö Ãóæö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍö Úóáóì Çáäøóåúíö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö:
æõÞõæÝðÇ ÈöåóÇ ÕóÍúÈöí Úóáóì ãóØöíøöåöãú ... íóÞõæáõæäó áóÇ Êóåúáóßú ÃóÓðì æóÊóÌóãøóáö
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö: æóÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ Ãóíú: æóÃóÍúÓöäõæÇ ÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÈöÃóäú ÊõÍúÓöäõæÇ ÈöÇáúæóÇáöÏóíúäö ÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöãøóÇ ÊõÚúÑöÖóäøó Úóäúåõãõ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÊóÑúÌõæåóÇ ÝóÞõáú áóåõãú ÞóæúáðÇ ãóíúÓõæÑðÇ
¡ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Úóäúåõãõ [17 \ 28] ¡ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó ÞóÈúáóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÂÊö ÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÈóì ÍóÞøóåõ æóÇáúãöÓúßöíäó æóÇÈúäó ÇáÓøóÈöíáö ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 26] . æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: Åöäú ÊõÚúÑöÖú Úóäú åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó Ýóáóãú ÊõÚúØóåõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÚöäúÏóßó¡ æóÅöÚúÑóÇÖõßó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Úóäúåõãú ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÊóÑúÌõæåóÇ [17 \ 28] ¡ Ãóíú ÑöÒúÞò ÍóáóÇáò ; ßóÇáúÝóíúÁö íóÑúÒõÞõßóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÊõÚúØöíåöãú ãöäúåõ ÝóÞõáú áóåõãú ÞóæúáðÇ ãóíúÓõæÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú áóíøöäðÇ áóØöíÝðÇ ØóíøöÈðÇ¡ ßóÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö áóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛöäóì æóÓóÚóÉö ÇáÑøöÒúÞö¡ æóæóÚúÏöåöãú ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÅöÐóÇ íóÓøóÑó ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö ÑöÒúÞðÇ Ãóäøóßó ÊõÚúØöíåöãú ãöäúåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáöíãñ ÚóÙöíãñ ãöäó Çááøóåö áöäóÈöíøöåö áöãóßóÇÑöãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Åöäú áóãú íóÞúÏöÑú Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÚúØóÇÁö ÇáúÌóãöíáö ÝóáúíóÊóÌóãøóáú Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÅöÚúØóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÏøó ÇáúÌóãöíáó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÚúØóÇÁö ÇáúÞóÈöíÍö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ¡ ÕóÑøóÍó Èöåö Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Þóæúáñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ æóãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäú ÕóÏóÞóÉò íóÊúÈóÚõåóÇ ÃóÐðì ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 263] ¡ æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÏó ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
ÅöáøóÇ Êóßóäú æóÑöÞñ íóæúãðÇ ÃóÌúæóÏõ ÈöåóÇ ... áöáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó ÝóÅöäøöí áóíøöäõ ÇáúÚõæÏö
áóÇ íóÚúÏóãõ ÇáÓøóÇÆöáõæäó ÇáúÎóíúÑó ãöäú ÎõáõÞöí ... ÅöãøóÇ äóæóÇáöí æóÅöãøóÇ ÍõÓúäõ ãóÑúÏõæÏöí
æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÊõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóÇ íõÚúÑöÖõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÚúØóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÚóÏóãö ãóÇ íõÚúØóì ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÑøöÒúÞó ÇáúãõäúÊóÙóÑó ÅöÐóÇ íóÓøóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÚúØöíåöãú ãöäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÚúÑöÖõ Úóäúåõãú. æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÛóÇíóÉõ ÇáúÌõæÏö æóßóÑóãö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÞö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÞóæúáðÇ ãóíúÓõæÑðÇ ãóÝúÚõæáñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ãöäú áóÝúÙö ÇáúíõÓúÑö(3/86)
æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóãóäú ÞõÊöáó ãóÙúáõæãðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöæóáöíøöåö ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ ÝóáóÇ íõÓúÑöÝú Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãóäúÕõæÑðÇ (33)
ßóÇáúãóíúãõæäö.
æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãóÊú ãöãøóÇ ÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøößó [17 \ 28] ãõÊóÚóáøöÞñ ÈöÝöÚúáö ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÊõÚúÑöÖóäøó áóÇ ÈöÌóÒóÇÁö ÇáÔøóÑúØö.
æóÃóÌóÇÒó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö ÊóÚóáøõÞóåõ ÈöÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÊóÞúÏöíãõåõ Úóáóíúåö. æóãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó: ÝóÞõáú áóåõãú ÞóæúáðÇ ãóíúÓõæÑðÇ ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøößó¡ Ãóíú íóÓøöÑú Úóáóíúåöãú æóÇáúØõÝú Èöåöãú¡ áöÇÈúÊöÛóÇÆößó ÈöÐóáößó ÑóÍúãóÉó Çááøóåö¡ æóÑóÏøó Ðóáößó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí «ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö» ÈöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÇÁö ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö áóÇ íóÚúãóáõ ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÈöáóåõ. ÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ýöí Þóæúáößó Åöäú íóÞõãú ÝóÇÖúÑöÈú ÎóÇáöÏðÇ Ãóäú ÊóÞõæáó: Åöäú íóÞõãú ÎóÇáöÏðÇ ÝóÇÖúÑöÈú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóäúÕõæÕñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì.
æóÚóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöãøóÇ ÊõÚúÑöÖóäøó Úóäúåõãõ [17 \ 28] ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöáúßõÝøóÇÑö ; Ãóíú Åöäú ÊõÚúÑöÖó Úóäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøößó¡ Ãóíú äóÕúÑò áóßó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Ãóæú åöÏóÇíóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö áóåõãú¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúãóíúÓõæÑõ: ÇáúãõÏóÇÑóÇÉõ ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ ÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøõ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑö. æóíóÓóÑó ÈöÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö íóßõæäõ áóÇÒöãðÇ æóãõÊóÚóÏøöíðÇ¡ æóãóíúÓõæÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÊóÚóÏøöí¡ ÊóÞõæáõ: íóÓøóÑúÊõ áóßó ßóÐóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÚúÏóÏúÊõåõ ; ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÃóíúÖðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÞõÊöáó ãóÙúáõæãðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöæóáöíøöåö ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ ÝóáóÇ íõÓúÑöÝú Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãóäúÕõæÑðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ãóäú ÞõÊöáó ãóÙúáõæãðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ áöæóáöíøöåö ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ¡ æóäóåóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ æóæóÚóÏóåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãóäúÕõæÑñ.
æóÇáäøóåúíõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö åóäóÇ ÔóÇãöáñ ËóáóÇËó ÕõæóÑò:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáó ÇËúäóíúäö Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑó ÈöæóÇÍöÏò¡ ßóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÝúÚóáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáö ãõåóáúåöáö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó áóãøóÇ ÞóÊóáó ÈõÌóíúÑó Èúäó ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö Èúäö ÚóÈøóÇÏò Ýöí ÍóÑúÈö ÇáúÈóÓõæÓö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉö: ÈõÄú ÈöÔóÓúÚö äóÚúáö ßõáóíúÈò ; ÝóÛóÖöÈó ÇáúÍóÇÑöËõ Èúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÏò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÞóÕöíÏóÊóåõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉó:
ÞóÑøöÈóÇ ãóÑúÈóØó ÇáäøóÚóÇãóÉö ãöäøöí ... áóÞöÍóÊú ÍóÑúÈõ æóÇÆöáò Úóäú ÍöíóÇáö
ÞóÑøöÈóÇ ãóÑúÈóØó ÇáäøóÚóÇãóÉö ãöäøöí ... Åöäøó ÈóíúÚó ÇáúßöÑóÇãö ÈöÇáÔøóÓúÚö ÛóÇáöí
¡ ÅöáóÎú
æóÞóÇáó ãõåóáúåöáñ ÃóíúÖðÇ:
ßõáøõ ÞóÊöíáò Ýöí ßõáóíúÈò ÛóÑøóåõ ... ÍóÊøóì íóäóÇáó ÇáúÞóÊúáó Âáõ ãõÑøóåú
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÞóÊúáó ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ÈöæóÇÍöÏò áóãú íóÔúÊóÑößõæÇ Ýöí ÞóÊúáöåö: ÅöÓúÑóÇÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöí Çáäøóåúíö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö.(3/87)
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáó ÈöÇáúÞóÊöíáö æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÝóÞóØú æóáóßöäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö ; áöÃóäøó ÞóÊúáó ÇáúÈóÑöíÁö ÈöÐóäúÈö ÛóíúÑöåö ÅöÓúÑóÇÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ ãóäúåöíøñ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáó äóÝúÓó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö æóíõãóËøöáó Èöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÒöíóÇÏóÉó ÇáúãõËúáóÉö ÅöÓúÑóÇÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÝóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóãóÇáó Åöáóíúåö ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÈóÚúÖó Çáúãóíúáö¡ ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÝóáóÇ íõÓúÑöÝõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõ ÇáúÌóÇäöí Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ; ÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ áóåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö¡ æóÇáäøóÕúÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ áöæóáöíøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¡ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÖóÚúÝõåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóáúÊóÆöãõ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ: Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãóäúÕõæÑðÇ [17 \ 33] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ áöæóáöíøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö áóãú íõÈóíøöäúåõ åõäóÇ ÈóíóÇäðÇ ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚóíúäö Åöáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäó åõæó ãóÇ ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøõáúØóÉö áöæóáöíøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö¡ ãöäú Êóãúßöíäöåö ãöäú ÞóÊúáöåö Åöäú ÃóÍóÈøó¡ æóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó ÚóÝóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíóÉö Ãóæú ãóÌøóÇäðÇ.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: ÝóáóÇ íõÓúÑöÝú Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö [17 \ 33 ÈóÚúÏó ÐößúÑö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ; áöÃóäøó Çáäøóåúíó Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ãõÞúÊóÑöäðÇ ÈöÐößúÑö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó åõæó Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ Çáúãóäúåöíøõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÝö Ýöíåö.
ÇáúãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáóì - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - æóáóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÍóíóÇÉñ íóÇ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 178 - 179] ¡ Ýóåõæó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó åõæó ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ ÂíóÉõ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö åóÐöåö¡ æóÎóíúÑõ ãóÇ íõÈóíøóäõ Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ.
ãóÓóÇÆöáõ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: íõÝúåóãõ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ãóÙúáõæãðÇ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÞóÊóáó ÛóíúÑó ãóÙúáõæãò áóíúÓó áöæóáöíøöåö ÓõáúØóÇäñ Úóáóì ÞóÇÊöáöåö¡ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÞõÊöáó ÈöÍóÞøò ÝóÏóãóåõ ÍóáóÇáñ¡ æóáóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäó áöæóáöíøöåö Ýöí ÞóÊúáöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÈöÐóáößó ÍóÏöíËó ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáúãõÊøóÝöÞö Úóáóíúåö ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ íóÍõáøõ Ïóãõ ÇãúÑöÆò ãõÓúáöãò íóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÃóäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÍúÏóì ËóáóÇËò: ÇáËøóíøöÈö ÇáÒøóÇäöí¡ æóÇáäøóÝúÓö ÈöÇáäøóÝúÓö¡ æóÇáÊøóÇÑößö áöÏöíäöåö ÇáúãõÝóÇÑöÞö áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö» ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» .
æóÈóíøóäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÙúáõæãðÇ íóÙúåóÑõ Èöåö ÈóíóÇäõ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ(3/88)
æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÇáøóÊöí ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö [17 \ 33] .
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÃóÓúÈóÇÈñ ÃõÎóÑõ áöÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÞóÊúáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÛóíúÑó ÇáËøóáóÇËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ Úóáóì ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝò Ýöí Ðóáößó Èóíúäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö. ãöäú Ðóáößó: ÇáúãõÍóÇÑöÈõæäó ÅöÐóÇ áóãøó íóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÃóÍóÏðÇ. ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ãõÎóíøóÑñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóäú íõÞóÊøóáõæÇ Ãóæú íõÕóáøóÈõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 33] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» .
æóãöäú Ðóáößó: ÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö æóÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö Èöåö Ýöí ÝóÇÍöÔóÉö ÇááøöæóÇØö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáó Ýöí Ðóáößó æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåóÇ ÈöÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÞóÊúáõ ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö ÝóáóÇ íóÈúÚõÏõ ÏõÎõæáõåõ Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÇáÊøóÇÑößö áöÏöíäöåö ÇáúãõÝóÇÑöÞö áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö» áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ßõÝúÑö ÇáÓøóÇÍöÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÝóÑó ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ íõÚóáøöãõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÇáÓøöÍúÑó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 102] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íõÚóáøöãóÇäö ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ÍóÊøóì íóÞõæáóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÝöÊúäóÉñ ÝóáóÇ ÊóßúÝõÑú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 102] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóíóÊóÚóáøóãõæäó ãóÇ íóÖõÑøõåõãú æóáóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú æóáóÞóÏú ÚóáöãõæÇ áóãóäö ÇÔúÊóÑóÇåõ ãóÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ãöäú ÎóáóÇÞò [2 \ 102] .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÞóÊúáõ ãóÇäöÚö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÝóÅöäøóåõ Åöäú ÃóäúßóÑó æõÌõæÈóåóÇ Ýóåõæó ßóÇÝöÑñ ãõÑúÊóÏøñ ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöí «ÇáÊøóÇÑößö áöÏöíäöåö ÇáúãõÝóÇÑöÞö áöáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö» ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ãóäóÚóåóÇ æóåõæó ãõÞöÑøñ ÈöæõÌõæÈöåóÇ ÝóÇáøóÐöí íóÌõæÒõ Ýöíåö: ÇáúÞöÊóÇáõ áóÇ ÇáúÞóÊúáõ¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö æóÇáúÞóÊúáö ÝóÑúÞñ æóÇÖöÍñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÊóì ÈóåöíãóÉð íõÞúÊóáõ åõæó æóÊõÞúÊóáõ ÇáúÈóåöíãóÉõ ãóÚóåõ áöÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú æóÞóÚó Úóáóì ÈóåöíãóÉò ÝóÇÞúÊõáõæåõ æóÇÞúÊõáõæåóÇ ãóÚóåõ» . ÞóÇáó ÇáúåóíúËóãöíøõ Ýöí «ãóÌúãóÚö ÇáÒøóæóÇÆöÏö» : ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ íóÚúáóì¡ æóÝöíåö ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÚóáúÞóãóÉó¡ æóÍóÏöíËõåõ ÍóÓóäñ¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÑöÌóÇáöåö ËöÞóÇÊñ¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÏóÇæõÏó Èúäö ÇáúÍõÕóíúäö Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ.
æóÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÞúÊóáõ ; áöÃóäøó ÍóÕúÑó ãóÇ íõÈóÇÍõ Èöåö Ïóãõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãö Ýöí ÇáËøóáóÇËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáúãõÊøóÝöÞö Úóáóíúåö Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøóäóÉö Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞøò¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÕúÑõ Ýöí ÇáËøóáóÇËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò(3/89)
ÇáËøóÇÈöÊö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõÒóÇÏó Úóáóíúåö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó ÈöæóÍúíò ËõÈõæÊðÇ áóÇ ãóØúÚóäó Ýöíåö¡ áöÞõæøóÊöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáó ÎóØóÃð áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúßõãú ÌõäóÇÍñ ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÎúØóÃúÊõãú Èöåö æóáóßöäú ãóÇ ÊóÚóãøóÏóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãú [33 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÇ ÊõÄóÇÎöÐúäóÇ Åöäú äóÓöíäóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÎúØóÃúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 286] ¡ áöãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍò ãõÓúáöãò ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãøóÇ ÞóÑóÃóåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ äóÚóãú ÞóÏú ÝóÚóáúÊó. æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöãõÄúãöäò Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáó ãõÄúãöäðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÎóØóÃð [4 \ 92] Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÇáúÞóÇÊöáó ÎóØóÃð ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÞóÊóáó ãõÄúãöäðÇ ÎóØóÃð ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãõÄúãöäóÉò æóÏöíóÉñ ãõÓóáøóãóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÕøóÏøóÞõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 92] ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÞóÏúÑðÇ æóÌöäúÓðÇ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇáúÝöÞúåö ßóãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: íõÝúåóãõ ãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÞõÊöáó ãóÙúáõæãðÇ [17 \ 33] Ãóäøó Íõßúãó ÇáúÂíóÉö íóÓúÊóæöí Ýöíåö ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÈöãõÍóÏøóÏò ßóÇáÓøöáóÇÍö¡ æóÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÍóÏøóÏò ßóÑóÖúÎö ÇáÑøóÃúÓö ÈöÍóÌóÑò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÙõáúãðÇ ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ.
æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ãöäúåõãú ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí «ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò» : åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÌóãóÇåöíÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
æóÎóÇáóÝó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÇáúãõÍóÏøóÏö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÍóÏöíÏò¡ Ãóæú ÍóÌóÑò¡ Ãóæú ÎóÔóÈò¡ Ãóæú ÝöíãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ ÈöÞóÊúáö ÇáäøóÇÓö ßóÇáúãóäúÌóäöíÞö¡ æóÇáúÅöáúÞóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáó ÚóãúÏðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÍóÏøóÏö íõÞúÊóÕøõ ãöäúåõ ÈöÃóÏöáøóÉò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö Ýöí Ðóáößó. ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóäóÓö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö¡ æóÈóÇÞöí ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö: Ãóäøó íóåõæÏöíøðÇ ÞóÊóáó ÌóÇÑöíóÉð Úóáóì ÃóæóÖóÇÍò áóåóÇ¡ ÝóÑóÖóÎó ÑóÃúÓóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÝó ÈöÐóáößó ÝóÞóÊóáóåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Èóíúäó ÍóÌóÑóíúäö¡ ÑóÖøó ÑóÃúÓóåõ ÈöåöãóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÊøóÝöÞõ Úóáóíúåö äóÕøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ ÕóÍöíÍñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö¡ ÊóÞõæãõ Èöåö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: ÈöÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö Ïóãö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáúãóÚúÕõæãö ÇáÏøóãõ ßóÇáÐøöãøöíøö.(3/90)
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ Úóäú Íóãóáö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ãöäó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÇáúãöÓúØóÍö. ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ íõæÓõÝõ Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÍóÌøóÇÌõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÏöíäóÇÑò: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ØóÇæõÓðÇ íõÍóÏøöËõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøóåõ äóÔóÏó ÞóÖóÇÁó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇãó Íóãóáõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößò ÝóÞóÇáó: ßõäúÊõ Èóíúäó ÍõÌúÑóÊöí ÇãúÑóÃóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÖóÑóÈóÊú ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÈöãöÓúØóÍò ÝóÞóÊóáóÊúåóÇ æóÌóäöíäóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÖóì ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÌóäöíäöåóÇ ÈöÛõÑøóÉò¡ æóÃóäú ÊõÞúÊóáó ÈöåóÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáúãöÕøöíÕöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÚóÇÕöãò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò ÞóÇáó: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÏöíäóÇÑò: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ØóÇæõÓðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÃóáó Ýöí ÞóÖöíøóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÇãó Íóãóáõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÇáäøóÇÈöÛóÉö ÝóÞóÇáó: ßõäúÊõ Èóíúäó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóíúäö¡ ÝóÖóÑóÈóÊú ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÈöãöÓúØóÍò ÝóÞóÊóáóÊúåóÇ æóÌóäöíäóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÌóäöíäöåóÇ ÈöÛõÑøóÉò¡ æóÃóäú ÊõÞúÊóáó. ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó: ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÖöÑõ Èúäõ Ôõãóíúáò: ÇáúãöÓúØóÍõ åõæó ÇáÕøóæúáóÌõ. ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó: æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: ÇáúãöÓúØóÍõ ÚõæÏñ ãöäú ÃóÚúæóÇÏö ÇáúÎöÈóÇÁö. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáÏøóÇÑöãöíøõ¡ ËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÚóÇÕöãò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÏöíäóÇÑò: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ØóÇæõÓðÇ¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ äóÔóÏó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÞóÖóÇÁó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí Ðóáößó (íóÚúäöí Ýöí ÇáúÌóäöíäö) ÝóÞóÇãó Íóãóáõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößö Èúäö ÇáäøóÇÈöÛóÉó ÝóÞóÇáó: ßõäúÊõ Èóíúäó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóíúäö áöí¡ ÝóÖóÑóÈóÊú ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÈöãöÓúØóÍò ÝóÞóÊóáóÊúåóÇ æóÞóÊóáóÊú ÌóäöíäóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáúÌóäöíäö ÈöÛõÑøóÉö ÚóÈúÏò¡ æóÃóäú ÊõÞúÊóáó ÈöåóÇ. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäó ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáËøóáóÇËö ÈöÃóáúÝóÇÙöåóÇ.
æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏó ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ ÝóÑöæóÇíóÉõ ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáúãöÕøöíÕöíøö æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏö Èúäö íõæÓõÝó ÇáäøóíúÓóÇÈõæÑöíøõ¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: ÇáúãöÕøöíÕöíøõ ÃóÈõæ ÌóÚúÝóÑò ÇáúÚóÌóãöíøõ äóÒöíáõ ØóÑúÓõæÓó æóÇáúãöÕøöíÕóÉö¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ÚóÇÑöÝñ. æóÑöæóÇíóÉõ ÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáÏøóÇÑöãöíøö¡ æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÕóÎúÑö ÇáÏøóÇÑöãöíøõ ÃóÈõæ ÌóÚúÝóÑò¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ÍóÇÝöÙñ¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ (ÃóÚúäöí ãõÍóãøóÏó Èúäó ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏó Èúäó ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÚöäúÏó ÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú) Ñóæóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÚóÇÕöãò æóåõæó ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ Èúäõ ãóÎúáóÏö Èúäö ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö Èúäö ãõÓúáöãò ÇáÔøóíúÈóÇäöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÇÕöãò ÇáäøóÈöíáõ¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ËóÈúÊñ. æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ æóåõæó ÚóÈúÏõ Çáúãóáößö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ÝóÞöíåñ ÝóÇÖöáñ¡ æóßóÇäó íõÏóáøöÓõ æóíõÑúÓöáõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÕóÑøóÍó Ýöíåö ÈöÇáÊøóÍúÏöíËö æóÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ËóÈúÊñ¡ Úóäú ØóÇæõÓò æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ÝóÞöíåñ ÝóÇÖöáñ¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Úóäú Íóãúáò¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.(3/91)
æóÃóãøóÇ ÑöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö Ýóåöíó Úóäú íõæÓõÝó Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ãõÓúáöãò ÇáúãöÕøöíÕöíøõ ËöÞóÉñ ÍóÇÝöÙñ¡ Úóäú ÍóÌøóÇÌö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúãöÕøöíÕöíøõ ÇáúÃóÚúæóÑõ ÃóÈõæ ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ ÇáúÃóÕúáö äõÒöíáõ ÈóÛúÏóÇÏó Ëõãøó ÇáúãöÕøöíÕóÉö ËöÞóÉñ ËóÈúÊñ¡ áóßöäøóåõ ÇÎúÊóáóØó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÚõãúÑöåö áóãøóÇ ÞóÏöãó ÈóÛúÏóÇÏó ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ Åöáóì ÂÎóÑó ÇáÓøóäóÏö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ áóãú íóÎúáöØú Ýöíåö ÍóÌøóÇÌñ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÊöåö áóåõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò ; ÈöÏóáöíáö ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈöí ÚóÇÕöãò áóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò ßóÑöæóÇíóÉö ÍóÌøóÇÌò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚóÇÕöãò ËöÞó ËóÈúÊñ.
ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ æóÌóÒóãó ÈöÕöÍøóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÅöÕóÇÈóÉö Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö Íóãóáò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí «ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì» Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: æóåóÐóÇ ÅöÓúäóÇÏñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóÝöíãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÚöíÓóì ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö «ÇáúÚöáóáö» ÞóÇáó: ÓóÃóáúÊõ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ (íóÚúäöí ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøó) Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÝóÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÍóÏöíËñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò ÍóÇÝöÙñ Çå.
ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ äóÕøñ Þóæöíøñ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÍóÏøóÏö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãöÓúØóÍõ ÚóãõæÏñ. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÌóæúåóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕöÍóÇÍöåö: æóÇáúãöÓúØóÍõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÚóãõæÏõ ÇáúÎöÈóÇÁö. ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ æóåõæó ãóÇáößõ Èúäõ ÚóæúÝò ÇáäøóÕúÑöíøõ:
ÊóÚóÑøóÖõ ÖóíúØóÇÑõæ ÎõÒóÇÚóÉó ÏõæäóäóÇ ... æóãóÇ ÎóíúÑõ ÖóíúØóÇÑò íóÞúáöÈõ ãöÓúØóÍóÇ
íóÞõæáõ: ÊóÚóÑøóÖó áóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÞóæúãõ áöíõÞóÇÊöáõæäóÇ æóáóíúÓõæÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò ; áöÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ ÓöáóÇÍó ãóÚóåõãú Óöæóì ÇáúãöÓúØóÍö æóÇáÖøóíúØóÇÑõ¡ åõæó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇáÖøóÎúãõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÛöäóÇÁó ÚöäúÏóåõ.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ÙóæóÇåöÑõ ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÍóÏøóÏö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäö ÇÚúÊóÏóì Úóáóíúßõãú ÝóÇÚúÊóÏõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÇÚúÊóÏóì Úóáóíúßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 194] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäú ÚóÇÞóÈúÊõãú ÝóÚóÇÞöÈõæÇ ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÚõæÞöÈúÊõãú Èöåö [16 \ 126] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÌóÒóÇÁõ ÓóíøöÆóÉò ÓóíøöÆóÉñ ãöËúáõåóÇ [42 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó æóãóäú ÚóÇÞóÈó ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÚõæÞöÈó Èöåö Ëõãøó ÈõÛöíó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 60] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóãóäö ÇäúÊóÕóÑó ÈóÚúÏó Ùõáúãöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ãóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÓóÈöíáò ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáÓøóÈöíáõ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÙúáöãõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 41 - 42] .
æóÝöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÍóÏøóËóäöí íóÍúíóì Úóäú ãóÇáößò¡ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÍõÓóíúäò ãóæúáóì ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÈöäúÊö ÞõÏóÇãóÉó: Ãóäøó ÚóÈúÏó Çáúãóáößö Èúäó ãóÑúæóÇäó ÃóÞóÇÏó æóáöíøó ÑóÌõáò ãöäú ÑóÌõáò ÞóÊóáóåõ ÈöÚóÕðÇ. ÝóÞóÊóáóåõ æóáóíøõåõ(3/92)
ÈöÚóÕðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó Ýöíåö ÚöäúÏóäóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÅöÐóÇ ÖóÑóÈó ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÈöÚóÕðÇ Ãóæú ÑóãóÇåõ ÈöÍóÌóÑò¡ Ãóæú ÖóÑóÈóåõ ÚóãúÏðÇ ÝóãóÇÊó ãöäú Ðóáößó ; ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÚóãúÏõ æóÝöíåö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ.
ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: ÝóÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÚöäúÏóäóÇ Ãóäú íóÚúãöÏó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÝóíóÖúÑöÈõåõ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÝöíÖó äóÝúÓõåõ ÇåÜ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÇáúãõËúÞóáö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÓöíÑöíäó¡ æóÍóãøóÇÏñ¡ æóÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇÈúäó ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóÎóÇáóÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóØóÇæõÓñ ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ ÞöÕóÇÕó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÇáúãõËúÞóáö¡ æóÇÍúÊóÌøó áóåõãú ÈöÃóÏöáøóÉò:
ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕó íõÔúÊóÑóØõ áóåõ ÇáúÚóãúÏõ¡ æóÇáúÚóãúÏõ ãöäú ÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö¡ æóáóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ÇáúÌóÇÒöãóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÈöÂáóÉö ÇáúÞóÊúáö ßóÇáúãõÍóÏøóÏö¡ Úõáöãó Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÇãöÏõ ÞóÊúáöåö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÈöÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó áóãú íõÚúáóãú ÚõãóÏõåõ áöáúÞóÊúáö ; áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö ÞóÕúÏöåö Ãóäú íóÔõÌøóåõ Ãóæú íõÄúáöãóåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóÕúÏö ÞóÊúáöåö ÝóíõÆóæøóáõ Åöáóì ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËò ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí Ìóäöíäö ÇãúÑóÃóÉò ãóäú Èóäöí áóÍúíóÇäó ÓóÞóØó ãóíøöÊðÇ ÈöÛõÑøóÉö ÚóÈúÏò Ãóæú ÃóãóÉò. Ëõãøó Åöäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÞõÖöíó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáúÛõÑøóÉö ÊõæõÝøöíóÊú¡ ÝóÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÃóäøó ãöíÑóÇËóåóÇ áöÈóäöíåóÇ æóÒóæúÌöåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÞúáó Úóáóì ÚóÕóÈóÊöåóÇ» .
æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: «ÇÞúÊóÊóáóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊóÇäö ãöäú åõÐóíúáò ; ÝóÑóãóÊú ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÈöÍóÌóÑò ÝóÞóÊóáóÊúåóÇ æóãóÇ Ýöí ÈóØúäöåóÇ ; ÝóÇÎúÊóÕóãõæÇ Åöáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÖóì Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÌóäöíäöåóÇ ÛõÑøóÉõ ÚóÈúÏò Ãóæú æóáöíÏóÉò¡ æóÞóÖóì ÈöÏöíóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Úóáóì ÚóÇÞöáóÊöåóÇ» .
ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÝóåóÐóÇ ÍóÏöíËñ ãõÊøóÝöÞñ Úóáóíúåö¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÍóÏøóÏö ; áöÃóäøó ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÍóÏøóÏò ; áöÃóäøó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÊóáóÊúåóÇ ÈöÚóãõæÏò¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÊóáóÊúåóÇ ÈöÍóÌóÑò.
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö Èúäö ÈóÔöíÑò¡ æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÚóáöíøò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ ÞóæúÏó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÍóÏöíÏóÉò» . æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊöåö: «ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò(3/93)
ÎóØóÃñ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÓøóíúÝó¡ æóáößõáøö ÎóØóÃò ÃóÑúÔñ» .
æóÞóÏú ÍóÇæóáó ÈóÚúÖõ ãóäú äóÕóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ãöäó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö ÑóÏøó ÍõÌóÌö ãõÎóÇáöÝöíåöãú¡ ÝóÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÑóÖøó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÑóÃúÓó ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøö Èóíúäó ÍóÌóÑóíúäö ÅöäøóãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÈöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÊóáóåóÇ. æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ ÈöÇáúÅöÝúÓóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ; æóáöÐóáößó ÝóÚóáó Èöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÇ ÝóÚóáó.
æóÑóÏøõ ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò Úóäú ØóÇæõÓò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉñ áöáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÖóì ÈöÇáÏøöíóÉö Úóáóì ÚóÇÞöáóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö áóÇ ÈöÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí (ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì) ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóßóÑó ÕöÍøóÉó ÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÈöÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ãöäó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÊóáóÊö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÈöãöÓúØóÍò ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöí áóÝúÙö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÒöíóÇÏóÉð áóãú ÃóÑóåóÇ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ØõÑõÞö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóåöíó ÞóÊúáõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÈöÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚößúÑöãóÉó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ãóæúÕõæáðÇ¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ØóÇæõÓò Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö ãõÑúÓóáðÇ¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ÌóÇÈöÑò æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ãóæúÕõæáðÇ ËóÇÈöÊðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÖóì ÈöÏöíóÊöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: Ãóäøó ÚóãúÑóæ Èúäó ÏöíäóÇÑò ÑõæÌöÚó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöÃóäøó ÇÈúäó ØóÇæõÓò ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áöáøóÐöí ÑóÇÌöÚúåõ: ÔóßøóßúÊóäöí.
æóÃõÌöíÈó ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Úóäú åóÐöåö ÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌóÇÊö: ÈöÃóäøó ÑóÖøóåõ ÑóÃúÓó ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøö ÞöÕóÇÕñ ; ÝóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ËóÇÈöÊóÉò Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó áóãú íóÞúÊõáúåõ ÍóÊøóì ÇÚúÊóÑóÝó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÊóáó ÇáúÌóÇÑöíóÉó ; Ýóåõæó ÞóÊúáõ ÞöÕóÇÕò ÈöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö¡ æóåõæó äóÕøñ ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö Ïóãö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ßóÇáÐøöãøöíøö ; ßóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ Úóäú ßóæúäö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ãöäú ÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ßóæúäõåõ ÚóÇãöÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÖóÑóÈó ÈöÇáúÂáóÉö ÇáúãóÚúåõæÏóÉö áöáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõËúÞóáó ßóÇáúÚóãõæÏö æóÇáÕøóÎúÑóÉö ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ãöäú ÂáóÇÊö ÇáúÞóÊúáö ßóÇáÓøóíúÝö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÔúÏõæÎó ÑóÃúÓõåõ ÈöÚóãõæÏò Ãóæú ÕóÎúÑóÉò ßóÈöíÑóÉò íóãõæÊõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÍóÇáðÇ ÚóÇÏóÉð ßóãóÇ íóãõæÊõ ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈõ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö¡ æóÐóáößó íóßúÝöí ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉö Úóáóì ÞóÕúÏö ÇáúÞóÊúáö.
æóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ ÚóãøóÇ ËóÈóÊó ãöäú ÞóÖóÇÁö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóáóì ÚóÇÞöáóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáóÉö ÈöÚóãõæÏò Ãóæú ÍóÌóÑò ÈöÇáÏøöíóÉö ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõ ãõÚóÇÑóÖñ ÈöÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö¡ æóÇÈúäö(3/94)
ãóÇÌóåú ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö Íóãóáö Èúäö ãóÇáößò æóåõæó ßóÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö. áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáóÉó æóÇáúãóÞúÊõæáóÉó ÒóæúÌóÊóÇåõ ãöäú ßóæúäöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÖóì ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö áóÇ ÈöÇáÏøöíóÉö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ ãóÍúãõæáñ Úóáóì ÍóÌóÑò ÕóÛöíÑò æóÚóãõæÏò ÕóÛöíÑò áóÇ íõÞúÕóÏõ Èöåö ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÔöÈúåó ÚóãúÏò ÊóÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÏøöíóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõÈú Ýöíåö ÞöÕóÇÕñ æóáóÇ ÏöíóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóÇäöí¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÇáúÌóãóÇåöíÑö Çå ßóáóÇãõ Çáäøóæóæöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÌöíåò ÚöäúÏöí ; áöÃóäøó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÞõÊöáóÊú ÈöÚóãõæÏö ÝõÓúØóÇØò¡ æóÍöãúáõåõ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÞúÊõáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ ÈóÚöíÏñ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí «ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí» ãöäú Ãóäøó ãöËúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö áóÇ ÊóÞúÕöÏõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ ÞóÊúáó ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÞóÇáó ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ãóäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö - íóÚúäöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÇáúãõËúÞóáö - ÈöÃóäøó ÚóãõæÏó ÇáúÝõÓúØóÇØö íóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÈöÇáúßöÈóÑö æóÇáÕøöÛóÑö¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ íóÞúÊõáõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ æóáóÇ íóÞúÊõáõ ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ æóØóÑúÏõ ÇáúãõãóÇËöáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÔúÑóÚõ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚóÊö ÇáúÌöäóÇíóÉõ ÈöãóÇ íóÞúÊõáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ.
æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈö äóÙóÑñ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ áóãú íóÌöÈú Ýöíåö ÇáúÞóæúÏõ áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóãú íóÞúÕöÏú ãöËúáõåóÇ æóÔóÑúØõ ÇáúÞóæúÏö ÇáúÚóãúÏõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÔöÈúåõ ÇáúÚóãúÏö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÍõÌøóÉó Ýöíåö áöáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÇáúãõËúÞóáö æóáóÇ ÚóßúÓöåö. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÇáúÞóÇØöÚõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÞóÊúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö áöÖóÑøóÊöåóÇ ÎóØóÃñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÔöÈúåõ ÚóãúÏò ; áöÞóÕúÏö ÇáÖøóÑúÈö Ïõæäó ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóÞúÊõáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ ÊóÕúÑöíÍõ ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÌóÚóáó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉõ áóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ÇáúÚóãúÏó ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóÃóÌóÇÈõæÇ Úóäú ÍóÏöíËö: «áóÇ ÞóæúÏó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÍóÏöíÏóÉò» ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóËúÈõÊú.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí «ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì» ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞó ØõÑõÞóåõ Úóäö ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö Èúäö ÈóÔöíÑò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑóÉó¡ æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÚóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ áóãú íóËúÈõÊú áóåõ ÅöÓúäóÇÏñ ÝóÚóáöíøõ Èúäõ åöáóÇáò ÇáØøóÍøóÇäõ ãóÊúÑõæßñ¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÃóÑúÞóãó ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóãõÈóÇÑóßõ Èúäõ ÝóÖóÇáóÉó áóÇ íõÍúÊóÌøõ Èöåö¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑõ Èúäõ íóÒöíÏó ÇáúÌõÚúÝöíøõ ãóØúÚõæäñ Ýöíåö Çå.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò «Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÅöÐóÇ ÞõÊöáó ÈöÍóÌóÑò Ãóæú ÚóÕóÇ» ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:(3/95)
æóÎóÇáóÝó ÇáúßõæÝöíøõæäó ÝóÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÈöÍóÏöíËö «áóÇ ÞóæúÏó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö» æóåõæó ÍóÏöíËñ ÖóÚöíÝñ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÏöíøò ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑóÉó¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑõ ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó Ýöíåö ãóÚó ÖóÚúÝö ÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö: æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÏöíøò: ØõÑõÞõåõ ßõáøõåóÇ ÖóÚöíÝóÉñ¡ æóÚóáóì ÊóÞúÏöíÑö ËõÈõæÊöåö ÝóÅöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö ÞóÇÚöÏóÊöåöãú Ýöí: Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõäøóÉó áóÇ ÊóäúÓóÎõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóáóÇ ÊõÎóÕøöÕõåõ.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúãõËúáóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÕóÍöíÍñ æóáóßöäøóåõ ãóÍúãõæáñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõËúáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö Èóíúäó ÇáÏøóáöíáóíúäö. ÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö» ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ:
æóÐóåóÈóÊö ÇáúÚöÊúÑóÉõ æóÇáúßõæÝöíøõæäó¡ æóãöäúåõãú ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÕó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö Èúäö ÈóÔöíÑò ÚöäúÏó ÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú¡ æóÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑö¡ æóÇáØøóÍóÇæöíøö¡ æóÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøö¡ æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö¡ ÈöÃóáúÝóÇÙò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò ãöäúåóÇ «áóÇ ÞóæúÏó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö» . æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑõ¡ æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑóÉó¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ¡ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó. æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö Úóáöíøò¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ¡ æóÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò. æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ãõÑúÓóáðÇ.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáØøõÑõÞõ ßõáøõåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÎúáõæ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ãöäúåóÇ ãöäú ÖóÚöíÝò Ãóæú ãóÊúÑõæßò¡ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóÇÊöãò: ÍóÏöíËñ ãõäúßóÑñ. æóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúÌóæúÒöíøö: ØõÑõÞõåõ ßõáøõåóÇ ÖóÚöíÝóÉñ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ: áóãú íóËúÈõÊú áóåõ ÅöÓúäóÇÏñ. ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí ÖóÚúÝö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö. æóÞóÏú ÍóÇæóáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáÊøõÑúßõãóÇäöíøö ÊóÞúæöíóÊóåõ Ýöí «ÍóÇÔöíóÊöåö Úóáóì Óõäóäö ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö» ÈöÏóÚúæóì ÊóÞúæöíóÉö ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö íóÒöíÏó ÇáúÌõÚúÝöíøö¡ æóãõÈóÇÑóßö Èúäö ÝóÖóÇáóÉó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÌóÇÈöÑðÇ ÖóÚöíÝñ ÑóÇÝöÖöíøñ¡ æóãõÈóÇÑóßñ íõÏóáøöÓõ ÊóÏúáöíÓó ÇáÊøóÓúæöíóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÑõÌúÍóÇäóåõ ÚöäúÏöí: åõæó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÚóãúÏðÇ ÈöãõËúÞóáò ßóÇäó Ãóæú ÈöãõÍóÏøóÏò¡ áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö¡ æóáöÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: æóáóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÍóíóÇÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 179] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáó ÈöÚóãõæÏò Ãóæú ÕóÎúÑóÉò ßóÈöíÑóÉò ÅöÐóÇ Úóáöãó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÞúÊóÕøõ ãöäúåõ ÌóÑøóÃóåõ Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ ÝóÊóäúÊóÝöí ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÍóíóÇÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö áöæóáöíøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÙõáúãðÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáúÎöíóÇÑó Èóíúäó ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÔúíóÇÁó: æóåöíó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ¡ æóÇáúÚóÝúæõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíóÉö ÌóÈúÑðÇ Úóáóì(3/96)
ÇáúÌóÇäöí¡ æóÇáúÚóÝúæõ ãóÌøóÇäðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãõÞóÇÈöáò¡ æóåõæó ÃóÍóÏõ Þóæúáóíö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö.
ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò: æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÓöíÑöíäó æóÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö.
æóÎóÇáóÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: áóíúÓó áöáúæóáöíøö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÚóÝúæõ ãóÌøóÇäðÇ¡ Ýóáóæú ÚóÝóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÌóÇäöí: áóÇ ÃóÑúÖóì ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóÊúáó¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÚóÝúæó ãóÌøóÇäðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÑúÖóì ÇáÏøöíóÉó¡ ÝóáóíúÓó áöæóáöíøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÅöáúÒóÇãõåõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÌóÈúÑðÇ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúÎöíóÇÑó áöáúæóáöíøö Èóíúäó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö æóÇáÏøöíóÉö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí Úóíúäö ãóÇ íõæÌöÈõåõ ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÚóãúÏðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÞóæúÏõ ÝóÞóØú ; æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáÏøöíóÉõ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäúåõ. æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÍóÏõ ÔóíúÆóíúäö: åõãóÇ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ æóÇáÏøöíóÉõ.
æóÊóÙúåóÑõ ËóãóÑóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÝöíãóÇ áóæú ÚóÝóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÌóÇäöí ÚóÝúæðÇ ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ áóãú íõÕóÑøöÍú Ýöíåö ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáÏøöíóÉö æóáóÇ ÇáúÚóÝúæö ÚóäúåóÇ. ÝóÚóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó ÚóíúäðÇ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÊóÓúÞõØõ ÈöÇáúÚóÝúæö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈó ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÊóáúÒóãõ ãóÚó ÇáúÚóÝúæö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö. ÃóãøóÇ áóæú ÚóÝóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíóÉö Ýóåöíó áóÇÒöãóÉñ¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóÑúÖó ÇáúÌóÇäöí ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÃóÍúãóÏó ÑóÍöãóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÎöíóÇÑó Èóíúäó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö æóÇáÏøöíóÉö áöæóáöíøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÈöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÞõÊöáó áóåõ ÞóÊöíáñ Ýóåõæó ÈöÎóíúÑö ÇáäøóÙóÑóíúäö¡ ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íõÝúÏóì¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáó» ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÓøõäóäö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ; áóßöäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö: «ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáó æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóÚúÝõæó» . æóãóÚúäóì «íõÝúÏóì» Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö¡ «æóíõæÏóì» Ýöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ: íóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáúÝöÏóÇÁó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÏøöíóÉö. æóÞóæúáõåõ «íóÞúÊõáõ» ÈöÇáúÈöäóÇÁö áöáúÝóÇÚöáö: Ãóíú íóÞúÊõáõ ÞóÇÊöáó æóáóíøöåö.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞõ Úóáóíúåö äóÕøñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö¡ ãõÕóÑøöÍñ ÈöÃóäú æóáöíøó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ãõÎóíøóÑñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö æóÃóÎúÐö ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó áóåõ ÅöÌúÈóÇÑó ÇáúÌóÇäöí Úóáóì Ãóíøö ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÔóÇÁó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Þóæöíøñ ÏóáóÇáóÉð æóãóÊúäðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÚõÝöíó áóåõ ãöäú ÃóÎöíåö ÔóíúÁñ ÝóÇÊøöÈóÇÚñ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÃóÏóÇÁñ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÅöÍúÓóÇäò [2 \ 178] ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÑóÊøóÈó ÇáöÇÊøöÈóÇÚó ÈöÇáÏøöíóÉö ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÝúæö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú ÚõÝöíó áóåõ ãöäú ÃóÎöíåö ÔóíúÁñ ÝóÇÊøöÈóÇÚñ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÐóáößó Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÈöãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáúÚóÝúæö ÊóáúÒóãõ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ¡ æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøñ Þóæöíøñ ÃóíúÖðÇ.(3/97)
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö áöáúãõÎóÇáöÝöíäó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ; ßóãóÇáößò æóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÏöáøóÉò¡ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáØøóÍóÇæöíøõ: æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÍõÌøóÉó áóåõãú ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóäóÓò Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáÑøóÈöíÚö ÚóãøóÊöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøóåö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ» ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Íóßóãó ÈöÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö æóáóãú íõÎóíøöÑú¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÎöíóÇÑõ áöáúæóáöíøö áöÃóÚúáóãóåõãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ; ÅöÐú áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áöáúÍóÇßöãö Ãóäú íóÊóÍóßøóãó áöãóäú ËóÈóÊó áóåõ ÃóÍóÏõ ÔóíúÆóíúäö ÈöÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íõÚúáöãóåõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó áóåõ Ýöí ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ Íóßóãó ÈöÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö æóÌóÈó Ãóäú íõÍúãóáó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ: «Ýóåõæó ÈöÎóíúÑö ÇáäøóÙóÑóíúäö» ¡ Ãóíú æóáöíøõ ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ãõÎóíøóÑñ ÈöÔóÑúØö Ãóäú íóÑúÖóì ÇáúÌóÇäöí Ãóäú íõÛóÑøóãó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Çå.
æóÊóÚóÞøóÈó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí «ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí» ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌó ÇáØøóÍóÇæöíøö åóÐóÇ ÈöãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÊóÚóÞøóÈó ÈöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøóåö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ» ÅöäøóãóÇ æóÞóÚó ÚöäúÏó ØóáóÈö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÌúäöíøö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÇáúÞóæúÏó¡ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó Çááøóåö äóÒóáó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÌúäöíøó ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÈó ÇáúÞóæúÏó ÃõÌöíÈó Åöáóíúåö ; æóáóíúÓó ÝöíãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóÇåõ ãöäú ÊóÃúÎöíÑö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáØøóÍóÇæöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: ãöäú Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çáúæóáöíøó áóæú ÞóÇáó áöáúÞóÇÊöáö: ÑóÖöíÊõ Ãóäú ÊõÚúØöíóäöí ßóÐóÇ Úóáóì ÃóáøóÇ ÃóÞúÊõáóßó. Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáó áóÇ íõÌúÈóÑõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóáóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåõ ßóÑúåðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó íóÌöÈõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÍúÞöäó Ïóãó äóÝúÓöåö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö «Ýóåõæó ÈöÎóíúÑö ÇáäøóÙóÑóíúäö. .» ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÌóÇÑò ãóÌúÑóì ÇáúÛóÇáöÈö ÝóáóÇ ãóÝúåõæãó ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉò áóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÕøó ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÑóì Úóáóì ÇáúÛóÇáöÈö áóÇ íóßõæäõ áóåõ ãóÝúåõæãõ ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉò áóåõ¡ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö ÞóÕúÏö äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóÛúáóÈöíøóÉö Ïõæäó ÞóÕúÏö ÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö Úóäú Íõßúãö ÇáúãóäúØõæÞö. æóáöÐóÇ áóãú íóÚúÊóÈöÑú ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãóÝúåõæãó ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÈóÇÆöÈõßõãõ ÇááøóÇÊöí Ýöí ÍõÌõæÑößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 23] ; áöÌóÑúíöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÛóÇáöÈö¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ãóäøó ãóÝúåõæãó Þóæúáöåö: «Ýóåõæó ÈöÎóíúÑö ÇáäøóÙóÑóíúäö» Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóÇäöíó áóæö ÇãúÊóäóÚó ãöäú ÞóÈõæáö ÇáÏøöíóÉö æóÞóÏøóãó äóÝúÓóåõ áöáúÞóÊúáö ãõãúÊóäöÚðÇ ãöäú ÅöÚúØóÇÁö ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ íõÌúÈóÑõ Úóáóì ÅöÚúØóÇÆöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáäøóÙóÑóíúäö ÇááøóÐóíúäö ÎóíøóÑó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ æóáöíøó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó íõÞóÏøöãõ äóÝúÓóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇáöåö ÝóíóÝúÊóÏöí ÈöãóÇáöåö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÊúáö. æóÌóÑóíóÇäõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúÛóÇáöÈö íóãúäóÚõ ãöäó ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ãóÝúåõæãö ãõÎóÇáóÝóÊöåö ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóÚóÞóÏóåõ Ýöí «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ãóæóÇäöÚö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö Ïóáöíáö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö¡ ÃóÚúäöí ãóÝúåõæãó ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö:(3/98)
Ãóæú Ìóåúáõ ÇáúÍõßúãö Ãóæö ÇáäøõØúÞö ÇäúÌóáóÈó ... áöáÓøõÄúáö Ãóæú ÌóÑóì Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöí ÛóáóÈó
æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö Þóæúáõåõ: «Ãóæú ÌóÑóì Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöí ÛóáóÈó» Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÇÍúÊóÌøõæÇ ÈöåóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí ÑõÌúÍóÇäõåõ ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö: Ãóäú æóáöíøó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö åõæó ÇáúãõÎóíøóÑõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö¡ Ýóáóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáÏøöíóÉó æóÇãúÊóäóÚó ÇáúÌóÇäöí Ýóáóåõ ÅöÌúÈóÇÑõåõ Úóáóì ÏóÝúÚöåóÇ ; áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 29] ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: æóáóÇ ÊõáúÞõæÇ ÈöÃóíúÏöíßõãú Åöáóì ÇáÊøóåúáõßóÉö [2 \ 195] .
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍö Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÅöåúáóÇßó äóÝúÓöåö ÕóæúäðÇ áöãóÇáöåö áöáúæóÇÑöËö: Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚó íóãúäóÚõåõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö ÇáÒøóÇÆöÛö Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÕøóæóÇÈö¡ æóíõÌúÈöÑõåõ Úóáóì Õóæúäö Ïóãöåö ÈöãóÇáöåö.
æóãóÇ ÇÍúÊóÌøó Èöåö ÇáØøóÍóÇæöíøõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóÚúØöäöí ßóÐóÇ Úóáóì ÃóáøóÇ ÃóÞúÊõáóßó áóÇ íõÌúÈóÑõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ íõÌóÇÈõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ÞóÇáó: ÃóÚúØöäöí ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑóÉó Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÌúÈóÑõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ; áöäóÕøö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö.
æóáóæú ÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóÚúØöäöí ßóÐóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÇáÏøöíóÉö áóãú íõÌúÈóÑú¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ØóáóÈñ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÌóÈóåõ ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ: ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÊúáó áóåõ ËóáóÇËõ ÍóÇáóÇÊò:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÇáúÚóãúÏõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÔöÈúåõ ÇáúÚóãúÏö. æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÇáúÎóØóÃõ.
æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ: ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ. æóäóÞóáóåõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí Úóäú ÚõãóÑó æóÚóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ æÞóÊóÇÏóÉó æóÍóãøóÇÏò¡ æóÃóåúáö ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö¡ æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóÎóÇáóÝó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó ãóÇáößñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÇáúÞóÊúáõ áóåõ ÍóÇáóÊóÇäö ÝóÞóØú. ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÇáúÚóãúÏõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÇáúÎóØóÃõ. æóãóÇ íõÓóãøöíåö ÛóíúÑõåõ ÔöÈúåõ ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÌóÚóáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóãúÏö. æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íóÌúÚóáú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö æóÇÓöØóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóãúÏö æóÇáúÎóØóÃö¡ Èóáú(3/99)
ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ æóÇÓöØóÉó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöãõÄúãöäò Ãóäú íóÞúÊõáó ãõÄúãöäðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÎóØóÃð æóãóäú ÞóÊóáó ãõÄúãöäðÇ ÎóØóÃð ÝóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãõÄúãöäóÉò æóÏöíóÉñ ãõÓóáøóãóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 92] ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö: æóãóäú íóÞúÊõáú ãõÄúãöäðÇ ãõÊóÚóãøöÏðÇ ÝóÌóÒóÇÄõåõ Ìóåóäøóãõ ÎóÇáöÏðÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóáóÚóäóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 93] ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóØóÃö æóÇáúÚóãúÏö æóÇÓöØóÉð¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúßõãú ÌõäóÇÍñ ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÎúØóÃúÊõãú Èöåö æóáóßöäú ãóÇ ÊóÚóãøóÏóÊú ÞõáõæÈõßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 5] ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú ÝöíåóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóØóÃö æóÇáúÚóãúÏö æóÇÓöØóÉð æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÞóÊúáö.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó åõäóÇßó æóÇÓöØóÉð Èóíúäó ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÇáúãóÍúÖö¡ æóÇáúÚóãúÏö ÇáúãóÍúÖö¡ ÊõÓóãøóì ÎóØóÃó ÔöÈúåö ÚóãúÏò ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ åõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÖóÑóÈó ÈöÚóÕðÇ ÕóÛöíÑóÉò Ãóæú ÍóÌóÑò ÕóÛöíÑò áóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ Èöåö ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÞóÇÕöÏñ áöáÖøóÑúÈö ãõÚúÊóÞöÏðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈó áóÇ íóÞúÊõáõåõ Ðóáößó ÇáÖøóÑúÈõ¡ ÝóÝöÚúáõåõ åóÐóÇ ÔöÈúåõ ÇáúÚóãúÏö ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÞóÕúÏöåö ÃóÕúáó ÇáÖøóÑúÈö æóåõæó ÎóØóÃñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÞúÕöÏõ ÇáúÞóÊúáó¡ Èóáú æóÞóÚó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÞóÕúÏöåö ÅöíøóÇåõ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÍóÏöíËñ Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÍóÑúÈò æóãõÓóÏøóÏñ - ÇáúãóÚúäóì - ÞóÇáóÇ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÍóãøóÇÏñ¡ Úóäú ÎóÇáöÏò¡ Úóäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚõÞúÈóÉó Èúäö ÃóæúÓò¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó ãõÓóÏøóÏñ: ÎóØóÈó íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ÈöãóßøóÉó¡ ÝóßóÈøóÑó ËóáóÇËðÇ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: " áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÕóÏóÞó æóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóäóÕóÑó ÚóÈúÏóåõ¡ æóåóÒóãó ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈó æóÍúÏóåõ (Åöáóì åóÇ åõäóÇ ÍóÝöÙúÊõåõ Úóäú ãõÓóÏøóÏò¡ Ëõãøó ÇÊøóÝóÞóÇ) : ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ßõáøó ãóÃúËõÑóÉò ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÊõÐúßóÑõ æóÊõÏúÚóì ãöäú Ïóãò Ãóæú ãóÇáò ÊóÍúÊó ÞóÏóãóíøó¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÓöÞóÇíóÉö ÇáúÍóÇÌøö Ãóæú ÓóÏóÇäóÉö ÇáúÈóíúÊö - Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó - ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÔöÈúåó ÇáúÚóãúÏö ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöÇáÓøóæúØö æóÇáúÚóÕóÇ ãöÇÆóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ ãöäúåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõåóÇ¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ãõÓóÏøóÏò ÃóÊóãøõ.
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõæÓóì Èúäõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó¡ ËóäóÇ æõåóíúÈñ¡ Úóäú ÎóÇáöÏò ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏö äóÍúæó ãóÚúäóÇåõ.
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÓóÏøóÏñ¡ ËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúæóÇÑöËö¡ Úóäú Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ Úóäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ ÞóÇáó: ÎóØóÈó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö - Ãóæú ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó - Úóáóì ÏóÑóÌóÉö ÇáúÈóíúÊö Ãóæö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó: ßóÐóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚõíóíúäóÉó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ Úóäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.(3/100)
æóÑóæóÇåõ ÃóíøõæÈõ ÇáÓøöÎúÊöíóÇäöíøõ¡ Úóäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóãöËúáõ ÍóÏöíËö ÎóÇáöÏò ÑóæóÇåõ ÍóãøóÇÏõ Èúäõ ÓóáóãóÉó¡ Úóäú Úóáöíøö Èúäö íóÒöíÏó¡ Úóäú íóÚúÞõæÈó ÇáÓøóÏõæÓöíøö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Çå ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú Óõäóäö ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ äóÍúæóåõ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó Úóáóì ÃóíøõæÈó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Ýöíåö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó Úóáóì ÎóÇáöÏò ÇáúÍóÐøóÇÁö Ýöíåö æóÃóØóÇáó ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÑóßúäóÇ áóÝúÙó ßóáóÇãöåö áöØõæáöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÈóÔøóÇÑò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ãóåúÏöíøò æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÌóÚúÝóÑò¡ ÞóÇáóÇ: ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ ÔõÚúÈóÉõ¡ Úóäú ÃóíøõæÈó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãó Èúäó ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ÞóÊöíáõ ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÞóÊöíáõ ÇáÓøóæúØö æóÇáúÚóÕóÇ ãöÇÆóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö: ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ãöäúåóÇ ÎöáúÝóÉñ Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõåóÇ ".
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ íóÍúíóì¡ ËóäóÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÍóÑúÈò¡ ËóäóÇ ÍóãøóÇÏõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò¡ Úóäú ÎóÇáöÏò ÇáúÍóÐøóÇÁö¡ Úóäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚõÞúÈóÉó Èúäö ÃóæúÓò¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó äóÍúæóåõ.
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ ËóäóÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ Èúäõ ÚõíóíúäóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÏúÚóÇäó¡ ÓóãöÚóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇãó íóæúãó ÝóÊúÍö ãóßøóÉó æóåõæó Úóáóì ÏóÑóÌö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö¡ ÝóÍóãöÏó Çááøóåó æóÃóËúäóì Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: " ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÕóÏóÞó æóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóäóÕóÑó ÚóÈúÏóåõ¡ æóåóÒóãó ÇáúÃóÍúÒóÇÈó æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÞóÊöíáó ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÞóÊöíáõ ÇáÓøóæúØö æóÇáúÚóÕóÇ Ýöíåö ãöÇÆóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö: ãöäúåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÎöáúÝóÉð Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõåóÇ ". Çå.
æóÓóÇÞó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ØõÑõÞó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóßóÑó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí ÅöÓúäóÇÏöåóÇ Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÌõÏúÚóÇäó: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãõÍóãøóÏó Èúäó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó ÇáÓøõßøóÑöíøó íóÞõæáõ: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ãõÍóãøóÏó Èúäó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Èúäö ÎõÒóíúãóÉó íóÞõæáõ: ÍóÖóÑúÊõ ãóÌúáöÓó ÇáúãõÒóäöíøó íóæúãðÇ¡ æóÓóÃóáóåõ ÓóÇÆöáñ ãöäó ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøöíäó Úóäú ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáÓøóÇÆöáõ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì æóÕóÝó ÇáúÞóÊúáó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÕöÝóÊóíúäö: ÚóãúÏðÇ æóÎóØóÃð¡ Ýóáöãó ÞõáúÊõãú Åöäøóåõ Úóáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÕúäóÇÝò¿ æóáöãó ÞõáúÊõãú ÔöÈúåó ÇáúÚóãúÏö¿
ÝóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáúãõÒóäöíøõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ãõäóÇÙöÑõåõ: ÃóÊóÍúÊóÌøõ ÈöÚóáöíøö Èúäö ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÌõÏúÚóÇäó¿ ÝóÓóßóÊó ÇáúãõÒóäöíøõ ÝóÞõáúÊõ áöãõäóÇÙöÑöåö: ÞóÏú Ñóæóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóÈóÑó ÛóíúÑõ Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÒóíúÏò. ÝóÞóÇáó: æóãóäú ÑóæóÇåõ ÛóíúÑõ Úóáöíøò¿ ÞõáúÊõ: ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóíøõæÈõ ÇáÓøöÎúÊöíóÇäöíøõ æóÎóÇáöÏñ ÇáúÍóÐøóÇÁõ. ÞóÇáó áöí: Ýóãóäú ÚõÞúÈóÉõ Èúäõ ÃóæúÓò¿ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ÚõÞúÈóÉõ Èúäõ ÃóæúÓò ÑóÌõáñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÕúÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäúåõ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÓöíÑöíäó ãóÚó ÌóáóÇáóÊöåö. ÝóÞóÇáó(3/101)
áöáúãõÒóäöíøö: ÃóäúÊó ÊõäóÇÙöÑõ Ãóæú åóÐóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ýóåõæó íõäóÇÙöÑõ. áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãöäøöí¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÊóßóáøóãõ ÃóäóÇ¡ Çå. Ëõãøó ÔóÑóÚó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ íóÓõæÞõ ØõÑõÞó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ãóäú áóåõ ÃóÏúäóì ãóÚúÑöÝóÉò ÈöÇáúÃóÓóÇäöíÏö Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ËóÇÈöÊñ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó æóåúãñ¡ æóÂÝóÊõåóÇ ãöäú Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÌõÏúÚóÇäó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ.
æóÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Ýöí Úõáõæãö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÕóÍöíÍðÇ ãóäú æóÌúåò áóÇ íõÚóáøõ ÈöÅöÊúíóÇäöåö ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó ÛóíúÑö ÕóÍöíÍò¡ æóÇáúÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Èúäö ÎõÒóíúãóÉó áöáúÚöÑóÇÞöíøö ÇáøóÐöí äóÇÙóÑó ÇáúãõÒóäöíøó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÚöäúÏó ÇÈúäö ÎõÒóíúãóÉó.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó Èóíúäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúÞóÊúáö: åóáú åöíó ËóáóÇËñ¡ Ãóæö ÇËúäóÊóÇäö¿ æóÚóÑóÝúÊó ÍõÌóÌó ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÑõÌúÍóÇäóåõ ãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ãöäú ÃóäøóåóÇ ËóáóÇËõ ÍóÇáóÇÊò: ÚóãúÏñ ãóÍúÖñ¡ æóÎóØóÃñ ãóÍúÖñ¡ æóÔöÈúåõ ÚóãúÏò¡ áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóËúÈóÊó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÓóßóÊó Úóäúåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ ÝóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÃóãúÑò ÓóßóÊó Úóäúåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáúÌóÇÑöí Úóáóì ÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÃõÕõæáöåö Ãóäøó ÇáÒøöíóÇÏóÉó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÕøö äóÓúÎñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑó áóÇ íõäúÓóÎõ ÈöÇáúÂÍóÇÏö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ". æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÇÝóÞó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóÇáößò ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÍóÇáóÇÊö ÇáúÞóÊúáö ËóáóÇËñ¡ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãúÏó ÇáúãóÍúÖó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ. æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Íõßúãó ÇáúÚóÝúæö Ýöíåö. æóÇáúÎóØóÃõ ÔöÈúåõ ÇáúÚóãúÏö. æóÇáúÎóØóÃõ ÇáúãóÍúÖõ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö.
æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÃóÓúäóÇäö ÇáÏøöíóÉö ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ æóÓóäõÈóíøöäõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÞóÇÏöíÑó ÇáÏøöíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÇáúãóÍúÖö ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚó ÇáúÚóÝúæõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ æóÝöí ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÇáúãóÍúÖö.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÇáúãóÍúÖö æóÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÓóæóÇÁñ¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÃóÓúäóÇäöåóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÃóÑúÈóÇÚðÇ: ÎóãúÓñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò¡ æóÎóãúÓñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóÎóãúÓñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóÎóãúÓñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð.(3/102)
æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉõ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóíõÑúæóì Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóÐóåóÈóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì Åöáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ËóáóÇËõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÒóíúÏò¡ æóÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì¡ æóÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö. æóÑóæóÇåõ ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÑõÌúÍóÇäóåõ. áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú: ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ãöäúåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÎöáúÝóÉð Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõåóÇ "¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ ØõÑõÞöåö ÕóÍöíÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÈóíóÇäö ÇáÓøöÊøöíäó ÇáøóÊöí áóãøó íóÊóÚóÑøóÖõ áóåóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: (ÈóÇÈõ ÕöÝóÉö ÇáÓøöÊøöíäó ÇáøóÊöí ãóÚó ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó) Ëõãøó ÓóÇÞó ÃóÓóÇäöíÏóåõ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÒóíúÏö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò¡ æóÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö Èúäö ÔõÚúÈóÉó¡ æóÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì ÇáúÃóÔúÚóÑöíøö¡ æóÚõËúãóÇäó Èúäö ÚóÝøóÇäó¡ æóÚóáöíøò Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóì ÑöæóÇíóÊóíúåö Úóäúåõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ËóáóÇËõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: æóÏóáöíáõåõ åõæó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ãóäú ÞóÊóáó ãõÊóÚóãøöÏðÇ ÏõÝöÚó Åöáóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÔóÇÁõæÇ ÞóÊóáõæåõ¡ æóÅöäøó ÔóÇÁõæÇ ÃóÎóÐõæÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉó æóåöíó ËóáóÇËõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÎöáúÝóÉð¡ æóãóÇ ÕõæáöÍõæÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõãú "¡ æóÐóáößó áöÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáúÞóÊúáö. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÞóÇáó: åõæó ÍóÏöíËñ ÍóÓóäñ ÛóÑöíÈñ. Çå ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÓóÇÞó ÍóÏöíËó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ áöáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: æóæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáö ãóÇ Ñóæóì ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ Úóäö ÇáÓøóÇÆöÈö Èúäö íóÒöíÏó ÞóÇáó: " ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÏøöíóÉõ Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóÑúÈóÇÚðÇ: ÎóãúÓðÇ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÎóãúÓðÇ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóÎóãúÓðÇ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóÎóãúÓðÇ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò " æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò Çå ãöäúåõ.
æóÝöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö Úóäú ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÔöåóÇÈò ßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ Ýöí ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÅöÐóÇ ÞõÈöáóÊú: ÎóãúÓñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò¡ æóÎóãúÓñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóÎóãúÓñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóÎóãúÓñ(3/103)
æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð. æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ: Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúÚóãúÏö¡ æöÏíóÉó ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÓóæóÇÁñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö.
æóÝöí ÏöíóÉö ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Ýöí ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÃóËúáóÇËñ: ËóáóÇËñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóËóáóÇËñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ËóäúíóÉð Åöáóì ÈóÇÒöáö ÚóÇãöåóÇ¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÎöáúÝóÉñ.
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÇÚñ: ÑõÈúÚñ ÈóäóÇÊõ áóÈõæäò¡ æóÑõÈúÚñ ÍöÞóÇÞñ æóÑõÈúÚñ ÌöÐóÇÚñ " æóÑõÈúÚñ ËóäúíóÉñ Åöáóì ÈóÇÒöáö ÚóÇãöåóÇ¡ åóÐóÇ ÍóÇÕöáõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÚóãúÏö æóÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö.
æóÃóæúáóì ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö æóÃóÑúÌóÍõåóÇ: ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ßóæúäöåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉð ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóËóáóÇËöíäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÎöáúÝóÉð Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõåóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú íõæóÇÝöÞõ ÓõäøóÉó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÞóÈúáóåõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÇáúãóÍúÖö ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÝóÇ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö: ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó Ýöí ãóÇáö ÇáúÌóÇäöí¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõåóÇ ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉõ ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÇáóÉñ ÛóíúÑõ ãõäóÌøóãóÉò Ýöí Óöäöíäó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÌõãúåõæÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÞöíáó: ÈöÊóäúÌöíãöåóÇ.
æóÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãúÏó áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÏöíóÉñ ãõÞóÑøóÑóÉñ ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ Èóáö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ Ýöíåö ãóÇ ÇÊøóÝóÞó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌóÇäöí æóÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¡ ÞóáöíáðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ßóËöíÑðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÍóÇáñ ÚöäúÏóåõ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ Ýöí ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö Ýóåöíó ãõäóÌøóãóÉñ Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó¡ íõÏúÝóÚõ ËõáõËõåóÇ Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ßõáøö ÓóäóÉò ãöäó ÇáÓøöäöíäó ÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ æóíõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁõ ÇáÓøóäóÉó ãöäú Íöíäö æõÌõæÈö ÇáÏøöíóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÄõåóÇ ãöäú Íöíäö Íóßóãó ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ ÈöÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ æóåöíó Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö áöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ßóæúäöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö: ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏó - ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÍóßóãõ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö æóÛóíúÑõåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãú ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõÛúäöí æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ.(3/104)
æóÐóåóÈó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Ýöí ÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö Ýöí ãóÇáö ÇáúÌóÇäöí áóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö ; áöÞóÕúÏöåö ÇáÖøóÑúÈó æóÅöäú áóãú íóÞúÕöÏö ÇáúÞóÊúáó. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÓöíÑöíäó¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÑöËõ ÇáúÚõßúáöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÔõÈúÑõãóÉó¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ Çå ãöäú " ÇáúãõÛúäöí " áöÇÈúäö ÞõÏóÇãóÉó. æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈó ÎöáóÇÝõåõ¡ áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇáößñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóáóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÈöÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÚóãúÏñ ãóÍúÖñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÇáúãóÍúÖö Ýóåõæó ÃóÎúãóÇÓñ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú Úóáóì ÇáÓøöäøö æóÇáÕøöäúÝö Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎóÇãöÓö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãóÍóáøõ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáúÃóßúËóÑö Ýóåöíó ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò. æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÝóÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö íóÞõæáõ: åõæó ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÇÈúäó ãóÎóÇÖò ÐóßóÑðÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Ãóåúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáúæóÇÑöÏö ÈöÐóáößó.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÓóÏøóÏñ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö¡ ËóäóÇ ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌõ¡ Úóäú ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ Úóäú ÎöÔúÝö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÇáØøóÇÆöíøö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " Ýöí ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÇÈúäó ãóÎóÇÖò ÐóßóÑðÇ "¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ãóÓúÑõæÞò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÒóÇÆöÏóÉó¡ Úóäú ÍóÌøóÇÌò¡ Úóäú ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ Úóäú ÎöÔúÝö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÇáØøóÇÆöíøö ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÇÈúäó ãóÓúÚõæÏò íóÞõæáõ: ÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò¡ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÇÈúäó ãóÎóÇÖò ÐõßõæÑðÇ¡ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÍöÞøóÉð.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Èúäõ ÚóÇÕöãò¡ ËóäóÇ ÇáÕøóÈøóÇÍõ Èúäõ ãõÍóÇÑöÈò¡ ËóäóÇ ÍóÌøóÇÌõ Èúäõ ÃóÑúØóÇÉó¡ ËóäóÇ ÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ Úóäú ÎöÔúÝö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÇáØøóÇÆöíøö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö(3/105)
ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " Ýöí ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÍöÞøóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó Èóäöí ãóÎóÇÖò ÐõßõæÑðÇ " æóäóÍúæõ åóÐóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò.
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ Úóäúåõ äóÍúæóåõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú Ýöíåö: æóÚöÔúÑõæäó Èóäöí áóÈõæäò ÈóÏóáó Èóäöí ãóÎóÇÖò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ Ýöí " ÈõáõæÛö ÇáúãóÑóÇãö ": Åöäøó ÅöÓúäóÇÏóåõ ÃóÞúæóì ãöäú ÅöÓúäóÇÏö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö. ÞóÇáó: æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕóÍøõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÑúÝõæÚö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáóÝö Ýöíåö¡ Ýóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÇÈúäó áóÈõæäò ÐóßóÑðÇ¡ ãóÚó ÚöÔúÑöíäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÍóÞøóÉð¡ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò. æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇááøóíúËõ¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉõ. ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí " ÇáúãõÛúäöí "¡ æóÞóÇáó: åóßóÐóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÓóÚöíÏñ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö Úóäö ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈöíøõ: Ñõæöíó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " æóÏóì ÇáøóÐöí ÞõÊöáó ÈöÎóíúÈóÑó ÈöãöÇÆóÉò ãöäú ÅöÈöáö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö " æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÃóÓúäóÇäö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö ÇÈúäõ ãóÎóÇÖò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì: æóÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÍóÓóäö Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö íõæÓõÝó ÇáÑøóÝøóÇÁõ ÇáúÈóÛúÏóÇÏöíøõ¡ ÃóäúÈóÃó ÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ ÚõËúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÈöÔúÑò¡ ËóäóÇ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí¡ ËóäóÇ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÃõæóíúÓò æóÚöíÓóì Èúäõ ãöíäóÇ¡ ÞóÇáóÇ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö¡ Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇåõ ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó ãóäú ÃóÏúÑóßúÊõ ãöäú ÝõÞóåóÇÆöäóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íõäúÊóåóì Åöáóì Þóæúáöåöãú ; æóãöäúåõãú ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÚõÑúæóÉõ Èúäõ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÓöãõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ æóÎóÇÑöÌóÉõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò¡ æóÚõÈóíúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõÊúÈóÉó¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ íóÓóÇÑò¡ Ýöí ãóÔúíóÎóÉò ÌõáøóÉò ÓöæóÇåõãú ãöäú äõÙóÑóÇÆöåöãú¡ æóÑõÈøóãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÝóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÈöÞóæúáö ÃóßúËóÑöåöãú æóÃóÝúÖóáöåöãú ÑóÃúíðÇ¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÞõæáõæäó: ÇáúÚóÞúáõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÎúãóÇÓò: ÝóÎõãúÓñ ÌöÐóÇÚñ¡ æóÎõãúÓñ ÍöÞóÇÞñ¡ æóÎõãúÓñ ÈóäóÇÊõ áóÈõæäò¡ æóÎõãúÓñ ÈóäóÇÊõ ãóÎóÇÖò¡ æóÎõãúÓñ Èóäõæ áóÈõæäò ÐõßõæÑò¡ æóÇáÓøöäøõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÌõÑúÍò Þóáøó Ãóæú ßóËõÑó ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóÎúãóÇÓò Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÉö. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÌóÚóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÏóáöíáðÇ Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÕøöäúÝó ÇáúÎóÇãöÓó ãöäú ÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÇáúãóÎóÇÖö ÇáÐøõßõæÑö áóÇ ãöäú ÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÇááøóÈõæäö¡ áöÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö(3/106)
ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáúãóÑúÝõæÚö ÇáúãõÕóÑøöÍö ÈöÞóÖóÇÁö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÐóáößó. ÞóÇáó: æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöíåö ãóÇ Ýöíåö Ãóæúáóì ãöäó ÇáúÃóÎúÐö ÈöÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáÑøóÃúíö.
æóÓóäóÏõ ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ ÑöÌóÇáõåõ ßõáøõåõãú ÕóÇáöÍõæäó áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌó Èúäó ÃóÑúØóÇÉó ÝóÅöäøó Ýöíåö ßóáóÇãðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ; Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íõæóËøöÞõåõ¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íõÖóÚøöÝõåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ÊóÖúÚöíÝõ ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö áóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåö ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö: ÕóÏõæÞñ ßóËöíÑõ ÇáúÎóØóÃö æóÇáÊøóÏúáöíÓö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÍóÌøóÇÌñ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÃóÚóáøó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÈöÇáúæóÞúÝö Úóáóì ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÑóÝúÚõåõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÎóØóÃñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÞóÑöíÈðÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ æóÌúåõ ÕóáóÇÍöíøóÉö ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÑöÌóÇáö ÇáÓøõäóäö¡ ÝóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäú ÓóäóÏöåö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ãõÓóÏøóÏñ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ÍóÇÝöÙñ¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ãóÓúÑõæÞò ÇáúßöäúÏöíøõ ÇáúßõæÝöíøõ æóåõæó ÕóÏõæÞñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ÒöíóÇÏò ÇáúÚóÈúÏöíøõ ãóæúáóÇåõãõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ ËöÞóÉñ¡ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËöåö Úóäö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÔö æóÍúÏóåõ ãóÞóÇáñ. æóÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö íóÍúíóì Èúäö ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÒóÇÆöÏóÉó¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ãõÊúÞöäñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ ÍóÌøóÇÌõ Èúäõ ÃóÑúØóÇÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ ÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ ÎóÔúÝõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößò ÇáØøóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóËøóÞóåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ÚöäúÏó ÇÈúäö ãóÇÌóåú ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãö Èúäõ ÚóÇÕöãò ÇáúÌõÚúÝöíøõ ÇáúåöÓöäúÌóÇäöíøõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÞúÈõæáñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáÕøóÈøóÇÍõ Èúäõ ãõÍóÇÑöÈò ÇáÊøóíúãöíøõ ÇáúßõæÝöíøõ äóÒöíáõ ÇáÑøóíøö æóåõæó ÕóÏõæÞñ¡ ÑõÈøóãóÇ ÎóÇáóÝó.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÍóÌøóÇÌõ Èúäõ ÃóÑúØóÇÉó Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáÓøóäóÏö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ãõÊóßóáøóãñ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÌöåóÊóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæúáóì ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÍóÌøóÇÌö Èúäö(3/107)
ÃóÑúØóÇÉó¡ æóÞóÏú ÖóÚøóÝóåõ ÇáúÃóßúËóÑõ¡ æóæóËøóÞóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÅöÚúáóÇáõåõ ÈöÇáúæóÞúÝö¡ æóãóÇ ÇÍúÊóÌøó Èöåö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈöíøõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " æóÏóì ÇáøóÐöí ÞõÊöáó ÈöÎóíúÈóÑó ãöäú ÅöÈöáö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö " æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÃóÓúäóÇäö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö ÇÈúäõ ãóÎóÇÖò íõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöí ÞõÊöáó Ýöí ÎóíúÈóÑó ÞõÊöáó ÚóãúÏðÇ¡ æóßóáóÇãõäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎóØóÃö. æóÍõÌøóÉõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó íóÌúÚóáõ ÃóÈúäóÇÁó ÇááøóÈõæäö ÈóÏóáó ÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÇáúãóÎóÇÖö ÑöæóÇíóÉó ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøö ÇáúãóÑúÝõæÚóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò: Åöäøó ÓóäóÏóåóÇ ÃóÕóÍøõ ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÃóÈúäóÇÁö ÇáúãóÎóÇÖö¡ æóßóËúÑóÉö ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÐóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
æóÝöí ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÎóØóÃö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ÃõÎóÑõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áóåóÇ ÈöÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÃõÎúÑóì ÇäúÙõÑúåóÇ Ýöí " Óõäóäö ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö " æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÃóáúÝõ ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúæóÑöÞö ÇËúäóÇ ÚóÔóÑó ÃóáúÝó ÏöÑúåóãò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: ÚóÔóÑóÉõ ÂáóÇÝö ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÞóÑö ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÈóÞóÑóÉò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáÔøóÇÁö ÃóáúÝóÇ ÔóÇÉò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍõáóáö ãöÇÆóÊóÇ ÍõáøóÉò.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ íóÍúíóì Èúäõ Íóßöíãò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ÚõËúãóÇäó¡ ËóäóÇ ÍõÓóíúäñ ÇáúãõÚóáøöãõ¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäóÊú ÞöíãóÉõ ÇáÏøöíóÉö Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ËóãóÇäöãöÇÆóÉö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Ãóæú ËóãóÇäöíóÉó ÂáóÇÝö ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóÏöíóÉõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáäøöÕúÝõ ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
ÞóÇáó: ÝóßóÇäó Ðóáößó ßóÐóáößó¡ ÍóÊøóì ÇÓúÊõÎúáöÝó ÚõãóÑõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóÞóÇãó ÎóØöíÈðÇ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÇáúÅöÈöáó ÞóÏú ÛóáóÊú¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÝóÑóÖóåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÃóáúÝó ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúæóÑöÞö ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ÃóáúÝðÇ¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÞóÑö ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÈóÞóÑóÉò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáÔøóÇÁö ÃóáúÝóíú ÔóÇÉò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍõáóáö ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÍõáøóÉò¡ æóÊóÑóßó ÏöíóÉó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóãú íóÑúÝóÚúåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÑóÝóÚó ãöäó ÇáÏøöíóÉö.
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõæÓóì Èúäõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÍóãøóÇÏñ¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÑóÈóÇÍò¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " ÞóÖóì Ýöí ÇáÏøöíóÉö Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÅöÈöáö ãöÇÆóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÞóÑö ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÈóÞóÑóÉò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáÔøóÇÁö ÃóáúÝóíú ÔóÇÉò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍõáóáö ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÍõáøóÉò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞóãúÍö ÔóíúÆðÇ áóãú íóÍúÝóÙúåõ ãõÍóãøóÏñ ".
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó: ÞóÑóÃúÊõ Úóáóì ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö íóÚúÞõæÈó ÇáØøóÇáóÞóÇäöíøö ÞóÇáó: ËöäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÊõãóíúáóÉó¡ ËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÞóÇáó: ÐóßóÑó ÚóØóÇÁñ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÞóÇáó: ÝóÑóÖó(3/108)
ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. . ÝóÐóßóÑó ãöËúáó ÍóÏöíËö ãõæÓóì¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáØøóÚóÇãö ÔóíúÆðÇ áóãú ÃóÍúÝóÙúåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Èúäõ åóÇÑõæäó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÑóÇÔöÏò¡ Úóäú ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö ãõæÓóì¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ãöäú ÞõÊöáó ÎóØóÃð ÝóÏóíúÊõåõ ãöÇÆóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö: ËóáóÇËõæäó ÈöäúÊó ãóÎóÇÖò¡ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÈöäúÊó áóÈõæäò¡ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÍóÞøóÉð¡ æóÚóÔóÑóÉñ Èóäöí áóÈõæäò ÐõßõæÑò ".
ÞóÇáó: æóßóÇäó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íõÞóæøöãõåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì ÃóÑúÈóÚóãöÇÆóÉö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Ãóæú ÚóÏúáóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúæóÑöÞö¡ æóíõÞóæøöãõåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÅöÈöáö ÅöÐóÇ ÛóáóÊú ÑóÝóÚó ÞöíãóÊóåóÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ åóÇäóÊú äóÞóÕó ãöäú ÞöíãóÊöåóÇ Úóáóì äóÍúæö ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ãóÇ ßóÇäó. ÝóÈóáóÛó ÞöíãóÊõåóÇ Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöãöÇÆóÉö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Åöáóì ËóãóÇäöãöÇÆóÉö ÏöíäóÇÑò Ãóæú ÚóÏúáöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúæóÑóÞö.
ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøó ãóäú ßóÇäó ÚóÞúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÞóÑö: Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÞóÑö ãöÇÆóÊóíú ÈóÞóÑóÉò¡ æóãóäú ßóÇäó ÚóÞúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÇÁö: ÃóáúÝóíú ÔóÇÉò¡ æóÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÞúáó ãöíÑóÇËñ Èóíúäó æóÑóËóÉö ÇáúÞóÊöíáö Úóáóì ÝóÑóÇÆöÖöåöãú¡ ÝóãóÇ ÝóÖóáó ÝóáöáúÚóÕóÈóÉö " æóÞóÖóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " Ãóäú íóÚúÞöáó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÚóÕóÈóÊõåóÇ ãóäú ßóÇäõæÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÑöËõæäó ãöäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÝóÖóáó Úóäú æóÑóËóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÅöäú ÞõÊöáóÊú ÝóÚóÞúáõåóÇ Èóíúäó æóÑóËóÊöåóÇ æóåõãú íóÞúÊõáõæäó ÞóÇÊöáóåóÇ ". æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõËóäøóì¡ Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐö Èúäö åóÇäöÆò ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ãõÓúáöãò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò (Í) ¡ æóÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÚóÇÐõ Èúäõ åóÇäöÆò ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ãõÓúáöãò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÊóáó ÑóÌõáñ ÑóÌõáðÇ Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÏöíóÊóåõ ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ÃóáúÝðÇ æóÐóßóÑó Þóæúáóåõ: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÃóÛúäóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö [9 \ 74] Ýöí ÃóÎúÐöåöãõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áöÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ãóíúãõæäò ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò:
Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " ÞóÖóì ÈöÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ÃóáúÝðÇ " - íóÚúäöí Ýöí ÇáÏøöíóÉö - ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÃóäúÈóÇÑöíøõ¡ ËóäóÇ ÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍõÈóÇÈö¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ãõÓúáöãò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäú Èóäöí ÚóÏöíøò ÞõÊöáó. ÝóÌóÚóáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÏöíóÊóåõ ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ÃóáúÝðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚõíóíúäóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑö ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓõ Èúäõ ÌóÚúÝóÑò¡ ËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÓöäóÇäò¡ ËóäóÇ(3/109)
ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ãõÓúáöãò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " ÌóÚóáó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ÃóáúÝðÇ " ÞóÇáó: æóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ äóÞóãõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÃóÛúäóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ ãöäú ÝóÖúáöåö [9 \ 74] ÞóÇáó: ÈöÃóÎúÐöåöãõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó.
æóÝöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö Úóäú ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøóåõ ÈóáóÛóåõ Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö Þóæøóãó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì ÝóÌóÚóáóåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÃóáúÝó ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúæóÑöÞö ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ÃóáúÝó ÏöÑúåóãò¡ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: ÝóÃóåúáõ ÇáÐøóåóÈö Ãóåúáõ ÇáÔøóÇãö æóÃóåúáõ ãöÕúÑó¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúæóÑöÞö Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö.
æóÚóäú ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ÃóíúÖðÇ: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÊóÞúØóÚõ Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó Ãóæú ÃóÑúÈóÚö Óöäöíäó¡ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: æóÇáËøóáóÇËõ ÃóÍóÈøõ ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõ Åöáóì Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏóäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì Ýöí ÇáÏøöíóÉö ÇáúÅöÈöáõ¡ æóáóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚóãõæÏö ÇáÐøóåóÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúæóÑöÞõ¡ æóáóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøóåóÈö ÇáúæóÑöÞõ¡ æóáóÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúæóÑöÞö ÇáÐøóåóÈõ.
ÝõÑõæÚñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÌõãúåõæÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÎóØóÃö æóÔöÈúåö ÇáúÚóãúÏö ãõÄóÌøóáóÉñ Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó¡ íóÏúÝóÚõ ËõáúËóåóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáÓøöäöíäó ÇáËøóáóÇËö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó Èóíúäöåöãú Ýöí ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÄóÌøóáóÉñ Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó ; ÝóÅöäøó ÚõãóÑó æóÚóáöíøðÇ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÌóÚóáóÇ ÏöíóÉó ÇáúÎóØóÃö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó¡ æóáóÇ äóÚúÑöÝõ áóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ãõÎóÇáöÝðÇ¡ ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚóåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Çå.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ íõÓóãøóì ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ ÓõßõæÊöíøðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÍõÌøóÉñ ÙóäøöíøóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÕóÇÍöÈõ «ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö» ãóÚó ÈóíóÇäö ÔóÑúØö ÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö Èöåö ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÌóÚúáõ ãóäú ÓóßóÊó ãöËúáó ãóäú ÃóÞóÑú ... Ýöíåö ÎöáóÇÝñ Èóíúäöåöãú ÞóÏö ÇÔúÊõåöÑú
ÝóÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌõ ÈöÇáÓøõßõæÊöí äóãøóÇ ... ÊóÝúÑöíÚóåõ Úóáóíúåö ãóäú ÊóÞóÏøóãóÇ
æóåõæó ÈöÝóÞúÏö ÇáÓøõÎúØö æóÇáÖøöÏøö ÍóÑöí ... ãóÚó ãõÖöíøö ãõåúáóÉò áöáäøóÙóÑö
æóÊóÃúÌöíáõåóÇ Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó åõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÌóÇäöí ; åóáú íóáúÒóãõåõ ÞöÓúØñ ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÎóØóÃö ßóæóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ Ãóæú áóÇ.(3/110)
ÝóãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóãóÔúåõæÑõ ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóÇäöíó íóáúÒóãõåõ ÞöÓúØñ ãöäó ÇáÏøöíóÉö ßóæóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö.
æóÐóåóÈó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõ ãöäó ÇáÏøöíóÉö ÔóíúÁñ¡ áöÙóÇåöÑö ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «ÞóÖóì ÈöÇáÏøöíóÉö Úóáóì ÚóÇÞöáóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö» æóÙóÇåöÑõåõ ÞóÖóÇÄõåõ ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÇáÏøöíóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ æóÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö: Ãóäú ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÌöäóÇíóÉö Úóáóíúåö æóåõãú ãõÚöíäõæäó áóåõ¡ ÝóíóÊóÍóãøóáõ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö ãöËúáó ãóÇ íóÊóÍóãøóáõ ÑóÌõáñ ãöäú ÚóÇÞöáóÊöåö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäö ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÍúãöáõ Úóäö ÇáúÌóÇäöí ÏöíóÉó ÇáúÎóØóÃö.
ÝóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉó åõãú Ãóåúáõ ÏöíæóÇäö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÏöíæóÇäò¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáÏøöíæóÇäö Ãóåúáõ ÇáÑøóÇíóÇÊö¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúÌóíúÔõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÊóÈóÊú ÃóÓúãóÇÄõåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøöíæóÇäö áöãõäóÇÕóÑóÉö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ ÊõÄúÎóÐõ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ãöäú ÚóØóÇíóÇåõãú Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÏöíæóÇäò ÝóÚóÇÞöáóÊõåõ ÞóÈöíáóÊõåõ¡ æóÊõÞúÓóãõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÊøóÓöÚö ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉõ áöÐóáößó Öõãøó Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúÞóÈóÇÆöáö äóÓóÈðÇ Úóáóì ÊóÑúÊöíÈö ÇáúÚóÕöÈóÇÊö.
æóãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ÇáúÈõÏóÇÁóÉõ ÈöÃóåúáö ÇáÏøöíæóÇäö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÝóÊõÄúÎóÐõ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ãöäú ÚóØóÇíóÇåõãú Ýöí ËóáóÇËö Óöäöíäó¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÚóØóÇÄõåõãú ÞóÇÆöãðÇ ÝóÚóÇÞöáóÊõåõ ÚóÕóÈóÊõåõ ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈó ÝóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈó¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúãöáõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó æóáóÇ ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÞúáö.
æóáóíúÓó áöÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö ÍóÏøñ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛóÊúåõ ÚóÞóáõæÇ¡ æóáóÇ áöãóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúåõãú ÍóÏøñ¡ æóáóÇ íõßóáøóÝõ ÃóÛúäöíóÇÄõåõãõ ÇáúÃóÏóÇÁó Úóäú ÝõÞóÑóÇÆöåöãú.
æóãöäú áóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÚóÕóÈóÉð ÝóÚóÞúáõåõ Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ãóÇáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóÇáúãóæóÇáöí ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉö¡ æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉö ÇáöÇÈúäõ æóÇáúÃóÈõ.
ÞóÇáó ÓóÍúäõæäñ: Åöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉõ ÃóáúÝðÇ Ýóåõãú Þóáöíáñ¡ íõÖóãøõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúÞóÈóÇÆöáö Åöáóíúåöãú.
æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö ãöäó ÇáÏøöíóÉö ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ÏöÑúåóãò æóËõáõËò Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóäóÉò ãöäó ÇáÓøöäöíäó ÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ ÝóÇáúãóÌúãõæÚõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÏóÑóÇåöãó.
æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÍúãóÏó æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáÏøöíæóÇäö áóÇ ãóÏúÎóáó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÚóÞúáö ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóÕóÈóÉð¡ æóãóÐúåóÈõåõãóÇ ÑóÍöãóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉó åöíó ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõãõ ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ: åóáú íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúÃóÈúäóÇÁõ æóÇáúÂÈóÇÁõ¿ ÝóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö: Ãóäøóåõãú ÏóÇÎöáõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö¡ æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö ; áöÙóÇåöÑö ÍóÏöíËö(3/111)
ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãõ: «Ãóäøó ãöíÑóÇËó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö áöæóáóÏöåóÇ¡ æóÇáÏøöíóÉó Úóáóì ÚóÇÞöáóÊöåóÇ» ¡ æóÙóÇåöÑõåõ ÚóÏóãõ ÏõÎõæáö ÃóæúáóÇÏöåóÇ¡ ÝóÞöíÓó ÇáúÂÈóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö ÝöíãóÇ íóÍúãöáõåõ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú.
ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: íóÍúãöáõæäó Úóáóì ÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íõØöíÞõæäó. åóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÊóÞóÏøóÑõ ÔóÑúÚðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÑúÌöÚõ Ýöíåö Åöáóì ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÇßöãö¡ ÝóíóÝúÑöÖõ Úóáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ÞóÏúÑðÇ íóÓúåõáõ æóáóÇ íõÄúÐöí¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑó áóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÊóæúÞöíÝò¡ æóáóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ ÈöÇáÑøóÃúíö æóÇáÊøóÍóßøõãö¡ æóáóÇ äóÕøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÝóæóÌóÈó ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ ÝöíåóÇ Åöáóì ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÇßöãö ßóãóÞóÇÏöíÑö ÇáäøóÝóÞóÇÊö.
æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì: Ãóäøóåõ íóÝúÑöÖõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõæÓöÑö äöÕúÝó ãöËúÞóÇáò ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÞóáøõ ãóÇáò íóÊóÞóÏøóÑõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö ÝóßóÇäó ãõÚóÈøóÑðÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóíóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÊóæóÓøöØö ÑõÈõÚõ ãöËúÞóÇáò ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ Ïõæäó Ðóáößó ÊóÇÝöåñ áößóæúäö ÇáúíóÏö áóÇ ÊõÞúØóÚõ Ýöíåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ: áóÇ ÊõÞúØóÚõ ÇáúíóÏõ Ýöí ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÇáÊøóÇÝöåö¡ æóãóÇ Ïõæäó ÑõÈõÚö ÏöíäóÇÑò áóÇ ÊõÞúØóÚõ Ýöíåö. æóåóÐóÇ ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò¡ æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: ÃóßúËóÑõ ãóÇ íõÍúãóáõ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÏóÑóÇåöãó¡ æóáóíúÓó áöÃóÞóáøöåö ÍóÏøñ. Çå ßóáóÇãõ ÕóÇÍöÈö «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» .
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: áóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõ ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäó ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÊóÍúÑöíÑõ ÑóÞóÈóÉò ãõÄúãöäóÉò [4 \ 92] ¡ Èóáú åöíó Ýöí ãóÇáö ÇáúÌóÇäöí ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ æóÔóÐøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: åöíó Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÇáö.
æóÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉõ Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÇáúÎóØóÃö æóÇÌöÈóÉñ ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáÕøóÑöíÍóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö¡ æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõåõãú Ýöíåö ãóÔúåõæÑñ¡ æóÃóÌúÑóì ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÚöäúÏöí Þóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: áóÇ ßóÝøóÇÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚõãóÏó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ãóäú íõßóÝøöÑóåõ ÇáúÚöÊúÞõ¡ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö ÚóãúÏðÇ: ÝóÌóÒóÇÄõåõ Ìóåóäøóãõ ÎóÇáöÏðÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÛóÖöÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóáóÚóäóåõ æóÃóÚóÏøó áóåõ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ [4 \ 93] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÃóÚúáóì æóÃóÝúÎóãõ ãöäú Ãóäú íõßøóÝóÑó ÈöÚöÊúÞö ÑóÞóÈóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇáÏøöíóÉõ áóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõåóÇ ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÎóØøóÃð ËóÇÈöÊðÇ ÈöÅöÞúÑóÇÑö ÇáúÌóÇäöí æóáóãú íõÕóÏøöÞõæåõ¡ Èóáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÍúãöáõåóÇ Åöäú ËóÈóÊó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÈöÈóíøöäóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÚóÇãøóÉõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ãöäúåõãõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ãõæÓóì¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡(3/112)
æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ. æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÛóíúÑõåõãú. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáúÍõÑøóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãóÉö äöÕúÝõ ÏöíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúÍõÑøö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÈóíøóäøóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö: ÃóÌúãóÚó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö äöÕúÝõ ÏöíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ æóÍóßóì ÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõáóíøóÉó æóÇáúÃóÕóãøö¡ ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÇáóÇ: ÏöíóÊõåóÇ ßóÏöíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáñ ÔóÇÐøñ¡ ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóÌöÑóÇÍõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÊõÓóÇæöí ÌöÑóÇÍó ÇáÑøóÌõáö Åöáóì ËõáõËö ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÈóáóÛóÊö ÇáËøõáõËó ÝóÚóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÑõæöíó åóÐóÇ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÒóíúÏö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÚõÑúæóÉõ Èúäõ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌõ¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉõ¡ æóãóÇáößñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö: æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÝõÞóåóÇÁö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö¡ æóÌõãúåõæÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ æóÍõßöíó Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏöíãö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ: íóÓúÊóæöíóÇäö Åöáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ÝöíãóÇ Þóáøó Ãóæú ßóËõÑó¡ æóÑõæöíó Ðóáößó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÓöíÑöíäó¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇááøóíúËõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÔõÈúÑõãóÉó¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ. æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ýöí ÙóÇåöÑö ãóÐúåóÈöåö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÔóÎúÕóÇäö ÊóÎúÊóáöÝõ ÏöíóÉõ äóÝúÓöåöãóÇ ÝóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÃóÑúÔõ ÌöÑóÇÍöåõãóÇ. Çå æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÃóÞöíÓõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÞõÏóÇãóÉó æóÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÈóáóÛó ËõáõËó ÇáÏøöíóÉö íóÓúÊóæöíóÇäö Ýöíåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÊóÝúÖöíáóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöäöÕúÝö ÇáÏøöíóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÝöíãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Úóáóì ÇáËøõáõËö¡ ÝóãõÞúÊóÖóì ßóáóÇãöåöãóÇ Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÌóÇÆöÝóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö æóãóÃúãõæãóÊöåóÇ ßóÏöíóÉö ÌóÇÆöÝóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö æóãóÃúãõæãóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó Ýöí ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúÌóÇÆöÝóÉö æóÇáúãóÃúãõæãóÉö ËõáõËó ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÚóÞúáóåóÇ áóÇ íóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÚóÞúáöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Úóáóì ÇáËøõáõËö¡ ßóÏöíóÉö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóÕóÇÈöÚó ãöäó ÇáúíóÏö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ ÅöÐú Ýöí ßõáøö ÅöÕúÈóÚò ÚóÔúÑñ¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ËõáúËö ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö. æóßóáóÇãõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö æóÛóíúÑöåö ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÇáËøõáõËõ ßóÇáúÌóÇÆöÝóÉö æóÇáúãóÃúãõæãóÉö Êóßõæäõ ÏöíóÉõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÍóáøó ÇÓúÊöæóÇÆöåóÇ(3/113)
ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáËøõáúËö ÎóÇÕøóÉð ßóÇáúãõæóÖøóÍóÉö æóÇáúãõäóÞøöáóÉö¡ æóÇáúÅöÕúÈóÚö æóÇáúÅöÕúÈóÚóíúäö æóÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ æóåõãóÇ ÞóæúáóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÃóÕóÍøóåõãóÇ åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ Úóäú ãóÇáößò¡ æóÑóÌøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ßóáóÇãöåö ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÂÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ãõÔúßöáñ ÌöÏøðÇ áöÃóäøóåõ íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó Åöäøó ÞóØóÚóÊú ãöäú íóÏöåóÇ ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÕóÇÈöÚó ßóÇäóÊú ÏöíóÊõåóÇ ËóáóÇËöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö ßóÃóÕóÇÈöÚö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáËøõáúËö¡ æóÅöäú ÞóØóÚóÊú ãöäú íóÏöåóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÃóÕóÇÈöÚó ßóÇäóÊú ÏöíóÊõåóÇ ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÒóÇÏóÊú Úóáóì ÇáËøõáõËö ÝóÕóÇÑóÊú Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö¡ æóßóæúäõ ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÃóÕóÇÈöÚö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ËóáóÇËöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ æöÏöíóÉö ÇáúÃóÕóÇÈöÚö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÚöÔúÑöíäó Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÔúßóáó åóÐóÇ ÑóÈöíÚóÉõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Úóáóì ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈóåõ ÈöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ ÝóÝöí ãõæóØøóÃö ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäú ãóÇáößò¡ Úóäú ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÓóÃóáúÊõ ÓóÚöíÏó Èúäó ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö ßóãú Ýöí ÅöÕúÈóÚö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö¿ ÞóÇáó: ÚóÔúÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ßóãú Ýöí ÅöÕúÈóÚóíúäö¿ ÞóÇáó: ÚöÔúÑõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ßóãú Ýöí ËóáóÇËò¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ËóáóÇËõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ßóãú Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚò¿ ÞóÇáó: ÚöÔúÑõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Íöíäó ÚóÙõãó ÌõÑúÍõåóÇ¡ æóÇÔúÊóÏøóÊú ãõÕöíÈóÊõåóÇ äóÞóÕó ÚóÞúáõåóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏñ: ÃóÚöÑóÇÞöíøñ ÃóäúÊó¿ ÝóÞõáúÊõ. Èóáú ÚóÇáöãñ ãõÊóËóÈøöÊñ¡ Ãóæú ÌóÇåöáñ ãõÊóÚóáøöãñ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏñ: åöíó ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ íóÇÈúäó ÃóÎöí.
æóÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÓóÚöíÏò åóÐóÇ: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÓõäøóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóáóæú ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóåõ Íõßúãõ ÇáÑøóÝúÚö ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãõÑúÓóáñ ; áöÃóäøó ÓóÚöíÏðÇ áóãú íõÏúÑößú Òóãóäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóãóÑóÇÓöíáõ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ ÈöÇáÓøõäøóÉö åõäóÇ ÓõäøóÉõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÚöíÓóì Èúäõ íõæäõÓó ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÍóãúÒóÉõ¡ Úóäú ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Èúäö ÚóíøóÇÔò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «ÚóÞúáõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ãöËúáõ ÚóÞúáö ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÍóÊøóì íóÈúáõÛó ÇáËøõáõËó ãöäú ÏöíóÊöåóÇ» Çå æóåóÐóÇ íõÚóÖøöÏõ Þóæúáó ÓóÚöíÏò: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö åóÐóÇ ÖóÚöíÝñ ÝöíãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ãöäú ÌöåóÊóíúäö.
ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Èúäó ÚóíøóÇÔò ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ æóÑöæóÇíóÉõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Úóäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáÔøóÇãöíøöíäó ÖóÚöíÝóÉñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò áóíúÓó ÈöÔóÇãöíøò¡ Èóáú åõæó ÍöÌóÇÒöíøñ ãóßøöíøñ.(3/114)
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÌõÑóíúÌò ÚóäúÚóäóåõ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ãõÏóáøöÓñ¡ æóÚóäúÚóäóÉõ ÇáúãõÏóáøöÓõ áóÇ íõÍúÊóÌøõ ÈöåóÇ ãóÇ áóãú íóËúÈõÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇÚõ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞò ÃõÎúÑóì ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí Úõáõæãö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóíõÄóíøöÏõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇáó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ãöäú Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏó Èúäó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó - íóÚúäöí ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøó - ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇÈúäó ÌõÑóíúÌò áóãú íóÓúãóÚú ãöäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí «ÊóåúÐöíÈö ÇáÊøóåúÐöíÈö» Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
æóÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÊóÕúÍöíÍó ÇÈúäö ÎõÒóíúãóÉó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÍöíÍò¡ æóÅöäú äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí «ÈõáõæÛö ÇáúãóÑóÇãö» æóÓóßóÊó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚó ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú ßóæúäö ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ íóáúÒóãõåõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÕóÇÈöÚó ãöäú ÃóÕóÇÈöÚö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ËóáóÇËõæäó¡ æóÝöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóÕóÇÈöÚó ÚöÔúÑõæäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöãóÇ ÚóåöÏó ãöäú ÍößúãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Åöäú ÌóÚóáó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäó ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÝöíãóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÇáËøóÇáöËó ÝóÕóÇÚöÏðÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóÇÆöÏö ÝóÞóØú¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ Ýöí ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÃóÕóÇÈöÚó ãöäú ÃóÕóÇÈöÚöåóÇ ÎóãúÓñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÞúÕõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÔúÑóÉö ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúÞõæáñ æóÙóÇåöÑñ¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ãõÍúÊóãöáñ áóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö: ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö Úóäú ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó Èúäö äõÓóíøò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö Ûóäóãò¡ Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐö Èúäö ÌóÈóáò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó: ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÏöíóÉõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö» ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: æóÑõæöíó ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó Úóäú ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó Èúäö äõÓóíøò æóÝöíåö ÖóÚúÝñ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó Èúäó äõÓóíøò ËöÞóÉñ ÝóÇÖöáñ¡ ÝóÇáÖøóÚúÝõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÚúäöíåö ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú Úóáöíøò ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: «ÏöíóÉõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáÑøóÌõáö Ýöí Çáúßõáøö» . æóåõæó ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö Úóäúåõ æóÝöíåö ÇäúÞöØóÇÚñ¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó Úóäúåõ æóÚóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÃóÕóÍøó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö æóÃóÙúåóÑõåóÇ ÏóáöíáðÇ: Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáÐøöãøöíøö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ÚóåúÏö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÃóäøó ÚõãóÑó áóãú íóÑúÝóÚúåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÑóÝóÚó ÚöäúÏó ÊóÞúæöíãöåö ÇáÏøöíóÉó áóãøóÇ ÛóáóÊö ÇáúÅöÈöáõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Èúäõ ÎóÇáöÏö Èúäö ãóæúåóÈò ÇáÑøóãúáöíøõ¡ ËóäóÇ ÚöíÓóì Èúäõ íõæäõÓó¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÏöíóÉõ ÇáúãõÚóÇåöÏö äöÕúÝõ ÏöíóÉö ÇáúÍõÑøö» . ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó: æóÑóæóÇåõ ÃõÓóÇãóÉõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò ÇááøóíúËöíøõ¡(3/115)
æóÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò ãöËúáóåõ Çå.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ Úóáöíøò ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÑóÇÔöÏò¡ Úóäú ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö ãõæÓóì. . - æóÐóßóÑó ßóáöãóÉð ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ - Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÚóÞúáõ Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøöãøóÉö äöÕúÝõ ÚóÞúáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóåõãõ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì» ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáÓøóÑúÍö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ æóåúÈò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÃõÓóÇãóÉõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÚóÞúáõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö äöÕúÝõ ÚóÞúáö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö» .
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ åöÔóÇãõ Èúäõ ÚóãøóÇÑò¡ ËóäóÇ ÍóÇÊöãõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÚóíøóÇÔò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «ÞóÖóì Ãóäøó ÚóÞúáó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóíúäö äöÕúÝõ ÚóÞúáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì» . æóÃóÎúÑóÌó äóÍúæóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí «äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö» : æóÍóÏöíËõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò åóÐóÇ ÍóÓøóäóåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÌóÇÑõæÏö. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó Ãóæúáóì ãöäú Þóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÏöíóÉõ Ãóåúáö ÇáÐøöãøóÉö ßóÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ; ßóÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ. æóãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÞóÏúÑõ ËõáúËö ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö. ßóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÌóÇÁóÊú ÈöÃóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáÐøöãøöíøö æóÇáúãõÚóÇåöÏö ßóÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÖóÚöíÝóÉñ áóÇ íõÍúÊóÌøõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÖóÚúÝóåóÇ Ýöí «ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì» ¡ æóÞóÏú ÍóÇæóáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÊøõÑúßõãóÇäöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÍóÇÔöíóÊöåö Úóáóì Óõäóäö ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáó Êöáúßó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÕóÇáöÍóÉð áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ æóåöíó áóíúÓó ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÕóÍöíÍñ.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈöÙóÇåöÑö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÏöíóÉñ ãõÓóáøóãóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö [4 \ 92] ¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö: åóÐöåö ÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäò¡ æóåöíó ÛóíúÑõ ãõÚúÊóÈöÑóÉò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÈö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó áóãú ÊõÈóíøöäú ÞóÏúÑó ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö æóáóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÈóíøóäóÊú Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊöæóÇÄõåõãóÇ Ýöí ÞóÏúÑö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑóÉö ÝóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì.
æóÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÊóåóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ÃóÞúæóì¡ æóíõÄóíøöÏõåóÇ: Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ßóÊóÈóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÍóÒúãò: «æóÝöí ÇáäøóÝúÓö ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÉö ãöÇÆóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö» ÝóãóÝúåõæãõ(3/116)
Þóæúáöåö «ÇáúãõÄúãöäóÉö» Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÝúÓó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑóÉó áóíúÓóÊú ßóÐóáößó¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ Ýöí ÃõÕõæáöåö: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Ïóáöíáõ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö ÃóÚúäöí ãóÝúåõæãó ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ Úóäúåõ. æóáóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÈöÍóãúáö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóíøöÏö¡ ÝóíóÓúÊóÏöáøõ ÈöÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúÓö Úóäú ÞóíúÏö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Úóáóì ÔõãõæáöåóÇ áöáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÚóãúÏðÇ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÏöíóÊõåõ ßóÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÎóØóÃð ÝóÊóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ áóåõ ãõÓúÊóäóÏðÇ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóáóÇ ÓóäóÉò¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÏöíóÉõ ÇáúãóÌõæÓöíøö: ÝóÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ËõáúËõ ÎõãúÓö ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ; Ýóåöíó ËóãóÇäöãöÇÆóÉö ÏöÑúåóãò¡ æóäöÓóÇÄõåõãú Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú Ðóáößó.
æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ; ãöäúåõãú ÚõãóÑõ æóÚõËúãóÇäõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÏöíóÊõåõ äöÕúÝõ ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö ßóÏöíóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ: ÏöíóÊõåõ ßóÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúãóÌõæÓöíøö ßóÏöíóÉö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈöíøö ÈöÍóÏöíËö: «ÓõäøõæÇ Èöåöãú ÓõäøóÉó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» áóÇ íóÊøóÌöåõ¡ áöÃóäøóÇ áóæú ÝóÑóÖúäóÇ ÕóáóÇÍöíóÉó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÃóÎúÐõ ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉó ãöäúåõãú ÝóÞóØú¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøó äöÓóÇÁóåõãú áóÇ ÊóÍöáøõ¡ æóÐóÈóÇÆöÍõåõãú áóÇ ÊõÄúßóáõ Çå.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : Åöäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö: Åöäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúãóÌõæÓöíøö ËõáõËõ ÎõãúÓö ÏöíóÉö ÇáúãõÓúáöãö¡ áóãú íõÎóÇáöÝúåõãú Ýöíåö ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÝóÕóÇÑó ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ ÓõßõæÊöíøðÇ. æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ÍõÌøóÉñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÏöíóÉõ ÇáúãõÑúÊóÏøö Åöäú ÞõÊöáó ÞóÈúáó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÊóÇÈóÉö ßóÏöíóÉö ÇáúãóÌõæÓöíøö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò. æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÑõÈöíøõæäó ÝóáóÇ ÏöíóÉó áóåõãú ãõØúáóÞðÇ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ãõæÌóÈö ÇáÊøóÛúáöíÙö Ýöí ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ æóÈöãó ÊõÛóáøóÙõ¿ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÛóáøóÙõ ÈöËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÔúíóÇÁó: æóåöíó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóãö¡ æóßóæúäõ ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ãõÍúÑöãðÇ ÈöÍóÌøò Ãóæú ÚõãúÑóÉò¡ Ãóæú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö ÇáúÍõÑõãö ; ÝóÊõÛóáøóÙõ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ Ýöí ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ ÈöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ËõáõËöåóÇ.(3/117)
Ýóãóäú ÞóÊóáó ãõÍúÑöãðÇ ÝóÚóáóíúåö ÏöíóÉñ æóËõáõËñ¡ æóãóäú ÞóÊóáó ãõÍúÑöãðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóãö ÝöÏúíóÉñ æóËõáúËóÇäö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÊóáó ãõÍúÑöãðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóãö Ýöí ÇáÔøóåúÑö ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÝóÏöíóÊóÇäö.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÑõæöíó äóÍúæõåõ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÚõËúãóÇäó¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú ; äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóãöãøóäú Ñóæóì Úóäúåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó: ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóØóÇæõÓñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ; ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãú ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ÊõÛóáøöÙõ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ÈöÇáúÍóÑóãö¡ æóÇáúÃóÔúåõÑö ÇáúÍõÑõãö¡ æóÐöí ÇáÑøóÍöãö ÇáúãõÍúÑöãö¡ æóÝöí ÊóÛúáöíÙöåóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÑóÇãö Úóäúåõãú æóÌúåóÇäö.
æóÕöÝóÉõ ÇáÊøóÛúáöíÙö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö: åöíó Ãóäú ÊóÌúÚóáó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúÚóãúÏö Ýöí ÇáúÎóØóÃö¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÛóáøóÙõ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÇáúæóÇáöÏö æóáóÏóåõ ÞóÊúáðÇ ÔöÈúåó ÚóãúÏò ; ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÇáúãõÏúáöÌöíøõ ÈöÃóÈöíåö¡ æóÇáúÌóÏøõ æóÇáúÃõãøõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ßóÇáúÃóÈö.
æóÊóÛúáöíÙõåóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ: åõæó ÊóËúáöíËõåóÇ ÈößóæúäöåóÇ ËóáóÇËöíäó ÍóÞøóÉð¡ æóËóáóÇËöíäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÎöáúÝóÉð Ýöí ÈõØõæäöåóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõåóÇ¡ áóÇ íõÈóÇáöí ãöäú Ãóíøö ÇáúÃóÓúäóÇäö ßóÇäóÊú¡ æóáóÇ íóÑöËõ ÇáúÃóÈõ ÚöäúÏóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÇáúæóáóÏö æóáóÇ ãöäú ãóÇáöåö ÔóíúÆðÇ.
æóÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáó áóÇ íóÑöËõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ ãöäú ÏöíóÉò æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÚóãúÏðÇ Ãóæú ÎóØóÃð.
æóÝóÑøóÞó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóØóÃö Èóíúäó ÇáÏøöíóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóãóäóÚõæÇ ãöíÑóÇËóåõ ãöäó ÇáÏøöíóÉö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ãóÇáö ÇáÊøóÑößóÉö. æóÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáúãõÏúáöÌöíøõ: åöíó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö¡ Úóäú íóÍúíóì Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò: Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäú Èóäöí ãõÏúáöÌò íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ «ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ» ÍóÐóÝó ÇÈúäóåõ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö ; ÝóÃóÕóÇÈó ÓóÇÞóåõ ÝóäóÒøóì Ýöí ÌõÑúÍöåö ÝóãóÇÊó¡ ÝóÞóÏöãó ÓõÑóÇÞóÉõ Èúäõ ÌóÚúÔóãò Úóáóì ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó Ðóáößó áóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÚõãóÑõ: ÃóÚúÏöÏú Úóáóì ãóÇÁö ÞóÏöíÏò ÚöÔúÑöíäó æóãöÇÆóÉó ÈóÚöíÑò ÍóÊøóì ÃóÞúÏóãó Úóáóíúßó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÏöãó Åöáóíúåö ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÃóÎóÐó ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáúÅöÈöáö ËóáóÇËöíäó ÍóÞøóÉð¡ æóËóáóÇËöíäó ÌóÐóÚóÉð¡ æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÎöáúÝóÉð¡ æóÞóÇáó: Ãóíúäó ÃóÎõæ ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¿ ÞóÇáó: åóÇÃóäóÐóÇ. ÞóÇáó: ÎõÐúåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «áóíúÓó áöÞóÇÊöáò ÔóíúÁñ» .
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇãöäõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ãöíÑóÇËñ Èóíúäó æóÑóËóÊöåö ; ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ãóÇ ÎóáøóÝóåõ ãöäú ÊóÑößóÊöåö.(3/118)
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö: Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: ÇáÏøöíóÉõ áöáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö¡ áóÇ ÊóÑöËõ ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÒóæúÌöåóÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ Èúäõ ÓõÝúíóÇäó ÇáúßöáóÇÈöíøõ: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßóÊóÈó Åöáóíøó Ãóäú ÃõæóÑøöËó ÇãúÑóÃóÉó ÃóÔúíóãó ÇáÖøóÈóÇÈöíøö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÒóæúÌöåóÇ. ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ. æóÑóæóÇåõ ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäö ÔöåóÇÈò Úóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÒóÇÏó: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÔöåóÇÈò: æóßóÇäó ÞóÊúáõåõãú ÃóÔúíóãó ÎóØóÃð. æóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö Èúäö ÓõÝúíóÇäó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ. Ñõæöíó äóÍúæóåõ Úóäö ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö Èúäö ÔõÚúÈóÉó æóÒõÑóÇÑóÉõ Èúäõ ÌóÑöíøò. ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÒøõÑúÞóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÔõÚóíúÈò Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «ÞóÖóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÞúáó ãöíÑóÇËñ Èóíúäó æóÑóËóÉö ÇáúÞóÊöíáö Úóáóì ÝóÑóÇÆöÖöåöãú» ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ äóÕøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËò Øóæöíáò.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÞóæøóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö¡ æóÃóÚóáøóåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ ; ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ. æóåõæó ãõÚúÊóÖöÏñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó æóÈöãóÇ íóÃúÊöí¡ æóÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì ãõÞúÊóÖóÇåõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö Úóäú ÞõÑøóÉó Èúäö ÏóÚúãõæÕò ÇáäøõãóíúÑöíøõ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÊóíúÊõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóäóÇ æóÚóãøöí¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÚöäúÏó åóÐóÇ ÏöíóÉõ ÃóÈöí ÝóãõÑúåõ íõÚúØöäöíåóÇ. æóßóÇäó ÞõÊöáó Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÃóÚúØöåö ÏöíóÉó ÃóÈöíåö» ÝóÞõáúÊõ: åóáú áöÃõãøöí ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÞøñ¿ ÞóÇáó: «äóÚóãú» ¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÏöíóÊõåõ ãöÇÆóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö.
æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö åóßóÐóÇ: ÞóÇáó ÞóíúÓõ Èúäõ ÍóÝúÕò: ÃóäóÇ ÇáúÝõÖóíúáõ Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáäøõãóíúÑöíøõ ÞóÇáó: ÃóäóÇ ÚóÇÆöÐõ Èúäõ ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Èúäö ÞóíúÓò ÇáäøõãóíúÑöíøõ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÞõÑøóÉõ Èúäõ ÏóÚúãõæÕò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÊóíúÊõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóäóÇ æóÚóãøöí - Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöÇááøóÝúÙö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ - æóÓóßóÊó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÑöÌóÇáõ ÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö ÕóÇáöÍõæäó áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÚóÇÆöÐõ Èúäõ ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Èúäö ÞóíúÓò ÇáäøõãóíúÑöíøõ Ýóáóãú äóÑó ãóäú ÌóÑóÍóåõ æóáóÇ ãóäú ÚóÏóáóåõ.
æóÐóßóÑó áóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò Ýöí ÇáúÌóÑúÍö æóÇáÊøóÚúÏöíáö ÊóÑúÌóãóÉð¡ æóÐóßóÑóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÞõÑøóÉó Èúäó ÏóÚúãõæÕò¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑóÇ Ýöíåö ÌóÑúÍðÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÏöíáðÇ.
æóÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøó ÏöíóÉó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÊõÞóÓøóãõ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÊóÑóßóÊöåö Úóáóì ÝóÑóÇÆöÖö Çááøóåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ; ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÚóãúÏðÇ Ãóæú ÎóØóÃð¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúáõæ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÎöáóÇÝò.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ãöíÑóÇËñ ßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóÚóäúåõ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì: Ãóäøó(3/119)
ÇáÏøöíóÉó áóÇ íóÑöËõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúÞöáõæäó Úóäúåõ¡ æóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÑóÃúíõ ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóÌóÚó Úóäúåõ áóãøóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ ÈöÃóãúÑö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÅöíøóÇåõ: Ãóäú íõæóÑøöËó ÒóæúÌóÉó ÃóÔúíóãó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäú ÏöíóÉö ÒóæúÌöåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò: åöíó ãöíÑóÇËñ¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÞúÖöí ãöäúåóÇ Ïõíõæäóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóäúÝõÐõ ãöäúåóÇ æóÕóÇíóÇåõ. æóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ ÈöÐóáößó.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøõ Ýöíãóäú ÃóæúÕóì ÈöËõáõËö ãóÇáöåö áöÑóÌõáò ÝóÞõÊöáó æóÃõÎöÐóÊú ÏöíóÊõåõ ; ÝóáöáúãõæÕóì áóåõ ÈöÇáËøõáõËö ËõáõËõ ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÊóíúäö.
æóÇáúÃõÎúÑóì: áóíúÓó áöãóäú ÃóæúÕóì áóåõ ÈöÇáËøõáõËö ãöäó ÇáÏøöíóÉö ÔóíúÁñ.
æóãóÈúäóì åóÐóÇ: Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ãöáúßñ áöáúãóíøöÊö¡ Ãóæú Úóáóì ãöáúßö ÇáúæóÑóËóÉö ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð¡ æóÝöíåö ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö: ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÍúÏõËõ Úóáóì ãöáúßö ÇáúãóíøöÊö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÏóáõ äóÝúÓöåö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÈóÏóáóåóÇ áóåõ ßóÏöíóÉö ÃóØúÑóÇÝöåö ÇáúãóÞúØõæÚóÉö ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåõ áóæú ÃóÓúÞóØóåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö ÈóÚúÏó ÌõÑúÍöåö ÅöíøóÇåõ ßóÇäó ÕóÍöíÍðÇ æóáóíúÓó áóåõ ÅöÓúÞóÇØõ ÍóÞøö ÇáúæóÑóËóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÇáñ ãóæúÑõæËñ ÝóÃóÔúÈóåóÊú ÓóÇÆöÑó ÃóãúæóÇáöåö. æóÇáúÃõÎúÑóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÍúÏõËõ Úóáóì ãöáúßö ÇáúæóÑóËóÉö ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõÓúÊóÍóÞøõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö æóÈöÇáúãóæúÊö ÊóÒõæáõ ÃóãúáóÇßõ ÇáúãóíøöÊö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉõ áóåõ¡ æóíóÎúÑõÌõ Úóäú Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóåúáðÇ áöÐóáößó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ Çáúãöáúßõ áöæóÑóËóÊöåö ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁð¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúãóíøöÊó íõÌóåøóÒõ ãöäúåóÇ. Çå ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÞõÏóÇãóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÚöäúÏöí: Ãóäøóåõ íõÞóÑøóÑõ ãöáúßõ ÇáúãóíøöÊö áöÏöíóÊöåö ÚöäúÏó ãóæúÊöåö ÝóÊõæóÑøóËõ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÃóãúáóÇßöåö ; áöÊóÕúÑöíÍö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöáÖøóÍøóÇßö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÈöÊóæúÑöíËö ÇãúÑóÃóÉö ÃóÔúíóãó ÇáÖøóÈóÇÈöíøö ãöäú ÏöíóÊöåö¡ æóÇáúãöíÑóÇËõ áóÇ íõØúáöÞõ ÔóÑúÚðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóãúáõæßðÇ áöáúãóíøöÊö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉõ: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäö æóáöíøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ áóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÞõÊöáó ãóÙúáõæãðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöæóáöíøöåö ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 33] .
ÝóÐóåóÈó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúæóáöíøö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÇáúæóÑóËóÉõ ãöäú Ðóæöí ÇáúÃóäúÓóÇÈö æóÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö¡ æóÇáÑøöÌóÇáö æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ æóÇáÕøöÛóÇÑö æóÇáúßöÈóÇÑö ; ÝóÅöäú ÚóÝóÇ ãóäú áóåõ Ðóáößó ãöäúåõãú ÕóÍøó ÚóÝúæõåõ æóÓóÞóØó Èöåö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ¡ æóÊóÚóíøóäóÊö ÇáÏøöíóÉõ áöãóäú áóãú íóÚúÝõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó Èúäö ÍóäúÈóáò¡ æóÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.(3/120)
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí «ÇáúãõÛúäöí» : åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ; ãöäúåõãú ÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÇáúÍóßóãõ¡ æóÍóãøóÇÏñ¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÑõæöíó ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó¡ æóØóÇæõÓò¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÔõÈúÑõãóÉó¡ æóÇááøóíúËõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ: áóíúÓó áöáäøöÓóÇÁö ÚóÝúæñ ; Ãóíú: Ýóåõäøó áóÇ íóÏúÎõáúäó ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýöí ÇÓúãö Çáúæóáöíøö ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö.
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó: æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ Úóäú ãóÇáößò Ãóäøóåõ ãóæúÑõæËñ áöáúÚóÕóÈóÇÊö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóåõæó æóÌúåñ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ýöíåö ÊóÝúÕöíáñ: ÝóÇáúæóáöíøõ ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇÓúÊöíÝóÇÁõ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö Ãóæö ÇáúÚóÝúæõ ÚöäúÏóåõ åõæó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÇáúæóÑóËóÉö ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö ÇáÐøõßõæÑö¡ æóÇáúÌóÏøõ æóÇáúÅöÎúæóÉõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÓóæóÇÁñ. æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáö Îóáöíáò Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö:
æóÇáöÇÓúÊöíÝóÇÁõ áöáúÚóÇÕöÈö ßóÇáúæóáóÇÁö ... ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÌóÏøõ æóÇáúÃõÎúæóÉõ ÝóÓöíøóÇäñ
Çå.
æóáóíúÓó áöáÒøóæúÌóíúäö ÚöäúÏóåõ ÍóÞøñ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö æóáóÇ ÇáúÚóÝúæö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúæóÇÑöËóÇÊö: ßóÇáúÚóãøóÇÊö¡ æóÈóäóÇÊö ÇáúÅöÎúæóÉö¡ æóÈóäóÇÊö ÇáúÚóãøö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ÇáúæóÇÑöËóÇÊõ: ßóÇáúÈóäóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÃóÎóæóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÃõãøóåóÇÊö Ýóáóåõäøó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõæÌóÏú ÚóÇÕöÈñ ãõÓóÇæò áóåõäøó Ýöí ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáö Îóáöíáò Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö:
æóáöáäøöÓóÇÁö Åöäú æóÑöËúäó æóáóãú íõÓóÇæöåõäøó ÚóÇÕöÈñ
ÝóãóÝúåõæãõ Þóæúáöåö: «Åöäú æóÑöËúäó» Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúæóÇÑöËóÇÊö áóÇ ÍóÞøó áóåõäøó¡ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó.
æóãóÝúåõæãõ Þóæúáöåö: «æóáóãú íõÓóÇæöåõäøó ÚóÇÕöÈñ» Ãóäøóåõäøó Åöäú ÓóÇæóÇåõäøó ÚóÇÕöÈñ: ßóÈóäöíäò¡ æóÈóäóÇÊò¡ æóÅöÎúæóÉò æóÃóÎóæóÇÊò¡ ÝóáóÇ ßóáóÇãó áöáúÅöäóÇËö ãóÚó ÇáÐøõßõæÑö. æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõäøó ÚóÇÕöÈñ ÛóíúÑõ ãõÓóÇæò áóåõäøó: ßóÈóäóÇÊò¡ æóÅöÎúæóÉò ; ÝóËóÇáöËõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉö: Ãóäøó áößõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕó æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÚóÝúæõ Úóäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáúÌóãöíÚö ; ÃóÚúäöí æóáóæú ÚóÝóÇ ÈóÚúÖõ åóÄõáóÇÁö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ åóÄõáóÇÁö. æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáö Îóáöíáò Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö:
æóáößõáøò ÇáúÞóÊúáõ æóáóÇ ÚóÝúæó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöåöãú
; íóÚúäöí: æóáóæú ÈóÚúÖõ åóÄõáóÇÁö æóÈóÚúÖõ åóÄõáóÇÁö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÑõÌúÍóÇäóåõ ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö: Ãóäøó Çáúæóáöíøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö åõãõ ÇáúæóÑóËóÉõ ÐõßõæÑðÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Ãóæú ÅöäóÇËðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö Çáúæóáöíøö Úóáóì ÇáúÃõäúËóì ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÌöäúÓõ Çáúæóáöíøö ÇáÔøóÇãöáö áößõáøö ãóäö ÇäúÚóÞóÏó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÛóíúÑöåö ÓóÈóÈñ íóÌúÚóáõ ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ íõæóÇáöí(3/121)
ÇáúÂÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò [9 \ 71] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃõæáõæ ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ãóæúáóì ÈöÈóÚúÖò ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 75] .
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ôõãõæáö Çáúæóáöíøö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áöáúæóÇÑöËóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóáóæú ÈöÇáÒøóæúÌöíøóÉö ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúæóÇÑöÏõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: (ÈóÇÈõ ÚóÝúæö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Úóäö ÇáÏøóãö) : ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ ÏóÇæõÏõ Èúäõ ÑõÔóíúÏò¡ ËóäóÇ ÇáúæóáöíÏõ Úóäö ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÚöíøö: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÍöÕúäðÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÃóÈóÇ ÓóáóãóÉó íõÎúÈöÑõ Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ¡ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞúÊóÊöáöíäó Ãóäú íóäúÍóÌöÒõæÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉð» .
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó: ÈóáóÛóäöí Ãóäøó ÚóÝúæó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÌóÇÆöÒñ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö¡ æóÈóáóÛóäöí Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «íóäúÍóÌöÒõæÇ» íóßõÝøõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúÞóæóÏö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ Èúäõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúæóáöíÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÍöÕúäñ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÃóÈõæ ÓóáóãóÉó (Í) . æóÃóäúÈóÃúäóÇ ÇáúÍõÓóíúäõ Èúäõ ÍõÑóíúËò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúæóáöíÏõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÍõÕóíúäñ: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÃóÈóÇ ÓóáóãóÉó íõÍóÏøöËõ Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «æóÚóáóì ÇáúãõÞúÊóÊóáöíäó Ãóäú íóäúÍóÌöÒõæÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉð» Çå.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ãõÞóÇÑöÈñ ; áöÃóäøó ÑöÌóÇáóåõ ÕóÇáöÍõæäó áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÍöÕúäðÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöíåö ÝóÝöíåö ßóáóÇãñ.
ÝóØóÈóÞóÊõåõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó: åöíó ÏóÇæõÏõ Èúäõ ÑõÔóíúÏò ÇáúåóÇÔöãöíøõ ãóæúáóÇåõãõ ÇáúÎóæóÇÑöÒúãöíøö äóÒöíáõ ÈóÛúÏóÇÏó¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ. æóÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö ÍõÓóíúäõ Èúäõ ÍõÑóíúËò¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ Èúäõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóÍõÓóíúäõ Èúäõ ÍõÑóíúËò ÇáúÎõÒóÇÚöíøõ ãóæúáóÇåõãú ÃóÈõæ ÚóãøóÇÑò ÇáúãóÑúæóÒöíøõ ËöÞóÉñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ: åöíó ÇáúæóáöíÏõ Èúäõ ãõÓúáöãò ÇáúÞõÑóÔöíøö ãóæúáóÇåõãú ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö ÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøõ ËöÞóÉñ¡ áóßöäøóåõ ßóËöíÑõ ÇáÊøóÏúáöíÓö æóÇáÊøóÓúæöíóÉõ¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóãõÓúáöãò æóÈóÇÞöí ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ: åöíó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ æóåõæó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ ÃóÈõæ [ÚóãúÑòæ] ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÇáúÝóÞöíåõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ¡ ËöÞóÉñ Ìóáöíáñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ: åöíó ÍöÕúäñ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ Ãóæö ÇÈúäõ ãöÍúÕóäò ÇáÊøóÑóÇÛöãöíøõ ÃóÈõæ ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó ÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí «ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö» : ãóÞúÈõæáñ. æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåö Ýöí «ÊóåúÐöíÈö ÇáÊøóåúÐöíÈö» : ÞóÇáó ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ ÔóíúÎñ íõÚúÊóÈóÑõ Èöåö¡ áóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ ÍóÏöíËñ(3/122)
æóÇÍöÏñ «Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞúÊóÊöáöíäó Ãóäú íóäúÍóÌöÒõæÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáó æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉð» ¡ ÞóáúÊõ: æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáËøöÞóÇÊö. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóØøóÇäö: áóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ ÍóÇáõåõ (ÇåÜ) æóÊóæúËöíÞõ ÇÈúäö ÍöÈøóÇäó áóåõ áóãú íõÚóÇÑöÖúåõ ÔóíúÁñ ãóÇäöÚñ ãöäú ÞóÈõæáöåö ; áöÃóäøó ãóäö ÇØøóáóÚó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ËöÞóÉñ ÍóÝöÙó ãóÇ áóãú íóÍúÝóÙúåõ ãõÏøóÚò Ãóäøóåõ ãóÌúåõæáñ áóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ ÍóÇáõåõ. æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí «ÊóåúÐöíÈö ÇáÊøóåúÐöíÈö» Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò æóíóÚúÞõæÈó Èúäö ÓõÝúíóÇäó ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÇáóÇ: áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ Ñóæóì Úóäúåõ ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ: ÃóÈõæ ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÚóæúÝò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ ãóÔúåõæÑñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãóÇ: ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÍöÈøóÇäó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÐóßóÑó ÍöÕúäðÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí ÇáËøöÞóÇÊö¡ æóÃóäøó ÈóÞöíøóÉó ØóÈóÞóÇÊö ÇáÓøóäóÏö ßõáøöåóÇ ÕóÇáöÍñ áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÖõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáÏøóãö ÕóÛöíÑðÇ¡ Ãóæú ãóÌúäõæäðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÛóÇÆöÈðÇ ; Ýóåóáú áöáúÈóÇáöÛö ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö ÇáúÚóÇÞöáö: ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ ÞóÈúáó ÞõÏõæãö ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈö¡ æóÈõáõæÛö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö¡ æóÅöÝóÇÞóÉö ÇáúãóÌúäõæäö¿ Ãóæú íóÌöÈõ ÇäúÊöÙóÇÑõ ÞõÏõæãö ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈö¡ æóÈõáõæÛö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö. .! ÅöáóÎú.
ÝóÅöäú ÚóÝóÇ ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈõ ÈóÚúÏó ÞõÏõæãöåö¡ Ãóæö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑõ ÈóÚúÏó ÈõáõæÛöåö ãóËóáðÇ ÓóÞóØó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ æóæóÌóÈóÊö ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ; Ýöí Ðóáößó ÎöáóÇÝñ ãóÔúåõæÑñ Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
ÝóÐóåóÈó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäó ÇäúÊöÙóÇÑö ÈõáõæÛö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö¡ æóÞõÏõæãö ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈö¡ æóÅöÝóÇÞóÉö ÇáúãóÌúäõæäö.
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ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Åöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉõ ÞóÑöíÈóÉð Ýóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÈóÚöíÏóÉð ÝóÝöíåö(3/123)
ÎöáóÇÝñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö¡ æóÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉö ÇáöÇäúÊöÙóÇÑõ æóáóæú ÈóÚõÏóÊú ÛóíúÈóÊõåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö¡ ãöäúåõãú ÓóÍúäõæäñ: áóÇ íõäúÊóÙóÑõ ÈóÚöíÏõ ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÏóÑóÌó Îóáöíáõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÊöåö ãõÈóíøöäðÇ áöãóÇ Èöåö ÇáúÝóÊúæóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇäúÊóÙöÑú ÛóÇÆöÈðÇ áóãú ÊóÈúÚõÏú ÛóíúÈóÊõåõ¡ áóÇ ãõØúÈöÞðÇ æóÕóÛöíÑðÇ áóãú íóÊóæóÞøóÝö ÇáËøõÈõæÊõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí " ÇáúãõÛúäöí " ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó áöáÕøóÛöíÑö æóÇáúãóÌúäõæäö Ýöíåö ÍóÞøðÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÃõãõæÑò: ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ áóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøóåõ ; æóáóæú äóÇÝóÇåõ ÇáÕøöÛóÑõ ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö áóäóÇÝóÇåõ ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ ßóæöáóÇíóÉö ÇáäøößóÇÍö. æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÈóáóÛó áóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóßõäú ãõÓúÊóÍöÞøðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö áóãú íóßõäú ãõÓúÊöÍóÞøðÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ; ßóÇáÑøóÞöíÞö ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÊóÞó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊö ÃóÈöíåö. æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÕóÇÑó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÇáö áóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóßõäú ãõÓúÊöÍóÞøðÇ áöáúÞöÕóÇÕö áóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó ÈóÏóáóåõ ßóÇáúÃóÌúäóÈöíøö. æóÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ãóÇÊó ÇáÕøóÛöíÑõ áóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøóåõ æóÑóËóÊõåõ¡ æóáóæú áóãú íóßõäú ÍóÞøðÇ áóãú íóÑöËúåõ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ãóÇ áóãú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøóåõ.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÇäúÊöÙóÇÑõ ÈõáõæÛö ÇáÕøóÈöíøö¡ æóáóÇ ÅöÝóÇÞóÉõ ÇáúãóÌúäõæäö ÇáúãõØúÈöÞö ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕó ÍóÞøñ ãöäú ÍõÞõæÞö ÇáúÞóÇÕöÑö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÚóÇÌöÒðÇ Úóäö ÇáäøóÙóÑö áöäóÝúÓöåö ßóÇäó ÛóíúÑõåõ íóÊóæóáøóì ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÍõÞõæÞöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÙóÑó ÝöíåóÇ áöÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõäúÊóÙóÑõ ÈõáõæÛõåõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö ÈöÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÍõÞõæÞöåö¡ æóÃóæúáóì ãóäú íóäõæÈõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÇáúæóÑóËóÉõ ÇáúãõÔóÇÑößõæäó áóåõ Ýöíåö. æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÑõÏøõ Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÁñ ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõÛúäöí ; áöÃóäøóåõ íõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö ÈöãõæÌöÈöåóÇ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö: åõæó ãõÓúÊóÍöÞøñ áóßöäøóåõ ÞóÇÕöÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ ÝóíóÚúãóáõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ÈöÇáúãóÕúáóÍóÉö Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÍõÞõæÞöåö ; æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÔóÑöíßõåõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÖóÑøóÑõ ÈöÊóÚúØöíáö ÍóÞøöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö Åöáóì Òóãóäò ÈóÚöíÏò.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÓóäó Èúäó Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÊóáó ÚóÈúÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäó ãõáúÌöãò ÇáúãõÑóÇÏöíøó ÞöÕóÇÕðÇ ÈöÞóÊúáöåö ÚóáöíøðÇ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ ÃóæúáóÇÏö Úóáöíøò ÅöÐú ÐóÇßó ÕöÛóÇÑñ¡ æóáóãú íóäúÊóÙöÑú ÈöÞóÊúáöåö ÈõáõæÛóåõãú¡ æóáóãú íõäúßöÑú Úóáóíúåö Ðóáößó ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóÞóÏú ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó ÈöÃóãúÑö Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÔúåõæÑñ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇäúÊöÙóÇÑõ ÈõáõæÛö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö æóÇÌöÈðÇ áóÇäúÊóÙóÑóåõ.
æóÃõÌöíÈó Úóäú åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝöíäó ÈöÌóæóÇÈóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ãõáúÌöãò ßóÇÝöÑñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÓúÊóÍöáøñ Ïóãó Úóáöíøò¡ æóãóäö ÇÓúÊóÍóáøó Ïóãó ãöËúáö Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ýóåõæó ßóÇÝöÑñ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ßóÇÝöÑðÇ ÝóáóÇ ÍõÌøóÉó Ýöí ÞóÊúáöåö. ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÇÚò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÇáúÝóÓóÇÏö¡ Ýóåõæó ãõÍóÇÑöÈñ¡ æóÇáúãõÍóÇÑöÈõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÊóáó æóÌóÈó ÞóÊúáõåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò æóáóæú ÚóÝóÇ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÇáÏøóãö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö " ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö " æóÅöÐóäú ÝóáóÇ(3/124)
ÏóÇÚöí áöáöÇäúÊöÙóÇÑö.
ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöäóÇ: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÈóÏøó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ Èúäõ Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÈöÞóÊúáöåö ÞóÈúáó ÈõáõæÛö ÇáÕøöÛóÇÑö ãöäú æóáóÏö Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÊóáóåõ ÍóÏøðÇ áößõÝúÑöåö áóÇ ÞöÕóÇÕðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí " ÇáúãõÛúäöí ": ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇÈúäõ ãõáúÌöãò ÝóÞóÏú Þöíáó Åöäøóåõ ÞóÊóáóåõ ÈößõÝúÑöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÊóáó ÚóáöíøðÇ ãõÓúÊóÍöáøðÇ áöÏóãöåö¡ ãõÚúÊóÞöÏðÇ ßõÝúÑóåõ¡ ãõÊóÞóÑøöÈðÇ ÈöÐóáößó Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÞöíáó: ÞóÊóáóåõ áöÓóÚúíöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÇáúÝóÓóÇÏö æóÅöÙúåóÇÑö ÇáÓøöáóÇÍö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ßóÞóÇØöÚö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÊóáó¡ æóÞóÊúáõåõ ãõÊóÍóÊøöãñ¡ æóåõæó Åöáóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ åõæó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ¡ æóáöÐóáößó áóãøó íóäúÊóÙöÑö ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈöíäó ãöäó ÇáúæóÑóËóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó ÈóíúäóäóÇ Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇäúÊöÙóÇÑöåöãú¡ æóÅöäú ÞõÏøöÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÊóáóåõ ÞöÕóÇÕðÇ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÝóÞúäóÇ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝöåö¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íóÍúÊóÌøõ Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõäóÇ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ: æóáóãú íóäúÊóÙöÑú ÈöÞóÊúáöåö ÈõáõæÛó ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö Èúäö Úóáöíøò ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÕóÛöíÑðÇ íóæúãó ÞõÊöáó ÃóÈõæåõ. ÞóÇáõæÇ: áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÞóÊúáó ãõÍóÇÑóÈóÉò áóÇ ÞöÕóÇÕðÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ Çå.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÃóäøó ÇÈúäó ãõáúÌöãò ßóÇÝöÑñ ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáøóÐöí ÑóæóÇåõ Úóáöíøñ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó áöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " ãóäú ÃóÔúÞóì ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó "¿ ÞõáúÊõ: ÚóÇÞöÑõ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉö. ÞóÇáó: " ÕóÏóÞúÊó. Ýóãóäú ÃóÔúÞóì ÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó "¿ ÞõáúÊõ: áóÇ Úöáúãó áöí íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö. ÞóÇáó: " ÇáøóÐöí íóÖúÑöÈõßó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ - æóÃóÔóÇÑó ÈöíóÏöåö Úóáóì íóÇÝõæÎöåö - ÝóíõÎóÖøöÈõ åóÐöåö ãöäú åóÐöåö - íóÚúäöí áöÍúíóÊóåõ - ãöäú Ïóãö ÑóÃúÓöåö " ÞóÇáó: ÝóßóÇäó íóÞõæáõ: æóÏöÏúÊõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏö ÇäúÈóÚóËó ÃóÔúÞóÇßõãú " æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ØõÑõÞó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö Ýöí " ÇáöÇÓúÊöíÚóÇÈö " æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí Úóáóíúåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö æóÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö - æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ - Ãóäøó ÞóÊúáó ÇÈúäö ãõáúÌöãò ßóÇäó ÞöÕóÇÕðÇ áöÞóÊúáöåö ÚóáöíøðÇ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ áóÇ áößõÝúÑò æóáóÇ ÍóÑóÇÈóÉò¡ æóÚóáöíøñ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ áóãú íóÍúßõãú ÈößõÝúÑö ÇáúÎóæóÇÑöÌö¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÓõÆöáó Úóäúåõãú ÞóÇáó: ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÝóÑøõæÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúãõÄóÑøöÎõæäó Ãóäøó ÚóáöíøðÇ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÃóãóÑóåõãú Ãóäú íóÍúÈöÓõæÇ ÇÈúäó ãõáúÌöãò æóíõÍúÓöäõæÇ ÅöÓóÇÑóåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Åöäú ãóÇÊó ÞóÊóáõæåõ Èöåö ÞöÕóÇÕðÇ¡ æóÅöäú Íóíöíó Ýóåõæó æóáöíøõ Ïóãöåö ; ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúÃóËöíÑö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõãú Ýöí ÊóæóÇÑöíÎöåöãú.
æóÐößúÑóåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑöíøöíäó¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ãõáúÌöãò(3/125)
ãõÊóÃóæøöáñ - ÞóÈøóÍóåõ Çááøóåõ - æóáóßöäøóåõ ÊóÃúæöíáñ ÈóÚöíÏñ ÝóÇÓöÏñ¡ ãõæÑöÏõ ÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÇáäøóÇÑó¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÖóÑóÈó ÚóáöíøðÇ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÍõßúãõ áöáøóåö íóÇ Úóáöíøõ¡ áóÇ áóßó æóáóÇ áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈößó¡ æóãõÑóÇÏõåõ Ãóäøó ÑöÖóÇåõ ÈöÊóÍúßöíãö ÇáúÍóßóãóíúäö: ÃóÈöí ãõæÓóì¡ æóÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö¡ ßõÝúÑñ ÈöÇááøóåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍõßúãó áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ; áöÞóæúáöåö: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö [6 \ 57 - 12 \ 40] .
æóáóãøóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÃóæúáóÇÏõ Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ãóäú íóÊóÔóÝøóæúÇ ãöäúåõ ÝóÞõØöÚóÊú íóÏóÇåõ æóÑóÌõáóÇåõ áóãú íóÌúÒóÚú¡ æóáóÇ ÝóÊóÑó Úóäö ÇáÐøößúÑö¡ Ëõãøó ßõÍøöáóÊú ÚóíúäóÇåõ æóåõæó Ýöí Ðóáößó íóÐúßõÑõ Çááøóåó¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÓõæÑóÉó: ÇÞúÑóÃú ÈöÇÓúãö ÑóÈøößó [96 \ 1] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑöåóÇ¡ æóÅöäøó Úóíúäóíúåö áóÊóÓöíáóÇäö Úóáóì ÎóÏøóíúåö¡ Ëõãøó ÍóÇæóáõæÇ áöÓóÇäóåõ áöíóÞúØóÚõæåõ ÝóÌóÒöÚó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÌóÒóÚðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ¡ ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøöí ÃóÎóÇÝõ Ãóäú ÃóãúßõËó ÝóæóÇÞðÇ áóÇ ÃóÐúßõÑõ Çááøóåó (ÇåÜ) ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóáöÃóÌúáö åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚöãúÑóÇäõ Èúäõ ÍöØøóÇäó ÇáÓøóÏõæÓöíøõ íóãúÏóÍõ ÇÈúäó ãõáúÌöãò - ÞóÈøóÍóåõ Çááøóåõ - Ýöí ÞóÊúáöåö ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÚóáöíøðÇ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ:
íóÇ ÖóÑúÈóÉð ãöäú ÊóÞöíøò ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ ... ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÈúáõÛó ãöäú Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÑöÖúæóÇäðÇ
Åöäøöí áóÃóÐúßõÑõåõ íóæúãðÇ ÝóÃóÍúÓóÈõåõ ... ÃóæúÝóì ÇáúÈóÑøöíøóÉö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ãöíÒóÇäóÇ
æóÌóÒóì Çááøóåõ ÎóíúÑðÇ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞõæáõ Ýöí ÇáÑøóÏøö Úóáóíúåö:
Þõáú áöÇÈúäö ãõáúÌöãò æóÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇÑõ ÛóÇáöÈóÉñ ... åóÏóãúÊó æóíúáóßó áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÃóÑúßóÇäóÇ
ÞóÊóáúÊó ÃóÝúÖóáó ãóäú íóãúÔöí Úóáóì ÞóÏóãò ... æóÃóæøóáó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöÓúáóÇãðÇ æóÅöíãóÇäóÇ
æóÃóÚúáóãó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ëõãøó ÈöãóÇ ... Óóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ áóäóÇ ÔóÑúÚðÇ æóÊöÈúíóÇäóÇ
ÕöåúÑõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö æóãóæúáóÇåõ æóäóÇÕöÑõåõ ... ÃóÖúÍóÊú ãóäóÇÞöÈõåõ äõæÑðÇ æóÈõÑúåóÇäóÇ
æóßóÇäó ãöäúåõ Úóáóì ÑóÛúãö ÇáúÍóÓõæÏö áóåõ ... ãóßóÇäõ åóÇÑõæäó ãöäú ãõæÓóì Èúäö ÚöãúÑóÇäóÇ
ÐóßóÑúÊõ ÞóÇÊöáóåõ æóÇáÏøóãúÚõ ãõäúÍóÏöÑñ ... ÝóÞóáúÊõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóÇ
Åöäøöí áóÃóÍúÓóÈõåõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÈóÔóÑò ... íóÎúÔóì ÇáúãóÚóÇÏó æóáóßöäú ßóÇäó ÔóíúØóÇäóÇ
ÃóÔúÞóì ãõÑóÇÏò ÅöÐóÇ ÚõÏøóÊú ÞóÈóÇÆöáõåóÇ ... æóÃóÎúÓóÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ãöíÒóÇäóÇ
ßóÚóÇÞöÑö ÇáäøóÇÞóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÇáøóÊöí ÌóáóÈóÊú ... Úóáóì ËóãõæÏó ÈöÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö ÎõÓúÑóÇäóÇ
ÞóÏú ßóÇäó íõÎúÈöÑõåõãú Ãóäú ÓóæúÝó íõÎóÖøöÈõåóÇ ... ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãóäöíøóÉö ÃóÒúãóÇäðÇ ÝóÃóÒúãóÇäóÇ
ÝóáóÇ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãóÇ ÊóÍóãøóáóåõ ... æóáóÇ ÓóÞóì ÞóÈúÑó ÚöãúÑóÇäó Èúäö ÍöØøóÇäóÇ
áöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÔóÞöíøò Ùóáøó ãõÌúÊóÑöãðÇ ... æóäóÇáó ãóÇ äóÇáóåõ ÙõáúãðÇ æóÚõÏúæóÇäóÇ(3/126)
íóÇ ÖóÑúÈóÉð ãöäú ÊóÞöíøò ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ ... ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÈúáõÛó ãöäú Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÑöÖúæóÇäóÇ
Èóáú ÖóÑúÈóÉñ ãöäú Ûóæöíøò ÃóæúÑóÏóÊúåõ áóÙðì ... ÝóÓóæúÝó íóáúÞóì ÈöåóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäó ÛóÖúÈóÇäóÇ
ßóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íõÑöÏú ÞóÕúÏðÇ ÈöÖóÑúÈóÊöåö ... ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÕúáóì ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÎõáúÏö äöíÑóÇäóÇ
æóÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÞóÊúáó ÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö Úóáöíøò ÑöÖúæóÇäõ Çááøóåö Úóäúåõ áöÇÈúäö ãõáúÌöãò ÞóÈúáó ÈõáõæÛö ÇáÕøöÛóÇÑö ãöäú ÃóæúáóÇÏö Úóáöíøò íõÞóæøöí ÍõÌøóÉó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇäúÊöÙóÇÑö ÈõáõæÛö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö.
æóÍõÌøóÉõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåö ÞóæöíøóÉñ ; áöáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÏøóÇáøö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÔúÞóì ÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó¡ ãóÞúÑõæäðÇ ÈöÞóÇÊöáö äóÇÞóÉö ÕóÇáöÍò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöÐö ÇäúÈóÚóËó ÃóÔúÞóÇåóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚóÉõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÊúáó ÙõáúãðÇ¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäó æóÇáäøóÕúÑó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÞõÊöáó ãóÙúáõæãðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöæóáöíøöåö ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 33] ¡ íóËúÈõÊõ ÈöæóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÔúíóÇÁó: ÇËúäóÇäö ãöäúåóÇ ãõÊøóÝóÞñ ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ¡ æóæóÇÍöÏñ ãõÎúÊóáóÝñ Ýöíåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáöÇËúäóÇäö ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞõ Úóáóì ËõÈõæÊöåö ÈöåöãóÇ: ÝóåõãóÇ ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑõ ÈöÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ æóÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏóÉõ Úóáóíúåö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóáóÝõ Ýöíåö: Ýóåõæó ÃóíúãóÇäõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ãóÚó æõÌõæÏö ÇááøóæúËö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÃóÏöáøóÉõ Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑõ ÈöÇáúÞóÊúáö: ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÃóÏöáøóÉñ Úóáóì áõÒõæãö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Èöåö. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: «ÈóÇÈõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÞóÑøó ÈöÇáúÞóÊúáö ãóÑøóÉð ÞõÊöáó Èöåö» ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑúäóÇ ÍöÈøóÇäõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ åóãøóÇãñ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóäóÓõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøó íóåõæÏöíøðÇ ÑóÖøó ÑóÃúÓó ÌóÇÑöíóÉò Èóíúäó ÍóÌóÑóíúäö¡ ÝóÞöíáó áóåóÇ: ãóäú ÝóÚóáó Èößö åóÐóÇ¿ ÃóÝõáóÇäñ¿ ÃóÝõáóÇäñ¿ ÍóÊøóì Óõãøöí ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøõ. ÝóÃóæúãóÃóÊú ÈöÑóÃúÓöåóÇ¡ ÝóÌöíÁó ÈöÇáúíóåõæÏöíøö ÝóÇÚúÊóÑóÝó¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÑõÖøó ÑóÃúÓõåõ ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó åóãøóÇãñ: ÈöÍóÌóÑóíúäö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ: (ÈóÇÈõ ÓõÄóÇáö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö ÍóÊøóì íõÞöÑøó) ¡ Ëõãøó ÓóÇÞó ÍóÏöíËó ÃóäóÓò åóÐóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: Ýóáóãú íóÒóáú Èöåö ÍóÊøóì ÃóÞóÑøó ÝóÑóÖøó ÑóÃúÓóåõ ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ ÕóÍöíÍñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì áõÒõæãö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÅöÞúÑóÇÑö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ÃóäóÓò åóÐóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÓúáöãñ¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÓøõäóäö¡ æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏó.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚõÈóíúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ãõÚóÇÐò(3/127)
ÇáúÚóäúÈóÑöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈöí¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ íõæäõÓó Úóäú ÓöãóÇßö Èúäö ÍóÑúÈò: Ãóäøó ÚóáúÞóãóÉó Èúäó æóÇÆöáò ÍóÏøóËóåõ Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇåõ ÍóÏøóËóåõ¡ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøöí áóÞóÇÚöÏñ ãóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ íóÞõæÏõ ÂÎóÑó ÈöäóÓúÚóÉò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ åóÐóÇ ÞóÊóáó ÃóÎöí. ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃóÞóÊóáúÊóåõ» ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ áóæú áóãú íóÚúÊóÑöÝú ÃóÞóãúÊõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ. ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú ÞóÊóáúÊõåõ. ÞóÇáó: «ßóíúÝó ÞóÊóáúÊóåõ¿» ÞóÇáó: ßõäúÊõ ÃóäóÇ æóåõæó äóÎúÊóÈöØõ ãöäú ÔóÌóÑóÉò¡ ÝóÓóÈøóäöí ÝóÃóÛúÖóÈóäöí ÝóÖóÑóÈúÊõåõ ÈöÇáúÝóÃúÓö Úóáóì ÞóÑúäöåö ÝóÞóÊóáúÊõåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «åóáú áóßó ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÊõÄóÏøöíåö Úóäú äóÝúÓößó» ¿ ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ áöí ãóÇáñ ÅöáøóÇ ßöÓóÇÆöí æóÝóÃúÓöí. ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÊóÑóì Þóæúãóßó íóÔúÊóÑõæäóßó» ÞóÇáó: ÃóäóÇ Ãóåúæóäõ Úóáóì Þóæúãöí ãöäú ÐóÇßó. ÝóÑóãóì Åöáóíúåö ÈöäóÓúÚóÊöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó: «Ïõæäóßó ÕóÇÍöÈóßó. .» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóÝöíåö ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÉõ Úóáóì ËõÈõæÊö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇÑö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÅöíÖóÇÍõ ÅöáúÒóÇãö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãóÇ ÃóÞóÑøó Èöåö Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» .
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏóÉõ ÈöÇáúÞóÊúáö ÚóãúÏðÇ ÚõÏúæóÇäðÇ: ÝóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ËõÈõæÊö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËúäóÇ ÇáúÍóÓóäõ Èúäõ Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÑóÇÔöÏò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ åõÔóíúãò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó ÇáÊøóíúãöíøö¡ ËóäóÇ ÚóÈóÇíóÉõ Èúäõ ÑöÝóÇÚóÉó¡ Úóäú ÑóÇÝöÚö Èúäö ÎóÏöíÌò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ãóÞúÊõæáðÇ ÈöÎóíúÈóÑó ; ÝóÇäúØóáóÞó ÃóæúáöíóÇÄõåõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÐóßóÑõæÇ Ðóáößó áóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «áóßõãú ÔóÇåöÏóÇäö íóÔúåóÏóÇäö Úóáóì ÞóÊúáö ÕóÇÍöÈößõãú» ¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ áóãú íóßõäú Ëóãøó ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõãú íóåõæÏñ¡ æóÞóÏú íóÌúÊóÑöÆõæäó Úóáóì ÃóÚúÙóãö ãöäú åóÐóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÇÎúÊóÇÑõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ÎóãúÓöíäó¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóÍúáöÝõæåõãú ÝóÃóÈóæúÇ. ÝóæóÏóÇåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö Çå» .
ÝóÞóæúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «áóßõãú ÔóÇåöÏóÇäö Úóáóì ÞóÊúáö ÕóÇÍöÈößõãú» ¡ Ýöíåö Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì ËõÈõæÊö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÔóÇåöÏóíúäö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÊúáö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÓóßóÊó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáúãõäúÐöÑöíøõ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÑöÌóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏö ßõáøõåõãú ÑöÌóÇáõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóÓóäó Èúäó Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÑóÇÔöÏò æóÞóÏú æõËøöÞó. æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåö ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí «ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö» : ÕóÏõæÞñ Ñõãöíó ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáÊøóÏúáöíÓö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÃóÎúÈóÑúäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ãóÚúãóÑò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÑóæúÍõ Èúäõ ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚõÈóíúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÇáúÃóÎúäóÓö¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö: Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ãõÍóíøöÕóÉó ÇáúÃóÕúÛóÑó ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÞóÊöíáðÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÎóíúÈóÑó ; ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃóÞöãú ÔóÇåöÏóíúäö Úóáóì ãóäú ÞóÊóáóåõ ÃóÏúÝóÚúåõ Åöáóíúßõãú ÈöÑõãøóÊöåö» ¡ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ æóãöäú Ãóíúäó ÃõÕöíÈõ ÔóÇåöÏóíúäö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÕúÈóÍó ÞóÊöíáðÇ(3/128)
Úóáóì ÃóÈúæóÇÈöåöãú¡ ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÊóÍúáöÝõ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÞóÓóÇãóÉð» ¡ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ æóßóíúÝó ÃóÍúáöÝõ Úóáóì ãóÇ áóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÝóÊóÓúÊóÍúáöÝõ ãöäúåõãú ÎóãúÓöíäó ÞóÓóÇãóÉð» ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ßóíúÝó äóÓúÊóÍúáöÝõåõãú æóåõãõ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ¡ ÝóÞóÓóãó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÏöíóÊóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÃóÚóÇäóåõãú ÈöäöÕúÝöåóÇ. ÇåÜ.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÃóÞöãú ÔóÇåöÏóíúäó Úóáóì ãóäú ÞóÊóáóåõ ÃóÏúÝóÚúåõ Åöáóíúßõãú ÈöÑõãøóÊöåö» Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì ËõÈõæÊö ÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÔóÇåöÏóíúäó¡ æóÃóÞóáøõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÍõÓúäõ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåö ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí «ÇáúÝóÊúÍö» : åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóäóÏõ ÕóÍöíÍñ ÍóÓóäñ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì ËõÈõæÊö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÚóÏúáóíúäö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÚóãúÏðÇ ÚõÏúæóÇäðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó ÃóÎúÈóÇÑó ÇáúÂÍóÇÏö ÊóÚúÊóÖöÏõ ÈöãõæóÇÝóÞóÉö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö áóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÕöíÑó ÞóØúÚöíøóÉð ßóÇáúãõÊóæóÇÊöÑö¡ áöÇÚúÊöÖóÇÏöåóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÕõæãö æóåõæó ÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
æóÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö íóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäøó ÇÚúÊöÖóÇÏó ÎóÈóÑö ÇáúÂÍóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö áóÇ íõÕóíøöÑõåõ ÞóØúÚöíøðÇ¡ æóÅöáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÞóæúáö ÕóÇÍöÈö ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö Ýöí ãóÈúÍóËö ÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúÂÍóÇÏö:
æóáóÇ íõÝöíÏõ ÇáúÞóØúÚó ãóÇ íõæóÇÝöÞõ Çáú ... ÅöÌúãóÇÚó æóÇáúÈóÚúÖõ ÈöÞóØúÚò íóäúØöÞõ
æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú íõÝöíÏõ ÍóíúËõ ÚóæøóáóÇ ... Úóáóíúåö æóÃóäöÝóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÏú ÎóáóÇ
ãóÚó ÏóæóÇÚöí ÑóÏøöåö ãöäú ãõÈúØöáò ... ßóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöÎöáóÇÝóÉö Úóáöí
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóäöÝóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÞóÏú ÎóáóÇ. . ÅöáóÎú ; ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì ÛóíúÑõ ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåóÇ áöÇÑúÊöÈóÇØö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÈúíóÇÊö ÈöÈóÚúÖò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÃóíúãóÇäõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ãóÚó æõÌõæÏö ÇááøóæúËö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöæõÌõæÈö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÎóÇáóÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú.
Ýóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöæõÌõæÈö ÇáúÞóæóÏö ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö: ãóÇáößñ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÍóÏõ Þóæúáóíö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ æóÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÑóÌóÚó Úóäúåõ.
æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉó¡ æóÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö¡ æóÇááøóíúËö¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÏóÇæõÏó.
æóÞóÖóì ÈöÇáúÞóÊúáö ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÚóÈúÏõ Çáúãóáößö Èúäõ ãóÑúæóÇäó¡ æóÃóÈõæåõ ãóÑúæóÇäõ ; æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö: ÞõáúäóÇ(3/129)
ÈöåóÇ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõÊóæóÇÝöÑõæäó¡ Åöäøöí áóÃóÑóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóáúÝõ ÑóÌõáò¡ ÝóãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ãöäúåõãõ ÇËúäóÇäö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò (Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí) : ÅöäøóãóÇ äóÞóáó Ðóáößó ÃóÈõæ ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö Úóäú ÎóÇÑöÌóÉó Èúäö ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò ; ßóãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ãóäúÕõæÑò æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÃóÈõæ ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö áóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÃóì ÚöÔúÑöíäó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÝóÖúáðÇ Úóäú ÃóáúÝò.
æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÊóÌöÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ æóáóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞóæóÏõ: ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ýöí ÃóÕóÍøö Þóæúáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò æóÚõãóÑó æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãõÚóÇæöíóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú. æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøö¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ æóÚõËúãóÇäó ÇáúÈõÊøöíøö¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÛóíúÑöåöãú. æóÚóäú ãõÚóÇæöíóÉó: ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÈöåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÐóåóÈóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó áóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ ÈöåóÇ Íõßúãñ ãöäú ÞöÕóÇÕò æóáóÇ ÏöíóÉò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÍóßóãö Èúäö ÚõÊóíúÈóÉó¡ æóÃóÈöí ÞöáóÇÈóÉó¡ æóÓóÇáöãö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö íóÓóÇÑò¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóãõÓúáöãö Èúäö ÎóÇáöÏò¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Èúäö ÚõáóíøóÉó¡ æóÅöáóíúåö íóäúÍõæ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÈöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝò Úóäúåõ.
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö Èúäö ãóÑúæóÇäó Ãóäøóåõ äóÏöãó Úóáóì ÞóÊúáöåö ÑóÌõáðÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¡ æóãóÍóÇ ÃóÓúãóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóáóÝõæÇ ÃóíúãóÇäóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíæóÇäö¡ æóÓóíøóÑóåõãú Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÇãö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ÃóÞúæóÇáó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÝóÏõæäóßó ÃóÏöáøóÊóåõãú Úóáóì ÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö:
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈöÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÝóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö ÍóÏöíËö Óóåúáö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÍóËúãóÉó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö Óóåúáò ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö ÈöÎóíúÈóÑó¡ ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ áöÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö: " íõÞúÓöãõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäúßõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúåõãú ÝóíõÏúÝóÚõ ÈöÑõãøóÊöåö. . " ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáËøóÇÈöÊö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö " ÝóíõÏúÝóÚõ ÈöÑõãøóÊöåö " ãóÚúäóÇåõ: Ãóäøóåõ íõÓóáøóãõ áóåõãú áöíóÞúÊõáõæåõ ÈöÕóÇÍöÈöåöãú. æóåõæó äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóæóÏö ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö.
æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÍóÏöíËõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÌóÏøöåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: ÕóÍöíÍñ ÍóÓóäñ. ÝóÞóæúáõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöíåö: " ÃóÞöãú ÔóÇåöÏóíúäó Úóáóì ãóäú ÞóÊóáóåõ ÃóÏúÝóÚúåõ Åöáóíúßõãú ÈöÑõãøóÊöåö " ÕóÑöíÍñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞóæóÏö ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö. æóÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÏóÝúÚöåö Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÑõãøóÊöåö: Ãóíú áöíóÃúÎõÐõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó¡ ÈöÚöíÏñ ÌöÏøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.(3/130)
æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ãõÊøóÝóÞò ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö Óóåúáò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó áöÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö: " ÊóÍúáöÝõæäó ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ æóÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäó ÞóÇÊöáóßõãú. Ãóæú: ÕóÇÍöÈóßõãú. . " ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÝóÚóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉó " ÞóÇÊöáóßõãú " Ýóåöíó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÇáúÞóæóÏö ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö. æóÚóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ " ÕóÇÍöÈóßõãú " Ýóåöíó ãõÍúÊóãöáóÉñ áöÐóáößó ÇÍúÊöãóÇáðÇ ÞóæöíøðÇ. æóÃõÌöíÈó ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝö ÈöÃóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉó áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌõ ÈöåóÇ áöáÔøóßøö Ýöí ÇááøóÝúÙö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóáóæú ÝóÑóÖúäóÇ Ãóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö " ÕóÇÍöÈóßõãú " áóÇÍúÊóãóáó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáó¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäó ÏöíóÊóåõ. æóÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáõ ÇáúãõÓóÇæöí íõÈúØöáõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ; áöÃóäøó ãõÓóÇæóÇÉó ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáóíúäö íóÕöíÑõ ÈöåóÇ ÇááøóÝúÙõ ãõÌúãóáðÇ¡ æóÇáúãõÌúãóáõ íóÌöÈõ ÇáÊøóæóÞøõÝõ Úóäúåõ ÍóÊøóì íóÑöÏó Ïóáöíáñ ãõÈóíøöäñ áöáúãõÑóÇÏö ãöäúåõ.
æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ÊõÓóãøõæäó ÞóÇÊöáóßõãú Ëõãøó ÊóÍúáöÝõæäó Úóáóíúåö ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ Ëõãøó äõÓóáøöãõåõ ".
æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ÃóÊóÍúáöÝõæäó æóÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäó Ïóãó ÕóÇÍöÈößõãú " ÞóÇáõæÇ: ãóÚúäóì " Ïóãó ÕóÇÍöÈößõãú " ÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö.
æóÃõÌöíÈó ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝö ÈöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó " ÈöÏóãö ÕóÇÍöÈößõãú " ÇáÏøöíóÉõ¡ æóåõæó ÇÍúÊöãóÇáñ Þóæöíøñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÑóÈó ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇáÏøóãó Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíóÉö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ:
ÃóßóáúÊõ ÏóãðÇ Åöäú áóãú ÃóÑõÚúßö ÈöÖóÑøóÉò ... ÈóÚöíÏóÉö ãóåúæóì ÇáúÞõÑúØö ØóíøöÈóÉö ÇáäøóÔúÑö
æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãóÍúãõæÏõ Èúäõ ÎóÇáöÏò æóßóËöíÑõ Èúäõ ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ ÞóÇáóÇ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúæóáöíÏõ (Í) ¡ æóÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáÕøóÈóÇÍö Èúäö ÓõÝúíóÇäó¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÇáúæóáöíÏõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÊóáó ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäú Èóäöí äóÕúÑö Èúäö ãóÇáößò ÈöÈóÍúÑóÉö ÇáÑøõÛóÇÉö Úóáóì ÔóØøö áöíøóÉö ÇáúÈóÍúÑóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÞóÇÊöáõ æóÇáúãóÞúÊõæáõ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÝúÙõ ãóÍúãõæÏò: ÈöÈóÍúÑóÉò¡ ÃóÞóÇãóåõ ãóÍúãõæÏñ æóÍúÏóåõ Úóáóì ÔóØøö áöíøóÉó ÇåÜ. æóÇäúÞöØóÇÚõ ÓóäóÏö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: " Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÔõÚóíúÈò Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ÍóÏöíËó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó åóÐóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ãõäúÞóØöÚñ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÑóæóì ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÑóÇÓöíáö Úóäú ãõæÓóì Èúäö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó¡ Úóäú ÍóãøóÇÏò¡ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóÚóÇãöÑò ÇáúÃóÍúæóáö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " ÃóÞóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÇáØøóÇÆöÝó "¡ æóåõæó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõäúÞóØöÚñ. æóÑóæóì ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö ÞóÇáó: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÎóÇÑöÌóÉõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò¡ Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö ÞóÊóáó æóåõæó ÓóßúÑóÇäõ(3/131)
ÑóÌõáðÇ ÖóÑóÈóåõ ÈöÔóæöíÞò¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈóíøöäóÉñ ÞóÇØöÚóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ áóØúÎñ Ãóæú ÔóÈöíåõ Ðóáößó¡ æóÝöí ÇáäøóÇÓö íóæúãóÆöÐò ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóãöäú ÝõÞóåóÇÁö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóÇ áóÇ íõÍúÕóì¡ æóãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇËúäóÇäö ãöäúåõãú Ãóäú íóÍúáöÝó æõáóÇÉõ ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö æóíóÞúÊõáõæÇ Ãóæú íóÓúÊóÍúíõæÇ¡ ÝóÍóáóÝõæÇ ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ æóÞóÊóáõæÇ¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íõÎúÈöÑõæäó Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÖóì ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¡ æóíóÑóæúäóåóÇ áöáøóÐöí íóÃúÊöí Èöåö ãöäó ÇááøóØúÎö Ãóæö ÇáÔøõÈúåóÉö ÃóÞúæóì ãöãøóÇ íóÃúÊöí Èöåö ÎóÕúãõåõ¡ æóÑóÃóæúÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáÕøõåóíúÈöíøö Íöíäó ÞóÊóáóåõ ÇáúÍóÇØöÈöíøõæäó æóÝöí ÛóíúÑöåö. æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ æóåúÈò Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö æóÒóÇÏó Ýöíåö: Ãóäøó ãõÚóÇæöíóÉó ßóÊóÈó Åöáóì ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö: Åöäú ßóÇäó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ áóåõ ÍóÞøðÇ Ãóäú íõÍóáøöÝóäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö Ëõãøó íõÓóáøöãóåõ ÅöáóíúäóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí Óõäóäöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ¡ ËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö ÇáúÃóÕóãøõ¡ ËóäóÇ ÈóÍúÑõ Èúäõ äóÕúÑò¡ ËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ æóåúÈò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö: Ãóäøó åöÔóÇãó Èúäó ÚõÑúæóÉó ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ: Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäú Âáö ÍóÇØöÈö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÈóáúÊóÚóÉó ßóÇäóÊú Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÑóÌõáò ãöäú Âáö ÕõåóíúÈò ãõäóÇÒóÚóÉñ. . . ÝóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó Ýöí ÞóÊúáöåö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÑóßöÈó íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÍóÇØöÈò Åöáóì ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö Èúäö ãóÑúæóÇäó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÖóì ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö Úóáóì ÓöÊøóÉö äóÝóÑò ãöäú Âáö ÍóÇØöÈò¡ ÝóËóäøóì Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäó¡ ÝóØóáóÈó Âáõ ÍóÇØöÈò Ãóäú íóÍúáöÝõæÇ Úóáóì ÇËúäóíúäö æóíóÞúÊõáõæåõãóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÈóì ÚóÈúÏõ Çáúãóáößö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÍúáöÝõæÇ Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ÝóíóÞúÊõáõæåõ¡ ÝóÍóáóÝõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáÕøõåóíúÈöíøö ÝóÞóÊóáõæåõ. ÞóÇáó åöÔóÇãñ: Ýóáóãú íõäúßöÑú Ðóáößó ÚõÑúæóÉõ¡ æóÑóÃóì Ãóäú ÞóÏú ÃõÕöíÈó Ýöíåö ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ æóÑõæøöíäóÇ Ýöíåö Úóäö ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö æóÑóÈöíÚóÉó.
æóíõÐúßóÑõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ãõáóíúßóÉó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö æóÇÈúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö: ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÃóÞóÇÏóÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö.
æóíõÐúßóÑõ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÌóÚó Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÇáó: Åöäú æóÌóÏó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ ÈóíøöäóÉð¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÙúáóãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÇ íõÞúÖóì Ýöíåö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
åóÐöåö åöíó ÃóÏöáøóÉõ ãóäú ÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáúÞóæóÏó ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÍõÌóÌõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÈöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ÝóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö ÍóÏöíËö Óóåúáò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö:
Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóÏõæÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóßõãú¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íõÄúÐöäõæÇ ÈöÍóÑúÈò ".
ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò: ãóÚúäóÇåõ Åöäú ËóÈóÊó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÞóÓóÇãóÊößõãú¡ ÝóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóÏõæÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóßõãú - Ãóíú: íóÏúÝóÚõæÇ Åöáóíúßõãú ÏöíóÊóåõ - æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íõÚúáöãõæäóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõãúÊóäöÚõæäó ãöäö ÇáúÊöÒóÇãö ÃóÍúßóÇãöäóÇ¡ ÝóíóäúÊóÞöÖõ ÚóåúÏõåõãú¡ æóíóÕöíÑõæäó ÍóÑúÈðÇ áóäóÇ.
æóÝöíåö Ïóáöíáñ áöãóäú íóÞõæáõ: ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÇáÏøöíóÉõ Ïõæäó ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö. ÇåÜ ßóáóÇãõ Çáäøóæóæöíøö¡(3/132)
ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóÛóíúÑöåö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " ÃóÝóÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäó ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÈöÃóíúãóÇäö ÎóãúÓöíäó ãöäúßõãú "¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: åóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍóÞøó ÈöÃóíúãóÇäö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÇáÏøöíóÉõ áóÇ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ.
æóãöäú ÃóÏöáøóÊöåöãú ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ (Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí) ¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÊóãóÓøóßó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ Ýöí ÌóÇãöÚöåö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ãóäúÕõæÑò ÈöÓóäóÏò ÕóÍöíÍò Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: æõÌöÏó ÞóÊöíáñ Èóíúäó Íóíøóíúäö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚõãúÑõ: ÞöíÓõæÇ ãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÝóÃóíøõåõãóÇ æóÌóÏúÊõãõæåõ Åöáóíúåö ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÝóÃóÍúáöÝõæåõãú ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ æóÃóÛúÑöãõæåõãõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó. æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Úóäú ÓõÝúíóÇäó Èúäö ÚõíóíúäóÉó¡ Úóäú ãóäúÕõæÑò¡ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö: Ãóäøó ÚõãúÑó ßóÊóÈó Ýöí ÞóÊöíáò æõÌöÏó Èóíúäó ÎöíÑóÇäó æóæóÏóÇÚóÉó Ãóäú íõÞóÇÓó ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö ; ÝóÅöáóì ÃóíøöåöãóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóÞúÑóÈó ÃõÎúÑöÌó Åöáóíúåö ãöäúåóÇ ÎóãúÓõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÍóÊøóì íõæóÇÝõæåõ Ýöí ãóßøóÉó¡ ÝóÃóÏúÎóáóåõãõ ÇáúÍöÌúÑó ÝóÃóÍúáóÝóåõãú¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÖóì Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: " ÍóÞóäúÊõ ÈöÃóíúãóÇäößõãú ÏöãóÇÁóßõãú¡ æóáóÇ íõØóáøõ Ïóãõ ÑóÌõáò ãõÓúáöãò ".
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÎóÐóåõ ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúÃóÚúæóÑö¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÑöËõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÞúÈõæáò. ÇäúÊóåóì. æóáóåõ ÔóÇåöÏñ ãóÑúÝõæÚñ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøó ÞóÊöíáðÇ æõÌöÏó Èóíúäó Íóíøóíúäö ÝóÃóãóÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó " Ãóäú íõÞóÇÓó Åöáóì ÃóíøöåöãóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÝóÃóáúÞóì ÏöíóÊóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈö "¡ æóáóßöäøó ÓóäóÏóåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö Ýöí ãõÕóäøóÝöåö: ÞõáúÊõ áöÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó ÇáúÚõãóÑöíøö: ÃóÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóÞóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ. ÞõáúÊõ: ÝóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ. ÞõáúÊõ: ÝóÚõãóÑõ¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ. ÞõáúÊõ: Ýóáöãó ÊóÌúÊóÑöÆõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¿ ÝóÓóßóÊó.
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö: Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö: ÊõæÌöÈõ ÇáúÚóÞúáó æóáóÇ ÊõÓúÞöØõ ÇáÏøóãó. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÝóåóÐöåö åöíó ÃóÏöáøóÉõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÊõæÌöÈõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó æóáóÇ ÊõæÌöÈõ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÍõÌøóÉõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó áóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÈöåóÇ Íõßúãñ¡ Ýóåöíó Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÍúáöÝõæäó ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÍúáöÝõæäó Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò áóãú íóÍúÖõÑõæåõ¡ æóáóãú íóÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóÍóÞøñ åõæó Ãóãú ÈóÇØöáñ¡ æóÍóáöÝõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò áóãú íóÑóåõ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇÐöÈñ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÞõÊóíúÈóÉõ Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈöÔúÑò ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Èúäõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáúÃóÓóÏöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÚõËúãóÇäó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÑóÌóÇÁò ãöäú Âáö ÃóÈöí ÞöáóÇÈóÉó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÃóÈõæ(3/133)
ÞöáóÇÈóÉó: Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÃóÈúÑóÒó ÓóÑöíÑóåõ íóæúãðÇ áöáäøóÇÓö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÐöäó áóåõãú ÝóÏóÎóáõæÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¿ ÞóÇáõæÇ: äóÞõæáõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ ÇáúÞóæóÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÍóÞøñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÞóÇÏóÊú ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÎõáóÝóÇÁõ. ÞóÇáó áöí: ãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ íóÇ ÃóÈóÇ ÞöáóÇÈóÉó¿ æóäóÕóÈóäöí áöáäøóÇÓö. ÝóÞõáúÊõ: íóÇ ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ÚöäúÏóßó ÑõÁõæÓõ ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÏö æóÃóÔúÑóÇÝõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó áóæú Ãóäøó ÎóãúÓöíäó ãöäúåõãú ÔóåöÏõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãõÍúÕóäò ÈöÏöãóÔúÞó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú Òóäóì áóãú íóÑóæúåõ¡ ÃóßõäúÊó ÊóÑúÌõãõåõ¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ. ÞõáúÊõ: ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó áóæú Ãóäøó ÎóãúÓöíäó ãöäúåõãú ÔóåöÏõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ÈöÍöãúÕó Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÑóÞó¡ ÃóßõäúÊó ÊóÞúØóÚõåõ æóáóãú íóÑóæúåõ¿ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ. ÞõáúÊõ: ÝóæóÇááøóåö ãóÇ ÞóÊóáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÞóØøõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÅöÍúÏóì ËóáóÇËö ÎöÕóÇáò: ÑóÌõáñ ÞóÊóáó ÈöÌóÑöíÑóÉö äóÝúÓöåö ÝóÞõÊöáó¡ Ãóæú ÑóÌõáñ Òóäóì ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÍúÕóÇäò¡ Ãóæú ÑóÌõáñ ÍóÇÑóÈó Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ æóÇÑúÊóÏøó Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö. . . Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÍóÏöíËöåö.
æóãõÑóÇÏõ ÃóÈöí ÞöáóÇÈóÉó æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ ßóíúÝó íõÞúÊóáõ ÈöÃóíúãóÇäö Þóæúãò íóÍúáöÝõæäó Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò áóãú íóÑóæúåõ æóáóãú íóÍúÖõÑõæåõ.
åóÐóÇ åõæó ÍóÇÕöáõ ßóáóÇãö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ÇáúÞóæóÏö ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÍõÌóÌõåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏöí ÏóáöíáðÇ - ÇáúÞóæóÏõ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " Åöäøóåõãú Åöäú ÍóáóÝõæÇ ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÏóÝóÚó ÇáúÞóÇÊöáó ÈöÑõãøóÊöåö Åöáóíúåöãú "¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì. æóáóãú íóËúÈõÊú ãóÇ íõÚóÇÑöÖõ åóÐóÇ. æóÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ ÃóÕúáñ æóÑóÏóÊú Èöåö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÞöíóÇÓõåõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú ÑóÌúãò Ãóæú ÞóØúÚò¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÃóÈõæ ÞöáóÇÈóÉó Ýöí ßóáóÇãöåö ÇáúãóÇÑøö ÂäöÝðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÃóÕúáñ ãöäú ÃõÕõæáö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ãõÓúÊóÞöáøñ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ÔõÑöÚó áöÍóíóÇÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÑóÏúÚö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÏöíäó¡ æóáóãú Êõãóßøóäú Ýöíåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ãöäú ÃóíúãóÇäö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÚó ÍõÕõæáö áóæúËò íóÛúáöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÙøóäøö Èöåö ÕöÏúÞõåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÑöæóÇíóÉó ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÚõÈóíúÏò¡ Úóäú ÈóÔöíÑö Èúäö íóÓóÇÑò¡ Úóäú Óóåúáö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÍóËúãóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «áóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö åóáú áóåõãú ÈóíøöäóÉñ» æóÃóÎúÈóÑõæåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóíúÓó áóåõãú ÈóíøöäóÉñ¡ ÞóÇáó: «íóÍúáöÝõæäó» íóÚúäöí ÇáúíóåõæÏó ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóáóíúÓó ÝöíåóÇ ÐößúÑõ ÍóáöÝö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÃóÕúáðÇ - áóÇ Ïóáöíáó ÝöíåóÇ áöãóäú äóÝóì ÇáúÞóæóÏó ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÓóÚöíÏó Èúäó ÚõÈóíúÏò æóåöãó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÓúÞóØó ãöäó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö ÊóÈúÑöÆóÉó ÇáúãõÏøóÚöíäó ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö¡ áößóæúäöåö áóãú íóÐúßõÑú Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÊöåö ÑóÏøó Çáúíóãöíäö. æóÑóæóÇåõ íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò Úóäú ÈóÔöíÑö Èúäö íóÓóÇÑò¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÚóÑóÖó ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäó ÃóæøóáðÇ Úóáóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÈóæúÇ ÚóÑóÖó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÏøó ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú. ÝóÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú ÑöæóÇíóÉõ íóÍúíóì Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò Úóáóì ÒöíóÇÏóÉò(3/134)
ãöäú ËöÞóÉò ÍóÇÝöÙò ÝóæóÌóÈó ÞóÈõæáõåóÇ. æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÑöæóÇíóÉó ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÚõÈóíúÏò (Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö) æóÐóßóÑó ÑöæóÇíóÉó íóÍúíóì Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò (Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáúãõæóÇÏóÚóÉö æóÇáúãõÕóÇáóÍóÉö ãóÚó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó) æóÝöíåóÇ: «ÊóÍúáöÝõæäó æóÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäó ÞóÇÊöáóßõãú» Ãóæú ÕóÇÍöÈóßõãú. . . ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «ÊóÍúáöÝõæäó æóÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäó» áöÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö.
æóÌóÒóãó ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÊóÞúÏöíãö ÑöæóÇíóÉö íóÍúíóì Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Úóáóì ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÚõÈóíúÏò - ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö æóÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ ãöäú ËöÞóÉò ÍóÇÝöÙò áóãú íõÚóÇÑöÖúåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåóÇ ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÞóÈõæáõåóÇ ; ßóãóÇ åõæó ãõÞóÑøóÑñ Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÚöáúãö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞõáúäóÇ ÇÖúÑöÈõæåõ ÈöÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 73] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÓúäóÏó ÍóÏöíËó Óóåúáò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈóÏóÃó ÈöÇáúãõÏøóÚöíäó - íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚõíóíúäóÉó¡ æóÍóãøóÇÏõ Èúäõ ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúæóåøóÇÈö ÇáËøóÞóÝöíøõ¡ æóÚöíÓóì Èúäõ ÍóãøóÇÏò¡ æóÈöÔúÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÝóÖøóáö¡ ÝóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÓóÈúÚóÉñ. æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóÑúÓóáóåõ ãóÇáößñ¡ ÝóÞóÏú æóÕóáóåõ ÌóãóÇÚóÉõ ÇáúÍõÝøóÇÙö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕóÍøõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÚõÈóíúÏò.
æóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ (Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö) ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞó ÑöæóÇíóÉó íóÍúíóì Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö: ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏóäóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÓóãöÚúÊõåõ ãöãøóäú ÃóÑúÖóì Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏöíãö æóÇáúÍóÏöíËö: Ãóäú íóÈúÏóÃó ÈöÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö ÇáúãõÏøóÚõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÝóíóÍúáöÝõæäó. ÇåÜ ãóÍöáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó íõÔúÊóÑóØõ áóåóÇ áóæúËñ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõãõ ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäö ÇááøóæúËö ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÍúáóÝõ ãóÚóåõ ÃóíúãóÇäõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ãóÇáößñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÍóÏõ ÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáõ: Ïóãöí ÚöäúÏó ÝõáóÇäò. æóåóáú íóßúÝöí ÔóÇåöÏñ æóÇÍöÏñ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö Ðóáößó¡ Ãóæú áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäö ÇËúäóíúäö¿ ÎöáóÇÝñ ÚöäúÏóåõãú.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÊóÔúåóÏó ÈöÐóáößó ÈóíøöäóÉñ áóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ßóÇËúäóíúäö ÛóíúÑö ÚóÏúáóíúäö.
ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö: ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏóäóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÓóãöÚúÊõåõ ãöãøóäú ÃóÑúÖóì Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÏöíãö æóÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ãóäú íóÈúÏóÃó ÈöÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö ÇáúãõÏøóÚõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÝóíóÍúáöÝõæäó¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó áóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóÍóÏö ÃóãúÑóíúäö: ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáõ Ïóãöí ÚöäúÏó ÝõáóÇäò¡ Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíó æõáóÇÉõ ÇáÏøóãö ÈöáóæúËò ãöäú ÈóíøöäóÉò æóÅöäú áóãú Êóßõäú ÞóÇØöÚóÉð Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöí íõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÏøóãõ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ íõæÌöÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó áöãõÏøóÚöí ÇáÏøóãó Úóáóì ãóäö ÇÏøóÚóæúåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóÍóÏö åóÐóíúäö(3/135)
ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö. ÇåÜ ãóÍöáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ¡ åóßóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö¡ æóÓóÊóÃúÊöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ Úóáóíúåö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÃóäúßóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöíÌóÇÈóåõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö: ÞóÊóáóäöí ÝõáóÇäñ.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: åóÐóÇ ÞóÊúáõ ãõÄúãöäò ÈöÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö Úóáóì ÏóÚúæóì ãõÌóÑøóÏóÉò.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóÇáößñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóãúÑóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝó ãöäú ØóÈúÚö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÚöäúÏó ÍõÖõæÑö ÇáúãóæúÊö: ÇáúÅöäóÇÈóÉõ æóÇáÊøóæúÈóÉõ æóÇáäøóÏóãõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóáóÝó ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÓøóíøöÆö¡ æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÂíóÇÊñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóäúÝöÞõæÇ ãöäú ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÞóÈúáö Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÃóÍóÏóßõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ ÝóíóÞõæáó ÑóÈøö áóæúáóÇ ÃóÎøóÑúÊóäöí Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ÞóÑöíÈò ÝóÃóÕøóÏøóÞó æóÃóßõäú ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó [63 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÍóÖóÑó ÃóÍóÏóåõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊõ ÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÊõÈúÊõ ÇáúÂäó [4 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóßóÝóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Èöåö ãõÔúÑößöíäó [40 \ 84] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÝóåóÐóÇ ãóÚúåõæÏñ ãöäú ØóÈúÚö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóáóÇ íõÚúáóãõ ãöäú ÚóÇÏóÊöåö Ãóäú íóÏóÚó ÞóÇÊöáóåõ æóíóÚúÏöáó Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóãóÇ ÎóÑóÌó Úóäú åóÐóÇ äóÇÏöÑñ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ Íõßúãó áóåõ.
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÞöÕøóÉó ÞóÊöíáö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö Þóæúáö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö: Ïóãöí ÚöäúÏó ÝõáóÇäò.
ÝóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ãóÇáößñ ÈöÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÞóÊöíáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÊóáóäöí ÝõáóÇäñ¡ Ãóæú: Ïóãöí ÚöäúÏó ÝõáóÇäò¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäö æóåúÈò æóÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö.
æóÑóÏøó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝõæäó åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáó ÈöÃóäøó ÅöÍúíóÇÁó ÇáúÞóÊöíáö ãõÚúÌöÒóÉñ áöäóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ãõæÓóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ íõÍúíöíåö¡ æóÐóáößó íóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑó ÈöÞóÇÊöáöåö ÎóÈóÑðÇ ÌóÇÒöãðÇ áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõåõ ÇÍúÊöãóÇáñ¡ ÝóÇÝúÊóÑóÞóÇ.
æóÑóÏøó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøõ åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÖó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÚúÌöÒóÉó ÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÅöÍúíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÕóÇÑó ÍóíøðÇ ßóÇäó ßóáóÇãõåõ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ßóáóÇãö ÇáäøóÇÓö ßõáøöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÞóÈõæáö æóÇáÑøóÏøö.
ÞóÇáó: æóåóÐóÇ Ýóäøñ ÏóÞöíÞñ ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö áóãú íóÊóÝóØøóäú áóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇáößñ¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó æóÌóÈó ÕöÏúÞõåõ¡ ÝóáóÚóáøóåõ ÃóãóÑóåõãú ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ãóÚóåõ. ÇåÜ ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö. æóåõæó ÛóíúÑõ ÙóÇåöÑò ÚöäúÏöí ; áöÃóäøó ÓöíóÇÞó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö íóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÊöíáó ÅöÐóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö æóÍóíöíó ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõãú ÈöÞóÇÊöáöåö¡ ÝóÇäúÞóØóÚó ÈöÐóáößó ÇáäøöÒóÇÚõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞóÊóáúÊõãú äóÝúÓðÇ ÝóÇÏøóÇÑóÃúÊõãú ÝöíåóÇ [2 \ 72] . ÝóÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ÇáúÃóÓóÇÓöíøõ ãöäú ÐóÈúÍö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö ÞóØóÚõ ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö ÈöãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáúÞóÇÊöáö ÈöÅöÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÅöÐóÇ ÖõÑöÈó ÈöÈóÚúÖöåóÇ ÝóÍóíöíó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ. æóÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÇáúÚóÏúáõ áóæúËñ ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö¡ æóÑóæóì ÃóÔúåóÈõ Úóäú ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøóåõ(3/136)
íõÞúÓóãõ ãóÚó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÚóÏúáö æóãóÚó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö¡ æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ æóåúÈò: Ãóäøó ÔóåóÇÏóÉó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö áóæúËñ. æóÐóßóÑó ãõÍóãøóÏñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö: Ãóäøó ÔóåóÇÏóÉó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÊóíúäö áóæúËñ¡ Ïõæäó ÔóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö: ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÇááøóæúËö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ. æóãóÔúåõæÑõ ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò: Ãóäøóåõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏõ ÇáúÚóÏúáõ. æóÞóÇáó ãõÍóãøóÏñ: åõæó ÃóÍóÈøõ Åöáóíøó¡ ÞóÇáó: æóÃóÎóÐó Èöåö ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÍóßóãö.
æóãöãøóäú ÃóæúÌóÈó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ïóãöí ÚöäúÏó ÝõáóÇäò: ÇááøóíúËõ Èúäõ ÓóÚúÏò¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö Èúäö ãóÑúæóÇäó.
æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö: Ïóãöí ÚöäúÏó ÝõáóÇäò¡ ãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: íõÔúÊóÑóØõ Ýöí Ðóáößó Ãóäú íóßõæäó Èöåö ÌöÑóÇÍñ¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÃóØúáóÞó.
æóÇáøóÐöí Èöåö ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáúÚóãóáõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóËóÑö ÌõÑúÍò Ãóæú ÖóÑúÈò ÈöÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¡ æóáóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ Þóæúáõåõ ÈöÏõæäö æõÌõæÏö ÃóËóÑö ÇáÖøóÑúÈö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÞöíóÊú ÕõæÑóÊóÇäö ãöäú ÕõæóÑö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò.
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäú íóÔúåóÏó ÚóÏúáóÇäö ÈöÇáÖøóÑúÈö¡ Ëõãøó íóÚöíÔõ ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÃóíøóÇãðÇ¡ Ëõãøó íóãõæÊõ ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóÎóáøõáö ÅöÝóÇÞóÉò. æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇááøóíúËõ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ: íóÌöÈõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÖøóÑúÈö¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäú íõæÌóÏó ãóÞúÊõæáñ æóÚöäúÏóåõ Ãóæú ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÈö ãöäúåõ ãóäú ÈöíóÏöåö ÂáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÃóËóÑõ ÇáÏøóãö ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÛóíúÑõåõ ÝóÊõÔúÑóÚõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò. æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ. æóíóáúÍóÞõ ÈöåóÐóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÝúÊóÑöÞó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ Úóäú ÞóÊöíáò¡ æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò Úóäú ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊöíáö íõæÌóÏõ Èóíúäó ØóÇÆöÝóÊóíúäö ãõÞúÊóÊöáóÊóíúäö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó Úóáóì ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÉö ÇáøóÊöí áóíúÓó ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÞóÊöíáõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÊóíúäö.
ÃóãøóÇ Åöäøó ßóÇäó ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ ÝóÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ¡ æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ ãõØúáóÞðÇ. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇááøóæúËõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÌöÈõ Èöåö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ Ýóåõæó Ãóäú íõæÌóÏó ÞóÊöíáñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøóÉò Ãóæú ÞóÈöíáóÉò áóãú íõÏúÑó ÞóÇÊöáõåõ¡ ÝóíóÍúáöÝõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÍöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí æõÌöÏó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞóÊöíáõ íóÊóÎóíøóÑõåõãõ Çáúæóáöíøõ: ãóÇ ÞóÊóáúäóÇåõ æóáóÇ ÚóáöãúäóÇ áóåõ ÞóÇÊöáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ÍóáóÝõæÇ ÛõÑøöãó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúãóÍöáøóÉö ÇáÏøöíóÉó¡ æóáóÇ íóÍúáöÝõ Çáúæóáöíøõ¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÞóÓóÇãóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö.
æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÃóäøó æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÞóÊöíáö ÈöãóÍöáøóÉò áóæúËñ íõæÌöÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó: ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ.(3/137)
æóÔóÑúØõ åóÐóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉó: Ãóäú íõæÌóÏó ÈöÇáúÞóÊöíáö ÃóËóÑñ. æóÌõãúåõæÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÞóÊöíáö ÈöãóÍöáøóÉò áóÇ íõæÌöÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó¡ Èóáú íóßõæäõ åóÏóÑðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú íõÞúÊóáõ æóíõáúÞóì Ýöí ÇáúãóÍöáøóÉö áöÊõáúÕóÞó Èöåöãõ ÇáÊøõåúãóÉõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÇ áóãú íóßõæäõæÇ ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð áöáúãóÞúÊõæáö æóáóãú íõÎóÇáöØúåõãú ÛóíúÑõåõãú æóÅöáøóÇ æóÌóÈóÊö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ ; ßóÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúíóåõæÏö ãóÚó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÊóÌöÈõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÉö ãóäú áóÇ íóËúÈõÊõ ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÈöÔóåóÇÏóÊöåö ; ßóÇáúæóÇÍöÏö Ãóæú ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ÛóíúÑö ÚõÏõæáò. æóßóÐóáößó ÊóÌöÈõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöæõÌõæÏö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö íóÊóÔóÍøóØõ Ýöí Ïóãöåö¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõ Ãóæú ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÈö ãöäúåõ ãóäú ÈöíóÏöåö ÂáóÉõ ÇáúÞóÊúáö æóÚóáóíúåö ÃóËóÑõ ÇáÏøóãö ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóíóáúÍóÞõ Èöåö ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÞõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Úóäú ÞóÊöíáò.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Þóæúáó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÊöíáö íõæÌóÏõ Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÊóíúäö ÇáúãõÞúÊóÊöáóÊóíúäö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí Ãóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÊóíúäö ÇáúãõÞúÊóÊöáóÊóíúäö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó Ýöíåö Êóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ïõæäó ØóÇÆöÝóÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí åõæó ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÊóÌöÈõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÝöíãóÇ ßóÇäó ßóÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøö ãóÚó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ ÝóÇááøóæúËõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÌöÈõ Èöåö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ Ýöíåö ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö.
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøó ÇááøóæúËó åõæó ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉõ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑóÉõ Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö æóÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóäóÍúæö ãóÇ ßóÇäó Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑö æóÇáúíóåõæÏö¡ æóãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÞóÈóÇÆöáö æóÇáúÃóÍúíóÇÁö æóÃóåúáö ÇáúÞõÑóì ÇáøóÐöíäó Èóíúäóåõãõ ÇáÏøöãóÇÁõ æóÇáúÍõÑõæÈõ¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÑóì ãóÌúÑóì Ðóáößó. æóáóÇ íõÔúÊóÑóØõ ÚöäúÏóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÃóáøóÇ íõÎóÇáöØóåõãú ÛóíúÑõåõãú¡ äóÕøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ãõåóäøóÃò. æóÇÔúÊóÑóØó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ÃóáøóÇ íõÎóÇáöØóåõãú ÛóíúÑõåõãú ßóãóÐúåóÈö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ; ÞóÇáóåõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäøó ÇááøóæúËó åõæó ãóÇ íóÛúáöÈõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáÙøóäøö ÕöÏúÞõ ÇáúãõÏøóÚöí¡ æóÐóáößó ãöäú æõÌõæåò:
ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ: ÇáúÚóÏóÇæóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäú íóÊóÝóÑøóÞó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ Úóäú ÞóÊöíáò Ýóíóßõæäõ Ðóáößó áóæúËðÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇÏøóÚóì Çáúæóáöíøõ Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ÝóÃóäúßóÑó ßóæúäóåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÝóÇáúÞóæúáõ Þóæúáõåõ ãóÚó íóãöíäöåö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞóÇÖöí¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö.
æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäú íõæÌóÏó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáõ æóíõæÌóÏó ÈöÞõÑúÈöåö ÑóÌõáñ ãóÚóåõ Óößøöíäñ Ãóæú ÓóíúÝñ ãõáóØøóÎñ ÈöÇáÏøóãö¡ æóáóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ÛóíúÑõåõ.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäú ÊóÞúÊóÊöáó ÝöÆóÊóÇäö ÝóíóÝúÊóÑöÞõæÇ Úóäú ÞóÊöíáò ãöäú ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ¡ ÝóÇááøóæúËõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì.(3/138)
ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞóÇÖöí¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÈöÍóíúËõ áóÇ ÊóÕöáõ ÓöåóÇãõ ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ ÝóÇááøóæúËõ Úóáóì ØóÇÆöÝóÉö ÇáúÞóÊöíáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö. æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó: Ãóäøó ÚóÞúáó ÇáúÞóÊöíáö Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÇÒóÚõæåõãú ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÞúÊóÊóáóÊö ÇáúÝöÆóÊóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÏøóÚõæÇ Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ÈöÚóíúäöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì: Úóáóì ÇáúÝóÑöíÞóíúäö ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ íõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇÊó ãöäú ÝöÚúáö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö ÝóÇÓúÊóæóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ Ýöíåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö.
ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: Ãóäú íóÔúåóÏó ÈöÇáúÞóÊúáö ÚóÈöíÏñ æóäöÓóÇÁñ ; ÝóÚóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó åõæó áóæúËñ¡ áöÃóäøóåõ íóÛúáöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÙøóäøö ÕöÏúÞõ ÇáúãõÏøóÚöí¡ æóÚóäúåõ: áóíúÓó ÈöáóæúËò¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóåóÇÏóÉñ ãóÑúÏõæÏóÉñ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú áóåóÇ ÃóËóÑñ.
ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóÊöíáõ ÇáøóÐöí íõæÌóÏõ Ýöí ÇáÒøöÍóÇãö ßóÇáøóÐöí íóãõæÊõ ãöäó ÇáÒøöÍóÇãö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ãóæú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌóãúÑóÉö¡ ÝóÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áóíúÓó ÈöáóæúËò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóäú ãóÇÊó ÈöÇáÒøöÍóÇãö íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö: ÏöíóÊõåõ Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÇáö. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó æóÚóáöíøò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÓóÚöíÏðÇ Ñóæóì Ýöí Óõäóäöåö Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÞóÇáó: ÞõÊöáó ÑóÌõáñ Ýöí ÒöÍóÇãö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÚóÑóÝóÉó. ÝóÌóÇÁó Ãóåúáõåõ Åöáóì ÚõãóÑó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÈóíøöäóÊõßõãú Úóáóì ãóäú ÞóÊóáóåõ. ÝóÞóÇáó Úóáöíøñ: íóÇ ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ áóÇ íõØóáøõ Ïóãõ ÇãúÑöÆò ãõÓúáöãò¡ Åöäú ÚóáöãúÊó ÞóÇÊöáóåõ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÃóÚúØöåöãú ÏöíóÊóåõ ãöäú ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÇáö. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäó ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö (Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇÊó Ýöí ÇáÒøöÍóÇãö Ãóæú ÞõÊöáó Èöåö) Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÞóÊúáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó íóæúãó ÃõÍõÏò ÇáúíóãóÇäó æóÇáöÏó ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÍõÌøóÊõåõ (íóÚúäöí ÅöÚúØóÇÁó ÏöíóÊóåõ ãöäú ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÇáö) ãóÇ æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ØõÑõÞö ÞöÕøóÉö ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö ÇáÓøóÑøóÇÌõ Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÚößúÑöãóÉó: Ãóäøó æóÇáöÏó ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó ÞõÊöáó íóæúãó ÃõÍõÏò¡ ÞóÊóáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó íóÙõäøõ Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó¡ ÝóæóÏóÇåõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó áóåõ ÔóÇåöÏñ ãõÑúÓóáñ ÃóíúÖðÇ (Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÝúæö Úóäö ÇáúÎóØóÃö) æóÑóæóì ãõÓóÏøóÏñ Ýöí ãõÓúäóÏöåö ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö íóÒöíÏó Èúäö ãóÐúßõæÑò: Ãóäøó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÒõÍöãó íóæúãó ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÝóãóÇÊó¡ ÝóæóÏóÇåõ Úóáöíøñ ãöäú ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÇáö.
æóÝöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ãóÐóÇåöÈõ ÃõÎúÑóì (ãöäúåóÇ) Þóæúáõ ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøö: Ãóäøó ÏöíóÊóåõ ÊóÌöÈõ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ãóäú ÍóÖóÑó¡ æóåõæó ÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäó ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÈúáóåõ. æóÊóæúÌöíåõåõ: Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇÊó ÈöÝöÚúáöåöãú ÝóáóÇ íóÊóÚóÏøóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåöãú. (æóãöäúåóÇ) Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóåõ: Ãóäøóåõ íõÞóÇáõ áöæóáöíøöåö ÇÏøóÚö Úóáóì ãóäú ÔöÆúÊó æóÇÍúáöÝú¡ ÝóÅöäú ÍóáóÝúÊö ÇÓúÊóÍúÞóÞúÊó ÇáÏøöíóÉó¡ æóÅöäú äóßóáúÊó ÍóáóÝó ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÝúíö æóÓóÞóØóÊö ÇáúãõØóÇáóÈóÉõ. æóÊóæúÌöíåõåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóãó áóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáØøóáóÈö.
(æóãöäúåóÇ) Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò: Ïóãõåõ åóÏóÑñ. æóÊóæúÌöíåõåõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íõÚúáóãú ÞóÇÊöáõåõ ÈöÚóíúäöåö ÇÓúÊóÍóÇáó Ãóäú íõÄúÎóÐó Èöåö ÃóÍóÏñ. æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÇÌöÍö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö (Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÚóÝúæö Úóäö ÇáúÎóØóÃö) ÇäúÊóåóì(3/139)
ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÇáÊøóÑúÌöíÍõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ åõæó Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ áöáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÊóáõæÇ ÃóÈóÇåõ ÎóØóÃð: «ÛóÝóÑó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú» ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÏöíóÊóåõ æóÌóÈóÊú Úóáóì ãóäú ÍóÖóÑó ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: «ÛóÝóÑó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú» ¡ ÚóÝóæúÊõ Úóäúßõãú¡ æóåõæó áóÇ íóÚúÝõæ ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ÔóíúÁò ÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó Ãóäú íõØóÇáöÈó Èöåö. ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍöáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ. ÝóßóÃóäøó ÇÈúäó ÍóÌóÑò íóãöíáõ Åöáóì ÊóÑúÌöíÍö Þóæúáö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí ÇááøóæúËö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÌöÈõ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ Èöåö: Ãóäøóåõ ßõáøõ ãóÇ íóÛúáöÈõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáÙøóäøö ÕöÏúÞõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö Ýöí ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ÌóÇäöÈóåõãú íóÊóÑóÌøóÍõ ÈöÐóáößó ÝóíóÍúáöÝõæäó ãóÚóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö «Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÚúÊóÈóÑó Ýöí ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÇÊö ãóÇ ÊóÍúÕõáõ Èöåö ÛóáóÈóÉõ ÇáÙøóäøö» æóÚóÞóÏóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÔõÑõæØö ÇáÑøóÇæöí:
ÈöÛóÇáöÈö ÇáÙøóäøö íóÏõæÑõ ÇáúãõÚúÊóÈóÑú ... ÝóÇÚúÊóÈóÑó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó ßõáøõ ãóäú ÛóÈóÑú
¡ ÅöáóÎú
ÝõÑõæÚñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö
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æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÍúáöÝõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ ÈöÃóäøó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö íõÞúÓöãõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäúßõãú. ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö áóÇ íõÞúÓöãõ.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÊóÍúáöÝõæäó ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ ÝóÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäó Ïóãó ÕóÇÍöÈößõãú» ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÍóÇáöÝó åõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ áöáÏøöíóÉö æóÇáúÞöÕóÇÕö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúæóÇÑöËö áóÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÍóáöÝõ ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó.
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉõ Úóäú ÍõÌøóÉö ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ÈöãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÔóÑúÍöåö áöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «íõÞúÓöãõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäúßõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúåõãú» ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: åóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÊóÃúæöíáõåõ ; áöÃóäøó Çáúíóãöíäó ÅöäøóãóÇ Êóßõæäõ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÇÑöËö ÎóÇÕøóÉð áóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö. æóÊóÃúæöíáõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöäóÇ: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ íõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäúßõãú ÎóãúÓõæäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóÇáöÝõ åõãõ ÇáúæóÑóËóÉõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÍúáöÝõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó(3/140)
ÇáúÃóÞóÇÑöÈö ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúæóÑóËóÉö¡ íóÍúáöÝõ ßõáøõ ÇáúæóÑóËóÉö ÐõßõæÑðÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Ãóæú ÅöäóÇËðÇ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÚóãúÏðÇ Ãóæú ÎóØóÃð¡ åóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö. æóæóÇÝóÞóäóÇ ãóÇáößñ ÝöíãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÊúáõ ÎóØóÃð¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÍúáöÝõ ÇáúÃóÞóÇÑöÈõ ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúáöÝõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ æóáóÇ ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäõ. æóæóÇÝóÞóåõ ÑóÈöíÚóÉõ æóÇááøóíúËõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÏóÇæõÏõ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö. ÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö Çáäøóæóæöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÃúæöíáó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæøóáõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÈóÚöíÏñ ãöäú ÙóÇåöÑö ÇááøóÝúÙö¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÕóÑøöÍõ ÈöÊóãúíöíÒö ÇáúÎóãúÓöíäó ÈöÇáÑøóÌõáö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó æóÛóíúÑöåö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÈúÏóÃó ÈöÃóíúãóÇäö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÇáÏøóãö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ; ÝóÅöäú ÍóáóÝõæÇ ÇÓúÊóÍóÞøõæÇ ÇáúÞóæóÏó Ãóæö ÇáÏøöíóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö¡ æóÅöäú äóßóáõæÇ ÑõÏøöÊö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú ; ÝóÅöäú ÍóáóÝõæåóÇ ÈõÑøöÆõæÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ áöÞóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÝóÊõÈúÑöÆõßõãú íóåõæÏõ ÈöÃóíúãóÇäö ÎóãúÓöíäó ãöäúåõãú» Ãóíú íóÈúÑóÁõæäó ãöäúßõãú ÈöÐóáößó. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉõ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉõ æóÃóÈõæ ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö æóÇááøóíúËõ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãú ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóÐóåóÈó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõãú Åöäú ÍóáóÝõæÇ áóÒöãó Ãóåúáó ÇáúãóÍöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí æõÌöÏó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞóÊöíáõ Ãóäú íõÛóÑøóãõæÇ ÇáÏøöíóÉó¡ æóÐóßóÑó äóÍúæóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÑöæóÇíóÉð Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó. æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÃóáúÒóãóåõãõ ÇáÏøöíóÉó ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÍóáóÝõæÇ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÈúÏóÃó ÈöÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóáóÇ ÍóáöÝó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÚöäúÏóåõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Åöäö ÇãúÊóäóÚó ÇáúãõÏøóÚõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÍóáöÝö æóáóãú íóÑúÖóæúÇ ÈöÃóíúãóÇäö ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó íõÚúØöí ÏöíóÊóåõ ãöäú ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÇáö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÚóáó ßóÐóáößó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÞõæáõ: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ [33 \ 21] .
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Åöäú ÑõÏøóÊö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: áóÇ íóÈúÑóÃõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäúåõãú ÍóÊøóì íóÍúáöÝó ÈöÇäúÝöÑóÇÏöåö ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÊõæóÒøóÚõ ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÚóÏóÏöåöãú.
ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ Ýöí ÇáúãõæóØøóÃö: æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãóÇ ÓóãöÚúÊõ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö: ÊõÞóÓøóãõ ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäõ Èóíúäóåõãú Úóáóì ÚóÏóÏöåöãú ÈöÇáÓøóæöíøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÊóÓóÇæõæäó. æóáöáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÞóæúáóÇäö ßóÇáúãóÐúåóÈóíúäö ÇááøóÐóíúäö ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇãúÊóäóÚó ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó Çáúíóãöíäö ÝóÞöíáó íõÍúÈóÓõæäó ÍóÊøóì íóÍúáöÝõæÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ(3/141)
ãóÇáößò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉó íóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäú ØóÇáó ÍóÈúÓõåõãú æóáóãú íóÍúáöÝõæÇ ÊõÑößõæÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÌóáúÏõ ãöÇÆóÉò æóÍóÈúÓõ ÓóäóÉò¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ áöåóÐóÇ ÏóáöíáðÇ¡ æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏöí: Ãóäøóåõãú ÊóáúÒóãõåõãõ ÇáÏøöíóÉõ Èöäõßõæáöåöãú Úóäö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÍóÑúÈõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóåõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ; áöÃóäøóåõ Íõßúãñ ËóÈóÊó ÈöÇáäøõßõæáö ÝóËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÍóÞøöåöãú åóÇåõäóÇ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáÏøóÚóÇæóì ; ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓõ: ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÃóÞóáøö ÇáúÚóÏóÏö ÇáøóÐöí íóÕöÍøõ Ãóäú íóÍúáöÝó ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ; ÝóÐóåóÈó ãóÇáößñ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Ãóäú íóÍúáöÝó ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóãúÏö ÃóÞóáøõ ãöäú ÑóÌõáóíúäö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó áöáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÇÈúäñ æóÇÍöÏñ ãóËóáðÇ ÇÓúÊóÚóÇäó ÈöÑóÌõáò ÂÎóÑó ãöäú ÚóÕóÈóÉö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö æóáóæú ÛóíúÑó æóÇÑöËò íóÍúáöÝõ ãóÚóåõ ÃóíúãóÇäóåóÇ¡ æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÏóáöíáðÇ åõæó ÕöÍøóÉõ ÇÓúÊöÚóÇäóÉö ÇáúæóÇÑöËö ÈöÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúæóÇÑöËöíäó Ýöí ÃóíúãóÇäö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó áöÍõæóíøöÕóÉó æóãõÍóíøöÕóÉó: «íóÍúáöÝõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäúßõãú.» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. æóåõãóÇ ÇÈúäóÇ Úóãøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö¡ æóáóÇ íóÑöËóÇäö Ýöíåö áöæõÌõæÏö ÃóÎöíåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó áóåõãú «íóÍúáöÝõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäúßõãú» ¡ æóåõæó íóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú áöÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö Óóåúáò ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ æóÇÑöËõæäó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÑöËõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÎõæåõ æóãóäú åõæó Ýöí ÏóÑóÌóÊöåö Ãóæú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãöäúåõ äóÓóÈðÇ.
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝõæäó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó áöáúãóÌúãõæÚö ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú¡ æóåõæó ÇáúæóÇÑöËõæäó ãöäúåõãú Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåöãú æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÈõÚúÏõåõ ; ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÍóáöÝó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú íóãöíäðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÞóáøó ãöäú Ðóáößó æõÒøöÚóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇÓúÊöÍúÞóÇÞöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö¡ ÝóÅöäú äóßóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÑõÏøó äóÕöíÈõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÞöíäó Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÇßöáõ ãõÚöíäðÇ áóÇ æóÇÑöËðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó æóÇÑöËðÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÚóÝúæõåõ Úóäö ÇáÏøóãö¡ ÓóÞóØó ÇáúÞóæóÏõ Èöäõßõæáöåö¡ æóÑõÏøóÊö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåöãú Úóáóì äóÍúæö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ. åóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóØóÃö ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóíóÍúáöÝõ ÃóíúãóÇäóåóÇ ÇáúæóÇÑöËõæäó Úóáóì ÞóÏúÑö ÃóäúÕöÈóÇÆöåöãú¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íõæÌóÏú ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ æóáóæö ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ÍóáóÝó ÇáúÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ ßõáøóåóÇ æóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó äóÕöíÈóåõ ãöäó ÇáÏøöíóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÍóÊøóì íóÍúáöÝó ÇáúæóÑóËóÉõ ÎóÇÕøóÉð ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÞóáøõæÇ Ãóãú ßóËõÑõæÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúæóÑóËóÉõ ÎóãúÓöíäó ÍóáöÝó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú íóãöíäðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÞóáøó Ãóæú äóßóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÑõÏøóÊö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÞöíäó¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ ÍóáóÝó ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ æóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó ÍóÊøóì áóæú ßóÇäó ãóäú íóÑöËõ ÈöÇáúÝóÑúÖö æóÇáÊøóÚúÕöíÈö Ãóæú ÈöÇáäøóÓóÈö æóÇáúæóáóÇÁö ÍóáóÝó æóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõÓúÊóÍóÞøõ ÈöåóÇ(3/142)
ÇáÏøöíóÉõ áóÇ ÇáúÞöÕóÇÕõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ ÝóÚóäúåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøóåõ íóÍúáöÝõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ ßõáøõ ÑóÌõáò íóÍúáöÝõ íóãöíäðÇ æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ ÝóÅöäú æõÌöÏóÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäú æóÑóËóÉö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÝóÐóáößó¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ßõãøöáóÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÕóÈóÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÑöËõæäó¡ ÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈö ãöäúåõãú ÝóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈö ÍóÊøóì ÊóÊöãøó ÇáúÎóãúÓõæäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáñ áöãóÇáößò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÈóÚúÖö ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö ÍóÏöíËö Óóåúáò ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉö Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö.
æóÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÍúáöÝõ ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúæóÑóËóÉõ ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ æóÊõæóÒøóÚõ Úóáóíúåöãú Úóáóì ÞóÏúÑö ãöíÑóÇËö ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõäú ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ ÍóáóÝó ÇáúÎóãúÓöíäó æóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó áóÇ íóÍúáöÝúäó ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúæóÑóËóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáÐøõßõæÑõ ÎóÇÕøóÉð. æóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ åöíó ÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÎöÑóÞöíøö¡ æóÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇãöÏò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõ áóÇ íóÍúáöÝõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÎóãúÓõæäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÍöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí æõÌöÏó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞóÊöíáõ¡ ÝóíõÞúÓöãõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãóÇ ÞóÊóáõæåõ æóáóÇ ÚóáöãõæÇ áóåõ ÞóÇÊöáðÇ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ßóáóÇãó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöíãóäú íóÍúáöÝõ ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ æõÒøöÚóÊú Úóáóì ÚóÏóÏò ÃóÞóáøó ãöäó ÇáúÎóãúÓöíäó æóæóÞóÚó ÝöíåóÇ ÇäúßöÓóÇÑñ¡ ÝóÅöäú ÊóÓóÇæóæúÇ ÌõÈöÑó ÇáúßóÓúÑõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÎóáøóÝó ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáõ ËóáóÇËóÉó Èóäöíäó ; ÝóÅöäøó Úóáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ËõáõËó ÇáúÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÓöÊøó ÚóÔúÑóÉó æóËõáõËóÇäö¡ ÝóíõÊóãøóãõ ÇáúßóÓúÑõ Úóáóì ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú¡ ÝóíóÍúáöÝõ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÓóÈúÚó ÚóÔúÑóÉó íóãöíäðÇ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: íóáúÒóãõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚö Ýöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö Úóáóì ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÕöíÑõ ÈöÐóáößó ÅöÍúÏóì æóÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó äóÞúÕó ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö Úóäú ÎóãúÓöíäó áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ¡ æóÊóÍúãöíáõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúæóÑóËóÉö ÒöíóÇÏóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ¡ ÝóÚõáöãó ÇÓúÊöæóÇÄõåõãú Ýöí ÌóÈúÑö ÇáúßóÓúÑö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö Çáúíóãöíäõ ÇáúãõäúßóÓöÑóÉõ áóãú íóÓúÊóæö Ýöí ÞóÏúÑö ßóÓúÑöåóÇ ÇáúÍóÇáöÝõæäó¡ ßóÃóäú ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏöåöãú äöÕúÝõåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ÂÎóÑó ËõáõËõåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ÂÎóÑó ÓõÏõÓõåóÇ¡ ÍóáóÝóåóÇ ãóäú Úóáóíúåö äöÕúÝõåóÇ ÊóÛúáöíÈðÇ áöáúÃóßúËóÑö¡ æóáóÇ ÊõÌúÈóÑõ Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáËøõáõËö æóÇáÓøõÏõÓö. æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõãú: ÊõÌúÈóÑõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌóãöíÚö. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.(3/143)
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: íóÍúáöÝõ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúãõÏøóÚöíäó ÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÊóÓóÇæóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö Ãóæö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöíåö. æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏó ãöäúåõãú áóæö ÇäúÝóÑóÏó áóÍóáóÝó ÇáúÎóãúÓöíäó íóãöíäðÇ ßõáøóåóÇ. ÞóÇáó: æóãóÇ íóÍúáöÝõåõ ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ íóÍúáöÝõåõ ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö ßóÇáúíóãöíäö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏóÉö Ýöí ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáÏøóÚóÇæóì.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÚöíÏñ ÝöíãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËó ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÊõÕóÑøöÍõ ÈöÃóäøó ÚóÏóÏó ÃóíúãóÇäöåóÇ ÎóãúÓõæäó ÝóÞóØú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÞóÏú ÊóÕöíÑõ Èöåö ãöÆóÇÊò ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÏöÓõ: áóÇ íõÞúÊóáõ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íõæÌöÈõ ÇáúÞóæóÏó ÈöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÃóßúËóÑö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó ÈöÇáúÞóæóÏö ÈöåóÇ¡ ãöäúåõãú ãóÇáößñ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö æóÛóíúÑõåõãú.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ æóÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö:
«íõÞúÓöãõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäúßõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúåõãú ÝóíõÏúÝóÚõ ÈöÑõãøóÊöåö.» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó. ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÈóíóÇäö Íõßúãö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö: «íõÞúÓöãõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäúßõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúåõãú» íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóíúÓó áóåõãú Ãóäú íõÞúÓöãõæÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö æóÇÍöÏò. æóÞöíáó: íõÓúÊóÍóÞøõ ÈöÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóíøöäóÉñ ãõæÌöÈóÉñ áöáúÞóæóÏö¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóæóì ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ ßóÇáúÈóíøöäóÉö¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí.
æóåóáú ÊõÓúãóÚõ ÇáÏøóÚúæóì Ýöí ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãõÚóíøóäò Ãóæú áóÇ¿ æóåóáú ÊõÓúãóÚõ Úóáóì ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú æóÇÍöÏò Ãóæú áóÇ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÊõÓúãóÚõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãõÚóíøóäò¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ ÈöÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö ÈöÎóíúÈóÑó ; áöÃóäøó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁóåõ ÇÏøóÚóæúÇ Úóáóì íóåõæÏö ÎóíúÈóÑó. æóÐóåóÈóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÏøóÚúæóì ÝöíåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÓúãóÚõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ãõÚóíøóäò¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúíóåõæÏö æóÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó ÝöíåóÇ: «íõÞúÓöãõ ÎóãúÓõæäó ãöäúßõãú Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäúåõãú» ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÏøóÚóì Úóáóíúåö áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íõÚóíøóäó.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ãóäö ÇÔúÊóÑóØó ßóæúäóåóÇ Úóáóì ãõÚóíøóäò: áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú Êóßõæäó Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÍúãóÏó æóãóÇáößò.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑöØõ ßóæúäóåóÇ Úóáóì ãõÚóíøóäò: íóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÍóáöÝõ Úóáóì ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãõÚóíøóäöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝóåõãú: åóáú íóÌõæÒõ ÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö Ãóæú áóÇ íõÞúÊóáõ ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÔúåóÈõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ãóÇáößò: áóåõãú Ãóäú íóÍúáöÝõæÇ Úóáóì ÌóãóÇÚóÉò æóíóÎúÊóÇÑõæÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ áöáúÞóÊúáö¡(3/144)
æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÝõ ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßó Èöåö Úöáúãñ Åöäøó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÈóÕóÑó æóÇáúÝõÄóÇÏó ßõáøõ ÃõæáóÆößó ßóÇäó Úóäúåõ ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ (36)
æóíõÓúÌóäõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÚóÇãðÇ¡ æóíõÖúÑóÈõæäó ãöÇÆóÉð.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö: æóåõæó Þóæúáñ áóãú íõÓúÈóÞú Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚõ: ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÃóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÊõÍúáóÝõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÊøö¡ æóÏóÚúæóì ÇáúÞóÊúáö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÊøö¡ ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ßóíúÝó íóÍúáöÝõ ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈõ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑò áóãú íóÍúÖõÑúåõ¡ æóßóíúÝó íóÃúÐóäõ ÇáÔøóÇÑöÚõ Ýöí åóÐöåö Çáúíóãöíäö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãöäó ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãóÚúáõæãò¿
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó ÛóáóÈóÉó ÇáÙøóäøö ÊóßúÝöí Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú ÛóáóÈó Úóáóì Ùóäøöåö ÛóáóÈóÉñ ÞóæöíøóÉñ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÊóáóåõ ÍóáóÝó Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóÛúáöÈú Úóáóì Ùóäøöåö ÛóáóÈóÉñ ÞóæöíøóÉñ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ áóåõ ÇáúÅöÞúÏóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóáöÝö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇãöäõ: Åöäú ãóÇÊó ãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íõÍóáøöÝóåóÇ ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åöáóì æóÇÑöËöåö ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö¡ æóßóÇäóÊú Èóíúäóåõãú Úóáóì ÍóÓóÈö ãóæóÇÑöíËöåöãú¡ æóíõÌúÈóÑõ ÇáúßóÓúÑõ ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ßóãóÇ íõÌúÈóÑõ Ýöí ÍóÞøö æóÑóËóÉö ÇáúÞóÊöíáö Úóáóì äóÍúæö ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ãóÇÊó Úóäú ÍóÞøò ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åöáóì æóÇÑöËöåö.
æóáúäóßúÊóÝö ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáúÞóÓóÇãóÉö ÎóæúÝó ÇáúÅöØóÇáóÉö ÇáúãõãöáøóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÃóÍúßóÇãóåóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãõÊóÔóÚøöÈóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóÓóØó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö.
ÛóÑöíÈóÉñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö
æóåöíó Ãóäøó ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÇÓúÊóäúÈóØó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ ÃóíøóÇãó ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö Èóíúäó Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÈóíúäó ãõÚóÇæöíóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóáúØóäóÉó æóÇáúãõáúßó ÓóíóßõæäóÇäö áöãõÚóÇæöíóÉó¡ áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ÚõËúãóÇäó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóåõæó ãóÞúÊõæáñ ÙõáúãðÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÞõæáõ: æóãóäú ÞõÊöáó ãóÙúáõæãðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöæóáöíøöåö ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 33] ¡ æóßóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöäúÈóÇØõ Úóäúåõ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó¡ æóÓóÇÞó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÈöÓóäóÏöåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøö Ýöí ãõÚúÌóãöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇÓúÊöäúÈóÇØñ ÛóÑöíÈñ ÚóÌöíÈñ¡ æóáúäóßúÊóÝö ÈöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáúãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉö ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÎóæúÝó ÇáúÅöØóÇáóÉö ÇáúãõãöáøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÝõ ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßó Èöåö Úöáúãñ Åöäøó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÈóÕóÑó æóÇáúÝõÄóÇÏó ßõáøõ ÃõæáóÆößó ßóÇäó Úóäúåõ ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ
äóåóì Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóåõ Èöåö Úöáúãñ¡ æóíóÔúãóáõ Ðóáößó Þóæúáóåõ: ÑóÃóíúÊõ¡ æóáóãú íóÑó. æóÓóãöÚúÊõ¡ æóáóãú íóÓúãóÚú¡ æóÚóáöãúÊõ¡ æóáóãú íóÚúáóãú. æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ßõáøõ Þóæúáò ÈöáóÇ Úöáúãò¡ æóÃóäú íóÚúãóáó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõßõãú ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö æóÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö æóÃóäú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó(3/145)
[2 \ 169] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö:
Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó ÑóÈøöíó ÇáúÝóæóÇÍöÔó ãóÇ ÙóåóÑó ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ ÈóØóäó æóÇáúÅöËúãó æóÇáúÈóÛúíó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÃóäú ÊõÔúÑößõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ãóÇ áóãú íõäóÒøöáú Èöåö ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ æóÃóäú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [7 \ 33] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøóäøö Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÙøóäøö ÅöËúãñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [49 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú Âááøóåõ ÃóÐöäó áóßõãú Ãóãú Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÝúÊóÑõæäó [10 \ 59] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøó ÇáÙøóäøó áóÇ íõÛúäöí ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö ÔóíúÆðÇ [53 \ 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ áóåõãú Èöåö ãöäú Úöáúãò ÅöáøóÇ ÇÊøöÈóÇÚó ÇáÙøóäøö [4 \ 157] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ Ýöí Ðóãøö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÚöáúãö Çáúãóäúåöíøö Úóäúåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö - ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «ÅöíøóÇßõãú æóÇáÙøóäøó¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÙøóäøó ÃóßúÐóÈõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö» .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÃóÎóÐó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãóäúÚó ÇáÊøóÞúáöíÏö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: áöÃóäøóåõ ÇÊøöÈóÇÚõ ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: áóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÞúáöíÏó ÇáúÃóÚúãóì ÇáøóÐöí Ðóãøó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÊóÏõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ æóÛóíúÑõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì ãóäúÚöåö¡ æóßõÝúÑö ãõÊøóÈöÚöåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãõ ÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú äóÊøóÈöÚõ ãóÇ ÃóáúÝóíúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó [5 \ 104] æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãú ÊóÚóÇáóæúÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ æóÅöáóì ÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÞóÇáõæÇ ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ ãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó [5 \ 104] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãõ ÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú äóÊøóÈöÚõ ãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ íóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÚöíÑö [31 \ 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóãú ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö Ýóåõãú Èöåö ãõÓúÊóãúÓößõæäó Èóáú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Úóáóì ÃõãøóÉò æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó Ýöí ÞóÑúíóÉò ãöäú äóÐöíÑò ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÇáó ãõÊúÑóÝõæåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ Úóáóì ÃõãøóÉò æóÅöäøóÇ Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú ãõÞúÊóÏõæäó ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóæú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú ÈöÃóåúÏóì ãöãøóÇ æóÌóÏúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö ÂÈóÇÁóßõãú [21 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõäóÇ ÊõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú ÊóÕõÏøõæäóÇ ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóÚúÈõÏõ ÂÈóÇÄõäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 10] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö ßóÇÈúäö ÍóÒúãò æóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóåõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ æóÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Úóáóì ãóäúÚö ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóÊóÖúáöíáö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáö Èöåö¡ æóãóäúÚö ÇáÊøóÞúáöíÏö ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö - Ýóåõæó ãöäú æóÖúÚö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóæúÖöÚöåö¡ æóÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÈöÛóíúÑö ãóÚúäóÇåõ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí(3/146)
ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉó ÓõÄóÇáö ÇáúÌóÇåöáö áöáúÚóÇáöãö æóÚóãóáöåö ÈöÝõÊúíóÇåõ ÃóãúÑñ ãóÚúáõæãñ ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ÈöÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÇáúÚóÇãøöíøõ íóÓúÃóáõ ÈóÚúÖó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóíõÝúÊöíåö ÝóíóÚúãóáõ ÈöÝõÊúíóÇåõ¡ æóáóãú íõäúßöÑú Ðóáößó ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ; ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Åöäú áóãú íõæÌóÏú ÝöíåóÇ äóÕøñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉö äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõ ÇáúÚóÇáöãö ÍöíäóÆöÐò ÈöÞóÏúÑö ØóÇÞóÊöåö Ýöí ÊóÝóåøõãö ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö æóÓõäøóÉö äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöíóÚúÑöÝó Íõßúãó ÇáúãóÓúßõæÊö Úóäúåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóäúØõæÞö Èöåö - áóÇ æóÌúåó áöãóäúÚöåö¡ æóßóÇäó ÌóÇÑöíðÇ Èóíúäó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóáóãú íõäúßöÑúåõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó. æóÓóäõæÖøöÍõ ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö æóÇáúÍóÔúÑö» ãóÓúÃóáóÉó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö¡ æóÇÓúÊöäúÈóÇØö Íõßúãö ÇáúãóÓúßõæÊö Úóäúåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóäúØõæÞö Èöåö ÈöÅöáúÍóÇÞöåö Èöåö¡ ÞöíóÇÓðÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöáúÍóÇÞõ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóäõÈóíøöäõ ÃóÏöáøóÉó Ðóáößó¡ æóäõæóÖøöÍõ ÑóÏøó ÔõÈóåö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝöíäó ßóÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö æóÇáäøóÙøóÇãö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÞóæúáöåöãú Ýöí ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌöåöãú ÈöÃóÍóÇÏöíËó æóÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú¡ æóÈöÔõÈóåò ÚóÞúáöíøóÉò ÍóÊøóì íóÊøóÖöÍó ÈõØúáóÇäõ ÌóãöíÚö Ðóáößó.
æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ åõäóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó íõÚúÑóÝõ Èöåö ÕöÍøóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö æóÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÝöíãóÇ áóÇ äóÕøó Ýöíåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÅöáúÍóÇÞó ÇáäøóÙöíÑö ÈöäóÙöíÑöåö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóíúåö ÛóíúÑõ ãõÎóÇáöÝò áöáÔøóÑúÚö ÇáúßóÑöíãö.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøó ÅöáúÍóÇÞó ÇáúãóÓúßõæÊö Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúãóäúØõæÞö Èöåö ÈöäóÝúíö ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ áóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íõäúßöÑõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãõßóÇÈöÑñ¡ æóåõæó äóæúÚñ ãöäó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÇáúÌóáöíøö¡ æóíõÓóãøöíåö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ «ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö» æóÃóßúËóÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö áóÇ íõØúáöÞõæäó Úóáóíúåö ÇÓúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÅöáúÍóÇÞõ ãóÓúßõæÊò Úóäúåõ ÈöãóäúØõæÞò Èöåö áöÚóÏóãö ÇáúÝóÑúÞö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ; ÃóÚúäöí ÇáúÝóÑúÞó ÇáúãõÄóËøöÑó Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö.
æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞõáú áóåõãóÇ ÃõÝøò [17 \ 23] ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÔõßøõ ÚóÇÞöáñ Ýöí Ãóäøó Çáäøóåúíó Úóäö ÇáÊøóÃóÝøõÝö ÇáúãóäúØõæÞö Èöåö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Çáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáÖøóÑúÈö ÇáúãóÓúßõæÊö Úóäúåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ æóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÔóÑøðÇ íóÑóåõ [99 \ 7¡ 8] ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ Ôóßøó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍó ÈöÇáúãõÄóÇÎóÐóÉö ÈöãöËóÇáö ÇáÐøóÑøóÉö æóÇáúÅöËóÇÈóÉö Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãóäúØõæÞõ Èöåö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄóÇÎóÐóÉö¡ æóÇáúÅöËóÇÈóÉö ÈöãöËúÞóÇáö ÇáúÌóÈóáö ÇáúãóÓúßõæÊö Úóäúåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÔúåöÏõæÇ Ðóæóíú ÚóÏúáò ÇáúÂíóÉó [65 \ 2] ¡ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÔóåóÇÏóÉó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉò ÚõÏõæáò ãóÞúÈõæáóÉñ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ãóÓúßõæÊðÇ ÚóäúåóÇ.
æóäóåúíõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäö ÇáÊøóÖúÍöíóÉö ÈöÇáúÚóæúÑóÇÁö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Çáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáÊøóÖúÍöíóÉö ÈöÇáúÚóãúíóÇÁö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ãóÓúßõæÊñ Úóäúåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÃúßõáõæäó ÃóãúæóÇáó ÇáúíóÊóÇãóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 10] ¡ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ(3/147)
íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóäúÚö ÅöÍúÑóÇÞö ãóÇáö ÇáúíóÊöíãö æóÅöÛúÑóÇÞöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó ÅöÊúáóÇÝñ áóåõ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍóÞøò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóäú ÃóÚúÊóÞó ÔöÑúßðÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÚóÈúÏò ÝóßóÇäó áóåõ ãóÇáñ íóÈúáõÛõ Ëóãóäó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Þõæøöãó Úóáóíúåö ÞöíãóÉó ÚóÏúáò¡ ÝóÃõÚúØöíó ÔõÑóßóÇÄõåõ ÍöÕóÕóåõãú æóÚóÊóÞó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÞóÏó ÚóÊóÞó ãöäúåõ ãóÇ ÚóÊóÞó» íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÚúÊóÞó ÔöÑúßðÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÃóãóÉò ÝóÍõßúãõåõ ßóÐóáößó¡ áöãóÇ ÚõÑöÝó ãöäó ÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÁö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö Ãóäøó ÇáÐøõßõæÑóÉó æóÇáúÃõäõæËóÉó ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÚöÊúÞö æóÕúÝóÇäö ØóÑúÏöíøóÇäö áóÇ ÊóÃúËöíÑó áóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáúÚöÊúÞö æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÇ ÛóíúÑó ØóÑúÏöíøóíúäö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÚöÊúÞö ßóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö æóÇáúãöíÑóÇËö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ íóÞúÖöíóäøó Íóßóãñ Èóíúäó ÇËúäóíúäö æóåõæó ÛóÖúÈóÇäõ» ¡ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóäúÚö ÞóÖóÇÁö ÇáúÍóßóãö Ýöí ßõáøö ÍóÇáò íóÍúÕõáõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáÊøóÔúæöíÔõ ÇáúãóÇäöÚõ ãöäó ÇÓúÊöíÝóÇÁö ÇáäøóÙóÑö ; ßóÇáúÌõæÚö æóÇáúÚóØóÔö ÇáúãõÝúÑöØóíúäö¡ æóÇáÓøõÑõæÑö æóÇáúÍõÒúäö ÇáúãõÝúÑöØóíúäö¡ æóÇáúÍóÞúäö æóÇáúÍóÞúÈö ÇáúãõÝúÑöØóíúäö.
æóäóåúíõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäö ÇáúÈóæúáö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇßöÏö¡ áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Çáäøóåúíö Úóäö ÇáúÈóæúáö Ýöí ÞóÇÑõæÑóÉò ãóËóáðÇ¡ æóÕóÈøö ÇáúÈóæúáö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇÑõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÇßöÏö ; ÅöÐú áóÇ ÝóÑúÞó íõÄóËøöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö Èóíúäó ÇáúÈóæúáö Ýöíåö ãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉð æóÕóÈøöåö Ýöíåö ãöäú ÞóÇÑõæÑóÉò æóäóÍúæöåóÇ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÎóÇáöÝó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãõßóÇÈöÑñ. æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáðÇ ÈöãóäúØõæÞò Èöåö Úóáóì ãóÓúßõæÊò Úóäúåõ. æóßóÐóáößó äóæúÚõ ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ Ýöí ÇÕúØöáóÇÍö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö «ÈöÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúãóäóÇØö» áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõäúßöÑóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãõßóÇÈöÑñ¡ æóãóÓóÇÆöáõåõ ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ãõßóÇÈöÑò áóÇ íõÍöíØõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÍóÕúÑõ¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ ÃóãúËöáóÉð ãöäúåóÇ ; Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÍúßõãõ Èöåö ÐóæóÇ ÚóÏúáò ãöäúßõãú [5 \ 95] Ýóßóæúäõ ÇáÕøóíúÏö ÇáúãóÞúÊõæáö íõãóÇËöáõåõ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ÇáúãõÚóíøóäõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÚóãö ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏñ Ýöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ãóäóÇØö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ãõÍúßóãö ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ ÞóÇØöÚñ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö Þóæúáö ãóäú íóÌúÚóáõ ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏó Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ãõÓúÊóÍöíáðÇ ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞõ Úóáóì ÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö æóÇÌöÈñ¡ æóÊóÍúÏöíÏõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇááøóÇÒöãö áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ýöíåö ãöäú äóæúÚò ãöäó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö Ýöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ãóäóÇØö Ðóáößó ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóÞöíóãõ ÇáúãõÊúáóÝóÇÊö æóÇÌöÈóÉñ Úóáóì ãóäú ÃóÊúáóÝó¡ æóÊóÍúÏöíÏõ ÇáúÞóÏúÑö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈö áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏò¡ æóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ áóÇ ÊõÕúÑóÝõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ãóÕúÑöÝöåóÇ¡ ßóÇáúÝóÞöíÑö æóáóÇ íõÚúáöãõ ÝóÞúÑõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóãóÇÑóÇÊò ÙóäøöíøóÉò íõÌúÊóåóÏõ Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ; áöÃóäøó ÍóÞöíÞóÉó ÇáúÈóÇØöäö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÍúßóãõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáúÚóÏúáö¡ æóÚóÏóÇáóÊõåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊõÚúáóãõ ÈöÃóãóÇÑóÇÊò ÙóäøöíøóÉò íõÌúÊóåóÏõ Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÝóÊöåóÇ ÈöÞóÑóÇÆöäö ÇáúÃóÎúÐö æóÇáúÅöÚúØóÇÁö æóØõæáö ÇáúãõÚóÇÔóÑóÉö. æóßóÐóáößó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑöíäó Ýöí ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö ÈöÇáúÃóãóÇÑóÇÊö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íõÍúÕóì.
æóãöäó ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö Ýöí ãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÓúáöãõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ íóÍúíóì Èúäõ(3/148)
íóÍúíóì ÇáÊøóãöíãöíøõ¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ Úóäú íóÒöíÏó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÃõÓóÇãóÉó Èúäö ÇáúåóÇÏö¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ Úóäú ÈõÓúÑö Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÞóíúÓò ãóæúáóì ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÅöÐóÇ Íóßóãó ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ ÝóÇÌúÊóåóÏó Ëõãøó ÃóÕóÇÈó Ýóáóåõ ÃóÌúÑóÇäö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ Íóßóãó ÝóÇÌúÊóåóÏó Ëõãøó ÃóÎúØóÃó Ýóáóåõ ÃóÌúÑñ» .
æóÍóÏøóËóäöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ Èúäõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÚõãóÑó ßöáóÇåõãóÇ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏö ãöËúáóåõ¡ æóÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÚóÞöÈö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: ÞóÇáó íóÒöíÏõ: ÝóÍóÏøóËúÊõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑö Èúäó ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÍóÒúãò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: åóßóÐóÇ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÃóÈõæ ÓóáóãóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÏøóÇÑöãöíøõ: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ãóÑúæóÇäõ - íóÚúäöí ÇÈúäó ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøó - ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇááøóíúËõ Èúäõ ÓóÚúÏò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí íóÒöíÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÃõÓóÇãóÉó Èúäö ÇáúåóÇÏö ÇááøóíúËöíøõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ ãöËúáó ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÈöÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏóíúäö ÌóãöíÚðÇ. ÇäúÊóåóì.
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö¡ æóÍõÕõæáö ÇáúÃóÌúÑö Úóáóì Ðóáößó æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÌúÊóåöÏõ ãõÎúØöÆðÇ Ýöí ÇÌúÊöåóÇÏöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÞúØóÚõ ÏóÚúæóì ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö ãóäúÚó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö¡ æóÊóÖúáöíáó ÝóÇÚöáöåö æóÇáúÞóÇÆöáö Èöåö ÞóØúÚðÇ ÈóÇÊøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ: ÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó Ýöí ÍóÇßöãò ÚóÇáöãò Ãóåúáò áöáúÍõßúãö ; ÝóÅöäú ÃóÕóÇÈó Ýóáóåõ ÃóÌúÑóÇäö: ÃóÌúÑñ ÈöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏöåö¡ æóÃóÌúÑñ ÈöÅöÕóÇÈóÊöåö¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÎúØóÃó Ýóáóåõ ÃóÌúÑñ ÈöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏöåö. æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ Ãóäú íóÍúßõãó ÝóÇÌúÊóåóÏó. ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú áóíúÓó ÈöÃóåúáò áöáúÍõßúãö ÝóáóÇ íóÍöáøõ áóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ¡ ÝóÅöäú Íóßóãó ÝóáóÇ ÃóÌúÑó áóåõ Èóáú åõæó ÂËöãñ¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÚóÞöÏõ Íõßúãõåõ ÓóæóÇÁñ æóÇÝóÞó ÇáúÍóÞøó Ãóãú áóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÅöÕóÇÈóÊóåõ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉñ áóíúÓóÊú ÕóÇÏöÑóÉð Úóäú ÃóÕúáò ÔóÑúÚöíøò¡ Ýóåõæó ÚóÇÕò Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóÍúßóÇãöåö ÓóæóÇÁñ æóÇÝóÞó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈó Ãóãú áóÇ¡ æóåöíó ãóÑúÏõæÏóÉñ ßõáøõåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõÚúÐóÑõ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ðóáößó. æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÇáÓøõäóäö: «ÇáúÞõÖóÇÉõ ËóáóÇËóÉñ: ÞóÇÖò Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÇËúäóÇäö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö. ÞóÇÖò ÚóÑóÝó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÝóÞóÖóì Èöåö Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÞóÇÖò ÚóÑóÝó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÝóÞóÖóì ÈöÎöáóÇÝöåö Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÇÖò ÞóÖóì Úóáóì Ìóåúáò Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö» ÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö Çáäøóæóæöíøö.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö åõæó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏõ Ýöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúãóäóÇØö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏö.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÕóÑúÝñ áößóáóÇãöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäú ÙóÇåöÑöåö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö Ïóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÐóáößó ãóãúäõæÚñ.(3/149)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÈóÇÈõ ÃóÌúÑö ÇáúÍóÇßöãö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÌúÊóåóÏó ÝóÃóÕóÇÈó Ãóæú ÃóÎúØóÃó. ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ íóÒöíÏó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÍóíúæóÉõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí íóÒöíÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÇáúåóÇÏö¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö¡ Úóäú ÈõÓúÑö Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÞóíúÓò - ãóæúáóì ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö - Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÚóÇÕö: Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÞõæáõ: «ÅöÐóÇ Íóßóãó ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ ÝóÇÌúÊóåóÏó Ëõãøó ÃóÕóÇÈó Ýóáóåõ ÃóÌúÑóÇäö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ Íóßóãó ÝóÇÌúÊóåóÏó Ëõãøó ÃóÎúØóÃó Ýóáóåõ ÃóÌúÑñ» ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÍóÏøóËúÊõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑö Èúäó ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÍóÒúãò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: åóßóÐóÇ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÃóÈõæ ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó. æóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Èúäõ ÇáúãõØøóáöÈö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓóáóãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöËúáóåõ. ÇåÜ. ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞõ Úóáóíúåö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö Þóæúáö ãóäú ãóäóÚó ÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏó ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö. æóãõÍóÇæóáóÉõ ÇÈúäö ÍóÒúãò ÊóÖúÚöíÝó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÃóíúÊó Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÃóÚúáóì ÏóÑóÌóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö áöÇÊøöÝóÇÞö ÇáÔøóíúÎóíúäö Úóáóíúåö - áóÇ ÊóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÅöÈúØóÇáöåóÇ áöÙõåõæÑö ÓõÞõæØöåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÏöíËñ ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö ãóÑúæöíøñ ÈöÃóÓóÇäöíÏó ÕóÍöíÍóÉò Úóäú ÕóÍóÇÈöíøóíúäö Ìóáöíáóíúäö ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐö Èúäö ÌóÈóáò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Íöíäó ÈóÚóËóåõ Åöáóì Çáúíóãóäö ÞóÇáó áóåõ: «ÝóÈöãó ÊóÍúßõãõ» ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÈößöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö. ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÌöÏú» ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÈöÓõäøóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÌöÏú» ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÌúÊóåöÏõ ÑóÃúíöí. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÖóÑóÈó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÕóÏúÑöåö æóÞóÇáó: «ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí æóÝøóÞó ÑóÓõæáó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöãóÇ íõÑúÖöí ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó» .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ãõÞóÏøöãóÉö ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö æóÇáÓøõäóäö ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏò ÌóíøöÏò ßóãóÇ åõæó ãõÞóÑøóÑñ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó (Ýöí ÑóæúÖóÉö ÇáäøóÇÙöÑö) ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó: ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ íóÑúæöíåö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËõ Èúäõ ÚóãúÑòæ Úóäú ÑöÌóÇáò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÍöãúÕó¡ æóÇáúÍóÇÑöËõ æóÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ ãóÌúåõæáõæäó ; ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ. ÞõáúäóÇ: ÞóÏú ÑóæóÇåõ ÚõÈóÇÏóÉõ Èúäõ äõÓóíøò¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö Ûóäúãò¡ Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ. ÇäúÊóåóì.
æóãõÑóÇÏõ ÇÈúäö ÞõÏóÇãóÉó ÙóÇåöÑñ ; áöÃóäøó ÑóÏøó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑöíøóÉö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöÌóåóÇáóÉö ãóäú ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐò ãóÑúÏõæÏñ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÑóæóÇåõ ÚõÈóÇÏóÉõ Èúäõ äõÓóíøò Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö Ûóäúãò Úóäúåõ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉõ áóíúÓóÊú åöíó ãõÑóÇÏó ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò ÈöÞóæúáöåö: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö æóÇáÓøõäóäö ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏò ÌóíøöÏò ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóíúÓóÊú Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö æóáóÇ Ýöí(3/150)
ÇáÓøõäóäö¡ æóáóÚóáøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ ÈöÌóæúÏóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏö Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÇÑöËó ÇÈúäó ÃóÎöí ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö Èúäö ÔõÚúÈóÉó æóËøóÞóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó¡ æóÃóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ãõÚóÇÐò íóÑóÇåõãú ÚõÏõæáðÇ áóíúÓó Ýöíåöãú ãóÌúÑõæÍñ æóáóÇ ãõÊøóåóãñ¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÇÓúÊöÞúÕóÇÁõ ÇáúÈóÍúËö Ýöí ØõÑõÞö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö. æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÚõÈóÇÏóÉó Èúäó äõÓóíøò ËöÞóÉñ ÝóÇÖöáñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ. æóÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ Ûóäúãò Þöíáó ÕóÍóÇÈöíøñ¡ æóÐóßóÑõåõ ÇáúÚöÌúáöíøõ Ýöí ßöÈóÇÑö ËöÞóÇÊö ÇáÊøóÇÈöÚöíäó¡ ÞóÇáóåõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö¡ æóÍóÏöíËõ ãõÚóÇÐò åóÐóÇ ÊóáóÞøóÊúåõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ ÞóÏöíãðÇ æóÍóÏöíËðÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÈõæáö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ æó «ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍóÔúÑö» ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÅöáúÍóÇÞó ÇáäøóÙöíÑö ÈöäóÙöíÑöåö Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ÌóÇÆöÒñ: ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍóíúåöãóÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Åöäøó Ãõãøöí ãóÇÊóÊú æóÚóáóíúåóÇ Õóæúãõ äõÐúÑò¡ ÃóÝóÃóÕõæãõ ÚóäúåóÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: «ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊö áóæú ßóÇäó Úóáóì Ãõãøößö Ïóíúäñ ÝóÞóÖóíúÊöåö¡ ÃóßóÇäó íõÄóÏøöí Ðóáößó ÚóäúåóÇ» ¿ ÞóÇáóÊú: äóÚóãú. ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÕõæãöí Úóäú Ãõãøößö» æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò áóåõãóÇ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Åöäøó Ãõãøöí ãóÇÊóÊú æóÚóáóíúåóÇ Õóæúãõ ÔóåúÑò¡ ÃóÝóÃóÞúÖöíåö ÚóäúåóÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: «áóæú ßóÇäó Úóáóì Ãõãøößó Ïóíúäñ¡ ÃóßõäúÊó ÞóÇÖöíóåö ÚóäúåóÇ» ¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú. ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÏóíúäõ Çááøóåö ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú íõÞúÖóì» . ÇäúÊóåóì.
æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö áóÇ íõÚóÏøõ ÇÖúØöÑóÇÈðÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ æóÞóÇÆöÚõ ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉñ: ÓóÃóáóÊúåõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ÝóÃóÝúÊóÇåóÇ¡ æóÓóÃóáóåõ ÑóÌõáñ ÝóÃóÝúÊóÇåõ ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÃóÝúÊóì Èöåö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó¡ ßóãóÇ äóÈøóåó Úóáóíúåö ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò.
æóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ÅöáúÍóÇÞö ÇáäøóÙöíÑö ÈöäóÙöíÑöåö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑößö áóåõ Ýöí ÚöáøóÉö ÇáúÍõßúãö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Èóíøóäó ÅöáúÍóÇÞó Ïóíúäö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÏóíúäö ÇáúÂÏóãöíøö¡ ÈöÌóÇãöÚö Ãóäøó Çáúßõáøó ÍóÞøñ ãõØóÇáóÈñ Èöåö ÊóÓúÞõØõ ÇáúãõØóÇáóÈóÉõ Èöåö ÈöÃóÏóÇÆöåö Åöáóì ãõÓúÊóÍóÞøöåö¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ: ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍóíúåöãóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäú Èóäöí ÝóÒóÇÑóÉó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí æóáóÏóÊú ÛõáóÇãðÇ ÃóÓúæóÏó! ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «åóáú áóßó ÅöÈöáñ» ¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú. ÞóÇáó: «ÝóãóÇ ÃóáúæóÇäõåóÇ» ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÍõãúÑñ. ÞóÇáó: «Ýóåóáú íóßõæäõ ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÃóæúÑóÞó» ¿ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÝöíåóÇ áóæõÑúÞðÇ. ÞóÇáó: «ÝóÃóäøóì ÃóÊóÇåóÇ Ðóáößó» ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó äóÒóÚóåõ ÚöÑúÞñ. ÞóÇáó: «æóåóÐóÇ ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó äóÒóÚóåõ ÚöÑúÞñ» . ÇåÜ.
ÝóåóÐóÇ äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÞöíóÇÓö ÇáäøóÙöíÑö Úóáóì äóÙöíÑöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÑóÊøóÈó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö Íõßúãñ ÔóÑúÚöíøñ¡ æóåõæó ßóæúäõ ÓóæóÇÏö ÇáúæóáóÏö ãóÚó ÈóíóÇÖö ÃóÈöíåö æóÃõãøöåö¡ áóíúÓó ãõæÌöÈðÇ áöáøöÚóÇäö ;(3/151)
Ýóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú ÓóæóÇÏóåõ ÞóÑöíäóÉð Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÒóäóÊú ÈöÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóÓúæóÏó¡ áöÅöãúßóÇäö Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ýöí ÃóÌúÏóÇÏöåö ãóäú åõæó ÃóÓúæóÏõ ÝóäóÒóÚóåõ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóæóÇÏö ÓóæóÇÏõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÌóÏøö ; ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÅöÈöáó ÇáúÍõãúÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÌöãóÇáñ æõÑúÞñ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäøó áóåóÇ ÃóÌúÏóÇÏðÇ æõÑúÞðÇ äóÒóÚóÊú ÃóáúæóÇäõåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúæõÑúÞóÉö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇÞúÊóäóÚó ÇáÓøóÇÆöáõ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÅöáúÍóÇÞö ÇáäøóÙöíÑö ÈöäóÙöíÑöåö: ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: åóÔóÔúÊõ íóæúãðÇ ÝóÞóÈøóáúÊõ æóÃóäóÇ ÕóÇÆöãñ. ÝóÃóÊóíúÊõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞõáúÊõ: ÕóäóÚúÊõ Çáúíóæúãó ÃóãúÑðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ! ÞóÈøóáúÊõ æóÃóäóÇ ÕóÇÆöãñ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó áóæú ÊóãóÖúãóÖúÊó ÈöãóÇÁò æóÃóäúÊó ÕóÇÆöãñ» ¿ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó ÈöÐóáößó. ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «Ýóãóåú» . ÇåÜ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ: ãõäúßóÑñ.
ÞõáúäóÇ: ÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÎõÒóíúãóÉó¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó¡ æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ËóÇÈöÊñ æóÅöÓúäóÇÏõåõ ÕóÍöíÍñ. ÞóÇáó: ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ íõæäõÓó ËóäóÇ ÇááøóíúËõ (Í) æóËóäóÇ ÚöíÓóì Èúäõ ÍóãøóÇÏò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÇááøóíúËõ Èúäõ ÓóÚúÏò¡ Úóäú ÈõßóíúÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çáúãóáößö Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò¡ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö: åóÔóÔúÊõ ÝóÞóÈøóáúÊõ. . Åöáóì ÂÎóÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöáóÝúÙöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÂäöÝðÇ. æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏó ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ØóÈóÞóÊóåõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ íõæäõÓó æóÚöíÓóì Èúäõ ÍóãøóÇÏò¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö íõæäõÓó ÇáúßõæÝöíøõ ÇáÊøóãöíãöíøõ ÇáúíóÑúÈõæÚöíøõ ËöÞóÉñ ÍóÇÝöÙñ¡ æóÚöíÓóì Èúäõ ÍóãøóÇÏò ÇáÊøóÌöíÈöíøõ ÃóÈõæ ãõæÓóì ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ ÇáúãõáóÞøóÈõ ÒõÛúÈóÉó¡ ËöÞóÉñ. æóØóÈóÞóÊõåõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ÇááøóíúËõ Èúäõ ÓóÚúÏö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáúÝóåúãöíøõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøõ ËöÞóÉñ ËóÈúÊñ¡ ÝóÞöíåñ ÅöãóÇãñ ãóÔúåõæÑñ. æóØóÈóÞóÊõåõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ÈõßóíúÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÇáúÃóÔóÌøö ãóæúáóì Èóäöí ãóÎúÒõæãò ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóæú ÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó ÇáúãóÏóäöíøõ¡ äóÒöíáõ ãöÕúÑó ; ËöÞóÉñ. æóØóÈóÞóÊõåõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ ÚóÈúÏõ Çáúãóáößö Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÓõæöíÏò ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøõ ÇáúãóÏóäöíøõ ËöÞóÉñ. æóØóÈóÞóÊõåõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ ÌóÇÈöÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ; ÝóåóÐóÇ ÅöÓúäóÇÏñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ÑöÌóÇáõåõ ËöÞóÇÊñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. Ýóåõæó äóÕøñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇÓó ÇáúÞõÈúáóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÖúãóÖóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÖúãóÖóÉó ãõÞóÏøöãóÉõ ÇáÔøõÑúÈö¡ æóÇáúÞõÈúáóÉó ãõÞóÏøöãóÉõ ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö¡ ÝóÇáúÌóÇãöÚõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ãóäú ßõáøðÇ ãöäúåõãóÇ ãõÞóÏøöãóÉõ ÇáúÝöØúÑö¡ æóåöíó áóÇ ÊõÝúØöÑõ ÈöÇáäøóÙóÑö áöÐóÇÊöåóÇ.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ - ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÅöáúÍóÇÞó ÇáäøóÙöíÑö ÈöäóÙöíÑöåö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑúÚö áóÇ ãõÎóÇáöÝó áóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÚóáóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÍóÓóäóÉñ [33 \ 21] ¡ æóåõæó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãú íóÝúÚóáúåõ ÅöáøóÇ áöíõäóÈøöåó ÇáäøóÇÓó áóåõ.(3/152)
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÝóÚóáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåö Ðóáößó.
ÞõáúäóÇ: ÝöÚúáõåõ ÍõÌøóÉñ Ýöí ÝöÚúáö ãöËúáö Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÚóáó¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÝóÚóáóåõ ÈöæóÍúíò ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÃóÞúæóÇáöåö æóÃóÝúÚóÇáöåö æóÊóÞúÑöíÑóÇÊöåö¡ ÝóßõáøõåóÇ ÊóËúÈõÊõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó åõæó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÚóáó ãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÈöæóÍúíò ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÎõæóíúÒö ãöäúÏóÇÏó ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö: ÊóÖóãøóäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÈöÇáúÞóÇÝóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÝõ ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßó Èöåö Úöáúãñ [17 \ 36] Ïóáøó Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ãóÇ áóäóÇ Èöåö Úöáúãñ¡ Ýóßõáøõ ãóÇ Úóáöãóåõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ Ãóæú ÛóáóÈó Úóáóì Ùóäøöåö ÌóÇÒó Ãóäú íóÍúßõãó Èöåö. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇÍúÊóÌóÌúäóÇ Úóáóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÚóÉö æóÇáúÎóÑúÕö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÖóÑúÈñ ãöäú ÛóáóÈóÉö ÇáÙøóäøö¡ æóÞóÏú íõÓóãøóì ÚöáúãðÇ ÇÊøöÓóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÞóÇÆöÝõ íõáúÍöÞõ ÇáúæóáóÏó ÈöÃóÈöíåö ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÔøóÈóåö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ íõáúÍöÞõ ÇáúÝóÞöíåõ ÇáúÝóÑúÚó ÈöÇáúÃóÕúáö Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÔøóÈóåö. æóÝöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÏóÎóáó Úóáóíøó ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ ÊóÈúÑõÞõ ÃóÓóÇÑöíÑõ æóÌúåöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: «Ãóáóãú ÊóÑóíú Ãóäú ãõÌóÒøöÒðÇ ÇáúãõÏúáöÌöíøó äóÙóÑó ÂäöÝðÇ Åöáóì ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÍóÇÑöËóÉó æóÃõÓóÇãóÉó Èúäö ÒóíúÏò ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÞóØöíÝóÉñ¡ ÞóÏú ÛóØøóíóÇ ÑõÁõæÓóåõãóÇ æóÈóÏóÊú ÃóÞúÏóÇãõåõãóÇ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇãö áóãöäú ÈóÚúÖò» æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö íõæäõÓó Èúäö íóÒöíÏó: æóßóÇäó ãõÌóÒøöÒñ ÞóÇÆöÝðÇ. ÇåÜ ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÞóÇÝóÉö¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Åöáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑöåóÇ¡ æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑöåóÇ ÈöÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇÚóäóÊú ÒóæúÌóåóÇ æóÌóÇÁóÊú ÈöæóáóÏò ÔóÈöíåò ÌöÏøðÇ Èöãóäú ÑõãöíóÊú Èöåö æóáóãú íóÚúÊóÈöÑú åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÈóåó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ýóáóãú íóÍúßõãú ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúæóáóÏó ãöäú Òöäðì æóáóãú íóÌúáöÏö ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó.
ÞóÇáõæÇ: Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóÈóåõ ÊóËúÈõÊõ Èöåö ÇáúÃóäúÓóÇÈõ áóÃóËúÈóÊó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Èöåö Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúæóáóÏó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáøóÐöí ÑõãöíóÊú Èöåö¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÅöÞóÇãóÉõ ÇáúÍóÏøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúæóáóÏó ÇÈúäõ Òöäðì¡ æóáóãú íóÝúÚóáö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ (Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøõæÑö) Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÚóÏóãö ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÞóÇÝóÉö ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåöãú.
æóÐóåóÈó ÌõãúåõæÑõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÞóÇÝóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøóäóÇÒõÚö Ýöí ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ ãõÍúÊóÌøöíäó ÈöãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÓõÑøó ÈöÞóæúáö ãõÌóÒøöÒö Èúäö ÇáúÃóÚúæóÑö ÇáúãõÏúáöÌöíøö: Åöäøó ÈóÚúÖó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇãö ãöäú ÈóÚúÖò¡ ÍóÊøóì ÈóÑóÞóÊú ÃóÓóÇÑöíÑõ æóÌúåöåö ãöäó ÇáÓøõÑõæÑö.(3/153)
ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöíõÓóÑøó ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö æóáóÇ íõÚúÌöÈóåõ¡ Èóáú ÓõÑõæÑõåõ ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáúÞóÇÆöÝö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞøö áóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÇØöáö ; áöÃóäøó ÊóÞúÑöíÑóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ßóÇÝò Ýöí ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉö ãóÇ ÞóÑøóÑó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóÍúÑóì ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ áóæú ÒóÇÏó ÇáÓøõÑõæÑõ ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÑö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÞóÇÝóÉö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ¡ Ýóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó: áóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÅöãóÇÁö Ïõæäó ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇÆöÑö. æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú ÞóÇáó: íõÞúÈóáõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÌóãöíÚö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö Ðóáößó Ýöí ÃóæúáóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÑóÇÆöÑö æóÇáúÅöãóÇÁö ; áöÃóäøó ÓõÑõæÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÞóÚó Ýöí æóáóÏö ÍõÑøóÉò¡ æóÕõæÑóÉõ ÓóÈóÈö ÇáäøõÒõæáö ÞóØúÚöíøóÉõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöáúÅöãóÇãö ãóÇáößò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: Åöäøó ÕõæÑóÉó ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ÙóäøöíøóÉõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáö¡ æóÚóÞóÏóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇÌúÒöãú ÈöÅöÏúÎóÇáö ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ... æóÇÑúæö Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÙóäøðÇ ÊõÕöÈö
ÊóäúÈöíåóÇäö
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: áóÇ ÊõÚúÊóÈóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÞóÇÝóÉö Ýöí ÔóÈóåö ãóæúáõæÏò ÈöÑóÌõáò Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú Ãõãøõåõ ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ áöÑóÌõáò ÂÎóÑó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÑóÃóì ÔöÏøóÉó ÔóÈóåö ÇáúæóáóÏö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÕóãó Ýöíåö ÓóÚúÏõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí æóÞøóÇÕò æóÚóÈúÏõ Èúäõ ÒóãúÚóÉó ÈöÚõÊúÈóÉó Èúäö ÃóÈöí æóÞøóÇÕò¡ æóáóãú íõÄóËøöÑú ÚöäúÏóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÈóåõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÓóÈö áößóæúäö Ãõãøö ÇáúæóáóÏö ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ áöÒóãúÚóÉó ; ÝóÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó «ÇáúæóáóÏõ áöáúÝöÑóÇÔö æóáöáúÚóÇåöÑö ÇáúÍóÌóÑõ» æóáóßöäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇÚúÊóÈóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÈóåó ãöäú ÌöåóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáäøóÓóÈö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áöÓóæúÏóÉó ÈöäúÊö ÒóãúÚóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ: «ÇÍúÊóÌöÈöí Úóäúåõ» ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÃóáúÍóÞóåõ ÈöÃóÈöíåóÇ¡ Ýóáóãú íóÑó ÓóæúÏóÉó ÞóØøõ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÃóÕúáñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö Ýöí ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ ÚöäúÏóåõãú.
ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö: ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÞóÝúæö ÇáúÈõåúÊõ æóÇáúÞóÐúÝõ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáøóÐöí Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «äóÍúäõ Èóäõæ ÇáäøóÖúÑö Èúäö ßöäóÇäóÉó áóÇ äóÞúÝõæ ÃõãøóäóÇ æóáóÇ äóäúÊóÝöí ãöäú ÃóÈöíäóÇ» ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóÔúÚóËö Èúäö ÞóíúÓò¡ æóÓóÇÞó ØõÑõÞó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ «áóÇ äóÞúÝõæ ÃõãøóäóÇ» Ãóíú áóÇ äóÞúÐöÝõ ÃõãøóäóÇ æóäóÓõÈøõåóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúßõãóíúÊö:
ÝóáóÇ ÃóÑúãöí ÇáúÈóÑöíÁó ÈöÛóíúÑö ÐóäúÈò ... æóáóÇ ÃóÞúÝõæ ÇáúÍóæóÇÕöäó Åöäú ÞõÝöíäóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáäøóÇÈöÛóÉö ÇáúÌóÚúÏöíøö:(3/154)
æóãöËúáõ ÇáÏøõãóì Ôõãøõ ÇáúÚóÑóÇäöíäö ÓóÇßöäñ ... Èöåöäøó ÇáúÍóíóÇÁõ áóÇ íõÔöÚúäó ÇáÊøóÞóÇÝöíóÇ
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áóäóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÞóÝúæö Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÇáöÇÊøöÈóÇÚõ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ ãöäó ÇááøõÛóÉö¡ æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚõ ÇáúãóÓóÇæöí ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÃóÕúáóåõ ÇáúÞóÐúÝõ æóÇáúÈõåúÊõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Åöäøó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÈóÕóÑó æóÇáúÝõÄóÇÏó ßõáøõ ÃõæáóÆößó ßóÇäó Úóäúåõ ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ [17 \ 36] Ýöíåö æóÌúåóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó íõÓúÃóáõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Úóäú ÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÌóæóÇÑöÍöåö¡ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: áöãó ÓóãöÚúÊó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÍöáøõ áóßó ÓóãóÇÚõåõ¿ æóáöãó äóÙóÑúÊó Åöáóì ãóÇ áóÇ íóÍöáøõ áóßó ÇáäøóÙóÑõ Åöáóíúåö¿ æóáöãó ÚóÒóãúÊó Úóáóì ãóÇ áóãú íóÍöáøó áóßó ÇáúÚóÒúãõ Úóáóíúåö¿
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÊõÓúÃóáõäøó ÚóãøóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [16 \ 93] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóæóÑóÈøößó áóäóÓúÃóáóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [15 \ 92 - 93] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍó åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÓúÃóáõ Úóäú ÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÔúåóÏõ Úóáóíúåö ÌóæóÇÑöÍõåõ ÈöãóÇ ÝóÚóáó.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóÈúáóÛõ Ýöí ÇáúÍõÌøóÉö ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÞóÚõ ÊóßúÐöíÈõåõ ãöäú ÌóæóÇÑöÍöåö¡ æóÊöáúßó ÛóÇíóÉõ ÇáúÎöÒúíö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: Çáúíóæúãó äóÎúÊöãõ Úóáóì ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÊõßóáøöãõäóÇ ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóÊóÔúåóÏõ ÃóÑúÌõáõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó [36 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÔóåöÏó Úóáóíúåöãú ÓóãúÚõåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑõåõãú æóÌõáõæÏõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [41 \ 20] .
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö.
æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö äõßúÊóÉñ äóÈøóåó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÈóÕóÑó æóÇáúÝõÄóÇÏó ßõáøõ ÃõæáóÆößó ßóÇäó Úóäúåõ ãóÓúÆõæáðÇ [17 \ 36] ¡ íõÝöíÏõ ÊóÚúáöíáó Çáäøóåúíö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÝõ ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßó Èöåö Úöáúãñ [17 \ 36] ÈöÇáÓøõÄóÇáö Úóäö ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí ãóÓúáóßö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö: Ãóäøó «Åöäøó» ÇáúãóßúÓõæÑóÉó ãöäú ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö. æóÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÇäúÊóåö ÚóãøóÇ áóÇ íóÍöáøõ áóßó ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóíúßó ÈöÇáÓøóãúÚö æóÇáúÈóÕóÑö æóÇáúÚóÞúáö áöÊóÔúßõÑóåõ¡ æóåõæó ãõÎúÊóÈöÑõßó ÈöÐóáößó æóÓóÇÆöáõßó Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúãöáú äöÚóãóåõ Ýöí ãóÚúÕöíóÉò.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÎúÑóÌóßõãú ãöäú ÈõØõæäö ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑó æóÇáúÃóÝúÆöÏóÉó áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó(3/155)
æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ Åöäøóßó áóäú ÊóÎúÑöÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóáóäú ÊóÈúáõÛó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ØõæáðÇ (37)
[16 \ 78] ¡ æóäóÍúæõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö. æóÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃõæáóÆößó ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÈóÕóÑó æóÇáúÝõÄóÇÏó¡ æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö «ÃõæáóÆößó» áöÛóíúÑö ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö æóåõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ¡ æóãöäú ÔóæóÇåöÏöåö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÑúÌöíøõ:
íóÇ ãóÇ ÃõãóíúáóÍó ÛöÒúáóÇäðÇ ÔóÏóäøó áóäóÇ ... ãöäú åóÇÄõáóíøóÇÆößõäøó ÇáÖøóÇáö æóÇáÓøóãõÑö
æóÞóæúáõ ÌóÑöíÑò:
Ðõãøó ÇáúãóäóÇÒöáó ÈóÚúÏó ãóäúÒöáóÉö Çááøöæóì ... æóÇáúÚóíúÔó ÈóÚúÏó ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãö
ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÈóíúÊó ÌóÑöíÑò áóÇ ÔóÇåöÏó Ýöíåö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉó Ýöíåö «ÈóÚúÏó ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇãö» æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ Åöäøóßó áóäú ÊóÎúÑöÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóáóäú ÊóÈúáõÛó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ØõæáðÇ
äóåóì Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóäö ÇáÊøóÌóÈøõÑö æóÇáÊøóÈóÎúÊõÑö Ýöí ÇáúãöÔúíóÉö. æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóÑóÍðÇ [17 \ 37] ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãõäóßøóÑñ¡ æóåõæó ÍóÇáñ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáö ÇÈúäö ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóãóÕúÏóÑñ ãõäóßøóÑñ ÍóÇáðÇ íóÞóÚú ... ÈößóËúÑóÉò ßóÈóÛúÊóÉð ÒóíúÏñ ØóáóÚú
æóÞõÑöÆó: «ãóÑöÍðÇ» ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÑøóÇÁö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ãöäú ãóÑöÍó (ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö) íóãúÑóÍõ (ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö) Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäößó ãõÊóÈóÎúÊöÑðÇ ãõÊóãóÇíöáðÇ ãóÔúíó ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑöíäó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú áõÞúãóÇäó ãõÞóÑøöÑðÇ áóåõ: æóáóÇ ÊõÕóÚøöÑú ÎóÏøóßó áöáäøóÇÓö æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÍöÈøõ ßõáøó ãõÎúÊóÇáò ÝóÎõæÑò æóÇÞúÕöÏú Ýöí ãóÔúíößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [31 \ 18¡ 19] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóãúÔõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö åóæúäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 63] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúãóÑóÍö Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö: ÔöÏøóÉõ ÇáúÝóÑóÍö æóÇáäøóÔóÇØö¡ æóÅöØúáóÇÞõåõ Úóáóì ãóÔúíö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãõÊóÈóÎúÊöÑðÇ ãóÔúíó ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑöíäó ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ãöäú áóæóÇÒöãö ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÝóÑóÍö æóÇáäøóÔóÇØö ÚóÇÏóÉð.
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóßó áóäú ÊóÎúÑöÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó [17 \ 37] Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ áóäú ÊóÌúÚóáó ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÑúÞðÇ ÈöÏóæúÓößó áóåóÇ æóÔöÏøóÉö æóØúÆößó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóáóäú ÊóÈúáõÛó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ØõæáðÇ [17 \ 37] Ãóíú: ÃóäúÊó ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóÇáõ ÖóÚöíÝñ ÍóÞöíÑñ ÚóÇÌöÒñ ãóÍúÕõæÑñ Èóíúäó ÌóãóÇÏóíúäö¡ ÃóäúÊó ÚóÇÌöÒñ Úóäö ÇáÊøóÃúËöíÑö ÝöíåöãóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÍúÊóßó áóÇ ÊóÞúÏöÑõ Ãóäú(3/156)
ÃóÝóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÅöäóÇËðÇ Åöäøóßõãú áóÊóÞõæáõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ (40)
ÊõÄóËøöÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÝóÊóÎúÑöÞóåóÇ ÈöÔöÏøóÉö æóØúÆößó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÇáÔøóÇãöÎóÉõ ÝóæúÞóßó áóÇ íóÈúáõÛõ Øõæáõßó ØõæáóåóÇ ; ÝóÇÚúÑöÝú ÞóÏúÑóßó¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÊóßóÈøóÑú¡ æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì áóäú ÊóÎúÑöÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó [17 \ 37] áóäú ÊóÞúØóÚóåóÇ ÈöãóÔúíößó. ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÇÓúÊóÔúåóÏó áóåõ ÈöÞóæúáö ÑõÄúÈóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÌøóÇÌö:
æóÞóÇÊöãö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇÞö ÎóÇæöí ÇáúãõÎúÊóÑóÞú ... ãõÔúÊóÈóåö ÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãö áóãøóÇÚö ÇáúÎóÝóÞú
áöÃóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ ÈöÇáúãõÎúÊóÑóÞö: ãóßóÇäõ ÇáöÇÎúÊöÑóÇÞö. Ãóíö ÇáúãóÔúíö æóÇáúãõÑõæÑö Ýöíåö. æóÃóÌúæóÏõ ÇáúÃóÚóÇÑöíÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ØõæáðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóãúíöíÒñ ãõÍóæøóáñ Úóäö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ Ãóíú áóäú íóÈúáõÛó Øõæáõßó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÃóÚúÑóÈóåõ ÍóÇáðÇ æóãóäú ÃóÚúÑóÈóåõ ãóÝúÚõæáðÇ ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÏó ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö ÝóæúÞó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÊóæóÇÖõÚðÇ ... Ýóßóãú ÊóÍúÊóåóÇ Þóæúãñ åõãú ãöäúßó ÃóÑúÝóÚõ
æóÅöäú ßõäúÊó Ýöí ÚöÒøò æóÍöÑúÒò æóãóäóÚóÉò ... Ýóßóãú ãóÇÊó ãöäú Þóæúãò åõãú ãöäúßó ÃóãúäóÚõ
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóãúÔö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÑóÍðÇ [17 \ 37] Úóáóì ãóäúÚö ÇáÑøóÞúÕö æóÊóÚóÇØöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÝóÇÚöáóåõ ãöãøóäú íóãúÔöí ãóÑóÍðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÅöäóÇËðÇ Åöäøóßõãú áóÊóÞõæáõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ
ÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó [17 \ 40] áöáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÃóÝóÎóÕøóßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÎõÕõæÕö æóÇáÕøóÝóÇÁö ÈöÃóÝúÖóáö ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóåõãõ ÇáúÈóäõæäó¡ áóãú íóÌúÚóáú Ýöíåöãú äóÕöíÈðÇ áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóÇÊøóÎóÐó áöäóÝúÓöåö ÃóÏúæóäóåõãú æóåöíó ÇáúÈóäóÇÊõ! æóåóÐóÇ ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáúãóÚúÞõæáö æóÇáúÚóÇÏóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÓøóÇÏóÉó áóÇ íõÄúËöÑõæäó ÚóÈöíÏóåõãú ÈöÃóÌúæóÏö ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö æóÃóÕúÝóÇåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÔøóæúÈö¡ æóíóÊøóÎöÐõæäó áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÃóÑúÏóÃóåóÇ æóÃóÏúæóäóåóÇ¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãõÊøóÎöÐðÇ æóáóÏðÇ - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ - áóÇÊøóÎóÐó ÃóÌúæóÏó ÇáäøóÕöíÈóíúäö æóáóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú ÃóÑúÏóÃóåõãóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÕúØóÝößõãú Ïõæäó äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÃóÝúÖóáöåöãóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑõ ãõÊóæóÌøöåñ Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóäóÇÊõ Çááøóåö¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÚóáõæÇ áóåõ ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏó! æóãóÚó Ðóáößó ÌóÚóáõæÇ áóåõ ÃóÖúÚóÝóåóÇ æóÃóÑúÏóÃóåóÇ æóåõæó ÇáúÅöäóÇËõ¡ æóåõãú áóÇ íóÑúÖóæúäóåóÇ áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóáóßõãõ ÇáÐøóßóÑõ æóáóåõ ÇáúÃõäúËóì Êöáúßó ÅöÐðÇ ÞöÓúãóÉñ ÖöíÒóì [53 \ 21 - 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóãú áóåõ ÇáúÈóäóÇÊõ æóáóßõãõ ÇáúÈóäõæäó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóæú ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ áóÇÕúØóÝóì ãöãøóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ [39 \ 4] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ðóáößó ÈöÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí «ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö» ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö:(3/157)
Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ÂáöåóÉñ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó ÅöÐðÇ áóÇÈúÊóÛóæúÇ Åöáóì Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÓóÈöíáðÇ (42)
Åöäøóßõãú áóÊóÞõæáõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ [17 \ 40] Èóíøóäó Ýöíåö Ãóäøó ÇÏøöÚóÇÁó ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö áöáøóåö - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ - ÃóãúÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÔöÏøóÉó ÚöÙóãöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöÏøðÇ ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäúåõ æóÊóäúÔóÞøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÊóÎöÑøõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ åóÏøðÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÇ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏðÇ æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÑøóÍúãóäö Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ Åöäú ßõáøõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÅöáøóÇ ÂÊöí ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÚóÈúÏðÇ áóÞóÏú ÃóÍúÕóÇåõãú æóÚóÏøóåõãú ÚóÏøðÇ æóßõáøõåõãú ÂÊöíåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÝóÑúÏðÇ [19 \ 88 - 95] ¡ ÝóÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó - ÞóÈøóÍóåõãõ Çááøóåõ - ÌóÚóáõæÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÚöÈóÇÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÅöäóÇËðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÇÏøóÚóæúÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÈóäóÇÊõ Çááøóåö¡ Ëõãøó ÚóÈóÏõæåõãú ; ÝóÇÞúÊóÑóÝõæÇ ÇáúÌóÑöíãóÉó ÇáúÚõÙúãóì Ýöí ÇáúãóÞóÇãóÇÊö ÇáËøóáóÇËö¡ æóÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúÝóÇÁõ Ýöí äóÍúæö Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú [17 \ 40] ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÍõßúãóåóÇ ÈöÅöíÖóÇÍò Ýöí «ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö» ÃóíúÖðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ÂáöåóÉñ ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó ÅöÐðÇ áóÇÈúÊóÛóæúÇ Åöáóì Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÓóÈöíáðÇ.
ÞóÑóÃó ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö «ßóãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõæäó» ÈöÊóÇÁö ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö. æóÞóÑóÃó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò ßóãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó [17 \ 42] ÈöíóÇÁö ÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö. æóÝöí ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÌúåóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÍóÞøñ æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÞõÑúÂäñ. æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÝöíåóÇ æóÌúåóÇäö ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÍóÞøñ¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÞõÑúÂäñ¡ ÝóäóÐúßõÑõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚó áöÃóäøóåõ ßõáøõåõ ÍóÞøñ.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäó ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÂáöåóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì ßóãóÇ íóÒúÚõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ áóÇÈúÊóÛóæúÇ (Ãóíö ÇáúÂáöåóÉõ ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãóÉõ) Ãóíú áóØóáóÈõæÇ Åöáóì Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö (Ãóíú Åöáóì Çááøóåö) ÓóÈöíáðÇ ; Ãóíú Åöáóì ãõÛóÇáóÈóÊöåö æóÅöÒóÇáóÉö ãõáúßöåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú ÅöÐðÇ íóßõæäõæäó ÔõÑóßóÇÁóåõ ßóãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõ Çáúãõáõæßõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖò. ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ!
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÚöäúÏöí¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏöÑõ ãöäú ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÔøóÇåöÏóÉö áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ãöäú æóáóÏò æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ãöäú Åöáóåò ÅöÐðÇ áóÐóåóÈó ßõáøõ Åöáóåò ÈöãóÇ ÎóáóÞó æóáóÚóáóÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäó ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÝóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó [23 \ 91¡ 92] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóæú ßóÇäó ÝöíåöãóÇ ÂáöåóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÝóÓóÏóÊóÇ ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäó [21 \ 22] æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÃóÈöí Úóáöíøò ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøö¡ æóÇáäøóÞøóÇÔö¡ æóÃóÈöí ãóäúÕõæÑò¡ æóÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãöíäó.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì áóÇÈúÊóÛóæúÇ Åöáóì Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ÓóÈöíáðÇ(3/158)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ (45)
Ãóíú: ØóÑöíÞðÇ æóæóÓöíáóÉð ÊõÞóÑøöÈõåõãú Åöáóíúåö áöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝöåöãú ÈöÝóÖúáöåö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó íóÈúÊóÛõæäó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãõ ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ æóíóÑúÌõæäó ÑóÍúãóÊóåõ æóíóÎóÇÝõæäó ÚóÐóÇÈóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 57] ¡ æóíõÑúæóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóÇÞúÊóÕóÑó Úóáóíúåö ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö.
æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáÙøóÇåöÑó ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏöÑó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö åõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ; áöÃóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÝóÑúÖó ÇáúãõÍóÇáö¡ æóÇáúãõÍóÇáõ ÇáúãóÝúÑõæÖõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó æõÌõæÏõ ÂáöåóÉò ãóÚó Çááøóåö ãõÔóÇÑößóÉò áóåõ¡ áóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ãóÚóåõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÊóÞóÑøóÈõ Åöáóíúåö¡ Èóáú ÊõäóÇÒöÚõåõ áóæú ßóÇäóÊú ãóæúÌõæÏóÉð¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ ãóÚúÏõæãóÉñ ãõÓúÊóÍöíáóÉõ ÇáúæõÌõæÏö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÌúåóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ; Ãóíú ÍóÇÆöáðÇ æóÓóÇÊöÑðÇ íóãúäóÚõåõãú ãöäú ÊóÝóåøõãö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÅöÏúÑóÇßöåö áöÆóáøóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæåõ ÝóíóäúÊóÝöÚõæÇ Èöåö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóÇáúÍöÌóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÓúÊõæÑõ åõæó ãóÇ ÍóÌóÈó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÞõáõæÈóåõãú Úóäö ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö ÈößöÊóÇÈöåö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏóÉõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ Ýöí ÃóßöäøóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäóÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöäóÇ æóÞúÑñ æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ ÝóÇÚúãóáú ÅöäøóäóÇ ÚóÇãöáõæäó [41 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÎóÊóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 57] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ æóÇáÒøóÌøóÇÌõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÈö ÇáúãóÓúÊõæÑö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íóÓúÊõÑõåõ Úóäú ÃóÚúíõäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÝóáóÇ íóÑóæúäóåõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÃóÈõæ íóÚúáóì æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö¡ æóÃóÈõæ äõÚóíúãò æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãóÚðÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇÆöáö Úóäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁó ÈöäúÊö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: áóãøóÇ äóÒóáóÊú: ÊóÈøóÊú íóÏóÇ ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò [111 \ 1] ÃóÞúÈóáóÊö ÇáúÚóæúÑóÇÁõ Ãõãøõ Ìóãöíáò æóáóåóÇ æóáúæóáóÉñ æóÝöí íóÏöåóÇ ÝöåúÑñ æóåöíó ÊóÞõæáõ:
ãõÐóãøóãðÇ ÃóÈóíúäóÇ. . æóÏöíäóåõ ÞóáóíúäóÇ. . æóÃóãúÑóåõ ÚóÕóíúäóÇ
æóÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÌóÇáöÓñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Åöáóì ÌóäúÈöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: áóÞóÏú ÃóÞúÈóáóÊú åóÐöåö æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÎóÇÝõ Ãóäú ÊóÑóÇßó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÅöäøóåóÇ áóäú ÊóÑóÇäöí» æóÞóÑóÃó ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÇÚúÊóÕóãó Èöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ(3/159)
æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑúÊó ÑóÈøóßó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÍúÏóåõ æóáøóæúÇ Úóáóì ÃóÏúÈóÇÑöåöãú äõÝõæÑðÇ (46)
[17 \ 45] ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁóÊú ÍóÊøóì ÞóÇãóÊú Úóáóì ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ýóáóãú ÊóÑó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: íóÇ ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑò¡ ÈóáóÛóäöí Ãóäøó ÕóÇÍöÈóßó åóÌóÇäöí. ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: áóÇ æóÑóÈøö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãóÇ åóÌóÇßö¡ ÝóÇäúÕóÑóÝóÊú æóåöíó ÊóÞõæáõ: ÞóÏú ÚóáöãóÊú ÞõÑóíúÔñ Ãóäøöí ÈöäúÊõ ÓóíøöÏöåóÇ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊö äóÍúæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóáóÞóÏö ÇÊøóÝóÞó áöí ÈöÈöáóÇÏöäóÇ - ÇáúÃóäúÏóáõÓö - ÈöÍöÕúäö ãóäúËõæÑò ãöäú ÃóÚúãóÇáö ÞõÑúØõÈóÉó ãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøöí åóÑóÈúÊõ ÃóãóÇãó ÇáúÚóÏõæøö æóÇäúÍóÒúÊõ Åöáóì äóÇÍöíóÉò Úóäúåõ¡ Ýóáóãú ÃóáúÈóËú Ãóäú ÎóÑóÌó Ýöí ØóáóÈöí ÝóÇÑöÓóÇäö æóÃóäóÇ Ýöí ÝóÖóÇÁò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÞóÇÚöÏñ áóíúÓó íóÓúÊõÑõäöí ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóÃóäóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÃõ Ãóæøóáó ÓõæÑóÉö íÓ æóÛóíúÑó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóÚóÈóÑóÇ Úóáóíøó Ëõãøó ÑóÌóÚóÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÌóÇÁóÇ¡ æóÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ íóÞõæáõ áöáúÂÎóÑö: åóÐóÇ ÏõíúÈóáóÉñ (íóÚúäõæäó ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ) æóÃóÚúãóì Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó ÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú Ýóáóãú íóÑóæúäöí. ÇåÜ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ.
æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: åõæó ãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇÓúãö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ; Ãóíú ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ÓóÇÊöÑðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú íóÞóÚõ ÚóßúÓõåõ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÏóÇÝöÞò [86 \ 6] Ãóíú ãóÏúÝõæÞò ÚöíÔóÉò ÑóÇÖöíóÉò [69 \ 21] Ãóíú ãóÑúÖöíøóÉò. ÝóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ßõáøò ãöäö ÇÓúãö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö æóÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÈóíóÇäöíøõæäó íõÓóãøõæäó ãöËúáó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö «ãóÌóÇÒðÇ ÚóÞúáöíøðÇ» æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ßóÇáúÞóæúáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ; Þóæúáõåõãú: ãóíúãõæäñ æóãóÔúÆõæãñ¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì íóÇãöäò æóÔóÇÆöãò. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Þóæúáõåõ: ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö ãöäú ßóæúäöåö ÇÓúãó ãóÝúÚõæáò ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈó ãóÓúÊõæÑñ Úóäú ÃóÚúíõäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóáóÇ íóÑóæúäóåõ¡ Ãóæú ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ Èöåö ÇáúÞóÇÑöÆõ ÝóáóÇ íóÑóÇåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó åóÐóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÃóßöäøóÉð (ÌóãúÚõ ßöäóÇäò) æóåõæó ãóÇ íóÓúÊõÑõ ÇáÔøóíúÁó æóíõÛóØøöíåö æóíõßöäøõåõ¡ áöÆóáøóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó¡ Ãóæú ßóÑóÇåóÉó Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ áöÍóíúáõæáóÉö Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö Èóíúäó ÞõáõæÈöåöãú æóÈóíúäó ÝöÞúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ; Ãóíú Ýóåúãö ãóÚóÇäöíåö ÝóåúãðÇ íóäúÊóÝöÚõ Èöåö ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ ; Ãóíú ÕóãóãðÇ æóËöÞóáðÇ áöÆóáøóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæåõ ÓóãóÇÚó ÞóÈõæáò æóÇäúÊöÝóÇÚò.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ÓóÈóÈó ÇáúÍóíúáõæáóÉö Èóíúäó ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóÈóíúäó ÇáöÇäúÊöÝóÇÚö Èöåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ åõæó ßõÝúÑõåõãú¡(3/160)
ÝóÌóÇÒóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåöãú ÈöØóãúÓö ÇáúÈóÕóÇÆöÑö æóÅöÒóÇÛóÉö ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóÇáØøóÈúÚö æóÇáúÎóÊúãö æóÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö ÇáúãóÇäöÚóÉö ãöäú æõÕõæáö ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [61 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Èóáú ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú [4 \ 155] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóäõÞóáøöÈõ ÃóÝúÆöÏóÊóåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú ßóãóÇ áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Èöåö Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò [6 \ 110] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ ÝóÒóÇÏóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãóÑóÖðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 102] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ ÝóÒóÇÏóÊúåõãú ÑöÌúÓðÇ Åöáóì ÑöÌúÓöåöãú æóãóÇÊõæÇ æóåõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó [9 \ 125] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáÑøóÏøõ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåöãú: Åöäøó ÇáÔøóÑøó áóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö¡ Èóáú ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ; ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ Úóäú Ãóäú íóÞóÚó Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ÔóíúÁñ áóíúÓó ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö¿ æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ [6 \ 107] ¡ æóáóæú ÔöÆúäóÇ áóÂÊóíúäóÇ ßõáøó äóÝúÓò åõÏóÇåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [32 \ 13] ¡ æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áóÌóãóÚóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì [6 \ 35] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑúÊó ÑóÈøóßó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÍúÏóåõ æóáøóæúÇ Úóáóì ÃóÏúÈóÇÑöåöãú äõÝõæÑðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÅöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÑóÈøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÃóäú ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ» æóáøóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÃóÏúÈóÇÑöåöãú äõÝõæÑðÇ¡ ÈõÛúÖðÇ ãöäúåõãú áößóáöãóÉö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö¡ æóãóÍóÈøóÉð áöáúÅöÔúÑóÇßö Èöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ãõÈóíøöäðÇ Ãóäøó äõÝõæÑóåõãú ãöäú ÐößúÑöåö æóÍúÏóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÓóÈóÈõ ÎõáõæÏöåöãú Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ÇÔúãóÃóÒøóÊú ÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÅöÐóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó [39 \ 45] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõÚöíó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú æóÅöäú íõÔúÑóßú Èöåö ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÝóÇáúÍõßúãõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÚóáöíøö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö [40 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ íóÓúÊóßúÈöÑõæäó æóíóÞõæáõæäó ÃóÆöäøóÇ áóÊóÇÑößõæ ÂáöåóÊöäóÇ áöÔóÇÚöÑò ãóÌúäõæäò [37 \ 35¡ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÈõÑó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæåõãú Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ÈóíøöäóÇÊò ÊóÚúÑöÝõ Ýöí æõÌõæåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúãõäúßóÑó íóßóÇÏõæäó íóÓúØõæäó ÈöÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊúáõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ [22 \ 72] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõæÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáúÛóæúÇ Ýöíåö áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÛúáöÈõæäó [41 \ 72] .(3/161)
Þõáö ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÝóáóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ßóÔúÝó ÇáÖøõÑøö Úóäúßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÍúæöíáðÇ (56)
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: äõÝõæÑðÇ [17 \ 46] ÌóãúÚõ äóÇÝöÑò ; Ýóåõæó ÍóÇáñ. Ãóíú æóáøóæúÇ Úóáóì ÃóÏúÈóÇÑöåöãú Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåöãú äóÇÝöÑöíäó ãöäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ ãöäú Ïõæäö ÅöÔúÑóÇßò¡ æóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ íõÌúãóÚõ Úóáóì ÝõÚõæáò ßóÓóÇÌöÏò æóÓõÌõæÏò¡ æóÑóÇßöÚò æóÑõßõæÚò.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: «äõÝõæÑðÇ» ãóÕúÏóÑñ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóåõæó ãóÇ äóÇÈó Úóäö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: æóáøóæúÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóæúáöíóÉó Úóäú ÐößúÑöåö æóÍúÏóåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáäøõÝõæÑö ãöäúåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÝóáóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ßóÔúÝó ÇáÖøõÑøö Úóäúßõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÍúæöíáðÇ ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó íóÈúÊóÛõæäó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãõ ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ æóíóÑúÌõæäó ÑóÍúãóÊóåõ æóíóÎóÇÝõæäó ÚóÐóÇÈóåõ Åöäøó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÑóÈøößó ßóÇäó ãóÍúÐõæÑðÇ
; Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ Ãóäøóåõãú íõÞóÑøöÈõæäóåõãú Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì¡ æóíóÔúÝóÚõæäó áóåõãú ÚöäúÏóåõ áóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ßóÔúÝó ÇáÖøõÑøö Úóäú ÚóÇÈöÏöíåöãú ; Ãóíú ÅöÒóÇáóÉó ÇáúãóßúÑõæåö Úóäúåõãú¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÍúæöíáðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÊóÍúæöíáóåõ ãöäú ÅöäúÓóÇäò Åöáóì ÂÎóÑó¡ Ãóæú ÊóÍúæöíáó ÇáúãóÑóÖö Åöáóì ÇáÕøöÍøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÝóÞúÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÛöäóì¡ æóÇáúÞóÍúØö Åöáóì ÇáúÌóÏúÈö¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó. Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÈóÏóåõãõ ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑõ ãóäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö íóÊóÞóÑøóÈõæäó Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÈöØóÇÚóÊöåö¡ æóíóÈúÊóÛõæäó ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó Åöáóíúåö¡ Ãóíö ÇáØøóÑöíÞó Åöáóì ÑöÖóÇåõ æóäóíúáó ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäó ÇáËøóæóÇÈö ÈöØóÇÚóÊöåö ÝóßóÇäó ÇáúæóÇÌöÈõ Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóäú ÊóßõæäõæÇ ãöËúáóåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò: äóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúãò ãöäó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãöäú ÎõÒóÇÚóÉó - Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåöãú - ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö¡ ÝóÃóÓúáóãó ÇáúÌöäøöíøõæäó æóÈóÞöíó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåõãú ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó íóÈúÊóÛõæäó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãõ ÇáúæóÓöíáóÉó ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 57] ¡ æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÚõÒóíúÑðÇ æóÇáúãóÓöíÍó æóÃõãøóåõ¡ æóÚóäúåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö: ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö. æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö æóÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö æóÚõÒóíúÑò æóÇáúãóÓöíÍö æóÃõãøöåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí Èóíøóäóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãöäú Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÚúÈõæÏò ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÚóÇÈöÏóåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ßõáøó ãóÚúÈõæÏò ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãõÝúÊóÞöÑñ Åöáóíúåö æóãõÍúÊóÇÌñ áóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Èóíøóäóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö «Ýöí ÓóÈóÃò» : Þõáö ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ áóåõãú ÝöíåöãóÇ ãöäú ÔöÑúßò æóãóÇ áóåõ ãöäúåõãú ãöäú ÙóåöíÑò æóáóÇ ÊóäúÝóÚõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ áöãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ [34 \ 22 - 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö «Ýöí ÇáÒøõãóÑö» : ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö Åöäú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöíó Çááøóåõ ÈöÖõÑøò åóáú åõäøó ßóÇÔöÝóÇÊõ ÖõÑøöåö Ãóæú ÃóÑóÇÏóäöí ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò åóáú åõäøó ãõãúÓößóÇÊõ ÑóÍúãóÊöåö Þõáú ÍóÓúÈöíó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö íóÊóæóßøóáõ ÇáúãõÊóæóßøöáõæäó(3/162)
æóÅöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÅöáøóÇ äóÍúäõ ãõåúáößõæåóÇ ÞóÈúáó íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ãóæú ãõÚóÐøöÈõæåóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãóÓúØõæÑðÇ (58)
[39 \ 38] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúæóÓöíáóÉö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö «æóÝöí ÂíóÉö ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» : åõæó ÇáÊøóÞóÑøõÈõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö ; æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ áóÈöíÏò:
ÃóÑóì ÇáäøóÇÓó áóÇ íóÏúÑõæäó ãóÇ ÞóÏúÑõ ÃóãúÑöåöãú ... Èóáóì ßõáøõ Ðöí áõÈøò Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇÓöáõ
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ «Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó:
Åöäøó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáó áóåõãú Åöáóíúßö æóÓöíáóÉñ ... Åöäú íóÃúÎõÐõæßö ÊóßóÍøóáöí æóÊóÎóÖøóÈöí
ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÌúãóÚõ Úóáóì æóÓóÇÆöáó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö:
ÅöÐóÇ ÛóÝóáó ÇáúæóÇÔõæäó ÚõÏúäóÇ áöæóÕúáöäóÇ ... æóÚóÇÏó ÇáÊøóÕóÇÝöí ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÇáúæóÓóÇÆöáõ
æóÃóÕóÍøõ ÇáúÃóÚóÇÑöíÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÞúÑóÈõ [17 \ 57] ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäú æóÇæö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóÈúÊóÛõæäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» ÈöãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÅöáøóÇ äóÍúäõ ãõåúáößõæåóÇ ÞóÈúáó íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ãóæú ãõÚóÐøöÈõæåóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãóÓúØõæÑðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÍóÐúÝõ ÇáÕøöÝóÉö¡ Ãóíú: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÙóÇáöãóÉò ÅöáøóÇ äóÍúäõ ãõåúáößõæåóÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÚúÊõ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõåúáößöí ÇáúÞõÑóì ÅöáøóÇ æóÃóåúáõåóÇ ÙóÇáöãõæäó [28 \ 59] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó Ãóäú áóãú íóßõäú ÑóÈøõßó ãõåúáößó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÈöÙõáúãò æóÃóåúáõåóÇ ÛóÇÝöáõæäó [6 \ 131] ¡ Ãóíú Èóáú áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú ÊõäúÐöÑóåõãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ÝóíóßúÝõÑõæÇ Èöåöãú æóÈöÑóÈøöåöãú¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÈøõßó áöíõåúáößó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÈöÙõáúãò æóÃóåúáõåóÇ ãõÕúáöÍõæäó [11 \ 117] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÃóíøöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÚóÊóÊú Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóÑõÓõáöåö ÝóÍóÇÓóÈúäóÇåóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ æóÚóÐøóÈúäóÇåóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ äõßúÑðÇ ÝóÐóÇÞóÊú æóÈóÇáó ÃóãúÑöåóÇ æóßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÃóãúÑöåóÇ ÎõÓúÑðÇ [65 \ 8¡ 9] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÛóÇíóÉõ ãóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÍóÐúÝõ ÇáäøóÚúÊö ãóÚó æõÌõæÏö ÃóÏöáøóÉò ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÇäó æóÑóÇÁóåõãú ãóáößñ íóÃúÎõÐõ ßõáøó ÓóÝöíäóÉò ÛóÕúÈðÇ [18 \ 79] ¡ Ãóíú ßõáøó ÓóÝöíäóÉò ÕóÇáöÍóÉò ; ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøó ÎóÑúÞó ÇáúÎóÖöÑö áöáÓøóÝöíäóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÑóßöÈó ÝöíåóÇ åõæó æóãõæÓóì íõÑöíÏõ Èöåö ÓóáóÇãóÊóåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÎúÐö Çáúãóáößö áóåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáúãóÚöíÈóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÎóÑúÞõ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉó¡ æóãöäú ÍóÐúÝö ÇáäøóÚúÊö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇáúÂäó ÌöÆúÊó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö [2 \ 71] ; Ãóíú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ áóÈúÓó ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö ÇáúãóØúáõæÈóÉö¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÑóÞøóÔõ ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑõ:(3/163)
æóãóÇ ãóäóÚóäóÇ Ãóäú äõÑúÓöáó ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ßóÐøóÈó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó æóÂÊóíúäóÇ ËóãõæÏó ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð ÝóÙóáóãõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóãóÇ äõÑúÓöáõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÎúæöíÝðÇ (59)
æóÑõÈøó ÃóÓöíáóÉö ÇáúÎóÏøóíúäö ÈößúÑò ... ãõåóÝúåóÝóÉò áóåóÇ ÝóÑúÚñ æóÌöíÏõ
Ãóíú ÝóÑúÚñ ÝóÇÍöãñ æóÌöíÏñ Øóæöíáñ.
æóÞóæúáõ ÚóÈöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÕö:
ãóäú Þóæúáõåõ Þóæúáñ æóãóäú ÝöÚúáõåõ ... ÝöÚúáñ æóãóäú äóÇÆöáõåõ äóÇÆöáõ
Ãóíú Þóæúáõåõ Þóæúáñ ÝóÕúáñ¡ æóÝöÚúáõåõ ÝöÚúáñ Ìóãöíáñ¡ æóäóÇÆöáõåõ äóÇÆöáñ ÌóÒöíáñ¡ æóÅöáóì åóÐóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóäúÚõæÊö æóÇáäøóÚúÊö ÚõÞöáú ... íóÌõæÒõ ÍóÐúÝõåõ æóÝöí ÇáäøóÚúÊö íóÞöáú
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÚóÇãøóÉñ¡ ÝóÇáúÞóÑúíóÉõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉõ ÅöåúáóÇßõåóÇ ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóÇáúÞóÑúíóÉõ ÇáØøóÇáöÍóÉõ ÅöåúáóÇßõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ßõáøó äóÝúÓò ÐóÇÆöÞóÉõ ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö: ÇááøóæúÍõ ÇáúãóÍúÝõæÙõ¡ æóÇáúãóÓúØõæÑõ: ÇáúãóßúÊõæÈõ. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÌóÑöíÑò:
ãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÈóÇíóÚúÊõåõ ãóÇáöí æóÎõáúÚóÊóåõ ãóÇ ... Êõßúãöáõ ÇáúÊóíúãõ Ýöí ÏöíæóÇäöåóÇ ÓóØóÑóÇ
æóãóÇ íóÑúæöíåö ãõÞóÇÊöáñ Úóäú ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö Èúäö ãõÒóÇÍöãò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóßøóÉó ÊõÎóÑøöÈõåóÇ ÇáúÍóÈóÔóÉõ¡ æóÊóåúáößõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉõ ÈöÇáúÌõæÚö¡ æóÇáúÈóÕúÑóÉõ ÈöÇáúÛóÑóÞö¡ æóÇáúßõæÝóÉõ ÈöÇáÊøõÑúßö¡ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÈöÇáÕøóæóÇÚöÞö æóÇáÑøóæóÇÌöÝö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÎõÑóÇÓóÇäõ ÝóåóáóÇßõåóÇ ÖõÑõæÈñ¡ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÈóáóÏðÇ ÈóáóÏðÇ - áóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÃóÓóÇÓó áóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøöÍøóÉö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÇ íõÑúæóì Úóäú æóåúÈö Èúäö ãõäóÈøöåò: Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóÒöíÑóÉó ÂãöäóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÎóÑóÇÈö ÍóÊøóì ÊõÎóÑøóÈó ÃóÑúãöíäöíóÉõ¡ æóÃóÑúãöíäöíóÉõ ÂãöäóÉñ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÎóÑøóÈó ãöÕúÑõ¡ æóãöÕúÑõ ÂãöäóÉñ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÎóÑøóÈó ÇáúßõæÝóÉõ¡ æóáóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÇáúãóáúÍóãóÉõ ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ÍóÊøóì ÊõÎóÑøóÈó ÇáúßõæÝóÉõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãóáúÍóãóÉõ ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ÝõÊöÍóÊú ÞõÓúØóäúØöíäóÉõ Úóáóì íóÏö ÑóÌõáò ãöäú Èóäöí åóÇÔöãò¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóäúÏóáõÓö ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÇáÒøöäúÌö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÅöÝúÑöíÞöíøóÉó ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÇáúÃóäúÏóáõÓö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ãöÕúÑó ãöäó ÇäúÞöØóÇÚö Çáäøöíúáö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáúÌõíõæÔö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáúÚöÑóÇÞö ãöäó ÇáúÌõæÚö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáúßõæÝóÉö ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÚóÏõæøò íóÍúÕõÑõåõãú æóíóãúäóÚõåõãõ ÇáÔøóÑóÇÈó ãöäó ÇáúÝõÑóÇÊö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑóÉö ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáúÛóÑóÞö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáúÃõÈõáøóÉö ãöäú ÚóÏõæøò íóÍúÕõÑõåõãú ÈóÑøðÇ æóÈóÍúÑðÇ¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóíøö ãöäó ÇáÏøóíúáóãö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÎõÑóÇÓóÇäó ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÇáÊøöÈöÊö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáÊøöÈöÊö ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÇáÕøöíäö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáúåöäúÏö æóÇáúíóãóäö ãöäú ÞöÈóáö ÇáúÌóÑóÇÏö æóÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ãóßøóÉó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÈóÔóÉö¡ æóÎóÑóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÌõæÚö. ÇåÜ.
ßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóÇ íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÊóíúäóÇ ËóãõæÏó ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð ÝóÙóáóãõæÇ ÈöåóÇ
ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÂÊóì ËóãõæÏó ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåóÇ ÂíóÉð ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð¡ Ãóíú ÈóíøöäóÉð ÊóÌúÚóáõåõãú íõÈúÕöÑõæäó ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÇÖöÍðÇ áóÇ áóÈúÓó Ýöíåö ÝóÙóáóãõæÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú Ùõáúãóåõãú ÈöåóÇ åóÇåõäóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡(3/164)
æóÅöÐú ÞõáúäóÇ áóßó Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó ÃóÍóÇØó ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÑóíúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö æóÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉó ÇáúãóáúÚõæäóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóäõÎóæøöÝõåõãú ÝóãóÇ íóÒöíÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ØõÛúíóÇäðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ (60)
ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÚóÞóÑõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÞóÉó æóÚóÊóæúÇ Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 77] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóßóÐøóÈõæåõ ÝóÚóÞóÑõæåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [91 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõãú ÝóÊóÚóÇØóì ÝóÚóÞóÑó [54 \ 29] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞõáúäóÇ áóßó Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó ÃóÍóÇØó ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö
ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 60] ¡ Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÎúÈóÑó äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÍóÇØó ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö ; Ãóíú Ýóåõãú Ýöí ÞóÈúÖóÊöåö íóÝúÚóáõ Ýöíåöãú ßóíúÝó íóÔóÇÁõ ÝóíõÓóáøöØõ äóÈöíøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóíóÍúÝóÙõåõ ãöäúåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÝóÕøóáóÊú ÈóÚúÖó ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÅöÍóÇØóÉö¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóíõåúÒóãõ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ æóíõæóáøõæäó ÇáÏøõÈõÑó [54 \ 45] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Þõáú áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÓóÊõÛúáóÈõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇááøóåõ íóÚúÕöãõßó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö [5 \ 67] ¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ãóßøöíøóÉñ¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ãóÏóäöíøñ. ÃóãøóÇ ÂíóÉõ ÇáúÞóãóÑö æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ: ÓóíõåúÒóãõ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ [54 \ 45] ¡ ÇáúÂÊöíóÉõ ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÈöåóÇ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóßøöíøóÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÑóíúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö æóÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉó ÇáúãóáúÚõæäóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÌóÚóáó ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇåõ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÛóÑóÇÆöÈö æóÇáúÚóÌóÇÆöÈö áóíúáóÉó ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö æóÇáúãöÚúÑóÇÌö ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö ; áöÃóäøó ÚõÞõæáó ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÖóÇÞóÊú Úóäú ÞóÈõæáö Ðóáößó¡ ãõÚúÊóÞöÏóÉð Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÍóÞøðÇ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ßóíúÝó íõÕóáøöí ÈöÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö¡ æóíóÎúÊóÑöÞõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚó ÇáØøöÈóÇÞó¡ æóíóÑóì ãóÇ ÑóÃóì Ýöí áóíúáóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò¡ æóíõÕúÈöÍõ Ýöí ãóÍöáøöåö ÈöãóßøóÉó¿ åóÐóÇ ãõÍóÇáñ¡ ÝóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÝöÊúäóÉð áóåõãú áöÚóÏóãö ÊóÕúÏöíÞöåöãú Èöåö¡ æóÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏöåöãú Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÌóÚóáó ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉó ÇáúãóáúÚõæäóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÔóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáÒøóÞøõæãö ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú áóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚõæåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÞúÑóÃõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÔóÌóÑóÉñ ÊóÎúÑõÌõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÌóÍöíãö ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 64] ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÙóåóÑó ßóÐöÈõåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóÌóÑó áóÇ íóäúÈõÊõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúíóÇÈöÓóÉö¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íóäúÈõÊõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¿ ÝóÕóÇÑó Ðóáößó ÝöÊúäóÉð. æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÝöÊúäóÉð áóåõãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÐóáößó ÎóíúÑñ äõÒõáðÇ Ãóãú ÔóÌóÑóÉõ ÇáÒøóÞøõæãö ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÅöäøóåóÇ ÔóÌóÑóÉñ ÊóÎúÑõÌõ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÌóÍöíãö ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 62 - 64] æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Åöáóì ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáøóÊöí ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÝöÊúäóÉð áóåõãú¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: ÃóÝóÊõãóÇÑõæäóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÑóì æóáóÞóÏú ÑóÂåõ äóÒúáóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ÚöäúÏó ÓöÏúÑóÉö ÇáúãõäúÊóåóì ÚöäúÏóåóÇ ÌóäøóÉõ ÇáúãóÃúæóì ÅöÐú íóÛúÔóì ÇáÓøöÏúÑóÉó ãóÇ íóÛúÔóì ãóÇ ÒóÇÛó ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ æóãóÇ ØóÛóì áóÞóÏú ÑóÃóì ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì [53 \ 12 - 18] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó åóÐóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö. æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ(3/165)
ÞóÇáó ÃóÑóÃóíúÊóßó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÑøóãúÊó Úóáóíøó áóÆöäú ÃóÎøóÑúÊóäö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÃóÍúÊóäößóäøó ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ (62)
Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÑóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ åöíó ÑõÄúíóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóäóÇãö Èóäöí ÃõãóíøóÉó Úóáóì ãöäúÈóÑöåö¡ æóÅöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉö ÇáúãóáúÚõæäóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Èóäõæ ÃõãóíøóÉó - áóÇ íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóíúåö ; ÅöÐú áóÇ ÃóÓóÇÓó áóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøöÍøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúæóÇÑöÏõ ÈöÐóáößó ÖóÚöíÝñ áóÇ ÊóÞõæãõ Èöåö ÍõÌøóÉñ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ æóÕóÝó ÇáÔøóÌóÑóÉó ÈöÇááøóÚúäö áöÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö ÈóÚöíÏñ ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇááøóÚúäõ: ÇáúÅöÈúÚóÇÏõ Úóäú ÑóÍúãóÉö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóæú áöÎõÈúËö ÕöÝóÇÊöåóÇ ÇáøóÊöí æõÕöÝóÊú ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ Ãóæú áöáóÚúäö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóØúÚóãõæäóåóÇ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞõáúäóÇ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇÓúÌõÏõæÇ áóÂÏóãó ÝóÓóÌóÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÞóÇáó ÃóÃóÓúÌõÏõ áöãóäú ÎóáóÞúÊó ØöíäðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóäú ÅöÈúáöíÓó: ÃóÃóÓúÌõÏõ áöãóäú ÎóáóÞúÊó ØöíäðÇ [17 \ 61] ¡ íóÏõáøõ Ýöíåö ÅöäúßóÇÑõ ÅöÈúáöíÓó áöáÓøõÌõæÏö ÈöåóãúÒóÉö ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö Úóáóì ÅöÈóÇÆöåö æóÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑöåö Úóäö ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö áöãóÎúáõæÞò ãöäú Øöíäò¡ æóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÈóÇÁö æóÇáöÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ÝóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ «Ýöí ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÃóÈóì æóÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑó æóßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [2 \ 34] ¡ æóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÅöÈóÇÆöåö «Ýöí ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÃóÈóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóÚó ÇáÓøóÇÌöÏöíäó [115 \ 31] ¡ æóÈöÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑöåö Ýöí «Õ» ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑó æóßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [38 \ 74] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÓóÈóÈó ÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃóäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåõ ÎóáóÞúÊóäöí ãöäú äóÇÑò æóÎóáóÞúÊóåõ ãöäú Øöíäò [12¡ 18 \ 76] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ «Ýöí ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ØöíäðÇ ÍóÇáñ ; Ãóíú áöãóäú ÎóáóÞúÊóåõ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ØöíäðÇ. æóÊóÌúæöíÒõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö ßóæúäóåõ ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö¡ ÛóíúÑõ ÙóÇåöÑò ÚöäúÏöí. æóÞöíáó: ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöäóÒúÚö ÇáúÎóÇÝöÖö ; Ãóíú ãöäú Øöíäò. æóÞöíáó: ÊóãúíöíÒñ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÖúÚóÝõåóÇ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÃóÑóÃóíúÊóßó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÑøóãúÊó Úóáóíøó áóÆöäú ÃóÎøóÑúÊóäö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÃóÍúÊóäößóäøó ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÇááøóÚöíäó ÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÃóÑóÃóíúÊóßó [17 \ 62] ¡ Ãóíú ÃóÎúÈöÑúäöí: åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÑøóãúÊóåõ Úóáóíøó ÝóÃóãóÑúÊóäöí ÈöÇáÓøõÌõæÏö áóåõ æóåõæó ÂÏóãõ ; Ãóíú áöãó ßóÑøóãúÊóåõ Úóáóíøó æóÃóäóÇ ÎóíúÑñ ãöäúåó. æóÇáúßóÇÝõ Ýöí ÃóÑóÃóíúÊóßó ÍóÑúÝõ ÎöØóÇÈò¡ æó «åóÐóÇ» ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö áöÜ «ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó» .
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÃóÎúÈöÑúäöí. æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÇáúßóÇÝó ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö¡ æó «åóÐóÇ» ãõÈúÊóÏóÃñ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáñ ÖóÚöíÝñ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÃóÍúÊóäößóäøó ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ [17 \ 62] ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: áóÃóÓúÊóæúáöíóäøó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ. æóÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: áóÃóÍúÊóæöíóäøóåõãú. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÒóíúÏò: áóÃõÖöáøóäøóåõãú. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: æóÇáúãóÚúäóì ãõÊóÞóÇÑöÈñ. Ãóíú áóÃóÓúÊóÃúÕöáóäøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÅöÛúæóÇÁö æóÇáúÅöÖúáóÇáö¡ æóáóÃóÌúÊóÇÍóäøóåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áóÃóÍúÊóäößóäøó ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ¡ Ãóíú áóÃóÞõæÏóäøóåõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÁõ ; ãöäú Þóæúáö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÇÍúÊóäóßúÊõ ÇáúÝóÑóÓó: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÚóáúÊó ÇáÑøóÓóäó(3/166)
ÞóÇáó ÇÐúåóÈú Ýóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóßó ãöäúåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ÌóÒóÇÄõßõãú ÌóÒóÇÁð ãóæúÝõæÑðÇ (63)
Ýöí Íóäóßöåö áöÊóÞõæÏóåõ ÍóíúËõ ÔöÆúÊó. ÊóÞõæáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ: ÍóäóßúÊõ ÇáúÝóÑóÓó ÃóÍúäõßõåõ (ãöäú ÈóÇÈö ÖóÑóÈó æóäóÕóÑó) æóÇÍúÊóäóßúÊõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÚóáúÊó Ýöíåö ÇáÑøóÓóäó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÓóäó íóßõæäõ Úóáóì Íóäóßöåö. æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÇÍúÊóäóßó ÇáúÌóÑóÇÏõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó: Ãóíú Ãóßóáó ãóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ. ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÃúßõáõ ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåö¡ æóÇáúÍóäóßõ Íóæúáó ÇáúÝóãö. åóÐóÇ åõæó ÃóÕúáõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö Ýöí ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö¡ ÝóÇáöÇÔúÊöÞóÇÞõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÍóäóßö¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöåúáóÇßö ãõØúáóÞðÇ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÆúÕóÇáö ; ßóÞóæúáö ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
ÃóÔúßõæ Åöáóíúßó ÓóäóÉð ÞóÏú ÃóÌúÍóÝóÊú ... ÌóåúÏðÇ Åöáóì ÌóåúÏò ÈöäóÇ æóÃóÖúÚóÝóÊú
æóÇÍúÊóäóßóÊú ÃóãúæóÇáóäóÇ æóÇÌúÊóáóÝóÊú
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóäú ÅöÈúáöíÓó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: áóÃóÍúÊóäößóäøó ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 62] ¡ Èóíøóäóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö áóÃóÞúÚõÏóäøó áóåõãú ÕöÑóÇØóßó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó Ëõãøó áóÂÊöíóäøóåõãú ãöäú Èóíúäö ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóãöäú ÎóáúÝöåöãú æóÚóäú ÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú æóÚóäú ÔóãóÇÆöáöåöãú æóáóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ ÃóßúËóÑóåõãú ÔóÇßöÑöíäó [7 \ 16¡ 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÈöÚöÒøóÊößó áóÃõÛúæöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [38 \ 82] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ [17 \ 62] Èóíøóäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóáöíáö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÃõÛúæöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóßó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúãõÎúáóÕöíäó [38 \ 82¡ 83] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóÃõÒóíøöäóäøó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÃõÛúæöíóäøóåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóßó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúãõÎúáóÕöíäó [15 \ 39 - 40] ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÞóæúáõ ÅöÈúáöíÓó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: áóÃóÍúÊóäößóäøó ÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 62] ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÙóäøðÇ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÓóíóÞóÚõ æóÞóÏú ÊóÍóÞøóÞó áóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÙøóäøõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÏøóÞó Úóáóíúåöãú ÅöÈúáöíÓõ Ùóäøóåõ ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÝóÑöíÞðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [34 \ 20] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇÐúåóÈú Ýóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóßó ãöäúåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ÌóÒóÇÄõßõãú ÌóÒóÇÁð ãóæúÝõæÑðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÞóÇáó ÇÐúåóÈú [17 \ 63] ¡ åóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑõ ÅöåóÇäóÉò ; Ãóíö ÇÌúåóÏú ÌóåúÏóßó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóäóÙóÑúäóÇßó Ýóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóßó¡ Ãóíú: ÃóØóÇÚóßó ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÉö ÂÏóãó ÝóÅöäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ÌóÒóÇÄõßõãú ÌóÒóÇÁð ãóæúÝõæÑðÇ [17 \ 63] Ãóíú æóÇÝöÑðÇ. Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò æóÛóíúÑöåö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÇÐúåóÈú áóíúÓó ãöäó ÇáÐøóåóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó äóÞöíÖõ ÇáúãóÌöíÁö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÇãúÖö áöÔóÃúäößó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÎúÊóÑúÊóåõ. æóÚóÞøóÈóåõ ÈöÐößúÑö ãóÇ ÌóÑøóåõ ÓõæÁõ ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóßó ãöäúåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ÌóÒóÇÄõßõãú ÌóÒóÇÁð ãóæúÝõæÑðÇ [17 \ 63] .(3/167)
æóÇÓúÊóÝúÒöÒú ãóäö ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊó ãöäúåõãú ÈöÕóæúÊößó æóÃóÌúáöÈú Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÎóíúáößó æóÑóÌöáößó æóÔóÇÑößúåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÚöÏúåõãú æóãóÇ íóÚöÏõåõãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÛõÑõæÑðÇ (64)
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃõæÚöÏó Èöåö ÅöÈúáöíÓõ æóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Èóíøóäóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÝóÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÇáúÍóÞøó ÃóÞõæáõ áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäúßó æóãöãøóäú ÊóÈöÚóßó ãöäúåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [38 \ 84 - 85] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóßõÈúßöÈõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ åõãú æóÇáúÛóÇæõæäó æóÌõäõæÏõ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ÃóÌúãóÚõæäó Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÌóÒóÇÁð ãóÝúÚõæáñ ãõØúáóÞñ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáö ÇÈúäö ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
ÈöãöËúáöåö Ãóæú ÝöÚúáò Çæú æóÕúÝò äõÕöÈú ... æóßóæúäõåõ ÃóÕúáðÇ áöåóÐóíúäö ÇäúÊõÎöÈú
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí: Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó «ãóæúÝõæÑðÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì «æóÇÝöÑò» áóÇ ÏóÇÚöíó áóåõ. Èóáú «ãóæúÝõæÑðÇ» ÇÓúãõ ãóÝúÚõæáò Úóáóì ÈóÇÈöåö¡ ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: æóÝóÑó ÇáÔøóíúÁó íóÝöÑõåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ æóÇÝöÑñ¡ æóÇáúãóÝúÚõæáõ ãóæúÝõæÑñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÒõåóíúÑò:
æóãóäú íóÌúÚóáö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝó ãöäú Ïõæäö ÚöÑúÖöåö ... íóÝöÑúåõ æóãóäú áóÇ íóÊøóÞö ÇáÔøóÊúãó íõÔúÊóãö
æóÚóáóíúåö: ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÌóÒóÇÁð ãõßóãøóáðÇ ãõÊóãøóãðÇ. æóÊõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉõ áóÇÒöãóÉð ÃóíúÖðÇ ÊóÞõæáõ: æóÝóÑó ãóÇáõåõ Ýóåõæó æóÇÝöÑñ ; Ãóíú ßóËöíÑñ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ãóæúÝõæÑðÇ» äóÚúÊñ áöáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÞóÈúáóåõ ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúÊóÝúÒöÒú ãóäö ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊó ãöäúåõãú ÈöÕóæúÊößó æóÃóÌúáöÈú Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÎóíúáößó æóÑóÌöáößó æóÔóÇÑößúåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÚöÏúåõãú æóãóÇ íóÚöÏõåõãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÛõÑõæÑðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: åóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ÞóÏóÑöíøñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó ÃóäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÊóÄõÒøõåõãú ÃóÒøðÇ [19 \ 83] ; Ãóíú ÊõÒúÚöÌõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí ÅöÒúÚóÇÌðÇ¡ æóÊóÓõæÞõåõãú ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÓóæúÞðÇ. ÇäúÊóåóì.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí Ãóäøó ÕöíóÛó ÇáúÃóãúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇÓúÊóÝúÒöÒú [17 \ 64] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÌúáöÈú¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÔóÇÑößúåõãú¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó áöáÊøóåúÏöíÏö¡ Ãóíö ÇÝúÚóáú Ðóáößó ÝóÓóÊóÑóì ÚóÇÞöÈóÊóåõ ÇáúæóÎöíãóÉó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÇÚúãóáõæÇ ãóÇ ÔöÆúÊõãú [41 \ 40] ¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÌóÒóãó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó «Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö» ¡ æóåõæó æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇÓúÊóÝúÒöÒú¡ Ãóíö ÇÓúÊóÎöÝøó ãóäö ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊó Ãóäú ÊóÓúÊóÝöÒøóåõ ãöäúåõãú¡ ÝóÇáúãóÝúÚõæáõ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúãóÞóÇãö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúÒóÇÒõ: ÇáöÇÓúÊöÎúÝóÇÝõ. æóÑóÌõáñ ÝóÒøñ: Ãóíú ÎóÝöíÝñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þöíáó áöæóáóÏö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: ÝóÒøñ. áöÎöÝøóÉö ÍóÑóßóÊöåö. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÒõåóíúÑò:(3/168)
ßóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÛóÇËó ÈöÓóíúÁò ÝóÒøõ ÛóíúØóáóÉò ... ÎóÇÝó ÇáúÚõíõæäó æóáóãú íóäúÙõÑú Èöåö ÇáúÍóÔößõ
«æóÇáÓøóíúÁõ» Ýöí ÈóíúÊö ÒõåóíúÑò ÈöÇáÓøöíäö ÇáúãõåúãóáóÉö ãóÝúÊõæÍóÉð ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ íóÇÁñ ÓóÇßöäóÉñ æóÂÎöÑõåõ åóãúÒñ: ÇááøóÈóäõ ÇáøóÐöí íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÃóØúÑóÇÝö ÇáúÃóÎúáóÇÝö ÞóÈúáó äõÒõæáö ÇáÏøöÑøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÍóÔóßõ ÃóÕúáõåõ ÇáÓøõßõæäõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÕúÏóÑõ ÍóÔóßóÊö ÇáÏøöÑøóÉõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÇãúÊóáóÃóÊú¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÍóÑøóßóåõ ÒõåóíúÑñ áöáúæóÒúäö. æóÇáúÛóíúØóáóÉõ åõäóÇ: ÈóÞóÑóÉõ ÇáúæóÍúÔö ÐóÇÊõ ÇááøóÈóäö. æóÞóæúáõåõ ; ÈöÕóæúÊößó [17 \ 64] ¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: åõæó Çááøóåúæõ æóÇáúÛöäóÇÁõ æóÇáúãóÒóÇãöíÑõ ; Ãóíö ÇÓúÊóÎöÝøó ãóäö ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊó Ãóäú ÊóÓúÊóÎöÝøóåõ ãöäúåõãú ÈöÇááøóåúæö æóÇáúÛöäóÇÁö æóÇáúãóÒóÇãöíÑö. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÕóæúÊõåõ íóÔúãóáõ ßõáøó ÏóÇÚò ÏóÚóÇ Åöáóì ãóÚúÕöíóÉò ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÅöäøóãóÇ æóÞóÚó ØóÇÚóÉð áóåõ. æóÞöíáó: ÈöÕóæúÊößó: Ãóíú æóÓúæóÓóÊößó. æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóÌúáöÈú ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÅöÌúáóÇÈö: ÇáÓøóæúÞõ ÈöÌóáóÈóÉò ãöäó ÇáÓøóÇÆöÞö. æóÇáúÌóáóÈóÉõ: ÇáúÃóÕúæóÇÊõ. ÊóÞõæáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ: ÃóÌúáóÈó Úóáóì ÝóÑóÓöåö¡ æóÌóáóÈó Úóáóíúåö: ÅöÐóÇ ÕóÇÍó Èöåö ãöäú ÎóáúÝò æóÇÓúÊóÍóËøóåõ áöáÓøóÈúÞö. æóÇáúÎóíúáõ ÊõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóÝúÑóÇÓö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÝóæóÇÑöÓö ÇáÑøóÇßöÈöíäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö. æóÇáÑøóÌúáõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÑóÇÌöáò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞó: ÌóãúÚõ «ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö» æóÕúÝðÇ Úóáóì «ÝóÚúáò» ÈöÝóÊúÍò ÝóÓõßõæäò¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÃóãúËöáóÊóåõ ÈößóËúÑóÉò¡ æóÇÎúÊóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÌóãúÚñ ãóæúÌõæÏñ ÃóÛúÝóáóåõ ÇáÕøóÑúÝöíøõæäó ; ÅöÐú áóíúÓóÊú ÝóÚúáñ - ÈöÝóÊúÍò ÝóÓõßõæäò - ÚöäúÏóåõãú ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÌõãõæÚö¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõæäó ÝöíãóÇ æóÑóÏó ãöäú Ðóáößó ßóÑóÇÌöáò æóÑóÌúáò¡ æóÕóÇÍöÈò æóÕóÍúÈò¡ æóÑóÇßöÈò æóÑóßúÈò¡ æóÔóÇÑöÈò æóÔóÑúÈò: Åöäøóåõ ÇÓúãõ ÌóãúÚò áóÇ ÌóãúÚñ¡ æóåõæó ÎöáóÇÝõ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö.
æóÞóÑóÃó ÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò æóÑóÌöáößó [17 \ 64] ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÌöíãö - áõÛóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÑøóÌúáö ÌóãúÚö ÑóÇÌöáò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó «ÝóÚöáðÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì «ÝóÇÚöáò» äóÍúæó ÊóÚöÈò æóÊóÇÚöÈò æóãóÚúäóÇåõ: «æóÌóãúÚößó ÇáÑøóÌöáö» . ÇåÜ ; Ãóíú: ÇáúãóÇÔöíäó Úóáóì ÃóÑúÌõáöåöãú.
æóÔóÇÑößúåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæáóÇÏö [17 \ 64] ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ãõÔóÇÑóßóÊõåõ áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÝóÚóáóì ÃóÕúäóÇÝò: (ãöäúåóÇ) ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãöäú ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ØóÇÚóÉð áóåõ ; ßóÇáúÈóÍóÇÆöÑö æóÇáÓøóæóÇÆöÈö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõåõãú Èöåö ãöäú ÅöäúÝóÇÞö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö Ýöí ãóÚúÕöíóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõåõãú Èöåö ãöäö ÇßúÊöÓóÇÈö ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö ÈöÇáØøõÑõÞö ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãóÉö ÔóÑúÚðÇ ßóÇáÑøöÈóÇ æóÇáúÛóÕúÈö æóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÎöíóÇäóÇÊö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÝóÚóáõæÇ Ðóáößó ØóÇÚóÉð áóåõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãõÔóÇÑóßóÊõåõ áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö ÝóÚóáóì ÃóÕúäóÇÝò ÃóíúÖðÇ:
ãöäúåóÇ ÞóÊúáõåõãú ÈóÚúÖó ÃóæúáóÇÏöåöãú ØóÇÚóÉð áóåõ.(3/169)
æóãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú íõãóÌøöÓõæäó ÃóæúáóÇÏóåõãú æóíõåóæøöÏõæäóåõãú æóíõäóÕøöÑõæäóåõãú ØóÇÚóÉð áóåõ æóãõæóÇáóÇÉð.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÓúãöíóÊõåõãú ÃóæúáóÇÏóåõãú ÚóÈúÏó ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö æóÚóÈúÏó ÔóãúÓò æóÚóÈúÏó ÇáúÚõÒøóì æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ÓóãøóæúÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏóåõãú ÚóÈöíÏðÇ áöÛóíúÑö Çááøóåöº ØóÇÚóÉð áóåõ¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÃóæúáóÇÏõ ÇáÒøöäóì ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÓóÈøóÈõæÇ Ýöí æõÌõæÏöåöãú ÈöÇÑúÊößóÇÈö ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔóÉöº ØóÇÚóÉð áóåõ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó åóÐóÇ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÈóÚúÖó ãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäú ãõÔóÇÑóßóÉö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóãúæóÇáö æóÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÎóÓöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÊóáõæÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏóåõãú ÓóÝóåðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò æóÍóÑøóãõæÇ ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁð Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÞóÏú ÖóáøõæÇ æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ãõåúÊóÏöíäó [6 \ 140] ÝóÞóÊúáõåõãú ÃóæúáóÇÏóåõãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ØóÇÚóÉð áöáÔøóíúØóÇäö ãõÔóÇÑóßóÉñ ãöäúåõ áóåõãú Ýöí ÃóæúáóÇÏöåöãú ÍóíúËõ ÞóÊóáõæåõãú Ýöí ØóÇÚóÊöåö. æóßóÐóáößó ÊóÍúÑöíãõ ÈóÚúÖö ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ØóÇÚóÉð áóåõ ãõÔóÇÑóßóÉñ ãöäúåõ áóåõãú Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ÃóíúÖðÇ ; æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ãöãøóÇ ÐóÑóÃó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÑúËö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö äóÕöíÈðÇ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ áöáøóåö ÈöÒóÚúãöåöãú æóåóÐóÇ áöÔõÑóßóÇÆöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 136] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐöåö ÃóäúÚóÇãñ æóÍóÑúËñ ÍöÌúÑñ áóÇ íóØúÚóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ ÈöÒóÚúãöåöãú æóÃóäúÚóÇãñ ÍõÑøöãóÊú ÙõåõæÑõåóÇ æóÃóäúÚóÇãñ áóÇ íóÐúßõÑõæäó ÇÓúãó Çááøóåö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁð Úóáóíúåö ÓóíóÌúÒöíåöãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÊóÑõæäó [6 \ 138] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ãöäú ÑöÒúÞò ÝóÌóÚóáúÊõãú ãöäúåõ ÍóÑóÇãðÇ æóÍóáóÇáðÇ Þõáú Âááøóåõ ÃóÐöäó áóßõãú Ãóãú Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÝúÊóÑõæäó [10 \ 59] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉö ÈóÚúÖó ãõÔóÇÑóßóÊöåö áóåõãú ÝöíãóÇ ÐõßöÑó¡ ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚöíóÇÖö Èúäö ÍöãóÇÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «íóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó Åöäøöí ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÚöÈóÇÏöí ÍõäóÝóÇÁó ÝóÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäõ ÝóÇÌúÊóÇáóÊúåõãú Úóäú Ïöíäöåöãú¡ æóÍóÑøóãóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ ÃóÍúáóáúÊõ áóåõãú» ¡ æóãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «áóæú Ãóäøó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó Ãóåúáóåõ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÌóäøöÈúäóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó¡ æóÌóäøöÈö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞúÊóäóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Åöäú íõÞóÏøóÑú ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ æóáóÏñ Ýöí Ðóáößó áóãú íóÖõÑøõåõ ÔóíúØóÇäñ» ÇäúÊóåóì.
ÝóÇÌúÊöíóÇáõ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö áóåõãú Úóäú Ïöíäöåöãú¡ æóÊóÍúÑöíãõåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ áóåõãú (Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÃóæøóáö) æóÖõÑøõåóÇ áóåõãú áóæú ÊóÑóßõæÇ ÇáÊøóÓúãöíóÉó (Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáËøóÇäöí) ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ãõÔóÇÑóßóÊöåöãú Ýöíåöãú. æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÝóÇÌúÊóÇáóÊúåõãú» ÃóÕúáõåõ ÇÝúÊóÚóáó ãöäó ÇáúÌóæóáóÇäö ; Ãóíö ÇÓúÊóÎóÝøóÊúåõãõ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäõ ÝóÌóÇáõæÇ ãóÚóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÖøóáóÇáö. íõÞóÇáõ: ÌóÇáó æóÇÌúÊóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ ÐóåóÈó æóÌóÇÁó¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÌóæóáóÇäõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúÈö¡ æóÇÌúÊóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÁó: ÅöÐóÇ ÐóåóÈó Èöåö æóÓóÇÞóåõ. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì. æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÚöÏúåõãú ;(3/170)
æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóßõãõ ÇáÖøõÑøõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö Öóáøó ãóäú ÊóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÌøóÇßõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö ÃóÚúÑóÖúÊõãú æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ßóÝõæÑðÇ (67)
ßóÇáúÃóãúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇÓúÊóÝúÒöÒú¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÌúáöÈú¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áöáÊøóåúÏöíÏö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ íóÚöÏõåõãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÛõÑõæÑðÇ [17 \ 64] Èóíøóäó Ýöíåö Ãóäøó ãóæóÇÚöíÏó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ßõáøóåóÇ ÛõÑõæÑñ æóÈóÇØöáñ ; ßóæóÚúÏöåö áóåõãú ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó ÊóÔúÝóÚõ áóåõãú æóÊõÞóÑøöÈõåõãú ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóãøóÇ ÌóÚóáó áóåõãõ ÇáúãóÇáó æóÇáúæóáóÏó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÓóíóÌúÚóáõ áóåõãú ãöËúáó Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇÚöíÏö ÇáúßóÇÐöÈóÉö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóÚöÏõåõãú æóíõãóäøöíåöãú æóãóÇ íóÚöÏõåõãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÛõÑõæÑðÇ [4 \ 120] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóßöäøóßõãú ÝóÊóäúÊõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú æóÊóÑóÈøóÕúÊõãú æóÇÑúÊóÈúÊõãú æóÛóÑøóÊúßõãõ ÇáúÃóãóÇäöíøõ ÍóÊøóì ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö æóÛóÑøóßõãú ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÛóÑõæÑõ [57 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áóãøóÇ ÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó æóÚóÏóßõãú æóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóæóÚóÏúÊõßõãú ÝóÃóÎúáóÝúÊõßõãú [14 \ 22] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÚöÈóÇÏöí áóíúÓó áóßó Úóáóíúåöãú ÓõáúØóÇäñ
ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 65] ¡ Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó áóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäó áöáÔøóíúØóÇäö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÍóÐúÝõ ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóÑúäóÇ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝóÉö ÅöÖóÇÝóÊõåõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏó Åöáóíúåö ÅöÖóÇÝóÉó ÊóÔúÑöíÝò¡ æóÊóÏõáøõ áöåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóßó ãöäúåõãõ ÇáúãõÎúáóÕöíäó [15 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ áóíúÓó áóåõ ÓõáúØóÇäñ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íóÊóæóßøóáõæäó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõáúØóÇäõåõ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊóæóáøóæúäóåõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú Èöåö ãõÔúÑößõæäó [16 \ 99 - 100] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÚöÈóÇÏöí áóíúÓó áóßó Úóáóíúåöãú ÓõáúØóÇäñ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚóßó ãöäó ÇáúÛóÇæöíäó [15 \ 42] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ; ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóßõãõ ÇáÖøõÑøõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö Öóáøó ãóäú ÊóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÌøóÇßõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö ÃóÚúÑóÖúÊõãú æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ßóÝõæÑðÇ ÃóÝóÃóãöäúÊõãú Ãóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èößõãú ÌóÇäöÈó ÇáúÈóÑøö Ãóæú íõÑúÓöáó Úóáóíúßõãú ÍóÇÕöÈðÇ Ëõãøó áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõæÇ áóßõãú æóßöíáðÇ Ãóãú ÃóãöäúÊõãú Ãóäú íõÚöíÏóßõãú Ýöíåö ÊóÇÑóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ÝóíõÑúÓöáó Úóáóíúßõãú ÞóÇÕöÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøöíÍö ÝóíõÛúÑöÞóßõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú Ëõãøó áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõæÇ áóßõãú ÚóáóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÊóÈöíÚðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõãõ ÇáÖøõÑøõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ; Ãóíö ÇÔúÊóÏøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÑøöíÍõ ÝóÛóÔöíóÊúåõãú ÃóãúæóÇÌõ ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ßóÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ¡ æóÙóäøõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ ÎóáóÇÕó áóåõãú ãöäú Ðóáößó - Öóáøó Úóäúåõãú ; Ãóíú ÛóÇÈó Úóäú ÃóÐúåóÇäöåöãú æóÎóæóÇØöÑöåöãú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ßõáøõ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÏúÚõæäó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ áöÚöáúãöåöãú Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõäúÞöÐõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúßóÑúÈö æóÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÑõæÈö ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóÍúÏóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡(3/171)
ÝóÃóÎúáóÕõæÇ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó æóÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó áóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúÍöíäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍóÇØó Èöåöãú Ýöíåö åóæúáõ ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ äóÌøóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ æóÝóÑøóÌó Úóäúåõãú¡ æóæóÕóáõæÇ ÇáúÈóÑøó ÑóÌóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÌøóÇßõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö ÃóÚúÑóÖúÊõãú æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ßóÝõæÑðÇ [17 \ 67] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÓóíøöÑõßõãú Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÇáúÝõáúßö æóÌóÑóíúäó Èöåöãú ÈöÑöíÍò ØóíøöÈóÉò æóÝóÑöÍõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåóÇ ÑöíÍñ ÚóÇÕöÝñ æóÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúãóæúÌõ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóßóÇäò æóÙóäøõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÃõÍöíØó Èöåöãú ÏóÚóæõÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó áóÆöäú ÃóäúÌóíúÊóäóÇ ãöäú åóÐöåö áóäóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇßöÑöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóäúÌóÇåõãú ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóÈúÛõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáúÍóÞøö [10 \ 22 - 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú ãóäú íõäóÌøöíßõãú ãöäú ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÊóÏúÚõæäóåõ ÊóÖóÑøõÚðÇ æóÎõÝúíóÉð áóÆöäú ÃóäúÌóÇäóÇ ãöäú åóÐöåö áóäóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇßöÑöíäó Þõáö Çááøóåõ íõäóÌøöíßõãú ãöäúåóÇ æóãöäú ßõáøö ßóÑúÈò Ëõãøó ÃóäúÊõãú ÊõÔúÑößõæäó [6 \ 63 - 64] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÑóßöÈõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÝõáúßö ÏóÚóæõÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÌøóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íõÔúÑößõæäó [29 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÛóÔöíóåõãú ãóæúÌñ ßóÇáÙøõáóáö ÏóÚóæõÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÌøóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö Ýóãöäúåõãú ãõÞúÊóÕöÏñ æóãóÇ íóÌúÍóÏõ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ßõáøõ ÎóÊøóÇÑò ßóÝõæÑò [31 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÖõÑøñ ÏóÚóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ ãõäöíÈðÇ Åöáóíúåö Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ Îóæøóáóåõ äöÚúãóÉð ãöäúåõ äóÓöíó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÌóÚóáó áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ áöíõÖöáøó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáöåö [39 \ 8] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
Ëõãøó Åöäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Èóíøóäó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáøóÐöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåö ÓóÎóÇÝóÉó ÚõÞõæáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ÅöÐóÇ æóÕóáõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö æóäóÌóæúÇ ãöäú åóæúáö ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÑóÌóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ßõÝúÑöåöãú Âãöäöíäó ÚóÐóÇÈó Çááøóåö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÅöåúáóÇßöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó æõÕõæáöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈöÑøö¡ ÈöÃóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èöåöãú ÌóÇäöÈó ÇáúÈóÑøö ÇáøóÐöí íóáöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑó ÝóÊóÈúÊóáöÚóåõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ¡ Ãóæú íõÑúÓöáó Úóáóíúåöãú ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÊõåúáößóåõãú¡ Ãóæú íõÚöíÏóåõãú ãóÑøóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÝóÊõÛúÑöÞóåõãú ÃóãúæóÇÌõåõ ÇáúãõÊóáóÇØöãóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó åõäóÇ ãõäúßöÑðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú Ãóãúäóåõãú æóßõÝúÑóåõãú ÈóÚúÏó æõÕõæáö ÇáúÈóÑøö: ÃóÝóÃóãöäúÊõãú Ãóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èößõãú ÌóÇäöÈó ÇáúÈóÑøö Ãóæú íõÑúÓöáó Úóáóíúßõãú ÍóÇÕöÈðÇ [17 \ 68] æóåõæó ÇáúãóØóÑõ Ãóæö ÇáÑøöíÍõ ÇááøóÐóíúäö ÝöíåöãóÇ ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉõ Ãóãú ÃóãöäúÊõãú Ãóäú íõÚöíÏóßõãú Ýöíåö ÊóÇÑóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ÝóíõÑúÓöáó Úóáóíúßõãú ÞóÇÕöÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøöíÍö ÝóíõÛúÑöÞóßõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú [17 \ 69] ; Ãóíú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ßõÝúÑößõãú¡ ÝóÇáúÈóÇÁõ ÓóÈóÈöíøóÉñ¡ æó «ãóÇ» ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ. æóÇáúÞóÇÕöÝõ: ÑöíÍõ ÇáúÈöÍóÇÑö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóßúÓöÑõ ÇáúãóÑóÇßöÈó æóÛóíúÑóåóÇ. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÊóãóÇãò:
Åöäøó ÇáÑøöíóÇÍó ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÚúÕóÝóÊú ÞóÕóÝóÊú ... ÚöíÏóÇäó äóÌúÏò æóáóÇ íóÚúÈóÃúäó ÈöÇáÑøóÊóãö
íóÚúäöí: ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ åóÈøóÊú ÈöÔöÏøóÉò ßóÓóÑóÊú ÚöíÏóÇäó ÔóÌóÑö äóÌúÏòº ÑóÊóãðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ÛóíúÑóåõ.(3/172)
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí Èóíøóäóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÅöåúáóÇßöåöãú Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÈöÎóÓúÝò Ãóæú ÚóÐóÇÈò ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö - ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäú äóÔóÃú äóÎúÓöÝú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ãóæú äõÓúÞöØú Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú åõæó ÇáúÞóÇÏöÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËó Úóáóíúßõãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ãöäú ÝóæúÞößõãú Ãóæú ãöäú ÊóÍúÊö ÃóÑúÌõáößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÃóãöäúÊõãú ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóäú íóÎúÓöÝó Èößõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÊóãõæÑõ Ãóãú ÃóãöäúÊõãú ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóäú íõÑúÓöáó Úóáóíúßõãú ÍóÇÕöÈðÇ ÝóÓóÊóÚúáóãõæäó ßóíúÝó äóÐöíÑö [67 \ 16 - 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö «Ýöí Þóæúãö áõæØò» : ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÍóÇÕöÈðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Âáó áõæØò äóÌøóíúäóÇåõãú ÈöÓóÍóÑò [54 \ 34] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áöäõÑúÓöáó Úóáóíúåöãú ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäú Øöíäò [51 \ 33] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáúÍóÇÕöÈõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Þöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÇáÓøóÍóÇÈóÉõ Ãóæö ÇáÑøöíÍõ¡ æóßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÕóÍöíÍñ ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó ÑöíÍò ÔóÏöíÏóÉò ÊóÑúãöí ÈöÇáúÍóÕúÈóÇÁö ÊõÓóãøóì ÍóÇÕöÈðÇ æóÍóÕúÈóÉð¡ æóßõáøõ ÓóÍóÇÈóÉò ÊóÑúãöí ÈöÇáúÈóÑóÏö ÊõÓóãøóì ÍóÇÕöÈðÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ; æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÝóÑóÒúÏóÞó:
ãõÓúÊóÞúÈöáöíäó ÔóãóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇãö íóÖúÑöÈõäóÇ ... ÈöÍóÇÕöÈò ßóäóÏöíÝö ÇáúÞõØúäö ãóäúËõæÑö
æóÞóæúáõ áóÈöíÏò:
ÌóÑøóÊú ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ãóäú ÎóæóÊú ãöäú ÃóåúáöåóÇ ... ÃóÐúíóÇáóåóÇ ßõáøõ ÚõÕõæÝò ÍóÕöÈóåú
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ëõãøó áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõæÇ áóßõãú ÚóáóíúäóÇ Èöåö ÊóÈöíÚðÇ [17 \ 96] ¡ «ÝóÚöíáñ» ÈöãóÚúäóì «ÝóÇÚöáò» . Ãóíú ÊóÇÈöÚðÇ íóÊúÈóÚõäóÇ ÈöÇáúãõØóÇáóÈóÉö ÈöËóÃúÑößõãú ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÝóÏóãúÏóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ÈöÐóäúÈöåöãú ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ æóáóÇ íóÎóÇÝõ ÚõÞúÈóÇåóÇ [91 \ 14¡ 15] ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ íóÎóÇÝõ ÚóÇÞöÈóÉó ÊóÈöÚóÉò ÊóáúÍóÞõåõ ÈöÐóáößó. æóßõáøõ ãõØóÇáöÈò ÈóÏöíäò Ãóæú ËóÃúÑò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ÊõÓóãøöíåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÈöíÚðÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóãøóÇÎö íóÕöÝõ ÚõÞóÇÈðÇ:
ÊóáõæÐõ ËóÚóÇáöÈõ ÇáÔøóÑóÝóíúäö ãöäúåóÇ ... ßóãóÇ áóÇÐó ÇáúÛóÑöíãõ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÈöíÚö
Ãóíú: ßóÚöíóÇÐö ÇáúãóÏöíäö ãöäú ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáÏøóíúäö ÇáøóÐöí íõØóÇáöÈõåõ ÈöÛõÑúãöåö ãöäúåõ.
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÛóÏóæúÇ æóÛóÏóÊú ÛöÒúáóÇäõåõãú æóßóÃóäøóåóÇ ... ÖóæóÇãöäõ ÛõÑúãò áóåõäøó ÊóÈöíÚõ
Ãóíú ÎóÕúãõåõäøó ãõØóÇáóÈñ ÈóÏöíäò.
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÊøöÈóÇÚñ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóÃóÏóÇÁñ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÅöÍúÓóÇäò ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 178] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÅöÐóÇ ÃõÊúÈöÚó ÃóÍóÏõßõãú Úóáóì ãóáöíÁò ÝóáúíóÊúÈóÚú» æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÛóíúÑöåö: «ÊóÈöíÚðÇ» Ãóíú äóÕöíÑðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáö ãõÌóÇåöÏò: äóÕöíÑðÇ ËóÇÆöÑðÇ.(3/173)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÙöÑö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ðóãøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó æóÚóÇÊóÈóåõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõãú Ýöí æóÞúÊö ÇáÔøóÏóÇÆöÏö æóÇáúÃóåúæóÇáö ÎóÇÕøóÉð íõÎúáöÕõæäó ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó áóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÕúÑöÝõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÍóÞøöåö áöãóÎúáõæÞò¡ æóÝöí æóÞúÊö ÇáúÃóãúäö æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö íõÔúÑößõæäó Èöåö ÛóíúÑóåõ Ýöí ÍõÞõæÞöåö ÇáúæóÇÌöÈóÉö áóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÚöÈóÇÏóÊõåõ æóÍúÏóåõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö¡ æóíõÚúáóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÌóåóáóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÓóãøöíäó ÈöÇÓúãö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ÃóÓúæóÃõ ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäú ÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÏóåóãóÊúåõãõ ÇáÔøóÏóÇÆöÏõ¡ æóÛóÔöíóÊúåõãõ ÇáúÃóåúæóÇáõ æóÇáúßõÑõæÈõ ÇáúÊóÌóÆõæÇ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö ãöãøóäú íóÚúÊóÞöÏõæäó Ýöíåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÍó¡ Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÊö ÇáøóÐöí íõÎúáöÕõ Ýöíåö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó áöáøóåö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóæúÖöÚò Ãóäøó ÅöÌóÇÈóÉó ÇáúãõÖúØóÑøö æóÅöäúÌóÇÁóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßóÑúÈö ãöäú ÍõÞõæÞöåö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóãöäú ÃóæúÖóÍö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Çáäøóãúáö» : Âááøóåõ ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãú ãóÇ Ãóãøóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÃóäúÒóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóäúÈóÊúäóÇ Èöåö ÍóÏóÇÆöÞó ÐóÇÊó ÈóåúÌóÉò ãóÇ ßóÇäó áóßõãú Ãóäú ÊõäúÈöÊõæÇ ÔóÌóÑóåóÇ ÃóÅöáóåñ ãóÚó Çááøóåö Èóáú åõãú Þóæúãñ íóÚúÏöáõæäó Ãóãøóäú ÌóÚóáó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÞóÑóÇÑðÇ æóÌóÚóáó ÎöáóÇáóåóÇ ÃóäúåóÇÑðÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó æóÌóÚóáó Èóíúäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö ÍóÇÌöÒðÇ ÃóÅöáóåñ ãóÚó Çááøóåö Èóáú ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóãøóäú íõÌöíÈõ ÇáúãõÖúØóÑøó ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇåõ æóíóßúÔöÝõ ÇáÓøõæÁó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö [37 \ 27] 59 - 62¡ ÝóÊóÑóÇåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÇÊö ÌóÚóáó ÅöÌóÇÈóÉó ÇáúãõÖúØóÑøö ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóÇ æóßóÔúÝó ÇáÓøõæÁö Úóäúåõ ãöäú ÍóÞøöåö ÇáúÎóÇáöÕö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõåõ Ýöíåö ÃóÍóÏñ ; ßóÎóáúÞöåö ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó¡ æóÅöäúÒóÇáöåö ÇáúãóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÅöäúÈóÇÊöåö Èöåö ÇáÔøóÌóÑó¡ æóÌóÚúáöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÞóÑóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÌóÚúáöåö ÎöáóÇáóåóÇ ÃóäúåóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÌóÚúáöåö áóåóÇ ÑóæóÇÓöíó¡ æóÌóÚúáöåö Èóíúäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö ÍóÇÌöÒðÇ¡ Åöáóì ÂÎóÑö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãöäú ÛóÑóÇÆöÈö ÕõäúÚöåö æóÚóÌóÇÆöÈöåö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íõÔóÇÑößõåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ ; ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÇÊö: ßóÇäó ÓóÈóÈó ÅöÓúáóÇãö ÚößúÑöãóÉó Èúäö ÃóÈöí Ìóåúáò ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ áöãóÇ ÝóÊóÍó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóßøóÉó ÐóåóÈó ÝóÇÑøðÇ ãöäúåõ Åöáóì ÈöáóÇÏö ÇáúÍóÈóÔóÉö¡ ÝóÑóßöÈó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ãõÊóæóÌøöåðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÈóÔóÉö¡ ÝóÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÑöíÍñ ÚóÇÕöÝñ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóæúãõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú áöÈóÚúÖò: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÛúäöí Úóäúßõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÏúÚõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚößúÑöãóÉõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö: æóÇááøóåö Åöäú ßóÇäó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÛóíúÑõåõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑøö ÛóíúÑõåõ¡ Çááøóåõãøó áóßó Úóáóíøó ÚóåúÏñ¡ áóÆöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌúÊóäöí ãöäúåõ áóÃóÐúåóÈóäøó ÝóáóÃóÖóÚóäøó íóÏöíó Ýöí íóÏö ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóáóÃóÌöÏóäøóåõ ÑóÁõæÝðÇ ÑóÍöíãðÇ. ÝóÎóÑóÌõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ ÝóÎóÑóÌó Åöáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÃóÓúáóãó æóÍóÓõäó ÅöÓúáóÇãõåõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ. ÇåÜ.(3/174)
íóæúãó äóÏúÚõæ ßõáøó ÃõäóÇÓò ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú Ýóãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó íóÞúÑóÁõæäó ßöÊóÇÈóåõãú æóáóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó ÝóÊöíáðÇ (71)
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Èöåö ÊóÈöíÚðÇ [17 \ 69] ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöåúáóÇßö ÈöÇáúÅöÛúÑóÇÞö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ÝóíõÛúÑöÞóßõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú [17 \ 69] ¡ Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõæäó ÊóÈöíÚðÇ íóÊúÈóÚõäóÇ ÈöËóÃúÑößõãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöÛúÑóÇÞö.
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÑõæÍö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí: æóÖóãöíÑõ «Èöåö» Þöíáó áöáúÅöÑúÓóÇáö¡ æóÞöíáó áöáúÅöÛúÑóÇÞö¡ æóÞöíáó áóåõãóÇ ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ãóÇ æóÞóÚó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ßóÑøóãúäóÇ Èóäöí ÂÏóãó.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ãöäú ÊóßúÑöíãöåö áöÈóäöí ÂÏóãó ÎóáúÞõåõ áóåõãú Úóáóì Ãóßúãóáö ÇáúåóíúÆóÇÊö æóÃóÍúÓóäöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó íóãúÔöí ÞóÇÆöãðÇ ãõäúÊóÕöÈðÇ Úóáóì ÑöÌúáóíúåö¡ æóíóÃúßõáõ ÈöíóÏóíúåö¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö íóãúÔöí Úóáóì ÃóÑúÈóÚò¡ æóíóÃúßõáõ ÈöÝóãöåö.
æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò [95 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÕóæøóÑóßõãú ÝóÃóÍúÓóäó ÕõæóÑóßõãú [40 \ 64] æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ßóáóÇãñ ÛóíúÑõ åóÐóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÍóãóáúäóÇåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö
ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúÈöÑøö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö Úóáóì ÇáÓøõÝõäö.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áöÐóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÝõáúßö ÊõÍúãóáõæäó [23 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÒúæóÇÌó ßõáøóåóÇ æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúÝõáúßö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö ãóÇ ÊóÑúßóÈõæäó [43 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì ÈöÅöíÖóÇÍò «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÍúáö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó äóÏúÚõæ ßõáøó ÃõäóÇÓò ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ «ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú» åõäóÇ ßöÊóÇÈõ ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÃÍúÕóíúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÅöãóÇãò ãõÈöíäò [36 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÊóÑóì ßõáøó ÃõãøóÉò ÌóÇËöíóÉð ßõáøõ ÃõãøóÉò ÊõÏúÚóì Åöáóì ßöÊóÇÈöåóÇ Çáúíóæúãó ÊõÌúÒóæúäó ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [45 \ 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 49] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ [17 \ 13] ¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ; áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÂíóÉö «íÓ» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Úóáóíúåö. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÐóßóÑóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóÚóÒóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò áöÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÃóÈöí ÇáúÚóÇáöíóÉö æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö æóÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÚóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó æóãõÌóÇåöÏò: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÜ ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú äóÈöíøõåõãú.(3/175)
æóãóäú ßóÇäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÃóÚúãóì Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÃóÚúãóì æóÃóÖóáøõ ÓóÈöíáðÇ (72)
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáößõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÑóÓõæáñ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÑóÓõæáõåõãú ÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö æóåõãú áóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó [10 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóßóíúÝó ÅöÐóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÈöÔóåöíÏò æóÌöÆúäóÇ Èößó Úóáóì åóÄõáóÇÁö ÔóåöíÏðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 41] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóíóæúãó äóÈúÚóËõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÃõãøóÉò ÔóåöíÏðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóÌöÆúäóÇ Èößó ÔóåöíÏðÇ Úóáóì åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 89] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÃóÔúÑóÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÈöäõæÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÌöíÁó ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 69] .
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö: æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÔóÑóÝò áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ; áöÃóäøó ÅöãóÇãóåõãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú ; Ãóíú ÈößöÊóÇÈöåöãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóì äóÈöíøöåöãú ãöäó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ; æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö: ÇÈúäõ ÒóíúÏò¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: íóæúãó äóÏúÚõæÇ ßõáøó ÃõäóÇÓò ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú [17 \ 71] ¡ Ãóíú äóÏúÚõæ ßõáøó Þóæúãò Èöãóäú íóÃúÊóãøõæäó Èöåö¡ ÝóÃóåúáõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÃóÆöãøóÊõåõãõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁõ ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÃóÆöãøóÊõåõãú ÓóÇÏóÊõåõãú æóßõÈóÑóÇÄõåõãú ãöäú ÑõÄóÓóÇÁö ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãú ÃóÆöãøóÉð íóÏúÚõæäó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 41] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏöí¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊó ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö æóãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÞõÑúÂäò¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ: Ýóãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö [17 \ 71] ¡ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑóÇÆöäö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÊóÑúÌöíÍö ãóÇ ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ßöÊóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö.
æóÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúÊóæúäó ßöÊóÇÈóåõãú ÈöÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú íóÞúÑóÁõæäóåõ æóáóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó ÝóÊöíáðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ åóÇÄõãõ ÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ßöÊóÇÈöíóåú [69 \ 19]- Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ ÈöÔöãóÇáöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí áóãú ÃõæÊó ßöÊóÇÈöíóåú [69 \ 25] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÜ ÈöÅöãóÇãöåöãú ßóãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò «ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú» Ãóíú íõÞóÇáõ: íóÇ ÝõáóÇäõ ÇÈúäó ÝõáóÇäóÉò - Þóæúáñ ÈóÇØöáñ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò. æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ: «íõÑúÝóÚõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áößõáøö ÛóÇÏöÑò áöæóÇÁñ ÝóíõÞóÇáõ åóÐöåö ÛóÏúÑóÉõ ÝõáóÇäö ÇÈúäö ÝõáóÇäò» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ßóÇäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÃóÚúãóì Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÃóÚúãóì æóÃóÖóáøõ ÓóÈöíáðÇ.
ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÚóãóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Úóãóì ÇáúÞóáúÈö áóÇ Úóãóì ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì:(3/176)
ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ æóáóßöäú ÊóÚúãóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈõ ÇáøóÊöí Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [22 \ 46] ; áöÃóäøó Úóãóì ÇáúÚóíúäö ãóÚó ÅöÈúÕóÇÑö ÇáúÞóáúÈö áóÇ íóÖõÑøõ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÚóßúÓö ; ÝóÅöäøó ÃóÚúãóì ÇáúÚóíúäö íóÊóÐóßøóÑõ ÝóÊóäúÝóÚõåõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì ÈöÈóÕöíÑóÉö ÞóáúÈöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøóåõ íóÒøóßøóì Ãóæú íóÐøóßøóÑõ ÝóÊóäúÝóÚóåõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì [80 \ 1 - 4] .
ÅöÐóÇ ÈóÕõÑó ÇáúÞóáúÈõ ÇáúãõÑõæÁóÉó æóÇáÊøõÞóì ... ÝóÅöäøó Úóãóì ÇáúÚóíúäóíúäö áóíúÓó íóÖöíÑõ
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ áóãøóÇ Úóãöíó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÚõãúÑöåö ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäúåõ ãöäú æõÌõæåò¡ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÛóíúÑõåõ:
Åöäú íóÃúÎõÐö Çááøóåõ ãöäú Úóíúäöí äõæÑóåõãóÇ ... ÝóÝöí áöÓóÇäöí æóÞóáúÈöí ãöäúåõãóÇ äõæÑõ
ÞóáúÈöí Ðóßöíøñ æóÚóÞúáöí ÛóíúÑõ Ðöí ÏóÎóáò ... æóÝöí Ýóãöí ÕóÇÑöãñ ßóÇáÓøóíúÝö ãóÃúËõæÑõ
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÃóÚúãóì æóÃóÖóáøõ ÓóÈöíáðÇ [17 \ 72] ¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: áóíúÓóÊö ÇáÕøöíÛóÉõ ÕöíÛóÉó ÊóÝúÖöíáò¡ Èóáö ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÃóÚúãóì ßóÐóáößó áóÇ íóåúÊóÏöí Åöáóì äóÝúÚò¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÌóÒóãó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÈóÇÏóÑõ Åöáóì ÇáÐøöåúäö Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó «ÃóÚúãóì» ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó ÕöíÛóÉõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò ; Ãóíú åõæó ÃóÔóÏøõ Úóãðì Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.
æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóÃóÖóáøõ ÓóÈöíáðÇ ; ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò ÈöáóÇ äöÒóÇÚò. æóÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö: Ãóäøó ÕöíÛóÊóíö ÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö æóÕöíÛóÉó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö áóÇ íóÃúÊöíóÇäö ãöäú ÝöÚúáò¡ ÇáúæóÕúÝõ ãöäúåõ Úóáóì «ÃóÝúÚóáó» ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúËóÇåõ ÝóÚúáóÇÁõ ; ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÛóíúÑö Ðöí æóÕúÝò íõÖóÇåöí ÃóÔúåóáóÇ
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ æõÌöÏó Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãóÕõæÛðÇ ãöäú ÕöíÛóÉö ÊóÝúÖöíáò Ãóæú ÊóÚóÌøõÈò ÛóíúÑó ãõÓúÊóæúÝò áöáÔøõÑõæØö¡ Ãóäøóåõ íõÍúÝóÙõ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇÓõ Úóáóíúåö ; ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÈöÇáäøõÏõæÑö ÇÍúßõãú áöÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ÐõßöÑú ... æóáóÇ ÊóÞöÓú Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöí ãöäúåõ ÃõËöÑú
æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ:
ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚóÇáöí áóßõãú Ùöáøñ æóáóÇ ËóãóÑõ ... æóÝöí ÇáúãóÎóÇÒöí áóßõãú ÃóÔúÈóÇÍõ ÃóÔúíóÇÎö
ÃóãøóÇ Çáúãõáõæßõ ÝóÃóäúÊó Çáúíóæúãó ÃóáúÃóãõåõãú ... áõÄúãðÇ æóÃóÈúíóÖõåõãú ÓöÑúÈóÇáó ØóÈøóÇÎö
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö «æóÃóÈúíóÖõåõãú ÓöÑúÈóÇáó ØóÈøóÇÎö» áóíúÓó ÕöíÛóÉó(3/177)
æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ËóÈøóÊúäóÇßó áóÞóÏú ßöÏúÊó ÊóÑúßóäõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ (74) ÅöÐðÇ áóÃóÐóÞúäóÇßó ÖöÚúÝó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóÖöÚúÝó ÇáúãóãóÇÊö Ëõãøó áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ áóßó ÚóáóíúäóÇ äóÕöíÑðÇ (75)
ÊóÝúÖöíáò¡ Èóáö ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóäúÊó æóÍúÏóßó ÇáúÃóÈúíóÖõ ÓöÑúÈóÇáó ØóÈøóÇÎò ãöäú Èóíúäöåöãú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ßóÇÏõæÇ áóíóÝúÊöäõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó áöÊóÝúÊóÑöíó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÛóíúÑóåõ æóÅöÐðÇ áóÇÊøóÎóÐõæßó ÎóáöíáðÇ.
Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãöäú ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: áóÇ äóÏóÚõßó ÊóÓúÊóáöãõ ÇáúÍóÌóÑó ÇáúÃóÓúæóÏó ÍóÊøóì Êõáöãøó ÈöÂáöåóÊöäóÇ¡ æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÚóØóÇÁò: ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí æóÝúÏö ËóÞöíÝò¡ ÃóÊóæõÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøó ÝóÓóÃóáõæåõ ÔóØóØðÇ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ãóÊøöÚúäóÇ ÈöÂáöåóÊöäóÇ ÓóäóÉð ÍóÊøóì äóÃúÎõÐó ãóÇ íõåúÏóì áóåóÇ¡ æóÍóÑøöãú æóÇÏöíóäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÍóÑøóãúÊó ãóßøóÉó. Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö äõÒõæáöåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò ÝóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉõ ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö.
æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ßóÇÏõæÇ íóÝúÊöäõæäóåõ¡ Ãóíú ÞóÇÑóÈõæÇ Ðóáößó. æóãóÚúäóì íóÝúÊöäõæäóßó: íõÒöáøõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó áöÊóÝúÊóÑöíó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÛóíúÑóåõ ãöãøóÇ áóãú äõæÍöåö Åöáóíúßó.
ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ÞóÇÑóÈõæÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí Ùóäøöåöãú áóÇ ÝöíãóÇ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ÎóØóÑó Ýöí ÞóáúÈöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íõæóÇÝöÞóåõãú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ãóÇ ÃóÍóÈøõæÇ áöíóÌõÑøóåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áöÔöÏøóÉö ÍöÑúÕöåö Úóáóì ÅöÓúáóÇãöåöãú.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: Ãóäøóåõãú ØóáóÈõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäó ÈöÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÇãúÊóäóÚó ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇÚö¡ æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõåõ Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÊöáúÞóÇÁö äóÝúÓöåö ; Èóáú íóÊøóÈöÚõ ãóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåö ÑóÈøõåõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÑúÌõæäó áöÞóÇÁóäóÇ ÇÆúÊö ÈöÞõÑúÂäò ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ Ãóæú ÈóÏøöáúåõ Þõáú ãóÇ íóßõæäõ áöí Ãóäú ÃõÈóÏøöáóåõ ãöäú ÊöáúÞóÇÁö äóÝúÓöí Åöäú ÃóÊøóÈöÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó Åöäøöí ÃóÎóÇÝõ Åöäú ÚóÕóíúÊõ ÑóÈøöí ÚóÐóÇÈó íóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò [10 \ 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÅöäú ßóÇÏõæÇ [17 \ 73] ¡ åöíó ÇáúãõÎóÝøóÝóÉõ ãöäó ÇáËøóÞöíáóÉö¡ æóåöíó åõäóÇ ãõåúãóáóÉñ¡ æóÇááøóÇãõ åöíó ÇáúÝóÇÑöÞóÉõ ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó Åöäö ÇáäøóÇÝöíóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÎõÝøöÝóÊú Åöäøó ÝóÞóáøó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ... æóÊóáúÒóãõ ÇááøóÇãõ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ Êõåúãóáõ
æóÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ßóÐóáößó ãóÚó ÝöÚúáò ÅöáøóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó äóÇÓöÎðÇ ßóãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ Åöäú áóãú íóßõ äóÇÓöÎðÇ ÝóáóÇ ... ÊõáúÝöíåö ÛóÇáöÈðÇ ÈöÅöäú Ðöí ãõæÕóáóÇ
ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇáäøóÍúæö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ËóÈøóÊúäóÇßó áóÞóÏú ßöÏúÊó ÊóÑúßóäõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóÃóÐóÞúäóÇßó ÖöÚúÝó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóÖöÚúÝó ÇáúãóãóÇÊö Ëõãøó áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ áóßó ÚóáóíúäóÇ äóÕöíÑðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÊóËúÈöíÊóåõ áöäóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÚöÕúãóÊóåõ áóåõ ãöäó ÇáÑøõßõæäö Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóæú Ñóßóäó Åöáóíúåöãú áóÃóÐóÇÞóåõ ÖöÚúÝó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö(3/178)
ÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó áöÏõáõæßö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Åöáóì ÛóÓóÞö Çááøóíúáö æóÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö Åöäøó ÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö ßóÇäó ãóÔúåõæÏðÇ (78)
æóÖöÚúÝó ÇáúãóãóÇÊö ; Ãóíú: ãöËúáóíú ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóãöËúáóíú ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúãóãóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÌóÒóãó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÖöÚúÝö ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúãóãóÇÊö: ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÈúÑö. æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÖöÚúÝö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö: ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúãõÖóÇÚóÝõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÈóÚúÏó ÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÌóÒóãó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ. æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÔúãóáõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö áöäóÈöíøöåö - áóæú ÎóÇáóÝó - Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæú ÊóÞóæøóáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÞóÇæöíáö áóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäúåõ ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö Ëõãøó áóÞóØóÚúäóÇ ãöäúåõ ÇáúæóÊöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [69 \ 44 - 46] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÏøóÑóÌóÉõ ÃóÚúáóì ßóÇäó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö ÃóÚúÙóãó - Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇäöÓóÇÁó ÇáäøóÈöíøö ãóäú íóÃúÊö ãöäúßõäøó ÈöÝóÇÍöÔóÉò ãõÈóíøöäóÉò íõÖóÇÚóÝú áóåóÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÖöÚúÝóíúäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 30] .¡ æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÌóÇÏó ãóäú ÞóÇáó:
æóßóÈóÇÆöÑõ ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö ÕóÛóÇÆöÑõ ... æóÕóÛóÇÆöÑõ ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö ßóÈóÇÆöÑõ
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÃóæúÖóÍóÊú ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÅöíÖóÇÍö ÈóÑóÇÁóÉó äóÈöíøöäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú ãõÞóÇÑóÈóÉö ÇáÑøõßõæäö Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÝóÖúáðÇ Úóäú äóÝúÓö ÇáÑøõßõæäö ; áöÃóäøó áóæúáóÇ [17 \ 74] ÍóÑúÝõ ÇãúÊöäóÇÚò áöæõÌõæÏò ; ÝóãõÞóÇÑóÈóÉõ ÇáÑøõßõæäö ãóäóÚóÊúåóÇ áóæúáóÇ ÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇÚöíøóÉõ áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáÊøóËúÈöíÊö ãöäó Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áöÃóßúÑóãö ÎóáúÞöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÕóÍøó íóÞöíäðÇ ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁõ ãõÞóÇÑóÈóÉö ÇáÑøõßõæäö ÝóÖúáðÇ Úóäö ÇáÑøõßõæäö äóÝúÓöåö. æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊõÈóíøöäõ ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íõÞóÇÑöÈö ÇáÑøõßõæäó Åöáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: áóÞóÏú ßöÏúÊó ÊóÑúßóäõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÔóíúÆðÇ [17 \ 74] ¡ Ãóíú ÞóÇÑóÈúÊó ÊóÑúßóäõ Åöáóíúåöãú - åõæó Úóíúäõ ÇáúãóãúäõæÚö ÈöÜ áóæúáóÇ ÇáöÇãúÊóäóÇÚöíøóÉö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÊóÑúßóäõ Åöáóíúåöãú: Êóãöíáõ Åöáóíúåöãú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó áöÏõáõæßö ÇáÔøóãúÓö
ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» : Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÔóÇÑóÊú áöÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: áöÏõáõæßö ÇáÔøóãúÓö [17 \ 78] Ãóíú áöÒóæóÇáöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ ÝóíóÊóäóÇæóáõ æóÞúÊó ÇáÙøõåúÑö æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö ; ÈöÏóáöíáö ÇáúÛóÇíóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöáóì ÛóÓóÞö Çááøóíúáö ; Ãóíú ÙóáóÇãöåö¡ æóÐóáößó íóÔúãóáõ æóÞúÊó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö. æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÝóÌúÑö¡ Ãóíú ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáÕøõÈúÍö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ æóÃóÔóÑúäóÇ áöáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÔöíÑóÉö áöÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÒõáóÝðÇ ãöäó Çááøóíúáö ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 114] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö Íöíäó ÊõãúÓõæäó æóÍöíäó ÊõÕúÈöÍõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 17] . æóÃóÞóãúäóÇ ÈóíóÇäó Ðóáößó(3/179)
æóÞõáú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÒóåóÞó ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ Åöäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ßóÇäó ÒóåõæÞðÇ (81)
ãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãóæúÞõæÊðÇ [4 \ 103] ¡ ÝóÑóÇÌöÚúåõ åõäóÇßó Åöäú ÔöÆúÊó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõáú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÒóåóÞó ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ Åöäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ßóÇäó ÒóåõæÞðÇ¡ ÇáúÍóÞøõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÇáËøóÇÈöÊõ ÇáøóÐöí áóíúÓó ÈöÒóÇÆöáò æóáóÇ ãõÖúãóÍöáøò¡ æóÇáúÈóÇØöáõ: åõæó ÇáÐøóÇåöÈõ ÇáúãõÖúãóÍöáøõ. æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: åõæó ãóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáäøóÈóæöíøóÉö ãöäú Ïöíäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÝöíåóÇ: ÇáÔøöÑúßõ ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝóÉõ áöÏöíäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãó ÌóÇÁó ËóÇÈöÊðÇ ÑóÇÓöÎðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÔøöÑúßó ÈöÇááøóåö ÒóåóÞó ; Ãóíú ÐóåóÈó æóÇÖúãóÍóáøó æóÒóÇáó. ÊóÞõæáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ: ÒóåóÞóÊú äóÝúÓõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌóÊú æóÒóÇáóÊú ãöäú ÌóÓóÏöåö.
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ßóÇäó ÒóåõæÞðÇ¡ Ãóíú ãõÖúãóÍöáøðÇ ÛóíúÑó ËóÇÈöÊò Ýöí ßõáøö æóÞúÊò¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ æóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó íõÒöíáõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáó æóíõÐúåöÈõåõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí íóÞúÐöÝõ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÚóáøóÇãõ ÇáúÛõíõæÈö Þõáú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóãóÇ íõÈúÏöÆõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ æóãóÇ íõÚöíÏõ [34 \ 48¡ 49] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Èóáú äóÞúÐöÝõ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÝóíóÏúãóÛõåõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÒóÇåöÞñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ æóÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æóãõÓúáöãñ¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: ÏóÎóáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÍóæúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÓöÊøõæäó æóËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉö äõÕõÈò¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó íóØúÚóäõåóÇ ÈöÚõæÏò Ýöí íóÏöåö æóíóÞõæáõ: ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÒóåóÞó ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ Åöäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ßóÇäó ÒóåõæÞðÇ [17 \ 81] ¡ ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóãóÇ íõÈúÏöÆõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ æóãóÇ íõÚöíÏõ [34 \ 49] .
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó æóÃóÈõæ íóÚúáóì æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: ÏóÎóáúäóÇ ãóÚó ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóßøóÉó¡ æóÍóæúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉò æóÓöÊøõæäó ÕóäóãðÇ¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó ÈöåóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÃõßöÈøóÊú áöæóÌúåöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÒóåóÞó ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ Åöäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ßóÇäó ÒóåõæÞðÇ [17 \ 81] .
æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇÆöáö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÏóÎóáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóßøóÉó íóæúãó ÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö ËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉò æóÓöÊøõæäó ÕóäóãðÇ¡ ÝóÔóÏøó áóåõãú ÅöÈúáöíÓõ ÃóÞúÏóÇãóåóÇ ÈöÇáÑøóÕóÇÕö ; ÝóÌóÇÁó æóãóÚóåõ ÞóÖöíÈñ ÝóÌóÚóáó íóåúæöí Åöáóì ßõáøö Õóäóãò ãöäúåóÇ ÝóíóÎöÑøõ áöæóÌúåöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ: ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÒóåóÞó ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ Åöäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ßóÇäó ÒóåõæÞðÇ [17 \ 81] ¡(3/180)
æóäõäóÒøöáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÇ åõæó ÔöÝóÇÁñ æóÑóÍúãóÉñ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóáóÇ íóÒöíÏõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ÎóÓóÇÑðÇ (82)
ÍóÊøóì ãóÑøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ßõáøöåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ßóÓúÑö äõÕõÈö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö ÅöÐóÇ ÛõáöÈó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóíóÏúÎõáõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóÓúÑõ ÂáóÉö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö ßõáøöåö æóãóÇ áóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ ÅöáøóÇ áöãóÚúÕöíóÉö Çááøóåö ßóÇáØøóäóÇÈöíÑö æóÇáúÚöíÏóÇäö æóÇáúãóÒóÇãöíÑö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ãóÚúäóì áóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåúæõ ÈöåóÇ Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö: æóÝöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö: ÇáÕøõæóÑõ ÇáúãõÊøóÎóÐóÉõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÏóÑö æóÇáúÎóÔóÈö æóÔöÈúåöåóÇ¡ æóßõáøõ ãóÇ íóÊøóÎöÐõåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ãóäúÝóÚóÉó Ýöíåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåúæõ Çáúãóäúåöíøõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÈóíúÚõ ÔóíúÁò ãöäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó ÇáøóÊöí Êóßõæäõ ãöäó ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö æóÇáúÍóÏöíÏö æóÇáÑøóÕóÇÕö ÅöÐóÇ ÛõíøöÑóÊú ÚóãøóÇ åöíó Úóáóíúåö æóÕóÇÑóÊú äöÞóÑðÇ Ãóæú ÞöØóÚðÇ ÝóíóÌõæÒõ ÈóíúÚõåóÇ æóÇáÔøöÑóÇÁõ ÈöåóÇ. ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõåóáøóÈõ: æóãóÇ ßõÓöÑó ãöäú ÂáóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö æóßóÇäó Ýöí ÍóÈúÓöåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ßóÓúÑöåóÇ ãóäúÝóÚóÉñ ÝóÕóÇÍöÈõåóÇ Ãóæúáóì ÈöåóÇ ãóßúÓõæÑóÉð¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÑóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÍóÑúÞóåóÇ ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö æóÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÍóÑúÞõ ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ. æóÞóÏú åóãøó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÊóÍúÑöíÞö ÏõæÑö ãóäú ÊóÎóáøóÝó Úóäú ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÕúáñ Ýöí ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö¡ ãóÚó Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÞóÉö ÇáøóÊöí áóÚóäóÊúåóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóÊõåóÇ «ÏóÚõæåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãóáúÚõæäóÉñ» ¡ ÝóÃóÒóÇáó ãöáúßóåóÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ÊóÃúÏöíÈðÇ áöÕóÇÍöÈóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÚõÞõæÈóÉð áóåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÏóÚóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÈöãóÇ ÏóÚóÊú Èöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÑóÇÞó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ áóÈóäðÇ ÔöíÈó ÈöãóÇÁò Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåö. ÇåÜ ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì. .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóÇááøóåö áóíóäúÒöáóäøó ÚöíÓóì Èúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ÍóßóãðÇ ÚóÏúáðÇ ÝóáóíóßúÓöÑóäøó ÇáÕøóáöíÈó¡ æóáóíóÞúÊõáóäøó ÇáúÎöäúÒöíÑó» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäõäóÒøöáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÇ åõæó ÔöÝóÇÁñ æóÑóÍúãóÉñ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóáóÇ íóÒöíÏõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ÎóÓóÇÑðÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö «ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÝóÒóÇÏóÊúåõãú ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóåõãú íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ ÝóÒóÇÏóÊúåõãú ÑöÌúÓðÇ Åöáóì ÑöÌúÓöåöãú æóãóÇÊõæÇ æóåõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó [9 \ 124¡ 125] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Þõáú åõæó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ åõÏðì æóÔöÝóÇÁñ æóÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑñ æóåõæó Úóáóíúåöãú Úóãðì [41 \ 44] ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ. æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ãóÇ åõæó ÔöÝóÇÁñ [17 \ 82] íóÔúãóáõ ßóæúäóåõ ÔöÝóÇÁð áöáúÞóáúÈö ãöäú ÃóãúÑóÇÖöåö ; ßóÇáÔøóßøö æóÇáäøöÝóÇÞö æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóßóæúäóåõ ÔöÝóÇÁð áöáúÃóÌúÓóÇãö ÅöÐóÇ ÑõÞöíó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Èöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ áóåõ ÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÞóì ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÇááøóÏöíÛó ÈöÇáúÝóÇÊöÍóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ ãóÔúåõæÑóÉñ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóäõäúÒöáõ ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö Çáäøõæäö æóÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÇáÒøóÇíö¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáäøõæäö æóÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáÒøóÇíö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(3/181)
æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÚóãúäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÃóÚúÑóÖó æóäóÃóì ÈöÌóÇäöÈöåö æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ßóÇäó íóÆõæÓðÇ (83)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÚóãúäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÃóÚúÑóÖó æóäóÃóì ÈöÌóÇäöÈöåö æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ßóÇäó íóÆõæÓðÇ
; Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÇáÕøöÍøóÉö æóÇáúÚóÇÝöíóÉö æóÇáÑøöÒúÞö ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóØóÇÚóÊöåö¡ æóäóÃóì ÈöÌóÇäöÈöåö¡ Ãóíú ÊóÈóÇÚóÏó Úóäú ØóÇÚóÉö ÑóÈøöåö¡ Ýóáóãú íóãúÊóËöáú ÃóãúÑóåõ¡ æóáóãú íóÌúÊóäöÈú äóåúíóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö ßóÃóäøóåõ ãõÓúÊóÛúäò Úóäúåõ¡ ãõÓúÊóÈöÏøñ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö æóäóÃóì ÈöÌóÇäöÈöåö [17 \ 83] ÊóÃúßöíÏñ áöáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖó Úóäö ÇáÔøóíúÁö Ãóäú íõæóáøöíóåõ ÚõÑúÖó æóÌúåöåö. æóÇáäøóÃúíõ ÈöÇáúÌóÇäöÈö: Ãóäú íóáúæöíó Úóäúåõ ÚöØúÝóåõ¡ æóíõæóáøöíóåõ ÙóåúÑóåõ¡ æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáöÇÓúÊößúÈóÇÑó ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáúãõÓúÊóßúÈöÑöíäó. æóÇáúíóÆõæÓõ: ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúíóÃúÓö¡ Ãóíö ÇáúÞóäõæØõ ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÉö Çááøóåö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò» æóáóÆöäú ÃóÐóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð Ëõãøó äóÒóÚúäóÇåóÇ ãöäúåõ Åöäøóåõ áóíóÆõæÓñ ßóÝõæÑñ æóáóÆöäú ÃóÐóÞúäóÇåõ äóÚúãóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó ÖóÑøóÇÁó ãóÓøóÊúåõ áóíóÞõæáóäøó ÐóåóÈó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊõ Úóäøöí Åöäøóåõ áóÝóÑöÍñ ÝóÎõæÑñ [11 \ 9 - 10] æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÂÎóÑó ÝõÕøöáóÊú» : áóÇ íóÓúÃóãõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãöäú ÏõÚóÇÁö ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÅöäú ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÝóíóÆõæÓñ ÞóäõæØñ æóáóÆöäú ÃóÐóÞúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÖóÑøóÇÁó ãóÓøóÊúåõ áóíóÞõæáóäøó åóÐóÇ áöí æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð æóáóÆöäú ÑõÌöÚúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí Åöäøó áöí ÚöäúÏóåõ áóáúÍõÓúäóì ÝóáóäõäóÈøöÆóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ æóáóäõÐöíÞóäøóåõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈò ÛóáöíÙò æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóäúÚóãúäóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÃóÚúÑóÖó æóäóÃóì ÈöÌóÇäöÈöåö æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÝóÐõæ ÏõÚóÇÁò ÚóÑöíÖò [41 \ 49 - 51] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÑøõæãö» : æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÖõÑøñ ÏóÚóæúÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú ãõäöíÈöíäó Åöáóíúåö Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÐóÇÞóåõãú ãöäúåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ÅöÐóÇ ÝóÑöíÞñ ãöäúåõãú ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú íõÔúÑößõæäó [30 \ 33] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÐóÞúäóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÑóÍúãóÉð ÝóÑöÍõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóÅöäú ÊõÕöÈúåõãú ÓóíøöÆóÉñ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íóÞúäóØõæäó [30 \ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö íõæäõÓó» : æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÇáÖøõÑøõ ÏóÚóÇäóÇ áöÌóäúÈöåö Ãóæú ÞóÇÚöÏðÇ Ãóæú ÞóÇÆöãðÇ ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúåõ ÖõÑøóåõ ãóÑøó ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÏúÚõäóÇ Åöáóì ÖõÑøò ãóÓøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøõãóÑö» : æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÖõÑøñ ÏóÚóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ ãõäöíÈðÇ Åöáóíúåö Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ Îóæøóáóåõ äöÚúãóÉð ãöäúåõ äóÓöíó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÌóÚóáó áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ áöíõÖöáøó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÖõÑøñ ÏóÚóÇäóÇ Ëõãøó ÅöÐóÇ ÎóæøóáúäóÇåõ äöÚúãóÉð ãöäøóÇ ÞóÇáó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõæÊöíÊõåõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò Èóáú åöíó ÝöÊúäóÉñ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [39 \ 49] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóËúäóì Çááøóåõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò» : ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÕóÈóÑõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ãóÛúÝöÑóÉñ æóÃóÌúÑñ ßóÈöíÑñ [11 \ 11] ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó(3/182)
æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóäú äõÄúãöäó áóßó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÝúÌõÑó áóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóäúÈõæÚðÇ (90) Ãóæú Êóßõæäó áóßó ÌóäøóÉñ ãöäú äóÎöíáò æóÚöäóÈò ÝóÊõÝóÌøöÑó ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑó ÎöáóÇáóåóÇ ÊóÝúÌöíÑðÇ (91) Ãóæú ÊõÓúÞöØó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ßóãóÇ ÒóÚóãúÊó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ßöÓóÝðÇ Ãóæú ÊóÃúÊöíó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÞóÈöíáðÇ (92) Ãóæú íóßõæäó áóßó ÈóíúÊñ ãöäú ÒõÎúÑõÝò Ãóæú ÊóÑúÞóì Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóáóäú äõÄúãöäó áöÑõÞöíøößó ÍóÊøóì ÊõäóÒøöáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ßöÊóÇÈðÇ äóÞúÑóÄõåõ Þõáú ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöí åóáú ßõäúÊõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ (93)
ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ. æóÞóÑóÃó ÇÈúäõ ÐóßúæóÇäó «æóäóÇÁó» ßóÌóÇÁó¡ æóåõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì äóÃóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÑóÇÁó¡ Ýöí: ÑóÃóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃõæÊöíÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ ÃóÚúØóì ÎóáúÞóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÅöáøóÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì Úöáúãöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÃõÚúØöíóåõ ÇáúÎóáúÞõ ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì Úöáúãö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞö Þóáöíáñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Åöáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ãöÏóÇÏðÇ áößóáöãóÇÊö ÑóÈøöí áóäóÝöÏó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóäúÝóÏó ßóáöãóÇÊõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóæú ÌöÆúäóÇ ÈöãöËúáöåö ãóÏóÏðÇ [18 \ 109] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóæú ÃóäøóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÔóÌóÑóÉò ÃóÞúáóÇãñ æóÇáúÈóÍúÑõ íóãõÏøõåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÓóÈúÚóÉõ ÃóÈúÍõÑò ãóÇ äóÝöÏóÊú ßóáöãóÇÊõ Çááøóåö Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÒöíÒñ Íóßöíãñ [31 \ 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÝóÖúáóåõ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúßó ßóÈöíÑðÇ
¡ Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÝóÖúáóåõ Úóáóì äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßóÈöíÑñ.
æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÚóáøóãóßó ãóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÚúáóãõ æóßóÇäó ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßó ÚóÙöíãðÇ [4 \ 113] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÝóÊóÍúäóÇ áóßó ÝóÊúÍðÇ ãõÈöíäðÇ áöíóÛúÝöÑó áóßó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú ÐóäúÈößó æóãóÇ ÊóÃóÎøóÑó æóíõÊöãøó äöÚúãóÊóåõ Úóáóíúßó æóíóåúÏöíóßó ÕöÑóÇØðÇ ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ æóíóäúÕõÑóßó Çááøóåõ äóÕúÑðÇ ÚóÒöíÒðÇ [48 \ 1 - 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóáóãú äóÔúÑóÍú áóßó ÕóÏúÑóßó æóæóÖóÚúäóÇ Úóäúßó æöÒúÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÞóÖó ÙóåúÑóßó æóÑóÝóÚúäóÇ áóßó ÐößúÑóßó [94 \ 1 - 4] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÝóÖúáóåõ ßóÈöíÑñ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: æóÈóÔøöÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÈöÃóäøó áóåõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ÝóÖúáðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [33 \ 47] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÝóÖúáö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ýöí ÑóæúÖóÇÊö ÇáúÌóäøóÇÊö áóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõæäó ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÝóÖúáõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ [42 \ 22] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóäú äõÄúãöäó áóßó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÝúÌõÑó áóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóäúÈõæÚðÇ Ãóæú Êóßõæäó áóßó ÌóäøóÉñ ãöäú äóÎöíáò æóÚöäóÈò ÝóÊõÝóÌøöÑó ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑó ÎöáóÇáóåóÇ ÊóÝúÌöíÑðÇ Ãóæú ÊõÓúÞöØó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ßóãóÇ ÒóÚóãúÊó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ßöÓóÝðÇ Ãóæú ÊóÃúÊöíó ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÞóÈöíáðÇ Ãóæú íóßõæäó áóßó ÈóíúÊñ ãöäú ÒõÎúÑõÝò Ãóæú ÊóÑúÞóì Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóáóäú äõÄúãöäó áöÑõÞöíøößó ÍóÊøóì ÊõäóÒøöáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ßöÊóÇÈðÇ äóÞúÑóÄõåõ Þõáú ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöí åóáú ßõäúÊõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ¡ Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÔöÏøóÉó ÚöäóÇÏö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóÊóÚóäøõÊöåöãú¡ æóßóËúÑóÉó ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÍóÇÊöåöãú áöÃóÌúáö ÇáÊøóÚóäøõÊö áóÇ áöØóáóÈö ÇáúÍóÞøö ; ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: Åöäøóåõãú áóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ áóåõ - Ãóíú: áóäú íõÕóÏøöÞõæåõ - ÍóÊøóì íóÝúÌõÑó áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóäúÈõæÚðÇ¡ æóåõæó íóÝúÚõæáñ ãöäú: äóÈóÚó¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇÁñ ÛóÒöíÑñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÓóáóßóåõ íóäóÇÈöíÚó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö(3/183)
[39 \ 21] ¡ Ãóæú Êóßõæäó áóßó ÌóäøóÉñ [17 \ 91] Ãóíú ÈõÓúÊóÇäñ ãöäú äóÎöíáò æóÚöäóÈò¡ ÝóíõÝóÌøöÑó ÎöáóÇáóåóÇ - Ãóíú æóÓóØóåóÇ - ÃóäúåóÇÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇÁö¡ Ãóæú íõÓúÞöØó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÓóÝðÇ: Ãóíú ÞöØóÚðÇ ßóãóÇ ÒóÚóãó¡ Ãóíú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú äóÔóÃú äóÎúÓöÝú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ãóæú äõÓúÞöØú Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 9] ¡ Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåöãú ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÞóÈöíáðÇ: Ãóíú ãõÚóÇíóäóÉð. ÞóÇáóåõ ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ æóÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò " ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóæúáóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Ãóæú äóÑóì ÑóÈøóäóÇ [25 \ 21] .
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÞóÈöíáðÇ: Ãóíú ßóÝöíáðÇ ; ãöäú ÊóÞóÈøóáóåõ ÈößóÐóÇ: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÝóáóåõ Èöåö. æóÇáúÞóÈöíáõ æóÇáúßóÝöíáõ æóÇáÒøóÚöíãõ ÈöãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏò. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: ÞóÈöíáðÇ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÔóÇåöÏðÇ ÈöÕöÍøóÊöåö¡ æóßóæúäõ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúßóÝöíáö ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö. æóÞóÇáó ãõÞóÇÊöáñ: ÞóÈöíáðÇ ÔóåöíÏðÇ. æóÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: åõæó ÌóãúÚõ ÞóÈöíáóÉò ; Ãóíú ÊóÃúÊöí ÈöÃóÕúäóÇÝö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ýóåõæó ÍóÇáñ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö. Ãóæú íóßõæäó áóåõ ÈóíúÊñ ãöäú ÒõÎúÑõÝò: Ãóíú ãöäú ÐóåóÈò. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ " Ýöí ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö ": æóáóæúáóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð áóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöãóäú íóßúÝõÑõ ÈöÇáÑøóÍúãóäö áöÈõíõæÊöåöãú ÓõÞõÝðÇ ãöäú ÝóÖøóÉò - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - æóÒõÎúÑõÝðÇ [43 \ 33 - 35] ¡ Ãóíú ÐóåóÈðÇ. Ãóæú íóÑúÞóì Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö: Ãóíú íóÕúÚóÏó Ýöíåö¡ æóÅöäøóåõãú áóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ áöÑõÞöíøöåö¡ Ãóíú ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÕõÚõæÏöåö¡ ÍóÊøóì íõäóÒøöáó Úóáóíúåöãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóÞúÑóÁõæäóåõ. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÚóäøõÊõ æóÇáúÚöäóÇÏõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóäö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö åõäóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõãú áóæú ÝóÚóáó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÇÞúÊóÑóÍõæÇ ãóÇ ÂãóäõæÇ. áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÓóÈóÞó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóÞóÇÁõ áóÇ íõÄúãöäõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú äóÒøóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ßöÊóÇÈðÇ Ýöí ÞöÑúØóÇÓò ÝóáóãóÓõæåõ ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú áóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöäú åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÈöíäñ [6 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæú ÃóäøóäóÇ äóÒøóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúåöãõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó æóßóáøóãóåõãõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì æóÍóÔóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÞõÈõáðÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ áöíõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [6 \ 111] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæú ÝóÊóÍúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈóÇÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÙóáøõæÇ Ýöíåö íóÚúÑõÌõæäó áóÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõßøöÑóÊú ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõäóÇ Èóáú äóÍúäõ Þóæúãñ ãóÓúÍõæÑõæäó [15 \ 14 - 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íõÔúÚöÑõßõãú ÃóäøóåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [6 \ 109] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó æóáóæú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ßõáøõ ÂíóÉò ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó [10 \ 96 - 97] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ßöÊóÇÈðÇ äóÞúÑóÄõåõ¡ Ãóíú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö Åöáóì ßõáøö ÑóÌõáò ãöäøóÇ.
æóíõæóÖøöÍõ åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì " Ýöí ÇáúãõÏøóËøöÑö ": Èóáú íõÑöíÏõ ßõáøõ ÇãúÑöÆò ãöäúåõãú Ãóäú íõÄúÊóì ÕõÍõÝðÇ ãõäóÔøóÑóÉð(3/184)
æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ (94)
[ÇáúÂíóÉõ 52] ßóãóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÂíóÉñ ÞóÇáõæÇ áóäú äõÄúãöäó ÍóÊøóì äõÄúÊóì ãöËúáó ãóÇ ÃõæÊöíó ÑõÓõáõ Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 124] . æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Þõáú ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöí åóáú ßõäúÊõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 93] ¡ Ãóíú ÊóäúÒöíåðÇ áöÑóÈøöí Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ Èöåö¡ æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ÊóäúÒöíåõåõ Úóäö ÇáúÚóÌúÒö Úóäú ÝöÚúáö ãóÇ ÇÞúÊóÑóÍúÊõãú¡ Ýóåõæó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ áóÇ íõÚúÌöÒõåõ ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ÃóÊøóÈöÚõ ãóÇ íõæÍöíåö Åöáóíøó ÑóÈøöí.
æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 110] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ ÝóÇÓúÊóÞöíãõæÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 6] ; æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÑøõÓõáö: ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú Åöäú äóÍúäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóãõäøõ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö [14 \ 11] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÑóÃó ÊóÝúÌõÑó¡ ÇáúÃõæáóì ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÊøóÇÁö æóÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáúÝóÇÁö æóÖóãøö ÇáúÌöíãö¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÊøóÇÁö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÝóÇÁö æóÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáúÌöíãö ãóßúÓõæÑóÉð¡ æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö. æóÞóÑóÃó äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÚóÇÕöãñ ßöÓóÝðÇ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÓøöíäö æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ: ÊõäúÒöáó ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö Çáäøõæäö æóÊóÎúÝöíÝö ÇáÒøóÇíö¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáäøõæäö æóÔóÏøö ÇáÒøóÇíö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ.
åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇäöÚõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ ÚóÇÏöíøñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÑóÊú ÚóÇÏóÉõ ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãóãö ÈöÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÈöåöãú ÈóÚúËó Çááøóåö ÑõÓõáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóäõÄúãöäõ áöÈóÔóÑóíúäö ãöËúáöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöäøóÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ äóÊøóÈöÚõåõ ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò æóÓõÚõÑò [54 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÃúÊöíåöãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÔóÑñ íóåúÏõæäóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [64 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÆöäú ÃóØóÚúÊõãú ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöËúáóßõãú Åöäøóßõãú ÅöÐðÇ áóÎóÇÓöÑõæäó [23 \ 34] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÇäöÚó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÚóÇÏöíøñ: Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöãóÇäöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö» æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞõÈõáðÇ [18 \ 55] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇäöÚõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ «Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö» ãóÇäöÚñ ÍóÞöíÞöíøñ ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåó Èöåö ÓõäøóÉó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÅöåúáóÇßö¡ Ãóæú Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóåõ(3/185)
Þõáú áóæú ÃóäúÊõãú Êóãúáößõæäó ÎóÒóÇÆöäó ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøöí ÅöÐðÇ áóÃóãúÓóßúÊõãú ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÞóÊõæÑðÇ (100)
ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞõÈõáðÇ ÝóÅöÑóÇÏóÊõåõ Èöåö Ðóáößó ãóÇäöÚóÉñ ãöäú ÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ; áöÇÓúÊöÍóÇáóÉö Ãóäú íóÞóÚó ÎöáóÇÝõ ãõÑóÇÏöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúãóÇäöÚö «Ýöí ÂíóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» åóÐöåö¡ Ýóåõæó ãóÇäöÚñ ÚóÇÏöíøñ íóÕöÍøõ ÊóÎóáøõÝõåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ «ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóáóÇÆößóÉñ íóãúÔõæäó ãõØúãóÆöäøöíäó áóäóÒøóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóáóßðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó íóáúÒóãõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáö Åöáóíúåöãú¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ãõÑúÓöáðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö áóäóÒøóáó Úóáóíúåöãú ãóáóßðÇ ãöËúáóåõãú¡ Ãóíú æóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáó Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÃóÑúÓóáó áóåõãú ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöËúáóåõãú.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ãóáóßñ æóáóæú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ ãóáóßðÇ áóÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ëõãøó áóÇ íõäúÙóÑõæäó æóáóæú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ãóáóßðÇ áóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ ÑóÌõáðÇ æóáóáóÈóÓúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ íóáúÈöÓõæäó [6 \ 8 - 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÞóÈúáóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÑöÌóÇáðÇ äõæÍöí Åöáóíúåöãú [21 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ ÞóÈúáóßó ãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ Åöäøóåõãú áóíóÃúßõáõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãó æóíóãúÔõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúæóÇÞö [25 \ 20] ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÎúáõÞó ãöËúáóåõãú.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ãóÚó ÚöÙóãöåöãóÇ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÈóÚúËö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãó ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑó Ýóåõæó Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóÕúÛóÑö ÞóÇÏöÑñ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò.
æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 57] ¡ Ãóíú æóãóäú ÞóÏóÑó Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑö Ýóåõæó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÇáúÃóÕúÛóÑö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóæóáóíúÓó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÞóÇÏöÑò Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÎúáõÞó ãöËúáóåõãú Èóáóì [36 \ 81] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóáóãú íóÚúíó ÈöÎóáúÞöåöäøó ÈöÞóÇÏöÑò Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÍúíöíó ÇáúãóæúÊóì Èóáóì [46 \ 33] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈóäóÇåóÇ ÑóÝóÚó ÓóãúßóåóÇ ÝóÓóæøóÇåóÇ æóÃóÛúØóÔó áóíúáóåóÇ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÖõÍóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÏóÍóÇåóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇÁóåóÇ æóãóÑúÚóÇåóÇ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÑúÓóÇåóÇ ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú æóáöÃóäúÚóÇãößõãú [79 \ 27 - 33] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ÃóäúÊõãú Êóãúáößõæäó ÎóÒóÇÆöäó ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøöí ÅöÐðÇ áóÃóãúÓóßúÊõãú ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÞóÊõæÑðÇ.
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó Èóäöí ÂÏóãó áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóãúáößõæäó ÎóÒóÇÆöäó ÑóÍúãóÊöåö - Ãóíú ÎóÒóÇÆöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÒóÇÞö æóÇáäøöÚóãö - áóÈóÎöáõæÇ ÈöÇáÑøöÒúÞö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóáóÃóãúÓóßõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÚúØóÇÁö¡ ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÅöäúÝóÇÞö áöÔöÏøóÉö ÈõÎúáöåöãú.(3/186)
ÞóÇáó áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÕóÇÆöÑó æóÅöäøöí áóÃóÙõäøõßó íóÇ ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ ãóËúÈõæÑðÇ (102)
æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÞóÊõæÑñ¡ Ãóíú ÈóÎöíáñ ãõÖóíøöÞñ ; ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: ÞóÊøóÑó Úóáóì ÚöíóÇáöåö¡ Ãóíú ÖóíøóÞó Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú áóåõãú äóÕöíÈñ ãöäó Çáúãõáúßö ÝóÅöÐðÇ áóÇ íõÄúÊõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó äóÞöíÑðÇ [4 \ 53] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ÎõáöÞó åóáõæÚðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáÔøóÑøõ ÌóÒõæÚðÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÓøóåõ ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ãóäõæÚðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [70 \ 19 - 22] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ãóäøó «áóæú» áóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö¡ ÝóíõÞóÏøóÑõ áóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÝöÚúáñ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ÇáúãóÑúÝõæÚõ ÈóÚúÏó «áóæú» ÃóÕúáõåõ ÝóÇÚöáõ ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÍõÐöÝó ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÝõÕöáó ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ. æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ Þõáú áóæú Êóãúáößõæäó¡ ÝóÍõÐöÝó ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÝóÈóÞöíóÊö ÇáúæóÇæõ ÝóÌõÚöáóÊú ÖóãöíÑðÇ ãõäúÝóÕöáðÇ¡ åõæó: ÃóäúÊõãú. åóßóÐóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ãõæÓóì ÊöÓúÚó ÂíóÇÊò ÈóíøöäóÇÊò
ÇáúÂíóÉó. ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÊøöÓúÚõ¡ åöíó: ÇáúÚóÕóÇ¡ æóÇáúíóÏõ¡ æóÇáÓøõäõæäó¡ æóÇáúÈóÍúÑõ¡ æóÇáØøõæÝóÇäõ¡ æóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏõ¡ æóÇáúÞõãøóáõ¡ æóÇáÖøóÝóÇÏöÚõ¡ æóÇáÏøóãõ¡ ÂíóÇÊò ãõÝóÕøóáóÇÊò.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóáúÞóì ÚóÕóÇåõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ËõÚúÈóÇäñ ãõÈöíäñ æóäóÒóÚó íóÏóåõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÈóíúÖóÇÁõ áöáäøóÇÙöÑöíäó [7 \ 107 - 108] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ Âáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÈöÇáÓøöäöíäó æóäóÞúÕò ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 130] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóì ãõæÓóì Ãóäö ÇÖúÑöÈú ÈöÚóÕóÇßó ÇáúÈóÍúÑó ÝóÇäúÝóáóÞó ÝóßóÇäó ßõáøõ ÝöÑúÞò ßóÇáØøóæúÏö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö [26 \ 63] æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáØøõæÝóÇäó æóÇáúÌóÑóÇÏó æóÇáúÞõãøóáó æóÇáÖøóÝóÇÏöÚó æóÇáÏøóãó ÂíóÇÊò ãõÝóÕøóáóÇÊò [7 \ 133] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉö áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãõ ÇáúÌóÈóáó ÈóÏóáó «ÇáÓøöäöíäó» æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú äóÊóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÌóÈóáó ÝóæúÞóåõãú ßóÃóäøóåõ ÙõáøóÉñ [7 \ 117] ¡ æóäóÍúæõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÕóÇÆöÑó
ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÚóÇáöãñ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÕóÇÆöÑó¡ Ãóíú ÍõÌóÌðÇ æóÇÖöÍóÉð¡ æóÐóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó Ýóãóäú ÑóÈøõßõãóÇ íóÇãõæÓóì [20 \ 49] ¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ: ÞóÇáó ÝöÑúÚóæúäõ æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [26 \ 23] ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ ÊóÌóÇåõáõ ÚóÇÑöÝò.(3/187)
æóÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÝóÑóÞúäóÇåõ áöÊóÞúÑóÃóåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì ãõßúËò æóäóÒøóáúäóÇåõ ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ (106)
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÓóÈóÈó ÌõÍõæÏöåö áöãóÇ Úóáöãóåõ «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Çáäøóãúáö» ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÏúÎöáú íóÏóßó Ýöí ÌóíúÈößó ÊóÎúÑõÌú ÈóíúÖóÇÁó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÓõæÁò Ýöí ÊöÓúÚö ÂíóÇÊò Åöáóì ÝöÑúÚóæúäó æóÞóæúãöåö Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÝóÇÓöÞöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ãõÈúÕöÑóÉð ÞóÇáõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÈöíäñ æóÌóÍóÏõæÇ ÈöåóÇ æóÇÓúÊóíúÞóäóÊúåóÇ ÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú ÙõáúãðÇ æóÚõáõæøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 12 - 14] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ æóÈöÇáúÍóÞøö äóÒóáó.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÃóäúÒóáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö: Ãóíú ãõÊóáóÈøöÓðÇ Èöåö ãõÊóÖóãøöäðÇ áóåõ ; Ýóßõáøõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ÍóÞøñ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÇÑõåõ ÕöÏúÞñ¡ æóÃóÍúßóÇãõåõ ÚóÏúáñ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ [6 \ 115] æóßóíúÝó áóÇ æóÞóÏú ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÈöÚöáúãöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóßöäö Çááøóåõ íóÔúåóÏõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Åöáóíúßó ÃóäúÒóáóåõ ÈöÚöáúãöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 166] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÈöÇáúÍóÞøö äóÒóáó [17 \ 105] íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÞóÚú Ýöíåö ÊóÛúíöíÑñ æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÏöíáñ Ýöí ØóÑöíÞö ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö.
áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ÇáúãõÄúÊóãóäó Úóáóì ÅöäúÒóÇáöåö Þóæöíøñ áóÇ íõÛúáóÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÍóÊøóì íõÛóíøóÑó Ýöíåö¡ Ãóãöíäñ áóÇ íõÛóíøöÑõ æóáóÇ íõÈóÏøöáõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: äóÒóáó Èöåö ÇáÑøõæÍõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ Úóáóì ÞóáúÈößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [26 \ 193¡ 194] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò ßóÑöíãò Ðöí ÞõæøóÉò ÚöäúÏó Ðöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ãóßöíäò ãõØóÇÚò Ëóãøó Ãóãöíäò ÇáúÂíóÉó [81 \ 19 - 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: áóÞóæúáõ ÑóÓõæáò¡ Ãóíú áóÊóÈúáöíÛõåõ Úóäú ÑóÈøöåö¡ ÈöÏóáóÇáóÉö áóÝúÙö ÇáÑøóÓõæáöº áöÃóäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãõÑúÓóáñ Èöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÝóÑóÞúäóÇåõ áöÊóÞúÑóÃóåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì ãõßúËò.
ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö «ÝóÑóÞúäóÇåõ» ÈöÇáÊøóÎúÝöíÝö¡ Ãóíú ÈóíøóäøóÇåõ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ¡ æóÝóÕøóáúäóÇåõ æóÝóÑøóÞúäóÇ Èöåö Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÝóÑøóÞúäóÇåõ ÈöÇáÊøóÔúÏöíÏö¡ Ãóíú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãõÝóÑøóÞðÇ ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúæóÞóÇÆöÚö Ýöí ËóáóÇËò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÓóäóÉð. æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÝóÑóÞó ÈöãóÚúäóì Èóíøóäó æóÝóÕøóáó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝöíåóÇ íõÝúÑóÞõ ßõáøõ ÃóãúÑò Íóßöíãò. ÇáúÂíóÉó [44 \ 4]
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Èóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó áöäóÈöíøöåö áöíóÞúÑóÃóåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì ãõßúËò¡ Ãóíú ãóåóáò æóÊõÄóÏóÉò æóÊóËóÈøõÊò¡ æóÐóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõÞúÑóÃó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐóáößó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÑóÊøöáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÊóÑúÊöíáðÇ [73 \ 4] ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áóæúáóÇ äõÒøöáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÌõãúáóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ßóÐóáößó áöäõËóÈøöÊó Èöåö ÝõÄóÇÏóßó æóÑóÊøóáúäóÇåõ ÊóÑúÊöíáðÇ [25 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõÑúÂäðÇ [17 \ 106] ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÝöÚúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:(3/188)
æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ æóáöíøñ ãöäó ÇáÐøõáøö æóßóÈøöÑúåõ ÊóßúÈöíÑðÇ (111)
ÝóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞó ÇäúÕöÈúåõ ÈöÝöÚúáò ÃõÖúãöÑóÇ ÍóÊúãðÇ ãõæóÇÝöÞò áöãóÇ ÞóÏú ÃõÙúåöÑóÇ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáö ÇÏúÚõæÇ Çááøóåó Ãóæö ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäó ÃóíøðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæ Ýóáóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì.
ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäú íóÏúÚõæåõ ÈöãóÇ ÔóÇÁõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö¡ Åöäú ÔóÇÁõæÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ Ãóááøóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ÔóÇÁõæÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ ÑóÍúãóäõ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì ÝóÇÏúÚõæåõ ÈöåóÇ æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó íõáúÍöÏõæäó Ýöí ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ÓóíõÌúÒóæúäó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [7 \ 180] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö åõæó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó Çáúãóáößõ ÇáúÞõÏøõæÓõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ Çáúãõåóíúãöäõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑõ ÇáúãõÊóßóÈøöÑõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó åõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÇáúÈóÇÑöÆõ ÇáúãõÕóæøöÑõ áóåõ ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì íõÓóÈøöÍõ áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ [59 \ 22¡ 23] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö: Ãóäøóåõãú ÊóÌóÇåóáõæÇ ÇÓúãó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó áóåõãõ ÇÓúÌõÏõæÇ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö ÞóÇáõæÇ æóãóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 60] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó áóåõãú ÈóÚúÖó ÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ Úóáøóãó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Úóáøóãóåõ ÇáúÈóíóÇäó [55 \ 1 - 4] ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ Úóáøóãó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÌóæóÇÈñ áöÞóæúáöåöãú: ÞóÇáõæÇ æóãóÇ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 60] ¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí áöåóÐóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò «Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÔóÑöíßñ Ýöí Çáúãõáúßö æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ æóáöíøñ ãöäó ÇáÐøõáøö æóßóÈøöÑúåõ ÊóßúÈöíÑðÇ.
ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓó Úóáóì áöÓóÇäö äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó (áöÃóäøó ÃóãúÑó ÇáúÞõÏúæóÉö ÃóãúÑñ áöÃóÊúÈóÇÚöåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ) Ãóäú íóÞõæáõæÇ: «ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö» Ãóíú: ßõáøõ ËóäóÇÁò Ìóãöíáò áóÇÆöÞò ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö¡ ËóÇÈöÊñ áóåõ¡ ãõÈóíøöäðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÒøóåñ Úóäö ÇáúÃóæúáóÇÏö æóÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁö æóÇáúÚöÒøóÉö ÈöÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ.
ÝóÈóíøóäó ÊóäóÒøõåóåõ Úóäö ÇáúæóáóÏö æóÇáÕøóÇÍöÈóÉö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú åõæó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ [112 \ 1] Åöáóì ÂÎóÑö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÌóÏøõ ÑóÈøöäóÇ ãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÕóÇÍöÈóÉð æóáóÇ æóáóÏðÇ [72 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÈóÏöíÚõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áóåõ æóáóÏñ æóáóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈóÉñ æóÎóáóÞó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò Úóáöíãñ [6 \ 101] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöÏøðÇ ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäúåõ æóÊóäúÔóÞøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÊóÎöÑøõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ åóÏøðÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÇ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏðÇ æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÑøóÍúãóäö Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ(3/189)
ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 88 - 92] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ Ýöí ãõáúßöåö¡ Ãóíú æóáóÇ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ áóåõãú ÝöíåöãóÇ ãöäú ÔöÑúßò æóãóÇ áóåõ ãöäúåõãú ãöäú ÙóåöíÑò [34 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áöãóäö Çáúãõáúßõ Çáúíóæúãó áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö [40 \ 16] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ [67 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáö Çááøóåõãøó ãóÇáößó Çáúãõáúßö ÊõÄúÊöí Çáúãõáúßó ãóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ æóÊóäúÒöÚõ Çáúãõáúßó ãöãøóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ æóÊõÚöÒøõ ãóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ æóÊõÐöáøõ ãóäú ÊóÔóÇÁõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 26] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ æóáöíøñ ãöäó ÇáÐøõáøö [17 \ 111] ¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÐóáøõ ÝóíóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì æóáöíøò íóÚöÒøõ Èöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ¡ ÇáøóÐöí ßóáøõ ÔóíúÁò ÊóÍúÊó ÞóåúÑöåö æóÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ ÛóÇáöÈñ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [12 \ 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÒöíÒñ Íóßöíãñ [2 \ 209] æóÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ: ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóåõæó ÇáúÞóÇåöÑõ ÝóæúÞó ÚöÈóÇÏöåö [6 \ 18] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ æóßóÈøöÑúåõ ÊóßúÈöíÑðÇ [17 \ 111] Ãóíú ÚóÙøöãúåõ ÊóÚúÙöíãðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ¡ æóíóÙúåóÑõ ÊóÚúÙöíãõ Çááøóåö Ýöí ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóì ÇãúÊöËóÇáö ÃóãúÑöåö æóÇÌúÊöäóÇÈö äóåúíöåö¡ æóÇáúãõÓóÇÑóÚóÉö Åöáóì ßõáøö ãóÇ íõÑúÖöíåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöÊõßóÈøöÑõæÇ Çááøóåó Úóáóì ãóÇ åóÏóÇßõãú [2 \ 185] æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÐõßöÑó áóäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßóÇäó íõÚóáøöãõ ÇáÕøóÛöíÑó æóÇáúßóÈöíÑó ãöäú Ãóåúáöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú æóáóÏðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 111] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò: ÞõáúÊõ: æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËò: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Óóãøóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÂíóÉó ÇáúÚöÒøö¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂËóÇÑö: ÅöäøóåóÇ ãóÇ ÞõÑöÆóÊú Ýöí ÈóíúÊò Ýöí áóíúáóÉò ÝóíõÕöíÈõåõ ÓóÑóÞñ Ãóæú ÂÝóÉñ. æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÍóÏöíËðÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí íóÚúáóì ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ãõÞúÊóÖóÇåõ: Ãóäøó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊõÐúåöÈõ ÇáÓøóÞóãó æóÇáÖøõÑøó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÅöÓúäóÇÏõåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóÝöí ãóÊúäöåö äóßóÇÑóÉñ. æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÕóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÂÎöÑõ ÇáúÌõÒúÁö ÇáËøóÇáöËö ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ æóíóáöíåö ÇáúÌõÒúÁõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÃóæøóáõåõ ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÈöÇááøóåö ÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞõ.(3/190)
ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌðÇ (1)
ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúßóåúÝö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌðÇ ÞóíøöãðÇ áöíõäúÐöÑó ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ãóäøó áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ ãóÇßöËöíäó Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ æóíõäúÐöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ ãóÇ áóåõãú Èöåö ãöäú Úöáúãò æóáóÇ áöÂÈóÇÆöåöãú ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú Åöäú íóÞõæáõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐöÈðÇ.
Úóáøóãó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú íóÍúãóÏõæåõ Úóáóì ÃóÚúÙóãö äöÚúãóÉò ÃóäúÚóãóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ; æóåöíó ÅöäúÒóÇáõåõ Úóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÇÚúæöÌóÇÌó Ýöíåö¡ Èóáú åõæó Ýöí ßóãóÇáö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉö¡ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõãú Èöåö ãöäó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Åöáóì ÇáäøõæÑö. æóÈóíøóäó áóåõãú Ýöíåö ÇáúÚóÞóÇÆöÏó¡ æóÇáúÍóáóÇáó æóÇáúÍóÑóÇãó¡ æóÃóÓúÈóÇÈó ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÍóÐøóÑóåõãú Ýöíåö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóÇ íóÖõÑøõåõãú¡ æóÍóÖøóåõãú Ýöíåö Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáäøöÚúãóÉõ ÇáúÚõÙúãóì Úóáóì ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ æóáöÐóÇ Úóáøóãóåõãú ÑóÈøõåõãú ßóíúÝó íóÍúãóÏõæäóåõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáäøöÚúãóÉö ÇáúßõÈúÑóì ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 1] .
æóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÚóÙöíãö ÇáúÅöäúÚóÇãö æóÇáöÇãúÊöäóÇäö Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö ÈöÅöäúÒóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ãõäúÐöÑðÇ ãóäú áóãú íóÚúãóáú Èöåö¡ æóãõÈóÔøöÑðÇ ãóäú Úóãöáó Èöåö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÈõÑúåóÇäñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßõãú äõæÑðÇ ãõÈöíäðÇ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÇÚúÊóÕóãõæÇ Èöåö ÝóÓóíõÏúÎöáõåõãú Ýöí ÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäúåõ æóÝóÖúáò æóíóåúÏöíåöãú Åöáóíúåö ÕöÑóÇØðÇ ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ [4 \ 174] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóæóáóãú íóßúÝöåöãú ÃóäøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó íõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåöãú Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÑóÍúãóÉð æóÐößúÑóì áöÞóæúãò íõÄúãöäõæäó [29 \ 51] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóÞõÕøõ Úóáóì Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáøóÐöí åõãú Ýöíåö íóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó æóÅöäøóåõ áóåõÏðì æóÑóÍúãóÉñ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [27 \ 76 - 77] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóäõäóÒøöáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãóÇ åõæó ÔöÝóÇÁñ æóÑóÍúãóÉñ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [17 \ 82] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú åõæó áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ åõÏðì æóÔöÝóÇÁñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 44] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí åóÐóÇ áóÈóáóÇÛðÇ áöÞóæúãò ÚóÇÈöÏöíäó æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [21 \ 106 - 107] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú íõáúÞóì Åöáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 86] ¡(3/191)
æóÞóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó ÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÕúØóÝóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ Ýóãöäúåõãú ÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö æóãöäúåõãú ãõÞúÊóÕöÏñ æóãöäúåõãú ÓóÇÈöÞñ ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑóÇÊö ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÝóÖúáõ ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ [35 \ 32] .
æóåõæó ÊóÕúÑöíÍñ ãöäúåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÅöíÑóÇËó åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÝóÖúáñ ßóÈöíÑñ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ [18 \ 1] ¡ Ãóíú áóãú íóÌúÚóáú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÚöæóÌðÇ ; Ãóíú áóÇ ÇÚúæöÌóÇÌó Ýöíåö ÃóáúÈóÊøóÉó¡ áóÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö¡ æóáóÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí¡ ÃóÎúÈóÇÑõåõ ßõáøõåóÇ ÕöÏúÞñ¡ æóÃóÍúßóÇãõåõ ÚóÏúáñ¡ ÓóÇáöãñ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÚõíõæÈö Ýöí ÃóáúÝóÇÙöåö æóãóÚóÇäöíåö¡ æóÃóÎúÈóÇÑöåö æóÃóÍúßóÇãöåö ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: «ÚöæóÌðÇ» äóßöÑóÉñ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ Ýóåöíó ÊóÚõãøõ äóÝúíó ÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÚöæóÌö.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ åõäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÇÚúæöÌóÇÌó Ýöíåö¡ Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ßóËöíÑóÉò ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÖóÑóÈúäóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó ÞõÑúÁóÇäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ ÛóíúÑó Ðöí ÚöæóÌò áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊøóÞõæäó [39 \ 27 - 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ áóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊöåö æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ [6 \ 115] . ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «ÕöÏúÞðÇ» Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÚóÏúáðÇ» Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÊóÏóÈøóÑõæäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó æóáóæú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÚöäúÏö ÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö áóæóÌóÏõæÇ Ýöíåö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ [4 \ 82] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÞóíøöãðÇ Ãóíú ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ áóÇ ãóíúáó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ÒóíúÛó¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ßóæúäöåö ÞóíøöãðÇ áóÇ ãóíúáó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ÒóíúÛó¡ Èóíøóäóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóãú íóßõäö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ãõäúÝóßøöíäó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉõ ÑóÓõæáñ ãöäó Çááøóåö íóÊúáõæ ÕõÍõÝðÇ ãõØóåøóÑóÉð ÝöíåóÇ ßõÊõÈñ ÞóíøöãóÉñ [98 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäú íõÝúÊóÑóì ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóáóßöäú ÊóÕúÏöíÞó ÇáøóÐöí Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö æóÊóÝúÕöíáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó [10 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Çáã Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ áóÇ ÑóíúÈó Ýöíåö åõÏðì áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó [2 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÇáÑ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõÍúßöãóÊú ÂíóÇÊõåõ Ëõãøó ÝõÕøöáóÊú ãöäú áóÏõäú Íóßöíãò ÎóÈöíÑò [11 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóßöäú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ [42 \ 52] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(3/192)
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóÓøóÑúäóÇ Èöåö Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóíøöãðÇ åõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö æóåõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ. æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóåõæó ÊóÃúßöíÏñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì áöÞóæúáöåö: æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ [18 \ 1] ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÇáÔøóíúÁõ ãõÓúÊóÞöíãðÇ Ýöí ÇáÙøóÇåöÑö æóåõæó áóÇ íóÎúáõæ ãöäó ÇÚúæöÌóÇÌò Ýöí ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÌóãóÚó ÊóÚóÇáóì Èóíúäó äóÝúíö ÇáúÚöæóÌö æóÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞóÇãóÉö. æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÞóíøöãðÇ» æóÌúåóÇäö ÂÎóÑóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåö «ÞóíøöãðÇ» Ãóäøóåõ Þóíøöãñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö¡ Ãóíú ãõåóíúãöäñ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóãõåóíúãöäðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 15] .
æóáöÃóÌúáö åóíúãóäóÊöåö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßõÊõÈö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóÞõÕøõ Úóáóì Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáøóÐöí åõãú Ýöíåö íóÎúÊóáöÝõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 76] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Þõáú ÝóÃúÊõæÇ ÈöÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö ÝóÇÊúáõæåóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [3 \ 93] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: íóÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÑóÓõæáõäóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ áóßõãú ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊõÎúÝõæäó ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 15] .
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåö «ÞóíøöãðÇ» : Ãóäøóåõ Þóíøöãñ ÈöãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÇáÏøöíäöíøóÉö æóÇáÏøõäúíóæöíøóÉö. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõåõ ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÅöÚúÑóÇÈö Þóæúáöåö: «ÞóíøöãðÇ» ÝóÐóåóÈó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÇáñ ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ æóÃóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóÞúÏöíãðÇ æóÊóÃúÎöíÑðÇ¡ æóÊóÞúÑöíÑõåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ: ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ÞóíøöãðÇ æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌðÇ¡ æóãóäóÚó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÈö ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ [18 \ 1] ¡ ãóÚúØõæÝñ Úóáóì ÕöáóÉö ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÌõãúáóÉõ: ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó¡ æóÇáúãóÚúØõæÝõ Úóáóì ÇáÕøöáóÉö ÏóÇÎöáñ Ýöí ÍóíøöÒö ÇáÕøöáóÉö¡ ÝóÌóÚúáõ «ÞóíøöãðÇ» ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäó «ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» íõÄóÏøöí Åöáóì ÇáúÝóÕúáö Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÇáö æóÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøöáóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ¡ æóÐóåóÈó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ÂÎóÑõæäó Åöáóì Ãóäøó «ÞóíøöãðÇ» ÍóÇáñ ãöäó «ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÑó ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ ãõäúÊóÝò¡ æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÌõãúáóÉó æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ áóíúÓóÊú ãóÚúØõæÝóÉð Úóáóì ÇáÕøöáóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÌõãúáóÉñ ÍóÇáöíøóÉñ. æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÞóíøöãðÇ» ÍóÇáñ ÈóÚúÏó ÍóÇáò¡ æóÊóÞúÑöíÑõåõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ÛóíúÑó ÌóÇÚöáò Ýöíåö ÚöæóÌðÇ¡ æóÝöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ÞóíøöãðÇ. æóÊóÚóÏøõÏõ ÇáúÍóÇáö áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö¡ æóÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÍóÇáö ãóÚó ÇÊøöÍóÇÏö ÚóÇãöáö ÇáúÍóÇáö æóÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇáúÍóÇáõ ÞóÏú íóÌöíÁõ ÐóÇ ÊóÚóÏøõÏö áöãõÝúÑóÏò ÝóÇÚúáóãú æóÛóíúÑó ãõÝúÑóÏö(3/193)
æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÈöÚóØúÝò Ãóæú ÈöÏõæäö ÚóØúÝò¡ ÝóãöËóÇáõåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÚóØúÝö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõÈóÔøöÑõßó ÈöíóÍúíóì ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ ÈößóáöãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÓóíøöÏðÇ æóÍóÕõæÑðÇ æóäóÈöíøðÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó [3 \ 39] ¡ æóãöËóÇáõåõ ÈöÏõæäö ÚóØúÝò Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóãøóÇ ÑóÌóÚó ãõæÓóì Åöáóì Þóæúãöåö ÛóÖúÈóÇäó ÃóÓöÝðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 150] . æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Úóáóíøó ÅöÐóÇ ãóÇ ÌöÆúÊö áóíúáóì ÈöÎõÝúíóÉò ... ÒöíóÇÑóÉõ ÈóíúÊö Çááøóåö ÑóÌúáóÇäó ÍóÇÝöíóÇ
æóäõÞöáó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÚõÕúÝõæÑò ãóäúÚõ ÊóÚóÏøõÏö ÇáúÍóÇáö ãóÇ áóãú íóßõäö ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ Ýöíåö ÕöíÛóÉó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö Ýöí äóÍúæö Þóæúáöåö: åóÐóÇ ÈõÓúÑðÇ ÃóØúíóÈõ ãöäúåõ ÑõØóÈðÇ. æóäõÞöáó ãóäúÚõ Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäö ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøö æóÌóãóÇÚóÉò¡ æóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóãúäóÚõæäó ÊóÚóÏøõÏó ÇáúÍóÇáö íóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäøó ÇáúÍóÇáó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÍóÇáñ ãöäó ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ÇáúãóÓúÊóßöäøö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáö ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÇáúÃõæáóì ÚöäúÏóåõãú åöíó ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö¡ Ýóåöíó ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÃóÍúæóÇáñ ãõÊóÏóÇÎöáóÉñ¡ Ãóæú íóÌúÚóáõæäó ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó äóÚúÊðÇ áöáúÃõæáóì¡ æóãöãøóäö ÇÎúÊóÇÑó Ãóäøó ÌõãúáóÉó æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú ÍóÇáöíøóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÞóíøöãðÇ ÍóÇáñ ÈóÚúÏó ÍóÇáò - ÇáúÃóÕúÝóåóÇäöíøõ.
æóÐóåóÈó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Åöáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÞóíøöãðÇ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁó ÇáúÚöæóÌö Úóäúåõ åõæó ãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåö ÞóíøöãðÇ.
æóÚóÒóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó áöÕóÇÍöÈö Íóáøö ÇáúÚõÞóÏö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö Ýóåõæó ÈóÏóáñ ãõÝúÑóÏñ ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉò.
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ Ýöí: ÚóÑóÝúÊõ ÒóíúÏðÇ ÃóÈõæ ãóäú¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÏóáõ ÌõãúáóÉò ãöäú ãõÝúÑóÏò¡ æóÝöí ÌóæóÇÒö Ðóáößó ÎöáóÇÝñ ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö.
æóÒóÚóãó Þóæúãñ Ãóäøó ÞóíøöãðÇ ÍóÇáñ ãöäó ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌóÇ¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Ãóäøó ÞóíøöãðÇ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÝöÚúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: æóáóãú íóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÚöæóÌðÇ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ÞóíøöãðÇ¡ æóÍóÐúÝõ äóÇÕöÈö ÇáúÝóÖúáóÉö ÅöÐóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ ÌóÇÆöÒñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóíõÍúÐóÝõ ÇáäøóÇÕöÈõåóÇ Åöäú ÚõáöãóÇ æóÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÍóÐúÝõåõ ãõáúÊóÒóãóÇ
æóÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÃóæúÌõåö ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÞóíøöãðÇ» Ãóäøóåõ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ Ãóæú ÍóÇáñ ËóÇäöíóÉñ ãöäó «ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áöíõäúÐöÑó ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ [18 \ 2] ÇááøóÇãõ Ýöíåö ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ(3/194)
ÈöÜ ÃóäúÒóáó¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóæúÝöíøõ: åöíó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÞóíøöãðÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ.
æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ: ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÞúÊóÑöäõ ÈöÊóÎúæöíÝò æóÊóåúÏöíÏò¡ Ýóßõáøõ ÅöäúÐóÇÑò ÅöÚúáóÇãñ¡ æóáóíúÓó ßõáøõ ÅöÚúáóÇãò ÅöäúÐóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ íóÊóÚóÏøóì Åöáóì ãóÝúÚõæáóíúäö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú äóÇÑðÇ ÊóáóÙøóì [92 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóäúÐóÑúäóÇßõãú ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [38 \ 40] .
æóÝöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ßóÑøóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑó¡ ÝóÍóÐóÝó Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ãóÝúÚõæáó ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáó¡ æóÍóÐóÝó Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöí ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáó ÇáËøóÇäöíó¡ ÝóÕóÇÑó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö. æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÃóæøóáö: áöíõäúÐöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö ÇáËøóÇäöí ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóíõäúÐöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Åöáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó ÊóÎúæöíÝñ æóÊóåúÏöíÏñ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóÈöÔóÇÑóÉñ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó ; ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÊóÎúæöíÝö ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö Èöåö: áöíõäúÐöÑó ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ [18 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóíõäúÐöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÈöÔóÇÑóÊöåö áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ãóäøó áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 2] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ßóæúäöåö ÅöäúÐóÇÑðÇ áöåóÄõáóÇÁö æóÈöÔóÇÑóÉð áöåóÄõáóÇÁö Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÓøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöáöÓóÇäößó áöÊõÈóÔøöÑó Èöåö ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó æóÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö ÞóæúãðÇ áõÏøðÇ [19 \ 97] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇáãÕ ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó ÝóáóÇ íóßõäú Ýöí ÕóÏúÑößó ÍóÑóÌñ ãöäúåõ áöÊõäúÐöÑó Èöåö æóÐößúÑóì áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [7 \ 1 - 2] .
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» ¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åõäóÇáößó ÇáúãóÚóÇäöíó ÇáøóÊöí æóÑóÏó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö. æóÇáúÈóÃúÓõ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÐóÑóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ: åõæó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóáöíãõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. æóÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉõ: ÇáúÎóíúÑõ ÈöãóÇ íóÓõÑøõ.
æóÞóÏú ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö ÈöãóÇ íóÓõæÁõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò [45 \ 8] æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
æóÈóÔøóÑúÊóäöí íóÇ ÓóÚúÏõ Ãóäøó ÃóÍöÈøóÊöí ÌóÝóæúäöí ... æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇáúæõÏøõ ãóæúÚöÏõåõ ÇáúÍóÔúÑõ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:(3/195)
íõÈóÔøöÑõäöí ÇáúÛõÑóÇÈõ ÈöÈóíúäö Ãóåúáöí ... ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõ ËõßöáúÊõßó ãöäú ÈóÔöíÑö
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ: Ãóäøó ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö ÈöãóÇ íóÓõæÁõ¡ ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö íóÌúÚóáõæäó ãöËúáó Ðóáößó ãóÌóÇÒðÇ¡ æóíõÓóãøõæäóåõ ÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉð ÚöäóÇÏöíøóÉð¡ æóíõÞóÓøöãõæäóåóÇ Åöáóì ÊóåóßøõãöíøóÉò æóÊóáúãöíÍöíøóÉò ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ãóÍöáøöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö [18 \ 2] ÈóíøóäóÊö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ¡ ÝóÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöËóáóÇËóÉö ÃõãõæÑò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõØóÇÈöÞðÇ áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ýóßõáøõ Úóãóáò ãõÎóÇáöÝò áöãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÕóÇáöÍò¡ Èóáú åõæó ÈóÇØöáñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÂÊóÇßõãõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÝóÎõÐõæåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [59 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ãóäú íõØöÚö ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ÝóÞóÏú ÃóØóÇÚó Çááøóåó [4 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Þõáú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÊõÍöÈøõæäó Çááøóåó ÝóÇÊøóÈöÚõæäöí íõÍúÈöÈúßõãõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 31] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ ÔóÑóÚõæÇ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ áóãú íóÃúÐóäú Èöåö Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 21] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ ãõÎúáöÕðÇ Ýöí Úóãóáöåö áöáøóåö ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó Çááøóåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃõãöÑõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [98 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: Þõáú Åöäøöí ÃõãöÑúÊõ Ãóäú ÃóÚúÈõÏó Çááøóåó ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó æóÃõãöÑúÊõ áöÃóäú Ãóßõæäó Ãóæøóáó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Þõáú Åöäøöí ÃóÎóÇÝõ Åöäú ÚóÕóíúÊõ ÑóÈøöí ÚóÐóÇÈó íóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò Þõáö Çááøóåó ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ãõÎúáöÕðÇ áóåõ Ïöíäöí ÝóÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÔöÆúÊõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö [39 \ 11 - 15] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ãóÈúäöíøðÇ Úóáóì ÃóÓóÇÓö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ßóÇáÓøóÞúÝö¡ æóÇáúÚóÞöíÏóÉó ßóÇáúÃóÓóÇÓö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì æóåõæó ãõÄúãöäñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 97] ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÞóíúÏðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÈóíøóäó ãóÝúåõæãó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóíúÏö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÃóÚúãóÇáö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: æóÞóÏöãúäóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ãöäú Úóãóáò ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ åóÈóÇÁð ãóäúËõæÑðÇ [25 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ßóÓóÑóÇÈò ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 39] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ßóÑóãóÇÏò ÇÔúÊóÏøóÊú Èöåö ÇáÑøöíÍõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 18] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ: Ãóäøó ãõÝúÑóÏó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö:(3/196)
æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö [2 \ 25] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó - Ãóäøóåõ: ÕóÇáöÍóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÑóÈó ÊõØúáöÞõ áóÝúÙóÉó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÝöÚúáóÉö ÇáØøóíøöÈóÉö ; ßóÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇÓúãö ÇáúÌöäúÓö áöÊóäóÇÓöí ÇáúæóÕúÝöíøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÔóÇÚó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÓóäóÉö ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÝöÚúáóÉõ ÇáØøóíøöÈóÉõ.
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö áóÝúÙó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÇáúÚóÇÕö Èúäö ÇáÑøóÈöíÚö Ýöí ÒóæúÌöåö ÒóíúäóÈó ÈöäúÊö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó:
ÈöäúÊó ÇáúÃóãöíäö ÌóÒóÇßö Çááøóåõ ÕóÇáöÍóÉð ... æóßõáøõ ÈóÚúáò ÓóíõËúäöí ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÚóáöãóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÍõØóíúÆóÉö:
ßóíúÝó ÇáúåöÌóÇÁõ æóáóÇ ÊóäúÝóßøõ ÕóÇáöÍóÉñ ... ãöäú Âáö áóÃúãò ÈöÙóåúÑö ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÊóÃúÊöíäöí
æóÓõÆöáó ÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÍõÈøö ÝóÞóÇáó:
ÇáúÍõÈøõ ãóÔúÛóáóÉñ Úóäú ßõáøö ÕóÇáöÍóÉò ... æóÓóßúÑóÉõ ÇáúÍõÈøö ÊóäúÝöí ÓóßúÑóÉó ÇáúæóÓóäö
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ¡ Ãóíú æóáöíõÈóÔøöÑóåõãú ÈöÃóäøó áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ. ÇáúÃóÌúÑõ: ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ æóÌóÒóÇÁõ Úóãóáöåöãõ ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑõ Úóäúåõ åõäóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÌúÑö: åõæó ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ. æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: ãóÇßöËöíäó Ýöíåö [18 \ 3] ¡ æóÐóßøóÑó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÌúÑö æóåõæó ãõÐóßøóÑñ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÃóÌúÑö ÇáúÌóäøóÉó. æóæóÕóÝó ÃóÌúÑóåõãú åõäóÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÓóäñ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÃóæúÌõåó ÍõÓúäöåö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ËõáøóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÞóáöíáñ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó Úóáóì ÓõÑõÑò ãóæúÖõæäóÉò ãõÊøóßöÆöíäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãõÊóÞóÇÈöáöíäó - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - ËõáøóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóËõáøóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó [56 \ 13 - 16] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÃõÎúÝöíó áóåõãú ãöäú ÞõÑøóÉö ÃóÚúíõäò ÇáúÂíóÉó [56 \ 39 - 40] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãóÇßöËöíäó Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÎóÇáöÏöíäó Ýöíåö ÈöáóÇ ÇäúÞöØóÇÚò.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓõÚöÏõæÇ ÝóÝöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ãóÇ ÏóÇãóÊö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó ÚóØóÇÁð ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÐõæÐò [11 \ 108] Ãóíú ÛóíúÑó ãóÞúØõæÚò¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÑöÒúÞõäóÇ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú äóÝóÇÏò [38 \ 54] ¡ Ãóíú ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäö ÇäúÞöØóÇÚò æóÇäúÊöåóÇÁò¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóßõãú íóäúÝóÏõ æóãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÈóÇÞò [16 \ 96] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉõ ÎóíúÑñ æóÃóÈúÞóì [87 \ 17] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóíõäúÐöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ [18 \ 4] ¡(3/197)
Ãóíú íõäúÐöÑóåõãú ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ¡ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ Ãóíú ãöäú ÚöäúÏöåö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó. æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÚóØúÝö ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: áöíõäúÐöÑó ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ ÔóÇãöáñ áöáøóÐöíäö ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ¡ æóáöÛóíúÑöåöãú ãöäú ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö.
æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí Ýóäøö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÚóØúÝó ÇáúÎóÇÕøö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÎóÇÕøõ íóãúÊóÇÒõ Úóäú ÓóÇÆöÑö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÈöÕöÝóÇÊò ÍóÓóäóÉò Ãóæú ÞóÈöíÍóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÅöØúäóÇÈö ÇáúãóÞúÈõæáö¡ ÊóäúÒöíáðÇ áöáÊøóÛóÇíõÑö Ýöí ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáÊøóÛóÇíõÑö Ýöí ÇáÐøóæóÇÊö.
æóãöËóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúãõãúÊóÇÒö Úóäú ÓóÇÆöÑö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÈöÕöÝóÇÊò ÍóÓóäóÉò Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóáóÇÆößóÊöåö æóÑõÓõáöåö æóÌöÈúÑöíáó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 98] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãöíËóÇÞóåõãú æóãöäúßó æóãöäú äõæÍò [33 \ 7] .
æóãöËóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúãõãúÊóÇÒö ÈöÕöÝóÇÊò ÞóÈöíÍóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ ÇãúÊóÇÒõæÇ Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåöãú ÈöÝöÑúíóÉò ÔóäúÚóÇÁó¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÓóÇÛó ÚóØúÝõåõãú Úóáóì ÇááøóÝúÙö ÇáÔøóÇãöáö áóåõãú æóáöÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ÔöÏøóÉö ÚöÙóãö ÝöÑúíóÊöåöãú ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ. ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú [18 \ 5] ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóáóÏðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÅöÏøðÇ ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäúåõ æóÊóäúÔóÞøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÊóÎöÑøõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ åóÏøðÇ Ãóäú ÏóÚóæúÇ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö æóáóÏðÇ æóãóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÑøóÍúãóäö Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐó æóáóÏðÇ [19 \ 88 - 92] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÃóÕúÝóÇßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ÈöÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÅöäóÇËðÇ Åöäøóßõãú áóÊóÞõæáõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ [17 \ 40] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÓóÈõæÇ ÇáúæóáóÏó áöáøóåö - ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ - ËóáóÇËóÉõ ÃóÕúäóÇÝò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö: ÇáúíóåõæÏõ¡ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÚõÒóíúÑñ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö æóÞóÇáóÊö ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÇáúãóÓöíÍõ ÇÈúäõ Çááøóåö Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõãú ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 30] ¡ æóÇáÕøöäúÝõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ãõÔúÑößõæ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: æóíóÌúÚóáõæäó áöáøóåö ÇáúÈóäóÇÊö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóáóåõãú ãóÇ íóÔúÊóåõæäó [16 \ 57] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöäóÍúæöåóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãóÚúáõæãóÉñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãóÇ áóåõãú Èöåö ãöäú Úöáúãò æóáóÇ áöÂÈóÇÆöåöãú [18 \ 5] ¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ãóÇ äóÓóÈõæåõ áóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãöäö ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáúæóáóÏö áóÇ Úöáúãó áóåõãú Èöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãõÓúÊóÍöíáñ.
æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ ÏóáóÇáóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð Úóáóì Ãóäøó äóÝúíó ÇáúÝöÚúáö áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÅöãúßóÇäöåö ; æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÙóáóãõæäóÇ æóáóßöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú íóÙúáöãõæäó [2 \ 57] ; áöÃóäøó Ùõáúãóåõãú(3/198)
áöÑóÈøöäóÇ æóÍõÕõæáó ÇáúÚöáúãö áóåõãú ÈöÇÊøöÎóÇÐöåö ÇáúæóáóÏó ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãõÓúÊóÍöíáñ ÚóÞúáðÇ.
ÝóäóÝúíõåõ áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÅöãúßóÇäöåö¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö Þóæúáõ ÇáúãóäúØöÞöíøöíäó: ÇáÓøóÇáöÈóÉõ áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÖöí æõÌõæÏó ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö¡ ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäóÇåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
æóãóÇ äóÝóÇåõ Úóäúåõãú æóÚóäú ÂÈóÇÆöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÇÊøöÎóÇÐöåö ÇáúæóáóÏó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ¡ Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÎóÑóÞõæÇ áóåõ Èóäöíäó æóÈóäóÇÊò ÈöÛóíúÑö Úöáúãò ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íóÕöÝõæäó [6 \ 100] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÂÈóÇÆöåöãú: Ãóæóáóæú ßóÇäó ÂÈóÇÄõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó [5 \ 104] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú [18 \ 5] íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæåõ ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÇÊøóÎóÐó æóáóÏðÇ ÃóãúÑñ ßóÈöíÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ ; ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉó Úóáóì ÚöÙóãöåö ÂäöÝðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóßõãú áóÊóÞõæáõæäó ÞóæúáðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ [17 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóßóÇÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊõ íóÊóÝóØøóÑúäó ãöäúåõ æóÊóäúÔóÞøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÊóÎöÑøõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ åóÏøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 90] ¡ æóßóÝóì ÈöåóÐóÇ ßöÈóÑðÇ æóÚöÙóãðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð ãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉð¡ Ãóæú ÃóßúÈöÑú ÈöåóÇ ßóáöãóÉð.
æóÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáäøóÍúæö: Ãóäøó «ÝóÚõáó» ÈöÇáÖøóãøö ÊõÕóÇÛõ áöÅöäúÔóÇÁö ÇáÐøóãøö æóÇáúãóÏúÍö¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö äöÚúãó æóÈöÆúÓó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóÅöáóì åóÐóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇÌúÚóáú ßóÈöÆúÓó ÓóÇÁó æóÇÌúÚóáú ... ÝóÚõáóÇ ãöäú Ðöí ËóáóÇËóÉò ßóäöÚúãó ãõÓóÌøóáóÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ «ßóäöÚúãó» Ãóíö ÇÌúÚóáúåõ ãöäú ÈóÇÈö «äöÚúãó» ÝóíóÔúãóáõ ÈöÆúÓó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ðóáößó ÝóÝóÇÚöáõ «ßóÈõÑó» ÖóãöíÑñ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ æóßóáöãóÉð äóßöÑóÉñ ãõãóíøöÒóÉñ áöáÖøóãöíÑö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö. æóíóÑúÝóÚóÇäö ãõÖúãóÑðÇ íõÝóÓøöÑõåú ãõãóíøöÒñ ßóäöÚúãó ÞóæúãðÇ ãóÚúÔóÑõåú
æóÇáúãóÎúÕõæÕõ ÈöÇáÐøóãøö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: ßóÈõÑóÊú åöíó ßóáöãóÉð ÎóÇÑöÌóÉð ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú Êöáúßó ÇáúãóÞóÇáóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÝóÇåõæÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõãú: ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ¡ æóÃóÚúÑóÈó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ßóáöãóÉð ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÇáñ¡ Ãóíú ßóÈõÑóÊú ÝöÑúíóÊõåõãú Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåóÇ ßóáöãóÉð ÎóÇÑöÌóÉð ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú. æóáóíúÓó ÈöÔóíúÁò.(3/199)
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú¡ Ãóíú áóíúÓó áóåóÇ ãõÓúÊóäóÏñ Óöæóì Þóæúáöåöãú æóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó áóåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐöÈõåõãú æóÇÝúÊöÑóÇÄõåõãú¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: Åöäú íóÞõæáõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÐöÈðÇ [18 \ 5] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò áóåõ ÔóæóÇåöÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóÞõæáõæäó ÈöÃóÝúæÇåöåöãú ãóÇ áóíúÓó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú [3 \ 167] æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáúßóÐöÈõ: ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉõ ÇáúÎóÈóÑö áöáúæóÇÞöÚö Úóáóì ÃóÕóÍøö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
áóÝúÙóÉõ «ßóÈõÑó» ÅöÐóÇ ÃõÑöíÏó ÈöåóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúßöÈóÑö Ýöí ÇáÓøöäøö Ýóåöíó ãóÖúãõæãóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí æóÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóÈõÑó ãóÞúÊðÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö Ãóäú ÊóÞõæáõæÇ ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÝúÚóáõæäó [61 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóæú ÎóáúÞðÇ ãöãøóÇ íóßúÈõÑõ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑößõãú [17 \ 51] æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúßöÈóÑõ Ýöí ÇáÓøöäøö Ýóåöíó ãóßúÓõæÑóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ ãóÝúÊõæÍóÊõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæåóÇ ÅöÓúÑóÇÝðÇ æóÈöÏóÇÑðÇ Ãóäú íóßúÈóÑõæÇ [4 \ 6] .
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúãóÌúäõæäö:
ÊóÚóÔøóÞúÊõ áóíúáóì æóåúíó ÐóÇÊõ ÐóæóÇÆöÈó ... æóáóãú íóÈúÏõ áöáúÚóíúäóíúäö ãöäú ËóÏúíöåóÇ ÍóÌúãõ
ÕóÛöíÑóíúäö äóÑúÚóì ÇáúÈõåúãó íóÇ áóíúÊó ÃóäøóäóÇ ... Åöáóì Çáúíóæúãö áóãú äóßúÈóÑú æóáóãú ÊóßúÈóÑö ÇáúÈõåúãõ
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö: «ÕóÛöíÑóíúäö» ÔóÇåóÏñ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí ÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇáúÍóÇáö ãöäó ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö æóÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö ãóÚðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ßóÈõÑóÊú ßóáöãóÉð íóÚúäöí ÈöÇáúßóáöãóÉö: ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó Þóæúáõåõãú: ÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ æóáóÏðÇ [18 \ 4] .
æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõØúáöÞõ ÇÓúãó ÇáúßóáöãóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúßóáóÇãö¡ ÃóæúÖóÍóÊúåõ ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ßóáøóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ ßóáöãóÉñ åõæó ÞóÇÆöáõåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 100] ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÇÑúÌöÚõæäö áóÚóáøöí ÃóÚúãóáõ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÊóÑóßúÊõ [23 \ 99 - 100] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó áóÃóãúáóÃóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö æóÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó [11 \ 119] ¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó áóÝúÙõ ÇáúßóáöãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÅöáøóÇ ãõÑóÇÏðÇ Èöåö ÇáúßóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÝöíÏõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÚöæóÌóÇ åõæó ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ßóãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóÈöÝóÊúÍöåóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõäúÊóÕöÈðÇ ßóÇáúÍóÇÆöØö.(3/200)
ÝóáóÚóáøóßó ÈóÇÎöÚñ äóÝúÓóßó Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú Åöäú áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÃóÓóÝðÇ (6)
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÌóæúåóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕöÍóÇÍöåö: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáÓøößøöíÊö: æóßõáøõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóäúÊóÕöÈõ ßóÇáúÍóÇÆöØö æóÇáúÚõæÏö Þöíáó Ýöíåö «ÚóæóÌñ» ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ æóÇáúÚöæóÌõ - ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö - ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÑúÖò Ãóæú Ïöíäò Ãóæú ãóÚóÇÔò¡ íõÞóÇáõ: Ýöí Ïöíäöåö ÚöæóÌñ. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö ÚöæóÌðÇ ÈöÇáÓøóßúÊö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóáöÝö ÇáúãõÈúÏóáóÉö ãöäó ÇáÊøóäúæöíäö ÓóßúÊóÉð íóÓöíÑóÉð ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóäóÝøõÓò¡ ÅöÔúÚóÇÑðÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÞóíøöãðÇ áóíúÓó ãõÊøóÕöáðÇ ÈöÜ ÚöæóÌðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ Èóáú áöáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÝöÚúáò ãõÞóÏøóÑò¡ Ãóíú ÌóÚóáóåõ ÞóíøöãðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóÞóÑóÃó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáÏøóÇáö ãóÚó ÅöÔúãóÇãöåóÇ ÇáÖøóãøó¡ æóßóÓúÑö Çáäøõæäö æóÇáúåóÇÁö æóæóÕúáöåóÇ ÈöíóÇÁò Ýöí ÇááøóÝúÙö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó [18 \ 2] ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúíóÇÁö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÁö ÇáúãõæóÍøóÏóÉö æóßóÓúÑö ÇáÔøöíäö ãõÔóÏøóÏóÉð¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ «íóÈúÔõÑó» ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúíóÇÁö æóÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáúÈóÇÁö ÇáúãõæóÍøóÏóÉö æóÖóãøö ÇáÔøöíäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóÚóáøóßó ÈóÇÎöÚñ äóÝúÓóßó Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú Åöäú áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÃóÓóÝðÇ.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó «áóÚóáøó» Êóßõæäõ áöáÊøóÑóÌøöí Ýöí ÇáúãóÍúÈõæÈö¡ æóáöáúÅöÔúÝóÇÞö Ýöí ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÑö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö Ãóäøó «áóÚóáøó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÝóáóÚóáøóßó ÈóÇÎöÚñ äóÝúÓóßó áöáúÅöÔúÝóÇÞö Úóáóíúåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóÈúÎóÚó äóÝúÓóåõ áöÚóÏóãö ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú Èöåö.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöäøó «áóÚóáøó» Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áöáäøóåúíö. æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö ÇáúÚóÓúßóÑöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÚúäóì ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÚóØöíøóÉó ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: áóÇ ÊóÈúÎóÚú äóÝúÓóßó áöÚóÏóãö ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú. æóÞöíáó: åöíó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö áöáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÇáúãõÖóãøóäö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö. æóÅöÊúíóÇäõ «áóÚóáøó» áöáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ãóÐúåóÈñ ßõæÝöíøñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ.
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí ãóÚúäóì «áóÚóáøó» Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö Çáäøóåúíõ Úóäö ÇáúÍõÒúäö Úóáóíúåöãú.
æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ «áóÚóáøó» ãõÖóãøóäóÉð ãóÚúäóì Çáäøóåúíö Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÓöíóÇÞõ ÇáúßóáóÇãö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöåóÇ Çáäøóåúíõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ßóËúÑóÉõ æõÑõæÏö Çáäøóåúíö ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Úóäú Ðóáößó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÐúåóÈú äóÝúÓõßó Úóáóíúåöãú ÍóÓóÑóÇÊò [35 \ 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäú Úóáóíúåöãú(3/201)
[16 \ 127] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÃúÓó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [5 \ 68] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÎóíúÑõ ãóÇ íõÝóÓøóÑõ Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ.
æóÇáúÈóÇÎöÚõ: Çáúãõåúáößõ ; Ãóíú ãõåúáößñ äóÝúÓóßó ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÇáúÃóÓóÝö Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ Ðöí ÇáÑøõãøóÉö:
ÃóáóÇ ÃóíõåóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÎöÚõ ÇáúæóÌúÏõ äóÝúÓóåõ ... áöÔóíúÁò äóÍóÊúåõ Úóäú íóÏóíúåö ÇáúãóÞóÇÏöÑõ
ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: «ÂËóÇÑöåõãú» ÌóãúÚõ ÃóËóÑò¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ ÅöËúÑñ. æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Úóáóì ÃóËóÑö Êóæóáøöíåöãú æóÅöÚúÑóÇÖöåöãú Úóäúßó.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö: æóãóÚúäóì «Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú» : ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú¡ Ãóíú ÈóÚúÏó íóÃúÓößó ãöäú ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú¡ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ãóÇÊó ÝõáóÇäñ Úóáóì ÃóËóÑö ÝõáóÇäò ; Ãóíú ÈóÚúÏóåõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: ÔóÈøóåóåõ æóÅöíøóÇåõãú Íöíäó ÊóæóáøóæúÇ Úóäúåõ æóáóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Èöåö¡ æóãóÇ ÏóÇÎóáóåõ ãöäó ÇáúæóÌúÏö æóÇáúÃóÓóÝö Úóáóì Êóæóáøöíåöãú - ÈöÑóÌõáò ÝóÇÑóÞóÊúåõ ÃóÍöÈøóÊõåõ æóÃóÚöÒøóÊõåõ Ýóåõæó íóÊóÓóÇÞóØõ ÍóÓóÑóÇÊò Úóáóì ÂËóÇÑöåöãú æóíóÈúÎóÚõ äóÝúÓóåõ æóÌúÏðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÊóáóåøõÝðÇ Úóáóì ÝöÑóÇÞöåöãú. æóÇáúÃóÓóÝõ åõäóÇ: ÔöÏøóÉõ ÇáúÍõÒúäö. æóÞóÏú íõØúáóÞõ ÇáúÃóÓóÝõ Úóáóì ÇáúÛóÖóÈö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÂÓóÝõæäóÇ ÇäúÊóÞóãúäóÇ ãöäúåõãú [43 \ 55] .
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÍóÞøóÞúÊó ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÝöíåóÇ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãöäú ÔöÏøóÉö ÍõÒúäö äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóãöäú äóåúíöåö áóåõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ãõÈóíøóäñ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÐúåóÈú äóÝúÓõßó Úóáóíúåöãú ÍóÓóÑóÇÊò [35 \ 8] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: áóÚóáøóßó ÈóÇÎöÚñ äóÝúÓóßó ÃóáøóÇ íóßõæäõæÇ ãõÄúãöäöíäó [26 \ 3] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäú Úóáóíúåöãú æóÇÎúÝöÖú ÌóäóÇÍóßó áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [15 \ 88] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÃúÓó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó [5 \ 68] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú äóÚúáóãõ Åöäøóåõ áóíóÍúÒõäõßó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞõæáõæäó [6 \ 33] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú äóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóßó íóÖöíÞõ ÕóÏúÑõßó ÈöãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó [15 \ 97] ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÃóÓóÝðÇ ãóÝúÚõæáñ ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåö¡ Ãóíú ãõåúáößñ äóÝúÓóßó ãöäú ÃóÌúáö ÇáúÃóÓóÝö. æóíóÌõæÒõ ÅöÚúÑóÇÈõåõ ÍóÇáðÇ ; Ãóíú Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäößó ÂÓöÝðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú. Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóãóÕúÏóÑñ ãõäóßøóÑñ ÍóÇáðÇ íóÞóÚú ÈößóËúÑóÉò ßóÈóÛúÊóÉð ÒöíÏñ ØóáóÚú(3/202)
ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ áöäóÈúáõæóåõãú Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ (7)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ áöäóÈúáõæóåõãú Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ æóÅöäøóÇ áóÌóÇÚöáõæäó ãóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÕóÚöíÏðÇ ÌõÑõÒðÇ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: «ãóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ» íóÚúäöí ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöãøóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ æóáöÃóåúáöåóÇ ãöäú ÒóÎóÇÑöÝö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóãóÇ íõÓúÊóÍúÓóäõ ãöäúåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ßõáøõ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉñ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóÎúÕöíÕò¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóæóÌúåõ ßõáøö ÇáúÍóíøóÇÊö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöãøóÇ íõÄúÐöí ÒöíäóÉñ áöáúÃóÑúÖö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö ÎóÇáöÞöåö¡ æóÇÊøöÕóÇÝöåö ÈöÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö æóÇáúÌóáóÇáö¡ æóæõÌõæÏõ ãóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ Èöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚöáúãõ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÒöíäóÉñ áóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö: Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöíåö Ãóäú íõÐúßóÑó áóÝúÙñ ÚóÇãøñ Ëõãøó íõÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö ÈöÏõÎõæáö ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÝúÑóÇÏö Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÇãøö Ýöíåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó æóãóäú íõÚóÙøöãú ÔóÚóÇÆöÑó Çááøóåö [22 \ 32] ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ãóÚó ÊóÕúÑöíÍöåö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÈõÏúäó ÏóÇÎöáóÉñ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúÈõÏúäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú ÔóÚóÇÆöÑö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 36] .
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ðóáößó ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ [18 \ 7] ÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáÏøóÇÎöáóÉö Ýöíåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúãóÇáõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 46] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúÎóíúáó æóÇáúÈöÛóÇáó æóÇáúÍóãöíÑó áöÊóÑúßóÈõæåóÇ æóÒöíäóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 8] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÕóÚöíÏðÇ ÌõÑõÒðÇ [18 \ 8] ¡ Ãóíú ÃóÑúÖðÇ ÈóíúÖóÇÁó áóÇ äóÈóÇÊó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì «ÇáÕøóÚöíÏö» ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» .
æóÇáúÌõÑõÒõ: ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ äóÈóÇÊó ÈöåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑóæúÇ ÃóäøóÇ äóÓõæÞõ ÇáúãóÇÁó Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÌõÑõÒö ÝóäõÎúÑöÌõ Èöåö ÒóÑúÚðÇ ÊóÃúßõáõ ãöäúåõ ÃóäúÚóÇãõåõãú æóÃóäúÝõÓõåõãú ÃóÝóáóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó [32 \ 27] æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ Ðöí ÇáÑøõãøóÉö:
Øóæóì ÇáäøóÍúÒõ æóÇáúÃóÌúÑóÇÒõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÛõÑõæÖöåóÇ ... æóãóÇ ÈóÞöíóÊú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÖøõáõæÚõ ÇáúÌóÑóÇÔöÚõ
áöÃóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ «ÈöÇáúÃóÌúÑóÇÒö» ÇáúÝóíóÇÝöí ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ äóÈóÇÊó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóÌúÑóÇÒõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÌõÑóÒóÉò¡ æóÇáúÌõÑóÒóÉõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÌõÑúÒò¡ Ýóåõæó ÌóãúÚõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö áöáúÌõÑúÒö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÌóæúåóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕöÍóÇÍöåö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÅöäøóÇ áóÌóÇÚöáõæäó ãóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ [18 \ 8] ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáÒøöíäóÉö ÕóÚöíÏðÇ ÌõÑõÒðÇ¡ Ãóíú ãöËúáó ÃóÑúÖò ÈóíúÖóÇÁó áóÇ äóÈóÇÊó ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú ÎóÖúÑóÇÁó ãõÚúÔöÈóÉð¡ Ýöí ÅöÒóÇáóÉö ÈóåúÌóÊöåö æóÅöãóÇØóÉö ÍõÓúäöåö¡ æóÅöÈúØóÇáö ãóÇ Èöåö ßóÇäó ÒöíäóÉð ãöäú ÅöãóÇÊóÉö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäö¡ æóÊóÌúÝöíÝö(3/203)
Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈúÊó Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö æóÇáÑøóÞöíãö ßóÇäõæÇ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ (9)
ÇáäøóÈóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÔúÌóÇÑö. ÇåÜ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÔóÇÑõ Åöáóíúåö åõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ãóËóáõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ßóãóÇÁò ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÇÎúÊóáóØó Èöåö äóÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöãøóÇ íóÃúßõáõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãõ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÎóÐóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÒõÎúÑõÝóåóÇ æóÇÒøóíøóäóÊú æóÙóäøó ÃóåúáõåóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇÏöÑõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÃóÊóÇåóÇ ÃóãúÑõäóÇ áóíúáðÇ Ãóæú äóåóÇÑðÇ ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåóÇ ÍóÕöíÏðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú ÊóÛúäó ÈöÇáúÃóãúÓö ßóÐóáößó äõÝóÕøöáõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áöÞóæúãò íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó [10 \ 24] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÖúÑöÈú áóåõãú ãóËóáó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ßóãóÇÁò ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÇÎúÊóáóØó Èöåö äóÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍó åóÔöíãðÇ ÊóÐúÑõæåõ ÇáÑøöíóÇÍõ æóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ãõÞúÊóÏöÑðÇ [18 \ 7] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áöäóÈúáõæóåõãú Ãóíøõåõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ [18 \ 45] Ãóíú áöäóÎúÊóÈöÑóåõãú Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÑõÓõáöäóÇ.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ åõäóÇ áöÌóÚúáö ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ (æóåöíó ÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁõ Ýöí ÅöÍúÓóÇäö ÇáúÚóãóáö) Èóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáúãóæúÊö æóÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÈöíóÏöåö Çáúãõáúßõ æóåõæó Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÏöíÑñ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáúãóæúÊó æóÇáúÍóíóÇÉó áöíóÈúáõæóßõãú Ãóíøõßõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ [67 \ 1 - 2] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýöí ÓöÊøóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò æóßóÇäó ÚóÑúÔõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÇÁö áöíóÈúáõæóßõãú Ãóíøõßõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÚóãóáðÇ [11 \ 7] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: «Ãóäú ÊóÚúÈõÏó Çááøóåó ßóÃóäøóßó ÊóÑóÇåõ¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÑóÇåõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÑóÇßó» ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÌóÚóáó ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ áöíóÈúÊóáöíó ÎóáúÞóåõ¡ Ëõãøó íõåúáößó ãóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóíóÌúÚóáóåõ ÕóÚöíÏðÇ ÌõÑõÒðÇ - Ýöíåö ÃóßúÈóÑõ æóÇÚöÙò áöáäøóÇÓö¡ æóÃóÚúÙóãõ ÒóÇÌöÑò Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö Çáúåóæóì¡ æóÅöíËóÇÑö ÇáúÝóÇäöí Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÞöí¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÍõáúæóÉñ ÎóÖöÑóÉñ¡ æóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ãõÓúÊóÎúáöÝõßõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÝóäóÇÙöÑñ ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó¡ ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ãóæøóáó ÝöÊúäóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈúÊó Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö æóÇáÑøóÞöíãö ßóÇäõæÇ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ.
Ãóãú [18 \ 9] ¡ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö åöíó ÇáúãõäúÞóØöÚóÉõ Úóäö ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö «Èóáú æóÇáúåóãúÒóÉö» æóÚöäúÏó ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÈöãóÚúäóì «Èóáú» ÝóÞóØú¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Èóáú(3/204)
ÃóÍóÓöÈúÊó¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Èóáú ÍóÓöÈúÊó¡ Ýóåöíó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÌóÇãöÚóÉñ Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈö æóÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýóåöíó áöáúÅöÖúÑóÇÈö ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇáöíøö ÝóÞóØú.
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ áöäóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: Åöäøó ÞöÕøóÉó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö æóÅöäö ÇÓúÊóÚúÙóãóåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóÚóÌöÈõæÇ ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝóáóíúÓóÊú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÞõÏúÑóÊöäóÇ æóÚóÙöíãö ÕõäúÚöäóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÎóáúÞóäóÇ áöáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÌóÚúáóäóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ¡ æóÌóÚúáóäóÇ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÕóÚöíÏðÇ ÌõÑõÒðÇ¡ ÃóÚúÙóãõ æóÃóÚúÌóÈõ ãöãøóÇ ÝóÚóáúäóÇ ÈöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóãöäú ßóæúäöäóÇ ÃóäóãúäóÇåõãú åóÐóÇ ÇáÒøóãóäó ÇáØøóæöíáó¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ:
ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÒöíäóÉð áóåóÇ - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÕóÚöíÏðÇ ÌõÑõÒðÇ [18 \ 7 - 8] ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈúÊó Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 9] ¡ ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Ãóäøó ÞöÕøóÊóåõãú áóÇ ÚóÌóÈó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ãöãøóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäúåóÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÊóäúÈöíåõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãó Ýóåõæó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúÛóÑö ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÎóáúÞõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóßúÈóÑõ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 57] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÔóÏøõ ÎóáúÞðÇ Ãóãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ÈóäóÇåóÇ - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - ãóÊóÇÚðÇ áóßõãú æóáöÃóäúÚóÇãößõãú [79 \ 27 - 33] ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö æóÇáäøóÍúáö» .
æóãóäú ÎóáóÞó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó: ßóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÝóáóÇ ÚóÌóÈó Ýöí ÅöÞóÇãóÊöåö Ãóåúáó ÇáúßóåúÝö åóÐöåö ÇáúãõÏøóÉó ÇáØøóæöíáóÉó¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚúËöåö ÅöíøóÇåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ.
æóÇáúßóåúÝõ: ÇáäøóÞúÈõ ÇáúãõÊøóÓöÚõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÈóáö¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõ æóÇÓöÚðÇ Ýóåõæó ÛóÇÑñ. æóÞöíáó: ßõáøõ ÛóÇÑò Ýöí ÌóÈóáò: ßóåúÝñ. æóãóÇ íõÑúæóì Úóäú ÃóäóÓò ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúßóåúÝó äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÌóÈóáö¡ ÛóÑöíÈñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÚúÑõæÝò Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö.
æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÜ ÇáÑøóÞöíãö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì ÃóÞúæóÇáò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ Þöíáó: ÇáÑøóÞöíãõ ÇÓúãõ ßóáúÈöåöãú¡ æóåõæó ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏõ ÃõãóíøóÉó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÇáÕøóáúÊö ÍóíúËõ íóÞõæáõ:
æóáóíúÓó ÈöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÑøóÞöíãõ ãõÌóÇæöÑðÇ ... æóÕóíúÏõåõãú æóÇáúÞóæúãõ Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö åõãøóÏõ
æóÚóäö ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÞöíãó: ÈóáúÏóÉñ ÈöÇáÑøõæãö¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÌóÈóáö ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÇáúßóåúÝõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇÓúãñ áöáúæóÇÏöí ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÇáúßóåúÝõ¡ æóÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáõ Ýöíåö ßóËöíÑóÉñ. æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: áóÇ(3/205)
ÅöÐú Ãóæóì ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÂÊöäóÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúßó ÑóÍúãóÉð æóåóíøöÆú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ÑóÔóÏðÇ (10)
ÃóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáÑøóÞöíãõ ÃóßöÊóÇÈñ Ãóãú ÈõäúíóÇäñ¿ .
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÚöäúÏöí ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö æóÈóÚúÖö ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÞöíãó ãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÇáúãóÑúÞõæãõ¡ Ýóåõæó «ÝóÚöíáñ» ÈöãóÚúäóì «ãóÝúÚõæáò» ãöäú: ÑóÞóãúÊõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÊóÈúÊõåõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßöÊóÇÈñ ãóÑúÞõæãñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [83 \ 9¡ æ83 \ 20] . ÓóæóÇÁñ ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáÑøóÞöíãó ßöÊóÇÈñ ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýöíåö ÔóÑúÚõåõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóãóÓøóßõæÇ Èöåö¡ Ãóæú áóæúÍñ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò ßõÊöÈóÊú Ýöíåö ÃóÓúãóÇÄõåõãú æóÃóäúÓóÇÈõåõãú æóÞöÕøóÊõåõãú æóÓóÈóÈõ ÎõÑõæÌöåöãú¡ Ãóæú ÕóÎúÑóÉñ äõÞöÔóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÓúãóÇÄõåõãú¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö æóÇáÑøóÞöíãö: ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÃõÖöíÝóÊú Åöáóì ÔóíúÆóíúäö ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ãóÚúØõæÝñ Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáÑøóÞöíãö ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÕøó Úóáóì äóÈöíøöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÞöÕøóÉó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú áóåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ Úóäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÞöíãö¡ æóÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö åõãõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÞóØóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ÕóÎúÑóÉñ ÝóÓóÏøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ÈóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ÇáøóÐöí åõãú Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÏóÚóæõÇ Çááøóåó ÈöÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúÈóÇÑøõ ÈöæóÇáöÏóíúåö¡ æóÇáúÚóÝöíÝõ¡ æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÃúÌöÑõ¡ æóÞöÕøóÊõåõãú ãóÔúåõæÑóÉñ ËóÇÈöÊóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÊóÝúÓöíÑó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú åõãõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ¡ ÈóÚöíÏñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÞöÕøóÉó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö æóÃóÓúãóÇÁóåõãú¡ æóÝöí Ãóíøö ãóÍöáøò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóÇäõæÇ¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóãú íóËúÈõÊú Ýöíåö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÔóíúÁñ ÒóÇÆöÏñ Úóáóì ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóáöáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃóÎúÈóÇÑñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÉñ ÃóÚúÑóÖúäóÇ Úóäú ÐößúÑöåóÇ áöÚóÏóãö ÇáËøöÞóÉö ÈöåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÚóÌóÈðÇ ÕöÝóÉñ áöãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ Ãóíú ÔóíúÆðÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ. Ãóæú ÂíóÉð ÚóÌóÈðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí Ýóäøö ÇáäøóÍúæö Ãóäøó äóÚúÊó ÇáäøóßöÑóÉö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÕóÇÑó ÍóÇáðÇ¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ ßóÇÆöäðÇ ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞõÏøöãó ÇáäøóÚúÊõ ÕóÇÑó ÍóÇáðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöÐú Ãóæóì ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÂÊöäóÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúßó ÑóÍúãóÉð æóåóíøöÆú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ÑóÔóÏðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÕöÝóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö Ãóäøóåõãú ÝöÊúíóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ÃóæóæúÇ Åöáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ÏóÚóæúÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú åóÐóÇ ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó ÇáÔøóÇãöáó áößõáøö ÎóíúÑò¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ Úóäúåõãú: ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÂÊöäóÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúßó ÑóÍúãóÉð æóåóíøöÆú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ÑóÔóÏðÇ [18 \ 10] .
æóÈóíøöäó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ÃõÎúÑóì ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåöãú æóÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú ; ßóÞóæúáöåö:(3/206)
ÝóÖóÑóÈúäóÇ Úóáóì ÂÐóÇäöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö Óöäöíäó ÚóÏóÏðÇ (11)
Åöäøóåõãú ÝöÊúíóÉñ ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú æóÒöÏúäóÇåõãú åõÏðì - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - íóäúÔõÑú áóßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóíõåóíøöÆú áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóãúÑößõãú ãöÑÝóÞðÇ [18 \ 13 - 16] æóÅöÐú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ÅöÐú Ãóæóì ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉõ [18 \ 10] ãóäúÕõæÈóÉñ ÈöÜ ÇÐúßõÑú ãõÞóÏøóÑðÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÚóÌóÈðÇ¡ æóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÅöÐú Ãóæóì ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉõ Åöáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö [18 \ 10] ¡ Ãóíú ÌóÚóáõæÇ ÇáúßóåúÝó ãóÃúæðì áóåõãú æóãóßóÇäó ÇÚúÊöÕóÇãò.
æóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÂÊöäóÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúßó ÑóÍúãóÉð¡ Ãóíú ÃóÚúØöäóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó¡ æóÇáÑøóÍúãóÉõ åõäóÇ ÊóÔúãóáõ ÇáÑøöÒúÞó æóÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáúÍöÝúÙó ãöãøóÇ åóÑóÈõæÇ ÎóÇÆöÝöíäó ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÃóÐóì Þóæúãöåöãú¡ æóÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉó.
æóÇáúÝöÊúíóÉõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÝóÊðì ÌóãúÚõ ÊóßúÓöíÑò¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÌõãõæÚö ÇáúÞöáøóÉö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉö Úóáóì ÞöáøóÊöåöãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ÔóÈóÇÈñ áóÇ ÔöíÈó¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóÇ ÒóÚóãóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáÓøóÑøóÇÌö ãöäú: Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉó ÇÓúãõ ÌóãúÚò áóÇ ÌóãúÚó ÊóßúÓöíÑò¡ æóÅöáóì ßóæúäö ãöËúáö ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉö ÌóãúÚó ÊóßúÓöíÑò ãöäú ÌõãõæÚö ÇáúÞöáøóÉö¡ ÃóÔóÇÑó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
ÃóÝúÚöáóÉñ ÃóÝúÚõáñ Ëõãøó ÝöÚúáóåú ... ßóÐóÇßó ÃóÝúÚóÇáñ ÌõãõæÚö ÞöáøóÉú
æóÇáÊøóåúíöÆóÉõ: ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈõ æóÇáÊøóíúÓöíÑõ¡ Ãóíú íóÓøöÑú áóäóÇ æóÞóÑøöÈú áóäóÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ÑóÔóÏðÇ¡ æóÇáÑøóÔóÏõ: ÇáöÇåúÊöÏóÇÁõ æóÇáÏøóíúãõæãóÉõ Úóáóíúåö. æóãöäú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÌúåóÇäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ åõäóÇ áöáÊøóÌúÑöíÏö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÇÌúÚóáú áóäóÇ ÃóãúÑóäóÇ ÑóÔóÏðÇ ßõáøóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ: áóÞöíÊõ ãöäú ÒóíúÏò ÃóÓóÏðÇ. æóãöäú ÚóãúÑòæ ÈóÍúÑðÇ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí ÃóäøóåóÇ áöáÊøóÈúÚöíÖö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóÇÌúÚóáú áóäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ; Ãóíú æóåõæó ÇáúÈóÚúÖõ ÇáøóÐöí äóÍúäõ Ýöíåö ãöäú ãõÝóÇÑóÞóÉö ÇáúßóÝøóÇÑö¡ ÑóÔóÏðÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì äóßõæäó ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö ÑóÇÔöÏöíäó ãõåúÊóÏöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÖóÑóÈúäóÇ Úóáóì ÂÐóÇäöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö Óöäöíäó ÚóÏóÏðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÖóÑóÈó Úóáóì ÂÐóÇäö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö Óöäöíäó ÚóÏóÏðÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú ÞóÏúÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÏóÏö åõäóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóÈöËõæÇ Ýöí ßóåúÝöåöãú ËóáóÇËó ãöÇÆóÉò Óöäöíäó æóÇÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÊöÓúÚðÇ [18 \ 25] .
æóÖóÑúÈõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóáóì ÂÐóÇäöåöãú Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ßöäóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ßóæúäöåö ÃóäóÇãóåõãú¡ æóãóÝúÚõæáõ «ÖóÑóÈúäóÇ» ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ Ãóíú ÖóÑóÈúäóÇ Úóáóì ÂÐóÇäöåöãú ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÇäöÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÚö ÝóáóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ íõæÞöÙõåõãú¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÃóäóãúäóÇåõãú ÅöäóÇãóÉð ËóÞöíáóÉð áóÇ ÊõäóÈøöåõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÃóÕúæóÇÊõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Óöäöíäó ÚóÏóÏðÇ Úóáóì ÍóÐúÝö ãõÖóÇÝò ; Ãóíú ÐóÇÊó ÚóÏóÏò¡ Ãóæú ãóÕúÏóÑñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ Ãóíú Óöäöíäó ãóÚúÏõæÏóÉð¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉó áöÞóÏúÑö ÚóÏóÏöåóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóäóÉö ÇáúÞóãóÑöíøóÉö(3/207)
Ëõãøó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöäóÚúáóãó Ãóíøõ ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö ÃóÍúÕóì áöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ÃóãóÏðÇ (12)
æóÇáÔøóãúÓöíøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÊöÓúÚðÇ [18 \ 25] .
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÖóÑóÈúäóÇ Úóáóì ÂÐóÇäöåöãú [18 \ 11] ÚóÈøóÑó ÈöÇáÖøóÑúÈö áöíóÏõáøó Úóáóì ÞõæøóÉö ÇáúãõÈóÇÔóÑóÉö æóÇááøõÕõæÞö æóÇááøõÒõæãö¡ æóãöäúåõ: æóÖõÑöÈóÊú Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÐøöáøóÉõ [2 \ 61] ¡ æóÖóÑóÈó ÇáúÌöÒúíóÉó æóÖóÑóÈó ÇáúÈóÚúËó¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑóÒúÏóÞõ:
ÖóÑóÈó Úóáóíúßó ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊõ ÈöäóÓúÌöåóÇ æóÞóÖóì Úóáóíúßó Èöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÇáúãõäóÒøóáõ
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóÓúæóÏõ Èúäõ íóÚúÝõÑó:
æóãöäó ÇáúÍóæóÇÏöËö áóÇ ÃóÈóÇ áóßó Ãóäøóäöí
ÖõÑöÈóÊú Úóáóíøó ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÈöÇáúÃóÓúÏóÇÏö
æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõ:
Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑõæÁóÉó æóÇáÓøóãóÇÍóÉó æóÇáäøóÏóì ... Ýöí ÞõÈøóÉò ÖõÑöÈóÊú Úóáóì ÇÈúäö ÇáúÍóÔúÑóÌö
æóÐóßóÑó ÇáúÌóÇÑöÍóÉó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúÂÐóÇäõ (ÅöÐú åöíó íóßõæäõ ãöäúåóÇ ÇáÓøóãúÚõ) áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúÊóÍúßöãõ äóæúãñ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÚó ÊóÚóØøõáö ÇáÓøóãúÚö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «Ðóáößó ÑóÌõáñ ÈóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Ýöí ÃõÐõäöåö» ; Ãóíö ÇÓúÊóËúÞóáó äóæúãóåõ ÌöÏøðÇ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÞõæãó ÈöÇááøóíúáö. ÇåÜ ßóáóÇãõ ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöäóÚúáóãó Ãóíøõ ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö ÃóÍúÕóì áöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ÃóãóÏðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ãöäú Íößóãö ÈóÚúËöåö áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö ÈóÚúÏó åóÐöåö ÇáäøóæúãóÉö ÇáØøóæöíáóÉö Ãóäú íõÈóíøöäó áöáäøóÇÓö Ãóíøõ ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöÝóíúäö Ýöí ãõÏøóÉö áõÈúËöåöãú ÃóÍúÕóì áöÐóáößó æóÃóÖúÈóØõ áóåõ¡ æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ Úóäö ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö.
æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÃóÍóÏó ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö åõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÇáúÍöÒúÈó ÇáËøóÇäöí åõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÈõÚöËó ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉõ Úóáóì ÚóåúÏöåöãú Íöíäó ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏóåõãõ ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎõ ÈöÃóãúÑö ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉö¡ æóÞöíáó: åõãóÇ ÍöÒúÈóÇäö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõãú ãõÄúãöäõæäó æóßóÇÝöÑõæäó¡ æóÞöíáó: åõãóÇ ÍöÒúÈóÇäö ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí Òóãóäö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö. ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ãõÏøóÉö áõÈúËöåöãú¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ: æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: Çáúãõáõæßõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÏóÇæóáõæÇ ãõáúßó ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÍöÒúÈñ¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúßóåúÝö ÍöÒúÈñ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
æóÇáøóÐöí íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö ßöáóíúåöãóÇ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÎóíúÑõ ãóÇ íõÝóÓøóÑõ Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöíóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÆöáñ ãöäúåõãú ßóãú áóÈöËúÊõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÈöËúäóÇ íóæúãðÇ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖó íóæúãò ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõßõãú ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ áóÈöËúÊõãú [18 \ 19] ¡ æóßóÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó(3/208)
ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÑóÈøõßõãú ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ áóÈöËúÊõãú åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóáöãõæÇ Ãóäøó áõÈúËóåõãú ÞóÏú ÊóØóÇæóáó¡ æóáöÞóÇÆöáò Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: Þóæúáõåõ Úóäúåõãú: ÑóÈøõßõãú ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ áóÈöËúÊõãú íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóãú íõÍúÕõæÇ ãõÏøóÉó áõÈúËöåöãú¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÏú íõÌóÇÈõ Úóäú Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøó ÑóÏøó ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì Çááøóåö áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí ÇáúÚöáúãó¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÚúáóãó äóÈöíøóåõ ÈöãõÏøóÉö áõÈúËöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÈöËõæÇ Ýöí ßóåúÝöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 25] ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑóåõ ÈöÑóÏøö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Þõáö Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 26] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú Ãóíú ãöäú äóæúãóÊöåöãõ ÇáØøóæöíáóÉö¡ æóÇáúÈóÚúËõ: ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíßõ ãöäú Óõßõæäò¡ ÝóíóÔúãóáõ ÈóÚúËó ÇáäøóÇÆöãö æóÇáúãóíøöÊö¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö: Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóåóÇ Ãóäú íóÐúßõÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÍößúãóÉð áöÔóíúÁò Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò¡ æóíóßõæäó áöÐóáößó ÇáÔøóíúÁö Íößóãñ ÃõÎóÑõ ãóÐúßõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóÅöäøóÇ äõÈóíøöäõåóÇ¡ æóãóËøóáúäóÇ áöÐóáößó¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäúåõ ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉð Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ðóáößó ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Èóíøóäó ãöäú Íößóãö ÈóÚúËöåöãú ÅöÙúåóÇÑóåõ áöáäøóÇÓö: Ãóíøõ ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö ÃóÍúÕóì áöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ÃóãóÏðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó áöÐóáößó ÍößóãðÇ ÃõÎóÑó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäú íóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Úóäú ãõÏøóÉö áõÈúËöåöãú ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÐóáößó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöíóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 19] .
æóãöäúåóÇ ÅöÚúáóÇãõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóÚúËó ÍóÞøñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÍóÞøñ áöÏóáóÇáóÉö ÞöÕøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóßóÐóáößó ÃóÚúËóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú áöíóÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó æóÚúÏó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøñ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 21] .
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ëõãøó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöäóÚúáóãó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ áóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú ÚóÇáöãðÇ ÈöÐóáößó ÞóÈúáó ÈóÚúËöåöãú¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ Úóáöãó ÈóÚúÏó ÈóÚúËöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÒóÚóãóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö ÇáúãóáóÇÍöÏóÉö¡ Èóáú åõæó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÚóÇáöãñ Èößõáøö ãóÇ Óóíóßõæäõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóßõæäó¡ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ãöäú Ðóáößó ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó áóÇ ÊõÍúÕóì ßóËúÑóÉð.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóÝöíÏõ ÈöÇáöÇÎúÊöÈóÇÑö æóÇáöÇÈúÊöáóÇÁö ÚöáúãðÇ ÌóÏöíÏðÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó: æóáöíóÈúÊóáöíó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÕõÏõæÑößõãú æóáöíõãóÍøöÕó ãóÇ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈößõãú æóÇááøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [3 \ 154] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ:(3/209)
æóÇááøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÐóÇÊö ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: æóáöíóÈúÊóáöíó Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÍóÞøóÞúÊó Ðóáößó ÝóãóÚúäóì áöäóÚúáóãó Ãóíøõ ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö Ãóíú äóÚúáóãó Ðóáößó ÚöáúãðÇ íõÙúåöÑõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉó áöáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÚóÇáöãðÇ Èöåö ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó Ïõæäó ÎóáúÞöåö.
æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÍúÕóì ÝóÐóåóÈó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÝöÚúáñ ãóÇÖò æó «ÃóãóÏðÇ» ãóÝúÚõæáõåõ¡ æó «ãóÇ» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «áöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ» ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ¡ æóÊóÞúÑöíÑõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Úóáóì åóÐóÇ: áöäóÚúáóãó Ãóíøõ ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö ÖóÈóØó ÃóãóÏðÇ áöáõÈúËöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö.
æóãöãøóäö ÇÎúÊóÇÑó Ãóäøó ÃóÍúÕóì ÝöÚúáñ ãóÇÖò: ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøõ æóÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú.
æóÐóåóÈó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÃóÍúÕóì ÕöíÛóÉõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò¡ æó «ÃóãóÏðÇ» ÊóãúíöíÒñ¡ æóãöãøóäö ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇáÒøóÌøóÇÌõ æóÇáÊøöÈúÑöíÒöíøõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ. æóÌóæøóÒó ÇáúÍóæúÝöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÇáúÈóÞóÇÁö ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö.
æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÃóÍúÕóì ÝöÚúáñ ãóÇÖò¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Ýöíåö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÕöíÛóÉó ÊóÝúÖöíáò¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÈöäóÇÄõåóÇ åöíó æóáóÇ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÝöÚúáö ÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö ÞöíóÇÓðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáËøõáóÇËöíøö¡ æó «ÃóÍúÕóì» ÑõÈóÇÚöíøñ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÕóÇÛõ ãöäúåõ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö æóáóÇ ÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö ÞöíóÇÓðÇ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóÞóæúáõåõãú: ãóÇ ÃóÚúØóÇåõ æóãóÇ ÃóæúáóÇåõ áöáúãóÚúÑõæÝö¡ æóÃóÚúÏóì ãöäó ÇáúÌóÑóÈö¡ æóÃóÝúáóÓó ãöäó ÇÈúäö ÇáúãõÐóáøóÞö - ÔóÇÐøñ áóÇ íõÞóÇÓõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Íóãúáõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóíúåö.
æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö ÃóíúÖðÇ áöÃóäøó ÃóÍúÕóì áóíúÓóÊú ÕöíÛóÉó ÊóÝúÖöíáò ÈöÃóäøó ÃóãóÏðÇ áóÇ íóÎúáõæ: ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóäúÊóÕöÈó ÈöÜ «ÃóÝúÚóáó» ÝóÜ «ÃóÝúÚóáõ» áóÇ íóÚúãóáõ¡ æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú íóäúÊóÕöÈó ÈöÜ áóÈöËõæÇ ÝóáóÇ íóÓõÏøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäú áóÇ íóßõæäó ÓóÏöíÏðÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÝóÅöäú ÒóÚóãúÊó äóÕúÈóåõ ÈöÅöÖúãóÇÑö ÝöÚúáò íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍúÕóì ßóãóÇ ÃõÖúãöÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:
æóÃóÖúÑóÈó ãöäøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøõíõæÝö ÇáúÞóæóÇäöÓóÇ
Ãóíú äóÖúÑöÈõ ÇáúÞóæóÇäöÓó - ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÈúÚóÏúÊó ÇáúãõÊóäóÇæóáó æóåõæó ÞóÑöíÈñº ÍóíúËõ ÃóÈóíúÊó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóÍúÕóì ÝöÚúáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÌóÚúÊó ãõÖúØóÑøðÇ Åöáóì ÊóÞúÏöíÑöåö æóÅöÖúãóÇÑöåö. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö.
æóÃõÌöíÈõ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝöíäó Úóäú åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: áóÇ äõÓóáøöãõ Ãóäøó ÕöíÛóÉó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö áóÇ ÊõÕóÇÛõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇáËøõáóÇËöíøö¡ æóáóÇ äõÓóáøöãõ ÃóíúÖðÇ áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõ.
æóÍóÇÕöáõ ÊóÍúÑöíÑö ÇáúãóÞóÇãö Ýöí Ðóáößó Ãóäøó Ýöí ßóæúäö ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÊõÕóÇÛõ ãöäú «ÃóÝúÚóáó» ßóãóÇ(3/210)
åõäóÇ¡ Ãóæú áóÇ ÊõÕóÇÛõ ãöäúåõ - ËóáóÇËóÉó ãóÐóÇåöÈó áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáäøóÍúæö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÌóæóÇÒõ ÈöäóÇÆöåóÇ ãöäú «ÃóÝúÚóáó» ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ßóáóÇãö ÓöíÈóæóíúåö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: áóÇ íõÈúäóì ãöäúåõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÓõãöÚó ãöäúåõ Ýóåõæó ÔóÇÐøñ íõÍúÝóÙõ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇÓõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÏóÑóÌó Úóáóíúåö ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÈöÇáäøõÏõæÑö ÇÍúßõãú áöÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ÐõßöÑú ... æóáóÇ ÊóÞöÓú Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöí ãöäúåõ ÃõËöÑú
ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÃóÚúãóì æóÃóÖóáøõ ÓóÈöíáðÇ [17 \ 72] .
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÊõÕóÇÛõ ãöäú «ÃóÝúÚóáó» ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú åóãúÒóÊõåóÇ áöÛóíúÑö ÇáäøóÞúáö ÎóÇÕøóÉð ; ßóÜ «ÃóÙúáóãó Çááøóíúáõ» æó: «ÃóÔúßóáó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ» áóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ áöáäøóÞúáö ÝóáóÇ ÊõÕóÇÛõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÃóÈöí ÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÚõÕúÝõæÑò¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈõ ãóÐúßõæÑóÉñ ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåóÇ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÇáäøóÍúæö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøö: ÝóÃóÝúÚóáõ áóÇ íóÚúãóáõ¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöÕóÍöíÍò ; áöÃóäøó ÕöíÛóÉó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒö ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÏóÑóÌó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇáúÝóÇÚöáó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇäúÕöÈóäú ÈöÃóÝúÚóáóÇ ... ãõÝóÖøöáðÇ ßóÃóäúÊó ÃóÚúáóì ãóäúÒöáóÇ
æóÃóãóÏðÇ ÊóãúíöíÒñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ; ÝóäóÕúÈõåõ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö áóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö.
æóÐóåóÈó ÇáØøóÈóÑóíøõ Åöáóì Ãóäøó: ÃóãóÏðÇ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÜ áóÈöËõæÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó: Åöäøó Ðóáößó ÛóíúÑõ ãõÊøóÌöåò.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: ÞóÏú íóÊøóÌöåõ Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãóÏó åõæó ÇáúÛóÇíóÉõ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÚöÈóÇÑóÉð Úóäö ÇáúãõÏøóÉö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÇáúãõÏøóÉó ÛóÇíóÉñ. æóãóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí¡ æóÃóãóÏðÇ ãõäúÊóÕöÈñ Úóáóì ÅöÓúÞóÇØö ÇáúÍóÑúÝö ; Ãóíú áöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ãöäú ÃóãóÏò¡ Ãóíú ãõÏøóÉò¡ æóíóÕöíÑõ «ãöäú ÃóãóÏò» ÊóÝúÓöíÑðÇ áöãóÇ ÇäúÈóåóãó Ýöí áóÝúÙö ãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ äóäúÓóÎú ãöäú ÂíóÉò [2 \ 106] ¡ ãóÇ íóÝúÊóÍö Çááøóåõ áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÉò [35 \ 2] ¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÓóÞóØó ÇáúÍóÑúÝõ æóÕóáó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÝöÚúáõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÃóãóÏö Úóáóì ÇáúÛóÇíóÉö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ äóÇÈöÛóÉö ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
ÅöáøóÇ áöãöËúáößó Ãóæú ãóäú ÃóäúÊó ÓóÇÈöÞõåõ ... ÓóÈúÞó ÇáúÌóæóÇÏö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóæúáóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóãóÏö(3/211)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» Ãóäøó Úóáöíøó Èúäó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÃóÎúÝóÔó ÇáÕøóÛöíÑó ÃóÌóÇÒó ÇáäøóÕúÈó ÈöäóÒúÚö ÇáúÎóÇÝöÖö ÚöäúÏó Ãóãúäö ÇááøóÈúÓö ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóáóßöäú äóÕúÈõ Þóæúáöåö: ÃóãóÏðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áóÈöËõæÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÓóÏöíÏò ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó¡ æóßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì. ÇåÜ.
æóÃóÌóÇÒó ÇáúßõæÝöíøõæäó äóÕúÈó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö¡ æóÃóÚúÑóÈõæÇ Þóæúáó ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö Èúäö ãöÑúÏóÇÓò ÇáÓøõáóãöíøö:
Ýóáóãú ÃóÑó ãöËúáó ÇáúÍóíøö ÍóíøðÇ ãõÕóÈøöÍðÇ ... æóáóÇ ãöËúáóäóÇ íóæúãó ÇáúÊóÞóíúäóÇ ÝóæóÇÑöÓóÇ
ÃóßóÑøó æóÃóÍúãóì áöáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö ãöäúåõãõ ... æóÃóÖúÑóÈó ãöäøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøõíõæÝö ÇáúÞóæóÇäöÓóÇ
ÈöÃóäøó «ÇáúÞóæóÇäöÓó» ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö áöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó «ÃóÖúÑóÈó» ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉó áöÊóÞúÏöíÑö ÝöÚúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóãöäú åõäóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó: Åöäøó ãóäú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó åõæó ÃóÚúáóãõ ãóäú íóÖöáøõ Úóäú ÓóÈöíáöåö [6 \ 117] ¡ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÞóÈúáóåõ äóÕúÈó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö Èöåö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: æóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúßõæÝöíøöíäó åóÐóÇ ÃóÌúÑóì ÚöäúÏöí Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÚúÞõæáö ; áöÃóäøó ÕöíÛóÉó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÝöíåóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáúßóÇãöäö ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÚóãóáöåóÇ Úóãóáóåõ ; ÃóáóÇ ÊóÑóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóÃóÖúÑóÈó ãöäøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøõíõæÝö ÇáúÞóæóÇäöÓóÇ¡ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: íóÒöíÏõ ÖóÑúÈõäóÇ ÈöÇáÓøõíõæÝö ÇáúÞóæóÇäöÓö Úóáóì ÖóÑúÈö ÛóíúÑöäóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ßóæúäö ÃóãóÏðÇ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÜ ÃóÍúÕóì äóÕúÈó ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö Èöåö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÕöíÛóÉõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÃóäøó ÃóÍúÕóì ÕöíÛóÉõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò ÃóÚúÑóÈõæÇ ÃóãóÏðÇ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÊóãúíöíÒñ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ãóÇ æóÌúåõ ÑóÝúÚö Ãóíøõ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: áöäóÚúáóãó Ãóíøõ ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö ÃóÍúÕóì ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö äóÕúÈò áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö¿ ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøó áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁó Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃóÌúæöÈóÉñ¡ ãöäúåóÇ¡ Ãóäøó Ãóíøõ ÝöíåóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ íõÚóáøöÞõ ÇáúÝöÚúáó Úóäú ãóÝúÚõæáóíúåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÚóÇØöÝðÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ íõÚóáøöÞõ ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáúÞóáúÈöíøó Úóäú ãóÝúÚõæáóíúåö:
æóÅöäú æóáóÇ áóÇãõ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁò Ãóæú ÞóÓóãú ... ßóÐóÇ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ ÐóÇ áóåõ ÇäúÍóÊóãú
æóãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ: ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãúáóÉó ÈöãóÌúãõæÚöåóÇ ãõÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóáöÐóáößó ÇáÓøóÈóÈö áóãú íóÙúåóÑú Úóãóáõ Þóæúáöåö: áöäóÚúáóãó Ýöí áóÝúÙóÉö Ãóíøõ Èóáú ÈóÞöíóÊú Úóáóì ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÚóÏóãõ ÇÊøöÌóÇåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.(3/212)
äóÍúäõ äóÞõÕøõ Úóáóíúßó äóÈóÃóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Åöäøóåõãú ÝöÊúíóÉñ ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú æóÒöÏúäóÇåõãú åõÏðì (13)
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÃóæúÌõåö ÇáúÃóÚóÇÑöíÈö ÚöäúÏöí Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó áóÝúÙóÉó Ãóíøõ ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãöíøóÉñ. æóÃóíøõ ãóÈúäöíøóÉñ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÖóÇÝóÉñ¡ æóÕóÏúÑõ ÕöáóÊöåóÇ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
Ãóíøõ ßóãóÇ æóÃõÚúÑöÈóÊú ãóÇ áóãú ÊõÖóÝú ... æóÕóÏúÑõ æóÕúáöåóÇ ÖóãöíÑñ ÇäúÍóÐóÝú
æóáöÈöäóÇÆöåóÇ áóãú íóÙúåóÑú äóÕúÈõåóÇ¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Úóáóì åóÐóÇ: áöäóÚúáóãó ÇáúÍöÒúÈó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÍúÕóì áöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ ÃóãóÏðÇ æóäõãóíøöÒóåõ Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÃóÍúÕóì ÕöíÛóÉõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÊóæúÌöíåóåõ ; äóÚóãú¡ áöáúãõÎóÇáöÝö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: Åöäøó ÕöíÛóÉó ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÈöÏóáóÇáóÉö ãõØóÇÈóÞóÊöåóÇ ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßó Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÝóÖøóáö æóÇáúãõÝóÖøóáö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúÍöÒúÈóíúäö áóãú íõÔóÇÑößö ÇáúÂÎóÑó Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇáúÅöÍúÕóÇÁö áöÌóåúáöåö ÈöÇáúãõÏøóÉö ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ íõÞóæøöí Þóæúáó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÃóÍúÕóì ÝöÚúáñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: Ãóíøõ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉò ãõåöãøóÉò Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö áöáúÍöÒúÈö ÇáúãõÍúÕöí ÃóãóÏó ÇááøõÈúËö ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäó ÚöáøóÉð ÛóÇÆöíøóÉð áöÞóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöäóÚúáóãó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÃóíøõ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉò ãõåöãøóÉò Ýöí ãõÓóÇÁóáóÉö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäó ÚöáøóÉð ÛóÇÆöíøóÉð áöÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÐóáößó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöíóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Èóíúäóåõãú¿ .
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÃóäøóÇ áóãú äóÑó ãóäú ÊóÚóÑøóÖó áöåóÐóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áóäóÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãöäú ÅöÚúáóÇãö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍöÒúÈö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÍúÕóì ÃóãóÏðÇ áöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ¡ æóãõÓóÇÁóáóÉö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ íóáúÒóãõåõ Ãóäú íóÙúåóÑó áöáäøóÇÓö ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÃóãúÑö åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÖóÑóÈó Úóáóì ÂÐóÇäöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö ËóáóÇËóãöÇÆóÉò Óöäöíäó æóÇÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÊöÓúÚðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÈóÚóËóåõãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁó ØóÑöíøóÉð ÃóÈúÏóÇäõåõãú¡ áóãú íóÊóÛóíøóÑú áóåõãú ÍóÇáñ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÛóÑöíÈö ÕõäúÚöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇáÏøóÇáøö Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóáöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö åóÐóÇ ÇááøóÇÒöãö ÌóÚóáó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÚöáøóÉð ÛóÇÆöíøóÉð¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÍúäõ äóÞõÕøõ Úóáóíúßó äóÈóÃóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Åöäøóåõãú ÝöÊúíóÉñ ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú æóÒöÏúäóÇåõãú åõÏðì
[18 \ 13] . ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö áöäóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ íóÞõÕøõ Úóáóíúåö äóÈóÃó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ ãõÄóßøöÏðÇ áóåõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÝöÊúíóÉñ ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú åõÏðì.
æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ãóäú Âãóäó ÈöÑóÈøöåö æóÃóØóÇÚóåõ ÒóÇÏóåõ ÑóÈøõåõ åõÏðì ; áöÃóäøó ÇáØøóÇÚóÉó ÓóÈóÈñ áöáúãóÒöíÏö ãöäó ÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÇåúÊóÏóæúÇ ÒóÇÏóåõãú åõÏðì æóÂÊóÇåõãú ÊóÞúæóÇåõãú [47 \ 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇåóÏõæÇ ÝöíäóÇ(3/213)
æóÑóÈóØúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÅöÐú ÞóÇãõæÇ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóäú äóÏúÚõæó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáóåðÇ áóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÔóØóØðÇ (14)
áóäóåúÏöíóäøóåõãú ÓõÈõáóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [29 \ 69] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Åöäú ÊóÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó íóÌúÚóáú áóßõãú ÝõÑúÞóÇäðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 29] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÝóÒóÇÏóÊúåõãú ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóåõãú íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó [9 \ 124] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó ÇáÓøóßöíäóÉó Ýöí ÞõáõæÈö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó áöíóÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäðÇ ãóÚó ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [48 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóÂãöäõæÇ ÈöÑóÓõæáöåö íõÄúÊößõãú ßöÝúáóíúäö ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóíóÌúÚóáú áóßõãú äõæÑðÇ ÊóãúÔõæäó Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [57 \ 28] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ äõÕõæÕñ ÕóÑöíÍóÉñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó íóÒöíÏõ¡ ãóÝúåõæãñ ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íóäúÞõÕõ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóåöíó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÏóáóÇáóÉð ÕóÑöíÍóÉð áóÇ Ôóßøó ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ æóÌúåó ãóÚóåóÇ áöáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Ýöí ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóäóÞúÕöåö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÈóØúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÅöÐú ÞóÇãõæÇ.
Ãóíú ËóÈøóÊúäóÇ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú æóÞóæøóíúäóÇåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÈúÑö¡ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÌúÒóÚõæÇ æóáóÇ íóÎóÇÝõæÇ ãöäú Ãóäú íóÕúÏóÚõæÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóíóÕúÈöÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÝöÑóÇÞö ÇáúÃóåúáö æóÇáäøóÚöíãö¡ æóÇáúÝöÑóÇÑö ÈöÇáÏøöíäö Ýöí ÛóÇÑò Ýöí ÌóÈóáò áóÇ ÃóäöíÓó Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ ãóÇÁó æóáóÇ ØóÚóÇãó.
æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ãóäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ØóÇÚóÉö ÑóÈøöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íõÞóæøöí ÞóáúÈóåõ¡ æóíõËóÈøöÊõåõ Úóáóì ÊóÍóãøõáö ÇáÔøóÏóÇÆöÏö¡ æóÇáÕøóÈúÑö ÇáúÌóãöíáö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöáóì æóÞóÇÆöÚó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóåúáö ÈóÏúÑò ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈóåõ: ÅöÐú íõÛóÔøöíßõãõ ÇáäøõÚóÇÓó ÃóãóäóÉð ãöäúåõ æóíõäóÒøöáõ Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð áöíõØóåøöÑóßõãú Èöåö æóíõÐúåöÈó Úóäúßõãú ÑöÌúÒó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö æóáöíóÑúÈöØó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈößõãú æóíõËóÈøöÊó Èöåö ÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇãó ÅöÐú íõæÍöí ÑóÈøõßó Åöáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ãóäøöí ãóÚóßõãú ÝóËóÈøöÊõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 11 - 12] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãõãøö ãõæÓóì: æóÃóÕúÈóÍó ÝõÄóÇÏõ Ãõãøö ãõæÓóì ÝóÇÑöÛðÇ Åöäú ßóÇÏóÊú áóÊõÈúÏöí Èöåö áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ÑóÈóØúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞóáúÈöåóÇ áöÊóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [28 \ 10] .
æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÅöÐú ÞóÇãõæÇ Ãóíú Èóíúäó íóÏóíú ãóáößö ÈöáóÇÏöåöãú¡ æóåõæó ãóáößñ ÌóÈøóÇÑñ íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö¡ íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøó ÇÓúãóåõ: ÏöÞúíóÇäõæÓõ.
æóÞöÕøóÊõåõãú ãóÐúßõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ßõÊõÈö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ ÃóÚúÑóÖúäóÇ ÚóäúåóÇ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÇÊñ. æóÝöí ÞöíóÇãöåöãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö åõäóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ÃõÎóÑõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÚóÇãöáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÅöÐú» åõæó «ÑóÈóØúäóÇ» Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú Íöíäó ÞóÇãõæÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõäóÇ ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóäú äóÏúÚõæó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáóåðÇ áóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÔóØóØðÇ(3/214)
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó: Ãóäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú ÝóÒóÇÏóåõãú ÑóÈøõåõãú åõÏðì¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóåõãú åõæó ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú áóäú íóÏúÚõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáóåðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú áóæú ÝóÚóáõæÇ Ðóáößó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÔóØóØðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÞóæúáðÇ ÐóÇ ÔóØóØò¡ Ãóæú åõæó ãöäó ÇáäøóÚúÊö ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö áöáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö ; ßóÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõãú åõæó äóÝúÓõ ÇáÔøóØóØö¡ æóÇáÔøóØóØõ: ÇáúÈõÚúÏõ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈö. æóÅöáóíúåö ÊóÑúÌöÚõ ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ; ßóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú «ÔóØóØðÇ» : ÌóæúÑðÇ¡ ÊóÚóÏøöíðÇ¡ ßóÐöÈðÇ¡ ÎóØóÃð¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
æóÃóÕúáõ ãóÇÏøóÉö ÇáÔøóØóØö: ãõÌóÇæóÒóÉõ ÇáúÍóÏøö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÃóÔóØøó Ýöí ÇáÓøóæúãö: ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇæóÒó ÇáúÍóÏøó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõÔúØöØú ÇáúÂíóÉó [38 \ 22] ¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÈõÚúÏõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÑóÈöíÚóÉó:
ÊóÔöØøõ ÛóÏðÇ ÏóÇÑõ ÌöíÑóÇäöäóÇ ... æóáóáÏøóÇÑõ ÈóÚúÏó ÛóÏò ÃóÈúÚóÏõ
æóíóßúËõÑõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõ ÇáÔøóØóØö Ýöí ÇáúÌóæúÑö æóÇáÊøóÚóÏøöí¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
ÃóÊóäúÊóåõæäó æóÅöäú íóäúåóì Ðóæöí ÇáÔøóØóØö ... ßóÇáØøóÚúäö íóÐúåóÈõ Ýöíåö ÇáÒøóíúÊõ æóÇáúÝõÊõáõ
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ ÏóáóÇáóÉð æóÇÖöÍóÉð Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÔúÑóßó ãóÚó ÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãóÚúÈõæÏðÇ ÂÎóÑó¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÃóãúÑò ÔóØóØò ÈóÚöíÏò Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈö Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÌóæúÑö æóÇáÊøóÚóÏøöí ; áöÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÈúÑöÒõ ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö Åöáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÏö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÛóíúÑöåö ãóÎúáõæÞñ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóì ÎóÇáöÞò íóÎúáõÞõåõ æóíóÑúÒõÞõåõ æóíõÏóÈøöÑõ ÔõÆõæäóåõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÊøóÞõæäó ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝöÑóÇÔðÇ æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁó ÈöäóÇÁð æóÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌó Èöåö ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö ÑöÒúÞðÇ áóßõãú ÝóáóÇ ÊóÌúÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÃóäúÏóÇÏðÇ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó [2 \ 21 - 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóãóäú íóÎúáõÞõ ßóãóäú áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó [16 \ 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ÎóáóÞõæÇ ßóÎóáúÞöåö ÝóÊóÔóÇÈóåó ÇáúÎóáúÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú Þõáö Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ [13 \ 16] ¡ Ãóíö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò åõæó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ áöáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÍúÏóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: ÃóíõÔúÑößõæäó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó [7 \ 191] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóåõãú íõÎúáóÞõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [25 \ 3] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÔóØóØðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóæúäóÇ ãöäú(3/215)
åóÄõáóÇÁö ÞóæúãõäóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð áóæúáóÇ íóÃúÊõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÓõáúØóÇäò Èóíøöäò Ýóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäö ÇÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ (15)
Ïõæäöåö ÅöáóåðÇ¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÞõáúäóÇ ÔóØóØðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóÄõáóÇÁö ÞóæúãõäóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð áóæúáóÇ íóÃúÊõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÓõáúØóÇäò Èóíøöäò.
" áóæúáóÇ " Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö áöáÊøóÍúÖöíÖö¡ æóåõæó ÇáØøóáóÈõ ÈöÍóËøò æóÔöÏøóÉò¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáØøóáóÈö ÇáÊøóÚúÌöíÒõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ ÃóÍóÏñ Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÈöÓõáúØóÇäò Èóíøöäò Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÛóíúÑö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö ÇáúÈóíøöäö: ÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÉõ.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÊóÚúÌöíÒöåöãú Úóäö ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäö ÈöÍõÌøóÉò Úóáóì ÔöÑúßöåöãú æóßõÝúÑöåöãú¡ æóÅöÈúØóÇáö ÍõÌøóÉö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Úóáóì ÔöÑúßöåöãú¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú åóáú ÚöäúÏóßõãú ãöäú Úöáúãò ÝóÊõÎúÑöÌõæåõ áóäóÇ Åöäú ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÙøóäøó æóÅöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÎúÑõÕõæäó [6 \ 148] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔöÑúßñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇöÆúÊõæäöí ÈößöÊóÇÈò ãöäú ÞóÈúáö åóÐóÇ Ãóæú ÃóËóÇÑóÉò ãöäú Úöáúãò Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó [46 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõäúßöÑðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú: Ãóãú ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö Ýóåõãú Èöåö ãõÓúÊóãúÓößõæäó [43 \ 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: Ãóãú ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÓõáúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó íóÊóßóáøóãõ ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íõÔúÑößõæäó [30 \ 35] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔöÑúßñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö Ãóãú ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãú ßöÊóÇÈðÇ Ýóåõãú Úóáóì ÈóíøöäóÉò ãöäúåõ Èóáú Åöäú íóÚöÏõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÛõÑõæÑðÇ [35 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÏúÚõ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÂÎóÑó áóÇ ÈõÑúåóÇäó áóåõ Èöåö ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ ÍöÓóÇÈõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåö Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [23 \ 117] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó áóÇ ãõÓúÊóäóÏó áóåõãú Ýöí ÔöÑúßöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ÊóÞúáöíÏó ÂÈóÇÆöåöãö ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó¡ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: " åóÄõáóÇÁö " ãõÈúÊóÏóÃñ¡ æó " ÞóæúãðÇ " Þöíáó ÚóØúÝõ ÈóíóÇäò¡ æóÇáúÎóÈóÑõ ÌõãúáóÉõ " ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ "¡ æóÞöíáó " ÞóæúãõäóÇ " ÎóÈóÑõ ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃö¡ æóÌõãúáóÉõ " ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÍóÇáò¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäö ÇÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ.
Ãóíú áóÇ ÃóÍóÏó ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäö ÇÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó ÈöÇÏøöÚóÇÁö Ãóäøó áóåõ ÔóÑöíßðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÇÝúÊóÑóÇåõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúãõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóäúåõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúßóåúÝö: åóÄõáóÇÁö ÞóæúãõäóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÂáöåóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 15] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁó ÇáúßóÐöÈö Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÈöÌóÚúáö ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁö áóåõ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ÇáÙøõáúãö - ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ßóÐóÈó Úóáóì Çááøóåö æóßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáÕøöÏúÞö ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö:(3/216)
æóÅöÐö ÇÚúÊóÒóáúÊõãõæåõãú æóãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó ÝóÃúæõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö íóäúÔõÑú áóßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóíõåóíøöÆú áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóãúÑößõãú ãöÑúÝóÞðÇ (16)
æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäö ÇÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ ÃõæáóÆößó íõÚúÑóÖõæäó Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáúÃóÔúåóÇÏõ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐóÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú ÃóáóÇ áóÚúäóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [11 \ 18] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐö ÇÚúÊóÒóáúÊõãõæåõãú æóãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó ÝóÃúæõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö íóäúÔõÑú áóßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóíõåóíøöÆú áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóãúÑößõãú ãöÑúÝóÞðÇ.
«ÅöÐú» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐö ÇÚúÊóÒóáúÊõãõæåõãú áöáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ åöÔóÇãò¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóáöÃóÌúáö ÇÚúÊöÒóÇáößõãú Þóæúãóßõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó æóãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÇÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÇáúßóåúÝó ãóÃúæðì æóãóßóÇäó ÇÚúÊöÕóÇãò¡ íóäúÔõÑú áóßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóíõåóíøöÆú áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóãúÑößõãú ãöÑúÝóÞðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇÚúÊöÒóÇáó ÇáúãõÄúãöäö Þóæúãóåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó æóãóÚúÈõæÏöíåöãú ãöäú ÃóÓúÈóÇÈö áõØúÝö Çááøóåö Èöåö æóÑóÍúãóÊöåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äóÈöíøöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: æóÃóÚúÊóÒöáõßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóÃóÏúÚõæ ÑóÈøöí ÚóÓóì ÃóáøóÇ Ãóßõæäó ÈöÏõÚóÇÁö ÑóÈøöí ÔóÞöíøðÇ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇÚúÊóÒóáóåõãú æóãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóåóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó æóßõáøðÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ äóÈöíøðÇ æóæóåóÈúäóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöäóÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áóåõãú áöÓóÇäó ÕöÏúÞò ÚóáöíøðÇ [19 \ 48 - 50] æóÇÚúÊöÒóÇáõåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõãú åõæó ãõÌóÇäóÈóÊõåõãú áóåõãú¡ æóÝöÑóÇÑõåõãú ãöäúåõãú ÈöÏöíäöåöãú.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó¡ ÇÓúãõ ãóæúÕõæáò Ýöí ãóÍóáøö äóÕúÈò¡ ãóÚúØõæÝñ Úóáóì ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÈö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇÚúÊóÒóáúÊõãõæåõãú¡ Ãóíú æóÇÚúÊóÒóáúÊõãú ãóÚúÈõæÏöíåöãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö¡ æóÞöíáó: «ãóÇ» ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ¡ Ãóíö ÇÚúÊóÒóáúÊõãõæåõãú æóÇÚúÊóÒóáúÊõãú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊóåõãú ÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåó¡ Þöíáó: åõæó ÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁñ ãõÊøóÕöáñ¡ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó Çááøóåó æóÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó¡ æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁñ ãõäúÞóØöÚñ ; ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó¡ æóáóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó Çááøóåó æóáóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãöÑÝóÞðÇ Ãóíú ãóÇ ÊóÑúÊóÝöÞõæäó Èöåö¡ Ãóíú ÊóäúÊóÝöÚõæäó Èöåö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáúãöíãö æóßóÓúÑö ÇáúÝóÇÁö ãóÚó ÊóÝúÎöíãö ÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÈóÇÞöí ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÈößóÓúÑö Çáúãöíãö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÝóÇÁö æóÊóÑúÞöíÞö ÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ æóåõãóÇ ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóÇäö æóáõÛóÊóÇäö Ýöí ãóÇ íõÑúÊóÝóÞõ Èöåö¡ æóÝöí ÚõÖúæö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö¡ æóÃóäúßóÑó ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ Ýöí «ÇáúãöÑúÝóÞö» ÈöãóÚúäóì ÚõÖúæö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÝóÊúÍó Çáúãöíãö æóßóÓúÑó ÇáúÝóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÇáó: åõæó ÈößóÓúÑö Çáúãöíãö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÝóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó.
æóÒóÚóãó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÃóäúÈóÇÑöíøö Ãóäøó «ãöäú» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóíõåóíøöÆú áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóãúÑößõãú ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÈóÏóáöíøóÉö¡ Ãóíú íõåóíøöÆú áóßõãú ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú «ÃóãúÑößõãú» ÇáÕøóÚúÈö ãöÑúÝóÞðÇ: æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÒóÚóãó ÛóÇíóÉñ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö(3/217)
æóÊóÑóì ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÚóÊú ÊóÒóÇæóÑõ Úóäú ßóåúÝöåöãú ÐóÇÊó Çáúíóãöíäö æóÅöÐóÇ ÛóÑóÈóÊú ÊóÞúÑöÖõåõãú ÐóÇÊó ÇáÔøöãóÇáö æóåõãú Ýöí ÝóÌúæóÉò ãöäúåõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ãóäú íóåúÏö Çááøóåõ Ýóåõæó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏö æóãóäú íõÖúáöáú Ýóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áóåõ æóáöíøðÇ ãõÑúÔöÏðÇ (17)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÑóÖöíÊõãú ÈöÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö [9 \ 38] Ãóíú ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäúåóÇ æóÚöæóÖðÇ ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÝóáóíúÊó áóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÇÁö ÒóãúÒóãó ÔóÑúÈóÉð ... ãõÈóÑøóÏóÉð ÈóÇÊóÊú Úóáóì ØóåóíóÇäö
Ãóíú ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú ãóÇÁö ÒóãúÒóãó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóãóÚúäóì: íóäúÔõÑú áóßõãú: íóÈúÓõØõ áóßõãú: ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúÛóíúËó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÞóäóØõæÇ æóíóäúÔõÑõ ÑóÍúãóÊóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 28] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóíõåóíøöÆú ; Ãóíú íõíóÓøöÑú æóíõÞóÑøöÈú æóíõÓóåøöáú.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÑóì ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÚóÊú ÊóÒóÇæóÑõ Úóäú ßóåúÝöåöãú ÐóÇÊó Çáúíóãöíäö æóÅöÐóÇ ÛóÑóÈóÊú ÊóÞúÑöÖõåõãú ÐóÇÊó ÇáÔøöãóÇáö æóåõãú Ýöí ÝóÌúæóÉò ãöäúåõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ ÃóäøóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö: Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóåóÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóæúáðÇ¡ æóíóßõæäó Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÃóãúËöáóÉð ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉð.
æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ðóáößó ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì Þóæúáóíúäö æóÝöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ æóÚóÏóãö ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÏõáøõ ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝöåö¡ Ýóåõæó Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöí ÒóÇæöíóÉò ãöäó ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÈóíúäóåõãú æóÈóíúäó ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÍóæóÇÌöÒõ ØóÈöíÚöíøóÉñ ãöäú äóÝúÓö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ ÊóÞöíåöãú ÍóÑøó ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÚöäúÏó ØõáõæÚöåóÇ æóÛõÑõæÈöåóÇ¡ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÓóäóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÝúÕöíáóåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÏõáøõ ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÊöåö¡ Ýóåõæó Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöí ÝóÌúæóÉò ãöäó ÇáúßóåúÝö Úóáóì ÓóãúÊò ÊõÕöíÈõåõ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ æóÊõÞóÇÈöáõåõ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ãóäóÚó ÖóæúÁó ÇáÔøóãúÓö ãöäó ÇáúæõÞõæÚö Úóáóíúåöãú Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÎóÑúÞö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉö¡ ßóÑóÇãóÉð áöåóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝóÑøõæÇ ÈöÏöíäöåöãú ØóÇÚóÉð áöÑóÈøöåöãú Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó åöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö [18 \ 17] ¡ ÅöÐú áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö áóßóÇäó Ðóáößó ÃóãúÑðÇ ãõÚúÊóÇÏðÇ ãóÃúáõæÝðÇ¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÛóÑóÇÈóÉñ ÍóÊøóì íõÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: Ðóáößó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ; ÝóãóÚúäóì ÊóÒóÇæõÑö ÇáÔøóãúÓö Úóäú ßóåúÝöåöãú ÐóÇÊó Çáúíóãöíäö ÚöäúÏó ØõáõæÚöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÑúÖöåóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõãú ÐóÇÊó ÇáÔøöãóÇáö ÚöäúÏó ÛõÑõæÈöåóÇ åõæó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõÞóáøöÕõ ÖóæúÁóåóÇ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóíõÈúÚöÏõåõ Åöáóì ÌöåóÉö Çáúíóãöíäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáØøõáõæÚö¡ æóÅöáóì ÌöåóÉö ÇáÔøöãóÇáö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÛõÑõæÈö¡ æóÇááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ íóÝúÚóáõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó åóÐóÇ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ßóíúÝöíøóÉö æóÖúÚö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÌóÒóãó(3/218)
ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÈóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ßóÇäó ãöäú äóÍúæö ÇáÔøöãóÇáö¡ ÞóÇáó: áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÎúÈóÑó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáóÊúåõ ÚöäúÏó ØõáõæÚöåóÇ ÊóÒóÇæóÑõ Úóäúåõ ÐóÇÊó Çáúíóãöíäö¡ Ãóíú íóÊóÞóáøóÕõ ÇáúÝóíúÁõ íóãúäóÉð. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ: ÊóÒóÇæóÑõ¡ Ãóíú Êóãöíáõ¡ æóÐóáößó ÃóäøóåóÇ ßõáøóãóÇ ÇÑúÊóÝóÚóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÃõÝõÞö ÊóÞóáøóÕó ÔõÚóÇÚõåóÇ ÈöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚöåóÇ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ íóÈúÞóì ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÁñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÒøóæóÇáö Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóßóÇäö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÛóÑóÈóÊú ÊóÞúÑöÖõåõãú ÐóÇÊó ÇáÔøöãóÇáö [18 \ 17] ¡ Ãóíú ÊóÏúÎõáõ Åöáóì ÛóÇÑöåöãú ãöäú ÔöãóÇáö ÈóÇÈöåö æóåõæó ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÞö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Èóíøöäñ áöãóäú ÊóÃóãøóáóåõ æóßóÇäó áóåõ Úöáúãñ ÈöãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÇáúåóíúÆóÉö æóÓóíúÑö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÇáúÞóãóÑö æóÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö.
æóÈóíóÇäõåõ Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ßóÇäó ÈóÇÈõ ÇáúÛóÇÑö ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÞö áóãóÇ ÏóÎóáó Åöáóíúåö ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÛõÑõæÈö¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö áóãóÇ ÏóÎóáó Åöáóíúåö ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáØøõáõæÚö æóáóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÛõÑõæÈö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÒóÇæóÑó ÇáúÝóíúÁõ íóãöíäðÇ æóÔöãóÇáðÇ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÛóÑúÈö áóãóÇ ÏóÎóáóÊúåõ æóÞúÊó ÇáØøõáõæÚö¡ Èóáú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÒøóæóÇáö æóáóãú ÊóÒóáú Ýöíåö Åöáóì ÇáúÛõÑõæÈö¡ ÝóÊóÚóíøóäó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ¡ æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøó ÈóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ßóÇäó ãóÝúÊõæÍðÇ Åöáóì ÌóÇäöÈö ÇáÔøöãóÇáö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÚóÊö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì íóãöíäö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÛóÑóÈóÊú ßóÇäóÊú Úóáóì ÔöãóÇáöåö¡ ÝóÖóæúÁõ ÇáÔøóãúÓö ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÕöáõ Åöáóì ÏóÇÎöáö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóßóÇäó ÇáúåóæóÇÁõ ÇáØøóíøöÈõ æóÇáäøóÓöíãõ ÇáúãõæóÇÝöÞõ íóÕöáõ Åöáóíúåö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóåóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÝóÉõ ãóÚó ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÊóÞúÊóÖöí Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó áóåõãú ÍóÇÌöÈñ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáúÌóäõæÈö¡ æóÍóÇÌöÈñ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáÏøóÈõæÑö æóåõãú Ýöí ÒóÇæöíóÉò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ãõÓúáöãò: ßóÇäó ÈóÇÈõ ÇáúßóåúÝö íóäúÙõÑõ Åöáóì ÈóäóÇÊö äóÚúÔò¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóÚúáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóØóÑö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó: ßóÇäó ßóåúÝõåõãú ãõÓúÊóÞúÈöáó ÈóäóÇÊö äóÚúÔò áóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõåõ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáØøõáõæÚö æóáóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÛõÑõæÈö¡ ÇÎúÊóÇÑó Çááøóåõ áóåõãú ãóÖúÌóÚðÇ ãõÊøóÓöÚðÇ Ýöí ãóÞúäóÃóÉò áóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÝóÊõÄúÐöíåöãú¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó. æóÇáúãóÞúäóÃóÉõ: ÇáúãóßóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÊóØúáõÚõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóäúÓóÈõ áöáúÞóÑöíäóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.
æóãöãøóäö ÇÚúÊóãóÏó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó áöÃóÌúáö ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÇáÒøóÌøóÇÌõ¡ æóãóÇáó Åöáóíúåö ÈóÚúÖó Çáúãóíúáö ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ æóÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑóíúåöãóÇ¡ áöÊóæúÌöíåöåöãóÇ Þóæúáó ÇáÒøóÌøóÇÌö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÈöÞóÑöíäóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.(3/219)
æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: æóíõÄóíøöÏõ ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáúÃóæøóáó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÕóÑúÝó ÇáÔøóãúÓö Úóäúåõãú ãóÚó ÊóæóÌøõåö ÇáúÝóÌúæóÉö Åöáóì ãóßóÇäò ÊóÕöáõ Åöáóíúåö ÚóÇÏóÉð¡ ÃóäúÓóÈõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåóÇ ÂíóÉð¡ æóíõÄóíøöÏõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÝóÌúæóÉö æóÚóÏóãõ ÊóÞúíöíÏöåóÇ ÈößóæúäöåóÇ Åöáóì ÌöåóÉö ßóÐóÇ¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÌúæóÉó ÇáúãóßóÇäõ ÇáúæóÇÓöÚõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÃóáúÈóÓúÊó Þóæúãóßó ãóÎúÒóÇÉð æóãóäúÞóÕóÉð ... ÍóÊøóì ÃõÈöíÍõæÇ æóÍóáøõæÇ ÝóÌúæóÉó ÇáÏøóÇÑö
ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÌúæóÉó: åöíó ÇáúãõÊøóÓóÚõ. æóåõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÈóíúÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
æóäóÍúäõ ãóáóÃúäóÇ ßõáøó æóÇÏò æóÝóÌúæóÉò ... ÑöÌóÇáðÇ æóÎóíúáðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãöíáò æóáóÇ ÚõÒúáö
æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ: «ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóÌóÏó ÝóÌúæóÉð äóÕøó» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÊóÑóì ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÚóÊú¡ Ãóíú ÊóÑóì ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈõ ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÚöäúÏó ØõáõæÚöåóÇ Êóãöíáõ Úóáóì ßóåúÝöåöãú¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøóßó áóæú ÑóÃóíúÊóåõãú áóÑóÃóíúÊóåõãú ßóÐóáößó¡ áóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈó ÑóÂåõãú ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæö ÇØøóáóÚúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú áóæóáøóíúÊó ãöäúåõãú ÝöÑóÇÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 18] ¡ æóÇáúÎöØóÇÈõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ãóÔúåõæÑñ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ãóÇÏøóÉö ÇáÊøóÒóÇæõÑö: Çáúãóíúáõ¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì «ÊóÒóÇæóÑõ» : Êóãöíáõ. æóÇáÒøõæÑõ: Çáúãóíúáõ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÒøõæÑö¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ãóíúáñ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö. æóãöäúåõ ÇáÒøöíóÇÑóÉõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÒøóÇÆöÑó íóãöíáõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÒõæÑö¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
ÝóÇÒúæóÑøó ãöäú æóÞúÚó ÇáúÞóäóÇ ÈöáóÈóÇäöåö ... æóÔóßóÇ Åöáóíøó ÈöÚóÈúÑóÉò æóÊóÍóãúÍõãö
æóÞóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÑóÈöíÚóÉó:
æóÎõÝøöÖó Úóäøöí ÇáÕøóæúÊõ ÃóÞúÈóáúÊõ ãöÔúíóÉó Çáú ... ÍõÈóÇÈö æóÔóÎúÕöí ÎóÔúíóÉó ÇáúÍóíøö ÃóÒúæóÑõ
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÐóÇÊó Çáúíóãöíäö Ãóíú ÌöåóÉó Çáúíóãöíäö¡ æóÍóÞöíÞóÊõåóÇ ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáúãõÓóãøóÇÉõ ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö: æóÐóÇÊõ Çáúíóãöíäö: ÌöåóÉõ íóãöíäö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÍóÞöíÞóÊõåóÇ ÇáúÌöåóÉõ ÇáúãõÓóãøóÇÉõ ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö¡ íóÚúäöí íóãöíäó ÇáÏøóÇÎöáö Åöáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ Ãóæú íóãöíäó ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉö. ÇåÜ¡ æóåõæó ãóäúÕõæÈñ Úóáóì ÇáÙøóÑúÝö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÛóÑóÈóÊú ÊóÞúÑöÖõåõãú¡ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúÖö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóØöíÚóÉö æóÇáÕøóÑúãö ; Ãóíú(3/220)
ÊóÞúØóÚõåõãú æóÊóÊóÌóÇÝóì Úóäúåõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõåõãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÛóíúáóÇäó Ðöí ÇáÑøõãøóÉö:
äóÙóÑúÊõ ÈöÌóÑúÚóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÈöíøóÉö äóÙúÑóÉð ... ÖõÍðì æóÓóæóÇÏõ ÇáúÚóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇÁö ÔóÇãöÓõ
Åöáóì ÙõÚõäò íóÞúÑöÖúäó ÃóÞúæóÇÒó ãõÔúÑöÝò ... ÔöãóÇáðÇ æóÚóäú ÃóíúãóÇäöåöäøó ÇáúÝóæóÇÑöÓõ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: «íóÞúÑöÖúäó ÃóÞúæóÇÒó ãõÔúÑöÝò» ¡ Ãóíú íóÞúØóÚúäóåóÇ æóíõÈúÚöÏúäóåóÇ äóÇÍöíóÉó ÇáÔøöãóÇáö¡ æóÚóäú ÃóíúãóÇäöåöäøó ÇáúÝóæóÇÑöÓõ¡ æóåõæó ãóæúÖöÚñ Ãóæú ÑöãóÇáõ ÇáÏøóåúäóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúÃóÞúæóÇÒõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÞóæúÒò - ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö - æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÇáöí ãöäó ÇáÑøóãúáö ßóÃóäøóåõ ÌóÈóáñ¡ æóíõÑúæóì «ÃóÌúæóÇÒó ãõÔúÑöÝò» ÌóãúÚõ ÌóæúÒò¡ ãöäó ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáØøóÑöíÞö. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ åõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊóÞúÑöÖõåõãú ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÊóÞúÑöÖõåõãú: ÊõÞúØöÚõåõãú ãöäú ÖóæúÆöåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ Ëõãøó íóÒõæáõ ÓóÑöíÚðÇ ßóÇáúÞóÑúÖö íõÓúÊóÑóÏøõ¡ æóãõÑóÇÏõ ÞóÇÆöáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóãúÓó Êóãöíáõ Úóäúåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóÏóÇÉö¡ æóÊõÕöíÈõåõãú ÈöÇáúÚóÔöíøö ÅöÕóÇÈóÉð ÎóÝöíÝóÉð¡ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóØöíÈõ áóåõãú åóæóÇÁõ ÇáúãóßóÇäö æóáóÇ íóÊóÚóÝøóäõ.
ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö: æóáóæú ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúÖö ÇáøóÐöí íõÚúØóì Ëõãøó íõÓúÊóÑóÏøõ áóßóÇäó ÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÑõÈóÇÚöíøðÇ¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ ÇáÊøóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÊóÞúÑöÖõåõãú» ãóÖúãõæãóÉð¡ áóßöäú Ïóáøó ÝóÊúÍõ ÇáÊøóÇÁö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö «ÊóÞúÑöÖõåõãú» Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúÖö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞóØúÚö¡ Ãóíú ÊóÞúØóÚõ áóåõãú ãöäú ÖóæúÆöåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÌúæóÉó: ÇáúãõÊøóÓóÚõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÊóÒóÇæóÑõ Úóäú ßóåúÝöåöãú¡ Ýöíåö ËóáóÇËõ ÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊò ÓóÈúÚöíøóÇÊò:
ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò ÇáÔøóÇãöíøõ «ÊóÒúæóÑøõ» ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáÒøóÇíö æóÅöÓúÞóÇØö ÇáúÃóáöÝö æóÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáÑøóÇÁö¡ Úóáóì æóÒúäö ÊóÍúãóÑøõ¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ãöäó ÇáöÇÒúæöÑóÇÑö ÈöãóÚúäóì Çáúãóíúáö ; ßóÞóæúáö ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö:
ÝóÇÒúæóÑøó ãöäú æóÞúÚö ÇáúÞóäóÇ. . . ... . . . . . . . .
ÇáúÈóíúÊó
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúßõæÝöíøõæäó æóåõãú ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÈöÇáÒøóÇíö ÇáúãõÎóÝøóÝóÉö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÃóáöÝñ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÝóÃóÕúáõåõ «ÊóÊóÒóÇæóÑõ» ÝóÍõÐöÝóÊú ãöäúåõ ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÊøóÇÁóíúäö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóãóÇ ÈöÊóÇÁóíúäö ÇÈúÊóÏóì ÞóÏú íõÞúÊóÕóÑõ ... Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÊóÇ ßóÊóÈóíøóäó ÇáúÚöÈóÑõ
æóÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ ÇáúãóÏóäöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Çáúãóßøöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ: «ÊóÒøóÇæóÑõ» ÈöÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáÒøóÇíö ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÃóáöÝñ¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ «ÊóÊóÒóÇæóÑõ» ÃõÏúÛöãóÊú Ýöíåö ÇáÊøóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóÇíö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÇÊóíúäö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö (ÃóÚúäöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ÍóÐúÝö ÅöÍúÏóì ÇáÊøóÇÁóíúäö¡ æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉó ÅöÏúÛóÇãöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÒøóÇíö) Ýóåõæó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÒóÇæõÑö ÈöãóÚúäóì Çáúãóíúáö ÃóíúÖðÇ(3/221)
æóÞóÏú íóÃúÊöí ÇáÊøóÝóÇÚõáõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãõÌóÑøóÏö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ßóãóÇ åõäóÇ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÓóÇÝóÑó æóÚóÇÞóÈó æóÚóÇÝóì.
æóÚóáóì Þóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö ÍóæóÇÌöÒó ØóÈöíÚöíøóÉð ÊóãúäóÚõ ãöäú ÏõÎõæáö ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÈöÍóÓóÈö æóÖúÚö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ ÝóÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö¡ ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãöäú ÍóÏöíËöåöãú¡ Ãóíú Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäú åöÏóÇíóÊöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú ãöäú Èóíúäö ÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö¡ æóÅöíæóÇÆöåöãú Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÍöãóÇíóÊöåöãú ãöäú ÚóÏõæøöåöãú Åöáóì ÂÎóÑö ÍóÏöíËöåöãú - ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö. æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãõÍóÞøöÞöíäó «ÃóíóíóÉò» ÈöËóáóÇËö ÝóÊóÍóÇÊò¡ ÃõÈúÏöáóÊú Ýöíåö ÇáúíóÇÁõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ÃóáöÝðÇ¡ æóÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚó ãõæÌöÈóÇ ÅöÚúáóÇáò ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÛóíøõÑó ÚóÇÏóÉð ÃóßúËóÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóæóÇÎöÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Øóæóì æóäóæóì¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó. æóåõäóÇ ÃõÚöáøó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÃóÛúáóÈö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÅöäú áöÍóÑúÝóíúäö ÐóÇ ÇáöÇÚúáóÇáõ ÇÓúÊõÍöÞú ... ÕõÍøöÍó Ãóæøóáñ æóÚóßúÓñ ÞóÏú íóÍöÞú
æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÅöØúáóÇÞóíúäö¡ æóÊõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÅöØúáóÇÞóíúäö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõØúáóÞõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉö¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÂíóÉó ãõáúßöåö Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóßõãõ ÇáÊøóÇÈõæÊõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 248] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÑóÈöíÚóÉó:
ÈöÂíóÉö ãóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú ÛóÏóÇÉó áóÞöíÊõåóÇ ... ÈöãöÏúÝóÚö ÃóßúäóÇäò ÃóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÔóåøóÑõ
íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ÞóæúáóåóÇ Ðóáößó åõæó ÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉõ ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÑóÓõæáöåö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÞóÈúáóåõ:
Ãóáößúäöí ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóáóÇãö ÝóÅöäøóåõ ... íõÔóåøóÑõ ÅöáúãóÇãöí ÈöåóÇ æóíõäóßøóÑõ
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÔöÚúÑö äóÇÈöÛóÉö ÐõÈúíóÇäó æóåõæó ÌóÇåöáöíøñ ÊóÝúÓöíÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:
ÊóæóåøóãúÊõ ÂíóÇÊò áóåóÇ ÝóÚóÑóÝúÊõåóÇ ... áöÓöÊøóÉö ÃóÚúæóÇãò æóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÇãõ ÓóÇÈöÚõ
Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÚóáóÇãóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ:
ÑóãóÇÏñ ßóßõÍúáö ÇáúÚóíúäö áóÃúíðÇ ÃõÈöíäõåõ ... æóäõÄúíñ ßóÌóÐúãö ÇáúÍóæúÖö ÃóËúáóãõ ÎóÇÔöÚõ
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäúåõãóÇ: Ýóåõæó ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ íóÞõæáõæäó: ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞóæúãõ ÈöÂíóÊöåöãú¡ Ãóíú ÈöÌóãóÇÚóÊöåöãú¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÈõÑúÌö Èúäö ãõÓúåöÑò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö:
ÎóÑóÌúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÞúÈóíúäö áóÇ Íóíøó ãöËúáóäóÇ ... ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ äõÒúÌöí ÇááøöÞóÇÍó ÇáúãóØóÇÝöáóÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ» Ãóíú ÈöÌóãóÇÚóÊöäóÇ.(3/222)
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÝóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞõåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Ýöí ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Çááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö áóÂíóÇÊò áöÃõæáöí ÇáúÃóáúÈóÇÈö [3 \ 190] ¡ Ãóíú ÚóáóÇãóÇÊò ßóæúäöíøóÉð ÞóÏóÑöíøóÉð¡ íóÚúÑöÝõ ÈöåóÇ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÚõÞõæáö ÇáÓøóáöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÎóÇáöÞóåóÇ åõæó ÇáÑøóÈøõ ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏõ æóÍúÏóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉõ ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉö áõÛóÉð.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞõåóÇ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýóåõæó ÅöØúáóÇÞõåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö ÇáÏøöíäöíøóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÓõæáðÇ íóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúßõãú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [65 \ 11] æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉõ ÇáÏøöíäöíøóÉõ Þöíáó: åöíó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉö áõÛóÉð¡ áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÚóáóÇãóÇÊñ Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞö ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöåóÇ¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøó ÝöíåóÇ ÚóáóÇãóÇÊò Úóáóì ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÆöåóÇ æóÇäúÊöåóÇÆöåóÇ.
æóÞöíáó: ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö¡ áöÇÔúÊöãóÇáö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉö ÇáÏøöíäöíøóÉö Úóáóì ØóÇÆöÝóÉò æóÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäú ßóáöãóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóäú íóåúÏö Çááøóåõ Ýóåõæó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏö æóãóäú íõÖúáöáú Ýóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áóåõ æóáöíøðÇ ãõÑúÔöÏðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúåõÏóì æóÇáúÅöÖúáóÇáó ÈöíóÏöåö æóÍúÏóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Ýóãóäú åóÏóÇåõ ÝóáóÇ ãõÖöáøó áóåõ¡ æóãóäú ÃóÖóáøóåõ ÝóáóÇ åóÇÏöíó áóåõ.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ÌöÏøðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóåúÏö Çááøóåõ Ýóåõæó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏöí æóãóäú íõÖúáöáú Ýóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áóåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö æóäóÍúÔõÑõåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Úóáóì æõÌõæåöåöãú ÚõãúíðÇ æóÈõßúãðÇ æóÕõãøðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 97] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóäú íóåúÏö Çááøóåõ Ýóåõæó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏöí æóãóäú íõÖúáöáú ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑõæäó [7 \ 178] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóßó áóÇ ÊóåúÏöí ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 56] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ ÝöÊúäóÊóåõ Ýóáóäú Êóãúáößó áóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 41] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäú ÊóÍúÑöÕú Úóáóì åõÏóÇåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú íõÖöáøõ æóãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú äóÇÕöÑöíäó [16 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóåÏöíóåõ íóÔúÑóÍú ÕóÏúÑóåõ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóãóäú íõÑöÏú Ãóäú íõÖöáøóåõ íóÌúÚóáú ÕóÏúÑóåõ ÖóíøöÞðÇ ÍóÑóÌðÇ ßóÃóäøóãóÇ íóÕøóÚøóÏõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö [6 \ 125] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóíõÄúÎóÐõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: ÈõØúáóÇäõ ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ãõÓúÊóÞöáøñ ÈöÚóãóáöåö ãöäú ÎóíúÑò Ãóæú ÔóÑøò¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó áóíúÓó ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö Èóáú ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö¡ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóäú Ãóäú íóÞóÚó Ýöí ãõáúßöåö ÔóíúÁñ ÈöÏõæäö ãóÔöíÆóÊöåö! æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ðóáößó ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ! æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÈóÓúØõ(3/223)
æóÊóÍúÓóÈõåõãú ÃóíúÞóÇÙðÇ æóåõãú ÑõÞõæÏñ æóäõÞóáøöÈõåõãú ÐóÇÊó Çáúíóãöíäö æóÐóÇÊó ÇáÔøöãóÇáö æóßóáúÈõåõãú ÈóÇÓöØñ ÐöÑóÇÚóíúåö ÈöÇáúæóÕöíÏö áóæö ÇØøóáóÚúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú áóæóáøóíúÊó ãöäúåõãú ÝöÑóÇÑðÇ æóáóãõáöÆúÊó ãöäúåõãú ÑõÚúÈðÇ (18)
åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÍóËö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ (ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö) Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÔøóãúÓö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóáúåóãóåóÇ ÝõÌõæÑóåóÇ æóÊóÞúæóÇåóÇ [91 \ 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó áóåõ æóáöíøðÇ ãõÑúÔöÏðÇ [18 \ 17] ¡ Ãóíú áóäú íóßõæäó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäóåõ ÓóÈóÈñ áöáúãõæóÇáóÇÉö íõÑúÔöÏõåõ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóæóÇÈö æóÇáúåõÏóì¡ Ãóíú áóäú íóßõæäó Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÃóÖóáøóåõ Çááøóåõ ÝóáóÇ åóÇÏöíó áóåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ýóåõæó ÇáúãõåúÊóÏö ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÈöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö Ïõæäó ÇáúæóÞúÝö äóÇÝöÚñ æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÞóÑóÁõæåõ ÈöÍóÐúÝö ÇáúíóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáóíúäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóÍúÓóÈõåõãú ÃóíúÞóÇÙðÇ æóåõãú ÑõÞõæÏñ.
ÇáúÍõÓúÈóÇäõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÙøóäøö¡ æóÇáúÃóíúÞóÇÙõ: ÌóãúÚõ íóÞöÙò - ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÞóÇÝö æóÖóãøöåóÇ - æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÑóÈöíÚóÉó:
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóÊú ãóäú ÞóÏú ÊóäóÈøóåó ãöäúåõãõ ... æóÃóíúÞóÇÙóåõãú ÞóÇáóÊú ÃóÔöÑú ßóíúÝó ÊóÃúãõÑõ
æóÇáÑøõÞõæÏõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÑóÇÞöÏò æóåõæó ÇáäøóÇÆöãõ¡ Ãóíú ÊóÙõäøõåõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈõ áóæú ÑóÃóíúÊóåõãú ÃóíúÞóÇÙðÇ æóÇáúÍóÇáõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÑõÞõæÏñ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äóÙöíÑöåö: áóæö ÇØøóáóÚúÊó Úóáóíúåöãú áóæóáøóíúÊó ãöäúåõãú ÝöÑóÇÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÓóÈóÈõ Ùóäøö ÇáÑøóÇÆöí Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóíúÞóÇÙñ åõæó Ãóäøóåõãú äöíóÇãñ æóÚõíõæäõåõãú ãõÝóÊøóÍóÉñ¡ æóÞöíáó: áößóËúÑóÉö ÊóÞóáøõÈöåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ íõÔöíÑõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ: æóäõÞóáøöÈõåõãú ÐóÇÊó Çáúíóãöíäö æóÐóÇÊó ÇáÔøöãóÇáö [18 \ 18] ¡ æóßóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó åõäóÇ Ýöí ÚóÏóÏö ÊóÞóáøõÈöåöãú ãöäú ßóËúÑóÉò æóÞöáøóÉò áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÃóÚúÑóÖúäóÇ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöíåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÊóÍúÓóÈõåõãú¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÓøöíäö Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÓøöíäö äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóåõãóÇ ÞöÑóÇÁóÊóÇäö ÓóÈúÚöíøóÊóÇäö¡ æóáõÛóÊóÇäö ãóÔúåõæÑóÊóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÝóÊúÍõ ÃóÞúíóÓõ æóÇáúßóÓúÑõ ÃóÝúÕóÍõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóáúÈõåõãú ÈóÇÓöØñ ÐöÑóÇÚóíúåö ÈöÇáúæóÕöíÏö
¡ ÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú ÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÜ «ÇáúæóÕöíÏö» ¡ ÝóÞöíáó: åõæó ÝöäóÇÁñ áöáúÈóíúÊö¡ æóíõÑúæóì Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóãõÌóÇåöÏò æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÞöíáó ÇáúæóÕöíÏõ: ÇáúÈóÇÈõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÃóíúÖðÇ. æóÞöíáó: ÇáúæóÕöíÏõ ÇáúÚóÊóÈóÉõ¡ æóÞöíáó ÇáÕøóÚöíÏõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÕöíÏó åõæó ÇáúÈóÇÈõ¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ áóåõ «ÃóÕöíÏñ» ÃóíúÖðÇ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: ÅöäøóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÄúÕóÏóÉñ [104 \ 8] ¡ Ãóíú ãõÛúáóÞóÉñ ãõØóÈøóÞóÉñ¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÅöÛúáóÇÞö ßõáøö æóÕöíÏò Ãóæú ÃóÕöíÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÈóÇÈõ ãöäú ÃóÈúæóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÊóÍöäøõ Åöáóì ÃóÌúÈóÇáö ãóßøóÉó äóÇÞóÊöí ... æóãöäú ÏõæäöåóÇ ÃóÈúæóÇÈõ ÕóäúÚóÇÁó ãõÄúÕóÏóÉú(3/224)
æóÞóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÞóíúÓò ÇáÑøõÞóíøóÇÊö:
Åöäøó Ýöí ÇáúÞóÕúÑö áóæú ÏóÎóáúäóÇ ÛóÒóÇáðÇ ... ãõÕóÝøóÞðÇ ãõÄúÕóÏðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÈõ
ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÅöíÕóÇÏö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö Ðóáößó: ÇáúÅöØúÈóÇÞõ æóÇáúÅöÛúáóÇÞõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉó Ýöíåö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÈöÇáúæóÕöíÏö æóåõæó ÇáúÈóÇÈõ¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö ÃóÕöíÏñ¡ æóÚóáóì ÇááøõÛóÊóíúäö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóÇäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ãõÄúÕóÏóÉñ» ãóåúãõæÒðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÕöíÏö. æóÛóíúÑó ãóåúãõæÒò ãöäó ÇáúæóÕöíÏö.
æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáúæóÕöíÏó Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇÈö Þóæúáõ ÚõÈóíúÏö Èúäö æóåúÈò ÇáúÚóÈúÓöíøö¡ æóÞöíáó ÒõåóíúÑñ:
ÈöÃóÑúÖò ÝóÖóÇÁò áóÇ íõÓóÏøó æóÕóíúÏõåóÇ ... Úóáóíøó æóãóÚúÑõæÝöí ÈöåóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ãõäúßóÑö
Ãóíú áóÇ íõÓóÏøó ÈóÇÈõåóÇ Úóáóíøó¡ íóÚúäöí áóíúÓóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÈúæóÇÈñ ÍóÊøóì ÊõÓóÏøó Úóáóíøó ; ßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
æóáóÇ ÊóÑóì ÇáÖøóÈøó ÈöåóÇ íóäúÌóÍöÑõ
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ßóíúÝó íóßõæäõ ÇáúæóÕöíÏõ åõæó ÇáúÈóÇÈó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÇáúßóåúÝõ ÛóÇÑñ Ýöí ÌóÈóáò áóÇ ÈóÇÈó áóåõ¿
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóÇÈó íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÏúÎóáö ÇáøóÐöí íõÏúÎóáõ áöáÔøóíúÁö ãöäúåõ ; ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÊóÓúãöíóÉö ÇáúãóÏúÎóáö Åöáóì ÇáúßóåúÝö ÈóÇÈðÇ¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÇáúæóÕöíÏõ: ÇáúÝöäóÇÁõ¡ áóÇ íõÎóÇáöÝõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÝöäóÇÁó ÇáúßóåúÝö åõæó ÈóÇÈõåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóåóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßõ: Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóæúáðÇ æóÊóßõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝöåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúßóáúÈö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÑóÌõáñ ãöäúåõãú áóÇ ßóáúÈñ ÍóÞöíÞöíøñ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøõæÇ áöÐóáößó ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊö ÇáÔøóÇÐøóÉö¡ ßóÞöÑóÇÁóÉö «æóßóÇáöÈõåõãö ÈóÇÓöØñ ÐöÑóÇÚóíúåö ÈöÇáúæóÕöíÏö» ¡ æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉö «æóßóÇáöÆõåõãú ÈóÇÓöØñ ÐöÑóÇÚóíúåö» .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: ÈóÇÓöØñ ÐöÑóÇÚóíúåö ÞóÑöíäóÉñ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóæúáö ; áöÃóäøó ÈóÓúØó ÇáÐøöÑóÇÚóíúäö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóáúÈö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóäóÓò ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞõ Úóáóíúåö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÇÚúÊóÏöáõæÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö æóáóÇ íóÈúÓõØú ÃóÍóÏõßõãú ÐöÑóÇÚóíúåö ÇäúÈöÓóÇØó ÇáúßóáúÈö» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÔúåõæÑñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ Ýóåõæó ÞóÑöíäóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ßóáúÈñ ÍóÞöíÞöíøñ¡ æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ «æóßóÇáöÆõåõãú» ÈöÇáúåóãúÒóÉö áóÇ ÊõäóÇÝöí ßóæúäóåõ ßóáúÈðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúßóáúÈó íóÍúÝóÙõ Ãóåúáóåõ æóíóÍúÑõÓõåõãú¡ æóÇáúßóáóÇÁóÉõ: ÇáúÍöÝúÙõ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ãóÇ æóÌúåõ Úóãóáö ÇÓúãö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó «ÈóÇÓöØñ» Ýöí ãóÝúÚõæáöåö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó «ÐöÑóÇÚóíúåö» æóÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÍúæö Ãóäøó ÇÓúãó ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ÕöáóÉó «Çáú» áóÇ íóÚúãóáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó æóÇÞöÚðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáö Ãóæö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¿(3/225)
æóßóÐóáößó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöíóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÆöáñ ãöäúåõãú ßóãú áóÈöËúÊõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÈöËúäóÇ íóæúãðÇ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖó íóæúãò ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõßõãú ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ áóÈöËúÊõãú ÝóÇÈúÚóËõæÇ ÃóÍóÏóßõãú ÈöæóÑöÞößõãú åóÐöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÃóÒúßóì ØóÚóÇãðÇ ÝóáúíóÃúÊößõãú ÈöÑöÒúÞò ãöäúåõ æóáúíóÊóáóØøóÝú æóáóÇ íõÔúÚöÑóäøó Èößõãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ (19)
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó åõäóÇ ÍößóÇíóÉõ ÍóÇáò ãóÇÖöíóÉò¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøöí ÌóÇÚöáñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÎóáöíÝóÉð [2 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇááøóåõ ãõÎúÑöÌñ ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóßúÊõãõæäó [2 \ 72] .
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÐößúÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáúÈó¡ æóßóæúäóåõ ÈóÇÓöØðÇ ÐöÑóÇÚóíúåö ÈöæóÕöíÏö ßóåúÝöåöãú Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÖö ÇáÊøóäúæöíåö ÈöÔóÃúäöåöãú¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÕõÍúÈóÉó ÇáúÃóÎúíóÇÑö ÚóÙöíãóÉõ ÇáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÔóãóáóÊú ßóáúÈóåõãú ÈóÑóßóÊõåõãú¡ ÝóÃóÕóÇÈóåõ ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóåõãú ãöäó Çáäøóæúãö Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉõ ÕõÍúÈóÉö ÇáúÃóÎúíóÇÑö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÕóÇÑó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáúÈö ÐößúÑñ æóÎóÈóÑñ æóÔóÃúäñ. ÇåÜ.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áöãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøöí ÃõÍöÈøõ Çááøóåó æóÑóÓõæáóåõ: «ÃóäúÊó ãóÚó ãóäú ÃóÍúÈóÈúÊó» ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóäóÓò.
æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÕõÍúÈóÉó ÇáúÃóÔúÑóÇÑö ÝöíåóÇ ÖóÑóÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ¡ ßóãóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÆöáñ ãöäúåõãú Åöäøöí ßóÇäó áöí ÞóÑöíäñ [37 \ 51]- Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - ÞóÇáó ÊóÇááøóåö Åöäú ßöÏúÊó áóÊõÑúÏöíäö æóáóæúáóÇ äöÚúãóÉõ ÑóÈøöí áóßõäúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÍúÖóÑöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [37 \ 56 \ 57] .
æóãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ÇÓúãö ßóáúÈöåöãú¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÇÓúãõåõ ÞöØúãöíÑñ¡ æóíóÞõæáõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÇÓúãõåõ ÍõãúÑóÇäõ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó áóãú äõØöáú Èöåö ÇáúßóáóÇãó áöÚóÏóãö ÝóÇÆöÏóÊöåö.
ÝóÝöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÃóÔúíóÇÁõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ áóãú íõÈóíøöäúåóÇ Çááøóåõ áóäóÇ æóáóÇ ÑóÓõæáõåõ¡ æóáóãú íóËúÈõÊú Ýöí ÈóíóÇäöåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ¡ æóÇáúÈóÍúËõ ÚóäúåóÇ áóÇ ØóÇÆöáó ÊóÍúÊóåõ æóáóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉó Ýöíåö.
æóßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó íõØúäöÈõæäó Ýöí ÐößúÑö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÏõæäö Úöáúãò æóáóÇ ÌóÏúæóì¡ æóäóÍúäõ äõÚúÑöÖõ Úóäú ãöËúáö Ðóáößó ÏóÇÆöãðÇ¡ ßóáóæúäö ßóáúÈö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÇÓúãöåö¡ æóßóÇáúÈóÚúÖö ÇáøóÐöí ÖõÑöÈó Èöåö ÇáúÞóÊöíáõ ãöäú ÈóÞóÑóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ æóßóÇÓúãö ÇáúÛõáóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÊóáóåõ ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ¡ æóÃóäúßóÑó Úóáóíúåö ãõæÓóì ÞóÊúáóåõ¡ æóßóÎóÔóÈö ÓóÝöíäóÉö äõæÍò ãöäú Ãóíøö ÔóÌóÑò åõæó¡ æóßóãú Øõæáõ ÇáÓøóÝöíäóÉö æóÚóÑúÖõåóÇ¡ æóßóãú ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáØøóÈóÞóÇÊö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ áóÇ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúËö Úóäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö Ýöíåö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóÇ ÃóÌöÏõ Ýöí ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíøó ãõÍóÑøóãðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 145] Íõßúãó Ãóßúáö áóÍúãö ÇáúßóáúÈö æóÈóíúÚöåö¡ æóÃóÎúÐö ÞöíãóÊöåö Åöäú ÞõÊöáó¡ æóãóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇÞúÊöäóÇÄõåõ ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ¡ æóÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó Ýöí Ðóáößó æóÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöíåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó ÈóÚóËúäóÇåõãú áöíóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÆöáñ ãöäúåõãú ßóãú áóÈöËúÊõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÈöËúäóÇ íóæúãðÇ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖó íóæúãò ÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøõßõãú ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ áóÈöËúÊõãú
¡ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÚóËó(3/226)
ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ãöäú äóæúãóÊöåöãõ ÇáØøóæöíáóÉö áöíóÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ Èóíúäóåõãú¡ Ãóíú áöíóÓúÃóáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ Úóäú ãõÏøóÉö áõÈúËöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúßóåúÝö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáäøóæúãóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÈóÚúÖóåõãú ÞóÇáó Åöäøóåõãú áóÈöËõæÇ íóæúãðÇ Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖó íóæúãò¡ æóÈóÚúÖóåõãú ÑóÏøó Úöáúãó Ðóáößó Åöáóì Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóáóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ ÞóÏúÑó ÇáúãõÏøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÓóÇÁóáõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÃóäøóåóÇ ËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò ÈöÍöÓóÇÈö ÇáÓøóäóÉö ÇáÔøóãúÓöíøóÉö¡ æóËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò æóÊöÓúÚõ Óöäöíäó ÈöÍöÓóÇÈö ÇáÓøóäóÉö ÇáúÞóãóÑöíøóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÈöËõæÇ Ýöí ßóåúÝöåöãú ËóáóÇËó ãöÇÆóÉò Óöäöíäó æóÇÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÊöÓúÚðÇ [18 \ 25] ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÈúÚóËõæÇ ÃóÍóÏóßõãú ÈöæóÑöÞößõãú åóÐöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÝóáúíóäúÙõÑú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÃóÒúßóì ØóÚóÇãðÇ ÝóáúíóÃúÊößõãú ÈöÑöÒúÞò ãöäúåõ.
Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö " ÃóÒúßóì " ÞóæúáóÇäö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èößóæúäöåö " ÃóÒúßóì " ÃóØúíóÈõ áößóæúäöåö ÍóáóÇáðÇ áóíúÓó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö ÍóÑóÇãñ æóáóÇ ÔõÈúåóÉñ.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èößóæúäöåö ÃóÒúßóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóßúËóÑõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÒóßóÇ ÇáÒøóÑúÚõ: ÅöÐóÇ ßóËõÑó¡ æóßóÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÞóÈóÇÆöáõäóÇ ÓóÈúÚñ æóÃóäúÊõãú ËóáóÇËóÉñ ... æóáóáÓøóÈúÚõ ÃóÒúßóì ãöäú ËóáóÇËò æóÃóØúíóÈõ
Ãóíú ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉò.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÏõáøõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ; áöÃóäøó Ãóßúáó ÇáúÍóáóÇáö æóÇáúÚóãóáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ßóãóÇ ÃóãóÑó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó¡ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ßõáõæÇ ãöäó ÇáØøóíøöÈóÇÊö æóÇÚúãóáõæÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [23 \ 51] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ßõáõæÇ ãöäú ØóíøöÈóÇÊö ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇßõãú æóÇÔúßõÑõæÇ áöáøóåö Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó [2 \ 172] ¡ æóíóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ãóÇÏøóÉö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Úóáóì ÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÊóÒóßøóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÃóÝúáóÍó ãóäú ÒóßøóÇåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [91 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæúáóÇ ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßõãú æóÑóÍúãóÊõåõ ãóÇ ÒóßóÇ ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ÃóÈóÏðÇ [24 \ 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóÑóÏúäóÇ Ãóäú íõÈúÏöáóåõãóÇ ÑóÈøõåõãóÇ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåõ ÒóßóÇÉð æóÃóÞúÑóÈó ÑõÍúãðÇ [18 \ 81] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÞóÊóáúÊó äóÝúÓðÇ ÒóßöíøóÉð ÈöÛóíúÑö äóÝúÓò ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 74] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÝóÇáÒøóßóÇÉõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóäóÍúæöåóÇ: íõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉõ ãöäú ÃóÏúäóÇÓö ÇáÐøõäõæÈö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ ÝóÇááøóÇÆöÞõ ÈöÍóÇáö åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉö ÇáúÃóÎúíóÇÑö ÇáúãõÊøóÞöíäó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóØúáóÈõåõãú Ýöí ãóÃúßóáöåöãõ ÇáúÍóáúÈóÉó æóÇáØøóåóÇÑóÉó¡ áóÇ ÇáúßóËúÑóÉó. æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: Åöäøó ÚóåúÏóåõãú ÈöÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÝöíåóÇ ãõÄúãöäõæäó íõÎúÝõæäó ÅöíãóÇäóåõãú¡(3/227)
æóßóÇÝöÑõæäó¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íõÑöíÏõæäó ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁó ãöäú ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ïõæäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó ãõÑóÇÏõåõãú ÈöÇáÒøóßóÇÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÒúßóì ØóÚóÇãðÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ Ãóåúáõ ßöÊóÇÈò æóãóÌõæÓñ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇáúæóÑöÞõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÈúÚóËõæÇ ÃóÍóÏóßõãú ÈöæóÑöÞößõãú [18 \ 19] ÇáúÝöÖøóÉõ¡ æóÃóÎóÐó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãóÓóÇÆöáó ãöäú ãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúÝöÞúåö:
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì: ÌóæóÇÒõ ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö æóÕöÍøóÊõåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõãú: ÝóÇÈúÚóËõæÇ ÃóÍóÏóßõãú ÈöæóÑöÞößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Êóæúßöíáöåöãú áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÈúÚõæËö áöÔöÑóÇÁö ÇáØøóÚóÇãö. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: áóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáÊøóæúßöíáö ãõØúáóÞðÇ Èóáú ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÞöíøóÉö æóÇáúÎóæúÝö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú áóæú ÎóÑóÌõæÇ ßõáøõåõãú áöÔöÑóÇÁö ÍóÇÌóÊöåöãú áóÚóáöãó Èöåöãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÄõåõãú Ýöí Ùóäøöåöãú Ýóåõãú ãóÚúÐõæÑõæäó¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Êóæúßöíáö ÇáúãóÚúÐõæÑö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÅöáóì åóÐóÇ ÐóåóÈó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÓóÍúäõæäò ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúßöíáö Úóáóì ÇáúÎöÕóÇãö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö: æóßóÃóäøó ÓóÍúäõæäðÇ ÊóáóÞøóÇåõ ãöäú ÃóÓóÏö Èúäö ÇáúÝõÑóÇÊö¡ ÝóÍóßóãó Èöåö ÃóíøóÇãó ÞóÖóÇÆöåö¡ æóáóÚóáøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÝúÚóáõ Ðóáößó áöÃóåúáö ÇáÙøõáúãö æóÇáúÌóÈóÑõæÊö ÅöäúÕóÇÝðÇ ãöäúåõãú æóÅöÐúáóÇáðÇ áóåõãú¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉó ãóÚõæäóÉñ æóáóÇ Êóßõæäõ áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö. ÇåÜ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö åóÐóÇ ÍóÓóäñ¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáÏøöíäö æóÇáúÝóÖúáö Ýóáóåõãú Ãóäú íõæóßøöáõæÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑöíäó ÃóÕöÍøóÇÁó¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö áöáÔøóÇåöÏö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÇäö æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó áöÑóÌõáò Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Óöäøñ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÈöáö¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó íóÊóÞóÇÖóÇåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: " ÃóÚúØõæåõ " ÝóØóáóÈõæÇ Óöäøóåõ Ýóáóãú íóÌöÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓöäøðÇ ÝóæúÞóåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó " ÃóÚúØõæåõ " ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóæúÝóíúÊóäöí ÃóæúÝóì Çááøóåõ áóßó¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " Åöäøó ÎóíúÑóßõãú ÃóÍúÓóäõßõãú ÞóÖóÇÁð " áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö.
ÝóÏóáøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ãóÚó ÕöÍøóÊöåö Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö Êóæúßöíáö ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈóÏóäö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ÃóãóÑó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈóåõ Ãóäú íõÚúØõæÇ Úóäúåõ ÇáÓøöäøó ÇáøóÊöí Úóáóíúåö æóÐóáößó Êóæúßöíáñ ãöäúåõ áóåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóáóãú íóßõäö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãóÑöíÖðÇ æóáóÇ ãõÓóÇÝöÑðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÑõÏøõ Þóæúáó ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÓóÍúäõæäò Ýöí ÞóæúáöåöãóÇ: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Êóæúßöíáõ ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÑöÖóÇ ÎóÕúãöåö "¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÎöáóÇÝõ ÞóæúáöåöãóÇ. ÇåÜ ßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö.
æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ãóÇ Ýöíåö ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó æóÓóÍúäõæäðÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÎóÇáóÝóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÎóÇÕóãóÉö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÅöÐúäö ÇáúÎóÕúãö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóáóãú íõÎóÇáöÝóÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö Ýöí ÏóÝúÚö ÇáúÍóÞøö.(3/228)
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÓóäóÐúßõÑõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö æóÌóæóÇÒöåóÇ¡ æóÈóÚúÖó ÇáúãóÓóÇÆöáö ÇáúãõÍúÊóÇÌö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáÓøõäøóÉó æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó ßõáøóåóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö æóÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ: ÝóÇÈúÚóËõæÇ ÃóÍóÏóßõãú ÈöæóÑöÞößõãú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÚóÇãöáöíäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 60] ¡ ÝóÅöäøó Úóãóáóåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ Êóæúßöíáñ áóåõãú Úóáóì ÃóÎúÐöåóÇ.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó áöÐóáößó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÇÐúåóÈõæÇ ÈöÞóãöíÕöí åóÐóÇ ÝóÃóáúÞõæåõ Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÃóÈöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [12 \ 93] ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Êóæúßöíáñ áóåõãú ãöäú íõæÓõÝó Úóáóì ÅöáúÞóÇÆöåöãú ÞóãöíÕóåõ Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÃóÈöíåö áöíóÑúÊóÏøó ÈóÕöíÑðÇ.
æóÇÓúÊóÏóáøó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú áöÐóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú íõæÓõÝó: ÞóÇáó ÇÌúÚóáúäöí Úóáóì ÎóÒóÇÆöäö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [12 \ 55] ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Êóæúßöíáñ Úóáóì ãóÇ Ýöí ÎóÒóÇÆöäö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö æóÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ¡ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãö Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö¡ ÇáÏøóÇáøö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóæúßöíáö Ýöí ÞóÖóÇÁö ÇáÏøóíúäö¡ æóåõæó ÍóÏöíËñ ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøó ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÑóÇÝöÚò Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó äóÍúæóåõ.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÚõÑúæóÉó Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÇáúÌóÚúÏö ÇáúÈóÇÑöÞöíøö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ áöíóÔúÊóÑöíó Èöåö áóåõ ÔóÇÉð¡ ÝóÇÔúÊóÑóì áóåõ Èöåö ÔóÇÊóíúäö: ÝóÈóÇÚó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÈöÏöíäóÇÑò æóÌóÇÁóåõ ÈöÏöíäóÇÑò æóÔóÇÉò¡ ÝóÏóÚóÇ áóåõ ÈöÇáúÈóÑóßóÉö Ýöí ÈóíúÚöåö¡ ÝóßóÇäó áóæö ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈó áóÑóÈöÍó Ýöíåö¡ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú æóÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóæúßöíáõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÑóÏúÊõ ÇáúÎõÑõæÌó Åöáóì ÎóíúÈóÑó¡ ÝóÃóÊóíúÊõ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Åöäøöí ÃóÑóÏúÊõ ÇáúÎõÑõæÌó Åöáóì ÎóíúÈóÑó. ÝóÞóÇáó: " ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóíúÊó æóßöíáöí ÝóÎõÐú ãöäúåõ ÎóãúÓóÉó ÚóÔóÑó æóÓúÞðÇ¡ ÝóÅöäö ÇÈúÊóÛóì ãöäúßó ÂíóÉð ÝóÖóÚú íóÏóßó Úóáóì ÊóÑúÞõæóÊöåö " ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ãöäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÃóäøó áóåõ æóßöíáðÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö:
" æóÇÛúÏõ íóÇ ÃõäóíúÓõ Åöáóì ÇãúÑóÃóÉö åóÐóÇ ÝóÅöäö ÇÚúÊóÑóÝóÊú ÝóÇÑúÌõãúåóÇ "¡ æóåõæó ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúßöíáö Ýöí ÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÍõÏõæÏö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: " ÃóãóÑóäöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú ÃóÞõæãó Úóáóì ÈõÏúäöåö æóÃóäú ÃóÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöáõÍõæãöåóÇ æóÌõáõæÏöåóÇ æóÃóÌöáøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÃóáøóÇ ÃõÚúØöíó ÇáúÌóÇÒöÑó ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó: äóÍúäõ äõÚúØöíåö ãöäú(3/229)
ÚöäúÏöäóÇ " ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö. æóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóæúßöíáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúÈõÏúäö æóÇáÊøóÕóÏøõÞö ÈöáõÍõæãöåóÇ æóÌõáõæÏöåóÇ æóÃóÌöáøóÊöåóÇ¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÅöÚúØóÇÁö ÇáúÌóÇÒöÑö ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäúåóÇ.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÚõÞúÈóÉó Èúäö ÚóÇãöÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÛóäóãðÇ íõÞóÓøöãõåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö ÝóÈóÞöíó ÚóÊõæÏñ¡ ÝóÐóßóÑóåõ áöáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó " ÖóÍøö ÃóäúÊó Èöåö " ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðÇ. æóÝöíåö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉõ Ýöí ÊóÞúÓöíãö ÇáÖøóÍóÇíóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍóíúåöãóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ßóÇÝöíðÇ ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõ åõäóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÇÔúÊóãóáó ßöÊóÇÈõ ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö - íóÚúäöí ãöäú ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö - Úóáóì ÓöÊøóÉò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÍóÏöíËðÇ¡ ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞõ ãöäúåóÇ ÓöÊøóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÈóÞöíøóÉõ ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ¡ ÇáúãõßóÑøóÑõ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöíåö æóÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì ÇËúäóÇ ÚóÔóÑó ÍóÏöíËðÇ¡ æóÇáúÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÎóÇáöÕóÉñ¡ æóÇÝóÞóåõ ãõÓúáöãñ Úóáóì ÊóÎúÑöíÌöåóÇ Óöæóì ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÚóæúÝò Ýöí ÞóÊúáö ÃõãóíøóÉó Èúäö ÎóáóÝò¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ßóÚúÈö Èúäö ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáÔøóÇÉö ÇáúãóÐúÈõæÍóÉö¡ æóÍóÏöíËö æóÝúÏö åóæóÇÒöäó ãöäú ØóÑöíÞóíúåö¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ýöí ÍöÝúÙö ÒóßóÇÉö ÑóãóÖóÇäó¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ÚõÞúÈóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáäøõÚóíúãóÇäö¡ æóÝöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÂËóÇÑö Úóäö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú ÓöÊøóÉõ ÂËóÇÑò¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäú ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí. æóßõáøõ Êöáúßó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö æóÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö æóÕöÍøóÊöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: æóÃóÌúãóÚóÊö ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ æóáöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉó ÏóÇÚöíóÉñ Åöáóì Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ßõáøó ÃóÍóÏò ÝöÚúáõ ãóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóÏóÚóÊö ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ. æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ áóÇ äöÒóÇÚó Ýöíåö.
ÝõÑõæÚñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáÊøóæúßöíáõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÊóÕöÍøõ ÇáäøöíóÇÈóÉõ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ Ýöí ÝöÚúáö ãõÍóÑøóãò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóæúßöíáó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÚóÇæõäö¡ æóÇááøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: æóáóÇ ÊóÚóÇæóäõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÅöËúãö æóÇáúÚõÏúæóÇäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 2] .
æóáóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÉò ãóÍúÖóÉò ßóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÕøóæúãö æóäóÍúæöåöãóÇ ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ãóØúáõæÈñ ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóÍóÏò ÈöÚóíúäöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäõæÈõ Ýöíåö ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: æóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúÊõ ÇáúÌöäøó æóÇáúÅöäúÓó ÅöáøóÇ áöíóÚúÈõÏõæäö ÇáúÂíóÉó [51 \ 56] .
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÌøõ Úóäö ÇáúãóíøöÊö æóÇáúãóÚúÖõæÈö¡ æóÇáÕøóæúãõ Úóäö ÇáúãóíøöÊö ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÃóÏöáøóÉñ ÃõÎóÑõ Úóáóì(3/230)
ÇáäøöíóÇÈóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÅöäú ÎóÇáóÝó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáÕøóæúãö Úóäö ÇáúãóíøöÊö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúíö áóÇ ÈöÂÑóÇÁö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÚóÏóãö ÇáäøóÕøö ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúíö.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóíóÌõæÒõ ÇáÊøóæúßöíáõ Ýöí ÇáúãõØóÇáóÈóÉö ÈöÇáúÍõÞõæÞö æóÅöËúÈóÇÊöåóÇ æóÇáúãõÍóÇßóãóÉö ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó Çáúãõæóßøöáõ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ Ãóæú ÛóÇÆöÈðÇ¡ ÕóÍöíÍðÇ Ãóæú ãóÑöíÖðÇ. æóåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ãöäúåõãú ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí áóíúáóì¡ æóÃóÈõæ íõæÓõÝó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó: áöáúÎóÕúãö Ãóäú íóãúÊóäöÚó ãöäú ãõÍóÇßóãóÉö Çáúæóßöíáö ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Çáúãõæóßøöáõ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ ÛóíúÑó ãóÚúÐõæÑò ; áöÃóäøó ÍõÖõæÑóåõ ãóÌúáöÓó ÇáúÍõßúãö æóãõÎóÇÕóãóÊóåõ ÍóÞøñ áöÎóÕúãöåö Úóáóíúåö Ýóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ äóÞúáõåõ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÑöÖóÇ ÎóÕúãöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõ ÓóÍúäõæäò ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ãóÇáößò¡ æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑõ ÈöÙóæóÇåöÑö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉó ÃóãúÑñ áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäó ÇáöÇÓúÊöäóÇÈóÉö Ýöíåö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ Ýöí ãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáÊøóæúßöíáö Úóáóì ÇáúÎöÕóÇãö æóÇáúãõÍóÇßóãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ.
ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó Çáúãõæóßøöáõ ãöãøóäú ÚõÑöÝó ÈöÇáÙøõáúãö æóÇáúÌóÈóÑõæÊö æóÇáöÇÏøöÚóÇÁö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÝóáóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ ãöäúåõ ÇáÊøóæúßöíáõ áöÙóÇåöÑö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ Êóßõäú áöáúÎóÇÆöäöíäó ÎóÕöíãðÇ [4 \ 105] . æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãóÚúÑõæÝðÇ ÈöÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú Êóæúßöíáöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: æóíóÌõæÒõ ÇáÊøóæúßöíáõ ÈöÌõÚúáò æóÈöÏõæäö ÌõÚúáò¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóæúßöíáö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÌõÚúáò Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóßøóáó ÃõäóíúÓðÇ Ýöí ÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÇáúÍóÏøö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉö¡ æóÚõÑúæóÉó ÇáúÈóÇÑöÞöíøó Ýöí ÔöÑóÇÁö ÇáÔøóÇÉö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÌõÚúáò. æóãöËóÇáõ Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ.
æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóæúßöíáö ÈöÌõÚúáò Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúÚóÇãöáöíäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ [9 \ 60] ÝóÅöäøóåõ Êóæúßöíáñ Úóáóì ÌöÈóÇíóÉö ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö æóÊóÝúÑöíÞöåóÇ ÈöÌõÚúáò ãöäúåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÒóáó Çáúãõæóßøöáõ æóßöíóáóåõ Ýöí ÛóíúÈóÊöåö æóÊóÕóÑøóÝó Çáúæóßöíáõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚóÒúáö æóÞóÈúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö Èöåö¡ Ãóæú ãóÇÊó ãõæóßøöáõåõ æóÊóÕóÑøóÝó ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåö æóÞóÈúáó ÇáúÚöáúãö Èöåö¡ Ýóåóáú íóãúÖöí ÊóÕóÑøõÝõåõ äóÙóÑðÇ áöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏöåö¡ Ãóæú áóÇ íóãúÖöí äóÙóÑðÇ áöáúæóÇÞöÚö Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÎöáóÇÝñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãóÈúäöíøñ Úóáóì ÞóÇÚöÏóÉò ÃõÕõæáöíøóÉò¡ æóåöíó:
åóáú íóÓúÊóÞöáøõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöãõØúáóÞö æõÑõæÏöåö æóÅöäú áóãú íóÈúáõÛö ÇáúãõßóáøóÝó¡ Ãóæú áóÇ íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÈõáõæÛöåö áöáúãõßóáøóÝö. æóíõÈúäóì Úóáóì ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÎóãúÓò æóÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÕóáóÇÉð ÇáøóÊöí äõÓöÎóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÎóãúÓöíäó ÈóÚúÏó ÝóÑúÖöåóÇ áóíúáóÉó ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö¡ åóáú íõÓóãøóì Ðóáößó äóÓúÎðÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö(3/231)
áöæõÑõæÏöåö¡ Ãóæú áóÇ íõÓóãøóì äóÓúÎðÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøöåöãú ; áöÃóäøóåõ æóÞóÚó ÞóÈúáó ÈõáõæÛö ÇáÊøóßúáöíÝö ÈöÇáúãóäúÓõæÎö áóåõãú¡ æóÅöáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
åóáú íóÓúÊóÞöáøõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÈöÇáúæõÑõæÏö ... Ãóæú ÈöÈõáõæÛöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏö
ÝóÇáúÚóÒúáõ ÈöÇáúãóæúÊö Ãóæö ÇáúÚóÒúáõ ÚóÑóÖú ... ßóÐóÇ ÞóÖóÇÁõ ÌóÇåöáò áöáúãõÝúÊóÑóÖú
æóãóÓóÇÆöáõ ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ ãõÝóÕøóáóÉñ Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÝõÑõæÚö ÇáúãóÐóÇåöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö¡ æóãóÞúÕõæÏõäóÇ ÐößúÑõ ÃóÏöáøóÉö ËõÈõæÊöåóÇ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö¡ æóÐößúÑõ ÃóãúËöáóÉò ãöäú ÝõÑõæÚöåóÇ ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÇÈñ ßóÈöíÑñ ãöäú ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúÝöÞúåö.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÃóÎóÐó ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÌóæóÇÒó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ãõÔúÊóÑößöíäó Ýöí ÇáúæóÑöÞö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÑúÓóáõæåóÇ áöíóÔúÊóÑöíó áóåõãú ØóÚóÇãðÇ ÈöåóÇ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøö: áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö¡ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú ÃóÑúÓóáó ãóÚóåõ äóÕöíÈóåõ ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ áöíóÔúÊóÑöíó áóåõ Èöåö ØóÚóÇãóåõ ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ãõÊøóÌóåñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÃóÏöáøóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÓóÈóÉö ÃóÏöáøóÉó Ðóáößó¡ æóÈóÚúÖó ãóÓóÇÆöáöåö ÇáúãõÍúÊóÇÌö ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöäúåõ ÂíóÇÊñ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýóåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáËøõáõËö [4 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÎõáóØóÇÁö áóíóÈúÛöí ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò [38 \ 24] ¡ ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÎõáóØóÇÁó: ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁõ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÚúáóãõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÛóäöãúÊõãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÃóäøó áöáøóåö ÎõãõÓóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [8 \ 41] ¡ æóåöíó ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö ãöäú ÌöåóÊóíúäö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÓóäóÐúßõÑõ åõäóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäúåóÇ¡ Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÞóÇáó: " ãóäú ÃóÚúÊóÞó ÔöÑúßðÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÚóÈúÏò¡ æóßóÇäó áóåõ ãóÇáñ íóÈúáõÛõ Ëóãóäó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Þõæøöãó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Úóáóíúåö ÞöíãóÉó ÚóÏúáò ÝóÃóÚúØóì ÔõÑóßóÇÁóåõ ÍöÕóÕóåõãú¡ æóÅöáøóÇ ÝóÞóÏó ÚóÊóÞó Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÚóÊóÞó ". æóÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó äóÍúæõåõ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÝöíåö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ãöäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÞöíÞö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÑúÌóãó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö áöÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: (ÈóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÞöíÞö) ¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúãöäúåóÇáö¡ ÞóÇáó:
ÇÔúÊóÑóíúÊõ ÃóäóÇ(3/232)
æóÔóÑöíßñ áöí ÔóíúÆðÇ íóÏðÇ ÈöíóÏò æóäóÓöíÆóÉð¡ ÝóÌóÇÁóäóÇ ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁõ Èúäõ ÚóÇÒöÈò ÝóÓóÃóáúäóÇåõ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÝóÚóáúÊõ ÃóäóÇ æóÔóÑöíßöí ÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÃóÑúÞóãó æóÓóÃóáúäóÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: " ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÏðÇ ÈöíóÏò ÝóÎõÐõæåõ¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó äóÓöíÆóÉð ÝóÐóÑõæåõ ". æóÝöíåö ÅöÞúÑóÇÑõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁó æóÒóíúÏðÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö¡ æóÊóÑúÌóãó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: (ÈóÇÈõ ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö Ýöí ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö æóãóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÇáÕøóÑúÝõ) ¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÅöÚúØóÇÄõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÃóÑúÖó ÎóíúÈóÑó áöáúíóåõæÏö áöíóÚúãóáõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóíóÒúÑóÚõæåóÇ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó áóåõãú ÔóØúÑó ãóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó ÇÔúÊöÑóÇßñ Ýöí ÇáúÛóáøóÉö ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌóÉö ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÑúÌóãó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö (ÈóÇÈõ ãõÔóÇÑóßóÉö ÇáÐøöãøöíøöíäó æóÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Ýöí ÇáúãõÒóÇÑóÚóÉö) æóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÖóì ÈöÇáÔøõÝúÚóÉö Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ áóãú íõÞóÓøóãú¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚóÊö ÇáúÍõÏõæÏõ æóÕõÑöÝóÊö ÇáØøõÑõÞõ ÝóáóÇ ÔõÝúÚóÉó. æóÊóÑúÌóãó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: (ÈóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑóÖöíäó æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ) Ëõãøó ÓóÇÞó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÈöÓóäóÏò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÊóÑúÌóãó áóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö (ÈóÇÈõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÓøóãó ÇáÔøõÑóßóÇÁõ ÇáÏøõæÑó æóÛóíúÑóåóÇ¡ ÝóáóíúÓó áóåõãú ÑõÌõæÚñ æóáóÇ ÔõÝúÚóÉñ) æóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: " ÃóäóÇ ËóÇáöËõ ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö ãóÇ áóãú íóÎõäú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÎóÇäóåõ ÎóÑóÌúÊõ ãöäú ÈóíúäöåöãóÇ " ÞóÇáó ÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: ÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÃóÚóáøóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóØøóÇäö ÈöÇáúÌóåúáö ÈöÍóÇáö ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÍóíøóÇäó. æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáËøöÞóÇÊö¡ æóÃóÚóáøóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóØøóÇäö ÈöÇáúÅöÑúÓóÇáö¡ Ýóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÇ åõÑóíúÑóÉó æóÞóÇáó Åöäøóåõ ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ. æóáóãú íõÓúäöÏúåõ ÛóíúÑõ ÃóÈöí åóãøóÇãò ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáÒøöÈúÑöÞóÇäö æóÓóßóÊó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó äóÍúæóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö ÇáúÃóÕúÈóåóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑúÛöíÈö æóÇáÊøóÑúåöíÈö Úóäú Íóßöíãö Èúäö ÍöÒóÇãò. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ. æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÓúßõÊõ Úóäö ÇáúßóáóÇãö Ýöí ÍóÏöíËò ÅöáøóÇ æóåõæó íóÚúÊóÞöÏõ ÕóáóÇÍöíøóÊóåõ áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö. æóÇáÓøóäóÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ Èöåö ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ãöäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÕóÇáöÍñ áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáúãöÕøöíÕöíøõ¡ ËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáÒøöÈúÑöÞóÇäö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó ÇáÊøóíúãöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó - ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ - ÑóÝóÚóåõ¡ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: " ÃóäóÇ ËóÇáöËõ ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö ". Åöáóì ÂÎóÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö.
ÝóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏö åöíó ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ æóåõæó ÃóÈõæ ÌóÚúÝóÑò ÇáúÚóáøóÇÝõ ÇáúßõæÝöíøõ¡ Ëõãøó ÇáúãöÕøöíÕöíøõ áóÞóÈõåõ " áõæóíúäñ " ÈöÇáÊøóÕúÛöíÑö¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ãöäúåõ: ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáÒøöÈúÑöÞóÇäö ÃóÈõæ åóãøóÇãò ÇáúÃóåúæóÇÒöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáö(3/233)
ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö: ÕóÏõæÞñ¡ ÑõÈøóãóÇ æóåöãó.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ãöäúåõ åöíó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó ÇáÊøóíúãöíøõ¡ æóåõæó íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÍóíøóÇäó ÇáúßõæÝöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ËöÞóÉñ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚóÉõ ãöäúåõ åöíó ÃóÈõæåõ ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÍóíøóÇäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøö: Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÇáúÞóØøóÇäö ÃóÚóáøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãóÌúåõæáñ¡ æóÑóÏøó Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøó ÇÈúäó ÍöÈøóÇäó ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ÇáËøöÞóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò (Ýöí ÇáÊøóÞúÑöíÈö) : Åöäøóåõ æóËøóÞóåõ ÇáúÚöÌúáöíøõ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
æóÇáØøóÈóÞóÉõ ÇáúÎóÇãöÓóÉõ ãöäúåõ ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ ÑóÝóÚóåõ.
ÝóåóÐóÇ ÅöÓúäóÇÏñ ÕóÇáöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÅöÚúáóÇáõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÈöÃóäøóåõ Ñõæöíó ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì¡ íõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö: Åöäøó ÇáÑøóÝúÚó ÒöíóÇÏóÉñ¡ æóÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÚõÏõæáö ãóÞúÈõæáóÉñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö æóÚõáõæãö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóíõÄóíøöÏõåõ ßóæúäõåõ ÌóÇÁó ãöäú ØóÑöíÞò ÃõÎúÑóì Úóäú Íóßöíãö Èúäö ÍöÒóÇãò ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøö ÂäöÝðÇ.
æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÓøóÇÆöÈö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÇáÓøóÇÆöÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó áöáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ßõäúÊó ÔóÑöíßöí Ýöí ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö ÝóßõäúÊó ÎóíúÑó ÔóÑöíßò¡ áóÇ ÊõÏóÇÑöíäöí æóáóÇ ÊõãóÇÑöíäöí¡ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú¡ æóáóÝúÙõåõ: ßõäúÊó ÔóÑöíßöí æóäöÚúãó ÇáÔøóÑöíßõ¡ ßõäúÊó áóÇ ÊõÏóÇÑöí æóáóÇ ÊõãóÇÑöí¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ¡ æóÝöíåö ÅöÞúÑóÇÑõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóåõ Úóáóì ßóæúäöåö ßóÇäó ÔóÑöíßðÇ áóåõ¡ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÇÔúÊóãóáó ßöÊóÇÈõ ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö (íóÚúäöí ãöäú ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö) ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáúãóÑúÝõæÚóÉö Úóáóì ÓóÈúÚóÉò æóÚöÔúÑöíäó ÍóÏöíËðÇ¡ ÇáúãõÚóáøóÞõ ãöäúåóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÇáúÈóÞöíøóÉõ ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ¡ ÇáúãõßóÑøóÑõ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöíåö æóÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì ËóáóÇËóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÍóÏöíËðÇ¡ æóÇáúÎóÇáöÕõ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó¡ æóÇÝóÞóåõ ãõÓúáöãñ Úóáóì ÊóÎúÑöíÌöåóÇ Óöæóì ÍóÏöíËö ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö: " ãóËóáõ ÇáúÞóÇÆöãö Úóáóì ÍõÏõæÏö Çááøóåö "¡ æóÍóÏöíËóíú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö åöÔóÇãò¡ æóÍóÏöíËóíú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö Ýöí ÞöÕøóÊöåö¡ æóÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÇáúÃóÎöíÑö¡ æóÝöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÂËóÇÑö ÃóËóÑñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ ßóËúÑóÉó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚõ ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÌúãóÚó ÌóãöíÚõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÃóäúæóÇÚò ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøóÑößóÇÊö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÃóäúæóÇÚöåóÇ.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉó ÞöÓúãóÇäö: ÔóÑößóÉõ ÃóãúáóÇßò¡ æóÔóÑößóÉõ ÚõÞõæÏò.
ÝóÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÃóãúáóÇßö Ãóäú íóãúáößó ÚóíúäðÇ ÇËúäóÇäö Ãóæú ÃóßúËóÑõ ÈöÅöÑúËò Ãóæú ÔöÑóÇÁò Ãóæú åöÈóÉò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóåöíó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö ÈöÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÇáúÃóÚóãøöíøóÉö.(3/234)
æóÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚõÞõæÏö ÊóäúÞóÓöãõ Åöáóì ÔóÑößóÉö ãõÝóÇæóÖóÉò¡ æóÔóÑößóÉö ÚöäóÇäò¡ æóÔóÑößóÉö æõÌõæåò¡ æóÔóÑößóÉö ÃóÈúÏóÇäò¡ æóÔóÑößóÉö ãõÖóÇÑóÈóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÊóÏóÇÎóáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚõ ÝóíóÌúÊóãöÚõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖò.
ÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÃóãúáóÇßö ÝóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ ÈöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýóåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ Ýöí ÇáËøõáõËö [4 \ 12] ¡ æóáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó ÝöíåóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÃóäúæóÇÚõ ÔóÑößóÉö ÇáúÚõÞõæÏö ÝóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ åõäóÇ ãóÚóÇäöíóåóÇ æóßóáóÇãó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÃóãúËöáóÉð áöáúÌóÇÆöÒö ãöäúåóÇ ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ æóÑóÏó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö ãõÔúÊóÞøóÉñ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúæöíÖö ; áöÃóäøó ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ íõÝóæøöÖõ ÃóãúÑó ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö Ýöí ãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ãõÄúãöäö Âáö ÝöÑúÚóæúäó: æóÃõÝóæøöÖõ ÃóãúÑöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [40 \ 44] .
æóÞöíáó: ÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉö¡ áöÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö ÝöíåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö æóÇáÖøóãóÇäö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ Ýóåöíó ãöäó ÇáúÝóæúÖóì ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÓóÇæöí¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÝúæóåö ÇáúÃóæúÏöíøö:
áóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÝóæúÖóì áóÇ ÓóÑóÇÉó áóåõãú ... æóáóÇ ÓóÑóÇÉó ÅöÐóÇ ÌõåøóÇáõåõãú ÓóÇÏõæÇ
ÅöÐóÇ Êóæóáøóì ÓóÑóÇÉõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóãúÑóåõãõ ... äóãóÇ Úóáóì ÐóÇßó ÃóãúÑõ ÇáúÞóæúãö æóÇÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: " áóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÝóæúÖóì " Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóÕúáõÍõ ÃõãõæÑõåõãú Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåöãú ÝóæúÖóì¡ Ãóíú ãõÊóÓóÇæöíäó áóÇ ÃóÔúÑóÇÝó áóåõãú íóÃúãõÑõæäóåõãú æóíóäúåóæúäóåõãú¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ åõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ åóÐóÇ åõæó ÃóÕúáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö ÝóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí ÃóÕúáö ÇÔúÊöÞóÇÞöåóÇ ÇááøõÛóæöíøö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: ÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãöäú Úóäøó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ íóÚöäøõ - ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö æóÇáÖøóãøö - ÚóäøðÇ æóÚõäõæäðÇ: ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÖó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇãúÑöÆö ÇáúÞóíúÓö:
ÝóÚóäøó áóäóÇ ÓöÑúÈñ ßóÃóäøó äöÚóÇÌóåõ ... ÚóÐóÇÑóì ÏóæóÇÑò Ýöí ãõáóÇÁò ãõÐóíøóáö
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóäúÙõæÑò Ýöí ÇááøöÓóÇäö: æóÔöÑúßõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö æóÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö: ÔóÑößóÉñ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÎóÇÕøò Ïõæäó ÓóÇÆöÑö ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãóÇ¡ ßóÃóäøóåõ Úóäøó áóåõãóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ÝóÇÔúÊóÑóíóÇåõ æóÇÔúÊóÑóßóÇ Ýöíåö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÔúåóÏó áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáö ÇáäøóÇÈöÛóÉö ÇáúÌóÚúÏöíøö:
ÝóÔóÇÑóßúäóÇ ÞõÑóíúÔðÇ Ýöí ÊõÞóÇåóÇ ... æóÝöí ÃóÍúÓóÇÈöåóÇ ÔöÑúßó ÇáúÚöäóÇäö
ÈöãóÇ æóáóÏóÊú äöÓóÇÁõ Èóäöí åöáóÇáò ... æóãóÇ æóáóÏóÊú äöÓóÇÁõ Èóäöí ÃóÈóÇäö
æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúÚöäóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóÃóäøó Þóæúáó ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö ãöäú(3/235)
ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ãóÇáößò: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõ ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúÚöäóÇäö Úóäú ãóÇáößò¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÑó ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÍöÌóÇÒö íóÚúÑöÝõåóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑúæóì Úóäú ãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ãöäú ÃóäøóåõãóÇ áóãú íõØúáöÞóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúãó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÇáóÇ:
åöíó ßóáöãóÉñ ÊóØóÑøóÞó ÈöåóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßõæÝóÉö áöíõãúßöäóåõãõ ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒõ Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö æóÇáúÎóÇÕøóÉö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõÓúÊóÚúãóáðÇ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö - ßõáøõ Ðóáößó Ýöíåö äóÙóÑñ áöãóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó Ãóäú ßóÇäó ËóÇÈöÊðÇ Úóäúåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ:
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ãõÑóÇÏó ÇáäøóÇÈöÛóÉö Ýöí ÈóíúÊóíúåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö: ÈöãóÇ æóáóÏóÊú äöÓóÇÁõ Èóäöí åöáóÇáò ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑö Èúäö ÕóÚúÕóÚóÉó¡ æóÃóäøó ãöäúåõãú áõÈóÇÈóÉó ÇáúßõÈúÑóì¡ æóáõÈóÇÈóÉó ÇáÕøõÛúÑóì¡ æóåõãóÇ ÃõÎúÊóÇäö¡ ÇÈúäóÊóÇ ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö Èúäö ÍóÒúäö Èúäö ÈõÌóíúÑö Èúäö ÇáúåóÒúãö Èúäö ÑõæóíúÈóÉó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö åöáóÇáò¡ æóåõãóÇ ÃõÎúÊóÇ ãóíúãõæäóÉó ÈöäúÊö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö ÒóæúÌö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó.
ÃóãøóÇ áõÈóÇÈóÉõ ÇáúßõÈúÑóì Ýóåöíó ÒóæúÌõ ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúãóØøóáöÈö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóåöíó Ãõãøõ ÃóÈúäóÇÆöåö: ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÚõÈóíúÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúÝóÖúáö æóÈöåö ßóÇäóÊú Êõßóäøóì¡ æóÝöíåóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒõ:
ãóÇ æóáóÏóÊú äóÌöíÈóÉñ ãöäú ÝóÍúáö ... ßóÓöÊøóÉò ãöäú ÈóØúäö Ãõãøö ÇáúÝóÖúáö
æóÃóãøóÇ áõÈóÇÈóÉõ ÇáÕøõÛúÑóì Ýóåöíó Ãõãøõ ÎóÇáöÏö Èúäö ÇáúæóáöíÏö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÚóãøóÊõåõãóÇ ÕóÝöíøóÉõ ÈöäúÊõ ÍóÒúäò åöíó Ãõãøõ ÃóÈöí ÓõÝúíóÇäó Èúäö ÍóÑúÈò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõÑóÇÏõåõ:
ÈöãóÇ æóáóÏóÊú äöÓóÇÁõ Èóäöí åöáóÇáö
æóÃóãøóÇ äöÓóÇÁõ Èóäöí ÃóÈóÇäò ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÇáúÚóÇÕö¡ æóÇáúÚóÇÕó¡ æóÃóÈóÇ ÇáúÚöíÕö¡ æóÇáúÚöíÕó ÃóÈúäóÇÁó ÃõãóíøóÉó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÔóãúÓò¡ Ãõãøõåõãú ÂãöäóÉõ ÈöäúÊõ ÃóÈóÇäö Èúäö ßõáóíúÈö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Èúäö ÚóÇãöÑö Èúäö ÕóÚúÕóÚóÉó¡ ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÍóÇãõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóáöØóÉõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóÇãöÑöíøöíäó æóÈóíúäó ÞõÑóíúÔò åöíó ãõÑóÇÏõ ÇáäøóÇÈöÛóÉö ÈöãõÔóÇÑóßóÊöåöãú áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóÓóÈö æóÇáÊøõÞóì ÔöÑúßó ÇáúÚöäóÇäö.
æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúÚöäóÇäö ÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãöäú ÚöäóÇäö ÇáúÝóÑóÓö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
æóÞöíáó åöíó ãöäó ÇáúãõÚóÇäóÇÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÚóÇÑóÖóÉö¡ íõÞóÇáõ: ÚóÇäóäúÊõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÚóÇÑóÖúÊõåõ ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇáöåö Ãóæú ÝöÚóÇáöåö¡ Ýóßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö íõÚóÇÑöÖõ ÇáúÂÎóÑó ÈöãóÇáöåö æóÝöÚóÇáöåö.
æóåöíó ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó ÝóÊúÍóåóÇ¡ æóíõÑúæóì Úóäú ÚöíóÇÖò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáóåóÇ ãöäú ÚóäóÇäö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈóÚöíÏñ ÌöÏøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.(3/236)
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúæõÌõæåö ÝóÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúæóÌóÇåóÉö¡ áöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÌöíåó ÊõÊúÈóÚõ ÐöãøóÊõåõ ÈöÇáÏøóíúäö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÇÚó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÈóÇÚóåõ ÈöÃóßúËóÑó ãöãøóÇ íóÈöíÚõ Èöåö ÇáúÎóÇãöáõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÃóÈúÏóÇäö ÝóÃóÕúáõåóÇ ÇááøõÛóæöíøõ æóÇÖöÍñ ; áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ íóÔúÊóÑößóÇäö ÈöÚóãóáö ÃóÈúÏóÇäöåöãóÇ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÊõÓóãøóì ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ÅöÐú áóíúÓó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöÚóãóáö ÇáúÈóÏóäö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúãõÖóÇÑóÈóÉö æóåöíó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÖõ ÝóÃóÕúáõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáÖøóÑúÈö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÇÌöÑó íõÓóÇÝöÑõ Ýöí ØóáóÈö ÇáÑøöÈúÍö¡ æóÇáÓøóÝóÑõ íõßóäøóì Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáÖøóÑúÈö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÂÎóÑõæäó íóÖúÑöÈõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÈúÊóÛõæäó ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [73 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÖóÑóÈúÊõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúßõãú ÌõäóÇÍñ Ãóäú ÊóÞúÕõÑõæÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 101] .
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ãóÚóÇäöíó ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö¡ ÝóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ áóßó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ ãóÚóÇäöíóåóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏóÉó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÕúØöáóÇÍö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåöãú¡ æóÃóÍúßóÇãóåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöåóÇ ÇÕúØöáóÇÍðÇ¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÃóÍúßóÇãöåóÇ.
ÃóãøóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö æóÃóÍúßóÇãöåóÇ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÊóÝúÕöíáõåõ:
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ãóÇáößò æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÔóÑößóÉö ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõãú åõæó Ãóäú íõØúáöÞó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝó áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÔúÊóÑóßóÇ Ýöíåö ÛóíúÈóÉð æóÍõÖõæÑðÇ¡ æóÈóíúÚðÇ æóÔöÑóÇÁð¡ æóÖóãóÇäðÇ æóÊóæúßöíáðÇ¡ æóßóÝóÇáóÉð æóÞöÑóÇÖðÇ¡ ÝóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó áóÒöãó ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚóÇÆöÏðÇ Úóáóì ÔóÑößóÊöåöãóÇ.
æóáóÇ íóßõæäóÇäö ÔóÑöíßóíúäö ÅöáøóÇ ÝöíãóÇ íóÚúÞöÏóÇäö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉó ãöäú ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãóÇ¡ Ïõæäó ãóÇ íóäúÝóÑöÏõ Èöåö ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ãöäú ãóÇáöåö¡ æóÓóæóÇÁñ ÇÔúÊóÑóßóÇ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ íóãúáößóÇäöåö Ãóæú Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãóÇ¡ æóÊóßõæäõ íóÏõ ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ßóíóÏö ÕóÇÍöÈöåö¡ æóÊóÕóÑøõÝõåõ ßóÊóÕóÑøõÝöåö ãóÇ áóãú íóÊóÈóÑøóÚú ÈöÔóíúÁò áóíúÓó Ýöí ãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö.
æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúãóÊóÇÌöÑö Ãóæú Ýöí äóæúÚò æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ¡ ßóÑóÞöíÞò íóÊóÝóÇæóÖóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö Ýöíåö ÝóÞóØú¡ æóáößõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ Ãóäú íóÈöíÚó ÈöÇáÏøóíúäö æóíóÔúÊóÑöíó Ýöíåö æóíóáúÒóãõ Ðóáößó ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöÎóáöíáò Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö Ýöí ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö ÈöÇáÏøóíúäö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Îóáöíáñ Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö Åöáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÔóÑößóÉö ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò ãóÚó ÊóÚúÑöíÝöåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõåõ ÚóÞúÏõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó Åöäú ÃóØúáóÞóÇ ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝó æóÅöäú ÈöäóæúÚò ÝóãõÝóÇæóÖóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ íõÝúÓöÏõåóÇ ÇäúÝöÑóÇÏõ ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò æóáóåõ Ãóäú íóÊóÈóÑøóÚó Åöäö ÇÓúÊóÃúáóÝó Èöåö ÃóæúÎóÝøó ßóÅöÚóÇÑóÉö ÂáóÉò æóÏóÝúÚö ßöÓúÑóÉò æóíóÈúÖöÚõ æóíõÞóÇÑöÏõ æóíõæÏöÚõ áöÚõÐúÑò æóÅöáøóÇ Öóãöäó¡ æóíõÔóÇÑößõ Ýöí ãõÚóíøóäò æóíóÞúÈóáõ æóíõæóáøöí æóíóÞúÈóáõ(3/237)
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æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö åóÐöåö Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò áóÇ ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÛóÑóÑö ÇáøóÊöí ÍõÑøöãóÊú ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÝóÇÏóåõ ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö ÇáúãõÊóÝóÇæöÖóíúäö ãöäú ØóÑöíÞò ÃõÎúÑóì ßóÇáúåöÈóÉö æóÇáúÅöÑúËö¡ æóÇßúÊöÓóÇÈö ãõÈóÇÍò ßóÇÕúØöíóÇÏò æóÇÍúÊöØóÇÈò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäúåõ áöÔóÑöíßöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÇ áóÒöãóåõ ÛõÑúãõåõ ÎóÇÑöÌðÇ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ßóÃóÑúÔö ÌöäóÇíóÉò¡ æóËóãóäö ãóÛúÕõæÈò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ãöäúåõ Úóáóì ÔóÑöíßöåö¡ Èóáú íóÞúÊóÕöÑõ ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞðÇ ÈöãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö¡ Ýóßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ æóßöíáñ Úóäú ÕóÇÍöÈöåö¡ æóßóÝöíáñ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇÞúÊóÖóÇåõ ÇáúÚóÞúÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÚóÇÞóÏóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóáóÇ ãõæÌöÈó áöáúãóäúÚö æóáóÇ ÛóÑóÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÌúÚóáõæäó ÇáúãõÊóÝóÇæöÖóíúäö ÔóÑöíßóíúäö Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÇßúÊóÓóÈóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÍúÕõáó ÇáúÛóÑóÑõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóÇ ãõÊóÖóÇãöäóíúäö Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÌóäóíóÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÍúÕõáó ÇáúÛóÑóÑõ ÈöÐóáößó¡ Èóáú åõæó ÚóÞúÏñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ äóÇÆöÈñ Úóäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ýöí ßõáøö ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝóÇÊö Ýöí ãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö¡ æóÖóÇãöäñ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáÔøóÑößóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäúåõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö Ýöí ÔóÑößóÉö ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö ÎöáóÇÝñ Ýöí ÍóÇáò¡ áóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞöíÞóÉò.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö Ýóåöíó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö¡ ãóÚó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝöåöãú Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò ÞóæúáóÇäö¡ æóåöíó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÔúÊóÑöØõ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÃóáøóÇ íóÊóÕóÑøóÝó Ýöí ãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÍóÖúÑóÊöåö æóãõæóÇÝóÞóÊöåö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÏóÑóÌó Îóáöíáñ Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäö ÇÔúÊóÑóØóÇ äóÝúíó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇÏö ÝóÚöäóÇäñ¡ æóåöíó Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ãöäú ÚöäóÇäö ÇáúÝóÑóÓö ; áöÃóäøó ÚöäóÇäó ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö ÈöíóÏö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÝóáóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÞúáóÇáó Ïõæäóåõ ÈöÚóãóáò¡ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÓö ÇáøóÊöí íóÃúÎõÐõ ÑóÇßöÈõåóÇ ÈöÚöäóÇäöåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúÊóØöíÚõ ÇáÐøóåóÇÈó Åöáóì ÌöåóÉò ÈöÛóíúÑö ÑöÖóÇåõ.
æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö: Ãóäøó ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúÚöäóÇäö åöíó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßõ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ÎóÇÕøò¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÌóÒóãó ÇÈúäõ ÑõÔúÏò æóäóÞúáõåõ ÚóäúÏó ÇáúãóæøóÇÞõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö Þóæúáö Îóáöíáò: æóÅöäö ÇÔúÊóÑóØóÇ äóÝúíó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÏóÇÏö ÅöáóÎú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóÎöíÑõ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ áöáúãóÚúÑõæÝö Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóäúÙõæÑò Ýöí ÇááøöÓóÇäö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúæõÌõæåö ÝóáóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãóÚóÇäò:(3/238)
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåóÇ åõæó Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑößó ÇáúæóÌöíåóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöáóÇ ãóÇáò æóáóÇ ÕóäúÚóÉò¡ Èóáú áöíóÔúÊóÑöíó ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÈöãõÄóÌøóáò Ýöí ÐöãøóÊöåö áóåõãóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÇÚóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÑøöÈúÍõ ÇáúÝóÇÖöáõ Úóäö ÇáúÃóËúãóÇäö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ãöäú ÔóÑößóÉö ÇáúæõÌõæåö åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö ÈöÔóÑößóÉö ÇáÐøöãóãö¡ æóåõæó ÝóÇÓöÏñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö æóÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö¡ æóæóÌúåõ ÝóÓóÇÏöåö ÙóÇåöÑñ¡ áöãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÛóÑóÑö¡ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Ãóäú íóÎúÓóÑó åóÐóÇ æóíóÑúÈóÍó åóÐóÇ ßóÇáúÚóßúÓö¡ æóÅöáóì ÝóÓóÇÏö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÃóÔóÇÑó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇÕöãò ÇáúãóÇáößöíøõ Ýöí ÊõÍúÝóÊöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÝóÓúÎõåóÇ Åöäú æóÞóÚóÊú Úóáóì ÇáÐøöãóãú ... æóíõÞóÓøöãóÇäö ÇáÑøöÈúÍó Íõßúãñ ãõáúÊóÒóãú
ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäú ãóÚóÇäöíåóÇ Ãóäú íóÈöíÚó æóÌöíåñ ãóÇáó ÎóÇãöáò ÈöÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÑöÈúÍò¡ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÑøöÈúÍö ÇáøóÐöí ÍóÕóáó Ýöí ÇáúãóÈöíÚö ÈöÓóÈóÈö æóÌóÇåóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóÇãöáó áóæú ßóÇäó åõæó ÇáúÈóÇÆöÚó áóãóÇ ÍóÕøóáó Ðóáößó ÇáÑøöÈúÍó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÝóÇÓöÏñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÚöæóÖõ ÌóÇåò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáËøóÇáöËõ Ãóäú íóÊøóÝöÞó æóÌöíåñ æóÎóÇãöáñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑöíó ÇáúæóÌöíåõ Ýöí ÇáÐøöãøóÉö æóíóÈöíÚó ÇáúÎóÇãöáõ æóíóßõæäó ÇáÑøöÈúÍõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÝóÇÓöÏñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö¡ áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÛóÑóÑö ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÃóÈúÏóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö Ýóåöíó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ ÈöÔõÑõæØò¡ æóåöíó Ãóäú íóßõæäó Úóãóáõ ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö ãõÊøóÍöÏðÇ ßóÎóíøóÇØóíúäö¡ Ãóæú ãõÊóáóÇÒöãðÇ ßóÃóäú íóÛúÒöáó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ æóíóäúÓöÌó ÇáúÂÎóÑõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÓúÌó áóÇ ÈõÏøó áóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÛóÒúáö¡ æóÃóäú íóÊóÓóÇæóíóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚóãóáö ÌóæúÏóÉð æóÑóÏóÇÁóÉð æóÈõØúÃð æóÓõÑúÚóÉð¡ Ãóæú íóÊóÞóÇÑóÈóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóäú íóÍúÕõáó ÇáÊøóÚóÇæõäõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóÅöáóì ÌóæóÇÒö åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÈöÔõÑõæØöåö ÃóÔóÇÑó Îóáöíáñ Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
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æóÃóãøóÇ ÊóÝúÕöíáõ ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉó ÊóäúÞóÓöãõ Åöáóì ÖóÑúÈóíúäö:
ÔóÑößóÉö ãöáúßò¡ æóÔóÑößóÉö ÚóÞúÏò.
ÝóÔóÑößóÉõ Çáúãöáúßö æóÇÖöÍóÉñ¡ ßóÃóäú íóãúáößóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÈöÅöÑúËò Ãóæú åöÈóÉò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚóÞúÏö ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÊóäúÞóÓöãõ Åöáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÞúÓóÇãò:
ÔóÑößóÉò ÈöÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóÔóÑößóÉò ÈöÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö¡ æóÔóÑößóÉò ÈöÇáúæõÌõæåö¡ æóßõáøõ ÞöÓúãò ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúÓóÇãö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõãú íóäúÞóÓöãõ ÞöÓúãóíúäö: ãõÝóÇæóÖóÉñ¡ æóÚöäóÇäñ¡ ÝóÇáúãóÌúãõæÚõ ÓöÊøóÉõ ÃóÞúÓóÇãò.
ÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýóåöíó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ Åöäú ÊóæóÝøóÑóÊú ÔõÑõæØõåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÚöäúÏóåõãõ ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ æóßóÇáóÉó ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö áöáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóßóÝóÇáóÉó ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑó¡ æóáóÇÈõÏøó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ãõÓóÇæóÇÉö ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáÏøöíäö æóÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö.
ÝóÈöÊóÖóãøõäöåóÇ ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉó íóÕöÍøõ ÊóÕóÑøõÝõ ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ Ýöí äóÕöíÈö ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
æóÈöÊóÖóãøõäöåóÇ ÇáúßóÝóÇáóÉó íóØúáõÈõ ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÈöãóÇ áóÒöãó ÇáúÂÎóÑó.
æóÈöãõÓóÇæóÇÊöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö íóãúÊóäöÚõ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÈöÏøó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÈöÔóíúÁò ÊóÕöÍøõ ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ Ýöíåö Ïõæäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóáöÐóÇ áóæú æóÑöËó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚóÞúÏö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ Ýöíåö ßóÇáäøóÞúÏö ÈóØóáóÊö ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉõ¡ æóÑóÌóÚóÊö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ ÔóÑößóÉó ÚöäóÇäò.
æóÈöÊóÖóãøõäöåóÇ ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö ÊóãúÊóäöÚõ Èóíúäó ãõÓúáöãò æóßóÇÝöÑò.
æóÈöÊóÖóãøõäöåóÇ ÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÕóÑøõÝö ÊóãúÊóäöÚõ Èóíúäó ÈóÇáöÛò æóÕóÈöíøò¡ æóÈóíúäó ÍõÑøò æóÚóÈúÏò¡ æóßõáøõ ãóÇ ÇÔúÊóÑóÇåõ æóÇÍöÏñ ãöäú ÔóÑöíßóíö ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö Ýóåõæó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ØóÚóÇãó Ãóåúáöåö æóßõÓúæóÊóåõãú¡ æóßõáøõ Ïóíúäò áóÒöãó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÈöÊöÌóÇÑóÉò æóÛóÕúÈò æóßóÝóÇáóÉò áóÒöãó ÇáúÂÎóÑó.(3/242)
æóáóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÔóÑößóÉõ ãõÝóÇæóÖóÉò Ãóæú ÚöäóÇäò ÈöÛóíúÑö ÇáäøóÞúÏóíúäö æóÇáÊøöÈúÑö æóÇáúÝõáõæÓö ÇáäøóÇÝöÞóÉö¡ æóÇáúÍöíáóÉõ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚõÑõæÖö ÚöäúÏóåõãú åöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö¡ Ýóåõãú ãõÊøóÝöÞõæäó Ýöí Ðóáößó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö Ýóåöíó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒöåóÇ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
æóÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö åöíó ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉó æóÍúÏóåóÇ¡ æóáóãú ÊóÊóÖóãøóäö ÇáúßóÝóÇáóÉó¡ æóåöíó: Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑößóÇ Ýöí äóæúÚö ÈóÒøò Ãóæú ØóÚóÇãò Ãóæú Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö. æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑö ÇáúßóÝóÇáóÉó.
æóíõÚúáóãõ ãöäú åóÐóÇ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóÇ ÇÔúÊóÑóÇåõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÃóÍóÏóåõãóÇ ãóÇ áóÒöãó ÇáúÂÎóÑó ãöäó ÇáúÛóÑóÇãóÇÊö¡ æóÊóÕöÍøõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÓóÇæöí Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö Ïõæäó ÇáÑøöÈúÍö æóÚóßúÓöåö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÑøöÈúÍö áöÃóßúËóÑöåöãóÇ ÚóãóáðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÒöíóÇÏóÉó ÇáÑøöÈúÍö Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÒöíóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóãóáö æöÝóÇÞðÇ áöáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö¡ æóÚöäúÏó ÛóíúÑöåöãú áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáÑøöÈúÍõ ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóáóæö ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö " ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúÚöäóÇäö " ÈöËóãóäò ÝóáóíúÓó áöãóäú ÈóÇÚóåõ ãõØóÇáóÈóÉõ ÔóÑöíßöåö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúßóÝóÇáóÉó Èóáú íõØóÇáöÈõ ÇáÔøóÑöíßó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÔúÊóÑóì ãöäúåõ ÝóÞóØú¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÔøóÑöíßó íóÑúÌöÚõ Úóáóì ÔóÑöíßöåö ÈöÍöÕøóÊöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÔúÊóÑóØõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÎóáúØõ ÇáúãóÇáóíúäö¡ Ýóáóæö ÇÔúÊóÑóì ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÈöãóÇáöåö æóåóáóßó ãóÇáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑóì ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóíóÑúÌöÚõ Úóáóì ÔóÑöíßöåö ÈöÍöÕøóÊöåö ãöäúåõ.
æóÊóÈúØõáõ åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÈöåóáóÇßö ÇáúãóÇáóíúäö Ãóæú ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö¡ æóÊóÝúÓõÏõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÈöÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö ÏóÑóÇåöãó ãõÓóãøóÇÉò ãöäó ÇáÑøöÈúÍö áöÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ¡ æóíóÌõæÒõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú áößõáøò ãöäú ÔóÑöíßóíö ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö æóÇáúÚöäóÇäö Ãóäú íóÈúÖóÚó æóíóÓúÊóÃúÌöÑó¡ æóíõæÏöÚó æóíõÖóÇÑöÈó æóíõæóßøöáó¡ æóíóÏõ ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ Ýöí ãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö íóÏõ ÃóãóÇäóÉò¡ ßóÇáúæóÏöíÚóÉö æóÇáúÚóÇÑöíóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÝóÝöíåóÇ ÊóÝúÕöíáñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÚóãóáõ ãöäó ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÇÊö æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ÌóÇÒóÊú ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö¡ æóáóÇ íóÔúÊóÑöØõæäó ÇÊøöÍóÇÏó ÇáúÚóãóáö Ãóæú ÊóáóÇÒõãóåõ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÝóíóÌõæÒõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö: Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑößó ÎóíøóÇØóÇäö ãóËóáðÇ¡ Ãóæú ÎóíøóÇØñ æóÕóÈøóÇÛñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÊóÞóÈøóáóÇ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáó¡ æóíóßõæäó ÇáúßóÓúÈõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóßõáøõ Úóãóáò íóÊóÞóÈøóáõåõ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ íóáúÒóãõåõãóÇ. æóÅöÐóÇ Úóãöáó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÝóãóÇ ÍóÕøóáó ãöäú Úóãóáöåö Ýóåõæó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó Ýöíåö ÇáøóÐöí áóãú íóÚúãóáú áöÃóäøóåõ Öóãöäóåõ ÈöÊóÞóÈøõáö ÕóÇÍöÈöåö áóåõ¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóÍóÞøó äóÕöíÈóåõ ãöäúåõ ÈöÇáÖøóãóÇäö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÌóÇÒóåõ ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉõ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÎúáõæ ãöäú ÛóÑóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÕóäúÚóÉö ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö¡ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Ãóäú íõÍóÕøöáó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóßúËóÑó ãöãøóÇ ÍóÕøóáóåõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ¡ ÝóÇáÔøõÑõæØõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÌóÇÒó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉõ " ÔóÑößóÉó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö " ÃóÍúæóØõ æóÃóÈúÚóÏõ ãöäó ÇáúÛóÑóÑö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.(3/243)
æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáõ ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇßúÊöÓóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÍóÇÊö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö¡ ßóÇáöÇÍúÊöØóÇÈö æóÇáöÇÍúÊöÔóÇÔö¡ æóÇáöÇÕúØöíóÇÏö æóÇÌúÊöäóÇÁö ÇáËøöãóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö æóÇáúÈóÑóÇÑöí¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö.
æóæóÌúåõ ãóäúÚöåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö Ãóäøó ãóäö ÇßúÊóÓóÈó ãõÈóÇÍðÇ ßóÍóØóÈò Ãóæú ÍóÔöíÔò Ãóæú ÕóíúÏò ãóáóßóåõ ãöáúßðÇ ãõÓúÊóÞöáøðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ æóÌúåó áößóæúäö ÌõÒúÁò ãöäúåõ áöÔóÑöíßò ÂÎóÑó ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáÊøóæúßöíáõ Ýöíåö¡ æóãóäú ÃóÌóÇÒóåõ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÌóÚóáó áöáúÂÎóÑö äóÕöíÈðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúãõÈóÇÍö ÇáøóÐöí íóßúÊóÓöÈõåõ Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈöáö ÇáäøóÕöíÈö ÇáøóÐöí íóßúÊóÓöÈõåõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ¡ æóÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉõ ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó ÈöÌóæóÇÒö åóÐóÇ íóÔúÊóÑöØõæäó ÇÊøöÍóÇÏó ÇáúÚóãóáö Ãóæú ÊóÞóÇÑõÈóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÛóÑóÑó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóáóÇ ãõæÌöÈó áöáúãóäúÚö¡ æóÝöí ÇÔúÊöÑóÇØö Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö ÎöáóÇÝñ ßóãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ " ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúæõÌõæåö " ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö " ÈöÔóÑößóÉö ÇáÐøöãóãö " æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóäúÚóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøóÉö Ýóåöíó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäóÊú ãõÝóÇæóÖóÉð Ãóæú ÚöäóÇäðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãöãøóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉó ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉó æóÇáúßóÝóÇáóÉó.
æóÃóäøó ÇáúÚöäóÇäó ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇáúæóßóÇáóÉó ÝóÞóØú¡ æóÅöäö ÇÔúÊóÑóØó ÇáÔøóÑöíßóÇäö Ýöí " ÔóÑößóÉö ÇáúæõÌõæåö " ãõäóÇÕóÝóÉó ÇáúãõÔúÊóÑöí Ãóæú ãõËóÇáóËóÊóåõ ÝóÇáÑøöÈúÍõ ßóÐóáößó ÚöäúÏóåõãú æóÈóØóáó ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÔóÑúØõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøöÈúÍó ÚöäúÏóåõãú áóÇ íõÓúÊóÍóÞøõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóãóáö¡ ßóÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÈö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÇáúãóÇáö ßóÑóÈøö ÇáúãóÇáö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÇáÖøóãóÇäö ßóÇáúÃõÓúÊóÇÐö ÇáøóÐöí íóÊóÞóÈøóáõ ÇáúÚóãóáó ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö æóíõáúÞöíåö Úóáóì ÇáÊøöáúãöíÐö ÈöÃóÞóáøó ãöãøóÇ ÃóÎóÐó¡ ÝóíóØöíÈõ áóåõ ÇáúÝóÖúáõ ÈöÇáÖøóãóÇäö¡ åóßóÐóÇ íóÞõæáõæäóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì ãóÇ Ýöí " ÔóÑößóÉö ÇáúæõÌõæåö " ãöäó ÇáúÛóÑóÑö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöÈúÍó Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÓöÏóÉö Úóáóì ÍóÓóÈö ÇáúãóÇáö Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÔóÑößóÉó ãóÇáò¡ æóÚóáóì ÍóÓóÈö ÇáúÚóãóáö Åöäú ßóÇäóÊú ÔóÑößóÉó Úóãóáò¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóÊóÈúØõáõ ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ ÈöãóæúÊö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÊóÝúÕöíáõ ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýóåöíó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÞöÓúãóÇäö: ÔóÑößóÉõ ÃóãúáóÇßò¡ æóÔóÑößóÉõ ÚõÞõæÏò.
æóÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚõÞõæÏö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö ÎóãúÓóÉõ ÃóäúæóÇÚò: ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÃóÈúÏóÇäö¡ æóÇáúæõÌõæåö¡ æóÇáúãõÖóÇÑóÈóÉö¡ æóÇáúãõÝóÇæóÖóÉö.
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Ýöí ÇáÕøöäóÇÚóÇÊö Ïõæäó ÇßúÊöÓóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÍóÇÊö.
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æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúæõÌõæåö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉõ ÈöÔóÑößóÉö ÇáÐøöãóãö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö Ýóåöíó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó æöÝóÇÞðÇ áöÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóÇáößò æóÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÚöäóÇäö Ýóåöíó ÌóÇÆöÒóÉñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÚöäúÏóåõãú: Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑößó ÑóÌõáóÇäö ÈöãóÇáóíúåöãóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÚúãóáóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÈöÃóÈúÏóÇäöåöãóÇ æóÇáÑøöÈúÍõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÈöÇáÏøóäóÇäöíÑö æóÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÈöÇáúÚõÑõæÖö.
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íõÓúÊóÏóáøõ áóåõ ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁö Èúäö ÚóÇÒöÈò ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö æóÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö Ýöí ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÇáúÈóíúÚö æóÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏó ÈöÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö ÇáÊøóÚóÇæõäõ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÝóíóäõæÈõ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö Úóäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó íóÑúÝóÚõåõ¡ ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ " ÃóäóÇ ËóÇáöËõ ÇáÔøóÑöíßóíúäö. . . " ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãó¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ßóáóÇãó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöíåö¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÕóÇáöÍñ áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí ÃóäøóåõãóÇ íóÚúãóáóÇäö ãóÚðÇ Ýöí ãóÇáö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: " ãóÇ áóãú íóÎõäú ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ. . . " ÇáúÍóÏöíËó.
æóíóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÓøóÇÆöÈö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÇáÓøóÇÆöÈö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãõ Ýöí Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÔóÑöíßó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóåõæó ÇÔúÊöÑóÇßñ Ýöí ÇáÊøöÌóÇÑóÉö æóÇáúÈóíúÚö æóÇáÔøöÑóÇÁö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÔóÑößóÉõ ÇáúÃóÈúÏóÇäö ÝóíõÍúÊóÌøõ áóåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇÔúÊóÑóßúÊõ ÃóäóÇ æóÚóãøóÇÑñ æóÓóÚúÏñ ÝöíãóÇ äõÕöíÈõ íóæúãó ÈóÏúÑò. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÌóÇÁó ÓóÚúÏñ ÈöÃóÓöíÑóíúäö æóáóãú ÃóÌöÆú ÃóäóÇ æóÚóãøóÇÑñ ÈöÔóíúÁò. ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãóÌúÏõ Ýöí " ãõäúÊóÞóì ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö " ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞóåõ: æóåõæó ÍõÌøóÉñ Ýöí ÔóÑößóÉö ÇáúÃóÈúÏóÇäö æóÊóãóáøõßö ÇáúãõÈóÇÍóÇÊö¡ æóÃõÚöáøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÈöÃóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó áóãú íóÓúãóÚú ãöäú ÃóÈöíåö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÝóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ãõÑúÓóáñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉó ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉó íóÍúÊóÌøõæäó ÈöÇáúãõÑúÓóáö ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöáúãõÍóÏøöËöíäó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÖóÇÑóÈóÉõ Ýóáóãú íóËúÈõÊú ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÏöíËñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ãóÑúÝõæÚñ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉó ÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ áöÔõíõæÚöåóÇ æóÇäúÊöÔóÇÑöåóÇ Ýöíåöãú ãöäú ÛóíúÑö äóßöíÑò¡ æóÞóÏú ãóÖóì Úóáóì Ðóáößó Úóãóáõ ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäú áóÏõäö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÂäó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö äóßöíÑò¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÒúãò Ýöí ãóÑóÇÊöÈö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö: ßõáøõ ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúÝöÞúåö áóåóÇ ÃóÕúáñ ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ ÍóÇÔóÇ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÖó ÝóãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ áóåõ ÃóÕúáðÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÅöÌúãóÇÚñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ãõÌóÑøóÏñ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íõÞúØóÚõ Èöåö Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÚóÕúÑö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÚóáöãó Èöåö æóÃóÞóÑøóåõ¡ æóáóæúáóÇ Ðóáößó áóãóÇ ÌóÇÒó. ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøö Ýöí äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Ýöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúãóäóÇØö¡ ÝóÈóÚúÖõåõãú íóÞõæáõ: åóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉõ íõæÌóÏõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÛóÑóÑõ æóåõæó ãóäóÇØõ ÇáúãóäúÚö Ýóåöíó ãóãúäõæÚóÉñ¡ ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ: áóÇ ÛóÑóÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö íõæÌöÈõ ÇáúãóäúÚó ÝóãóäóÇØõ ÇáúãóäúÚö áóíúÓó ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: ÃóÎóÐó ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÌóæóÇÒõ ÎóáúØö ÇáÑøõÝóÞóÇÁö ØóÚóÇãóåõãú æóÃóßúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖò æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóßúËóÑó ÃóßúáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ÈóÚóËõæÇ æóÑöÞóåõãú áöíõÔúÊóÑóì áóåõãú ÈöåóÇ ØóÚóÇãñ íóÃúßõáõæäóåõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡(3/247)
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÍúÊóãöáõ ÇäúÝöÑóÇÏó æóÑöÞö ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú æóØóÚóÇãöåö ; ÝóáóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì ÎóáúØöåöãú ØóÚóÇãóåõãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Úóäúåõ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö áöáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóáóåõ æóÌúåñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö: æóáóÇ ãõÚóæøóáó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËóíúäö¡ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÚõãóÑó ãóÑøó ÈöÞóæúãò íóÃúßõáõæäó ÊóãúÑðÇ ÝóÞóÇáó: äóåóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÑóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÃúÐöäó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÃóÎóÇåõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó Ýöí ÌóíúÔö ÇáúÎóÈóØö¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúÃóæøóáö Ýöí ÇáÙøõåõæÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó íõÚúØöíåöãú ßóÝóÇÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÞõæÊö æóáóÇ íóÌúãóÚõåõãú. ÇåÜ ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ãöäó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßö æóåõæó ÎóáúØõ ÇáÑøõÝúÞóÉö ØóÚóÇãóåõãú æóÇÔúÊöÑóÇßõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóßúáö Ýöíåö åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõ ÈöÜ " ÇáäøöåúÏö " ÈößóÓúÑö Çáäøõæäö æóÝóÊúÍöåóÇ¡ æóáöÌóæóÇÒöåö ÃóÏöáøóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ ÃóãøóÇ Ïóáöíáõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊõÎóÇáöØõæåõãú ÝóÅöÎúæóÇäõßõãú [2 \ 220] ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÎóáúØö ØóÚóÇãö ÇáúíóÊöíãö ãóÚó ØóÚóÇãö æóÕöíøöåö æóÃóßúáöåöãóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áóíúÓó Úóáóíúßõãú ÌõäóÇÍñ Ãóäú ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ãóæú ÃóÔúÊóÇÊðÇ [24 \ 61] ¡ æóãöäú ÕõæóÑö Ãóßúáöåöãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãõ Èóíúäóåõãú ÝóíóÃúßõáõæäó ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÕóÍöíÍóÉñ¡ ãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÞóÇáó: " ÈóÚóËó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈóÚúËðÇ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÇÍöáö¡ ÝóÃóãøóÑó Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÈóÇ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó Èúäó ÇáúÌóÑøóÇÍö¡ æóåõãú ËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉö äóÝóÑò¡ æóÃóäóÇ Ýöíåöãú¡ ÝóÎóÑóÌúäóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÈöÈóÚúÖö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö Ýóäöíó ÇáÒøóÇÏõ¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó ÈöÃóÒúæóÇÏö Ðóáößó ÇáúÌóíúÔö¡ ÝóÌóãóÚó Ðóáößó ßõáøóåõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó ãöÒúæóÏóíú ÊóãúÑò ÝóßóÇäó íóÞõæÊõäóÇ ßõáøó íóæúãò ÞóáöíáðÇ ÍóÊøóì Ýóäöíó¡ Ýóáóãú íóßõäú íõÕöíÈõäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÊóãúÑóÉð ÊóãúÑóÉð¡ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: æóãóÇ ÊõÛúäöí ÊóãúÑóÉñ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÞóÏú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÝóÞúÏóåóÇ Íöíäó ÝóäöíóÊú¡ Ëõãøó ÇäúÊóåóíúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÍõæÊñ. . " ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ËóÇÈöÊñ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ æóÇááøóÝúÙõ ÇáøóÐöí ÓõÞúäóÇåõ Èöåö áóÝúÙõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö " ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö " æóÝöíåö ÌóãúÚõ ÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó ÈóÞöíøóÉó ÃóÒúæóÇÏö ÇáúÞóæúãö æóÎóáúØõåóÇ Ýöí ãöÒúæóÏóíú ÊóãúÑò¡ æóáóãú íõäúßöÑú Úóáóíúåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈóÚúÏó ÞõÏõæãöåöãú Åöáóíúåö.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÃóßúæóÚö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: ÎóÝøóÊú ÃóÒúæóÇÏõ ÇáúÞóæúãö æóÃóãúáóÞõæÇ¡ ÝóÃóÊóæõÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí äóÍúÑö ÅöÈöáöåöãú¡ ÝóÃóÐöäó áóåõãú ÝóáóÞöíóåõãú ÚõãóÑõ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑõæåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ÈóÞóÇÄõßõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÈöáößõãú¡ ÝóÏóÎóáó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ãóÇ ÈóÞóÇÄõåõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÈöáöåöãú¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: " äóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóíóÃúÊõæäó ÈöÝóÖúáö ÃóÒúæóÇÏöåöãú " ÝóÈõÓöØó áöÐóáößó äöØúÚñ æóÌóÚóáõæåõ Úóáóì ÇáäøöØúÚö¡ ÝóÞóÇãó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÏóÚóÇ æóÈóÑøóßó Úóáóíúåö¡ Ëõãøó ÏóÚóÇåõãú ÈöÃóæúÚöíóÊöåöãú ÝóÇÍúÊóËóì ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÍóÊøóì ÝóÑóÛõæÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó:(3/248)
" ÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäú áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÃóäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö " åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ËóÇÈöÊñ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ æóÇááøóÝúÙõ ÇáøóÐöí ÓõÞúäóÇåõ Èöåö áöáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö " ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö " æóÝöíåö: ÎóáóØó ØóÚóÇãóåõãú ÈóÚúÖóåõ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖò.
æóãöäúåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: äóåóì ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íõÞúÑöäó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ Èóíúäó ÇáÊøóãúÑóÊóíúäö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÓúÊóÃúÐöäó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈóåõ¡ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó äóåóì Úóäö ÇáúÅöÞúÑóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÃúÐöäó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ãöäúßõãú ÃóÎóÇåõ.
ßõáøõ åóÐóÇ ËóÇÈöÊñ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áöáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö " ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö "¡ æóÅöÐúäõ ÕóÇÍöÈöåö áóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÇÔúÊöÑóÇßöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÊøóãúÑö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÌóæóÇÒóåõ ãöäú ÎóáúØö ÇáÑøõÝóÞóÇÁö ØóÚóÇãóåõãú æóÃóßúáöåöãú ãöäúåõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ åõæó ãõÑóÇÏõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöáóÝúÙö ÇáäøöåúÏö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö: ÇáÔøóÑößóÉõ Ýöí ÇáØøóÚóÇãö æóÇáäøöåúÏö. Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áóãú íóÑó ÇáúãõÓúáöãõæäó Ýöí ÇáäøöåúÏö ÈóÃúÓðÇ Ãóäú íóÃúßõáó åóÐóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ ÅöáóÎú.
ÝõÑõæÚñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÇáÔøóÑößóÉö
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Åöäú ÏóÝóÚó ÔóÎúÕñ ÏóÇÈøóÊóåõ áöÂÎóÑó áöíóÚúãóáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóãóÇ íóÑúÒõÞõ Çááøóåõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ äöÕúÝóíúäö Ãóæú ÃóËúáóÇËðÇ Ãóæú ßóíúÝóãóÇ ÔóÑóØóÇ - ÝóÝöí ÕöÍøóÉö Ðóáößó ÎöáóÇÝñ Èóíúäö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: íóÕöÍøõ Ðóáößó¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóäõÞöáó äóÍúæõåõ Úóäö ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Ðóáößó¡ æóãóÇ ÍóÕóáó Ýóåõæó áöáúÚóÇãöáö æóÚóáóíúåö ÃõÌúÑóÉõ ãöËúáö ÇáÏøóÇÈøóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí " ÇáúãõÛúäöí " æóßóÑöåó Ðóáößó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ËóæúÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÃúíö: áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ¡ æóÇáÑøöÈúÍõ ßõáøõåõ áöÑóÈøö ÇáÏøóÇÈøóÉö¡ æóáöáúÚóÇãöáö ÃõÌúÑóÉõ ãöËúáöåö¡ åóÐóÇ ÍóÇÕöáõ ßóáóÇãö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
æóÃóÞúæóì ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ÏóáöíáðÇ ÚöäúÏöí ÝöíåóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóäú ÃóÌóÇÒó Ðóáößó¡ ßóÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÍóÏöíËö ÑõæóíúÝöÚö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò¡ ÞóÇáó: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏõäóÇ Ýöí Òóãóäö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóíóÃúÎõÐõ äöÖúæó ÃóÎöíåö Úóáóì Ãóäøó áóåõ ÇáäøöÕúÝó ãöãøóÇ íóÛúäóãõ æóáóäóÇ ÇáäøöÕúÝõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏõäóÇ áóíóØöíÑõ áóåõ ÇáäøóÕúáõ æóÇáÑøöíÔõ æóáöáúÂÎóÑö ÇáúÞöÏúÍõ¡ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ Ýöí " äóíúáö ÇáúÃóæúØóÇÑö ": ÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöíåö ÔóíúÈóÇäõ Èúäõ ÃõãóíøóÉó ÇáúÞöÊúÈóÇäöíøõ æóåõæó ãóÌúåõæáñ¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÑöÌóÇáöåö ËöÞóÇÊñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ØóÑöíÞö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÌúåõæáö ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏò ÑöÌóÇáõåõ ßõáøõåõãú ËöÞóÇÊñ¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ Ïóáöíáñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÏóÝúÚö ÇáÑøóÌõáö Åöáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÑóÇÍöáóÊóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö Úóáóì Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáúÛóäöíãóÉõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóåõæó Úóãóáñ Úóáóì ÇáÏøóÇÈøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÑúÒõÞõåõ Çááøóåõ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÇáÊøóÝúÑöíÞõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÚóãóáö Ýöí ÇáúÌöåóÇÏö æóÈóíúäó ÛóíúÑöåö áóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(3/249)
Åöäøóåõãú Åöäú íóÙúåóÑõæÇ Úóáóíúßõãú íóÑúÌõãõæßõãú Ãóæú íõÚöíÏõæßõãú Ýöí ãöáøóÊöåöãú æóáóäú ÊõÝúáöÍõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ (20)
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑößó ËóáóÇËóÉñ: ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåöãú ÏóÇÈøóÉñ¡ æóãöäú ÂÎóÑó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ¡ æóãöäó ÇáËøóÇáöËö ÇáúÚóãóáõ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýóåõæó Èóíúäóåõãú¡ Ýóåóáú íóÌõæÒõ åóÐóÇ¿ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãóäú ÞóÇáó áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ åóÐóÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ Þóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö. æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÐóáößó: ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ãöäó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö¡ æóÃóÌóÇÒóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí " ÇáúãõÛúäöí ": Åöäøóåõ ÕóÍöíÍñ Ýöí ÞöíóÇÓö Þóæúáö ÃóÍúãóÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÇáúÝóÑúÚõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ Ãóäú íóÔúÊóÑößó ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ: ãöäú ÃóÍóÏöåöãú ÏõßøóÇäñ¡ æóãöäú ÂÎóÑó ÑóÍðì¡ æóãöäú ÂÎóÑó ÈóÛúáñ¡ æóãöäó ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö ÇáúÚóãóáõ¡ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóØúÍóäõæÇ ÈöÐóáößó¡ ÝóãóÇ ÑóÒóÞóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýóåõæó Èóíúäóåõãú¡ Ýóåóáú íóÕöÍøõ Ðóáößó Ãóæú áóÇ¿ ÇÎúÊõáöÝó Ýöíåö¡ ÝóÞöíáó: íóÕöÍøõ Ðóáößó æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÎóÇáóÝó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞóÇÖöí ãöäó ÇáúÍóäóÇÈöáóÉö æöÝóÇÞðÇ áöáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó ÈöãóäúÚö Ðóáößó ßóÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó: æóãóäúÚõåõ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ Þóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõÔóÇÑóßóÉð æóáóÇ ãõÖóÇÑóÈóÉó¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÑøóÍóì æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøóÇÈøóÉö æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÍóÇäõæÊö ÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÚúãóáõæÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóßóÇäó ßöÑóÇÁõ ÇáúÍóÇäõæÊö æóÇáÑøóÍóì æóÇáÏøóÇÈøóÉö ãõÊóÓóÇæöíðÇ¡ æóÚóãóáõ ÃóÑúÈóÇÈöåóÇ ãõÊóÓóÇæöíðÇ - Ýóåõæó ÌóÇÆöÒñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóÇáößöíøóÉö¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÔóÇÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ Îóáöíáñ Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÚóÇØöÝðÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ: æóÐöí ÑóÍðÇ¡ æóÐöí ÈóíúÊò¡ æóÐöí ÏóÇÈøóÉò áöíóÚúáóãõæÇ Åöäú áóãú íóÊóÓóÇæó ÇáúßöÑóÇÁõ æóÊóÓóÇæóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÛóáøóÉö æóÊóÑóÇÏøõæÇ ÇáúÃóßúÑöíóÉó¡ æóÅöäö ÇÔúÊõÑöØó Úóãóáõ ÑóÈøö ÇáÏøóÇÈøóÉö ÝóÇáúÛóáøóÉõ áóåõ æóÚóáóíúåö ßöÑóÇÄõåõãóÇ.
æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó " ÇáÔøóÑößóÉó " ÈóÇÈñ ßóÈöíÑñ ãöäú ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáúÝöÞúåö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÓóÇÆöáóåóÇ ãõÈóíøóäóÉñ ÈöÇÓúÊöÞúÕóÇÁò Ýöí ßõÊõÈö ÝõÑõæÚö ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÞóÕúÏõäóÇ åõäóÇ Ãóäú äõÈóíøöäó ÌóæóÇÒóåóÇ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚö¡ æóäóÐúßõÑó ÃóÞúÓóÇãóåóÇ æóãóÚóÇäöíóåóÇ ÇááøõÛóæöíøóÉó æóÇáöÇÕúØöáóÇÍöíøóÉó¡ æóÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÈóíóÇäó ÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÐößúÑó ÈóÚúÖö ÝõÑõæÚöåóÇ ÊóäúÈöíåðÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÊóíúäóÇ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõãú Åöäú íóÙúåóÑõæÇ Úóáóíúßõãú íóÑúÌõãõæßõãú Ãóæú íõÚöíÏõæßõãú Ýöí ãöáøóÊöåöãú æóáóäú ÊõÝúáöÍõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøó Þóæúãóåõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÝóÑøõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ÈöÏöíäöåöãú Åöäú íóÙúåóÑõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Ãóíú íóØøóáöÚõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú æóíóÚúÑöÝõæÇ ãóßóÇäóåõãú¡ íóÑúÌõãõæåõãú ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó ãöäú ÃóÔúäóÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÞóÊúáö¡ æóÞöíáó: íóÑúÌõãõæåõãú ÈöÇáÔøóÊúãö æóÇáúÞóÐúÝö¡ Ãóæú íõÚöíÏõæåõãú Ýöí ãöáøóÊöåöãú¡ Ãóíú: íóÑõÏøõæåõãú Åöáóì ãöáøóÉö ÇáúßõÝúÑö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÝöÚúáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ãóÚó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÐóì Ãóæö ÇáÑøóÏøö Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÐóßóÑóåõ(3/250)
æóßóÐóáößó ÃóÚúËóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú áöíóÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó æóÚúÏó Çááøóåö ÍóÞøñ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó áóÇ ÑóíúÈó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöÐú íóÊóäóÇÒóÚõæäó Èóíúäóåõãú ÃóãúÑóåõãú ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÈúäõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈõäúíóÇäðÇ ÑóÈøõåõãú ÃóÚúáóãõ Èöåöãú ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÛóáóÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑöåöãú áóäóÊøóÎöÐóäøó Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ (21)
Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÝöÚúáõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ãóÚó ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóÃóÊúÈóÇÚöåöãú ; ßóÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ áöÑõÓõáöåöãú áóäõÎúÑöÌóäøóßõãú ãöäú ÃóÑúÖöäóÇ Ãóæú áóÊóÚõæÏõäøó Ýöí ãöáøóÊöäóÇ [14 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇáúãóáóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö áóäõÎúÑöÌóäøóßó íóÇÔõÚóíúÈõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãóÚóßó ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÊöäóÇ Ãóæú áóÊóÚõæÏõäøó Ýöí ãöáøóÊöäóÇ ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóæú ßõäøóÇ ßóÇÑöåöíäó ÞóÏö ÇÝúÊóÑóíúäóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ Åöäú ÚõÏúäóÇ Ýöí ãöáøóÊößõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÐú äóÌøóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ íóßõæäõ áóäóÇ Ãóäú äóÚõæÏó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 88 - 89] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÒóÇáõæäó íõÞóÇÊöáõæäóßõãú ÍóÊøóì íóÑõÏøõæßõãú Úóäú Ïöíäößõãú Åöäö ÇÓúÊóØóÇÚõæÇ [2 \ 217] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÃóÎóÐó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõÐúÑó ÈöÇáúÅößúÑóÇåö ãöäú ÎóÕóÇÆöÕö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ Úóäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö: Åöäú íóÙúåóÑõæÇ Úóáóíúßõãú íóÑúÌõãõæßõãú Ãóæú íõÚöíÏõæßõãú Ýöí ãöáøóÊöåöãú [18 \ 20] ¡ ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí ÅößúÑóÇåöåöãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó æóÚóÏóãö ØóæóÇÚöíóÊöåöãú¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóäúåõãú: æóáóäú ÊõÝúáöÍõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅößúÑóÇåó áóíúÓó ÈöÚõÐúÑò. æóíóÔúåóÏõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÍóÏöíËõ ØóÇÑöÞö Èúäö ÔöåóÇÈò Ýöí ÇáøóÐöí ÏóÎóáó ÇáäøóÇÑó Ýöí ÐõÈóÇÈò ÞóÑøóÈóåõ ãóÚó ÇáúÅößúÑóÇåö ÈöÇáúÎóæúÝö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÊúáö ; áöÃóäøó ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÇãúÊóäóÚó Ãóäú íõÞóÑøöÈó æóáóæú ÐõÈóÇÈðÇ ÞóÊóáõæåõ.
æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ïóáöíáõ ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö¡ Ãóíú: ãóÝúåõæãõ ÇáúãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÌóÇæóÒó áöí Úóäú ÃõãøóÊöí ÇáúÎóØóÃó æóÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó æóãóÇ ÇÓúÊõßúÑöåõæÇ Úóáóíúåö» ; ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÝúåóãõ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: «ÊóÌóÇæóÒó áöí Úóäú ÃõãøóÊöí» Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÃõãøóÊöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö áóãú íóÊóÌóÇæóÒú áóåõãú Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ æóÅöäú ÃóÚóáøóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò ÝóÞóÏú ÊóáóÞøóÇåõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÞóÏöíãðÇ æóÍóÏöíËðÇ ÈöÇáúÞóÈõæáö¡ æóáóåõ ÔóæóÇåöÏõ ËóÇÈöÊóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ) ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö (Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúßóåúÝö» ¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõãú Åöäú íóÙúåóÑõæÇ Úóáóíúßõãú íóÑúÌõãõæßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 20] ; æóáöÐóáößó ÇÎúÊóÕóÑúäóÇåóÇ åõäóÇ¡ ÃóãøóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉõ ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÚõÐúÑöåöãú ÈöÇáúÅößúÑóÇåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃõßúÑöåó æóÞóáúÈõåõ ãõØúãóÆöäøñ ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö [16 \ 106] ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÛóáóÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑöåöãú áóäóÊøóÎöÐóäøó Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ.
áóãú íõÈóíøöäö Çááøóåõ åõäóÇ ãóäú åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÛóáóÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑöåöãú¡ åóáú åõãú ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó Ãóæú ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¿ æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ Ýöíåöãú Þóæúáóíúäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ßõÝøóÇÑñ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí Ãóäøóåõãú ãõÓúáöãõæäó ;(3/251)
æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáóäøó áöÔóíúÁò Åöäøöí ÝóÇÚöáñ Ðóáößó ÛóÏðÇ (23) ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ æóÇÐúßõÑú ÑóÈøóßó ÅöÐóÇ äóÓöíÊó æóÞõáú ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóåúÏöíóäö ÑóÈøöí áöÃóÞúÑóÈó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÑóÔóÏðÇ (24)
æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõãú: áóäóÊøóÎöÐóäøó Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÓúÌöÏðÇ [18 \ 21] ; áöÃóäøó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐó ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó áóÇ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ åóßóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö. æóáöÞóÇÆöáò Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõ ÇáúãóÓóÇÌöÏö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö ãöäú ÝöÚúáö ÇáúãóáúÚõæäöíäó Úóáóì áöÓóÇäö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ áóÇ ãöäú ÝöÚúáö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ðóáößó ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ßóÐøóÈó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÍöÌúÑö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [15 \ 80] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÓóíóÞõæáõæäó ËóáóÇËóÉñ ÑóÇÈöÚõåõãú ßóáúÈõåõãú æóíóÞõæáõæäó ÎóãúÓóÉñ ÓóÇÏöÓõåõãú ßóáúÈõåõãú ÑóÌúãðÇ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóíóÞõæáõæäó ÓóÈúÚóÉñ æóËóÇãöäõåõãú ßóáúÈõåõãú Þõáú ÑóÈøöí ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÚöÏøóÊöåöãú ãóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Þóáöíáñ.
ÃóÎúÈóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóäö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí ÚöÏøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÞúæóÇáò Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÞóÇÆöáó ÈöÑóÇÈöÚò¡ æóÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÞóÑöíäóÉò ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáËøóÇáöËó åõæó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ æóÇáúÃóæøóáóÇäö ÈóÇØöáóÇäö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÇáúÃóæøóáóíúäö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÓóíóÞõæáõæäó ËóáóÇËóÉñ ÑóÇÈöÚõåõãú ßóáúÈõåõãú æóíóÞõæáõæäó ÎóãúÓóÉñ ÓóÇÏöÓõåõãú ßóáúÈõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 22] ¡ ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÌúãðÇ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö¡ Ãóíú: ÞóæúáðÇ ÈöáóÇ Úöáúãò¡ ßóãóäú íóÑúãöí Åöáóì ãóßóÇäò áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõåõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íõÕöíÈõ¡ æóÅöäú ÃóÕóÇÈó ÈöáóÇ ÞóÕúÏò ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóíóÞúÐöÝõæäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈóÚöíÏò [34 \ 53] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: ÇáÑøóÌúãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÇáÙøóäøö¡ íõÞóÇáõ áößõáøö ãóÇ íõÎúÑóÕõ ÑõÌöãó Ýöíåö æóãóÑúÌõæãñ æóãõÑóÌøóãñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÒõåóíúÑñ:
æóãóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÈõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÚóáöãúÊõãú æóÐõÞúÊõãõ ... æóãóÇ åõæó ÚóäúåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÑóÌøóãö
Ëõãøó Íóßóì ÇáúÞóæúáó ÇáËøóÇáöËó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóíóÞõæáõæäó ÓóÈúÚóÉñ æóËóÇãöäõåõãú ßóáúÈõåõãú ÝóÃóÞóÑøóåõ¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ÈóÚúÏóåõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÑóÌúãñ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Þóáöíáñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÃóäóÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóáöíáö ÇáøóÐöí íóÚúáóãõåõãú¡ ßóÇäõæÇ ÓóÈúÚóÉð. æóÞóæúáõåõ: Þõáú ÑóÈøöí ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöÚöÏøóÊöåöãú Ýöíåö ÊóÚúáöíãñ áöáäøóÇÓö Ãóäú íóÑõÏøõæÇ Úöáúãó ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö Åöáóì ÎóÇáöÞöåóÇ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ æóÅöäú ÚóáöãõæÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÚúáóãó äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöãõÏøóÉò áõÈúËöåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÈöËõæÇ Ýöí ßóåúÝöåöãú ËóáóÇËó ãöÇÆóÉò Óöäöíäó æóÇÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÊöÓúÚðÇ [18 \ 25] ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑóåõ ãóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÑóÏøö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóíúåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: Þõáö Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ áóåõ ÛóíúÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 26] ¡ æóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÞóÇÆöáó ÈöÑóÇÈöÚò ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÃóÎúÐðÇ ãöäú ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö. ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇÈúäó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóÇÈúäó ÌõÑóíúÌò ÞóÇáóÇ: ßóÇäõæÇ ËóãóÇäöíóÉð¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáóäøó áöÔóíúÁò Åöäøöí ÝóÇÚöáñ Ðóáößó ÛóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
äóåóì Çááøóåõ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: Åöäøóåõ ÓóíóÝúÚóáõ ÔóíúÆðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö ÅöáøóÇ ãõÚóáøöÞðÇ Ðóáößó Úóáóì ãóÔöíÆóÉö(3/252)
Çááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÔóíúÁñ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇáóãö ßóÇÆöäðÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáóäøó áöÔóíúÁò [18 \ 23] ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊóÞõæáóäøó áöÃóÌúáö ÔóíúÁò ÊóÚúÒöãõ Úóáóì ÝöÚúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö Åöäøöí ÝóÇÚöáñ Ðóáößó ÇáÔøóíúÁó ÛóÏðÇ.
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÛóÏö: ãóÇ íõÓúÊóÞúÈóáõ ãöäó ÇáÒøóãóÇäö áóÇ ÎõÕõæÕõ ÇáúÛóÏö. æóãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÛóÏö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö ãöäó ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ; æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÒõåóíúÑò:
æóÃóÚúáóãõ Úöáúãó Çáúíóæúãö æóÇáúÃóãúÓö ÞóÈúáóåõ ... æóáóßöäøóäöí Úóäú Úöáúãö ãóÇ Ýöí ÛóÏò Úóãõ
íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ æóÌúåó áöÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáúÛóÏö ÇáúãõÚóíøóäö ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [18 \ 24] ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÚóáøöÞðÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö¡ Ãóæú áóÇ ÊóÞõæáóäøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ Ãóíú: ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ íóÚúäöí ÅöáøóÇ ãõÊóáóÈøöÓðÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö ÞóÇÆöáðÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
æóÓóÈóÈõ äõÒõæáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúíóåõæÏó ÞóÇáõæÇ áöÞõÑóíúÔò: ÓóáõæÇ ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäö ÇáÑøõæÍö¡ æóÚóäú ÑóÌõáò ØóæøóÇÝò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡) íóÚúäõæäó ÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÑúäóíúäö (¡ æóÚóäú ÝöÊúíóÉò áóåõãú ÞöÕøóÉñ ÚóÌöíÈóÉñ Ýöí ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ íóÚúäõæäó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÓóÃõÎúÈöÑõßõãú ÛóÏðÇ ÚóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊõãú Úóäúåõ» ¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóáóÈöËó Úóäúåõ ÇáúæóÍúíõ ãõÏøóÉð¡ Þöíáó ÎóãúÓó ÚóÔúÑóÉó áóíúáóÉð¡ æóÞöíáó ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó. ÝóÃóÍúÒóäóåõ ÊóÃóÎøõÑõ ÇáúæóÍúíö Úóäúåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóäúÒóáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó Úóäö ÇáúÃóÓúÆöáóÉö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÑøõæÍö: æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáÑøõæÍö Þõáö ÇáÑøõæÍõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 85] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÝöÊúíóÉö äóÍúäõ äóÞõÕøõ Úóáóíúßó äóÈóÃóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö [18 \ 13] Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÞöÕøóÊöåöãú¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáØøóæøóÇÝö: æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäú Ðöí ÇáúÞóÑúäóíúäö Þõáú ÓóÃóÊúáõæ Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäúåõ ÐößúÑðÇ [18 \ 83] ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÞöÕøóÊöåö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÓóÈóÈó äõÒõæáöåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÇÊóÈó äóÈöíøóåõ ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö Þóæúáöåö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ áóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõãú «ÓóÃõÎúÈöÑõßõãú ÛóÏðÇ» ¡ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì ÈöÖóãöíãóÉö ÈóíóÇäö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö áóåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÇÊóÈó äóÈöíøóåõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö Þóæúáöåö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÚóÇÊóÈó äóÈöíøóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ Èóáú ÝöÊúäóÉõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÈöÐóáößó ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÔóÏøó ; ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍóíúåöãóÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÞóÇáó ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÏóÇæõÏó ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: áóÃóØõæÝóäøó ÇááøóíúáóÉó Úóáóì ÓóÈúÚöíäó ÇãúÑóÃóÉð - æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÊöÓúÚöíäó ÇãúÑóÃóÉð¡ æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ãöÇÆóÉö ÇãúÑóÃóÉò - ÊóáöÏõ ßõáøõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉò ãöäúåõäøó ÛõáóÇãðÇ íõÞóÇÊöáõ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö» ¡ ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ - æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÞóÇáó áóåõ Çáúãóáößõ: «Þõáú Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ» Ýóáóãú íóÞõáú¡ ÝóØóÇÝó Èöåöäøó Ýóáóãú ÊóáöÏú ãöäúåõäøó ÅöáøóÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ äöÕúÝó(3/253)
ÅöäúÓóÇäò ; ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö áóæú ÞóÇáó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áóãú íóÍúäóËú æóßóÇäó ÏóÑúßðÇ áöÍóÇÌóÊöåö» ¡ æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò: «æóáóÞóÇÊóáõæÇ Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÝõÑúÓóÇäðÇ ÃóÌúãóÚõæäó» ÇåÜ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó åóÐóÇ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó Èóíøóäó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÝóÊóäøóÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó æóÃóáúÞóíúäóÇ Úóáóì ßõÑúÓöíøöåö ÌóÓóÏðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [38 \ 34] ¡ æóÃóäøó ÝöÊúäóÉó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ßóÇäóÊú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÊóÑúßöåö Þóæúáóåõ «Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ» ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóáöÏú ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏóÉð äöÕúÝó ÅöäúÓóÇäò¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÌóÓóÏó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó äöÕúÝõ ÅöäúÓóÇäò åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃõáúÞöíó Úóáóì ßõÑúÓöíøöåö ÈóÚúÏó ãóæúÊöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóáúÞóíúäóÇ Úóáóì ßõÑúÓöíøöåö ÌóÓóÏðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÝóãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÝóÊóäøóÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ãöäú ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎóÐó ÇáúÎóÇÊóãó æóÌóáóÓó Úóáóì ßõÑúÓöíøö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ æóØóÑóÏó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Úóäú ãõáúßöåö ; ÍóÊøóì æóÌóÏó ÇáúÎóÇÊóãó Ýöí ÈóØúäö ÇáÓøóãóßóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÚúØóÇåóÇ áóåõ ãóäú ßóÇäó íóÚúãóáõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöÃóÌúÑò ãóØúÑõæÏðÇ Úóäú ãõáúßöåö¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö¡ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÇØöáñ áóÇ ÃóÕúáó áóåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöãóÞóÇãö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö. Ýóåöíó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÇØöáóÉñ.
æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáúÌõáøóÉö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÍóÞøöÞöíäó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÐúßõÑú ÑóÈøóßó ÅöÐóÇ äóÓöíÊó.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÞóæúáóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞóÉñ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøóßó Åöäú ÞõáúÊó ÓóÃóÝúÚóáõ ÛóÏðÇ ßóÐóÇ æóäóÓöíÊó Ãóäú ÊóÞõæáó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÐóßøóÑúÊó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÝóÞõáú Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ; Ãóíö: ÇÐúßõÑú ÑóÈøóßó ãõÚóáøöÞðÇ Úóáóì ãóÔöíÆóÊöåö ãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ Ãóäøóßó ÓóÊóÝúÚóáõåõ ÛóÏðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑúÊó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÈúáóåõ: æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáóäøó áöÔóíúÁò Åöäøöí ÝóÇÚöáñ Ðóáößó ÛóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ [18 \ 23¡ 24] ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö. æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÇáúÚóÇáöíóÉö æóÛóíúÑõåõãú.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó áóÇ ÊóÚóáøõÞó áóåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÅöÐóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäúßó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäõ áöÔóíúÁò ÝóÇÐúßõÑö Çááøóåó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÝóÊóì ãõæÓóì: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÓóÇäöíåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Ãóäú ÃóÐúßõÑóåõ [18 \ 63] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÇÓúÊóÍúæóÐó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÐößúÑó Çááøóåö [58 \ 19] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöãøóÇ íõäúÓöíóäøóßó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúÚõÏú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÐøößúÑóì ãóÚó ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [6 \ 68] ¡ æóÐößúÑõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íóØúÑõÏõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó¡ ßóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì:(3/254)
æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö äõÞóíøöÖú áóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõ ÞóÑöíäñ [43 \ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÚõæÐõ ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóáößö ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöáóåö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ÔóÑøö ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö ÇáúÂíóÉó [114 \ 1 - 4] ; Ãóíö: ÇáúæóÓúæóÇÓö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÛóÝúáóÉö Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö¡ ÇáúÎóäøóÇÓö: ÇáøóÐöí íóÎúäöÓõ æóíóÊóÃóÎøóÑõ ÕóÇÛöÑðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÐóåóÈó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: æóÇÐúßõÑú ÑóÈøóßó ÅöÐóÇ äóÓöíÊó [18 \ 24] ¡ Ãóíú: Õóáøö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÇáøóÊöí ßõäúÊó äóÇÓöíðÇ áóåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÐößúÑößó áóåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó áöÐößúÑöí [20 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÅöÐóÇ äóÓöíÊó¡ Ãóíú: ÅöÐóÇ ÛóÖöÈúÊó - ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö.
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÇÔúÊõåöÑó Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÇÓúÊóäúÈóØó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁó íóÕöÍøõ ÊóÃúÎöíÑõåõ Úóäö ÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäúåõ ÒóãóäðÇ ØóæöíáðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöáóì ÔóåúÑò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöáóì ÓóäóÉò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóäúåõ: áóåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ ÃóÈóÏðÇ. æóæóÌøóåó ÃóÎúÐóåõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì äóåóì äóÈöíøóåõ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: Åöäøóåõ ÓóíóÝúÚóáõ ÔóíúÆðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö ÅöáøóÇ ãöäó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ÈöÅöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÇÐúßõÑú ÑóÈøóßó ÅöÐóÇ äóÓöíÊó ; Ãóíú: Åöäú äóÓöíÊó ÊóÓúÊóËúäöí ÈöÅöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÝóÇÓúÊóËúäö ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑúÊó ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóÞúíöíÏò ÈöÇÊøöÕóÇáò æóáóÇ ÞõÑúÈò.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöíåö Ãóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁó áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÅöáøóÇ ãõÞúÊóÑöäðÇ ÈöÇáúãõÓúÊóËúäóì ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁó ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑó áóÇ ÃóËóÑó áóåõ æóáóÇ ÊõÍóáøõ Èöåö Çáúíóãöíäõ¡ æóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑõ íóÕöÍøõ áóãóÇ Úõáöãó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó ÚóÞúÏñ æóáóÇ íóãöíäñ æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó¡ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö ØõÑõæøö ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÈõØúáóÇäö ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóíõÍúßóì Úóäö ÇáúãóäúÕõæÑö Ãóäøóåõ ÈóáóÛóåõ Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇ ÍóäöíÝóÉó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ íõÎóÇáöÝõ ãóÐúåóÈó ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ; ÝóÇÓúÊóÍúÖóÑóåõ áöíõäúßöÑó Úóáóíúåö Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó áöáúãóäúÕõæÑö: åóÐóÇ íóÑúÌöÚõ Úóáóíúßó! Åöäøóß ÊóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáúÈóíúÚóÉó ÈöÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö¡ ÃóÝóÊóÑúÖóì Ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõæÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó ÝóíóÓúÊóËúäóæúÇ ÝóíóÎúÑõÌõæÇ Úóáóíúßó! ¿ ÝóÇÓúÊóÍúÓóäó ßóáóÇãóåõ æóÑóÖöíó Úóäúåõ.
ÝóÇÆöÏóÉñ
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøö ÇáúãóÇáößöíøö: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÝóÊóÇÉð ÈöÈóÛúÏóÇÏó ÊóÞõæáõ áöÌóÇÑóÊöåóÇ: áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÕóÍöíÍðÇ Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ãóÇ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÃóíøõæÈó: æóÎõÐú ÈöíóÏößó ÖöÛúËðÇ ÝóÇÖúÑöÈú Èöåö æóáóÇ ÊóÍúäóËú [38 \ 44] ¡ Èóáú íóÞõæáõ ÇÓúÊóËúäö ÈöÅöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÕóÇÍöÈö äóÔúÑö ÇáúÈõäõæÏö Ýöí ÔóÑúÍò¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö:(3/255)
Þõáö Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ áóÈöËõæÇ áóåõ ÛóíúÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÈúÕöÑú Èöåö æóÃóÓúãöÚú ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú æóáöíøò æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ (26)
ÈöÔóÑößóÉò æóÈöÇáÊøóæóØøöí ÞóÇáóÇ ... ÈóÚúÖñ æóÃóæúÌóÈó Ýöíåö ÇáöÇÊøöÕóÇáóÇ
æóÝöí ÇáúÈóæóÇÞöí Ïõæäó ãóÇ ÇÖúØöÑóÇÑö ... æóÃóÈúØóáóäú ÈöÇáÕøóãúÊö áöáÊøöÐúßóÇÑö
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÝóãóÇ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÝöíãóÇ äõÓöÈó Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÕöÍøóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑö.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøó ãõÑóÇÏó ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÇÊóÈó äóÈöíøóåõ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö Åöäøóåõ ÓóíóÝúÚóáõ ßóÐóÇ ÛóÏðÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ æóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøó ÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞó ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÈóÛöí Ãóäú íõÝúÚóáó ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÔóíúÁñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ äóÓöíó ÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞó ÈöÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉö Ëõãøó ÊóÐóßøóÑó æóáóæú ÈóÚúÏó Øõæáò ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ¡ áöíóÎúÑõÌó ÈöÐóáößó ãöäú ÚõåúÏóÉö ÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíÞö ÈöÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉö¡ æóíóßõæäó ÞóÏú ÝóæøóÖó ÇáúÃóãúÑó Åöáóì ãóäú áóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö¡ ÝóäóÊöíÌóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö: åöíó ÇáúÎõÑõæÌõ ãöäú ÚõåúÏóÉö ÊóÑößóÉö ÇáúãõæÌöÈö áöáúÚöÊóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö¡ áóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íõÍöáøõ Çáúíóãöíäó áöÃóäøó ÊóÏóÇÑõßóåóÇ ÞóÏú ÝóÇÊó ÈöÇáöÇäúÝöÕóÇáö¡ åóÐóÇ åõæó ãõÑóÇÏõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ßóãóÇ ÌóÒóãó Èöåö ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ ãóÍúÐõæÑó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó.
æóÃóÌóÇÈó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÌóæóÇÈò ÂÎóÑó æóåõæó: Ãóäøóåõ äóæóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁó ÈöÞóáúÈöåö æóäóÓöíó ÇáäøõØúÞó Èöåö ÈöáöÓóÇäöåö¡ ÝóÃóÙúåóÑó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöí äóæóÇåõ æóÞúÊó Çáúíóãöíäö¡ åóßóÐóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ÛóíúÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÚöáúãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÛóíúÈó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóãóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó ÃóíøóÇäó íõÈúÚóËõæäó [27 \ 65] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúßóÈöíÑõ ÇáúãõÊóÚóÇáö [13 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ áöíóÐóÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö ÍóÊøóì íóãöíÒó ÇáúÎóÈöíËó ãöäó ÇáØøóíøöÈö æóãóÇ ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ áöíõØúáöÚóßõãú Úóáóì ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 179] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáöáøóåö ÛóíúÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÅöáóíúåö íõÑúÌóÚõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßõáøõåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 123] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚöäúÏóåõ ãóÝóÇÊöÍõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóíóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö æóãóÇ ÊóÓúÞõØõ ãöäú æóÑóÞóÉò ÅöáøóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ æóáóÇ ÍóÈøóÉò Ýöí ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÑóØúÈò æóáóÇ íóÇÈöÓò ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò [6 \ 59] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäú ÑóÈøößó ãöäú ãöËúÞóÇáö ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò [10 \ 61] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÇáöãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö áóÇ íóÚúÒõÈõ Úóäúåõ ãöËúÞóÇáõ ÐóÑøóÉò Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÃóÕúÛóÑõ ãöäú Ðóáößó æóáóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò ãõÈöíäò [34 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö(3/256)
ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÁñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: Ãóäøóåõ íõØúáöÚõ ãóäú ÔóÇÁó ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ãöäú æóÍúíöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÝóáóÇ íõÙúåöÑõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÈöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäö ÇÑúÊóÖóì ãöäú ÑóÓõæáò ÇáúÂíóÉó [72 \ 26 - 27] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ áöíõØúáöÚóßõãú Úóáóì ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóÌúÊóÈöí ãöäú ÑõÓõáöåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [3 \ 179] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÈúÕöÑú Èöåö æóÃóÓúãöÚú.
Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃóÈúÕóÑóåõ æóãóÇ ÃóÓúãóÚóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäö ÇÊøöÕóÇÝöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóãúÚö æóÇáúÈóÕóÑö ÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóíúÓó ßóãöËúáöåö ÔóíúÁñ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ [42 \ 11] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚó Çááøóåõ Þóæúáó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÌóÇÏöáõßó Ýöí ÒóæúÌöåóÇ æóÊóÔúÊóßöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ íóÓúãóÚõ ÊóÍóÇæõÑóßõãóÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÓóãöíÚñ ÈóÕöíÑñ [58 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ íóÕúØóÝöí ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÑõÓõáðÇ æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÓóãöíÚñ ÈóÕöíÑñ [22 \ 75] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöÐóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú æóáöíøò.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö áóíúÓó áóåõãú æóáöíøñ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Èóáú åõæó æóáöíøõåõãú Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ãóÐúßõæÑñ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ æóáöíøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ íõÎúÑöÌõåõãú ãöäó ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö Åöáóì ÇáäøõæÑö [2 \ 257] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóáóÇ Åöäøó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó Çááøóåö áóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó [10 \ 62] ¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ æóáöíøõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÄõåõ¡ æóÇáúæóáöíøõ: åõæó ãóäö ÇäúÚóÞóÏó Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäóåõ ÓóÈóÈñ íõæóÇáöíßó æóÊõæóÇáöíåö Èöåö¡ ÝóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÓóÈóÈñ íõæóÇáöí Èöåö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáØøóÇÚóÉö¡ æóíõæóÇáöíåöãú Èöåö ÇáËøóæóÇÈó æóÇáäøóÕúÑó æóÇáúÅöÚóÇäóÉó.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ æóáöíøõßõãõ Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [5 \ 55] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó æóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇÊõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÈóÚúÖò ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 671] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: Ãóäøó äóÈöíøóäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõ ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú [23 \ 6] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóæúáóì ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ïõæäó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ãóæúáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÃóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó áóÇ ãóæúáóì áóåõãú [47 \ 11] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúæöáóÇíóÉõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøóÉõ ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó åöíó æöáóÇíóÉõ ÇáËøóæóÇÈö æóÇáäøóÕúÑö æóÇáÊøóæúÝöíÞö æóÇáúÅöÚóÇäóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõäóÇÝöí Ãóäøóåõ ãóæúáóì(3/257)
ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æöáóÇíóÉó ãõáúßò æóÞóåúÑò æóäõÝõæÐò æóãóÔöíÆóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÑõÏøõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ãóæúáóÇåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÖóáøó Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÊóÑõæäó [10 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú æóáöíøò ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöÃóåúáö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãóíúäö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ÛóíúÈõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ãóÇ áóåõãú» ÑóÇÌöÚñ áöãõÚóÇÕöÑöí ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãóÉõ Ãóäøó æöáóÇíóÉó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö áöÎóÇáöÞöåöãú Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ãöäúåóÇ æöáóÇíóÉó ËóæóÇÈò æóÊóæúÝöíÞò æóÅöÚóÇäóÉò¡ æóæöáóÇíóÉó ãõáúßò æóÞóåúÑò æóäõÝõæÐò æóãóÔöíÆóÉò¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ.
ÞóÑóÃó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÑúÝó ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÇÈúäó ÚóÇãöÑò «æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ» ÈöÇáúíóÇÁö ÇáúãõËóäøóÇÉö ÇáÊøóÍúÊöíøóÉö¡ æóÖóãøö ÇáúßóÇÝö Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÈóÑö¡ æóáóÇ äóÇÝöíóÉñ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÃóÍóÏðÇ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö¡ Èóáö ÇáúÍõßúãõ áóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áóÇ Íõßúãó áöÛóíúÑöåö ÃóáúÈóÊøóÉó¡ ÝóÇáúÍóáóÇáõ ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãóåõ¡ æóÇáÏøöíäõ ãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ¡ æóÇáúÞóÖóÇÁõ ãóÇ ÞóÖóÇåõ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò ãöäó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ; «æóáóÇ ÊõÔúÑößú» ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÊøóÇÁö ÇáúãõËóäøóÇÉö ÇáúÝóæúÞöíøóÉö æóÓõßõæäö ÇáúßóÇÝö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö Çáäøóåúíö¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊõÔúÑößú íóÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö¡ Ãóæú áóÇ ÊõÔúÑößú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ Ýöí Íõßúãö Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ Èóáú ÃóÎúáöÕö ÇáúÍõßúãó áöáøóåö ãöäú ÔóæóÇÆöÈö ÔöÑúßö ÛóíúÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóÍõßúãõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÔóÇãöáñ áößõáøö ãóÇ íóÞúÖöíåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚõ ÏõÎõæáðÇ ÃóæøóáöíøðÇ.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáúÍõßúãö áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ Ýöíåö Úóáóì ßöáúÊóÇ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö ÃóãóÑó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ [12 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [12 \ 67] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝúÊõãú Ýöíåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÍõßúãõåõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö [42 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÏõÚöíó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ßóÝóÑúÊõãú æóÅöäú íõÔúÑóßú Èöåö ÊõÄúãöäõæÇ ÝóÇáúÍõßúãõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÚóáöíøö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö [40 \ 12] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò åóÇáößñ ÅöáøóÇ æóÌúåóåõ áóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [28 \ 88] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõ ÇáúÍóãúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõæáóì æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóáóåõ ÇáúÍõßúãõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [28 \ 70] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÍõßúãó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíøóÉö íóÈúÛõæäó æóãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÍõßúãðÇ áöÞóæúãò íõæÞöäõæäó [5 \ 50] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÛóíúÑó Çááøóåö ÃóÈúÊóÛöí ÍóßóãðÇ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáó Åöáóíúßõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ [6 \ 114] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.(3/258)
æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõ Ýöí Íõßúãöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 26] ¡ Ãóäøó ãõÊøóÈöÚöí ÃóÍúßóÇãö ÇáúãõÔóÑøöÚöíäó ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõÔúÑößõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãõ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöíãóäö ÇÊøóÈóÚó ÊóÔúÑöíÚó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö Ýöí ÅöÈóÇÍóÉö ÇáúãóíúÊóÉö ÈöÏóÚúæóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÐóÈöíÍóÉõ Çááøóåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæÇ ãöãøóÇ áóãú íõÐúßóÑö ÇÓúãõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö æóÅöäøóåõ áóÝöÓúÞñ æóÅöäøó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó áóíõæÍõæäó Åöáóì ÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåöãú áöíõÌóÇÏöáõæßõãú æóÅöäú ÃóØóÚúÊõãõæåõãú Åöäøóßõãú áóãõÔúÑößõæäó [6 \ 121] ¡ ÝóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ãõÔúÑößõæäó ÈöØóÇÚóÊöåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÔúÑóÇßõ Ýöí ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö¡ æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÇáÊøóÔúÑöíÚö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝö áöãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì åõæó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÃóÚúåóÏú Åöáóíúßõãú íóÇÈóäöí ÂÏóãó Ãóäú áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Åöäøóåõ áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÈöíäñ æóÃóäö ÇÚúÈõÏõæäöí åóÐóÇ ÕöÑóÇØñ ãõÓúÊóÞöíãñ [36 \ 60¡ 61] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö áóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó ßóÇäó áöáÑøóÍúãóäö ÚóÕöíøðÇ [19 \ 44] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÅöäóÇËðÇ æóÅöäú íóÏúÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ ãóÑöíÏðÇ [4 \ 117] ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ¡ Ãóíú: æóÐóáößó ÈöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÊóÔúÑöíÚöåö¡ æóáöÐóÇ Óóãøóì Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íõØóÇÚõæäó ÝöíãóÇ ÒóíøóäõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí ÔõÑóßóÇÁó¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÐóáößó Òóíøóäó áößóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÞóÊúáó ÃóæúáóÇÏöåöãú ÔõÑóßóÇÄõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 137] ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó åóÐóÇ áöÚóÏöíøö Èúäö ÍóÇÊöãò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ áóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáóåõ Úóäú Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÃóÍúÈóÇÑóåõãú æóÑõåúÈóÇäóåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö [9 \ 31] ¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÍóáøõæÇ áóåõãú ãóÇ ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ¡ æóÍóÑøóãõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐõåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõãú ÃóÑúÈóÇÈðÇ.
æóãöäú ÃóÕúÑóÍö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Ýöí åóÐóÇ: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí «ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö» Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ãóäú íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóÍóÇßóãõæÇ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ íóÊóÚóÌøóÈõ ãöäú ÒóÚúãöåöãú Ãóäøóåõãú ãõÄúãöäõæäó¡ æóãóÇ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ áöÃóäøó ÏóÚúæóÇåõãõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ãóÚó ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáÊøóÍóÇßõãö Åöáóì ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö ÈóÇáöÛóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúßóÐöÈö ãóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÚóÌóÈõ ; æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íóÊóÍóÇßóãõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö æóÞóÏú ÃõãöÑõæÇ Ãóäú íóßúÝõÑõæÇ Èöåö æóíõÑöíÏõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Ãóäú íõÖöáøóåõãú ÖóáóÇáðÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ [4 \ 60] .
æóÈöåóÐöåö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáÙøõåõæÑö: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊøóÈöÚõæäó ÇáúÞóæóÇäöíäó ÇáúæóÖúÚöíøóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÔóÑóÚóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÃóæúáöíóÇÆöåö ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉð áöãóÇ ÔóÑóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÑõÓõáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÓóáøóãó¡ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÔõßøõ Ýöí ßõÝúÑöåöãú æóÔöÑúßöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ØóãóÓó Çááøóåõ ÈóÕöíÑóÊóåõ¡ æóÃóÚúãóÇåõ Úóäú äõæÑö ÇáúæóÍúíö ãöËúáóåõãú.(3/259)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇÚúáóãú¡ Ãóäøóåõ íóÌöÈõ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ Èóíúäó ÇáäøöÙóÇãö ÇáúæóÖúÚöíøö ÇáøóÐöí íóÞúÊóÖöí ÊóÍúßöíãõåõ ÇáúßõÝúÑó ÈöÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÈóíúäó ÇáäøöÙóÇãö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí Ðóáößó.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÙóÇãó ÞöÓúãóÇäö: ÅöÏóÇÑöíøñ¡ æóÔóÑúÚöíøñ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÏóÇÑöíøõ: ÇáøóÐöí íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÖóÈúØõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑö æóÅöÊúÞóÇäõåóÇ Úóáóì æóÌúåò ÛóíúÑö ãõÎóÇáöÝò áöáÔøóÑúÚö¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ ãõÎóÇáöÝó Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö¡ Ýóãóäú ÈóÚúÏóåõãú¡ æóÞóÏú Úóãöáó ÚõãóÑõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ßóËöíÑóÉð ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí Òóãóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ßóßóÊúÈöåö ÃóÓúãóÇÁó ÇáúÌõäúÏö Ýöí ÏöíæóÇäò áöÃóÌúáö ÇáÖøóÈúØö¡ æóãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ãóäú ÛóÇÈó æóãóäú ÍóÖóÑó ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏö ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÇÞöáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÍúãöáõ ÏöíóÉó ÇáúÎóØóÃö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãú íóÝúÚóáú Ðóáößó¡ æóáóãú íóÚúáóãú ÈöÊóÎóáøõÝö ßóÚúÈö Èúäö ãóÇáößò Úóäú ÛóÒúæóÉö ÊóÈõæßó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú æóÕóáó ÊóÈõæßó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóßóÇÔúÊöÑóÇÆöåö - ÃóÚúäöí ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ - ÏóÇÑó ÕóÝúæóÇäó Èúäö ÃõãóíøóÉó æóÌóÚúáöåö ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ÓöÌúäðÇ Ýöí ãóßøóÉó ÇáúãõßóÑøóãóÉö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãú íóÊøóÎöÐú ÓöÌúäðÇ åõæó æóáóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò¡ ÝóãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúÅöÏóÇÑöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÝúÚóáõ áöÅöÊúÞóÇäö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ãöãøóÇ áóÇ íõÎóÇáöÝõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚó áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Èöåö¡ ßóÊóäúÙöíãö ÔõÆõæäö ÇáúãõæóÙøóÝöíäó¡ æóÊóäúÙöíãö ÅöÏóÇÑóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö Úóáóì æóÌúåò áóÇ íõÎóÇáöÝõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚó¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÙöãóÉö ÇáúæóÖúÚöíøóÉö áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÑõÌõ Úóäú ÞóæóÇÚöÏö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö ãöäú ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúÚóÇãøóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøöÙóÇãõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøõ ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝõ áöÊóÔúÑöíÚö ÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÊóÍúßöíãõåõ ßõÝúÑñ ÈöÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ßóÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøó ÊóÝúÖöíáó ÇáÐøóßóÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÃõäúËóì Ýöí ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö áóíúÓó ÈöÅöäúÕóÇÝò¡ æóÃóäøóåõãóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ÇÓúÊöæóÇÄõåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãöíÑóÇËö. æóßóÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøó ÊóÚóÏøõÏó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö Ùõáúãñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáØøóáóÇÞó Ùõáúãñ áöáúãóÑúÃóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÌúãó æóÇáúÞóØúÚó æóäóÍúæóåõãóÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáñ æóÍúÔöíøóÉñ áóÇ íóÓõæÛõ ÝöÚúáõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó.
ÝóÊóÍúßöíãõ åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚö ãöäó ÇáäøöÙóÇãö Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓö ÇáúãõÌúÊóãóÚö æóÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú æóÃóÚúÑóÇÖöåöãú æóÃóäúÓóÇÈöåöãú æóÚõÞõæáöåöãú æóÃóÏúíóÇäöåöãú ßõÝúÑñ ÈöÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÊóãóÑøõÏñ Úóáóì äöÙóÇãö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöí æóÖóÚóåõ ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞó ßõáøóåóÇ æóåõæó ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÕóÇáöÍöåóÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóÚóåõ ãõÔóÑøöÚñ ÂÎóÑõ ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ ÔóÑóÚõæÇ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö ãóÇ áóãú íóÃúÐóäú Èöåö Çááøóåõ [42 \ 21] ¡ Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ áóßõãú ãöäú ÑöÒúÞò ÝóÌóÚóáúÊõãú ãöäúåõ ÍóÑóÇãðÇ æóÍóáóÇáðÇ Þõáú Âááøóåõ ÃóÐöäó áóßõãú Ãóãú Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÝúÊóÑõæäó [10 \ 59] ¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÞõæáõæÇ áöãóÇ ÊóÕöÝõ ÃóáúÓöäóÊõßõãõ ÇáúßóÐöÈó åóÐóÇ ÍóáóÇáñ æóåóÐóÇ ÍóÑóÇãñ áöÊóÝúÊóÑõæÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÝúÊóÑõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõæäó [16 \ 116] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÌõãúáóÉð æóÇÝöíóÉð ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó íóåúÏöí áöáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÞúæóãõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 9] .(3/260)
æóÇÊúáõ ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö ÑóÈøößó áóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊöåö æóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãõáúÊóÍóÏðÇ (27)
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊúáõ ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö ÑóÈøößó.
ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäú íóÊúáõæó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÍóÇåõ Åöáóíúåö ÑóÈøõåõ. æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «æóÇÊúáõ» [18 \ 27] ¡ ÔóÇãöáñ áöáÊøöáóÇæóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøöáúæö: ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÊöáóÇæóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåö ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö» : ÇÊúáõ ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÃóÞöãö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÇáúÂíóÉó [29 \ 45] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «Çáäøóãúáö» : ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõãöÑúÊõ Ãóäú ÃóÚúÈõÏó ÑóÈøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÈóáúÏóÉö ÇáøóÐöí ÍóÑøóãóåóÇ æóáóåõ ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò æóÃõãöÑúÊõ Ãóäú Ãóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÃóäú ÃóÊúáõæó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 91¡ 92] ¡ æóÑóÊøöáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÊóÑúÊöíáðÇ [73 \ 4] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÊöáóÇæóÊöåö¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåö: ÇÊøóÈöÚú ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó ãöäú ÑóÈøößó áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó æóÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäö ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó [6 \ 106] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÊóãúÓößú ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó Åöäøóßó Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [43 \ 43] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ÈöÏúÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑöí ãóÇ íõÝúÚóáõ Èöí æóáóÇ Èößõãú Åöäú ÃóÊøóÈöÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ äóÐöíÑñ ãõÈöíäñ [46 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóÇ íóßõæäõ áöí Ãóäú ÃõÈóÏøöáóåõ ãöäú ÊöáúÞóÇÁö äóÝúÓöí Åöäú ÃóÊøóÈöÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó Åöäøöí ÃóÎóÇÝõ Åöäú ÚóÕóíúÊõ ÑóÈøöí ÚóÐóÇÈó íóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò [10 \ 15] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇÊøöÈóÇÚö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáäøóÊóÇÆöÌö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÍúÕõáõ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÊöáóÇæóÉö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊúáõæäó ßöÊóÇÈó Çááøóåö æóÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó æóÃóäúÝóÞõæÇ ãöãøóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú ÓöÑøðÇ æóÚóáóÇäöíóÉð íóÑúÌõæäó ÊöÌóÇÑóÉð áóäú ÊóÈõæÑó [35 \ 29] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂÊóíúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó íóÊúáõæäóåõ ÍóÞøó ÊöáóÇæóÊöåö ÃõæáóÆößó íõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö æóãóäú íóßúÝõÑú Èöåö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑõæäó [2 \ 121] ¡ æóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊöåö.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊöåö ; Ãóíú: áöÃóäøó ÃóÎúÈóÇÑóåóÇ ÕöÏúÞñ æóÃóÍúßóÇãóåóÇ ÚóÏúáñ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ ÃóÍóÏñ Ãóäú íõÈóÏøöáó ÕöÏúÞóåóÇ ßóÐöÈðÇ¡ æóáóÇ Ãóäú íõÈóÏøöáó ÚóÏúáóåóÇ ÌóæúÑðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ áóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊöåö æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ [6 \ 115] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÕöÏúÞðÇ» íóÚúäöí Ýöí ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÚóÏúáðÇ» Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö. æóßóÞóæúáöåö:(3/261)
æóáóÞóÏú ßõÐøöÈóÊú ÑõÓõáñ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÝóÕóÈóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßõÐøöÈõæÇ æóÃõæÐõæÇ ÍóÊøóì ÃóÊóÇåõãú äóÕúÑõäóÇ æóáóÇ ãõÈóÏøöáó áößóáöãóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóáóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóßó ãöäú äóÈóÅö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó [6 \ 34] .
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ Ãóäøóåõ åõæó íõÈóÏøöáõ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãóßóÇäó ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ãöäúåóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÏøóáúäóÇ ÂíóÉð ãóßóÇäó ÂíóÉò æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ íõäóÒøöáõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 101] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ äóäúÓóÎú ãöäú ÂíóÉò Ãóæú äõäúÓöåóÇ äóÃúÊö ÈöÎóíúÑò ãöäúåóÇ Ãóæú ãöËúáöåóÇ [2 \ 106] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÊõÊúáóì Úóáóíúåöãú ÂíóÇÊõäóÇ ÈóíøöäóÇÊò ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÑúÌõæäó áöÞóÇÁóäóÇ ÇÆúÊö ÈöÞõÑúÂäò ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ Ãóæú ÈóÏøöáúåõ Þõáú ãóÇ íóßõæäõ áöí Ãóäú ÃõÈóÏøöáóåõ ãöäú ÊöáúÞóÇÁö äóÝúÓöí [18 \ 27] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóäú ÊóÌöÏó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãõáúÊóÍóÏðÇ.
ÃóÕúáõ ÇáúãõáúÊóÍóÏö: ãóßóÇäõ ÇáöÇáúÊöÍóÇÏö æóåõæó ÇáöÇÝúÊöÚóÇáõ: ãöäó ÇááøóÍúÏö ÈöãóÚúäóì Çáúãóíúáö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇááøóÍúÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãóíúáñ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÝúÑö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõáúÍöÏõæäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóæúäó ÚóáóíúäóÇ [41 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÐóÑõæÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó íõáúÍöÏõæäó Ýöí ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 180] ¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇááøóÍúÏö æóÇáúÅöáúÍóÇÏö Ýöí Ðóáößó: Çáúãóíúáõ Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÇáúãõáúÍöÏõ ÇáúãóÇÆöáõ Úóäú Ïöíäö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí Ýóäøö ÇáÕøóÑúÝö Ãóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó Åöäú ÒóÇÏó ãóÇÖöíåö Úóáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÍúÑõÝò ÝóãóÕúÏóÑõåõ Çáúãöíãöíøõ æóÇÓúãõ ãóßóÇäöåö æóÇÓúãõ ÒóãóÇäöåö ßõáøõåóÇ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö ßóãóÇ åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúãõáúÊóÍóÏõ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ãóßóÇäõ ÇáöÇáúÊöÍóÇÏö¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúãóßóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí íóãöíáõ Ýöíåö Åöáóì ãóáúÌóÃò Ãóæú ãóäúÌðì íõäúÌöíåö ãöãøóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÝúÚóáóåõ Èöåö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóÇ íóÌöÏõ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãõáúÊóÍóÏðÇ ; Ãóíú: ãóßóÇäðÇ íóãöíáõ Åöáóíúåö æóíóáúÌóÃõ Åöáóíúåö Åöäú áóãú íõÈóáøöÛú ÑöÓóÇáóÉó ÑóÈøöåö æóíõØöÚúåõ¡ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú Åöäøöí áóÇ Ãóãúáößõ áóßõãú ÖóÑøðÇ æóáóÇ ÑóÔóÏðÇ Þõáú Åöäøöí áóäú íõÌöíÑóäöí ãöäó Çááøóåö ÃóÍóÏñ æóáóäú ÃóÌöÏó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãõáúÊóÍóÏðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóáóÇÛðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑöÓóÇáóÇÊöåö [72 \ 21 - 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæú ÊóÞóæøóáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÞóÇæöíáö áóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäúåõ ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö Ëõãøó áóÞóØóÚúäóÇ ãöäúåõ ÇáúæóÊöíäó ÝóãóÇ ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò Úóäúåõ ÍóÇÌöÒöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [69 \ 44 - 47] .
æóßóæúäõåõ áóíúÓó áóåõ ãõáúÊóÍóÏñ¡ Ãóíú: ãóßóÇäñ íóáúÌóÃõ Åöáóíúåö ÊóßóÑøóÑó äóÙöíÑõåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò¡ ßóÇáúãóäóÇÕö¡ æóÇáúãóÍöíÕö¡ æóÇáúãóáúÌóÃö¡ æóÇáúãóæúÆöáö¡ æóÇáúãóÝóÑøö¡ æóÇáúæóÒóÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóäóÇÏóæúÇ æóáóÇÊó Íöíäó ãóäóÇÕò [38 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íóÌöÏõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ ãóÍöíÕðÇ [4 \ 121] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóäóÞøóÈõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö åóáú ãöäú ãóÍöíÕò [50 \ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú ãóáúÌóÅò íóæúãóÆöÐò æóãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú äóßöíÑò [42 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Èóáú áóåõãú ãóæúÚöÏñ áóäú íóÌöÏõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãóæúÆöáðÇ [18 \ 58] ¡(3/262)
æóÇÕúÈöÑú äóÝúÓóßó ãóÚó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóÏóÇÉö æóÇáúÚóÔöíøö íõÑöíÏõæäó æóÌúåóåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÏõ ÚóíúäóÇßó Úóäúåõãú ÊõÑöíÏõ ÒöíäóÉó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãóäú ÃóÛúÝóáúäóÇ ÞóáúÈóåõ Úóäú ÐößúÑöäóÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚó åóæóÇåõ æóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõåõ ÝõÑõØðÇ (28)
æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÞõæáõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò Ãóíúäó ÇáúãóÝóÑøõ ßóáøóÇ áóÇ æóÒóÑó [75 \ 10 - 11] ¡ Ýóßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÑóÇÌöÚñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁõ ãóßóÇäò íóáúÌóÆõæäó Åöáóíúåö æóíóÚúÊóÕöãõæäó Èöåö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÕúÈöÑú äóÝúÓóßó ãóÚó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóÏóÇÉö æóÇáúÚóÔöíøö íõÑöíÏõæäó æóÌúåóåõ.
ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäú íóÕúÈöÑó äóÝúÓóåõ¡ Ãóíú: íóÍúÈöÓóåóÇ ãóÚó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöí íóÏúÚõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú Ãóæøóáó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÂÎöÑóåõ ãõÎúáöÕöíäó áóåõ¡ áóÇ íõÑöíÏõæäó ÈöÏõÚóÇÆöåöãú ÅöáøóÇ ÑöÖóÇåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
æóÞóÏú äóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ Ýöí ÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõåóÇÌöÑöíäó ßóÚóãøóÇÑò¡ æóÕõåóíúÈò¡ æóÈöáóÇáò¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò æóäóÍúæöåöãú¡ áóãøóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÕóäóÇÏöíÏõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóØúÑõÏóåõãú Úóäúåõ¡ æóíõÌóÇáöÓóåõãú ÈöÏõæäö ÍõÖõæÑö ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ßóãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ÈöÃóäú íóÕúÈöÑó äóÝúÓóåõ ãóÚóåõãú ÃóãúÑóåõ ÈöÃóáøóÇ íóØúÑõÏóåõãú¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÂåõãú íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóØúÑõÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÏúÚõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóÏóÇÉö æóÇáúÚóÔöíøö íõÑöíÏõæäó æóÌúåóåõ ãóÇ Úóáóíúßó ãöäú ÍöÓóÇÈöåöãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò æóãóÇ ãöäú ÍöÓóÇÈößó Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóÊóØúÑõÏóåõãú ÝóÊóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó - Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö - æóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóßó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÝóÞõáú ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúßõãú [6 \ 52 - 54] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÚóÈóÓó æóÊóæóáøóì Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóãóÇ íõÏúÑöíßó áóÚóáøóåõ íóÒøóßøóì Ãóæú íóÐøóßøóÑõ ÝóÊóäúÝóÚóåõ ÇáÐøößúÑóì ÃóãøóÇ ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÛúäóì ÝóÃóäúÊó áóåõ ÊóÕóÏøóì æóãóÇ Úóáóíúßó ÃóáøóÇ íóÒøóßøóì æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÌóÇÁóßó íóÓúÚóì æóåõæó íóÎúÔóì ÝóÃóäúÊó Úóäúåõ Êóáóåøóì ßóáøóÇ [80 \ 1 - 11] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ØóáóÈóåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú äóÈöíøöäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú ØóÑúÏöåö ÝõÞóÑóÇÁó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÖõÚóÝóÇÁóåõãú ÊóßóÈøõÑðÇ Úóáóíúåöãú æóÇÒúÏöÑóÇÁð Èöåöãú¡ ØóáóÈóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúãõ äõæÍò ãöäú äõæÍò Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÇãúÊóäóÚó ãöäú ØóÑúÏöåöãú ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóäõÄúãöäõ áóßó æóÇÊøóÈóÚóßó ÇáúÃóÑúÐóáõæäó [26 \ 111] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Úóäúåõãú ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóãóÇ äóÑóÇßó ÇÊøóÈóÚóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÃóÑóÇÐöáõäóÇ ÈóÇÏöíó ÇáÑøóÃúíö [11 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Úóäú äõæÍò Ýöí ÇãúÊöäóÇÚöåö ãöäú ØóÑúÏöåöãú: æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈöØóÇÑöÏö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Åöäú ÃóäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ äóÐöíÑñ ãõÈöíäñ [26 \ 114] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõ: æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈöØóÇÑöÏö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ Åöäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ ÑóÈøöåöãú æóáóßöäøöí ÃóÑóÇßõãú ÞóæúãðÇ ÊóÌúåóáõæäó æóíóÇ Þóæúãö ãóäú íóäúÕõÑõäöí ãöäó Çááøóåö Åöäú ØóÑóÏúÊõåõãú ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó [11 \ 29 - 30] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇÕúÈöÑú äóÝúÓóßó [18 \ 28] ¡ Ýöíåö ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇÏøóÉó ÇáÕøóÈúÑö ÊóÊóÚóÏøóì ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÐõÄóíúÈò Ãóæú ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó:
ÝóÕóÈóÑóÊú ÚóÇÑöÝóÉð ÈöÐóáößó ÍõÑøóÉð ... ÊóÑúÓõæ ÅöÐóÇ äóÝúÓõ ÇáúÌóÈóÇäö ÊóØóáøóÚõ
æóÇáúÛóÏóÇÉõ: Ãóæøóáõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóÇáúÚóÔöíøõ: ÂÎöÑõåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö:(3/263)
íóÏúÚõæäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóÏóÇÉö æóÇáúÚóÔöíøö¡ Ãóíú: íõÕóáøõæäó ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáÕøõÈúÍö æóÇáúÚóÕúÑö¡ æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÊóÔúãóáõ ÃóÚóãøó ãöäú ãõØúáóÞö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÏõ ÚóíúäóÇßó Úóäúåõãú ÊõÑöíÏõ ÒöíäóÉó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
äóåóì Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú ÊóÚúÏõæó ÚóíúäóÇåõ Úóäú ÖõÚóÝóÇÁö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÝõÞóÑóÇÆöåöãú¡ ØõãõæÍðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö æóãóÇ áóÏóíúåöãú ãöäú ÒöíäóÉö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóãóÚúäóì æóáóÇ ÊóÚúÏõ ÚóíúäóÇßó [18 \ 28] ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊóÊóÌóÇæóÒõåõãú ÚóíúäóÇßó æóÊóäúÈõæ Úóäú ÑóËóÇËóÉö Òöíøöåöãú¡ ãõÍúÊóÞöÑðÇ áóåõãú ØóÇãöÍðÇ Åöáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÛöäóì æóÇáúÌóÇåö æóÇáÔøóÑóÝö ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÚóÏóÇ íóÚúÏõæ: ÊóÊóÚóÏøóì ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö æóÊóáúÒóãõ¡ æóÇáúÌõãúáóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÊõÑöíÏõ ÒöíäóÉó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÍóÇáò æóÇáÑøóÇÈöØõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÐóÇÊõ ÈóÏúÁò ÈöãõÖóÇÑöÚö ËóÈóÊú ... ÍóæóÊú ÖóãöíÑðÇ æóãöäó ÇáúæóÇæö ÎóáóÊú
æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÍóÇáö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö åõæó ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ÇáúãõÖóÇÝõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÚóíúäóÇßó» ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÓóÇÛó Ðóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÖóÇÝó åõäóÇ ÌõÒúÁñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö Åöáóíúåö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóáóÇ ÊõÌöÒú ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö áóåú ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúãõÖóÇÝõ Úóãóáóåõ Ãóæú ßóÇäó ÌõÒúÁó ãóÇ áóåõ ÃõÖöíÝóÇ Ãóæú ãöËúáó ÌõÒúÆöåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÍöíÝóÇ æóãóÇ äóåóì Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ØõãõæÍö ÇáúÚóíúäö Åöáóì ÒöíäóÉö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ ãóÚó ÇáöÇÊøöÕóÇÝö ÈöãóÇ íõÑúÖöíåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãöäó ÇáËøóÈóÇÊö Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ ßóãõÌóÇáóÓóÉö ÝóÞõÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÇÕúÈöÑú Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó æóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÍóãúÏö ÑóÈøößó ÞóÈúáó ØõáõæÚö ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÞóÈúáó ÛõÑõæÈöåóÇ æóãöäú ÂäóÇÁö Çááøóíúáö ÝóÓóÈøöÍú æóÃóØúÑóÇÝó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö áóÚóáøóßó ÊóÑúÖóì æóáóÇ ÊóãõÏøóäøó Úóíúäóíúßó Åöáóì ãóÇ ãóÊøóÚúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäúåõãú ÒóåúÑóÉó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ [20 \ 130 - 131] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇßó ÓóÈúÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóËóÇäöí æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó áóÇ ÊóãõÏøóäøó Úóíúäóíúßó Åöáóì ãóÇ ãóÊøóÚúäóÇ Èöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ ãöäúåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [15 \ 87] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãóäú ÃóÛúÝóáúäóÇ ÞóáúÈóåõ Úóäú ÐößúÑöäóÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚó åóæóÇåõ æóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõåõ ÝõÑõØðÇ.
äóåóì Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóäú ØóÇÚóÉö ãóäú ÃóÛúÝóáó Çááøóåõ ÞóáúÈóåõ Úóäú ÐößúÑöåö æóÇÊøóÈóÚó åóæóÇåõ¡ æóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõåõ ÝõÑõØóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö äóåúíó äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÛóÇÝöáö Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö ÇáúãõÊøóÈóÚö åóæóÇåõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÕúÈöÑú áöÍõßúãö ÑóÈøößó æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãöäúåõãú ÂËöãðÇ Ãóæú ßóÝõæÑðÇ [76 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóÇáúãõäóÇÝöÞöíäó æóÏóÚú ÃóÐóÇåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 48] ¡(3/264)
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÏøõæÇ áóæú ÊõÏúåöäõ ÝóíõÏúåöäõæäó æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ßõáøó ÍóáøóÇÝò ãóåöíäò åóãøóÇÒò ãóÔøóÇÁò Èöäóãöíãò ãóäøóÇÚò áöáúÎóíúÑö ãõÚúÊóÏò ÃóËöíãò ÚõÊõáøò ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Òóäöíãò [68 \ 8 - 12] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑóåõ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÈöÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö Úóäö ÇáúãõÊóæóáøöíäó Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÑöíÏõæäó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó ãóÈúáóÛõåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ; æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäú ãóäú Êóæóáøóì Úóäú ÐößúÑöäóÇ æóáóãú íõÑöÏú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ðóáößó ãóÈúáóÛõåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãóäú ÃóÛúÝóáúäóÇ ÞóáúÈóåõ [18 \ 28] ¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÚúÑöÖõ áöáúÚóÈúÏö ãöäú ÛóÝúáóÉò æóãóÚúÕöíóÉò¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÔóíúÁñ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó ßóÇÆöäðÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö ÇáúÞóÏóÑöíøóÉö¡ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÔóÇÁõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [76 \ 30] ¡ æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ [6 \ 107] ¡ æóáóæú ÔöÆúäóÇ áóÂÊóíúäóÇ ßõáøó äóÝúÓò åõÏóÇåóÇ [32 \ 13] ¡ æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ áóÌóãóÚóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúåõÏóì [6 \ 35] ¡ ÎóÊóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 7] ¡ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [17 \ 46] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÎóíúÑò æóÔóÑøò¡ áóÇ íóÞóÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö ÎóÇáöÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö. ÝóãóÇ íóÒúÚõãõåõ ÇáúãõÚúÊóÒöáóÉõ¡ æóíõÍóÇæöáõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÏóÇÆöãðÇ ÊóÃúæöíáó ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì äóÍúæö ãóÇ íõØóÇÈöÞõåõ ãöäö ÇÓúÊöÞúáóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÉö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö æóÅöÑóÇÏóÊöåö ÝóÃóÝúÚóÇáõåõ Ïõæäó ãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö¡ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÈõØúáóÇäõåõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ÂäöÝðÇ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
æóãóÚúäóì ÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåö åóæóÇåõ: Ãóäøóåõ íóÊúÈóÚõ ãóÇ Êóãöíáõ Åöáóíúåö äóÝúÓõåõ ÇáúÃóãøóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö æóÊóåúæóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑøö¡ ßóÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõåõ ÝõÑõØðÇ¡ Þöíáó: åõæó ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÑöíØö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÊøóÞúÕöíÑõ¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíãõ ÇáúÚóÌúÒö ÈöÊóÑúßö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóãóÚúäóì æóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõåõ ÝõÑõØðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõ ÓóÝóåðÇ æóÖóíóÇÚðÇ æóÊóÝúÑöíØðÇ¡ æóÞöíáó: ãöäó ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇØö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ãõÌóÇæóÒóÉõ ÇáúÍóÏøö¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáúãõÍúÊóÞöÑöíäó áöÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó: äóÍúäõ ÃóÔúÑóÇÝõ ãõÖóÑó æóÓóÇÏóÇÊõåóÇ! Åöäö ÇÊøóÈóÚúäóÇßó ÇÊøóÈóÚóßó ÌóãöíÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóßóÈøõÑö æóÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇØö Ýöí ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóÞöíáó «ÝõÑõØðÇ» Ãóíú: ÞöÏóãðÇ Ýöí ÇáÔøóÑøö. ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: ÝóÑóØó ãöäúåõ ÃóãúÑñ¡ Ãóíú: ÓóÈóÞó. æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÚöäúÏöí ÈöÍóÓóÈó ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö «ÝõÑõØðÇ» : Ãóíú: ãõÊóÞóÏøöãðÇ áöáúÍóÞøö æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈö¡ äóÇÈöÐðÇ áóåõ æóÑóÇÁó(3/265)
æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíõÄúãöäú æóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíóßúÝõÑú ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó äóÇÑðÇ ÃóÍóÇØó Èöåöãú ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõåóÇ æóÅöäú íóÓúÊóÛöíËõæÇ íõÛóÇËõæÇ ÈöãóÇÁò ßóÇáúãõåúáö íóÔúæöí ÇáúæõÌõæåó ÈöÆúÓó ÇáÔøóÑóÇÈõ æóÓóÇÁóÊú ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ (29)
ÙóåúÑöåö. ãöäú Þóæúáöåöãú: ÝóÑóÓñ ÝõÑõØñ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÊóÞóÏøöãñ áöáúÎóíúáö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ áóÈöíÏò Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
æóáóÞóÏú ÍóãóíúÊõ ÇáúÎóíúáó ÊóÍúãöáõ ÔóßøóÊöí ... ÝõÑõØñ æöÔóÇÍöí ÅöÐú ÛóÏóæúÊõ áöÌóÇãóåóÇ
æóÅöáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÊóÑúÌöÚõ ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ßõáøõåóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó æóãõÌóÇåöÏò «ÝõÑõØðÇ» Ãóíú: ÖóíóÇÚðÇ. æóßóÞóæúáö ãõÞóÇÊöáö Èúäö ÍóíøóÇäó «ÝõÑõØðÇ» Ãóíú: ÓóÑóÝóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁö «ÝõÑõØðÇ» Ãóíú: ãóÊúÑõæßðÇ. æóßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóÎúÝóÔö «ÝõÑõØðÇ» Ãóíú: ãõÌóÇæöÒðÇ áöáúÍóÏøö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõáö ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú.
ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áöáäøóÇÓö: ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú¡ æóÝöí ÅöÚúÑóÇÈöåö æóÌúåóÇäö¡ ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Ãóäøó «ÇáúÍóÞøó» ãõÈúÊóÏóÃñ¡ æóÇáúÌóÇÑøõ æóÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑõ ÎóÈóÑõåõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáøóÐöí ÌöÆúÊõßõãú Èöåö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ÇáúãõÊóÖóãøöäõ áöÏöíäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ßóÇÆöäñ ãóÈúÏóÄõåõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ãöäú æóÍúíö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ æóáóÇ ãöäö ÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁö ÇáúßóåóäóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇØöíÑö ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó¡ æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑó Ðóáößó. Èóáú åõæó ãöäú ÎóÇáöÞößõãú Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóáúÒóãõßõãú ØóÇÚóÊõåõ æóÊóæúÍöíÏõåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÃúÊöí ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáÔøóÇãöáõ áöáÕøöÏúÞö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö¡ æóÇáúÚóÏúáõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö¡ ÝóáóÇ ÍóÞøó ÅöáøóÇ ãöäúåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÃò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ Ãóíú: åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÌöÆúÊõßõãú Èöåö ÇáúÍóÞøõ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÐóßóÑõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» : ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÝóáóÇ Êóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúãõãúÊóÑöíäó [2 \ 147] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÝóáóÇ Êóßõäú ãöäó ÇáúãõãúÊóÑöíäó [3 \ 60] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö. Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíõÄúãöäú æóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíóßúÝõÑú¡ ÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÍóÓóÈó ÇáúæóÖúÚö ÇááøõÛóæöíøö ÇáÊøóÎúíöíÑõ Èóíúäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóáóßöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö áóíúÓó åõæó ÇáÊøóÎúíöíÑõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏõ æóÇáÊøóÎúæöíÝõ. æóÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöíÛóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÙóÇåöÑõåóÇ ÇáÊøóÎúíöíÑõ ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏõ æóÇáÊøóÎúæöíÝõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó äóÇÑðÇ ÃóÍóÇØó Èöåöãú ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõåóÇ æóÅöäú íóÓúÊóÛöíËõæÇ íõÛóÇËõæÇ ÈöãóÇÁò ßóÇáúãõåúáö íóÔúæöí ÇáúæõÌõæåó ÈöÆúÓó ÇáÔøóÑóÇÈõ æóÓóÇÁóÊú ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÕúÑóÍõ Ïóáöíáò Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÇáÊøóåúÏöíÏõ æóÇáÊøóÎúæöíÝõ¡ ÅöÐú áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáÊøóÎúíöíÑõ Úóáóì ÈóÇÈöåö áóãóÇ ÊóæóÚøóÏó ÝóÇÚöáó ÃóÍóÏö ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö ÇáúãõÎóíøóÑó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÃóáöíãö¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ [18 \ 29] ¡ ÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäó ÇáöÇÚúÊóÇÏö¡ æóÇáÊøóÇÁõ Ýöíåö(3/266)
ÃóÕúáöíøóÉñ æóáóíúÓóÊú ãõÈúÏóáóÉð ãöäú ÏóÇáò Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕóÍøö ; æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÚóÊóÇÏõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚõÏøóÉö áöáÔøóíúÁö¡ æóãóÚúäóì «ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ» : ÃóÑúÕóÏúäóÇ æóÃóÚúÏóÏúäóÇ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó åõäóÇ: ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ; ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÞóÈúáóåõ æóãóäú ÔóÇÁó ÝóáúíóßúÝõÑú¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ßóËúÑóÉó ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÙøõáúãö Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö. ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáÔøöÑúßó áóÙõáúãñ ÚóÙöíãñ [31 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó åõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó [2 \ 254] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊóÏúÚõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõßó æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõßó ÝóÅöäú ÝóÚóáúÊó ÝóÅöäøóßó ÅöÐðÇ ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [10 \ 106] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÙøõáúãó Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: æóÖúÚõ ÇáÔøóíúÁö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóÍóáøöåö¡ æóãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö Ðóáößó æóÖúÚõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Ýöí ãóÎúáõæÞò¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáÙøõáúãö Úóáóì ÇáäøóÞúÕö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóãú ÊóÙúáöãú ãöäúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ [18 \ 33] ¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ãóÚúäóì ãóÇÏøóÉö ÇáÙøõáúãö åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú æóÖúÚö ÇáÔøóíúÁö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóæúÖöÚöåö¡ æóáöÃóÌóáö Ðóáößó Þöíáó ÇáøóÐöí íóÖúÑöÈõ ÇááøóÈóäó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÑõæÈó: ÙóÇáöãñ áöæóÖúÚöåö ÖóÑúÈó áóÈóäöåö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóæúÖöÚöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÖóÑúÈóåõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÑõæÈó íõÖöíÚõ ÒõÈúÏóåõ¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
æóÞóÇÆöáóÉò ÙóáóãúÊõ áóßõãú ÓöÞóÇÆöí ... æóåóáú íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ÇáúÚóßöÏö ÇáÙøóáöíãõ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «ÙóáóãúÊõ áóßõãú ÓöÞóÇÆöí» ¡ Ãóíú: ÖóÑóÈúÊõåõ áóßõãú ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÑõæÈó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö Ýöí ÓöÞóÇÁò áóåõ Ùóáóãóåõ ÈöäóÍúæö Ðóáößó:
æóÕóÇÍöÈõ ÕöÏúÞò áóãú ÊóÑöÈúäöí ÔößóÇÊõåõ ... ÙóáóãúÊõ æóÝöí Ùõáúãöí áóåõ ÚóÇãöÏðÇ ÃóÌúÑõ
æóÝöí áõÛúÒö ÇáúÍóÑöíÑöíøö Ýöí ãóÞóÇãóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÇáøóÐöí íóÖúÑöÈõ áóÈóäóåõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÑõæÈó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÃóíóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ ÙóÇáöãðÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚóÇáöãðÇ. æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ Þóæúáõåõãú áöáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáøóÊöí ÍõÝöÑó ÝöíåóÇ æóáóíúÓóÊú ãóÍóáøó ÍóÝúÑò Ýöí ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö: ÃóÑúÖñ ãóÙúáõæãóÉñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ äóÇÈöÛóÉö ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÃóæóÇÑöí áóÃúíðÇ ãóÇ ÃõÈóíøöäõåóÇ ... æóÇáäøõÄóíõ ßóÇáúÍóæúÖö ÈöÇáúãóÙúáõæãóÉö ÇáúÌóáóÏö
æóãóÇ ÒóÚóãóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãöäú Ãóäøó «ÇáúãóÙúáõæãóÉó» Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÙóáóãóåóÇ ÇáúãóØóÑõ ÈöÊóÎóáøõÝöåö ÚóäúåóÇ æóÞúÊó ÅöÈøóÇäöåö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÇÏó ÛóíúÑõ ÕóæóÇÈò. æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ: åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóáöÃóÌúáö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ áöáÊøõÑóÇÈö ÇáúãõÎúÑóÌö ãöäó ÇáúÞóÈúÑö ÚöäúÏó ÍóÝúÑöåö Ùóáöíãñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÙúáõæãñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÍóÝúÑñ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóÍóáøö ÇáúÍóÝúÑö ÇáúãõÚúÊóÇÏö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö íóÕöÝõ ÑóÌõáðÇ ãóÇÊó æóÏõÝöäó:
ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍó Ýöí ÛóÈúÑóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÔóÇÍóÉò ... Úóáóì ÇáúÚóíúÔö ãöÑúæóÏñ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÙóáöíãõåóÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóÍóÇØó Èöåöãú Ãóíú: ÃóÍúÏóÞó Èöåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÌóÇäöÈò¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõåóÇ [18 \ 29] ¡ ÃóÕúáõ ÇáÓøõÑóÇÏöÞö æóÇÍöÏõ ÇáÓøõÑóÇÏöÞóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõãóÏøõ ÝóæúÞó ÕóÍúäö ÇáÏøóÇÑö¡ æóßõáøõ ÈóíúÊò ãöäú(3/267)
ßõÑúÓõÝò Ýóåõæó ÓõÑóÇÏöÞñ. æóÇáúßõÑúÓõÝõ: ÇáúÞõØúäõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÑõÄúÈóÉó Ãóæö ÇáúßóÐøóÇÈö ÇáúÍöÑúãóÇÒöíøö:
íóÇ Íóßóãõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö Èúäö ÇáúÌóÇÑõæÏö ... ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõ ÇáúãóÌúÏö Úóáóíúßó ãóãúÏõæÏö
æóÈóíúÊñ ãõÓóÑúÏóÞñ: Ãóíú ãóÌúÚõæáñ áóåõ ÓõÑóÇÏöÞñ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÓóáóÇãóÉó Èúäö ÌóäúÏóáò íóÐúßõÑõ ÃÈÑíæíÒ æóÞóÊúáóåõ áöáäøõÚúãóÇäö Èúäö ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö ÊóÍúÊó ÃóÑúÌõáö ÇáúÝöíóáóÉö:
åõæó ÇáúãõÏúÎöáõ ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäó ÈóíúÊðÇ ÓóãóÇÄõåõ ... ÕõÏõæÑõ ÇáúÝõíõæáö ÈóÚúÏó ÈóíúÊò ãõÓóÑúÏóÞö
åóÐóÇ åõæó ÃóÕúáõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÓøõÑóÇÏöÞö Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö. æóíõØúáöÞõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÍõÌúÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí Íóæúáó ÇáúÝõÓúØóÇØö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÓøõÑóÇÏöÞö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÝóÝöíåö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ãóÑúÌöÚõåóÇ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÅöÍúÏóÇÞõ ÇáäøóÇÑö Èöåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÌóÇäöÈò¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãóäú íóÞõæáõ «ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõåóÇ» : Ãóíú: ÓõæÑõåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøö æóÛóíúÑõåõ. æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÞõæáõ «ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõåóÇ» : ÓõæÑñ ãöäú äóÇÑò¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓö. æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÞõæáõ «ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõåóÇ» : ÚõäõÞñ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóíõÍöíØõ ÈöÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ßóÇáúÍóÙöíÑóÉö¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúßóáúÈöíøõ: æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: åõæó ÏõÎóÇäñ íõÍöíØõ Èöåöãú. æóåõæó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí «ÇáúãõÑúÓóáóÇÊö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇäúØóáöÞõæÇ Åöáóì Ùöáøò Ðöí ËóáóÇËö ÔõÚóÈò áóÇ Ùóáöíáò æóáóÇ íõÛúäöí ãöäó ÇááøóåóÈö [77 \ 30 - 31] ¡ æó «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÙöáøò ãöäú íóÍúãõæãò áóÇ ÈóÇÑöÏò æóáóÇ ßóÑöíãò [56 \ 43 - 44] .
æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: åõæó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ÇáúãõÍöíØõ ÈöÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. æóÑóæóì íóÚúáóì Èúäõ ÃõãóíøóÉó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ åõæó Ìóåóäøóãõ Ëõãøó ÊóáóÇ» äóÇÑðÇ ÃóÍóÇØó Èöåöãú ÓõÑóÇÏöÞõåóÇ «Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó æóÇááøóåö áóÇ ÃóÏúÎõáõåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ãóÇ ÏõãúÊõ ÍóíøðÇ æóáóÇ ÊõÕöíÈõäöí ãöäúåóÇ ÞóØúÑóÉñ» ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúãóÇæóÑúÏöíøõ. æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúÎõÏúÑöíøö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «áöÓõÑóÇÏöÞö ÇáäøóÇÑö ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÌõÏõÑò ßöËóÝõ ßõáøö ÌöÏóÇÑò ãóÓöíÑóÉó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð» æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚöíÓóì ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: ÍóÏöíËñ ÍóÓóäñ ÕóÍöíÍñ ÛóÑöíÈñ. ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ íóÚúáóì æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò æóÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÇáÔøóíúÎö¡ æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. ÞóÇáóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑö æóÊóÈöÚóåõ ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ. æóÍóÏöíËõ íóÚúáóì Èúäö ÃõãóíøóÉó ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö. ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóæúßóÇäöíøõ: æóÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑõ Úóäö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ. æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÑó ãõÍöíØóÉñ Èöåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö(3/268)
ÌóÇäöÈò¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõãú ãöäú Ìóåóäøóãó ãöåóÇÏñ æóãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú ÛóæóÇÔò [7 \ 41] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóåõãú ãöäú ÝóæúÞöåöãú Ùõáóáñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö æóãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåöãú Ùõáóáñ [39 \ 16] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóæú íóÚúáóãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Íöíäó áóÇ íóßõÝøõæäó Úóäú æõÌõæåöåöãõ ÇáäøóÇÑó æóáóÇ Úóäú ÙõåõæÑöåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íõäúÕóÑõæäó [21 \ 39] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÅöäú íóÓúÊóÛöíËõæÇ¡ íóÚúäöí Åöäú íóØúáõÈõæÇ ÇáúÛóæúËó ãöãøóÇ åõãú Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúßóÑúÈö íõÛóÇËõæÇ¡ íõÄúÊóæúÇ ÈöÛóæúËò åõæó ãóÇÁñ ßóÇáúãõåúáö. æóÇáúãõåúáõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö: íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃõÐöíÈó ãöäú ÌóæóÇåöÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ßóÐóÇÆöÈö ÇáúÍóÏöíÏö æóÇáäøõÍóÇÓö¡ æóÇáÑøóÕóÇÕö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó.
æóíõØúáóÞõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÏõÑúÏöíøö ÇáÒøóíúÊö æóåõæó ÚóßóÑõåõ. æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúãõåúáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö: ãóÇ ÃõÐöíÈõ ãöäú ÌóæóÇåöÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö. æóÞöíáó: ÏõÑúÏöíøö ÇáÒøóíúÊö. æóÞöíáó: åõæó äóæúÚñ ãöäó ÇáúÞóØöÑóÇäö. æóÞöíáó ÇáÓøõãøõ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: Ãóíøõ ÅöÛóÇËóÉò Ýöí ãóÇÁò ßóÇáúãõåúáö ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÃóÔóÏøö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóßóíúÝó ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÛóÇËõæÇ ÈöãóÇÁò ßóÇáúãõåúáö [18 \ 29] .
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÒóáó ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ. æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÈöÔúÑö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÒöãò:
ÛóÖöÈóÊú Êóãöíãñ Ãóäú ÊóÞóÊøóáó ÚóÇãöÑñ ... íóæúãó ÇáäøöÓóÇÑö ÝóÃõÚúÊöÈõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóíúáóãö
ÝóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö «ÃõÚúÊöÈõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóíúáóãö» : Ãóíú: ÃõÑúÖõæÇ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö. íóÚúäöí áóíúÓó áóåõãú ãöäøóÇ ÅöÑúÖóÇÁð ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáÓøóíúÝö. æóÞóæúáõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ãóÚúÏöí ßóÑöÈó:
æóÎóíúáñ ÞóÏú ÏóáóÝúÊõ áóåóÇ ÈöÎóíúáò ... ÊóÍöíøóÉõ Èóíúäöåöãú ÖóÑúÈñ æóÌöíÚõ
íóÚúäöí áóÇ ÊóÍöíøóÉó áóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÖøóÑúÈõ ÇáúæóÌöíÚõ. æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íõÛóÇËõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÇÁò ßóÇáúãõåúáö Úõáöãó ãöäú Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ ÅöÛóÇËóÉó áóåõãõ ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó. æóÇáúíóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «íóÓúÊóÛöíËõæÇ» æóÇáúÃóáöÝõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «íõÛóÇËõæÇ» ßöáúÊóÇåõãóÇ ãõÈúÏóáóÉñ ãöäú æóÇæò ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇÏøóÉó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛóÇËóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÌúæóÝö ÇáúæóÇæöíøö ÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÚóíúäó ÃõÚöáøóÊú áöáÓøóÇßöäö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
áöÓóÇßöäò ÕóÍøó ÇäúÞõáö ÇáÊøóÍúÑöíßó ãöäú Ðöí áöíäò ÂÊö Úóíúäó ÝöÚúáò ßóÃóÈöäú æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: íóÔúæöí ÇáúæõÌõæåó¡ Ãóíú: íóÍúÑöÞõåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÓúÞõØó ÝóÑúæóÉõ ÇáúæóÌúåö¡ ÃóÚóÇÐóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãöäúåóÇ æóÚóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ßóÇáúãõåúáö íóÔúæöí ÇáúæõÌõæåó» ¡ åõæó ßóÚóßóÑö ÇáÒøóíúÊö ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑõÈó Åöáóíúåö ÓóÞóØóÊú ÝóÑúæóÉõ æóÌúåöåö¡ ÞóÇáó(3/269)
ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí) ÇáúßóÇÝöí ÇáÔøóÇÝö¡ Ýöí ÊóÎúÑöíÌö ÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö (: ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÑöÔúÏöíäó Èúäö ÓóÚúÏò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö¡ Úóäú ÏóÑøóÇÌò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúåóíúËóãö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóÇÓúÊóÛúÑóÈóåõ æóÞóÇáó: áóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÑöÔúÏöíäó Èúäö ÓóÚúÏò¡ æóÊõÚõÞøöÈó Þóæúáõåõ ÈöÃóäøó ÃóÍúãóÏó æóÃóÈóÇ íóÚúáóì ÃóÎúÑóÌóÇåõ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇÈúäö áóåöíÚóÉó Úóäú ÏóÑøóÇÌò¡ æóÈöÃóäøó ÇÈúäó ÍöÈøóÇäó æóÇáúÍóÇßöãó ÃóÎúÑóÌóÇåõ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö æóåúÈò Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÇáúÍóÇÑöËö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÈöÆúÓó ÇáÔøóÑóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÎúÕõæÕõ ÈöÇáÐøóãøö Ýöíåö ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ÈöÆúÓó ÇáÔøóÑóÇÈõ Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÇáøóÐöí íõÛóÇËõæäó Èöåö. æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ ÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «ÓóÇÁóÊú» ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÇáúãõÑúÊóÝóÞõ: ãóßóÇäõ ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÞö. æóÃóÕúáõåõ Ãóäú íóÊøóßöÆó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãõÚúÊóãöÏðÇ Úóáóì ãöÑúÝóÞöåö¡ æóáöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúãõÑúÊóÝóÞö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ãõÊóÞóÇÑöÈóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì. Þöíáó ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ. Ãóíú: ãóäúÒöáðÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓö. æóÞöíáó ãóÞóÑøðÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁò. æóÞöíáó ãóÌúáöÓðÇ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÚõÊúÈöíøö. æóÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ Ãóíú: ãõÌúÊóãóÚðÇ. Ýóåõæó ÚöäúÏóåõ ãóßóÇäõ ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÞö ÈöãóÚúäóì ãõÑóÇÝóÞóÉö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú áöÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö.
æóÍóÇÕöáõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÑó ÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞóÑøõ åöíó¡ æóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ åöíó. æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÓóÇÁóÊú ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøðÇ æóãõÞóÇãðÇ [25 \ 66] ¡ æóßóæúäõ ÃóÕúáö ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÞö åõæó ÇáöÇÊøößóÇÁõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöÑúÝóÞö¡ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÐõÄóíúÈò ÇáúåõÐóáöíøö:
äóÇãó ÇáúÎóáöíøõ æóÈöÊøõ Çááøóíúáó ãõÑúÊóÝöÞðÇ ... ßóÃóäøó Úóíúäöíó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÕøóÇÈõ ãóÐúÈõæÍõ
æóíõÑúæóì «æóÈöÊøõ Çááøóíúáó ãõÔúÊóÌöÑðÇ» æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÔóÇåöÏó Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÃóÚúÔóì ÈóÇåöáóÉó:
ÞóÏú ÈöÊøõ ãõÑúÊóÝöÞðÇ áöáäøóÌúãö ÃóÑúÞõÈõåõ ... ÍóíúÑóÇäó ÐóÇ ÍóÐóÑò áóæú íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáúÍóÐóÑõ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ æóÇÑúÊóÝóÞóÊú ÃóáóÇ ÝóÊðì ... íóÓõæÞõ ÈöÇáúÞóæúãö ÛóÒóÇáóÇÊö ÇáÖøõÍóÇ
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÑóÇÈö¡ ÇáøóÐöí íõÓúÞóì Èöåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ÌóÇÁó äóÍúæõåõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóåõãú ÔóÑóÇÈñ ãöäú Íóãöíãò æóÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÝõÑõæäó [6 \ 70] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÓõÞõæÇ ãóÇÁð ÍóãöíãðÇ ÝóÞóØøóÚó ÃóãúÚóÇÁóåõãú [47 \ 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÊõÓúÞóì ãöäú Úóíúäò ÂäöíóÉò [88 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóØõæÝõæäó ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó Íóãöíãò Âäò [55 \ 44] ¡ æóÇáúÍóãöíãõ ÇáúÂäöí: ãöäó ÇáúãóÇÁö ÇáúãõÊóäóÇåöí Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóÇÑóÉö.(3/270)
Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÅöäøóÇ áóÇ äõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó ÚóãóáðÇ (30)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÓúÞóì ãöäú ãóÇÁò ÕóÏöíÏò íóÊóÌóÑøóÚõåõ æóáóÇ íóßóÇÏõ íõÓöíÛõåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 16 - 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó Åöäøó áóåõãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ áóÔóæúÈðÇ ãöäú Íóãöíãò [37 \ 67] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÔóÇÑöÈõæäó Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóãöíãö ÝóÔóÇÑöÈõæäó ÔõÑúÈó Çáúåöíãö [56 \ 54¡ 55] .
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÐõæÞõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóáóÇ ÔóÑóÇÈðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÍóãöíãðÇ æóÛóÓøóÇÞðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [78 \ 24 - 25] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóÐóÇ ÝóáúíóÐõæÞõæåõ Íóãöíãñ æóÛóÓøóÇÞñ æóÂÎóÑõ ãöäú Ôóßúáöåö ÃóÒúæóÇÌñ [38 \ 57 - 58] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ØõÑõÞðÇ ãöäú åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «íõæäõÓó» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÅöäøóÇ áóÇ äõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó ÚóãóáðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ãóäú Úóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóÃóÍúÓóäó Ýöí Úóãóáöåö Ãóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áóÇ íõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑóåõ¡ Ãóíú: ÌóÒóÇÁó Úóãóáöåö: Èóáú íõÌóÇÒóì ÈöÚóãóáöåö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ÇáúÃóæúÝóì.
æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈó áóåõãú ÑóÈøõåõãú Ãóäøöí áóÇ ÃõÖöíÚõ Úóãóáó ÚóÇãöáò ãöäúßõãú ãöäú ÐóßóÑò Ãóæú ÃõäúËóì [3 \ 195] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó ÈöäöÚúãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÝóÖúáò æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó [3 \ 171] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: åóáú ÌóÒóÇÁõ ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäõ [55 \ 60] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ. æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÓõÄóÇáóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó Ãóíúäó ÎóÈóÑõ «Åöäøó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ [8 \ 30] ¿ ÝóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó: ÎóÈóÑõåóÇ ÌõãúáóÉõ ÅöäøóÇ áóÇ äõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó ÚóãóáðÇ [18 \ 30] ÊõæóÌøöåõ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: æóåõæó Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: Ãóíúäó ÑóÇÈöØõ ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáúÎóÈóÑöíøóÉö ÈöÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇÓúãõ «Åöäøó» ¿ .
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÎóÈóÑó «Åöäøó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ¡ Þöíáó: åõæó ÌõãúáóÉõ ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöäøóÇ áóÇ äõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó ÚóãóáðÇ ÌõãúáóÉñ ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÖöíøóÉñ. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáÑøóÇÈöØõ ãóæúÌõæÏñ æóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö. æóÞöíáó: «Åöäøó» ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉó æóÇÓúãóåóÇ æóÎóÈóÑóåóÇ¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÎóÈóÑõ «Åöäøó» ÇáúÃõæáóì. æóäóÙöíÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýöí ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö Úóäú «Åöäøó» ÈöÜ «Åöäøó» æóÎóÈóÑöåóÇ æóÇÓúãöåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍóÌøö» : Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó åóÇÏõæÇ æóÇáÕøóÇÈöÆöíäó æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì æóÇáúãóÌõæÓó æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÔúÑóßõæÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÝúÕöáõ Èóíúäóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Åöäøó ÇáúÎóáöíÝóÉó Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÃóáúÈóÓóåõ ... ÓöÑúÈóÇáó ãõáúßò Èöåö ÊõÑúÌóì ÇáúÎóæóÇÊöíãõ
Úóáóì ÃóÙúåóÑö ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö Ýöí ÎóÈóÑö «Åöäøó» ÇáúÃõæáóì Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäö ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö(3/271)
ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåöãõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ íõÍóáøóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇæöÑó ãöäú ÐóåóÈò æóíóáúÈóÓõæäó ËöíóÇÈðÇ ÎõÖúÑðÇ ãöäú ÓõäúÏõÓò æóÅöÓúÊóÈúÑóÞò ãõÊøóßöÆöíäó ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑóÇÆößö äöÚúãó ÇáËøóæóÇÈõ æóÍóÓõäóÊú ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ (31)
ÇáËøóÇäöí ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó ÇáÑøóÇÈöØó ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: áóÇ äõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó ãöäúåõãú ÚóãóáðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÇáÓøóãúäõ ãóäóæóÇäö ÈöÏöÑúåóãò¡ Ãóíú: ãóäóæóÇäö ãöäúåõ ÈöÏöÑúåóãò¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÊóæóÝøóæúäó ãöäúßõãú æóíóÐóÑõæäó ÃóÒúæóÇÌðÇ íóÊóÑóÈøóÕúäó ÈöÃóäúÝõÓöåöäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 234] ¡ Ãóíú: íóÊóÑóÈøóÕúäó ÈóÚúÏóåõãú.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó ÚóãóáðÇ¡ åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ¡ æóãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó ÚóãóáðÇ íõäóÙøöãõåóÇ ãóÚúäðì æóÇÍöÏñ ÞóÇãó Ðóáößó ãóÞóÇãó ÇáÑøóÈúØö ÈöÇáÖøóãöíÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÃóÎúÝóÔö¡ æóåõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÈúØó ÍóÇÕöáñ ÈöÇáöÇÊøöÍóÇÏö Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåöãõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ
Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÍóÓõäóÊú ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ¡ Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÃóÌúÑó ãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäó ÚóãóáðÇ¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåöãú ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ¡ æóíõÍóáøóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÓóÇæöÑó ÇáÐøóåóÈö¡ æóíóáúÈóÓõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáËøöíóÇÈó ÇáúÎõÖúÑó ãöäó ÇáÓøõäúÏõÓö æóÇáúÅöÓúÊóÈúÑóÞö¡ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåöãú ãõÊøóßöÆöíäó ÝöíåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑóÇÆößö æóåöíó ÇáÓøõÑõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÍöÌóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÍöÌóÇáõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÍóÌúáóÉò æóåõæó ÈóíúÊñ íõÒóíøóäõ áöáúÚóÑõæÓö ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÒøöíäóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóËúäóì Úóáóì ËóæóÇÈöåöãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: äöÚúãó ÇáËøóæóÇÈõ æóÍóÓõäóÊú ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ [18 \ 31] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Èóíøóäóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÌóÒóÇÁö ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò ÌöÏøðÇ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö» : Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÈúÑóÇÑó íóÔúÑóÈõæäó ãöäú ßóÃúÓò ßóÇäó ãöÒóÇÌõåóÇ ßóÇÝõæÑðÇ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóßóÇäó ÓóÚúíõßõãú ãóÔúßõæÑðÇ [76 \ 5 - 22] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉö» ¡ æóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõæäó ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõæäó ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÈõæäó Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊö ÇáäøóÚöíãö [56 \ 10 - 12] Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áöÃóÕúÍóÇÈö Çáúíóãöíäö [ÇáúÂíóÉó 38] ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö:
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÃóÎóÝóÇåõ Çááøóåõ áóåõãú ãöäú ÞõÑøóÉö ÃóÚúíõäò áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ ÅöáøóÇ åõæó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ äóÝúÓñ ãóÇ ÃõÎúÝöíó áóåõãú ãöäú ÞõÑøóÉö ÃóÚúíõäò ÇáúÂíóÉó [32 \ 17] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö. ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÚóÏúäò Ãóíú: ÅöÞóÇãóÉñ áóÇ ÑóÍöíáó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ æóáóÇ ÊóÍóæøõáó. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÈúÛõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ ÍöæóáðÇ [18 \ 108] ÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäú ÚóÏóäó ÈöÇáúãóßóÇäö: ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÞóÇãó Èöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ãóÚúäóì ÇáÓøõäúÏõÓö æóÇáúÅöÓúÊóÈúÑóÞö ÈöãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ¡ æóÇáúÃóÓóÇæöÑõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÓöæóÇÑò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÌóãúÚõ ÃóÓúæöÑóÉò¡ æóÇáËøóæóÇÈõ: ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ãõØúáóÞðÇ Úóáóì(3/272)
æóÏóÎóáó ÌóäøóÊóåõ æóåõæó ÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö ÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ Ãóäú ÊóÈöíÏó åóÐöåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ (35)
ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
áößõáøö ÃóÎöí ãóÏúÍñ ËóæóÇÈñ ÚóáöãúÊõåõ ... æóáóíúÓó áöãóÏúÍö ÇáúÈóÇåöáöíøö ËóæóÇÈõ
æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáËøóæóÇÈó Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö íóÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÌóÒóÇÁö ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö ÛóíúÑõ ÕóæóÇÈò¡ Èóáú íõØúáóÞõ ÇáËøóæóÇÈõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÌóÒóÇÁö ÇáÔøóÑøö ÈöÇáÔøóÑøö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ËõæøöÈó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäó [83 \ 36] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú åóáú ÃõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÔóÑøò ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóËõæÈóÉð ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ãóäú áóÚóäóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÛóÖöÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 60] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÍóÓõäóÊú ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ¡ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «ÍóÓõäóÊú» ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì «ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò» . æóÇáúãõÑúÊóÝóÞõ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöíåö. æóÞóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÌóäøóÉö «æóÍóÓõäóÊú ãõÑúÊóÝóÞðÇ» íõÈóíøöäõ ãóÚúäóÇåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃõæáóÆößó íõÌúÒóæúäó ÇáúÛõÑúÝóÉó ÈöãóÇ ÕóÈóÑõæÇ æóíõáóÞøóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ ÊóÍöíøóÉð æóÓóáóÇãðÇ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÓõäóÊú ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøðÇ æóãõÞóÇãðÇ [25 \ 75 - 76] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÏóÎóáó ÌóäøóÊóåõ æóåõæó ÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö ÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ Ãóäú ÊóÈöíÏó åóÐöåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð æóáóÆöäú ÑõÏöÏúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí áóÃóÌöÏóäøó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãõäúÞóáóÈðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáÙøóÇáöãö áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÖóÑóÈóåõ ãóËóáðÇ ãóÚó ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áöÑõÄóÓóÇÁö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÝúÊóÎóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúÌóÇåö Úóáóì ÖõÚóÝóÇÁó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÏóÎóáó ÌóäøóÊóåõ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ÙóÇáöãðÇ áöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ãóÇ íóÙõäøõ Ãóäú Êóåúáößó ÌóäøóÊõåõ æóáóÇ ÊóÝúäóì: áöãóÇ ÑóÃóì ãöäú ÍõÓúäöåóÇ æóäóÖóÇÑóÊöåóÇ¿ æóÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð¡ æóÅöäøóåõ Åöäú ÞõÏøöÑó Ãóäøóåõ íõÈúÚóËõ æóíõÑóÏøõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö áóíóÌöÏóäøó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÚúØóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊúåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ: ãöäú Ìóåúáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóÇÛúÊöÑóÇÑöåöãú ÈöãóÊóÇÚö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÙóäøöåöãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉó ßóÇáÏøõäúíóÇ íõäúÚöãõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÝöíåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúæóáóÏö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» : æóáóÆöäú ÃóÐóÞúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäøóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÖóÑøóÇÁó ãóÓøóÊúåõ áóíóÞõæáóäøó åóÐóÇ áöí æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð æóáóÆöäú ÑõÌöÚúÊõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí Åöäøó áöí ÚöäúÏóåõ áóáúÍõÓúäóì [41 \ 50] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ãóÑúíóãó» : ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊó ÇáøóÐöí ßóÝóÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóÞóÇáó áóÃõæÊóíóäøó ãóÇáðÇ æóæóáóÏðÇ [19 \ 77] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÓóÈóÃò» : æóÞóÇáõæÇ äóÍúäõ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÃóãúæóÇáðÇ æóÃóæúáóÇÏðÇ æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãõÚóÐøóÈöíäó [34 \ 35] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÞóÇáó áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö æóåõæó íõÍóÇæöÑõåõ ÃóäóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäúßó ãóÇáðÇ æóÃóÚóÒøõ äóÝóÑðÇ [18 \ 34] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ßóÐöÈóåõãú æóÇÛúÊöÑóÇÑóåõãú ÝöíãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóæúåõ: ãöäú Ãóäøóåõãú íóÌöÏõæäó äöÚúãóÉó Çááøóåö Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö(3/273)
ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ æóåõæó íõÍóÇæöÑõåõ ÃóßóÝóÑúÊó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇßó ÑóÌõáðÇ (37) áóßöäøóÇ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóÇ ÃõÔúÑößõ ÈöÑóÈøöí ÃóÍóÏðÇ (38)
ßóãóÇ ÃóäúÚóãó Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó ÃóäøóãóÇ äõãöÏøõåõãú Èöåö ãöäú ãóÇáò æóÈóäöíäó äõÓóÇÑöÚõ áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÎóíúÑóÇÊö Èóá áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó [23 \ 55 - 56] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÓóäóÓúÊóÏúÑöÌõåõãú ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó æóÃõãúáöí áóåõãú Åöäøó ßóíúÏöí ãóÊöíäñ [68 \ 44 - 45] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ íóÍúÓóÈóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÃóäøóãóÇ äõãúáöí áóåõãú ÎóíúÑñ áöÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÅöäøóãóÇ äõãúáöí áóåõãú áöíóÒúÏóÇÏõæÇ ÅöËúãðÇ æóáóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõåöíäñ [3 \ 178] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÈöÇáøóÊöí ÊõÞóÑøöÈõßõãú ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÒõáúÝóì ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäúåõ ãóÇáõåõ æóãóÇ ßóÓóÈó [111 \ 2] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãõäúÞóáóÈðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÑúÌöÚðÇ æóÚóÇÞöÈóÉð¡ æóÇäúÊöÕóÇÈõåõ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÃóÌöÏóäøó ÎóíúÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóäóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò «ãöäúåõãóÇ» ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÊóËúäöíóÉö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó «ãöäúåóÇ» ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÅöÝúÑóÇÏö åóÇÁö ÇáúÛóÇÆöÈóÉö¡ ÝóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÊóËúäöíóÊöåö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÌóäøóÊóíúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ ÌóäøóÊóíúäö [18 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ßöáúÊóÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÏóÎóáó ÌóäøóÊóåõ. . ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 35] .
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ãóÇ æóÌúåõ ÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ãóÚó ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÌóäøóÊóÇäö¿ ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Íöíäó ÏóÎóáó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÏõÎõæáõåõ ÝöíåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ Ýöí æóÞúÊò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóãóÇ ÃóÌóÇÈó Èöåö ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö¡ ßóãóÇ äóÈøóåó Úóáóíúåö ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ æóåõæó íõÍóÇæöÑõåõ ÃóßóÝóÑúÊó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇßó ÑóÌõáðÇ áóßöäøóÇ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóÇ ÃõÔúÑößõ ÈöÑóÈøöí ÃóÍóÏðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈó ãóËóáðÇ áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóßóÈøóÑó Úóáóíúåöãú Ãõæáõæ ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúÌóÇåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ÞóÇáó áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÇáúÂÎóÑö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáúãóÖúÑõæÈö ãóËóáðÇ áöÐóæöí ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúÌóÇåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ãõäúßöÑðÇ Úóáóíúåö ßõÝúÑóåõ: ÃóßóÝóÑúÊó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáõÞóßó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò¡ Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò¡ Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇßó ÑóÌõáðÇ¿ áöÃóäøó ÎóáúÞóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò¡ Ëõãøó ÊóÓúæöíóÊóåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ ÑóÌõáðÇ¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó íóÞúÊóÖöí ÅöíãóÇäóåõ ÈöÎóÇáöÞöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÈúÑóÒóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö Åöáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÏö¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÓóæöíøðÇ¡ æóíóÌúÚóáõåõ íóÓúÊóÈúÚöÏõ ãöäúåõ ßõáøó ÇáúÈõÚúÏö ÇáúßõÝúÑó ÈöÎóÇáöÞöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÈúÑóÒóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö Åöáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÏö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÈóíøóäõ åõäóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóíúÝó ÊóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóßõäúÊõãú ÃóãúæóÇÊðÇ ÝóÃóÍúíóÇßõãú Ëõãøó íõãöíÊõßõãú Ëõãøó íõÍúíöíßõãú Ëõãøó Åöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [2 \ 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ áöíó áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó [36 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(3/274)
ÞóÇáó ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÃóäúÊõãú æóÂÈóÇÄõßõãõ ÇáúÃóÞúÏóãõæäó ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÚóÏõæøñ áöí ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóäöí Ýóåõæó íóåúÏöíäö æóÇáøóÐöí åõæó íõØúÚöãõäöí æóíóÓúÞöíäö æóÅöÐóÇ ãóÑöÖúÊõ Ýóåõæó íóÔúÝöíäö æóÇáøóÐöí íõãöíÊõäöí Ëõãøó íõÍúíöíäö. . ÇáúÂíóÉó [26 \ 76 - 79] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓóíóåúÏöíäö [43 \ 26] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÖóÇÈöØó ãóäú íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉó æóÍúÏóåõ Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö Ãóäú íóßõæäó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÎúáõÞõ ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö¡ æóíõÙúåöÑõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö Åöáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÏö ÈöãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò [18 \ 38] ¡ ãóÚúäóì ÎóáúÞõåõ ÅöíøóÇåõ ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò: Ãóíú: ÎóáúÞõ ÂÏóãó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäó ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ãóËóáó ÚöíÓóì ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ßóãóËóáö ÂÏóãó ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 59] ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÑóíúÈò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 5] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÎóáóÞó ÂÏóãó ãöäó ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö¡ æóÎóáóÞó ÍóæøóÇÁó ãöäú ÖöáúÚöåö¡ æóÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÒóæúÌðÇ áóåõ ßóÇäóÊú ØóÑöíÞõ ÅöíÌóÇÏö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÇáÊøóäóÇÓõáö¡ ÝóÈóÚúÏó ØóæúÑö ÇáÊøõÑóÇÈö ØóæúÑõ ÇáäøõØúÝóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ØóæúÑõ ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÃóØúæóÇÑöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞóßõãú ÃóØúæóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÎúáõÞõßõãú Ýöí ÈõØõæäö ÃõãøóåóÇÊößõãú ÎóáúÞðÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÎóáúÞò Ýöí ÙõáõãóÇÊò ËóáóÇËò [39 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍóåóÇ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÅöíÖóÇÍðÇ ÊóÇãøðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÓõáóÇáóÉò ãöäú Øöíäò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõØúÝóÉð Ýöí ÞóÑóÇÑò ãóßöíäò Ëõãøó ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáäøõØúÝóÉó ÚóáóÞóÉð ÝóÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÚóáóÞóÉó ãõÖúÛóÉð ÝóÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúãõÖúÛóÉó ÚöÙóÇãðÇ ÝóßóÓóæúäóÇ ÇáúÚöÙóÇãó áóÍúãðÇ Ëõãøó ÃóäúÔóÃúäóÇåõ ÎóáúÞðÇ ÂÎóÑó ÝóÊóÈóÇÑóßó Çááøóåõ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÞöíäó [23 \ 12 - 13] .
æóãöãøóÇ íõÈóíøöäõ ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò¡ Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò¡ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáÓøóÌúÏóÉö» : Ðóáößó ÚóÇáöãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÎóáóÞóåõ æóÈóÏóÃó ÎóáúÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ãöäú Øöíäò Ëõãøó ÌóÚóáó äóÓúáóåõ ãöäú ÓõáóÇáóÉò ãöäú ãóÇÁò ãóåöíäò Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇåõ æóäóÝóÎó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöåö æóÌóÚóáó áóßõãõ ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑó æóÇáúÃóÝúÆöÏóÉó ÞóáöíáðÇ ãóÇ ÊóÔúßõÑõæäó [32 \ 6 - 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇßó ÑóÌõáðÇ [18 \ 38] ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ [16 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ [36 \ 77] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäó äõØúÝóÉð ÓóÇÑó ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ ÎóÕöíãðÇ ÔóÏöíÏó ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö Ýöí ÊóæúÍöíÏö ÑóÈøöåö¡(3/275)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÓóæøóÇßó¡ Ãóíú: ÎóáóÞóßó ãõÓúÊóæöíó ÇáúÃóÌúÒóÇÁö¡ ãõÚúÊóÏöáó ÇáúÞóÇãóÉö æóÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ ÕóÍöíÍó ÇáúÃóÚúÖóÇÁö Ýöí Ãóßúãóáö ÕõæÑóÉò¡ æóÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó Ýöí ÃóÍúÓóäö ÊóÞúæöíãò [95 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÕóæøóÑóßõãú ÝóÃóÍúÓóäó ÕõæóÑóßõãú [40 \ 64] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ãóÇ ÛóÑøóßó ÈöÑóÈøößó ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ÝóÓóæøóÇßó ÝóÚóÏóáóßó Ýöí Ãóíøö ÕõæÑóÉò ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ÑóßøóÈóßó [82 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö «ÑóÌõáðÇ» Ãóíú: ÐóßóÑðÇ ÈóÇáöÛðÇ ãóÈúáóÛó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ æóÑõÈøóãóÇ ÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ áöáúãóÑúÃóÉö: ÑóÌõáóÉð¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ßõáøõ ÌóÇÑò Ùóáøó ãõÛúÊóÈöØðÇ ... ÛóíúÑó ÌöíÑóÇäö Èóäöí ÌóÈóáóåú
ãóÒøóÞõæÇ ËóæúÈó ÝóÊóÇÊöåöãú ... áóãú íõÑóÇÚõæÇ ÍõÑúãóÉó ÇáÑøóÌõáóåú
æóÇäúÊöÕóÇÈõ «ÑóÌõáðÇ» Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ æóÞöíáó ãóÝúÚõæáñ ËóÇäò áöÓóæøóì Úóáóì ÊóÖúãöíäöåö ãóÚúäóì ÌóÚóáóßó Ãóæú ÕóíøóÑóßó ÑóÌõáðÇ. æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÊóãúíöíÒñ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöÙóÇåöÑò ÚöäúÏöí¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑó ÇáúãóÏúáõæáó Úóáóíúåö ÈöåóãúÒóÉö ÇáúÅöäúßóÇÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÃóßóÝóÑúÊó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò [18 \ 37] ¡ ãõÖóãøóäñ ãóÚúäóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íõÓúÊóÈúÚóÏõ ÌöÏøðÇ ßõÝúÑõ ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö ÈöÎóÇáöÞöåö¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÈúÑóÒóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÏóãö Åöáóì ÇáúæõÌõæÏö¡ æóíõÓúÊóÈúÚóÏõ ÅöäúßóÇÑõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö ãöãøóäú Úóáöãó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÎóáóÞóåõ ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò¡ Ëõãøó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò¡ Ëõãøó ÓóæøóÇåõ ÑóÌõáðÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÑóíúÈò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÝóÅöäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò. . ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 5] ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö Úóáóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÈúÚóÇÏö áöæõÌõæÏö ãõæÌöÈöåö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
æóáóÇ íóßúÔöÝõ ÇáúÛóãøóÇÁó ÅöáøóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÍõÑøóÉò ... íóÑóì ÛóãóÑóÇÊö ÇáúãóæúÊö Ëõãøó íóÒõæÑõåóÇ
áöÃóäøó ãóäú ÚóÇíóäó ÛóãóÑóÇÊö ÇáúãóæúÊö íõÓúÊóÈúÚóÏõ ãöäúåõ ÇÞúÊöÍóÇãõåóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóßöäøóÇ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóÇ ÃõÔúÑößõ ÈöÑóÈøöí ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 38] ¡ Èóíøóäó Ýöíåö Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÌõáó ÇáúãõÄúãöäó ÞóÇáó áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö: ÃóäúÊó ßóÇÝöÑñ¿ ! áóßöäú ÃóäóÇ áóÓúÊõ ÈößóÇÝöÑò! Èóáú ãõÎúáöÕñ ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöíó áöÑóÈøöíó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóäöí ; Ãóíú: áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ãöäøöí Ãóäú ÃóÚúÈõÏóåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞó ãõÍúÊóÇÌñ ãöËúáöí Åöáóì ÎóÇáöÞò íóÎúáõÞõåõ¡ ÊóáúÒóãõåõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉõ ÎóÇáöÞöåö ßóãóÇ ÊóáúÒóãõäöí.
æóäóÙöíÑõ Þóæúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Úóäö ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí «íÓ» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ áöíó áóÇ ÃóÚúÈõÏõ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí [36 \ 22] ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÈúÏóÚöäöí æóÎóáóÞóäöí æóÅöáóíúåö ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó¡ æóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÚóÏõæøñ áöí ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóäöí Ýóåõæó íóåúÏöíäö. . ÇáúÂíóÉó [26 \ 77 - 78] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóäöí ÈóÑóÇÁñ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóäöí ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 26 - 27] .(3/276)
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÃóßóÝóÑúÊó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÎóáóÞóßó ãöäú ÊõÑóÇÈò¡ ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóÙõäøõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉó ÞóÇÆöãóÉð¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóßøó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÚúËö ßõÝúÑñ ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóÚúÌóÈú ÝóÚóÌóÈñ Þóæúáõåõãú ÃóÆöÐóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÊõÑóÇÈðÇ ÃóÆöäøóÇ áóÝöí ÎóáúÞò ÌóÏöíÏò ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃõæáóÆößó ÇáúÃóÛúáóÇáõ Ýöí ÃóÚúäóÇÞöåöãú æóÃõæáóÆößó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáäøóÇÑö åõãú ÝöíåóÇ ÎóÇáöÏõæäó [13 \ 5] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóßöäøóÇ ÃóÕúáõåõ «áóßöäú ÃóäóÇ» ÝóÍõÐöÝóÊú åóãúÒóÉõ «ÃóäóÇ» æóÃõÏúÛöãóÊú äõæäõ «áóßöäú» Ýöí äõæäö «ÃóäóÇ» ÈóÚúÏó ÍóÐúÝö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: äõÞöáóÊú ÍóÑóßóÉõ ÇáúåóãúÒóÉö Åöáóì äõæäö «áóßöäú» ÝóÓóÞóØóÊö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ ÈöäóÞúáö ÍóÑóßóÊöåóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÃõÏúÛöãóÊö Çáäøõæäõ Ýöí Çáäøõæäö! æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
æóÊóÑúãöíäóäöí ÈöÇáØøóÑúÝö Ãóíú ÃóäúÊó ãõÐúäöÈñ ... æóÊóÞúáöíäóäöí áóßöäøóÇ ÅöíøóÇßö áóãú ÃóÞöáö
Ãóíú áóßöäú ÃóäóÇ ÅöíøóÇßö áóãú ÃóÞöáö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: áóÇ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ; áöÌóæóÇÒö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ áóßöäøóäöí ÝóÍóÐóÝó ÇÓúãó «áóßöäøó» ßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
Ýóáóæú ßõäúÊó ÖóÈøöíøðÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ÞóÑóÇÈóÊöí ... æóáóßöäøó ÒóäúÌöíøñ ÚóÙöíãõ ÇáúãóÔóÇÝöÑö
Ãóíú: áóßöäøóßó ÒóäúÌöíøñ Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÉö ãóäú Ñóæóì ÒóäúÌöíøñ ÈöÇáÑøóÝúÚö¡ æóÃóäúÔóÏó ÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ áöäóÍúæö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÐúÝö ãöäú «áóßöäøó ÃóäóÇ» Þóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
áóåöäøóßö ãöäú ÚóÈúÓöíøóÉò áóæóÓöíãóÉñ ... Úóáóì åóäóæóÇÊò ßóÇÐöÈò ãóäú íóÞõæáõåóÇ
ÞóÇáó: ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöÞóæúáöåö «áóåöäøóßó» áöáøóåö Åöäøóßó¡ ÝóÍóÐóÝó ÅöÍúÏóì ÇááøóÇãóíúäö ãöäú «áöáøóåö» ¡ æóÍóÐóÝó ÇáúåóãúÒóÉó ãöäú «Åöäøóßó» äóÞúáóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóßöäøóÇ åõæó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøöí¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÌóãóÇåöíÑõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö «áóßöäú» ¡ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÃóáúÝò ÈóÚúÏó Çáäøõæäö ÇáúãõÔóÏøóÏóÉö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò ãöäó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö «áóßöäøóÇ» ÈöÇáúÃóáöÝö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö¡ æóíõÑúæóì Ðóáößó Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈöíøõ Úóäú äóÇÝöÚò¡ æóÑõæóíúÓò Úóäú íóÚúÞõæÈó¡ æóÇÊøóÝóÞó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ Úóáóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÃóáöÝö Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÝö. æóãóÏøö äõæäö «ÃóäóÇ» áõÛóÉõ Êóãöíãò Åöäú ßóÇäó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ åóãúÒóÉñ. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö: Åöäøó ÅöËúÈóÇÊó ÃóáöÝö «ÃóäóÇ» ãõØúáóÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö áõÛóÉõ Èóäöí Êóãöíãò¡ æóÛóíúÑõåóÇ íõËúÈöÊõæäóåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÑö¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÌóÇÁóÊú ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ «áóßöäøóÇ» ÈöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúÃóáöÝö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö Úóáóì áõÛóÉö Êóãöíãò¡ æóãöäú ÔóæóÇåöÏö ãóÏøö «ÃóäóÇ» ÞóÈúáó ÛóíúÑö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:(3/277)
æóáóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÝöÆóÉñ íóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõäúÊóÕöÑðÇ (43) åõäóÇáößó ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÍóÞøö åõæó ÎóíúÑñ ËóæóÇÈðÇ æóÎóíúÑñ ÚõÞúÈðÇ (44)
ÃóäóÇ ÓóíúÝõ ÇáúÚóÔöíÑóÉö ÝóÇÚúÑöÝõæäöí ... ÍóãöíÏðÇ ÞóÏú ÊóÐóÑøóíúÊõ ÇáÓøóäóÇãóÇ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
ÝóßóíúÝó ÃóäóÇ æóÇäúÊöÍóÇáõ ÇáúÞóæóÇÝöí ... ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóÔöíÈö ßóÝóì ÐóÇßó ÚóÇÑðÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóåõæó íõÍóÇæöÑõåõ ÌõãúáóÉñ ÍóÇáöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇáúãõÍóÇæóÑóÉõ: ÇáúãõÑóÇÌóÚóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö: æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚó Çááøóåõ Þóæúáó ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÌóÇÏöáõßó Ýöí ÒóæúÌöåóÇ æóÊóÔúÊóßöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ íóÓúãóÚõ ÊóÍóÇæõÑóßõãóÇ [58 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
áóæú ßóÇäó íóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúãõÍóÇæóÑóÉõ ÇÔúÊóßóì ... æóáóßóÇäó áóæú Úóáöãó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó ãõßóáøöãöí
æóßóáóÇãõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáÑøóÌõáóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö åõäóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÊöåöãóÇ ßóÈóíóÇäö ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåöãóÇ¡ æóãöäú Ãóíøö ÇáäøóÇÓö åõãóÇ ÃóÚúÑóÖúäóÇ Úóäúåõ áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÓóÇÈöÞðÇ ãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÝóÇÆöÏóÉö Ýöíåö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÇáÏøóáöíáö ÇáúãõÞúäöÚö Úóáóíúåö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæú íõÕúÈöÍó ãóÇÄõåóÇ ÛóæúÑðÇ Ýóáóäú ÊóÓúÊóØöíÚó áóåõ ØóáóÈðÇ.
ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: «ÛóæúÑðÇ» Ãóíú: ÛóÇÆöÑðÇ ; Ýóåõæó ãöäó ÇáúæóÕúÝö ÈöÇáúãóÕúÏóÑö ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóäóÚóÊõæÇ ÈöãóÕúÏóÑò ßóËöíÑðÇ ÝóÇáúÊóÒóãõæÇ ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏó æóÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑóÇ æóÇáúÛóÇÆöÑõ: ÖöÏøõ ÇáäøóÇÈöÚö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ýóáóäú ÊóÓúÊóØöíÚó áóåõ ØóáóÈðÇ [18 \ 41] ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÚúÏóãó ãóÇÁóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó æõÌõæÏöåö¡ áóÇ ÊóÌöÏõ ãóäú íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóßó Èöåö ÛóíúÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ. æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì äóÍúæö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ÃóÕúÈóÍó ãóÇÄõßõãú ÛóæúÑðÇ Ýóãóäú íóÃúÊöíßõãú ÈöãóÇÁò ãóÚöíäò [67 \ 30] ¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍó: áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóäóÇ Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ ; ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó åõäóÇ: Ýóáóäú ÊóÓúÊóØöíÚó áóåõ ØóáóÈðÇ [18 \ 41] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÝöÆóÉñ íóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõäúÊóÕöÑðÇ åõäóÇáößó ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÍóÞøö åõæó ÎóíúÑñ ËóæóÇÈðÇ æóÎóíúÑñ ÚõÞúÈóÇ.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊñ ÓóÈúÚöíøóÉñ¡ æóÃóÞúæóÇáðÇ áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÞõÑúÂäñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó ÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ÝöíåóÇ ãóÐóÇåöÈõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ íóÔúåóÏõ áößõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåóÇ ÞõÑúÂäñ¡ ÝóäóÐúßõÑõ ÇáúÌóãöíÚó æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö. ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ðóáößó ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóáóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÝöÆóÉñ [18 \ 43] ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉõ ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøó ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö ÇáúãõËóäøóÇÉö ÇáúÝóæúÞöíøóÉö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ: «æóáóãú íóßõäú áóåõ ÝöÆóÉñ» ÈöÇáúíóÇÁö ÇáúãõËóäøóÇÉö ÇáÊøóÍúÊöíøóÉö¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ: ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ áöáøóåö ÇáúÍóÞøö [18 \ 44] ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉõ(3/278)
ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøó ÃóíúÖðÇ «ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ» ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúæóÇæö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúæóÇæö¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ «ÇáúÍóÞøö» ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉõ ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÃóÈóÇ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøó ÈöÇáúÎóÝúÖö äóÚúÊóÇ «áöáøóåö» ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÈöÇáÑøóÝúÚö äóÚúÊðÇ áöáúæóáóÇíóÉö¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ãóäú ÞóÑóÃó «ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ áöáøóåö» ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúæóÇæö ÝóÅöäøó ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ: ÇáúãõæóÇáóÇÉõ æóÇáÕøöáóÉõ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÝóÝöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÌúåóÇäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì åõäóÇáößó ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ áöáøóåö¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáö Êóßõæäõ ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÃóÍóÏò áöáøóåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑó ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóì ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóæúÇ ÈóÃúÓóäóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ æóßóÝóÑúäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäøóÇ Èöåö ãõÔúÑößöíäó [40 \ 84] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÝöÑúÚóæúäó: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÏúÑóßóåõ ÇáúÛóÑóÞõ ÞóÇáó ÂãóäúÊõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÂãóäóÊú Èöåö Èóäõæ ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó æóÃóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ÂáúÂäó æóÞóÏú ÚóÕóíúÊó ÞóÈúáõ æóßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó [10 \ 90 - 91] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉó Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÞóÇãö æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáö áöáøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ¡ ÝóíõæóÇáöí Ýöíåö ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóáóÇíóÉó ÑóÍúãóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ æóáöíøõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 257] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ãóæúáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÃóäøó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó áóÇ ãóæúáóì áóåõãú [47 \ 11] ¡ æóáóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó æóáóÇíóÉõ Çáúãõáúßö æóÇáúÞóåúÑö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÑõÏøõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ãóæúáóÇåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÖóáøó Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÊóÑõæäó [10 \ 30] ¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö ÝóÇáúæöáóÇíóÉõ ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö ÈöãóÚúäóì Çáúãõáúßö æóÇáÓøõáúØóÇäö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: áöãóäö Çáúãõáúßõ Çáúíóæúãó áöáøóåö ÇáúæóÇÍöÏö ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑö [40 \ 16] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Çáúãõáúßõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáúÍóÞøõ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö [25 \ 26] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Çáúãõáúßõ íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáøóåö íóÍúßõãõ Èóíúäóåõãú [22 \ 56] ¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö «ÇáúÍóÞøö» ÈöÇáúÌóÑøö äóÚúÊðÇ áöáøóåö¡ ÝóÇáúÂíóÉõ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÑõÏøõæÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ãóæúáóÇåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 44] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÐóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõßõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãóÆöÐò íõæóÝøöíåöãõ Çááøóåõ Ïöíäóåõãõ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ [24 \ 25] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö «ÇáúÍóÞøõ» ÈöÇáÑøóÝúÚö äóÚúÊðÇ áöáúæóáóÇíóÉö¡ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉó ÈöãóÚúäóì Çáúãõáúßö¡ Ýóåõæó ßóÞóæúáöåö: Çáúãõáúßõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáúÍóÞøõ áöáÑøóÍúãóäö.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö: ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ áóãú Êóßõäú áóåõ ÝöÆóÉñ íóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ ãóäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÐóßóÑó äóÍúæóåõ Úóäú ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÞóÇÑõæäó: ÝóÎóÓóÝúäóÇ Èöåö æóÈöÏóÇÑöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó áóåõ ãöäú ÝöÆóÉò íóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõäúÊóÕöÑöíäó [28 \ 81] ¡(3/279)
ÇáúãóÇáõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊõ ÎóíúÑñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ËóæóÇÈðÇ æóÎóíúÑñ ÃóãóáðÇ (46)
æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú ÞõæøóÉò æóáóÇ äóÇÕöÑò [86 \ 10] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: åõäóÇáößó¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: åõæó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞñ ÈöãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ æóÇáúæóÞúÝõ ÊóÇãøñ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõäúÊóÕöÑðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: åõæó ãõÊóÚóáøöÞñ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÝóÇáÙøóÑúÝõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó «åõäóÇáößó» ÚóÇãöáõåõ ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉõ ßóÇÆöäóÉñ áöáøóåö åõäóÇáößó. æóÚóáóì ÇáËøóÇäöí ÝóÇáúÚóÇãöáõ Ýöí ÇáÙøóÑúÝö ÇÓúãõ ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó «ãõäúÊóÕöÑðÇ» Ãóíú: áóãú íóßõäö ÇäúÊöÕóÇÑõåõ æóÇÞöÚðÇ åõäóÇáößó. æóÞóæúáõåõ: åõæó ÎóíúÑñ ËóæóÇÈðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÌóÒóÇÁð ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÚõÞúÈðÇ» Ãóíú: ÚóÇÞöÈóÉð æóãóÂáðÇ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉõ ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÚóÇÕöãðÇ æóÍóãúÒóÉó «ÚõÞõÈðÇ» ÈöÖóãøóÊóíúäö. æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÚóÇÕöãò æóÍóãúÒóÉó «ÚõÞúÈðÇ» ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÚóíúäö æóÓõßõæäö ÇáúÞóÇÝö æóÇáúãóÚúäóì æóÇÍöÏñ. æóÞóæúáõåõ «ËóæóÇÈðÇ» æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÚõÞúÈðÇ» ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ãóäúÕõæÈñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒö ÈóÚúÏó ÕöíÛóÉö ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó «ÎóíúÑñ» ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÇáúÝóÇÚöáó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇäúÕöÈóäú ÈöÃóÝúÚóáóÇ ... ãõÝóÖøöáðÇ ßóÃóäúÊó ÃóÚúáóì ãóäúÒöáðÇ
æóáóÝúÙóÉõ ÎóíúÑò æóÔóÑøò ßöáúÊóÇåõãóÇ ÊóÃúÊöí ÕöíÛóÉó ÊóÝúÖöíáò ÍõÐöÝóÊú ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ ÊóÎúÝöíÝðÇ áößóËúÑóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúßóÇÝöíóÉö:
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Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝöÆóÉñ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ ãöäúåõ ÍóÑúÝñ ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑúÝö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö. åóáú åõæó íóÇÁñ Ãóæú æóÇæñ¡ æóåóáú åõæó ÇáúÚóíúäõ Ãóæö ÇááøóÇãõ¿ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ ÇáúÚóíúäõ¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ íóÇÁñ. æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúãóÇÏøóÉö Ý í á ãöäú ÝóÇÁó íóÝöíÁõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÌóÚó ; áöÃóäøó ÝöÆóÉó ÇáÑøóÌõáö ØóÇÆöÝóÊõåõ ÇáøóÊöí íóÑúÌöÚõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÃõãõæÑöåö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáÊøóÇÁõ ÚöæóÖñ Úóäö ÇáúÚóíúäö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝóÉö¡ æóæóÒúäõåõ ÈöÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÇáÕøóÑúÝöíøö «ÝöáóÉñ» æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ ÇááøóÇãö¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ æóÇæñ¡ ãöäú ÝóÃóæúÊõ ÑóÃúÓóåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÔóÞóÞúÊóåõ äöÕúÝóíúäö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúÝöÆóÉõ ÇáúÝöÑúÞóÉõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö. æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóæóÒúäõåõ ÈöÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÇáÕøóÑúÝöíøö «ÝöÚóÉñ» æóÇáÊøóÇÁõ ÚöæóÖñ Úóäö ÇááøóÇãö¡ æóßöáóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö äóÕóÑóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáúãóÇáõ æóÇáúÈóäõæäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊõ ÎóíúÑñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ËóæóÇÈðÇ æóÎóíúÑñ ÃóãóáðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÇáó æóÇáúÈóäöíäó ÒöíäóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ÎóíúÑñ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ËóæóÇÈðÇ æóÎóíúÑñ ÃóãóáðÇ.
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ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúÈóäöíäó ÚóãøóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ åõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Òõíøöäó áöáäøóÇÓö ÍõÈøõ ÇáÔøóåóæóÇÊö ãöäó ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö æóÇáúÈóäöíäó æóÇáúÞóäóÇØöíÑö ÇáúãõÞóäúØóÑóÉö ãöäó ÇáÐøóåóÈö æóÇáúÝöÖøóÉö æóÇáúÎóíúáö ÇáúãõÓóæøóãóÉö æóÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö æóÇáúÍóÑúËö Ðóáößó ãóÊóÇÚõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÍõÓúäõ ÇáúãóÂÈö Þõáú ÃóÄõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÎóíúÑò ãöäú Ðóáößõãú áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú ÌóäøóÇÊñ ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ æóÃóÒúæóÇÌñ ãõØóåøóÑóÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 14 - 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ áóÇ Êõáúåößõãú ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú Úóäú ÐößúÑö Çááøóåö æóãóäú íóÝúÚóáú Ðóáößó ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑõæäó [63 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÝöÊúäóÉñ æóÇááøóåõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÃóÌúÑñ ÚóÙöíãñ [64 \ 15] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÃóãúæóÇáõßõãú æóáóÇ ÃóæúáóÇÏõßõãú ÈöÇáøóÊöí ÊõÞóÑøöÈõßõãú ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÒõáúÝóì ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú Âãóäó æóÚóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 37] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ãóÇáñ æóáóÇ Èóäõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÊóì Çááøóåó ÈöÞóáúÈò Óóáöíãò [26 \ 88] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó áóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí áóåõ ÇáöÇÔúÊöÛóÇáõ ÈöÒöíäóÉö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÚóãøóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑóÊöåö¡ æóÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßõáøõåóÇ ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÞõáúäóÇ: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊõ ÇáúÎóãúÓõ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäó ÇáÓøóáóÝö: ãöäúåõãõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ãóíúÓóÑóÉó¡ æóÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÔõÑóÍúÈöíáó¡ Ãóæú ÃóäøóåóÇ: ÓõÈúÍóÇäó Çááøóåö æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö æóáóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑõ æóáóÇ Íóæúáó æóáóÇ ÞõæøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáúÚóáöíøö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÌõãúåõæÑõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóÌóÇÁóÊú ÏóÇáøóÉñ Úóáóíúåö ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúÎõÏúÑöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÇáÏøóÑúÏóÇÁö¡ æóÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö Èúäö ÈóÔöíÑò¡ æóÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó «ÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö» áóÝúÙñ ÚóÇãøñ¡ íóÔúãóáõ ÇáÕøóáóæóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓó¡ æóÇáúßóáöãóÇÊö ÇáúÎóãúÓó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó¡ æóÛóíúÑó Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÈóÇÞöíóÉñ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÒóÇÆöáóÉò. æóáóÇ ÝóÇäöíóÉò ßóÒöíäóÉö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóáöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÕóÇáöÍóÉñ áöæõÞõæÚöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáøóÐöí íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì. æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÎóíúÑñ ËóæóÇÈðÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÚúäóÇåõ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÎóíúÑñ ÃóãóáðÇ Ãóíö: ÇáøóÐöí íõÄóãøöáõ ãöäú ÚóæóÇÞöÈö ÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö¡ ÎóíúÑñ ãöãøóÇ íõÄóãøöáõåõ Ãóåúáõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ãöäú ÒöíäóÉö ÍóíóÇÊöåöãõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÃóãóáö: ØóãóÚõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÍõÕõæáö ãóÇ íóÑúÌõæåõ Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö. æóäóÙöíÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ãóÑúíóãó» : æóíóÒöíÏõ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇåúÊóÏóæúÇ åõÏðì æóÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊõ ÎóíúÑñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ËóæóÇÈðÇ æóÎóíúÑñ ãóÑóÏøðÇ [19 \ 76] ¡ æóÇáúãóÑóÏøõ: ÇáúãóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: «ãóÑóÏøðÇ» ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãöíãöíøñ¡ Ãóíú:(3/281)
æóíóæúãó äõÓóíøöÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÇÑöÒóÉð æóÍóÔóÑúäóÇåõãú Ýóáóãú äõÛóÇÏöÑú ãöäúåõãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ (47)
æóÎóíúÑñ ÑóÏøðÇ áöáËøóæóÇÈö Úóáóì ÝóÇÚöáöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóíúÓóÊú ßóÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊóÑõÏøõ ËóæóÇÈðÇ Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó äõÓóíøöÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÇÑöÒóÉð æóÍóÔóÑúäóÇåõãú Ýóáóãú äõÛóÇÏöÑú ãöäúåõãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ: æóíóæúãó [18 \ 47] ¡ ãóäúÕõæÈñ ÈöÇÐúßõÑú ãõÞóÏøóÑðÇ. Ãóæú ÈöÝöÚúáö ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö ÞóÈúáó Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ÝõÑóÇÏóì [6 \ 94] ¡ Ãóíú: ÞõáúäóÇ áóåõãú íóæúãó äõÓóíøöÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó: áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ÝõÑóÇÏóì¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóÇãöáó Ýöíåö «ÎóíúÑñ» íóÚúäöí æóÇáúÈóÇÞöíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊõ ÎóíúÑñ íóæúãó äõÓóíøöÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÈóÚöíÏñ ÌöÏøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãöäú Ãóäøó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÎúÊóáøõ Ýöíåö äöÙóÇãõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÇãö ÇáÏøõäúíóæöíøö¡ ÝóÊõÓóíøóÑõ ÌöÈóÇáõåõ¡ æóÊóÈúÞóì ÃóÑúÖõåõ ÈóÇÑöÒóÉð áóÇ ÍóÌóÑó ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ ÔóÌóÑó¡ æóáóÇ ÈöäóÇÁó æóáóÇ æóÇÏöíó æóáóÇ Úóáóãó¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÍúãöáõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ãöäú ÃóãóÇßöäöåöãóÇ¡ æóíóÏõßøõåõãóÇ ÏóßøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ äõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö äóÝúÎóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ æóÍõãöáóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóÏõßøóÊóÇ ÏóßøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóíóæúãóÆöÐò æóÞóÚóÊö ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóÉõ. . ÇáúÂíóÉó [69 \ 13 - 15] .
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ãöäú ÊóÓúíöíÑö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÐóßóÑóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó ÊóãõæÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ãóæúÑðÇ æóÊóÓöíÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÓóíúÑðÇ [52 \ 9 - 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÓõíøöÑóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÓóÑóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÓõíøöÑóÊú [81 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÊóÍúÓóÈõåóÇ ÌóÇãöÏóÉð æóåöíó ÊóãõÑøõ ãóÑøó ÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 88] .
Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ íõÝóÊøöÊõåóÇ ÍóÊøóì ÊóÐúåóÈó ÕóáóÇÈóÊõåóÇ ÇáúÍóÌóÑöíøóÉõ æóÊóáöíäó¡ ÝóÊóßõæäó Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÕóáóÇÈóÊöåóÇ æóáöíäöåóÇ ßóÇáúÚöåúäö ÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö¡ æóßóÇáÑøóãúáö ÇáúãõÊóåóÇíöáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó Êóßõæäõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ ßóÇáúãõåúáö æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ßóÇáúÚöåúäö [70 \ 8 - 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóßõæäõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇáúÝóÑóÇÔö ÇáúãóÈúËõæËö æóÊóßõæäõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ßóÇáúÚöåúäö ÇáúãóäúÝõæÔö [101 \ 4 - 5] ¡ æóÇáúÚöåúäõ: ÇáÕøõæÝõ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó ÊóÑúÌõÝõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ßóËöíÈðÇ ãóåöíáðÇ [73 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÈõÓøóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÈóÓøðÇ [56 \ 5] ¡ Ãóíú: ÝõÊøöÊóÊú ÍóÊøóì ÕóÇÑóÊú ßóÇáúÈóÓöíÓóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÏóÞöíÞñ ãóáúÊõæÊñ ÈöÓóãúäò¡ Úóáóì ÃóÔúåóÑö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóÇÊö.
Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ãóäøóåõ íóÌúÚóáõåóÇ åóÈóÇÁð æóÓóÑóÇÈðÇ. ÞóÇáó: æóÈõÓøóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÈóÓøðÇ ÝóßóÇäóÊú åóÈóÇÁð ãõäúÈóËøðÇ [56 \ 5¡ 6] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÓõíøöÑóÊö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÓóÑóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 20] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÑóÇÈó ÚöÈóÇÑóÉñ Úóäú áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ; æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ:(3/282)
æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ßóÓóÑóÇÈò ÈöÞöíÚóÉò¡ Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: áóãú íóÌöÏúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ [24 \ 39] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóíóæúãó äõÓóíøöÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ: «ÊõÓóíøóÑõ ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ» ÈöÇáÊøóÇÁö ÇáúãõËóäøóÇÉö ÇáúÝóæúÞöíøóÉõ æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáúíóÇÁö ÇáúãõÔóÏøóÏóÉö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: «ÊõÓóíøóÑõ» ãóÈúäöíøðÇ áöáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÈöÇáÑøóÝúÚö äóÇÆöÈõ ÝóÇÚöáö ÊõÓóíøóÑõ æóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ ÖóãöíÑñ íóÚõæÏõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÈóÇÞöí ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö «äõÓóíøöÑõ» ÈöÇáäøõæäö æóßóÓúÑö ÇáúíóÇÁö ÇáúãõÔóÏøóÏóÉö ãóÈúäöíøðÇ áöáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ æó «ÇáúÌöÈóÇáó» ãóäúÕõæÈñ ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö¡ æóÇáäøõæäõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «äõÓóíøöÑõ» áöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÇÑöÒóÉð¡ ÇáúÈõÑõæÒõ: ÇáÙøõåõæÑõ¡ Ãóíú: ÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÙóÇåöÑóÉð ãõäúßóÔöÝóÉð áöÐóåóÇÈö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö æóÇáÙøöÑóÇÈö æóÇáúÂßóÇãö¡ æóÇáÔøóÌóÑö æóÇáúÚöãóÇÑóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú ÚóáóíúåóÇ. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ Èóíøóäóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö. ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóÓúÃóáõæäóßó Úóäö ÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÞõáú íóäúÓöÝõåóÇ ÑóÈøöí äóÓúÝðÇ ÝóíóÐóÑõåóÇ ÞóÇÚðÇ ÕóÝúÕóÝðÇ áóÇ ÊóÑóì ÝöíåóÇ ÚöæóÌðÇ æóáóÇ ÃóãúÊðÇ [20 \ 105 - 106] ¡ æóÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ãóÚúäóì Ðóáößó ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÑúÖñ ãõÓúÊóæöíóÉñ áóÇ äóÈóÇÊó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÈöäóÇÁó æóáóÇ ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚó æóáóÇ ÇäúÍöÏóÇÑó. æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì æóÊóÑóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈóÇÑöÒóÉð¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÇÑöÒðÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÈóØúäöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúæóÇÊö æóÇáúßõäõæÒö ÈóÚöíÏñ ÌöÏøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÈõÑõæÒõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÈóØúäöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúæóÇÊö æóÇáúßõäõæÒö ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ãõÏøóÊú æóÃóáúÞóÊú ãóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÊóÎóáøóÊú [84 \ 3 - 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóáóÇ íóÚúáóãõ ÅöÐóÇ ÈõÚúËöÑó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö æóÍõÕøöáó ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõÏõæÑö [100 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÎúÑóÌóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÃóËúÞóÇáóåóÇ [99 \ 2] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÈõæÑõ ÈõÚúËöÑóÊú [82 \ 4] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÍóÔóÑúäóÇåõãú¡ Ãóíú: ÌóãóÚúäóÇåõãú áöáúÍöÓóÇÈö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúÍóÔúÑö åõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú Åöäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎöÑöíäó áóãóÌúãõæÚõæäó Åöáóì ãöíÞóÇÊö íóæúãò ãóÚúáõæãò [56 \ 49 - 50] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó áóíóÌúãóÚóäøóßõãú Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö [4 \ 87] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÌúãóÚõßõãú áöíóæúãö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ðóáößó íóæúãõ ÇáÊøóÛóÇÈõäö [64 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÌúãõæÚñ áóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóÐóáößó íóæúãñ ãóÔúåõæÏñ [11 \ 103] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóíóæúãó äóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 22] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÔúÑó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÔóÇãöáñ áöáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú ãöäú ÃóÌúäóÇÓö ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì:(3/283)
æóÚõÑöÖõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÕóÝøðÇ áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò Èóáú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóáøóäú äóÌúÚóáó áóßõãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ (48)
æóãóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ØóÇÆöÑò íóØöíÑõ ÈöÌóäóÇÍóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãõãóãñ ÃóãúËóÇáõßõãú ãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Ëõãøó Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú íõÍúÔóÑõæäó [6 \ 38] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ýóáóãú äõÛóÇÏöÑú ãöäúåõãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 47] ¡ Ãóíú: áóãú äóÊúÑõßú¡ æóÇáúãõÛóÇÏóÑóÉõ: ÇáÊøóÑúßõ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÛóÏúÑõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÑúßõ ÇáúæóÝóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉö¡ æóÓõãøöíó ÇáúÛóÏöíÑõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇÁö ÛóÏöíÑðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóíúáó ÐóåóÈó æóÊóÑóßóåõ¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãõÛóÇÏóÑóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÑúßö Þóæúáõ ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó Ýöí ãóØúáóÚö ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
åóáú ÛóÇÏóÑó ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁõ ãöäú ãõÊóÑóÏøóãö ... Ãóãú åóáú ÚóÑóÝúÊö ÇáÏøóÇÑó ÈóÚúÏó Êóæóåøõãö
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ:
ÛóÇÏóÑúÊõåõ ãõÊóÚóÝøöÑðÇ ÃóæúÕóÇáõåõ ... æóÇáúÞóæúãõ Èóíúäó ãõÌóÑøóÍò æóãõÌóÏøóáö
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÔóÑóåõãú æóáóãú íóÊúÑõßú ãöäúåõãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóíóæúãó äóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 22] ¡ æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ; áöÃóäøó ÍóÔúÑóåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ åõæó ãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõÛóÇÏöÑú ãöäúåõãú ÃóÍóÏðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚõÑöÖõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íõÚúÑóÖõæäó Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú ÕóÝøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåöãú ãõÕúØóÝøöíäó¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÕóÝøðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÕóÝøò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: ÕóÝøðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö «ÕóÝøðÇ» Ãóíú: ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Ëõãøó ÇÆúÊõæÇ ÕóÝøðÇ [20 \ 64] ¡ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö Ýöíåö ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÎóÑøóÌó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ãöäúÏóåú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö Úóäú ãõÚóÇÐö Èúäö ÌóÈóáò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÈóÇÑóßó æóÊóÚóÇáóì íõäóÇÏöí íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöÕóæúÊò ÑóÝöíÚò ÛóíúÑö ÝóÙöíÚò: íóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏöí¡ ÃóäóÇ Çááøóåõ áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÃóÑúÍóãõ ÇáÑøóÇÍöãöíäó æóÃóÍúßóãõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó æóÃóÓúÑóÚõ ÇáúÍóÇÓöÈöíäó¡ íóÇ ÚöÈóÇÏöí¡ áóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÍúÒóäõæäó¡ ÃóÍúÖöÑõæÇ ÍõÌøóÊóßõãú æóíóÓøöÑõæÇ ÌóæóÇÈðÇ ÝóÅöäøóßõãú ãóÓúÆõæáõæäó ãõÍóÇÓóÈõæäó. íóÇ ãóáóÇÆößóÊöí¡ ÃóÞöíãõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏöí ÕõÝõæÝðÇ Úóáóì ÃóØúÑóÇÝö ÃóäóÇãöáö ÃóÞúÏóÇãöåöãú áöáúÍöÓóÇÈö» ¡ ÞõáúÊõ: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÛóÇíóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÈóíóÇäö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑúåõ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÊóÈúäóÇåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö æóãöäúåõ äóÞóáúäóÇåõ¡ æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö.
ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó «ÕóÝøðÇ» Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÕõÝõæÝðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö: æóÌóÇÁó ÑóÈøõßó æóÇáúãóáóßõ ÕóÝøðÇ ÕóÝøðÇ [89 \ 22] ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉö Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö: íóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáÑøõæÍõ æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÕóÝøðÇ áóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÐöäó áóåõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ æóÞóÇáó ÕóæóÇÈðÇ [78 \ 38 - 39] .
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÐóßóÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäú ÃóÍúæóÇáö ÚóÑúÖö(3/284)
ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞö Úóáóíúåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ÃõÎóÑó ãöäú ÃóÍúæóÇáö ÚóÑúÖöåöãú Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãóÆöÐò ÊõÚúÑóÖõæäó áóÇ ÊóÎúÝóì ãöäúßõãú ÎóÇÝöíóÉñ [69 \ 18] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ãóÇ íõáóÇÞöíåö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ¡ æóãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ áóåõãú ÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÑúÖö Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú. ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäö ÇÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ ÃõæáóÆößó íõÚúÑóÖõæäó Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú æóíóÞõæáõ ÇáúÃóÔúåóÇÏõ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐóÈõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú ÃóáóÇ áóÚúäóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÕõÏøõæäó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö æóíóÈúÛõæäóåóÇ ÚöæóÌðÇ æóåõãú ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö åõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó [11 \ 18 - 19] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÕóÝøðÇ ÃóÕúáõåõ ãóÕúÏóÑñ¡ æóÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇáúãõäúßóÑõ ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÍóÇáðÇ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóãóÕúÏóÑñ ãõäúßóÑñ ÍóÇáðÇ íóÞóÚú ... ÈößóËúÑóÉò ßóÈóÛúÊóÉð ÒöíÏñ ØóáóÚú
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò.
åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãõ ãóÞõæáõ Þóæúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúÞóæúáö ãõØøóÑöÏñ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ ßóËöíÑñ ÌöÏøðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö. æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: íõÞóÇáõ áóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ¡ Ãóíú: æóÇááøóåö áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò¡ Ãóíú: ÍõÝóÇÉð ÚõÑóÇÉð ÛõÑúáðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÛóíúÑó ãóÎúÊõæäöíäó¡ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúßõãú ÝóÑúÏñ áóÇ ãóÇáó ãóÚóåõ æóáóÇ æóáóÏó¡ æóáóÇ ÎóÏóãó æóáóÇ ÍóÔóãó.
æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ÝõÑóÇÏóì ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóÊóÑóßúÊõãú ãóÇ ÎóæøóáúäóÇßõãú æóÑóÇÁó ÙõåõæÑößõãú æóãóÇ äóÑóì ãóÚóßõãú ÔõÝóÚóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóåõãú Ýöíßõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ áóÞóÏú ÊóÞóØøóÚó Èóíúäóßõãú æóÖóáøó Úóäúßõãú ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÒúÚõãõæäó [6 \ 94] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áóÞóÏú ÃóÍúÕóÇåõãú æóÚóÏøóåõãú ÚóÏøðÇ æóßõáøõåõãú ÂÊöíåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÝóÑúÏðÇ [19 \ 94 - 95] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóãóÇ ÈóÏóÃúäóÇ Ãóæøóáó ÎóáúÞò äõÚöíÏõåõ æóÚúÏðÇ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 104] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóãóÇ ÈóÏóÃóßõãú ÊóÚõæÏõæäó [7 \ 29] ÊóÞóÏøóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú «ãóÇ» ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇáúãõäúÓóÈößõ ãöäúåóÇ æóãöäú ÕöáóÊöåóÇ äóÚúÊñ áöãóÕúÏóÑò ãóÍúÐõæÝò Úóáóì ÍóÐúÝö ãõÖóÇÝò¡ æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ ÊóÞúÑöíÑöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú¡ Ãóíú: ãóÌöíÆðÇ ãöËúáó ãóÌöíÁö ÎóáúÞößõãú¡ Ãóíú: ÍõÝóÇÉð ÚõÑóÇÉð ÛõÑúáðÇ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóÎóÇáöíäó ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúæóáóÏö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÈõ åõæó ãõÞúÊóÖóì ßóáóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ æóíóÙúåóÑõ áöí Ãóäøóåõ íóÌõæÒõ ÅöÚúÑóÇÈõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÍóÇáðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäößõãú ãõÔóÇÈöåöíäó áóßõãú Ýöí ÍóÇáóÊößõãõ ÇáúÃõæáóì ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÊøóÔúÈöíåó íõÄóæøóáõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúæóÕúÝö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:(3/285)
æóíóßúËõÑõ ÇáúÌõãõæÏõ Ýöí ÓöÚúÑò æóÝöí ... ãõÈúÏöí ÊóÃóæøõáò ÈöáóÇ ÊóßóáøõÝ
ßóÈöÚúåõ ãõÏøðÇ ÈößóÐóÇ íóÏðÇ ÈöíóÏú ... æóßóÑøó ÒóíúÏñ ÃóÓóÏðÇ Ãóíú ßóÃóÓóÏú
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «æóßóÑøó ÒóíúÏñ ÃóÓóÏðÇ: Ãóíú: ßóÃóÓóÏò» ãöËóÇáñ áöãõÈúÏöí ÇáÊøóÃóæøõáö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÃúæöíáö ßóÑøó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ãõÔóÇÈöåðÇ áöáúÃóÓóÏö ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÍóÐúÝó ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÅöËúÈóÇÊó ãóÞõæáöåö ãõØøóÑöÏñ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ÂäöÝðÇ¡ áóßöäú ÚóßúÓõåõ æóåõæó ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáúÞóæúáö æóÍóÐúÝõ ãöÞúæóáöåö Þóáöíáñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
áóäóÍúäõ ÇáúÃõáóì ÞõáúÊõãú ÝóÃóäøóì ãõáöÆúÊõãú ... ÈöÑõÄúíóÊöäóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇåúÊöãóÇãò Èößõãú ÑõÚúÈðÇ
áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó áóäóÍúäõ ÇáúÃõáóì ÞõáúÊõãú äõÞóÇÊöáõåõãú¡ ÝóÍóÐóÝó ÌõãúáóÉó äõÞóÇÊöáõåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ãóÞõæáõ ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ¡ ÚóÈøóÑó Ýöíåö ÈöÇáúãóÇÖöí æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáó ; áöÃóäøó ÊóÍúÞöíÞó æõÞõæÚö Ðóáößó íõäúÒöáõåõ ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑõ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúãóÇÖöí Úóäö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ßóËöíÑñ ÌöÏøðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: æóÍóÔóÑúäóÇåõãú [18 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÚõÑöÖõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó [18 \ 48] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ: ÃóÊóì ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö [18 \ 99] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ [39 \ 71] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú [39 \ 73] ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóáøóäú äóÌúÚóáó áóßõãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóäú íóÌúÚóáó áóåõãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ¡ æóÇáúãóæúÚöÏõ íóÔúãóáõ ÒóãóÇäó ÇáúæóÚúÏö æóãóßóÇäóåõ¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøóåõãú ÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íóÌúÚóáú æóÞúÊðÇ æóáóÇ ãóßóÇäðÇ áöÅöäúÌóÇÒö ãóÇ æóÚóÏóåõãú Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÑõÓõáöåö ãöäó ÇáúÈóÚúËö æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö æóÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö. æóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÅöäúßóÇÑöåöãõ ÇáúÈóÚúËó ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÒóÚóãó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú áóäú íõÈúÚóËõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [64 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãóÈúÚõæËöíäó [6 \ 29] ¡ æóãóÇ äóÍúäõ ÈöãõäúÔóÑöíäó [44 \ 35] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóÐöÈóåõãú Ýöí ÅöäúßóÇÑöåöãú áöáúÈóÚúËö Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Èóáú áóåõãú ãóæúÚöÏñ áóäú íóÌöÏõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãóæúÆöáðÇ [18 \ 58] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú Èóáóì æóÑóÈøöí áóÊõÈúÚóËõäøó Ëõãøó áóÊõäóÈøóÄõäøó ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáúÊõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [64 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÞúÓóãõæÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÌóåúÏó ÃóíúãóÇäöåöãú áóÇ íóÈúÚóËõ Çááøóåõ ãóäú íóãõæÊõ Èóáóì æóÚúÏðÇ Úóáóíúåö ÍóÞøðÇ [16 \ 38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ßóãóÇ ÈóÏóÃúäóÇ Ãóæøóáó ÎóáúÞò äõÚöíÏõåõ æóÚúÏðÇ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÝóÇÚöáöíäó [21 \ 104] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí(3/286)
æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö æóíóÞõæáõæäó íóÇ æóíúáóÊóäóÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ æóáóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÑóÈøõßó ÃóÍóÏðÇ (49)
ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» æóÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ÇáúÈóÑóÇåöíäó ÇáøóÊöí íóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÚúËö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Èóáú ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ÅöÖúÑóÇÈñ ÇäúÊöÞóÇáöíøñ ãöäú ÎóÈóÑò Åöáóì ÎóÈóÑò ÂÎóÑó¡ áóÇ ÅöÈúØóÇáöíøñ ßóãóÇ åõæó æóÇÖöÍñ. æóÃóäøó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóáøóäú äóÌúÚóáó¡ ãõÎóÝøóÝóÉñ ãöäó ÇáËøóÞöíáóÉö¡ æóÌõãúáóÉõ ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÎóÈóÑõåóÇ¡ æóÇáöÇÓúãõ ÖóãöíÑõ ÇáÔøóÃúäö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝõ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÅöäú ÊõÎóÝøöÝú Ãóäú. . .
ÇáúÈóíúÊó.
æóÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ãõÊóÕóÑøöÝñ æóáóíúÓó ÈöÏõÚóÇÁò¡ ÝóÝóÕóáó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäóåóÇ ÈöÇáäøóÝúíö. Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÅöäú íóßõäú ÝöÚúáðÇ æóáóãú íóßõäú ÏõÚóÇ
ÇáúÈóíúÊóíúäö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö æóíóÞõæáõæäó íóÇ æóíúáóÊóäóÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ¡ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó íõæÖóÚõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö. æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö: ÌöäúÓõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ ÝóíóÔúãóáõ ÌóãöíÚó ÇáÕøõÍõÝö ÇáøóÊöí ßõÊöÈóÊú ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÇáúãõßóáøóÝöíäó Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ. æóÃóäøó ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó íõÔúÝöÞõæäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö. Ãóíú: íóÎóÇÝõæäó ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íóÞõæáõæäó íóÇæóíúáóÊóäóÇ ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ [18 \ 49] ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÊúÑõßõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí ÇáøóÊöí ÚóãöáúäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåóÇ Ãóíú: ÖóÈóØóåóÇ æóÍóÕóÑóåóÇ.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó. ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóßõáøó ÅöäúÓóÇäò ÃóáúÒóãúäóÇåõ ØóÇÆöÑóåõ Ýöí ÚõäõÞöåö æóäõÎúÑöÌõ áóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ßöÊóÇÈðÇ íóáúÞóÇåõ ãóäúÔõæÑðÇ ÇÞúÑóÃú ßöÊóÇÈóßó ßóÝóì ÈöäóÝúÓößó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóíúßó ÍóÓöíÈðÇ [17 \ 13 - 14] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÈóÚúÖóåõãú íõÄúÊóì ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö. æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú íõÄúÊóÇåõ ÈöÔöãóÇáöåö. æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú íõÄúÊóÇåõ æóÑóÇÁó ÙóåúÑöåö. ÞóÇáó: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ ÈöÔöãóÇáöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ íóÇáóíúÊóäöí áóãú ÃõæÊó ßöÊóÇÈöíóåú [69 \ 25] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÝóÓóæúÝó íõÍóÇÓóÈõ ÍöÓóÇÈðÇ íóÓöíÑðÇ æóíóäúÞóáöÈõ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåö ãóÓúÑõæÑðÇ æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ æóÑóÇÁó ÙóåúÑöåö ÝóÓóæúÝó íóÏúÚõæ ËõÈõæÑðÇ æóíóÕúáóì ÓóÚöíÑðÇ [84 \ 3 - 12] æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» . æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ãöäú æóÖúÚö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö åõäóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí «ÇáÒøõãóÑö» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÃóÔúÑóÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÈöäõæÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÌöíÁó ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö æóÞõÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö [39 \ 69] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÊóÑóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó¡ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãóÚúäðì ãöËúáõåõ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì(3/287)
Þóæúáöåö: æóÊóÑóì ÇáÔøóãúÓó ÅöÐóÇ ØóáóÚóÊú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 49] ¡ æóÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó: ÌóãúÚõ ÇáúãõÌúÑöãö¡ æóåõæó ÇÓúãõ ÝóÇÚöáö ÇáúÅöÌúÑóÇãö. æóÇáúÅöÌúÑóÇãõ: ÇÑúÊößóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÇáÐøóäúÈõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáäøóßóÇáó¡ æóãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåöãú «ãõÔúÝöÞöíäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö» : Ãóäøóåõãú ÎóÇÆöÝõæäó ãöãøóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöäú ßóÔúÝö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãõ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö¡ æóÝóÖöíÍóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÑõÁõæÓö ÇáúÃóÔúåóÇÏö¡ æóãóÇ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáÓøóÑúãóÏöíøö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõãú íóÇæóíúáóÊóäóÇ ÇáúæóíúáóÉõ: ÇáúåóáóßóÉõ¡ æóÞóÏú äóÇÏóæúÇ åóáóßóÊóåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí åóáóßõæåóÇ ÎóÇÕøóÉð ãöäú Èóíúäö ÇáúåóáóßóÇÊö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ æóíúáóÊóäóÇ! Ãóíú: íóÇ åóáóßóÊóäóÇ ÇÍúÖõÑöí ÝóåóÐóÇ ÃóæóÇäõ ÍõÖõæÑößö! æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãóäú ÈöÍóÖúÑóÊöåöãú: ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ: íóÇ ãóäú ÈöÍóÖúÑóÊöäóÇ ÇäúÙõÑõæÇ åóáóßóÊóäóÇ. æóßóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãöäú äöÏóÇÁö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõ ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÃóÓóÝóÇ Úóáóì íõæÓõÝó [12 \ 84] ¡ íóÇ ÍóÓúÑóÊóì Úóáóì ãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúÊõ Ýöí ÌóäúÈö Çááøóåö [39 \ 56] ¡ íóÇæóíúáóäóÇ ãóäú ÈóÚóËóäóÇ ãöäú ãóÑúÞóÏöäóÇ [36 \ 52] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÝõáóíúÞóÉö¡ ÝóíóÇ ÚóÌóÈðÇ ãöäú ÑóÍúáöåóÇ ÇáúãõÊóÍóãøöáö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö ÊóäúÈöíåõ ãóäú íóÚúÞöáõ ÈöÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö ãöãøóÇ Íóáøó ÈöÇáúãõäóÇÏóì ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÃóÈöí ÍóíøóÇäó. æóÍóÇÕöáõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ: Ãóäøó ÃóÏóÇÉó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «íóÇ æóíúáóÊóäóÇ» íõäóÇÏóì ÈöåóÇ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ãóÝúÚõæáõ ÝöÚúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ: íóÇ ãóäú ÈöÍóÖúÑóÊöäóÇ ÇäúÙõÑõæÇ åóáóßóÊóäóÇ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÍóÐúÝó ÇáúãõäóÇÏóì ãóÚó ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÃóÏóÇÉö ÇáäøöÏóÇÁö¡ æóÏóáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÞóÑöíäóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõäóÇÏóì ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö ãóÓúãõæÚñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö. æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
íóÇ ÔóÇÉó ãóÇ ÞóäóÕò áöãóäú ÍóáøóÊú áóåõ ... ÍóÑõãóÊú Úóáóìøó æóáóíúÊóåóÇ áóãú ÊóÍúÑõãö
íóÚúäöí: íóÇ Þóæúãõ ÇäúÙõÑõæÇ ÔóÇÉó ÞóäóÕò¡ æóÞóæúáõ Ðöí ÇáÑøõãøóÉö:
ÃóáóÇ íóÇ ÇÓúáóãöí íóÇ ÏóÇÑó ãóíøò Úóáóì ÇáúÈöáóÇ ... æóáóÇ ÒóÇáó ãõäúåóáøðÇ ÈöÌóÑúÚóÇÆößö ÇáúÞóØúÑõ
íóÚúäöí: íóÇ åóÐöåö ÇÓúáóãöí.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö [18 \ 49] Ãóíú: Ãóíøõ ÔóíúÁò ËóÈóÊó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÊúÑõßõ ÕóÛöíÑóÉð æóáóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉð Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: ÇáÕøóÛöíÑóÉõ ÇáúÞõÈúáóÉõ¡ æóÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉõ ÇáÒøöäóÇ¡ æóäóÍúæõ Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóãúËöíáö áóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúÍóÕúÑö¡ æóáöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝñ ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÊóÚúÑöíÝö ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ãóÚúÑõæÝñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö. æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãóäúåöíøóÇÊö ãöäúåóÇ ßóÈóÇÆöÑõ¡ æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ãöäúåóÇ ÕóÛóÇÆöÑõ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇÌúÊöäóÇÈó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö íóßóÝøöÑõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÇáÕøóÛóÇÆöÑó ; æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Åöäú ÊóÌúÊóäöÈõæÇ ßóÈóÇÆöÑó ãóÇ Êõäúåóæúäó Úóäúåõ äõßóÝøöÑú Úóäúßõãú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 31] ¡ æóíõÑúæóì Úóäö ÇáúÝõÖóíúáö Èúäö ÚöíóÇÖò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøóåõ(3/288)
æóÅöÐú ÞõáúäóÇ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇÓúÌõÏõæÇ áöÂÏóãó ÝóÓóÌóÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóÝóÓóÞó Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÝóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäóåõ æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöí æóåõãú áóßõãú ÚóÏõæøñ ÈöÆúÓó áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÈóÏóáðÇ (50)
ÞóÇáó: ÖóÌøõæÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÛóÇÆöÑö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúßóÈóÇÆöÑö¡ æóÌõãúáóÉõ «áóÇ íõÛóÇÏöÑõ» ÍóÇáñ ãöäú «ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö» .
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ íõÝúåóãõ ãöäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ãõÎóÇØóÈõæäó ÈöÝõÑõæÚö ÇáÔøóÑöíÚóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú æóÌóÏõæÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú ÕóÛóÇÆöÑó ÐõäõæÈöåöãú ãõÍúÕóÇÉð Úóáóíúåöãú¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäõæÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõÎóÇØóÈöíäó ÈöåóÇ áóãóÇ ÓõÌøöáóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÃóÚúãóÇáöåöãú. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÍóÇÖöÑðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõãú Ýöí íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóÌöÏõæäó ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãõ ÇáøóÊöí ÚóãöáõæåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÍóÇÖöÑóÉð ãõÍúÕóÇÉð Úóáóíúåöãú. æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó ÊóÌöÏõ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÎóíúÑò ãõÍúÖóÑðÇ æóãóÇ ÚóãöáóÊú ãöäú ÓõæÁò ÊóæóÏøõ áóæú Ãóäøó ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäóåõ ÃóãóÏðÇ ÈóÚöíÏðÇ [3 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõäóÇáößó ÊóÈúáõæ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝóÊú ÇáúÂíóÉó [10 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íõäóÈøóÃõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÈöãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó æóÃóÎøóÑó [75 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íóæúãó ÊõÈúáóì ÇáÓøóÑóÇÆöÑõ [86 \ 9] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÑóÈøõßó ÃóÍóÏðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÞõÕõ ãöäú ÍóÓóäóÇÊö ãõÍúÓöäò¡ æóáóÇ íóÒöíÏõ ãöäú ÓóíøöÆóÇÊö ãõÓöíÁò¡ æóáóÇ íõÚóÇÞöÈõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÐóäúÈò.
æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóßöäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú íóÙúáöãõæäó [10 \ 44] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÙúáöãõ ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò æóÅöäú Êóßõ ÍóÓóäóÉð íõÖóÇÚöÝúåóÇ æóíõÄúÊö ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ [4 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóäóÖóÚõ ÇáúãóæóÇÒöíäó ÇáúÞöÓúØó áöíóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÝóáóÇ ÊõÙúáóãõ äóÝúÓñ ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãöËúÞóÇáó ÍóÈøóÉò ãöäú ÎóÑúÏóáò ÃóÊóíúäóÇ ÈöåóÇ æóßóÝóì ÈöäóÇ ÍóÇÓöÈöíäó [21 \ 47] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÑóÈøõßó ÈöÙóáøóÇãò áöáúÚóÈöíÏö [41 \ 46] æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ Ùóáóãóåõãõ Çááøóåõ æóáóßöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú íóÙúáöãõæäó [16 \ 33] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÙóáóãúäóÇåõãú æóáóßöäú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú íóÙúáöãõæäó [16 \ 118] æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐú ÞõáúäóÇ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇÓúÌõÏõæÇ áöÂÏóãó ÝóÓóÌóÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóÝóÓóÞó Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåö.
ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÓúÌõÏõæÇ áöÂÏóãó [2 \ 34] ãõÍúÊóãöáñ áöÃóäú íóßõæäó ÃóãóÑóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏö ÂÏóãó ÃóãúÑðÇ ãõÚóáøóÞðÇ Úóáóì æõÌõæÏöåö. æóãõÍúÊóãöáñ áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóãóÑóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ÊóäúÌöíÒðÇ ÈóÚúÏó æõÌõæÏö ÂÏóãó. æóÃóäøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» æóÓõæÑóÉö «Õ» Ãóäøó ÃóÕúáó(3/289)
ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöÇáÓøõÌõæÏö ãõÊóÞóÏøöãñ Úóáóì ÎóáúÞö ÂÏóãó ãõÚóáøóÞñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí «ÇáúÍöÌúÑö» : æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßó áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Åöäøöí ÎóÇáöÞñ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöäú ÕóáúÕóÇáò ãöäú ÍóãóÅò ãóÓúäõæäò ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÓóæøóíúÊõåõ æóäóÝóÎúÊõ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöí ÝóÞóÚõæÇ áóåõ ÓóÇÌöÏöíäó [15 \ 28 - 29] æóÞóÇáó Ýöí «Õ» : ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßó áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Åöäøöí ÎóÇáöÞñ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ãöäú Øöíäò ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÓóæøóíúÊõåõ æóäóÝóÎúÊõ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöí ÝóÞóÚõæÇ áóåõ ÓóÇÌöÏöíäó [38 \ 71 - 72] ¡ æóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöí åóÐóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÚúÏó æõÌõæÏö ÂÏóãó ÌóÏøóÏó áóåõãõ ÇáúÃóãúÑó ÈöÇáÓøõÌõæÏö áóåõ ÊóäúÌöíÒðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÓóÌóÏõæÇ ãõÍúÊóãöáñ áöÃóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ÓóÌóÏõæÇ ßõáøõåõãú Ãóæú ÈóÚúÖõåõãú¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Èóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøóåõãú ÓóÌóÏõæÇ ßõáøõåõãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÓóÌóÏó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ßõáøõåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚõæäó [15¡ 73 æ38] æóäóÍúæöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóÝóÓóÞó Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåö [18 \ 50] ¡ ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÝöÓúÞöåö Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåö ßóæúäõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí «ãóÓúáóßö ÇáäøóÕøö» æóÝöí «ãóÓúáóßö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö» : Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÓóÑóÞó ÝóÞõØöÚóÊú íóÏõåõ¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóÌúáö ÓóÑöÞóÊöåö. æóÓóåóÇ ÝóÓóÌóÏó¡ Ãóíú: áöÃóÌúáö Óóåúæöåö¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáÓøóÇÑöÞõ æóÇáÓøóÇÑöÞóÉõ ÝóÇÞúØóÚõæÇ ÃóíúÏöíóåõãóÇ [5 \ 38] Ãóíú: áöÚöáøóÉö ÓóÑöÞóÊöåöãóÇ. æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóÝóÓóÞó [18 \ 50] Ãóíú: áöÚöáøóÉö ßóíúäõæäóÊöåö ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ; áöÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÕúÝó ÝóÑøóÞó Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõãõ ÇãúÊóËóáõæÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑó æóÚóÕóÇ åõæó ; æóáöÃóÌúáö ÙóÇåöÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÐóåóÈóÊú ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Åöáóì Ãóäøó ÅöÈúáöíÓó áóíúÓó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö Èóáú ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÊóÚóÈøóÏõ ãóÚóåõãú¡ ÝóÃõØúáöÞó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇÓúãõåõãú áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÈóÚñ áóåõãú¡ ßóÇáúÍóáöíÝö Ýöí ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóíúåö ÇÓúãõåóÇ. æóÇáúÎöáóÇÝõ Ýöí ÅöÈúáöíÓó åóáú åõæó ãóáóßñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö æóÞóÏú ãóÓóÎóåõ Çááøóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ¡ Ãóæú áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö Èöãóáóßò¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ Ôóãóáóåõ áóÝúÙõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö áöÏõÎõæáöåö Ýöíåöãú æóÊóÚóÈøõÏõåõ ãóÚóåõãú ãóÔúåõæÑñ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö. æóÍõÌøóÉõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÃóÕúáóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÃóãúÑóÇäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÚóÕúãóÉõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ãöäö ÇÑúÊößóÇÈö ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÑúÊóßóÈóåõ ÅöÈúáöíÓõ. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: áóÇ íóÚúÕõæäó Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãú æóíóÝúÚóáõæäó ãóÇ íõÄúãóÑõæäó [66 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ íóÓúÈöÞõæäóåõ ÈöÇáúÞóæúáö æóåõãú ÈöÃóãúÑöåö íóÚúãóáõæäó [21 \ 27] ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö¡ æóÇáúÌöäøõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö. ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóåõæó äóÕøñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøñ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáäøöÒóÇÚö. æóÇÍúÊóÌøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ãóáóßñ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö ÈöãóÇ ÊóßóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÓóÌóÏó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ßõáøõåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚõæäó ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó [15 \ 30 - 31] ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÝóÅöÎúÑóÇÌõåõ ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ãöäú áóÝúÙö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãöäúåõãú. æóÞóÇáó(3/290)
ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: æóÇáÙøóæóÇåöÑõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóËõÑóÊú ÕóÇÑóÊú ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáäøóÕøö. æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁö ÇáöÇÊøöÕóÇáõ áóÇ ÇáöÇäúÞöØóÇÚõ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóÇ ÍõÌøóÉó áöãóäú ÎóÇáóÝóäóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö [18 \ 50] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌöäøó ÞóÈöíáóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ ÎõáöÞõæÇ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ãöäú äóÇÑö ÇáÓøóãõæãö ßóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓö¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÚúÑöÝõ Ýöí áõÛóÊöåóÇ ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáúÌöäøö Úóáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì Ýöí ÓõáóíúãóÇäó Èúäö ÏóÇæõÏó:
æóÓõÎøöÑó ãöäú Ìöäøö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößö ÊöÓúÚóÉñ ... ÞöíóÇãðÇ áóÏóíúåö íóÚúãóáõæäó ÈöáóÇ ÃóÌúÑö
ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÌöäøö Úóáóì ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÚóáõæÇ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÇáúÌöäøóÉö äóÓóÈðÇ [37 \ 158] ¡ ÚöäúÏó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõãú: ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈóäóÇÊõ Çááøóåö. ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ßõáøö ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈößóãóÇáöåö æóÌóáóÇáöåö ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ! æóãöãøóäú ÌóÒóãó ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö áöÙóÇåöÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÇáúÍóÓóäõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ¡ æóÞóÕóÑóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö» : Åöäøó ßóæúäóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö åõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ æóÇÈúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøöÈö¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó æóÛóíúÑöåöãú. æóåõæó ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÃóÈöí ÇáúÍóÓóäö¡ æóÑóÌøóÍóåõ ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ Þóæúáöåö «ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó» ÇåÜ. æóãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Úóäú ÌóãóÇÚóÉò ãöäó ÇáÓøóáóÝö ßóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÛóíúÑöåö: ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóÔúÑóÇÝö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóãöäú ÎõÒøóÇäö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÃóãúÑó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÇÓúãõåõ ÚóÒóÇÒöíáõ ßõáøõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ãõÚóæøóáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ.
æóÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúÍõÌóÌö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÍõÌøóÉõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóáóßò. áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÈúáöíÓó ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúÌöäøö ÝóÝóÓóÞó ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 50] ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÔóíúÁò Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖõæÚö ãöäú äõÕõæÕö ÇáúæóÍúíö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóÝóÓóÞó Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåö¡ Ãóíú: ÎóÑóÌó Úóäú ØóÇÚóÉö ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåö¡ æóÇáúÝöÓúÞõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö: ÇáúÎõÑõæÌõ ; æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÑõÄúÈóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÌøóÇÌö:
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æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÈóÏóáðÇ ãöäú æóáóÇíóÉö Çááøóåö íóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÍóÞøò. ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøóåõãõ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó [7 \ 30] ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö. ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ íõÞóÇÊöáõæäó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊö ÝóÞóÇÊöáõæÇ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö [4 \ 76] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó áöáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [7 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÃóæúáöíóÇÄõåõãõ ÇáØøóÇÛõæÊõ [2 \ 257] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóãóÇ Ðóáößõãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ íõÎóæøöÝõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁóåõ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝõæåõãú æóÎóÇÝõæäö Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó [3 \ 175] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ [18 \ 50] ¡ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó áöáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÐõÑøöíøóÉð. ÝóÇÏøöÚóÇÁõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÐõÑøöíøóÉó áóåõ ãõäóÇÞöÖñ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãõäóÇÞóÖóÉð ÕóÑöíÍóÉð ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì. æóßõáøõ ãóÇ äóÇÞóÖó ÕóÑöíÍó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Ýóåõæó ÈóÇØöáñ ÈöáóÇ Ôóßøò! æóáóßöäú ØóÑöíÞóÉõ æõÌõæÏö äóÓúáöåö åóáú åöíó Úóäú ÊóÒúæöíÌò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ áóÇ Ïóáöíáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú äóÕøò ÕóÑöíÍò¡ æóÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó ÝöíåóÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ: ÓóÃóáóäöí ÇáÑøóÌõáõ: åóáú áöÅöÈúáöíÓó ÒóæúÌóÉñ¿ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: Åöäøó Ðóáößó ÚõÑúÓñ áóãú ÃóÔúåóÏúåõ Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑúÊõ Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäóåõ æóÐõÑøöíøóÊóåõ ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöí [18 \ 50] ¡(3/292)
ÝóÚóáöãúÊõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Êóßõæäõ ÐõÑøöíøóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÒóæúÌóÉò ÝóÞõáúÊõ: äóÚóãú¡ æóãóÇ Ýóåöãóåõ ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÐøóÑøöíøóÉó ÊóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇáÒøóæúÌóÉó Ñõæöíó ãöËúáõåõ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ æóÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: Åöäøó ßóíúÝöíøóÉó æõÌõæÏö ÇáäøóÓúáö ãöäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÏúÎóáó ÝóÑúÌóåõ Ýöí ÝóÑúÌö äóÝúÓöåö ÝóÈóÇÖó ÎóãúÓó ÈóíúÖóÇÊò: ÞóÇáó: ÝóåóÐóÇ ÃóÕúáõ ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎóáóÞó áóåõ Ýöí ÝóÎúÐöåö Çáúíõãúäóì ÐóßóÑðÇ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúíõÓúÑóì ÝóÑúÌðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó íóäúßöÍõ åóÐóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÝóíóÎúÑõÌõ áóåõ ßõáøó íóæúãò ÚóÔúÑó ÈóíúÖóÇÊò¡ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäú ßõáøö ÈóíúÖóÉò ÓóÈúÚõæäó ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ æóÔóíúØóÇäóÉð¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáó æóäóÍúæóåóÇ áóÇ ãõÚóæøóáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ áöÚóÏóãö ÇÚúÊöÖóÇÏöåóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉó. ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó áóåõ ÐõÑøöíøóÉð. ÃóãøóÇ ßóíúÝöíøóÉõ æöáóÇÏóÉö Êöáúßó ÇáÐøõÑøöíøóÉö Ýóáóãú íóËúÈõÊú Ýöíåö äóÞúáñ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóãöËúáõåõ áóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöÇáÑøóÃúíö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÞõáúÊõ: ÇáøóÐöí ËóÈóÊó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈö ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÍöãúíóÑöíõ Ýöí ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö Úóäö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÇáúÈóÑúÞóÇäöíøö: Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÑøóÌó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ãõÓúäóÏðÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãõÍóãøóÏò ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÛóäöíøö Èúäö ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙö¡ ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÚóÇÕöãò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÚõËúãóÇäó¡ Úóäú ÓóáúãóÇäó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ Êóßõäú Ãóæøóáó ãóäú íóÏúÎõáõ ÇáÓøõæÞó æóáóÇ ÂÎöÑó ãóäú íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÇÖó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ æóÝóÑøóÎó» æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó áöáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÐõÑøöíøóÉð ãöäú ÕõáúÈöåö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ íóÈöíÖõ æóíõÝóÑøöÎõ¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÏóáóÇáóÉó Ýöíåö Úóáóì Ðóáößó. åóáú åöíó ãöäú ÃõäúËóì åöíó ÒóæúÌóÉñ áóåõ¡ Ãóæú ãöäú ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó. ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÏóáóÇáóÉó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ áóÇ ÊóÎúáõæ ãöäö ÇÍúÊöãóÇáò ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÈóÇÖó æóÝóÑøóÎó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãóËóáö¡ ÝóíóÍúÊóãöáõ ãóÚúäóì ÈóÇÖó æóÝóÑøóÎó Ãóäøóåõ ÝóÚóáó ÈöåóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó ãöäú ÅöÖúáóÇáò æóÅöÛúæóÇÁò æóæóÓúæóÓóÉò æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáúãóËóáö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáó áóÇ ÊõÛóíøóÑõ ÃóáúÝóÇÙõåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ íóÐúßõÑõåõ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ãöäú ÊóÚúíöíäö ÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÃóæúáóÇÏöåö æóæóÙóÇÆöÝöåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóáøóÏóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåóÇ ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÒóáóäúÈõæÑõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÃóÓúæóÇÞö¡ æóÊöÈúÑñ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãóÕóÇÆöÈö íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÖóÑúÈö ÇáúæõÌõæåö æóÔóÞøö ÇáúÌõíõæÈö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÃóÚúæóÑõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÃóÈúæóÇÈö ÇáÒøöäóÇ. æóãöÓúæóØñ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö íõáúÞöíåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÝúæóÇåö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóáóÇ íóÌöÏõæäó áóåóÇ ÃóÕúáðÇ. æóÏóÇÓöãñ åõæó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÇáøóÐöí ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÈóíúÊóåõ Ýóáóãú íõÓóáøöãú æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑö ÇÓúãó Çááøóåö ÈóÕóÑóåõ ãóÇ áóãú íóÑúÝóÚú ãöäó ÇáúãóÊóÇÚö æóãóÇ áóãú íõÍúÓöäú ãóæúÖöÚóåõ íõËöíÑõ ÔóÑøóåõ Úóáóì Ãóåúáöåö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ Ãóßóáó æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑö ÇÓúãó Çááøóåö Ãóßóáó ãóÚóåõ. æóÇáúæóáúåóÇäõ ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáúãóÒóÇãöíÑö æóÈöåö ßóÇäó íõßóäøóì ÅöÈúáöíÓõ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú ÊóÚúíöíäö ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåöãú æóæóÙóÇÆöÝöåöãú ßõáøõåõ áóÇ ãõÚóæøóáó Úóáóíúåö ; ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó ãöäúåõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóãöãøóÇ ËóÈóÊó Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú ÊóÚúíöíäö æóÙöíÝóÉö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö æóÇÓúãöåö ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÎóáóÝò(3/293)
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æóÊóÍúÑöíÔõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÇÓö æóßóæúäõ ÅöÈúáöíÓó íóÖóÚõ ÚóÑúÔóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ æóíóÈúÚóËõ ÓóÑóÇíóÇ ÝóíóÝúÊöäõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÝóÃóÚúÙóãõåõãú ÚöäúÏóåõ ÃóÚúÙóãõåõãú ÝöÊúäóÉð ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ËóÇÈöÊñ Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö. æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ ÎóáúÞó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ãõÊøóÎöÐó ÇáúãõÖöáøöíäó ÚóÖõÏðÇ¡ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõ ÅöÈúáöíÓó æóÌõäõæÏóåõ ; Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃóÍúÖóÑúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóÃóÓúÊóÚöíäõ Èöåöãú Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåóÇ æóáóÇ ÎóáúÞö ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ Ãóíú: æóáóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÝóÃóÓúÊóÚöíäõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÎóáúÞöåö¡ Èóáú ÊóÝóÑøóÏúÊõ ÈöÎóáúÞö ÌóãöíÚö Ðóáößó ÈöÛóíúÑö ãõÚöíäò æóáóÇ ÙóåöíÑò! ÝóßóíúÝó ÊóÕúÑöÝõæäó áóåõãú ÍóÞøöí æóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäóåõãú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäöí æóÃóäóÇ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÔóÇÑóÊú áóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉõ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÇáöÞó åõæó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏõ æóÍúÏóåõ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóãóäú íóÎúáõÞõ ßóãóäú áóÇ íóÎúáõÞõ ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó [16 \ 17] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ áöáøóåö ÔõÑóßóÇÁó ÎóáóÞõæÇ ßóÎóáúÞöåö ÝóÊóÔóÇÈóåó ÇáúÎóáúÞõ Úóáóíúåöãú Þõáö Çááøóåõ ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ [13 \ 16] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: åóÐóÇ ÎóáúÞõ Çááøóåö ÝóÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö Èóáö ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò [31 \ 11] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔöÑúßñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö [35 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÑõæäöí ãóÇÐóÇ ÎóáóÞõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóãú áóåõãú ÔöÑúßñ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö [46 \ 4] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö æóáóÇ ÎóáúÞó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú ÎóáúÞó ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ; Èóáú ÎóáóÞúÊõåõãú Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóÑóÏúÊõ æóßóíúÝó ÔöÆúÊõ. æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ãõÊøóÎöÐó ÇáúãõÖöáøöíäó ÚóÖõÏðÇ [18 \ 51] ¡ Ýöíåö ÇáúÅöÙúåóÇÑõ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáúÅöÖúãóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑó. æóãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ãõÊøóÎöÐóåõãú ÚóÖõÏðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ÃóÔúåóÏúÊõåõãú æóÇáäøõßúÊóÉõ ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÙúåóÇÑö Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÇáúÅöÖúãóÇÑö åöíó Ðóãøõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áóåõãú ÈöáóÝúÙö(3/294)
æóíóæúãó íóÞõæáõ äóÇÏõæÇ ÔõÑóßóÇÆöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ÝóÏóÚóæúåõãú Ýóáóãú íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áóåõãú æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóæúÈöÞðÇ (52)
ÇáúÅöÖúáóÇáö. æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÚóÖõÏðÇ» Ãóíú: ÃóÚúæóÇäðÇ.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÇáÊøóäúÈöíåõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó ÇáúãõÖöáøöíäó áóÇ ÊóäúÈóÛöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇäóÉõ Èöåöãú¡ æóÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉõ ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö.
æóÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ ÃõÔöíÑó áóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÚóãúÊó Úóáóíøó Ýóáóäú Ãóßõæäó ÙóåöíÑðÇ áöáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó [28 \ 17] ¡ æóÇáÙøóåöíÑõ: ÇáúãõÚöíäõ¡ æóÇáúãõÖöáøõæäó: ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÖöáøõæäó ÃóÊúÈóÇÚóåõãú Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáÖøóáóÇáö æóÅöØúáóÇÞóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÈöÔóæóÇåöÏöåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó íóÞõæáõ äóÇÏõæÇ ÔõÑóßóÇÆöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú ÝóÏóÚóæúåõãú Ýóáóãú íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áóåõãú æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóæúÈöÞðÇ.
Ãóíú: æóÇÐúßõÑú íóæúãó íóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó ãóÚóåõ ÇáúÂáöåóÉó æóÇáúÃóäúÏóÇÏó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúÈõæÏóÇÊö ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÊóæúÈöíÎðÇ áóåõãú æóÊóÞúÑöíÚðÇ: äóÇÏõæÇ ÔõÑóßóÇÆöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ ãóÚöí¡ ÝóÇáúãóÝúÚõæáóÇäö ãóÍúÐõæÝóÇäö: Ãóíú: ÒóÚóãúÊõãõæåõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁó áöí ßóÐöÈðÇ æóÇÝúÊöÑóÇÁð. Ãóíö: ÇÏúÚõæåõãú æóÇÓúÊóÛöíËõæÇ Èöåöãú áöíóäúÕõÑõæßõãú æóíóãúäóÚõæßõãú ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈöí¡ ÝóÏóÚóæúåõãú Ýóáóãú íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áóåõãú¡ Ãóíú: ÝóÇÓúÊóÛóÇËõæÇ Èöåöãú Ýóáóãú íõÛöíËõæåõãú. æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãöäú ÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÊöåöãú áóåõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóæúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÞóÕóÕö» : æóíóæúãó íõäóÇÏöíåöãú ÝóíóÞõæáõ Ãóíúäó ÔõÑóßóÇÆöíó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÒúÚõãõæäó ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÑóÈøóäóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóÛúæóíúäóÇ ÃóÛúæóíúäóÇåõãú ßóãóÇ ÛóæóíúäóÇ ÊóÈóÑøóÃúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÅöíøóÇäóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó æóÞöíáó ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÔõÑóßóÇÁóßõãú ÝóÏóÚóæúåõãú Ýóáóãú íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áóåõãú æóÑóÃóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó áóæú Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó [28 \ 62 - 64] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ðóáößõãõ Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõßõãú áóåõ Çáúãõáúßõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãóÇ íóãúáößõæäó ãöäú ÞöØúãöíÑò Åöäú ÊóÏúÚõæåõãú áóÇ íóÓúãóÚõæÇ ÏõÚóÇÁóßõãú æóáóæú ÓóãöÚõæÇ ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈõæÇ áóßõãú æóíóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö íóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÔöÑúßößõãú æóáóÇ íõäóÈøöÆõßó ãöËúáõ ÎóÈöíÑò [35 \ 13 - 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÃóÖóáøõ ãöãøóäú íóÏúÚõæ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóäú áóÇ íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõ áóåõ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóåõãú Úóäú ÏõÚóÇÆöåöãú ÛóÇÝöáõæäó æóÅöÐóÇ ÍõÔöÑó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßóÇäõæÇ áóåõãú ÃóÚúÏóÇÁð æóßóÇäõæÇ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú ßóÇÝöÑöíäó [46 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÂáöåóÉð áöíóßõæäõæÇ áóåõãú ÚöÒøðÇ ßóáøóÇ ÓóíóßúÝõÑõæäó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåöãú æóíóßõæäõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ÖöÏøðÇ [19 \ 81] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõãõæäóÇ ÝõÑóÇÏóì ßóãóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇßõãú Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóÊóÑóßúÊõãú ãóÇ ÎóæøóáúäóÇßõãú æóÑóÇÁó ÙõåõæÑößõãú æóãóÇ äóÑóì ãóÚóßõãú ÔõÝóÚóÇÁóßõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÒóÚóãúÊõãú Ãóäøóåõãú Ýöíßõãú ÔõÑóßóÇÁõ áóÞóÏú ÊóÞóØøóÚó Èóíúäóßõãú æóÖóáøó Úóäúßõãú ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÒúÚõãõæäó [6 \ 94] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ Ýöí ÊóÈóÑøõÆöåöãú ãöäúåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöÌóÇÈóÊöåöãú áóåõãú ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ. æóÎõØúÈóÉõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó» Ýöí(3/295)
Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ áóãøóÇ ÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó æóÚóÏóßõãú æóÚúÏó ÇáúÍóÞøö æóæóÚóÏúÊõßõãú ÝóÃóÎúáóÝúÊõßõãú Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: Åöäøöí ßóÝóÑúÊõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóÔúÑóßúÊõãõæäöí ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ [14 \ 22] ¡ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóæúÈöÞðÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöíåö ãöäú ËóáóÇËö ÌöåóÇÊò:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáÙøóÑúÝö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó «Èóíúäó» ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ýöí ãóÑúÌöÚö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö. æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúãóæúÈöÞö¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ åõäóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáóåõãú¡ æóãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ áóäóÇ ÑõÌúÍóÇäõåõ ãöäúåóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãóæúÈöÞõ: ÝóÞöíáó: Çáúãõåúáößõ. æóÞöíáó æóÇÏò Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó. æóÞöíáó ÇáúãóæúÚöÏõ. ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑö: ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö Úóáöíøò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ãóæúÈöÞðÇ íóÞõæáõ: ãõåúáößðÇ¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «ãóæúÈöÞðÇ» íóÞõæáõ: ãõåúáößðÇ. æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó æóÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «ãóæúÈöÞðÇ» ÞóÇáó. æóÇÏò Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó.
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æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóíóæúãó íóÞõæáõ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÍóãúÒóÉó ÈöÇáúíóÇÁö ÇáúãõËóäøóÇÉö ÇáÊøóÍúÊöíøóÉö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ «äóÞõæáõ» Èöäõæäö ÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÝóÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ ÖóãöíÑñ íóÚõæÏõ Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ Ãóíú: íóÞõæáõ åõæó Ãóíö: Çááøóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÃóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ÇáäøóÇÑó ÝóÙóäøõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú ãõæóÇÞöÚõæåóÇ æóáóãú íóÌöÏõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ãóÕúÑöÝðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó íóÑóæúäó ÇáäøóÇÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóíóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõæóÇÞöÚõæåóÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÎóÇáöØõæåóÇ æóæóÇÞöÚõæäó ÝöíåóÇ. æóÇáÙøóäøõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö ; áöÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÈúÕóÑõæÇ ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞó æóÔóÇåóÏõæÇ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚó. æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö Ãóäøóåõãú ãõæÞöäõæäó ÈöÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ; ßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: æóáóæú ÊóÑóì ÅöÐö ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó äóÇßöÓõæ ÑõÁõæÓöåöãú ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÃóÈúÕóÑúäóÇ æóÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÝóÇÑúÌöÚúäóÇ äóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãõæÞöäõæäó [32 \ 12] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóßóÔóÝúäóÇ Úóäúßó ÛöØóÇÁóßó ÝóÈóÕóÑõßó Çáúíóæúãó ÍóÏöíÏñ [50 \ 22] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÓúãöÚú Èöåöãú æóÃóÈúÕöÑú íóæúãó íóÃúÊõæäóäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 38] ¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÙøóäøö Úóáóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö [Þóæúáõåõ] ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÓúÊóÚöíäõæÇ ÈöÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóßóÈöíÑóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóÇÔöÚöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃóäøóåõãú Åöáóíúåö ÑóÇÌöÚõæäó [2 \ 45 - 46] ¡ Ãóíú: íõæÞöäõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ ÑóÈøöåöãú¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÙõäøõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõáóÇÞõæ Çááøóåö ßóãú ãöäú ÝöÆóÉò ÞóáöíáóÉò ÛóáóÈóÊú ÝöÆóÉð ßóËöíÑóÉð ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóÇááøóåõ ãóÚó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó [2 \ 249] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃõæÊöíó ßöÊóÇÈóåõ Èöíóãöíäöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ åóÇÄõãõ ÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ßöÊóÇÈöíóåú Åöäøöí ÙóäóäúÊõ Ãóäøöí ãõáóÇÞò ÍöÓóÇÈöíóåú [69 \ 19 - 20] ¡(3/298)
æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ (54)
ÝóÇáÙøóäøõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ßõáøöåóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊõØúáöÞõ ÇáÙøóäøó Úóáóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö æóÚóáóì ÇáÔøóßøö¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö Úóáóì ÇáúíóÞöíäö Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÏõÑóíúÏö Èúäö ÇáÕøöãøóÉö:
ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõãú ÙõäøõæÇ ÈöÃóáúÝóíú ãõÏóÌøóÌò ... ÓóÑóÇÊõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøö ÇáúãõÓóÑøóÏö
æóÞóæúáõ ÚóãöíÑóÉó Èúäö ØóÇÑöÞò:
ÈöÃóäú ÊóÛúÊóÒõæÇ Þóæúãöí æóÃóÞúÚõÏõ Ýöíßõãõ ... æóÃóÌúÚóáõ ãöäøöí ÇáÙøóäøó ÛóíúÈðÇ ãõÑóÌøóãóÇ
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó íóÑóæúäó ÇáäøóÇÑó¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ÊóÑóÇåõãú ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöãóäú ßóÐøóÈó ÈöÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö ÓóÚöíÑðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóÊúåõãú ãöäú ãóßóÇäò ÈóÚöíÏò ÓóãöÚõæÇ áóåóÇ ÊóÛóíøõÙðÇ æóÒóÝöíÑðÇ [25 \ 11 - 12] ¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÑóì Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÙøóäøó Ìõáøõ ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö ÇÕúØöáóÇÍñ áöáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó æóÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö¡ æóáóÇ ãõÔóÇÍøóÉó Ýöí ÇáöÇÕúØöáóÇÍö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáóãú íóÌöÏõæÇ ÚóäúåóÇ ãóÕúÑöÝðÇ¡ ÇáúãóÕúÑöÝõ: ÇáúãóÚúÏöáõ¡ Ãóíú: æóáóãú íóÌöÏõæÇ Úóäö ÇáäøóÇÑö ãóßóÇäðÇ íóäúÕóÑöÝõæäó Åöáóíúåö æóíóÚúÏöáõæäó Åöáóíúåö¡ áöíóÊøóÎöÐõæåõ ãóáúÌóÃð æóãõÚúÊóÕóãðÇ íóäúÌõæäó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÚóÐóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúãóÕúÑöÝö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚúÏöáö ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóßóÇäö ÇáöÇäúÕöÑóÇÝö áöáöÇÚúÊöÕóÇãö ÈöÐóáößó ÇáúãóßóÇäö Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ßóÈöíÑò ÇáúåõÐóáöíøö:
ÃóÒõåóíúÑõ åóáú Úóäú ÔóíúÈóÉó ãöäú ãóÕúÑöÝö ... Ãóãú áóÇ ÎõáõæÏó áöÈóÇÐöáò ãõÊóßóáøöÝö
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö:
æóÑóÃóì ÇáúãõÌúÑöãõæäó ÇáäøóÇÑó¡ ãöäú ÑóÃóì ÇáúÈóÕóÑöíøóÉö¡ Ýóåöíó ÊóÊóÚóÏøóì áöãóÝúÚõæáò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑõ ÈöÇáúãóÇÖöí Úóäö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáö äóÙóÑðÇ áöÊóÍóÞøõÞö ÇáúæõÞõæÚö¡ ÝóßóÇäó Ðóáößó áöÊóÍóÞøõÞö æõÞõæÚöåö ßóÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöÑóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáäøóÇÓö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ¡ Þóæúáõåõ: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ [18 \ 54] ¡ Ãóíú: ÑóÏøóÏúäóÇ æóßóËøóÑúäóÇ ÊóÕúÑöíÝó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáö ÈöÚöÈóÇÑóÇÊò ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉò¡ æóÃóÓóÇáöíÈó ãõÊóäóæøöÚóÉò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöáäøóÇÓö. áöíóåúÊóÏõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóíóÊøóÚöÙõæÇ. ÝóÚóÇÑóÖõæÇ ÈöÇáúÌóÏóáö æóÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóËóáõ: åõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÛóÑöíÈõ ÇáÓøóÇÆöÑõ Ýöí ÇáúÂÝóÇÞö¡ æóÖóÑúÈõ ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáö ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÓúÊóÍúíöí Ãóäú íóÖúÑöÈó ãóËóáðÇ ãóÇ ÈóÚõæÖóÉð ÝóãóÇ ÝóæúÞóåóÇ [2 \ 26] ¡ æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö ÖóÑúÈö ÇáúãóËóáö Ýöíåö íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÖõÑöÈó ãóËóáñ ÝóÇÓúÊóãöÚõæÇ áóåõ Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊóÏúÚõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áóäú íóÎúáõÞõæÇ ÐõÈóÇÈðÇ æóáóæö ÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ áóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [22 \ 73] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ßóãóËóáö ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö ÇÊøóÎóÐóÊú ÈóíúÊðÇ æóÅöäøó Ãóæúåóäó ÇáúÈõíõæÊö áóÈóíúÊõ ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [29 \ 41](3/299)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóãóËóáõåõ ßóãóËóáö ÇáúßóáúÈö Åöäú ÊóÍúãöáú Úóáóíúåö íóáúåóËú Ãóæú ÊóÊúÑõßúåõ íóáúåóËú Ðóáößó ãóËóáõ ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÝóÇÞúÕõÕö ÇáúÞóÕóÕó áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó ÓóÇÁó ãóËóáðÇ ÇáúÞóæúãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 176 - 177] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍõãøöáõæÇ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó Ëõãøó áóãú íóÍúãöáõæåóÇ ßóãóËóáö ÇáúÍöãóÇÑö íóÍúãöáõ ÃóÓúÝóÇÑðÇ ÈöÆúÓó ãóËóáõ ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [62 \ 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÖúÑöÈú áóåõãú ãóËóáó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ßóãóÇÁò ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 45] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ãóËóáðÇ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ãóãúáõæßðÇ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò æóãóäú ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäøóÇ ÑöÒúÞðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ Ýóåõæó íõäúÝöÞõ ãöäúåõ ÓöÑøðÇ æóÌóåúÑðÇ åóáú íóÓúÊóæõæäó ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö Èóáú ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó [16 \ 75] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ ãóËóáðÇ ÑóÌõáóíúäö ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÃóÈúßóãõ áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò æóåõæó ßóáøñ Úóáóì ãóæúáóÇåõ ÃóíúäóãóÇ íõæóÌøöåúåõ áóÇ íóÃúÊö ÈöÎóíúÑò åóáú íóÓúÊóæöí åõæó æóãóäú íóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö æóåõæó Úóáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò [16 \ 76] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÖóÑóÈó áóßõãú ãóËóáðÇ ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓößõãú åóáú áóßõãú ãöäú ãóÇ ãóáóßóÊú ÃóíúãóÇäõßõãú ãöäú ÔõÑóßóÇÁó Ýöí ãóÇ ÑóÒóÞúäóÇßõãú ÝóÃóäúÊõãú Ýöíåö ÓóæóÇÁñ ÊóÎóÇÝõæäóåõãú ßóÎöíÝóÊößõãú ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [30 \ 28] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáö æóÃóÔúÈóÇåöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÚöÈóÑñ æóãóæóÇÚöÙõ æóÒóæóÇÌöÑõ ÚóÙöíãóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ áóÇ áóÈúÓó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞøö ãóÚóåóÇ¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõ ãóÚóÇäöíóåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö æóãóÇ íóÚúÞöáõåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÚóÇáöãõæäó¡ æóãöäú Íößóãö ÖóÑúÈö ÇáúãóËóáö: Ãóäú íóÊóÐóßøóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáó ãóÚó ÅöíÖóÇÍöåóÇ áöáúÍóÞøö íóåúÏöí ÈöåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÞóæúãðÇ¡ æóíõÖöáøõ ÈöåóÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÂÎóÑöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÓúÊóÍúíöí Ãóäú íóÖúÑöÈó ãóËóáðÇ ãóÇ ÈóÚõæÖóÉð ÝóãóÇ ÝóæúÞóåóÇ ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ÝóíóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåöãú æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóíóÞõæáõæäó ãóÇÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ãóËóáðÇ íõÖöáøõ Èöåö ßóËöíÑðÇ æóíóåúÏöí Èöåö ßóËöíÑðÇ æóãóÇ íõÖöáøõ Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó [2 \ 26] ¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÑøóÚúÏö» ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ÖóÑóÈó ÇáúãóËóáó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÓóÇáóÊú ÃóæúÏöíóÉñ ÈöÞóÏóÑöåóÇ ÝóÇÍúÊóãóáó ÇáÓøóíúáõ ÒóÈóÏðÇ ÑóÇÈöíðÇ æóãöãøóÇ íõæÞöÏõæäó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÍöáúíóÉò Ãóæú ãóÊóÇÚò ÒóÈóÏñ ãöËúáõåõ ßóÐóáößó íóÖúÑöÈõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÇáúÈóÇØöáó ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÒøóÈóÏõ ÝóíóÐúåóÈõ ÌõÝóÇÁð æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÝóíóãúßõËõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóÐóáößó íóÖúÑöÈõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáó [13 \ 17] ¡ ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: áöáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈõæÇ áöÑóÈøöåöãõ ÇáúÍõÓúäóì æóÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áóåõ áóæú Ãóäøó áóåõãú ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÌóãöíÚðÇ æóãöËúáóåõ ãóÚóåõ áóÇÝúÊóÏóæúÇ Èöåö ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÓõæÁõ ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö æóãóÃúæóÇåõãú Ìóåóäøóãõ æóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúãöåóÇÏõ [13 \ 18] ¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó(3/300)
ÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈõæÇ áöÑóÈøöåöãú åõãõ ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÞóáõæÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáö¡ æóÇäúÊóÝóÚõæÇ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóÊú ãöäú ÈóíóÇäö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íóÓúÊóÌöíÈõæÇ áóåõ åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íóÚúÞöáõæåóÇ¡ æóáóãú íóÚúÑöÝõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍóÊúåõ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞö¡ ÝóÇáúÝóÑöíÞõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ Ýöíåöãú æóíóåúÏöí Èöåö ßóËöíÑðÇ [2 \ 26] ¡ æóÇáúÝóÑöíÞõ ÇáËøóÇäöí åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáó Ýöíåöãú íõÖöáøõ Èöåö ßóËöíÑðÇ æóÞóÇáó Ýöíåöãú æóãóÇ íõÖöáøõ Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ãóÝúÚõæáõ «ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ» ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊõ æóÇáúÚöÈóÑõ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÜ «ãöäú» áöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁö ÇáúÛóÇíóÉö¡ Ãóíú: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö æóÇáúÚöÈóÑó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÖóÑúÈö ÇáúãóËóáö áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöíóÐøóßøóÑõæÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇÈóáõæÇ Ðóáößó ÈöÇáúÌöÏóÇáö æóÇáúÎöÕóÇãö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ [18 \ 45] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÓúÊóÙúåóÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó «ãöäú» ÒóÇÆöÏóÉð áöáÊøóæúßöíÏö¡ ÝóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ ßõáøó ãóËóáò¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ãóÝúÚõæáõ «ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ» : «ßõáøõ ãóËóáò» æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÎúÑöíÌõ åõæó Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáúßõæÝöíøöíäó æóÇáúÃóÎúÝóÔö¡ áóÇ Úóáóì ãóÐúåóÈö ÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøöíäó¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ÇáúÛóÑóÖõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ: «ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò» ãöäú ßõáøö ãóÚúäðì åõæó ßóÇáúãóËóáö Ýöí ÛóÑóÇÈóÊöåö æóÍõÓúäöåö ÇåÜ¡ æóÖóÇÈöØõ ÖóÑúÈö ÇáúãóËóáö ÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóíúåö ßõáøõ ãóÚóÇäöíåö ÇáøóÊöí íõÝóÓøóÑõ ÈöåóÇ: åõæó ÅöíÖóÇÍõ ãóÚúäóì ÇáäøóÙöíÑö ÈöÐößúÑö äóÙöíÑöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÙöíÑó íõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöäóÙöíÑöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÌóÇÁó ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö» : æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò ÝóÃóÈóì ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÅöáøóÇ ßõÝõæÑðÇ [17 \ 89] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöíóÐøóßøóÑõæÇ æóãóÇ íóÒöíÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ äõÝõæÑðÇ [17 \ 41] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÐóáößó ÃóäúÒóáúäóÇåõ ÞõÑúÂäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ æóÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÚöíÏö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊøóÞõæäó Ãóæú íõÍúÏöËõ áóåõãú ÐößúÑðÇ [20 \ 113] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÖóÑóÈúäóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÐóßøóÑõæäó ÞõÑúÁóÇäðÇ ÚóÑóÈöíøðÇ ÛóíúÑó Ðöí ÚöæóÌò áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊøóÞõæäó [39 \ 27 - 28] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÖóÑóÈúäóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò æóáóÆöäú ÌöÆúÊóåõãú ÈöÂíóÉò áóíóÞõæáóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöäú ÃóäúÊõãú ÅöáøóÇ ãõÈúØöáõæäó [30 \ 58] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ [18 \ 54] Ãóíú: ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö ÇáøóÊöí ãöäú ÔóÃúäöåóÇ ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉõ Åöäú ÝóÕóáúÊóåóÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó æóÇÍöÏò «ÌóÏóáðÇ» Ãóíú: ÎõÕõæãóÉð æóãõãóÇÑóÇÉð ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöÞóÕúÏö ÅöÏúÍóÇÖö ÇáúÍóÞøö.
æóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÎõÕõæãóÉö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöÅöÏúÍóÇÖö ÇáúÍóÞøö Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ æóíõÌóÇÏöáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöíõÏúÍöÖõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÍóÞøó [18 \ 56] ¡(3/301)
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÍóÇÌøõæäó Ýöí Çááøóåö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÇÓúÊõÌöíÈó áóåõ ÍõÌøóÊõåõãú ÏóÇÍöÖóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 16] æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóæóáóãú íóÑó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ [36 \ 77] æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú äõØúÝóÉò ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÎóÕöíãñ ãõÈöíäñ [16 \ 4] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãóÇ ÝóÓøóÑúäóÇ Èöåö Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ ßóËúÑóÉõ ÎõÕõæãóÉö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö æóãõãóÇÑóÇÊöåöãú ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöíõÏúÍöÖõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÍóÞøó åõæó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ ÇáøóÐöí äóÒóáóÊú Ýöíåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò [17 \ 89] ¡ Ãóíú: áöíóÐøóßøóÑõæÇ æóíóÊøóÚöÙõæÇ æóíõäöíÈõæÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú: ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÝúäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áöíóÐøóßøóÑõæÇ [17 \ 41] æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáõ äóÖúÑöÈõåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÊóÝóßøóÑõæäó [59 \ 21] ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÊúÈóÚó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ [18 \ 54] ¡ ÚóáöãúäóÇ ãöäú ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÃóßúËóÑõæÇ ÇáúÌóÏóáó æóÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉó æóÇáúãöÑóÇÁó áöÅöÏúÍóÇÖö ÇáúÍóÞøö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ ÖóÑóÈóåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ßõáøö ãóËóáò¡ æóáóßöäú ßóæúäõ åóÐóÇ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÓóÈóÈõ ÇáäøõÒõæáö áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöÙóÇåöÑö ÚõãõæãöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇááøóÝúÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäóÇåõ ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåö ÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì¡ æóáöÃóÌúáö åóÐóÇ áóãøóÇ ØóÑóÞó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÚóáöíøðÇ æóÝóÇØöãóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ áóíúáóÉð ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÃóáøóÇ ÊõÕóáøöíóÇäö» ¿ æóÞóÇáó Úóáöíøñ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÝõÓõäóÇ ÈöíóÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÔóÇÁó Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËóäóÇ ÈóÚóËóäóÇ¡ ÇäúÕóÑóÝó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÑóÇÌöÚðÇ æóåõæó íóÖúÑöÈõ ÝóÎöÐóåõ æóíóÞõæáõ: æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ãóÔúåõæÑñ ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÅöíÑóÇÏõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáúÂíóÉó Úóáóì Þóæúáö Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ «ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÝõÓõäóÇ ÈöíóÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÔóÇÁó Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËóäóÇ ÈóÚóËóäóÇ» Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Úõãõæãö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóÔõãõæáöåóÇ áößõáøö ÎöÕóÇãò æóÌóÏóáò¡ áóßöäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÌóÏóáö ãóÇ åõæó ãóÍúãõæÏñ ãóÃúãõæÑñ Èöåö áöÅöÙúåóÇÑö ÇáúÍóÞøö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÌóÇÏöáúåõãú ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ [16 \ 125] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÊõÌóÇÏöáõæÇ Ãóåúáó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäõ [29 \ 46] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÌóÏóáðÇ» ãóäúÕõæÈñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÇáúÝóÇÚöáó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇäúÕöÈóäú ÈöÃóÝúÚóáóÇ ... ãõÝóÖøöáðÇ ßóÃóäúÊó ÃóÚúáóì ãóäúÒöáðÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ Ãóíú: ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö ÇáøóÊöí íóÊóÃóÊøóì ãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÌóÏóáõ ÌóÏóáðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáÊøóÝúÖöíáö ÅöÐóÇ ÃõÖöíÝóÊú Åöáóì äóßöÑóÉò ßóãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ Ãóæú ÌõÑøöÏóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö æóÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÝö ÈöÇáúÃóáöÝö æóÇááøóÇãö áóÒöãó ÅöÝúÑóÇÏõåóÇ æóÊóÐúßöíÑõåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÚóÞóÏóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:(3/302)
æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞõÈõáðÇ (55)
æóÅöäú áöãóäúßõæÑò íõÖóÝú Ãóæú ÌõÑøöÏóÇ ... ÃóáúÒöãú ÊóÐúßöíÑðÇ æóÃóäú íõæóÍøóÏóÇ
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãõÈóíøöäóÉö áöáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÌóÏóáö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞó ÓóäóÏóåõ Åöáóì ÇÈúäö ÒóíúÏò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóßúËóÑó ÔóíúÁò ÌóÏóáðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúÌóÏóáõ ÇáúÎõÕõæãóÉõ ÎõÕõæãóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúãö áöÃóäúÈöíóÇÆöåöãú æóÑóÏøõåõãú Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæÇ Èöåö¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íóÃúßõáõ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó ãöäúåõ æóíóÔúÑóÈõ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÔúÑóÈõæäó [23 \ 33] ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó: íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóÊóÝóÖøóáó Úóáóíúßõãú [23 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÍóÊøóì ÊóæóÝøóì ÇáúÂíóÉó æóáóæú äóÒøóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúßó ßöÊóÇÈðÇ Ýöí ÞöÑúØóÇÓò ÝóáóãóÓõæåõ ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú áóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Åöäú åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÓöÍúÑñ ãõÈöíäñ [6 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó: æóáóæú ÝóÊóÍúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈóÇÈðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÙóáøõæÇ Ýöíåö íóÚúÑõÌõæäó áóÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÓõßøöÑóÊú ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõäóÇ Èóáú äóÍúäõ Þóæúãñ ãóÓúÍõæÑõæäó [15 \ 14] ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäú ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøö¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÐõßöÑó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÒóíúÏò ÃóäøóåóÇ ãõÝóÓøöÑóÉñ áöÌóÏóáö ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÐóáößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö æóÓóÈóÈõ ÇáäøõÒõæáö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞõÈõáðÇ.
Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÌúåóÇäö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãõÞúÊóÖóÇåõ ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí ãöäó ÇáúÂÎóÑö.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ãöäúåõãóÇ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøõÓõáõ ÈöÇáúÈóíøöäóÇÊö ÇáúæóÇÖöÍóÇÊö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó Ýöí ÚöáúãöäóÇ: ãöäú Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó¡ Èóáú íóÓúÊóãöÑøõæäó Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåöãú ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö¡ æóÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÅöíøóÇåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÞõÈõáðÇ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó æóáóæú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ßõáøõ ÂíóÉò ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó [10 \ 96 - 97] æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ÊõÛúäöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÇáäøõÐõÑõ Úóäú Þóæúãò áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [10 \ 101] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊóÍúÑöÕú Úóáóì åõÏóÇåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú íõÖöáøõ æóãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú äóÇÕöÑöíäó [16 \ 37](3/303)
æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ ÝöÊúäóÊóåõ Ýóáóäú Êóãúáößó áóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóãú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íõØóåøöÑó ÞõáõæÈóåõãú áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÎöÒúíñ æóáóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÚóÙöíãñ [5 \ 41] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ßóËöíÑóÉñ.
ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãõÖóÇÝðÇ ãóÍúÐõæÝðÇ¡ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó ãöäó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö ÅöáøóÇ ØóáóÈõåõãú Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó¡ Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞõÈõáðÇ.
æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì ØóáóÈöåöãõ ÇáúåóáóÇßó æóÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÚöäóÇÏðÇ æóÊóÚóäøõÊðÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú Þóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò: ÝóÃóÓúÞöØú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó [26 \ 187] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú Þóæúãö åõæÏò: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÌöÆúÊóäóÇ áöÊóÃúÝößóäóÇ Úóäú ÂáöåóÊöäóÇ ÝóÃúÊöäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚöÏõäóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó [46 \ 22] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú Þóæúãö ÕóÇáöÍò: æóÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÕóÇáöÍõ ÇÆúÊöäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚöÏõäóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó [7 \ 77] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú Þóæúãö áõæØò: ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÌóæóÇÈó Þóæúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÆúÊöäóÇ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈö Çááøóåö Åöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó [29 \ 29] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäú Þóæúãö äõæÍò: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇäõæÍõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÏóáúÊóäóÇ ÝóÃóßúËóÑúÊó ÌöÏóÇáóäóÇ ÝóÃúÊöäóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚöÏõäóÇ Åöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó [11 \ 32] .
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ ÝöíåóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÓõäøóÉö ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó: Ãóäøóåõãú íóØúáõÈõæäó ÊóÚúÌöíáó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÚöäóÇÏðÇ æóÊóÚóäøõÊðÇ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ Ãóåúáóßó ÌóãöíÚóåõãú ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò ãõÓúÊóÃúÕöáò¡ ßóÅöåúáóÇßö Þóæúãö äõæÍò ÈöÇáØøõæÝóÇäö¡ æóÞóæúãö ÕóÇáöÍò ÈöÇáÕøóíúÍóÉö¡ æóÞóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò ÈöÚóÐóÇÈö íóæúãö ÇáÙøõáøóÉö¡ æóÞóæúãö åõæÏò ÈöÇáÑøöíÍö ÇáúÚóÞöíãö¡ æóÞóæúãö áõæØò ÈöÌóÚúáö ÚóÇáöí ÞõÑóÇåõãú ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ¡ æóÅöÑúÓóÇáö ÍöÌóÇÑóÉö ÇáÓøöÌøöíáö Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãõÝóÕøóáñ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäöíøóÉö.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò: Ãóäøó ßõÝøóÇÑó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ßóãõÔúÑößöí ÞõÑóíúÔò ÓóÃóáõæÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ßóãóÇ ÓóÃóáóåõ ãóäú ÞóÈúáóåõãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøó ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó ÝóÃóãúØöÑú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Ãóæö ÇÆúÊöäóÇ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò [8 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÚóÌøöáú áóäóÇ ÞöØøóäóÇ ÞóÈúáó íóæúãö ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈö [38 \ 16] ¡ æóÃóÕúáõ ÇáúÞöØøö: ßöÊóÇÈõ Çáúãóáößö ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÇáúÌóÇÆöÒóÉõ¡ æóÕóÇÑó íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÕöíÈö: ÝóãóÚúäóì ÚóÌøöáú áóäóÇ ÞöØøóäóÇ Ãóíú: äóÕöíÈóäóÇ ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑó áóäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÒúÚõãõ æõÞõæÚóåõ ÈöäóÇ Åöäú áóãú äõÕóÏøöÞúßó æóäõÄúãöäú Èößó¡ ßóÇáäøóÕöíÈö ÇáøóÐöí íõÞóÏøöÑõåõ Çáúãóáößõ Ýöí ÇáúÞöØøö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ßöÊóÇÈõ ÇáúÌóÇÆöÒóÉö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
æóáóÇ Çáúãóáößõ ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäõ íóæúãó áóÞöíÊõåõ ... ÈöÛöÈúØóÊöåö íõÚúØöí ÇáúÞõØõæØó æóíóÃúÝóÞõ
æóÞóæúáöåö «íóÃúÝóÞõ» Ãóíú: íõÝóÖøöáõ ÈóÚúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÈóÚúÖò Ýöí ÇáúÚóØóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÞúÏöíÑó Ýöíåö Ãóæúáóì ãöãøóÇ Ýöíåö ÊóÞúÏöíÑñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÍõÌøóÉö(3/304)
ÇáÑøõÌõæÚö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÊõËúÈöÊõ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝó ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ) ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö (æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 55] ¡ æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 94] ¡ ÈöãóÇ ÍóÇÕöáõåõ ÈöÇÎúÊöÕóÇÑò: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÇäöÚó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö» ãóÇäöÚñ ÚóÇÏöíøñ íóÌõæÒõ ÊóÎóáøõÝõåõ ; áöÃóäøó ÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÈóåõãú ÈóÚúËó ÑóÓõæáò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ãóÇäöÚñ ÚóÇÏöíøñ íóÌõæÒõ ÊóÎóáøõÝõåõ áöÅöãúßóÇäö Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÛúÑöÈó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ ÈóÚúËó ÑóÓõæáò ãöäó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö Ëõãøó íõÄúãöäó Èöåö ãóÚó Ðóáößó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÈö¡ ÝóÇáúÍóÕúÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 94] ¡ ÍóÕúÑñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇäöÚö ÇáúÚóÇÏöíøö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÕúÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: æóãóÇ ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúåõÏóì æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞõÈõáðÇ [18 \ 55] ¡ Ýóåõæó ÍóÕúÑñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÇäöÚö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøö ; áöÃóäøó ÅöÑóÇÏóÊóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÚóÏóãõ ÅöíãóÇäöåöãú¡ æóÍõßúãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÞóÖóÇÁõåõ Èöåö ãóÇäöÚñ ÍóÞöíÞöíøñ ãöäú æõÞõæÚö ÛóíúÑöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞõÈõáðÇ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúßõæÝöíøõæäó: æóåõãú ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ «ÞõÈõáðÇ» ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúÞóÇÝö æóÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ãöäó ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö: æóåõãú äóÇÝöÚñ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò «ÞöÈóáðÇ» ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÞóÇÝö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÁö¡ ÃóãøóÇ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúßõæÝöíøöíäó ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «ÞõÈõáðÇ» ÈöÖóãøóÊóíúäö ÌóãúÚõ ÞóÈöíáò¡ æóÇáúÝóÚöíáõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇÓúãðÇ íõÌúãóÚõ Úóáóì ÝõÚõáò ßóÓóÑöíÑò æóÓõÑõÑò¡ æóØóÑöíÞò æóØõÑõÞò¡ æóÍóÕöíÑò æóÍõÕõÑò¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÝöÚúáñ áöÇÓúãò ÑõÈóÇÚöíøò ÈöãóÏú ... ÞóÏú ÒöíÏó ÞóÈúáó áóÇãö ÅöÚúáóÇáðÇ ÝóÞóÏú
ãóÇ áóãú íõÖóÇÚóÝú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÚóãøö Ðõæ ÇáúÃóáöÝú.¡ ÅöáóÎú.
æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞõÈõáðÇ Ãóíú: ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉð¡ íóÊúáõæ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ãóäú ÞóÑóÁõæÇ «ÞöÈóáðÇ» ßóÚöäóÈò¡ ÝóãóÚúäóÇåõ ÚöíóÇäðÇ¡ Ãóíú: Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÚöíóÇäðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ «ÞõÈõáðÇ» Ãóíú: ÝóÌúÃóÉð¡ æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÚöíóÇäðÇ¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÇÈöáóíúäö íõÚóÇíöäõ ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑó¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏò: Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõãóÇ ÚöíóÇäðÇ¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö¡ æóÇäúÊöÕóÇÈõ «ÞõÈõáðÇ» Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáö Úóáóì ßöáúÊóÇ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö Ýöí ãóÚúäóì «ÞõÈõáðÇ» Åöäú ÞóÏøóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÚöíóÇäðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ãóÕúÏóÑõ ãõäóßøóÑñ ÍóÇáñ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÚóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÌóãúÚõ ÞóÈöíáò: Ýóåõæó ÇÓúãñ ÌóÇãöÏñ(3/305)
æóãóÇ äõÑúÓöáõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó æóíõÌóÇÏöáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöíõÏúÍöÖõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÂíóÇÊöí æóãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑõæÇ åõÒõæðÇ (56)
ãõÄóæøóáñ ÈöãõÔúÊóÞøò ; áöÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÃúæöíáö: Ãóæú íóÃúÊöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ æóÖõÑõæÈðÇ ãõÎúÊóáöÝóÉð¡ æóÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÇáúãõäúÓóÈößõ ãöäú «Ãóäú» æóÕöáóÊöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö äóÕúÈò ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÝúÚõæáõ «ãóäóÚó» ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóÇáúãõäúÓóÈößõ Ýöí «Ãóäú» æóÕöáóÊöåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÃúÊöíóåõãú ÓõäøóÉõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÑóÝúÚò ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÝóÇÚöáõ «ãóäóÚó» áöÃóäøó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁó ãõÝúÑóÛñ¡ æóãóÇ ÞóÈúáó «ÅöáøóÇ» ÚóÇãöáñ ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ ÝóÕóÇÑó ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: ãóäóÚó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÓõäøóÉö ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÅöäú íõÝóÑøóÛú ÓóÇÈöÞõ ÅöáøóÇ áöãóÇ ... ÈóÚúÏõ íóßõäú ßóãóÇ áóæú ÅöáøóÇ ÚõÏöãóÇ
æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóíóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú åõæó ØóáóÈõ ÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉö ãöäúåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáÐøõäõæÈö ÇáÓøóÇáöÝóÉö ÈöÇáúÅöäóÇÈóÉö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÇáäøóÏóãö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÝóÇÊó¡ æóÇáúÚóÒúãö ÇáúãõÕóãøöãö Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÚóæúÏö Åöáóì ÇáÐøóäúÈö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ äõÑúÓöáõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ íõÑúÓöáõ ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÅöáøóÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó ãóäú ÃóØóÇÚóåõãú ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó ãóäú ÚóÕóÇåõãú ÈöÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóßóÑøóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ äõÑúÓöáõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöáøóÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó Ýóãóäú Âãóäó æóÃóÕúáóÍó ÝóáóÇ ÎóæúÝñ Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ åõãú íóÍúÒóäõæäó [6 \ 48] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉö æóÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíõäúÐöÑó ÈóÃúÓðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäúåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 2] ¡ æóÇäúÊöÕóÇÈõ Þóæúáöåö «ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó» Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ äõÑúÓöáõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåöãú ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÌóÇÏöáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áöíõÏúÍöÖõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÍóÞøó.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ íõÌóÇÏöáõæäó ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ Ãóíú: íõÎóÇÕöãõæäó ÇáÑøõÓõáó ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåöãú Ýöí ÇáÑøóÓõæáö: ÓóÇÍöÑñ¡ ÔóÇÚöÑñ¡ ßóÇåöäñ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: ÃóÓóÇØöíÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó¡ ÓöÍúÑñ¡ ÔöÚúÑñ¡ ßöåóÇäóÉñ¡ æóßóÓõÄóÇáöåöãú Úóäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÐöí ÇáúÞóÑúäóíúäö¡ æóÓõÄóÇáöåöãú Úóäö ÇáÑøõæÍö ÚöäóÇÏðÇ æóÊóÚóäøõÊðÇ¡ áöíõÈúØöáõæÇ ÇáúÍóÞøó ÈöÌöÏóÇáöåöãú æóÎöÕóÇãöåöãú ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ÝóÇáúÌöÏóÇáõ: ÇáúãõÎóÇÕóãóÉõ¡ æóãóÝúÚõæáõ «íõÌóÇÏöáõ» ãóÍúÐõæÝñ Ïóáøó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ Úóáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóãóÇ äõÑúÓöáõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íõÌóÇÏöáõåõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö åõãõ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõæäó ÂäöÝðÇ¡ æóÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúÝóÖúáóÉö ÅöÐóÇ Ïóáøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÌóÇÆöÒñ¡ æóæóÇÞöÚñ ßóËöíÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ßóãóÇ ÚóÞóÏóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÍóÐúÝõ ÝóÖúáóÉò ÃóÌöÒú Åöäú áóãú íóÖõÑú ... ßóÍóÐúÝö ãóÇ ÓöíÞó ÌóæóÇÈðÇ Ãóæú ÍõÕöÑú(3/306)
æóÇáúÈóÇØöáõ: ÖöÏøõ ÇáúÍóÞøö æóßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò ÒóÇÆöáñ ãõÖúãóÍöáøñ ÊõÓóãøöíåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ: ÈóÇØöáðÇ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ áóÈöíÏò:
ÃóáóÇ ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò ãóÇ ÎóáóÇ Çááøóåó ÈóÇØöáõ ... æóßõáøõ äóÚöíãò áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó ÒóÇÆöáõ
æóíõÌúãóÚõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ ßóËöíÑðÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈóÇØöíáó Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ ÝóíóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÇÈúäö ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÍóÇÆöÏñ Úóäö ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö ßõáøõ ãóÇ ÎóÇáóÝó ... Ýöí ÇáúÈóÇÈóíúäö ÍõßúãðÇ ÑóÓúãóÇ
æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ßóÚúÈö Èúäö ÒõåóíúÑò:
ßóÇäóÊú ãóæóÇÚöíÏõ ÚõÑúÞõæÈò áóåóÇ ãóËóáðÇ ... æóãóÇ ãóæóÇÚöíÏõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÃóÈóÇØöíáõ
æóíõÌúãóÚõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóæóÇØöáö ÞöíóÇÓðÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ: ÖöÏøõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ æóßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò ËóÇÈöÊñ ÛóíúÑõ ÒóÇÆöáò æóáóÇ ãõÖúãóÍöáøò ÊõÓóãøöíåö ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÍóÞøðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áöíõÏúÍöÖõæÇ Èöåö ÇáúÍóÞøó [18 \ 56] ¡ Ãóíú: áöíõÈúØöáõæåõ æóíõÒöíáõæåõ Èöåö æóÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäú ÅöÏúÍóÇÖö ÇáúÞóÏóãö¡ æóåõæó ÅöÒúáóÇÞõåóÇ æóÅöÒóÇáóÊõåóÇ Úóäú ãóæúÖöÚöåóÇ¡ ÊóÞõæáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ¡ ÏóÍóÖóÊú ÑöÌúáõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÒóáöÞóÊú¡ æóÃóÏúÍóÖóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÃóÒúáóÞóåóÇ¡ æóÏóÍóÖóÊú ÍõÌøóÊõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÈóØóáóÊú¡ æóÃóÏúÍóÖóåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÃóÈúØóáóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúãóßóÇäõ ÇáÏøóÍúÖõ: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÒöáøõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇãõ¿ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ØóÑóÝóÉó:
ÃóÈóÇ ãõäúÐöÑò ÑõãúÊó ÇáúæóÝóÇÁó ÝóåöÈúÊóåõ ... æóÍöÏúÊó ßóãóÇ ÍóÇÏó ÇáúÈóÚöíÑõ Úóäö ÇáÏøóÍúÖö
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ãõÌóÇÏóáóÉö ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö áöáúãõÑúÓóáö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÃõæóÖóÍóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó íõÍóÇÌøõæäó Ýöí Çááøóåö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÇÓúÊõÌöíÈó áóåõ ÍõÌøóÊõåõãú ÏóÇÍöÖóÉñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú [42 \ 16] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íõØúÝöÆõæÇ äõæÑó Çááøóåö ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóíóÃúÈóì Çááøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÊöãøó äõæÑóåõ æóáóæú ßóÑöåó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [9 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÑöíÏõæäó áöíõØúÝöÆõæÇ äõæÑó Çááøóåö ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú æóÇááøóåõ ãõÊöãøõ äõæÑöåö æóáóæú ßóÑöåó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [61 \ 8] ¡ æóÅöÑóÇÏóÊõåõãú ÅöØúÝóÇÁó äõæÑö Çááøóåö ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåöåöãú¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÈöÎöÕóÇãöåöãú æóÌöÏóÇáöåöãú ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö.
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏóåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú ÅöÏúÍóÇÖö ÇáúÍóÞøö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö áóÇ íóßõæäõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÕöáõæäó Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ¡ Èóáö ÇáøóÐöí Óóíóßõæäõ åõæó ÚóßúÓõ ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏõæåõ ÝóíõÍöÞøõ [ÇáúÍóÞøó] æóíõÈúØöáõ ÇáúÈóÇØöáó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÑúÓóáó ÑóÓõæáóåõ ÈöÇáúåõÏóì æóÏöíäö ÇáúÍóÞøö áöíõÙúåöÑóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíäö ßõáøöåö æóáóæú ßóÑöåó ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó [61 \ 9] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóíóÃúÈóì Çááøóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÊöãøó äõæÑóåõ æóáóæú ßóÑöåó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [9 \ 33] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇááøóåõ ãõÊöãøõ äõæÑöåö æóáóæú ßóÑöåó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó [9 \ 32] ¡(3/307)
æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ æóäóÓöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ (57)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú äóÞúÐöÝõ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÇØöáö ÝóíóÏúãóÛõåõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÒóÇåöÞñ æóáóßõãõ Çáúæóíúáõ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÕöÝõæäó [21 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞõáú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÍóÞøõ æóÒóåóÞó ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ Åöäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ßóÇäó ÒóåõæÞðÇ [17 \ 81] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóäúÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãóÇÁð ÝóÓóÇáóÊú ÃóæúÏöíóÉñ ÈöÞóÏóÑöåóÇ ÝóÇÍúÊóãóáó ÇáÓøóíúáõ ÒóÈóÏðÇ ÑóÇÈöíðÇ æóãöãøóÇ íõæÞöÏõæäó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó ÍöáúíóÉò Ãóæú ãóÊóÇÚò ÒóÈóÏñ ãöËúáõåõ ßóÐóáößó íóÖúÑöÈõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÍóÞøó æóÇáúÈóÇØöáó ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÒøóÈóÏõ ÝóíóÐúåóÈõ ÌõÝóÇÁð æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÝóíóãúßõËõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóÐóáößó íóÖúÑöÈõ Çááøóåõ ÇáúÃóãúËóÇáó [13 \ 17] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÓóíóÙúåóÑõ æóíóÚúáõæ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó ÓóíóÖúãóÍöáøõ æóíóÒúåóÞõ æóíóÐúåóÈõ ÌõÝóÇÁð¡ æóÐóáößó åõæó äóÞöíÖõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõåõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ ãöäú ÅöÈúØóÇáö ÇáúÍóÞøö æóÅöÏúÍóÇÖöåö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÎöÕóÇãö æóÇáúÌöÏóÇáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÂíóÇÊöí æóãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑõæÇ åõÒõæðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÂíóÇÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÒóáóåóÇ Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö¡ æóÅöäúÐóÇÑöåö áóåõãú åõÒõÄðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÓõÎúÑöíóÉð æóÇÓúÊöÎúÝóÇÝðÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ Ãóíú: ÇÊøóÎóÐõæåóÇ ãóåúÒõæÁðÇ ÈöåóÇ ãõÓúÊóÎóÝøðÇ ÈöåóÇ: ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Þóæúãöí ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ãóåúÌõæÑðÇ [25 \ 30] .
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ Úóáöãó ãöäú ÂíóÇÊöäóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐóåóÇ åõÒõæðÇ [45 \ 9] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇÍóÓúÑóÉð Úóáóì ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö ãóÇ íóÃúÊöíåöãú ãöäú ÑóÓõæáò ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó [36 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊõåúÒöÆó ÈöÑõÓõáò ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÝóÍóÇÞó ÈöÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÎöÑõæÇ ãöäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Èöåö íóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó [6 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÆöäú ÓóÃóáúÊóåõãú áóíóÞõæáõäøó ÅöäøóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ äóÎõæÖõ æóäóáúÚóÈõ Þõáú ÃóÈöÇááøóåö æóÂíóÇÊöåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÓúÊóåúÒöÆõæäó áóÇ ÊóÚúÊóÐöÑõæÇ ÞóÏú ßóÝóÑúÊõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöíãóÇäößõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [9 \ 65 - 66] Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æó «ãóÇ» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «ãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑõæÇ» ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÖóãöíÑó ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÞöíáó åöíó ãóæúÕõæáóÉñ æóÇáúÚóÇÆöÏñ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: «æóãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑõæÇ Èöåö åõÒõæðÇ» ¡ æóÍóÐúÝõ ÇáúÚóÇÆöÏö ÇáúãóÌúÑõæÑö ÈöÍóÑúÝò ÅöäøóãóÇ íóØøóÑöÏõ ÈöÇáÔøõÑõæØö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
ßóÐóáößó ÇáøóÐöí ÌõÑøó ÈöãóÇ ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ÌóÑú ... ßóãóÑøó ÈöÇáøóÐöí ãóÑóÑúÊõ Ýóåúæó ÈóÑú
æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö «åõÒõæðÇ» ËóáóÇËõ ÞöÑóÇÁóÇÊò ÓóÈúÚöíøóÉñ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáÒøóÇíö Ýöí ÇáúæóÕúáö¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÈöÖóãøö ÇáÒøóÇíö æóÊóÍúÞöíÞö ÇáúåóãúÒóÉö¡ ÅöáøóÇ ÍóÝúÕðÇ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÈúÏöáõ ÇáúåóãúÒóÉó æóÇæðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÍóãúÒóÉó Ýöí ÇáúæóÞúÝö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ æóäóÓöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ¡ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó(3/308)
æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÃóÍóÏó ÃóÙúáóãõ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóßúËóÑõ ÙõáúãðÇ áöäóÝúÓöåö ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó¡ Ãóíú: æõÚöÙó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö¡ æóåöíó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ [18 \ 57] ¡ Ãóíú: Êóæóáøóì æóÕóÏøó ÚóäúåóÇ.
æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ áöÞóÑöíäóÉö ÊóÐúßöíÑö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö ÇáúÚóÇÆöÏö Åöáóì ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑó Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóíõÍúÊóãóáõ Ôõãõæáõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áöáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÐõßøöÑó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÑõÄúÈóÉó:
ÝöíåóÇ ÎõØõæØñ ãöäú ÓóæóÇÏò æóÈóáóÞú ßóÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÌöáúÏö ÊóæúáöíÚõ ÇáúÈóåóÞú æóäóÙöíÑõ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó Åöäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ ÅöäøóåóÇ ÈóÞóÑóÉñ áóÇ ÝóÇÑöÖñ æóáóÇ ÈößúÑñ ÚóæóÇäñ Èóíúäó Ðóáößó [2 \ 68] ¡ Ãóíú: Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí ÐõßöÑó ãöäó ÇáúÝóÇÑöÖö æóÇáúÈößúÑö¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÇáÒøöÈóÚúÑóì:
Åöäøó áöáúÎóíúÑö æóáöáÔøóÑøö ãóÏðì ... æóßöáóÇ Ðóáößó æóÌúåñ æóÞõÈõáú Ãóíú
: ßöáóÇ Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäú ÎóíúÑò æóÔóÑøò¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó åóÐóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóäóÓöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ [18 \ 57] ¡ Ãóíú: ãöäó ÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí æóÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóãú íóäúÓóåõ Èóáú åõæó ãõÍúÕöíåö Úóáóíúåö æóãõÌóÇÒöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó íóÈúÚóËõåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÝóíõäóÈøöÆõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ÃóÍúÕóÇåõ Çááøóåõ æóäóÓõæåõ æóÇááøóåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÔóåöíÏñ [58 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ äóÊóäóÒøóáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøößó áóåõ ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíäóÇ æóãóÇ ÎóáúÝóäóÇ æóãóÇ Èóíúäó Ðóáößó æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÈøõßó äóÓöíøðÇ [19 \ 64] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÚöáúãõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöí Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò áóÇ íóÖöáøõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóÇ íóäúÓóì [20 \ 52] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóäóÓöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ Ãóíú: ÊóÑóßóåõ ÚóãúÏðÇ æóáóãú íóÊõÈú ãöäúåõ¡ æóÈöåö ÕóÏøóÑó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖó Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáÙøõáúãö¡ ÞóÏú ÒóÇÏó Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ÈóíóÇäó ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáäøóÊóÇÆöÌö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚóæóÇÞöÈö ÇáúæóÎöíãóÉö ÇáäøóÇÔöÆóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö¡ Ýóãöäú äóÊóÇÆöÌöåö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö: ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÕóÇÍöÈóåõ ãöäú ÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÙõáúãðÇ¡ æóãöäú äóÊóÇÆöÌöåö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÌóÚúáõ ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö ÍóÊøóì áóÇ ÊóÝúÞóåó ÇáúÍóÞøó¡ æóÚóÏóãõ ÇáöÇåúÊöÏóÇÁö ÃóÈóÏðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó åõäóÇ ãõÈóíøöäðÇ ÈóÚúÖó ãóÇ íóäúÔóÃõ Úóäúåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóæóÇÞöÈö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ [18 \ 57] ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇäúÊöÞóÇãõ Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÚúÑöÖö Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö Ëõãøó ÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó ãõäúÊóÞöãõæäó [32 \ 22] ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ(3/309)
ßóæúäõ ÇáúãõÚúÑöÖö ßóÇáúÍöãóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇ áóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöÑóÉö ãõÚúÑöÖöíäó ßóÃóäøóåõãú ÍõãõÑñ ãõÓúÊóäúÝöÑóÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [74 \ 49 - 50] ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑõ ÈöÕóÇÚöÞóÉò ãöËúáó ÕóÇÚöÞóÉö ÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú ÃóÚúÑóÖõæÇ ÝóÞõáú ÃóäúÐóÑúÊõßõãú ÕóÇÚöÞóÉð ãöËúáó ÕóÇÚöÞóÉö ÚóÇÏò æóËóãõæÏó ÇáúÂíóÉó [41 \ 13] ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÇáúãóÚöíÔóÉõ ÇáÖøóäúßõ æóÇáúÚóãóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäú ÐößúÑöí ÝóÅöäøó áóåõ ãóÚöíÔóÉð ÖóäúßðÇ æóäóÍúÔõÑõåõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÃóÚúãóì [20 \ 124] ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ Óóáúßõåõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáÕøóÚóÏó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÚúÑöÖú Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÑóÈøöåö íóÓúáõßúåõ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÕóÚóÏðÇ [72 \ 17] ¡ æóãöäúåóÇ ÊóÞúíöíÖõ ÇáúÞõÑóäóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö äõÞóíøöÖú áóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõ ÞóÑöíäñ [43 \ 36] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáäøóÊóÇÆöÌö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚóæóÇÞöÈö ÇáúæóÎöíãóÉö ÇáäøóÇÔöÆóÉö Úóäö ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö Úóäö ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóãóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó ÈöÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö Úóäö ÇáúãõÊóæóáøöí Úóäú ÐößúÑöåö¡ ÇáúÞóÇÕöÑö äóÙóÑõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó åõæó ãóÈúáóÛóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ ÝóáóÇ Úöáúãó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõ Ýöí ãóÚóÇÏöåö¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäú ãóäú Êóæóáøóì Úóäú ÐößúÑöäóÇ æóáóãú íõÑöÏú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ðóáößó ãóÈúáóÛõåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö [53 \ 29 - 30] ¡ æóÞóÏú äóåóì Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóäú ØóÇÚóÉö ãöËúáö Ðóáößó ÇáúãõÊóæóáøöí Úóäö ÇáÐøößúÑö ÇáúÛóÇÝöáö Úóäúåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊõØöÚú ãóäú ÃóÛúÝóáúäóÇ ÞóáúÈóåõ Úóäú ÐößúÑöäóÇ æóÇÊøóÈóÚó åóæóÇåõ æóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõåõ ÝõÑõØðÇ [18 \ 28] ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãó ãöäú ÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóäöÓúÈóÉõ ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíãö Åöáóì ÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúíóÏö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúíóÏó ÃóßúËóÑõ ãõÒóÇæóáóÉð áöáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúÖóÇÁö¡ ÝóäõÓöÈóÊö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ Úóáóì ÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Ýöí ßóáóÇãöåöãú¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÏøóãóåóÇ ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÇáúíóÏö ßóÇáúßõÝúÑö ÈöÇááøöÓóÇäö æóÇáúÞóáúÈö¡ æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊõÒóÇæóáõ ÈöÇáúíóÏö ßóÇáÒøöäóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ) ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö (æóÌúåó ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó Þóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 57] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäö ÇÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ [11 \ 18] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÃóÔúåõÑõ ÃóæúÌõåö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ýöí Ðóáößó æóÌúåóÇäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ Ýöíåö: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÝóÚóáó ßóÐóÇ¡ áóÇ ÃóÍóÏó ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöäú æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÅöÐðÇ Ýóåõãú ãõÊóÓóÇæõæäó Ýöí ÇáÙøõáúãö áóÇ íóÝõæÞõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ýöíåö ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ßóæúäö ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãú áóÇ ÃóÍóÏó ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí Ãóäøó ÕöáóÉó ÇáúãóæúÕõæáö ÊõÚóíøöäõ ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏò Ýöí ãóÍóáøöåö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ [18 \ 57] ¡ áóÇ ÃóÍóÏó ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö(3/310)
ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäö ÇÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ [11 \ 18] áóÇ ÃóÍóÏó ãöäó ÇáúãõÝúÊóÑöíäó ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäö ÇÝúÊóÑóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ãóæúáóì ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÌóÇÑò Úóáóì ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöíåö¡ æóãöãøóäö ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈö ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÇáúãõÚúÑöÖöíäó Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÅöÐóÇ ÐõßøöÑõæÇ ÈöåóÇ ÃóßöäøóÉð¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÛúØöíóÉð ÊõÛóØøöí ÞõáõæÈóåõãú ÝóÊóãúäóÚõåóÇ ãöäú ÅöÏúÑóÇßö ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ãöãøóÇ ÐõßøöÑõæÇ Èöåö¡ æóæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö ßöäóÇäñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÛöØóÇÁõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ËöÞóáðÇ íóãúäóÚõåóÇ ãöäú ÓóãóÇÚö ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÐõßøöÑõæÇ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÎóÊóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú æóÚóáóì ÓóãúÚöåöãú æóÚóáóì ÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú ÛöÔóÇæóÉñ [2 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊó ãóäö ÇÊøóÎóÐó Åöáóåóåõ åóæóÇåõ æóÃóÖóáøóåõ Çááøóåõ Úóáóì Úöáúãò æóÎóÊóãó Úóáóì ÓóãúÚöåö æóÞóáúÈöåö æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÈóÕóÑöåö ÛöÔóÇæóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [45 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöÐóÇ ÞóÑóÃúÊó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÍöÌóÇÈðÇ ãóÓúÊõæÑðÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ æóÅöÐóÇ ÐóßóÑúÊó ÑóÈøóßó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÍúÏóåõ æóáøóæúÇ Úóáóì ÃóÏúÈóÇÑöåöãú äõÝõæÑðÇ [17 \ 45] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÚóäóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÃóÕóãøóåõãú æóÃóÚúãóì ÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú [47 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó [11 \ 20] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ.
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóáóÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó æóáóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæäó ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÌóÚóáó ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉó ÇáúãóÇäöÚóÉó ãöäó ÇáúÝóåúãö Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú¡ æóÇáúæóÞúÑó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáËøöÞóáõ ÇáúãóÇäöÚõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãúÚö Ýöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú Ýóåõãú ãóÌúÈõæÑõæäó¡ ÝóãóÇ æóÌúåõ ÊóÚúÐöíÈöåöãú Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÇáúÚõÏõæáó Úóäúåõ æóÇáöÇäúÕöÑóÇÝó Åöáóì ÛóíúÑöåö¿ !
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö: Ãóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúãóæóÇäöÚó ÇáøóÊöí íóÌúÚóáõåóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú æóÓóãúÚöåöãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú¡ ßóÇáúÎóÊúãö æóÇáØøóÈúÚö æóÇáúÛöÔóÇæóÉö æóÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóÚóáóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÌóÒóÇÁð æöÝóÇÞðÇ áöãóÇ ÈóÇÏóÑõæÇ Åöáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÈöÇÎúÊöíóÇÑöåöãú¡ ÝóÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú ÈöÇáØøóÈúÚö æóÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ ÌóÒóÇÁð Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåöãú¡ Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ØóÈóÚó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈößõÝúÑöåöãú [4 \ 155] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÓóÈóÈö ßõÝúÑöåöãú¡ æóåõæó äóÕøñ ÞõÑúÂäöíøñ ÕóÑöíÍñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ßõÝúÑóåõãõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞó åõæó ÓóÈóÈõ ÇáØøóÈúÚö Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÒóÇÛõæÇ ÃóÒóÇÛó Çááøóåõ ÞõáõæÈóåõãú [61 \ 5] .(3/311)
æóåõæó Ïóáöíáñ ÃóíúÖðÇ æóÇÖöÍñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÅöÒóÇÛóÉö Çááøóåö ÞõáõæÈóåõãú åõæó ÒóíúÛõåõãõ ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ðóáößó ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÂãóäõæÇ Ëõãøó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÝóØõÈöÚó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú [63 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÑóÖñ ÝóÒóÇÏóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ãóÑóÖðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 10] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóäõÞóáøöÈõ ÃóÝúÆöÏóÊóåõãú æóÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú ßóãóÇ áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Èöåö Ãóæøóáó ãóÑøóÉò æóäóÐóÑõåõãú Ýöí ØõÛúíóÇäöåöãú íóÚúãóåõæäó [6 \ 110] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóáøóÇ Èóáú ÑóÇäó Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó [83 \ 14] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáØøóÈúÚó Úóáóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö æóãóäúÚóåóÇ ãöäú Ýóåúãö ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ ÚöÞóÇÈñ ãöäó Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞö Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ åõæó æóÌúåõ ÑóÏøö ÔõÈúåóÉö ÇáúÌóÈúÑöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íóÊóãóÓøóßõæäó ÈöåóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö æóÃóãúËóÇáöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ íóÍúÕõáõ ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÓõÄóÇáò íóÙúåóÑõ áöØóÇáöÈö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ: æóåõæó Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäúÊõãú Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÈúáó åóÐöåö Ãóäøó ÌóÚúáó ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö ãöäú äóÊóÇÆöÌö ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑö ÈöåóÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÙóÇåöÑó ÇáúÂíóÉö íóÏõáøõ ÚóßúÓó Ðóáößó ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÓóÈóÈõåõ åõæó ÌóÚúáõ ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÞõáõæÈö ; áöÃóäøó «Åöäøó» ãöäú ÍõÑõæÝö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíáö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ýöí ãóÓúáóßö ÇáúÅöíãóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäúÈöíåö¡ ßóÞóæúáößó: ÇÞúØóÚúåõ Åöäøóåõ ÓóÇÑöÞñ¡ æóÚóÇÞöÈúåõ Åöäøóåõ ÙóÇáöãñ¡ ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÇÞúØóÚúåõ áöÚöáøóÉö ÓóÑöÞóÊöåö¡ æóÚóÇÞöÈúåõ áöÚöáøóÉö Ùõáúãöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ æóäóÓöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð [18 \ 57] ¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ áöÚöáøóÉö ÌóÚúáö ÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉó ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáØøóÈúÚó ÇáøóÐöí íõÚóÈøóÑõ Úóäúåõ ÊóÇÑóÉð ÈöÇáØøóÈúÚö¡ æóÊóÇÑóÉð ÈöÇáúÎóÊúãö¡ æóÊóÇÑóÉð ÈöÇáúÃóßöäøóÉö¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó ÓóÈóÈõåõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖõ Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóÇáúßõÝúÑõ ÈöåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ.
æóÝöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÓõÄóÇáóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö¡ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ãõÝóÓøöÑõ ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö [18 \ 57] ¡ ÈöÊóÖúãöíäö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑõ Úóäúåõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÇÊö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ.
ÇáÓøõÄóÇáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ãóÇ æóÌúåõ ÅöÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÐõßøöÑó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÚúÑóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóäóÓöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãóÊú íóÏóÇåõ¡ ãóÚó ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö Ýöí ÇáÖøóãöíÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ãõÝóÓøöÑó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÖøóãóÇÆöÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáöÇÓúãõ ÇáúãóæúÕõæáõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ãöãøóäú ÐõßøöÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó.(3/312)
æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: åõæó Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇÏó ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö áóÝúÙö «ãóäú» ¡ æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ ÈöÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó ÌóæóÇÒõ ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇááøóÝúÙö ÊóÇÑóÉð¡ æóãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÊóÇÑóÉð ÃõÎúÑóì ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉó ÇááøóÝúÙö ÈóÚúÏó ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉö ÇáúãóÚúäóì áóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì ÕöÍøóÉö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íõÄúãöäú ÈöÇááøóåö æóíóÚúãóáú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ íõÏúÎöáúåõ ÌóäøóÇÊò ÊóÌúÑöí ãöäú ÊóÍúÊöåóÇ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÞóÏú ÃóÍúÓóäó Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÑöÒúÞðÇ [65 \ 11] ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÑóÇÚóì áóÝúÙó «ãóäú» ÃóæøóáðÇ ÝóÃóÝúÑóÏó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íõÄúãöäú¡ æóÞóæúáöåö «æóíóÚúãóáú» ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö «íõÏúÎöáúåõ» æóÑóÇÚóì ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝóÃóÊóì Ýöíåö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÌóãúÚö¡ Ëõãøó ÑóÇÚóì ÇááøóÝúÙó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÏú ÃóÍúÓóäó Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÑöÒúÞðÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ Ýöíåö æóÝöí ßõáøö ãóÇ íõÔóÇÈöåõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö æóÌúåóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö áöÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð áöÆóáøóÇ íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáóÇ ÇáäøóÇÝöíóÉõ ãóÍúÐõæÝóÉñ Ïóáøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö åõäóÇ ÇÞúÊóÕóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð ßóÑóÇåóÉó Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÊóÞúÏöíÑö ãõÖóÇÝò¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ßóËöíÑóÉñ¡ æóáöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ßõáøöåóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåóÇäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÇäö ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÈóíøöäõ Çááøóåõ áóßõãú Ãóäú ÊóÖöáøõæÇ [4 \ 176] ¡ Ãóíú: áöÆóáøóÇ ÊóÖöáøõæÇ¡ Ãóæú ßóÑóÇåóÉó Ãóäú ÊóÖöáøõæÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäú ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÝóÇÓöÞñ ÈöäóÈóÅò ÝóÊóÈóíøóäõæÇ Ãóäú ÊõÕöíÈõæÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÈöÌóåóÇáóÉò [49 \ 6] ¡ Ãóíú: áöÆóáøóÇ ÊõÕöíÈõæÇ¡ Ãóæú ßóÑóÇåóÉó Ãóäú ÊõÕöíÈõæÇ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö.
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ¡ Ãóíú: íóÝúåóãõæåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÝöÞúåõ: ÇáúÝóåúãõ¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóãóÇáö åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÞóæúãö áóÇ íóßóÇÏõæäó íóÝúÞóåõæäó ÍóÏöíËðÇ [4 \ 78] ¡ Ãóíú: íóÝúåóãõæäóåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÔõÚóíúÈõ ãóÇ äóÝúÞóåõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ [11 \ 91] ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÇ äóÝúåóãõåõ¡ æóÇáúæóÞúÑõ: ÇáËøöÞóáõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÌóæúåóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕöÍóÇÍöåö: ÇáúæóÞúÑõ ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ ÇáËøöÞóáõ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÐõäö¡ æóÇáúæöÞúÑõ ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö: ÇáúÍöãúáõ¡ íõÞóÇáõ ÌóÇÁó íóÍúãöáõ æöÞúÑóåõ¡ æóÃóæúÞóÑó ÈöÚöíÑóåõ æóÃóßúËóÑõ ãóÇ íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ ÇáúæöÞúÑõ Ýöí Íöãúáö ÇáúÈóÛúáö æóÇáúÍöãóÇÑö ÇåÜ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÌóæúåóÑöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ËöÞóáö ÇáúÃõÐõäö: æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [6 \ 25] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÍöãúáö: ÝóÇáúÍóÇãöáóÇÊö æöÞúÑðÇ [51 \ 2] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð ÊóãúäóÚõåõãú Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæÇ ãóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ãöäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáøóÊöí ÐõßøöÑõæÇ ÈöåóÇ áóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ Ýöíåöãú ÏõÚóÇÄõßó ÅöíøóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÔóÇÑó(3/313)
áóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÔúÞóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõ Ýöíåöãõ ÇáÊøóÐúßöíÑõ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÍóÞøóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó æóáóæú ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ßõáøõ ÂíóÉò ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæõÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó [10 \ 96] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÐóáößó ÓóáóßúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈö ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó Èöåö ÍóÊøóì íóÑóæúÇ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó [26 \ 200] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÊõÛúäöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÇáäøõÐõÑõ Úóäú Þóæúãò áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó [10 \ 101] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßóÇäó áöäóÝúÓò Ãóäú ÊõÄúãöäó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóíóÌúÚóáõ ÇáÑøöÌúÓó Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó [10 \ 100] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ÊóÍúÑöÕú Úóáóì åõÏóÇåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ãóäú íõÖöáøõ æóãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú äóÇÕöÑöíäó [16 \ 37] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÝöíåóÇ æóÌúåóÇäö ãóÚúÑõæÝóÇäö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáøóÐöíäó ÓóÈóÞó áóåõãú Ýöí Úöáúãö Çááøóåö Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÔúÞöíóÇÁõ¡ ÚöíóÇÐðÇ ÈöÇááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÐóáößó ãóÇ ÏóÇãõæÇ ãõÊóáóÈøöÓöíäó ÈöÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ ÝóÅöäú åóÏóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÃóäóÇÈõæÇ ÒóÇáó Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÇäöÚõ¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÇáúÝóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ [18 \ 57] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÚúÏó «áóäú» áóÇ íóÕúáõÍõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÔóÑúØðÇ áöÜ «Åöäú» æóäóÍúæöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÌóÒóÇÁõ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ÕóÇáöÍðÇ áöÃóäú íóßõæäó ÔóÑúØðÇ áöÜ «Åöäú» æóäóÍúæöåóÇ áóÒöãó ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäõåõ ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö¡ ßóãóÇ ÚóÞóÏóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇÞúÑöäú ÈöÝóÇ ÍóÊúãðÇ ÌóæóÇÈðÇ áóæú ÌõÚöáú ... ÔóÑúØðÇ áöÅöäú Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ áóãú íóäúÌóÚöáú
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö «ÅöÐðÇ» ÌóÒóÇÁñ æóÌóæóÇÈñ¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁö ÇåúÊöÏóÇÆöåöãú áöÏóÚúæóÉö ÇáÑøóÓõæáö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÌóÚóáõæÇ ãóÇ íóÌöÈõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöáöÇåúÊöÏóÇÁö ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöÇäúÊöÝóÇÆöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóæúÊóåõãú¡ ÐóßóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ¡ æóÊóÈöÚóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÞóÏú ÛóáöØóÇ Ýöíåö¡ æóÛóáöØó Ýöíåö ÎóáúÞñ áóÇ íõÍúÕóì ßóËúÑóÉð ãöäó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó æóÛóíúÑöåöãú.
æóÅöíÖóÇÍõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøó åõäóÇ æóÃóÈóÇ ÍóíøóÇäó ÙóäøóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ ÔóÑúØñ æóÌóÒóÇÁñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ãõÑóÊøóÈñ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúØö ßóÊóÑúÊöíÈö ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö Úóáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÔóÑúØñ Ýöíåö ; æóáöÐóÇ ÙóäøóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáöÇåúÊöÏóÇÁö ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑö Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ãõÑóÊøóÈñ Úóáóì ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÏõÚóÇÄõåõ ÅöíøóÇåõãõ ÇáúãõÚóÈøóÑõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúåõÏóì¡ ÇáúãõÔóÇÑõ Åöáóíúåö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö «ÅöÐðÇ» ÝóÕóÇÑó ÏõÚóÇÄõåõ ÅöíøóÇåõãú ÓóÈóÈó ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁö ÇåúÊöÏóÇÆöåöãú æóåóÐóÇ ÛóáóØñ ; áöÃóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÖöíøóÉó ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö áóíúÓóÊú ÔóÑúØöíøóÉð áõÒõæãöíøóÉð¡ ÍóÊøóì íóßõæäó Èóíúäó ÔóÑúØöåóÇ æóÌóÒóÇÆöåóÇ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØñ¡ Èóáú åöíó ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉñ¡ æóÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉõ ÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉõ(3/314)
áóÇ ÇÑúÊöÈóÇØó ÃóÕúáðÇ Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóáóÇ ãóáúÒõæãðÇ áóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ áóæú ÞõáúÊó: Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ äóÇØöÞðÇ ÝóÇáúÝóÑóÓõ ÕóÇåöáñ ÝóáóÇ ÑóÈúØó Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉö áóåõ ÓóÈóÈñ ÂÎóÑõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÐúßõæÑò¡ ßóÞóæúáößó: áóæú áóãú íóÎóÝö Çááøóåó áóãú íóÚúÕöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁö ÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö áóíúÓó åõæó ÚóÏóãõ ÇáúÎóæúÝö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÔøóÑúØõ¡ Èóáú åõæó ÔóíúÁñ ÂÎóÑõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÐúßõæÑò¡ æóåõæó ÊóÚúÙöíãõ Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóãóÍóÈøóÊõåõ ÇáúãóÇäöÚóÉõ ãöäú ãóÚúÕöíóÊöåö¡ æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: Ýóáóäú íóåúÊóÏõæÇ ÅöÐðÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ ÓóÈóÈõåõ ÇáúÍóÞöíÞöíøõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÐúßõæÑò ãóÚóåõ ÝóáóíúÓó åõæó Þóæúáõåõ «æóÅöäú ÊóÏúÚõåõãú» ßóãóÇ Ùóäøóåõ ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ Èóáú ÓóÈóÈõåõ åõæó ÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÇäúÊöÝóÇÁó ÇåúÊöÏóÇÆöåöãú Úóáóì æóÝúÞö ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó Ýöí Úöáúãöåö ÃóÒóáðÇ.
æóäóÙöíÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÇáöÇÑúÊöÈóÇØö Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ßõäúÊõãú Ýöí ÈõíõæÊößõãú áóÈóÑóÒó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßõÊöÈó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúÞóÊúáõ Åöáóì ãóÖóÇÌöÚöåöãú [3 \ 154] ; áöÃóäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÈõÑõæÒöåöãú Åöáóì ãóÖóÇÌöÚöåöãú ÔóíúÁñ ÂÎóÑõ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÐúßõæÑò Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóåõæó ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó Ýöí Úöáúãö Çááøóåö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÈõÑõæÒóåõãú ÅöáóíúåóÇ áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó æóÇÞöÚñ¡ æóáóíúÓó ÓóÈóÈõåõ ßóíúäõæäóÊõåõãú Ýöí ÈõíõæÊöåöãõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ãöÏóÇÏðÇ áößóáöãóÇÊö ÑóÈøöí áóäóÝöÏó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ [18 \ 109] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúÊõ ÇáúÝóÑúÞó Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇááøõÒõæãöíøóÉö æóÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉö Ýöí ÃõÑúÌõæÒóÊöí Ýöí ÇáúãóäúØöÞö æóÔóÑúÍöí áóåóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöí:
ãõÞóÏøöãõ ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáóåú ãóåúãóÇ Êóßõäú ... ÕõÍúÈóÉõ ÐóÇßó ÇáÊøóÇáö áóåú
áöãõæÌóÈò ÞóÏö ÇÞúÊóÖóÇåóÇ ßóÓóÈóÈú ... Ýóåúíó ÇááøõÒõæãöíøóÉõ Ëõãøó Åöäú ÐóåóÈú
ãõæÌóÈõ ÇáöÇÕúØöÍóÇÈö ÐóÇ ... ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÝóÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇ
æóãöËóÇáõ ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇáúãõÊøóÕöáóÉö ÇááøõÒõæãöíøóÉö Þóæúáõßó: ßõáøóãóÇ ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ØóÇáöÚóÉð ßóÇäó ÇáäøóåóÇÑõ ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ
¡ áöÙõåõæÑö ÇáÊøóáóÇÒõãö Èóíúäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö¡ æóíóßúÝöí Ýöí Ðóáößó ÍõÕõæáõ ãõØúáóÞö ÇááøóÇÒöãöíøóÉö Ïõæäó ÇáÊøóáóÇÒõãö ãöäó ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö¡ ßóÞóæúáößó: ßõáøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúÁõ ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ ßóÇäó ÍóíóæóÇäðÇ¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ íóÕúÏõÞõ ÚóßúÓõåõ.
Ýóáóæú ÞõáúÊó: ßõáøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÔøóíúÁõ ÍóíóæóÇäðÇ ßóÇäó ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ áóãú íóÕúÏõÞú ; áöÃóäøó ÇááøõÒõæãó Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö ÇáØøóÑóÝóíúäö áóÇ íóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáúãõáóÇÒóãóÉó Ýöí ßöáóíúåöãóÇ¡ æóãõØúáóÞõ ÇááøõÒõæãö Êóßõæäõ Èöåö ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉõ áõÒõæãöíøóÉð¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÚõÏöãó ÇááøõÒõæãõ ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíúåóÇ Ýóåöíó ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉñ¡ æóãöËóÇáõåóÇ: ßóáöãóÉõ ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ äóÇØöÞðÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÍöãóÇÑõ äóÇåöÞðÇ¡ æóÈöÓóÈóÈö ÚóÏóãö ÇáÊøóäóÈøõåö áöáúÝóÑúÞö Èóíúäó ÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇááøõÒõæãöíøóÉö¡ æóÇáÔøóÑúØöíøóÉö ÇáöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉö ÇÑúÊóÈóßó ÎóáúÞñ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó æóÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì «áóæú» áöÃóäøóåõãú ÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóÌúãóÚõæÇ Ýöí(3/315)
æóÑóÈøõßó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ Ðõæ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö áóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ áóÚóÌøóáó áóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó Èóáú áóåõãú ãóæúÚöÏñ áóäú íóÌöÏõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãóæúÆöáðÇ (58)
ÇáúãóÚúäóì Èóíúäó Þóæúáößó: áóæú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ØóÇáöÚóÉð áóßóÇäó ÇáäøóåóÇÑõ ãóæúÌõæÏðÇ¡ æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáößó: áóæú áóãú íóÎóÝö Çááøóåó áóãú íóÚúÕöåö¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÑúØó ÓóÈóÈñ Ýöí ÇáúÌóÒóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÃóæøóáö ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ áõÒõæãöíøóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ ÑóÈúØó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáËøóÇäöí áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÔóÑúØöíøóÉñ ÇÊøöÝóÇÞöíøóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÌúãóÚó Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÝúÊóÑöÞöíäó ÇÑúÊóÈóßó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÑóÈøõßó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ Ðõæ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö
¡ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ÛóÝõæÑñ¡ Ãóíú: ßóËöíÑõ ÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Ðõæ ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö íóÑúÍóãõ ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóíóÑúÍóãõ ÇáúÎóáóÇÆöÞó Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó: Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉó ÔóÇãöáóÉñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáÐøõäõæÈö ÈöãóÔöíÆóÊöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøöÑúßó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÛúÝöÑõ Ãóäú íõÔúÑóßó Èöåö æóíóÛúÝöÑõ ãóÇ Ïõæäó Ðóáößó áöãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ [4 \ 48] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøóåõ ãóäú íõÔúÑößú ÈöÇááøóåö ÝóÞóÏú ÍóÑøóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÌóäøóÉó [5 \ 72] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: Ãóäøó ÑóÍúãóÊóåõ æóÇÓöÚóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÓóíóßúÊõÈõåóÇ áöáúãõÊøóÞöíäó¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ: æóÑóÍúãóÊöí æóÓöÚóÊú ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÝóÓóÃóßúÊõÈõåóÇ áöáøóÐöíäó íóÊøóÞõæäó æóíõÄúÊõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó [7 \ 156] .
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó ÓöÚóÉó ãóÛúÝöÑóÊöåö æóÑóÍúãóÊöåö: ßóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó æóÇÓöÚõ ÇáúãóÛúÝöÑóÉö [53 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó ÌóãöíÚðÇ [39 \ 53] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÈóíøóäó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ãóÚó ÓöÚóÉö ÑóÍúãóÊöåö æóãóÛúÝöÑóÊöåö ÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøó ÑóÈøóßó áóÐõæ ãóÛúÝöÑóÉò áöáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Ùõáúãöåöãú æóÅöäøó ÑóÈøóßó áóÔóÏöíÏõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö [13 \ 6] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÛóÇÝöÑö ÇáÐøóäúÈö æóÞóÇÈöáö ÇáÊøóæúÈö ÔóÏöíÏö ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈö [40 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: äóÈøöÆú ÚöÈóÇÏöí Ãóäøöí ÃóäóÇ ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ æóÃóäøó ÚóÐóÇÈöí åõæó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóáöíãõ [15 \ 49 - 50] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõåõãú ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ áóÚóÌøóáó áóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó
¡ Èóíøóäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ áóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ ãöäó ÇáÐøõäõæÈö ßóÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí áóÚóÌøóáó áóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó áöÔóäóÇÚóÉö ãóÇ íóÑúÊóßöÈõæäóåõ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ Íóáöíãñ áóÇ íõÚóÌøöáõ ÈöÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉö¡ Ýóåõæó íõãúåöáõ æóáóÇ íõåúãöáõ.
æóÃóæúÖóÍó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõ Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÙõáúãöåöãú ãóÇ ÊóÑóßó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò [16 \ 61] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõ Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò [35 \ 45] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáäøóÍúáö» ãõÓúÊóæúÝðì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú áóåõãú ãóæúÚöÏñ áóäú íóÌöÏõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãóæúÆöáðÇ.
Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Ãóäøóåõ æóÅöäú áóãú íõÚóÌøöáú áóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÇáö ÝóáóíúÓó ÛóÇÝöáðÇ Úóäúåõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÇÑößðÇ(3/316)
ÚóÐóÇÈóåõãú¡ Èóáú åõæó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÌóÇÚöáñ áóåõãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ íõÚóÐøöÈõåõãú Ýöíåö¡ áóÇ íóÊóÃóÎøóÑõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ Úóäúåõ æóáóÇ íóÊóÞóÏøóãõ.
æóÈóíøóäó åóÐóÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáäøóÍúáö» : æóáóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõ Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÙõáúãöåöãú ãóÇ ÊóÑóßó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò æóáóßöäú íõÄóÎøöÑõåõãú Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ãõÓóãøðì ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÊóÃúÎöÑõæäó ÓóÇÚóÉð æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÞúÏöãõæäó [16 \ 61] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÝóÇØöÑò» : æóáóæú íõÄóÇÎöÐõ Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈõæÇ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ ãöäú ÏóÇÈøóÉò æóáóßöäú íõÄóÎøöÑõåõãú Åöáóì ÃóÌóáò ãõÓóãøðì ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåõãú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ßóÇäó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÈóÕöíÑðÇ [35 \ 45] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÓóÈóäøó Çááøóåó ÛóÇÝöáðÇ ÚóãøóÇ íóÚúãóáõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÄóÎøöÑõåõãú áöíóæúãò ÊóÔúÎóÕõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ [14 \ 42] ¡ æóßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóæúáóÇ ÃóÌóáñ ãõÓóãøðì áóÌóÇÁóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ [29 \ 53] .
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÄóÎøöÑõ ÔóíúÆðÇ Úóäú æóÞúÊöåö ÇáøóÐöí Úõíøöäó áóåõ æóáóÇ íõÞóÏøöãõåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóäú íõÄóÎøöÑó Çááøóåõ äóÝúÓðÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåóÇ [63 \ 11] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóÌóáõåõãú áóÇ íóÓúÊóÃúÎöÑõæäó ÓóÇÚóÉð æóáóÇ íóÓúÊóÞúÏöãõæäó [7 \ 34] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÃóÌóáó Çááøóåö ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó áóÇ íõÄóÎøóÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [71 \ 4] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áößõáøö ÃóÌóáò ßöÊóÇÈñ [13 \ 38] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: áößõáøö äóÈóÅò ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøñ [6 \ 67] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóäú íóÌöÏõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãóæúÆöáðÇ [18 \ 57] ¡ Ãóíú: ãóáúÌóÃð íóáúÌóÆõæäó Åöáóíúåö ÝóíóÚúÊóÕöãõæäó Èöåö ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúãóÌúÚõæáö áóåõ ÇáúãóæúÚöÏõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ¡ æóåõæó ÇÓúãõ ãóßóÇäò¡ ãöäú æóÃóáó íóÆöáõ æóÃúáðÇ æóæõÁõæáðÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì áóÌóÃó¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ýöí Ýóäøö ÇáÕøóÑúÝö Ãóäøó æóÇæöíøó ÇáúÝóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáËøõáóÇËöíøö íóäúÞóÇÓõ ãóÕúÏóÑõåõ Çáúãöíãöíøõ æóÇÓúãõ ãóßóÇäöåö æóÒóãóÇäöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÝúÚöáö ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö ßóãóÇ åõäóÇ¡ ãóÇ áóãú íóßõäú ãõÚúÊóáøó ÇááøóÇãö ÝóÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÝóÊúÍõ ßóÇáúãóæúáóì¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: áóÇ æóÃóáóÊú äóÝúÓõåõ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ æóÌóÏóÊú ãóäúÌðì ÊóäúÌõæ Èöåö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
áóÇ æóÃóáóÊú äóÝúÓõßó ÎóáøóíúÊóåóÇ ... áöáúÚóÇãöÑöíøóíúäö æóáóãú Êõßúáóãö
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÃóÚúÔóì:
æóÞóÏú ÃõÎóÇáöÓõ ÑóÈøó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÛóÝúáóÊóåõ ... æóÞóÏú íõÍóÇÐöÑõ ãöäøöí Ëõãøó ãóÇ íóÆöáõ
Ãóíú ãóÇ íóäúÌõæ.
æóÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí «ÇáúãóæúÆöáö» ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú: ãóæúÆöáðÇ ãóÍöíÕðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ãóäúÌðì¡ æóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ãõÍúÑöÒðÇ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ Ýóßõáøõåõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.(3/317)
æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú áóãøóÇ ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöãóåúáößöåöãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ (59)
æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú áóãøóÇ ÙóáóãõæÇ æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöãóåúáößöåöãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ¡ Èóíøóäó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáúÞõÑóì ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉó áóãøóÇ ÙóáóãóÊú ÈöÊóßúÐöíÈö ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóÇáúÚöäóÇÏö æóÇááøóÌóÇÌö Ýöí ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí Ãóåúáóßóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÐõäõæÈöåöãú.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáõ Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäö åóÐöåö ÇáúÞõÑóì æóÃóÓúÈóÇÈö åóáóÇßöåóÇ¡ æóÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúåóáóÇßö ÇáøóÊöí æóÞóÚóÊú ÈöåóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõÝóÕøóáðÇ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ÃõÎóÑó ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäú ÞöÕøóÉö Þóæúãö äõæÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö åõæÏò¡ æóÞóæúãö ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò¡ æóÞóæúãö ãõæÓóì¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÈóÚúÖõ ÊóÝóÇÕöíáöåö¡ æóÇáúÞõÑóì: ÌóãúÚõ ÞóÑúíóÉò Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÞöíóÇÓò ; áöÃóäøó ÌóãúÚó ÇáÊøóßúÓöíÑö Úóáóì «ÝõÚóáò» ÈöÖóãøò ÝóÝóÊúÍò áóÇ íóäúÞóÇÓõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÌóãúÚö «ÝõÚúáóÉò» ÈöÇáÖøóãøö ÇÓúãðÇ ßóÛõÑúÝóÉò æóÞöÑúÈóÉò¡ Ãóæú «ÝõÚúáóì» ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÃõäúËóì ÇáúÃóÝúÚóáö ÎóÇÕøóÉð¡ ßóÇáúßõÈúÑóì æóÇáúßõÈóÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó áöÐóáößó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÝõÚóáñ ÌóãúÚðÇ áöÝöÚúáóÉò ÚõÑöÝú æóäóÍúæõ ßõÈúÑóì. . . ÅöáóÎú Ãóíú: æóÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ÝóÓóãóÇÚñ íõÍúÝóÙõ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇÓõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÒóÇÏó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÓúåöíáö äóæúÚðÇ ËóÇáöËðÇ íóäúÞóÇÓõ Ýöíåö «ÝõÚóáñ» ÈöÖóãøò ÝóÝóÊóÍó¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÝõÚõáóÉõ ÈöÖóãøóÊóíúäö Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇÓúãðÇ ßóÌõãõÚóÉò æóÌõãóÚò¡ æóÇÓúãõ ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÞõÑóì [18 \ 59] ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõÔöíÑõ Èöåö áóåõãú áöÃóäøóåõãú íóãõÑøõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÓúÝóÇÑöåöãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóãõÑøõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó æóÈöÇááøóíúáö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó [37 \ 137 - 138] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÈöÓóÈöíáò ãõÞöíãò [15 \ 76] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøóåõãóÇ áóÈöÅöãóÇãò ãõÈöíäò [15 \ 79] ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ «æóÊöáúßó» ãõÈúÊóÏóÃñ æó «ÇáúÞõÑóì» ÕöÝóÉñ áóåõ¡ Ãóæú ÚóØúÝõ ÈóíóÇäò¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú» åõæó ÇáúÎóÈóÑõ¡ æóíóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÎóÈóÑõ åõæó «ÇáúÞõÑóì» æóÌõãúáóÉõ «ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú» Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÍóÇáò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÊöáúßó ÈõíõæÊõåõãú ÎóÇæöíóÉð ÈöãóÇ ÙóáóãõæÇ [27 \ 52] ¡ æóíóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Þóæúáõåõ: «æóÊöáúßó» Ýöí ãóÍóáøö äóÕúÈò ÈöÝöÚúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ ÇáúÚóÇãöáõ ÇáúãõÔúÊóÛöáõ ÈöÇáÖøóãöíÑö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
Åöäú ãõÖúãóÑõ ÇÓúãò ÓóÇÈöÞò ÝöÚúáðÇ ÔóÛóáú ... Úóäúåõ ÈöäóÕúÈö áóÝúÙöåö Ãóæö ÇáúãóÍóáú
ÝóÇáÓøóÇÈöÞó ÇäúÕöÈúåõ ÈöÝöÚúáò ÃõÖúãöÑóÇ ... ÍóÊúãðÇ ãõæóÇÝöÞñ áöãóÇ ÞóÏú ÃõÙúåöÑóÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áöãóåúáößöåöãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ [18 \ 59] ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÚóÇÕöãðÇ ÈöÖóãøö Çáúãöíãö æóÝóÊúÍö ÇááøóÇãö Úóáóì ÕöíÛóÉö ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ æóåõæó ãõÍúÊóãóáñ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóÕúÏóÑðÇ ãöíãöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöÅöåúáóÇßöåöãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ¡ æóÃóäú íóßõæäó ÇÓúãó ÒóãóÇäò¡ Ãóíú:(3/318)
æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöæóÞúÊö ÅöåúáóÇßöåöãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí Ýóäøö ÇáÕøóÑúÝö Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÝöÚúáò ÒóÇÏó ãóÇÖöíåö Úóáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÍúÑõÝò ãõØúáóÞðÇ ÝóÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Ýöí ãóÕúÏóÑöåö Çáúãöíãöíøö æóÇÓúãö ãóßóÇäöåö æóÇÓúãö ÒóãóÇäöåö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇÓúãö ÇáúãóÝúÚõæáö¡ æóÇáúãõåúáößõ ÈöÖóãøö Çáúãöíãö ãóäú Ãóåúáóßóåõ ÇáÑøõÈóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò «áöãóåúáößöåöãú» ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáúãöíãö æóßóÓúÑö ÇááøóÇãö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÔõÚúÈóÉõ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò «áöãóåúáóßöåöãú» ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáúãöíãö æóÇááøóÇãö ãóÚðÇ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóÝúÕò ÇÓúãõ ÒóãóÇäò¡ Ãóíú: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöæóÞúÊö åóáóÇßöåöãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäú åóáóßó íóåúáößõ ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÇÖöíåö Úóáóì «ÝóÚóáó» ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö æóãõÖóÇÑöÚõåõ «íóÝúÚöáõ» ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö ßóåóáóßó íóåúáößõ¡ æóÖóÑóÈó íóÖúÑöÈõ¡ æóäóÒóáó íóäúÒöáõ ÝóÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ Ýöí ÇÓúãö ãóßóÇäöåö æóÒóãóÇäöåö «ÇáúãóÝúÚöáõ» ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö¡ æóÝöí ãóÕúÏóÑöåö Çáúãöíãöíøö ÇáúãóÝúÚóáõ ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ ÊóÞõæáõ åóÐóÇ ãóäúÒöáõåõ ÈöÇáúßóÓúÑö Ãóíú: ãóßóÇäõ äõÒõæáöåö Ãóæú æóÞúÊõ äõÒõæáöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ «ãóäúÒóáõåõ» ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÒøóÇíö¡ Ãóíú: äõÒõæáõåõ¡ æóåóßóÐóÇ¡ ãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÃóÅöäú ÐóßøóÑóÊúßó ÇáÏøóÇÑõ ãóäúÒóáóåóÇ Ìõãúáõ ... ÈóßóíúÊó ÝóÏóãúÚõ ÇáúÚóíúäö ãõäúÍóÏöÑñ ÓóÌúáõ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: «ãóäúÒóáóåóÇ Ìõãúáõ» ÈöÇáúÝóÊúÍö¡ Ãóíú: äõÒõæáñ Ìõãúáõ ÅöíøóÇåóÇ æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÔõÚúÈóÉó «áöãóåúáóßöåöãú» ÈöÝóÊúÍö Çáúãöíãö æóÇááøóÇãö Ãóäøóåõ ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãöíãöíøñ¡ Ãóíú: æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöåóáóÇßöåöãú ãóæúÚöÏðÇ¡ æóÇáúãóæúÚöÏõ: ÇáúæóÞúÊõ ÇáúãõÍóÏøóÏõ áöæõÞõæÚö Ðóáößó Ýöíåö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
áóÝúÙóÉõ «áóãøóÇ» ÊóÑöÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Úóáóì ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóäúæóÇÚò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: áóãøóÇ ÇáäøóÇÝöíóÉõ ÇáúÌóÇÒöãóÉõ áöáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö¡ äóÍúæó Þóæúáöåö: Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈúÊõãú Ãóäú ÊóÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóáóãøóÇ íóÃúÊößõãú ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóáóæúÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáößõãú [2 \ 214] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ãóãú ÍóÓöÈúÊõãú Ãóäú ÊóÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóáóãøóÇ íóÚúáóãö Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÇåóÏõæÇ ãöäúßõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 142] ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÍóÑúÝñ ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò¡ æóåöíó ãõÎúÊóÕøóÉñ ÈöÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö¡ æóÇáúÝóæóÇÑöÞõ ÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøóÉõ ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó áóãö ÇáäøóÇÝöíóÉö ãóÐúßõæÑóÉñ Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóãöãøóäú ÃóæúÖóÍóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ åöÔóÇãò æóÛóíúÑõåõ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÍóÑúÝó ÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁò ÈöãóÚúäóì ÅöáøóÇ¡ ÝóÊóÏúÎõáõ Úóáóì ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáöÇÓúãöíøóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäú ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò áóãøóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÝöÙñ [86 \ 4] ¡ Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ãóäú ÔóÏøóÏó «áóãøóÇ» Ãóíú: ãóÇ ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ÅöáøóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÇÝöÙñ¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚö Þóæúáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: ÃóäúÔõÏõßó Çááøóåó áóãøóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊó ; Ãóíú: ãóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßó ÅöáøóÇ ÝöÚúáóßó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒö:
ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ ÈöÇááøóåö íóÇ ÐóÇ ÇáúÈõÑúÏóíúäö ... áóãøóÇ ÛóäöËúÊó äóÝóÓðÇ Ãóæú äóÝóÓóíúäö(3/319)
ÝóÞóæúáõåóÇ «ÛóäöËúÊó» ÈöÛóíúäò ãõÚúÌóãóÉò æóäõæäò ãóßúÓõæÑóÉò æóËóÇÁò ãõËóáøóËóÉò ãõÓúäóÏðÇ áöÊóÇÁö ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÞóæúáöåóÇ «ÛóäöËúÊó» ÊóäóÝøóÓúÊó Ýöí ÇáÔøõÑúÈö¡ ßóäóÊó ÈöÐóáößó Úóäö ÇáúÌöãóÇÚö¡ ÊõÑöíÏõ ÚóÏóãó ãõÊóÇÈóÚóÊöåö áöÐóáößó¡ æóÃóäú íóÊóäóÝøóÓó Èóíúäó Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ ÍóÑúÝñ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøóåõ áõÛóÉõ åõÐóíúáò.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö «áóãøóÇ» åõæó ÇáäøóæúÚõ ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøõ ÈöÇáúãóÇÖöí ÇáúãõÞúÊóÖöí ÌõãúáóÊóíúäö¡ ÊõæÌóÏõ ËóÇäöíóÊõåõãóÇ ÚöäúÏó æõÌõæÏö ÃõæáóÇåõãóÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: áóãøóÇ ÙóáóãõæÇ¡ Ãóíú: áóãøóÇ ÙóáóãõæÇ ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú¡ ÝóãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåóÇ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáäøóæúÚõ åõæó ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ «æóáóãøóÇ» åóÐöåö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÑóÈúØó ÌõãúáóÉò ÈöÌõãúáóÉò ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÝöíåóÇ ÇáäøóÍúæöíøõæäó: åóáú åöíó ÍöÑóÝñ¡ Ãóæö ÇÓúãñ¡ æóÎöáóÇÝõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ãóÔúåõæÑñ¡ æóãöãøóäö ÇäúÊóÕóÑó áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÑúÝñ ÇÈúäõ ÎóÑõæÝò æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóãöãøóäö ÇäúÊóÕóÑó áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÇÓúãñ ÇÈúäõ ÇáÓøóÑøóÇÌö æóÇáúÝóÇÑöÓöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ Ìöäøöíøò æóÛóíúÑõåõãú¡ æóÌóæóÇÈõ «áóãøóÇ» åóÐöåö íóßõæäõ ÝöÚúáðÇ ãóÇÖöíðÇ ÈöáóÇ ÎöáóÇÝò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÌøóÇßõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö ÃóÚúÑóÖúÊõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 67] ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÌõãúáóÉð ÇÓúãöíøóÉð ãóÞúÑõæäóÉð ÈöÜ «ÅöÐóÇ» ÇáúÝõÌóÇÆöíøóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÌøóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö ÅöÐóÇ åõãú íõÔúÑößõæäó [29 \ 65] ¡ Ãóæú ãóÞúÑõæäóÉð ÈöÇáúÝóÇÁö ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ äóÌøóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøö Ýóãöäúåõãú ãõÞúÊóÕöÏñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [31 \ 32] ¡ æóíóßõæäõ ÌóæóÇÈõåóÇ ÝöÚúáðÇ ãõÖóÇÑöÚðÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚõÕúÝõæÑò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÐóåóÈó Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáÑøóæúÚõ æóÌóÇÁóÊúåõ ÇáúÈõÔúÑóì íõÌóÇÏöáõäóÇ Ýöí Þóæúãö áõæØò ÇáúÂíóÉó [11 \ 74] ¡ æóÈóÚúÖõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ áóÇ íóÎúáõæ ãöäú ãõäóÇÞóÔóÉò ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ.
åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóäúæóÇÚõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ¡ åöíó ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÃúÊöí áóåóÇ «áóãøóÇ» Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö.
ÃóãøóÇ «áóãøóÇ» ÇáúãõÊóÑóßøöÈóÉõ ãöäú ßóáöãóÇÊò Ãóæú ßóáöãóÊóíúäö ÝóáóíúÓóÊú ãöäú «áóãøóÇ» ÇáøóÊöí ßóáóÇãõäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÛóíúÑõåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúãõÑóßøóÈóÉõ ãöäú ßóáöãóÇÊò ßóÞóæúáö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó ßõáøðÇ áóãøóÇ áóíõæóÝøöíóäøóåõãú ÑóÈøõßó [11 \ 111] ¡ Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò æóÍóãúÒóÉó æóÍóÝúÕò Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò ÈöÊóÔúÏöíÏö äõæäö «Åöäøó» æóãöíãö «áóãøóÇ» Úóáóì Þóæúáö ãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö: áóãöäú ãóÇ Èöãöäö ÇáÊøóÈúÚöíÖöíøóÉö¡ æóãóÇ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãöäú¡ Ãóíú: æóÅöäøó ßõáøðÇ áóãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ãóÇ íõæóÝøöíåöãú ÑóÈøõßó ÃóÚúãóÇáóåõãú¡ ÝóÃõÈúÏöáóÊú äõæäõ «ãöäú» ãöíãðÇ æóÃõÏúÛöãóÊú Ýöí ãóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóËõÑóÊö ÇáúãöíãóÇÊõ ÍõÐöÝóÊö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÝóÕóÇÑó áóãøðÇ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö: ÝóÜ «áóãøóÇ» ãõÑóßøóÈóÉñ ãöäú ËóáóÇËö ßóáöãóÇÊò: ÇáúÃóæúáóì ÇáúÍóÑúÝõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇááøóÇãõ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ãöäú¡ æóÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ ãóÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ æóÅöäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö áóÇ íóÎúÝóì ÖóÚúÝõåõ æóÈõÚúÏõåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Íóãúáõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÞóÕúÏõäóÇ ãõØúáóÞõ ÇáÊøóãúËöíáö áöÜ «áóãøóÇ» ÇáúãõÑóßøóÈóÉö ãöäú ßóáöãóÇÊò Úóáóì(3/320)
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛóÇ ãóÌúãóÚó ÈóíúäöåöãóÇ äóÓöíóÇ ÍõæÊóåõãóÇ ÝóÇÊøóÎóÐó ÓóÈöíáóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÓóÑóÈðÇ (61)
Þóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÑóßøóÈóÉõ ãöäú ßóáöãóÊóíúäö ÝóßóÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÃóÈóÇ íóÒöíÏó ãõÞóÇÊöáðÇ ... ÃóÏóÚõ ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó æóÃóÔúåóÏõ ÇáúåóíúÌóÇÁó
áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: «áóãøóÇ» Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ ãõÑóßøóÈóÉñ ãöäú «áóäö» ÇáäøóÇÝöíóÉö ÇáäøóÇÕöÈóÉö áöáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö æó «ãóÇ» ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉö ÇáÙøóÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ Ãóíú: áóäú ÃóÏóÚó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáó ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÃóÈóÇ íóÒöíÏó ãõÞóÇÊöáðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÏøóÉó ÑõÄúíóÊöí áóåõ ãõÞóÇÊöáðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛóÇ ãóÌúãóÚó ÈóíúäöåöãóÇ äóÓöíóÇ ÍõæÊóåõãóÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ãõæÓóì æóÝóÊóÇåõ äóÕóÈóÇ ÍõæÊóåõãóÇ áóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãóÌúãóÚó ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóæúÖóÍó Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó æóÇÞöÚñ ãöäú ÝóÊóì ãõæÓóì ; áöÃóäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó ÊóÍúÊó íóÏöåö ÇáúÍõæÊõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí äóÓöíóåõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÓúäóÏó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó ÅöáóíúåöãóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÅöØúáóÇÞó ÇáúãóÌúãõæÚö ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ÚóÑóÈöíøñ ßóËöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÝöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÃóÙúåóÑö ÃóÏöáøóÊöåö ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö: ÝóÅöäú ÞóÇÊóáõæßõãú ÝóÇÞúÊõáõæåõãú [2 \ 191] ¡ ãöäó ÇáúÞóÊúáö Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚúáóíúäö áóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÞöÊóÇáö¡ Ãóíú: ÝóÅöäú ÞóÊóáõæÇ ÈóÚúÖóßõãú ÝóáúíóÞúÊõáúåõãú ÈóÚúÖõßõãõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó ÅöäøóãóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäú ÝóÊóì ãõæÓóì Ïõæäó ãõæÓóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóäúåõãóÇ: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇæóÒóÇ ÞóÇáó áöÝóÊóÇåõ ÂÊöäóÇ ÛóÏóÇÁóäóÇ áóÞóÏú áóÞöíäóÇ ãöäú ÓóÝóÑöäóÇ åóÐóÇ äóÕóÈðÇ ÞóÇáó ÃóÑóÃóíúÊó ÅöÐú ÃóæóíúäóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÕøóÎúÑóÉö ÝóÅöäøöí äóÓöíÊõ ÇáúÍõæÊó æóãóÇ ÃóäúÓóÇäöíåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Ãóäú ÃóÐúßõÑóåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 62] ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáó ãõæÓóì: «ÂÊöäóÇ ÛóÏóÇÁóäóÇ» íóÚúäöí Èöåö ÇáúÍõæÊó Ýóåõæó íóÙõäøõ Ãóäøó ÝóÊóÇåõ áóãú íóäúÓóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÑøóÍó ÝóÊóÇåõ: ÈöÃóäøóåõ äóÓöíóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÅöäøöí äóÓöíÊõ ÇáúÍõæÊó æóãóÇ ÃóäúÓóÇäöíåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÇáúÂíóÉó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÓóÇäöíåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ¡ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäó ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ßóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöãøóÇ íõäúÓöíóäøóßó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÝóáóÇ ÊóÞúÚõÏú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÐøößúÑóì ãóÚó ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó [6 \ 68] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÓúÊóÍúæóÐó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõãú ÐößúÑó Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [58 \ 19] .
æóÝóÊóì ãõæÓóì åõæó íõæÔóÚõ Èúäõ äõæäò¡ æóÇáÖøóãöíÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãóÌúãóÚó ÈóíúäöåöãóÇ [18 \ 61] ¡ ÚóÇÆöÏñ Åöáóì «ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóÇ ÃóÈúÑóÍõ ÍóÊøóì ÃóÈúáõÛó ãóÌúãóÚó ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö. ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 60] ¡ æóÇáúãóÌúãóÚõ: ÇÓúãõ ãóßóÇäò Úóáóì ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ Ãóíú: ãóßóÇäó ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚöåöãóÇ.
æóÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó Ýöí ÊóÚúíöíäö «ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö¡ ÝóÐóåóÈó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú Åöáóì ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÈóÍúÑõ(3/321)
ÝóæóÌóÏóÇ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ æóÚóáøóãúäóÇåõ ãöäú áóÏõäøóÇ ÚöáúãðÇ (65)
ÝóÇÑöÓó ãöãøóÇ íóáöí ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞó¡ æóÈóÍúÑõ ÇáÑøõæãö ãöãøóÇ íóáöí ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈó¡ æóÞóÇáó ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ßóÚúÈò ÇáúÞõÑóÙöíøõ: «ãóÌúãóÚó ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö» ÚöäúÏó ØóäúÌóÉó Ýöí ÃóÞúÕóì ÈöáóÇÏö ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÓøõÏøöíøö ÞóÇáó: åõãóÇ ÇáúßóÑøõ æóÇáÑøóÃúÓõ ÍóíúËõ íóÕõÈøóÇäö Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó: «ãóÌúãóÚó ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö» ÐöÑóÇÚñ Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ÝóÇÑöÓó ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÃóÐúÑóÈöíÌóÇäó¡ íóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö ãöäú ÔóãóÇáöåö Åöáóì ÌóäõæÈöåö¡ æóØóÑóÝóíúåö ãöãøóÇ íóáöí ÈóÑøó ÇáÔøóÇãö¡ æóÞöíáó: åõãóÇ ÈóÍúÑõ ÇáúÃõÑúÏõäö æóÇáúÞõáúÒõãö¡ æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÍúÑõ ÃóÑúãöíäöíøóÉó¡ æóÚóäú ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò ÞóÇáó: ÈöÅöÝúÑöíÞöíøóÉó¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÊóÚúíöíäó «ÇáúÈóÍúÑóíúäö» ãöäó ÇáäøóæúÚö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉò¡ æóáóíúÓó Ýöí ãóÚúÑöÝóÊöåö ÝóÇÆöÏóÉñ¡ ÝóÇáúÈóÍúËõ Úóäúåõ ÊóÚóÈñ áóÇ ØóÇÆöáó ÊóÍúÊóåõ¡ æóáóíúÓó Úóáóíúåö Ïóáöíáñ íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÒóÚóãó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãóáóÇÍöÏóÉö ÇáúßóÝóÑóÉö ÇáúãõÚóÇÕöÑöíäó: Ãóäøó ãõæÓóì áóãú íõÓóÇÝöÑú Åöáóì ãóÌúãóÚö ÈóÍúÑóíúäö¡ ÈöÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÚúÑöÝú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö¡ ÒóÚúãñ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóÐöÈö æóÇáúÈõØúáóÇäö¡ æóíóßúÝöí Ýöí ÇáúÞóØúÚö ÈöÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÇÞöÖñ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛóÇ ãóÌúãóÚó ÈóíúäöåöãóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 61] ¡ ãóÚó ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÓóÝóÑñ Ýöíåö ãóÔóÞøóÉñ æóÊóÚóÈñ¡ æóÐóáößó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÈóÚöíÏö ÇáÓøóÝóÑö¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ãõæÓóì: áóÞóÏú áóÞöíäóÇ ãöäú ÓóÝóÑöäóÇ åóÐóÇ äóÕóÈðÇ [18 \ 62] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ãóÇ äóÇÞóÖó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó Ýóåõæó ÈóÇØöáñ ; áöÃóäøó äóÞöíÖó ÇáúÍóÞøö ÈóÇØöáñ ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúÚõÞóáóÇÁö áöÇÓúÊöÍóÇáóÉö ÕöÏúÞö ÇáäøóÞöíÖóíúäö ãóÚðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóãóÇ ÃóäúÓóÇäöíåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúÞõÑøóÇÁö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÍóÝúÕðÇ «ÃóäúÓóÇäöíåö» ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúåóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò «ÃóäúÓóÇäöíåõ» ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúåóÇÁö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóæóÌóÏóÇ ÚóÈúÏðÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ æóÚóáøóãúäóÇåõ ãöäú áóÏõäøóÇ ÚöáúãðÇ¡ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö åõæó ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÈöÅöÌúãóÇÚö ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ æóÏóáóÇáóÉõ ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉõ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÇááøóÏõäøöíøõ ÇááøóÐóÇäö ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ ÇãúÊöäóÇäóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÈöåöãóÇ áóãú íõÈóíøöäú åõäóÇ åóáú åõãóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉõ ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÚöáúãõåóÇ¡ Ãóæú ÑóÍúãóÉõ ÇáúæóáóÇíóÉö æóÚöáúãõåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ãõÎúÊóáöÝõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÎóÖöÑö: åóáú åõæó äóÈöíøñ¡ Ãóæú ÑóÓõæáñ¡ Ãóæú æóáöíøñ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÑøóÇÌöÒõ:
æóÇÎúÊóáóÝóÊú Ýöí ÎóÖöÑò Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÚõÞõæáö ... Þöíáó äóÈöíøñ Ãóæú æóáöíøñ Ãóæú ÑóÓõæáõ
æóÞöíáó ãóáóßñ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ íõÝúåóãõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó åõäóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉõ äõÈõæøóÉò¡ æóÃóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó ÇááøóÏõäøöíøó Úöáúãõ æóÍúíò¡ ãóÚó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÃóäøó Ýöí ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãõäóÇÞóÔóÇÊò ãóÚúÑõæÝóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö.
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉó ÊóßóÑøóÑó ÅöØúáóÇÞõåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÇáúãõÄúÊóì(3/322)
ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóßóÑøóÑó ÅöØúáóÇÞõåõ Ýöíåö Úóáóì Úöáúãö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ Ýóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö Úóáóì ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáÒøõÎúÑõÝö» : æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóæúáóÇ äõÒøöáó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö ÚóÙöíãò Ãóåõãú íóÞúÓöãõæäó ÑóÍúãóÉó ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 31] ¡ Ãóíú: äõÈõæøóÊóåõ ÍóÊøóì íóÊóÍóßøóãõæÇ Ýöí ÅöäúÒóÇáö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö Úóáóì ÑóÌõáò ÚóÙöíãò ãöäó ÇáúÞóÑúíóÊóíúäö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáÏøõÎóÇäö» : ÝöíåóÇ íõÝúÑóÞõ ßõáøõ ÃóãúÑò Íóßöíãò ÃóãúÑðÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÑúÓöáöíäó ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [44 \ 4 - 5] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÂÎöÑö «ÇáúÞóÕóÕö» : æóãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÑúÌõæ Ãóäú íõáúÞóì Åöáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 86] ¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÅöíÊóÇÁö ÇáúÚöáúãö Úóáóì ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó æóÇáúÍößúãóÉó æóÚóáøóãóßó ãóÇ áóãú Êóßõäú ÊóÚúáóãõ æóßóÇäó ÝóÖúáõ Çááøóåö Úóáóíúßó ÚóÙöíãðÇ [4 \ 113] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÅöäøóåõ áóÐõæ Úöáúãò áöãóÇ ÚóáøóãúäóÇåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [12 \ 68] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉó æóÅöíÊóÇÁó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇááøóÏõäøöíøö ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú ßóæúäö Ðóáößó Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ ÈöÇáúÃóÚóãøö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÎóÕøö Ýöíåö Ãóäøó æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÃóÚóãøö áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÃóÎóÕøö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóãöäú ÃóÙúåóÑö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉó æóÇáúÚöáúãó ÇááøóÏõäøöíøó ÇááøóÐóíúäö ÇãúÊóäøó Çááøóåõ ÈöåöãóÇ Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö æóÇáúæóÍúíö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõ: æóãóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõåõ Úóäú ÃóãúÑöí [18 \ 82] ¡ Ãóíú: æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõåõ Úóäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÊóÍóÞøóÞõ Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ ÅöÐú áóÇ ØóÑöíÞó ÊõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöåóÇ ÃóæóÇãöÑõ Çááøóåö æóäóæóÇåöíåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúæóÍúíó ãöäó Çááøóåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÞóÊúáõ ÇáúÃóäúÝõÓö ÇáúÈóÑöíÆóÉö Ýöí ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóÊóÚúíöíÈõ ÓõÝõäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÎóÑúÞöåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚõÏúæóÇäó Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúæóÍúíö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÍóÕóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì ØõÑõÞó ÇáúÅöäúÐóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúæóÍúíö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃõäúÐöÑõßõãú ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö [21 \ 45] ¡ æó «ÅöäøóãóÇ» ÕöíÛóÉõ ÍóÕúÑò¡ ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ Ðóáößó Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö¿ ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãó ãöäó ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ Èöåö Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò¡ áöÚóÏóãö ÇáúÚöÕúãóÉö¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÇáÏøóáöíáö Úóáóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö Èöåö¡ Èóáú áöæõÌõæÏö ÇáÏøóáöíáö Úóáóì ÚóÏóãö ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö Èöåö¡ æóãóÇ íóÒúÚõãõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÊóÕóæøöÝóÉö ãöäú ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÈöÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö Ýöí ÍóÞøö Çáúãõáúåóãö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóãóÇ íóÒúÚõãõåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÌóÈúÑöíøóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäó ÇáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö ÈöÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö Ýöí ÍóÞøö Çáúãõáúåóãö æóÛóíúÑöåö ÌóÇÚöáöíäó ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãó ßóÇáúæóÍúíö ÇáúãóÓúãõæÚö ãõÓúÊóÏöáøöíäó ÈöÙóÇåöÑö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú íõÑöÏö Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóåÏöíóåõ íóÔúÑóÍú ÕóÏúÑóåõ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö [6 \ 125] ¡ æóÈöÎóÈóÑö «ÇÊøóÞõæÇ ÝöÑóÇÓóÉó ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóäúÙõÑõ ÈöäõæÑö Çááøóåö» ßõáøõåõ ÈóÇØöáñ áóÇ íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóíúåö¡ áöÚóÏóãö ÇÚúÊöÖóÇÏöåö ÈöÏóáöíáò¡ æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÚúÕõæãö áóÇ ËöÞóÉó ÈöÎóæóÇØöÑöåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÃúãóäõ ÏóÓöíÓóÉó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ æóÞóÏú ÖõãöäóÊö ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉõ Ýöí ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö¡ æóáóãú ÊõÖúãóäú Ýöí ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÇáúÎóæóÇØöÑö æóÇáúÅöáúåóÇãóÇÊö¡ æóÇáúÅöáúåóÇãõ Ýöí ÇáöÇÕúØöáóÇÍö: ÅöíÞóÇÚõ ÔóíúÁò(3/323)
Ýöí ÇáúÞóáúÈö íõËúáóÌõ áóåõ ÇáÕøóÏúÑõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáò ÈöæóÍúíò æóáóÇ äóÙóÑò Ýöí ÍõÌøóÉò ÚóÞúáöíøóÉò¡ íóÎúÊóÕøõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãóäú ÎóáúÞöåö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ íõáúåóãõåõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁõ ãöãøóÇ íõáúÞöíåö Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÝóáóíúÓó ßóÅöáúåóÇãö ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú ãóÚúÕõæãõæäó ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö:
æóíõäúÈóÐõ ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãõ ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÇÁö ÃóÚúäöí Èöåö ÅöáúåóÇãó ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö æóÞóÏú ÑóÂåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ãóäú ÊóÕóæøóÝóÇ æóÚöÕúãóÉõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö ÊõæÌöÈõ ÇÞúÊóÝóÇ æóÈöÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ãóäú áóåõ ÅöáúãóÇãñ ÈöãóÚúÑöÝóÉö Ïöíäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ØóÑöíÞó ÊõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöåóÇ ÃóæóÇãöÑõ Çááøóåö æóäóæóÇåöíåö¡ æóãóÇ íõÊóÞóÑøóÈõ Åöáóíúåö Èöåö ãöäú ÝöÚúáò æóÊóÑúßò ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúæóÍúíö¡ Ýóãóäö ÇÏøóÚóì Ãóäøóåõ Ûóäöíøñ Ýöí ÇáúæõÕõæáö Åöáóì ãóÇ íõÑúÖöí ÑóÈøóåõ Úóäö ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæÇ Èöåö æóáóæú Ýöí ãóÓúÃóáóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò ÝóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ýöí ÒóäúÏóÞóÊöåö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ áóÇ ÊõÍúÕóì¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] ¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú ÍóÊøóì äõáúÞöíó Ýöí ÇáúÞõáõæÈö ÅöáúåóÇãðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÑõÓõáðÇ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó áöÆóáøóÇ íóßõæäó áöáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÍõÌøóÉñ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÑøõÓõáö [4 \ 165] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóáóæú ÃóäøóÇ ÃóåúáóßúäóÇåõãú ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö áóÞóÇáõæÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúÊó ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ ÝóäóÊøóÈöÚó ÂíóÇÊößó ÇáúÂíóÉó [20 \ 134] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ æóÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÈöãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ãõÚóÐøöÈöíäó ÍóÊøóì äóÈúÚóËó ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 15] ¡ æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãóÇ íóÏøóÚöíåö ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÌóåóáóÉö ÇáúãõÏøóÚöíäó ÇáÊøóÕóæøõÝó ãöäú Ãóäøó áóåõãú æóáöÃóÔúíóÇÎöåöãú ØóÑöíÞðÇ ÈóÇØöäóÉð ÊõæóÇÝöÞõ ÇáúÍóÞøó ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö æóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ãõÎóÇáöÝóÉð áöÙóÇåöÑö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö¡ ßóãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö ãóÇ ÝóÚóáóåõ ÇáúÎóÖöÑö áöÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÇáøóÐöí ÚöäúÏó ãõæÓóì¡ ÒóäúÏóÞóÉñ¡ æóÐóÑöíÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáöÇäúÍöáóÇáö ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö ãöäú Ïöíäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÈöÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÞøó Ýöí ÃõãõæÑò ÈóÇØöäóÉò ÊõÎóÇáöÝõ ÙóÇåöÑóåõ.
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íóäúÞõáõæäó «ÇÓúÊóÝúÊö ÞóáúÈóßó æóÅöäú ÃóÝúÊóÇßó ÇáúãõÝúÊõæäó» ¡ ÞóÇáó ÔóíúÎõäóÇ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÒóäúÏóÞóÉñ æóßõÝúÑñ¡ íõÞúÊóáõ ÞóÇÆöáõåõ æóáóÇ íõÓúÊóÊóÇÈõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÅöäúßóÇÑõ ãóÇ Úõáöãó ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑóÇÆöÚö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÏú ÃóÌúÑóì ÓõäøóÊóåõ¡ æóÃóäúÝóÐó ÍößúãóÊóåõ ÈöÃóäøó ÃóÍúßóÇãóåõ áóÇ ÊõÚúáóãõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÑõÓõáöåö ÇáÓøõÝóÑóÇÁö Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÎóáúÞöåö¡ æóåõãõ ÇáúãõÈóáøöÛõæäó Úóäúåõ ÑöÓóÇáóÊóåõ æóßóáóÇãóåõ¡ ÇáúãõÈóíøöäõæäó ÔóÑóÇÆöÚóåõ æóÃóÍúßóÇãóåõ¡ ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõãú áöÐóáößó æóÎóÕøóåõãú ÈöãóÇ åõäóÇáößó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ íóÕúØóÝöí ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÑõÓõáðÇ æóãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÓóãöíÚñ ÈóÕöíÑñ [22 \ 75] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÍóíúËõ íóÌúÚóáõ ÑöÓóÇáóÊóåõ [6 \ 124] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃõãøóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÝóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó æóãõäúÐöÑöíäó [2 \ 213] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóÚóáóì ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÍóÕóáó ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÇáúÞóØúÚöíøõ æóÇáúíóÞöíäõ ÇáÖøóÑõæÑöíøõ¡ æóÇÌúÊöãóÇÚõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö æóÇáúÎóáóÝö Úóáóì Ãóäú áóÇ ØóÑöíÞó áöãóÚúÑöÝóÉö ÃóÍúßóÇãö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÑóÇÌöÚóÉñ Åöáóì ÃóãúÑöåö æóäóåúíöåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÚúÑóÝõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇáÑøõÓõáö¡ Ýóãóäú ÞóÇáó Åöäøó åõäóÇßó ØóÑöíÞðÇ ÃõÎúÑóì íõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöåóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ æóäóåúíõåõ ÛóíúÑó ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÍóíúËõ íóÓúÊóÛúäöí Úóäö ÇáÑøõÓõáö Ýóåõæó ßóÇÝöÑñ íõÞúÊóáõ æóáóÇ íõÓúÊóÊóÇÈõ¡ æóáóÇ íõÍúÊóÇÌõ ãóÚóåõ Åöáóì ÓõÄóÇáò æóÌóæóÇÈò¡ Ëõãøó åõæó Þóæúáñ ÈöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó ÈóÚúÏó äóÈöíøöäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÎóÇÊóãó ÃóäúÈöíóÇÆöåö æóÑõÓõáöåö¡ ÝóáóÇ äóÈöíøó ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóáóÇ ÑóÓõæáó.
æóÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: íóÃúÎõÐõ Úóäú ÞóáúÈöåö¡ æóÃóäøó ãóÇ íóÞóÚõ Ýöíåö Íõßúãõ Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÃóäøóåõ íóÚúãóáõ ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóÇåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ æóáóÇ íóÍúÊóÇÌõ ãóÚó Ðóáößó Åöáóì ßöÊóÇÈò æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉò ÝóÞóÏú ÃóËúÈóÊó áöäóÝúÓöåö ÎóÇÕøóÉó ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ äóÍúæõ ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ÑõæÍó ÇáúÞõÏõÓö äóÝóËó Ýöí ÑõæÚöí.» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäú ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö.
æóãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÔóíúÎöåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáÒøöäúÏöíÞó áóÇ íõÓúÊóÊóÇÈõ åõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóãóäú æóÇÝóÞóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí Ðóáößó æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåõãú¡ æóãóÇ íõÑóÌøöÍõåõ ÇáÏøóáöíáõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ) ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö Úóäú ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö (Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» ¡ æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóÏöáøõ Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÌóåóáóÉö ãöãøóäú íóÏøóÚöí ÇáÊøóÕóæøõÝó Úóáóì ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö ãöäú ÙóæóÇåöÑö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáäøõÕõæÕö ßóÍóÏöíËö «ÇÓúÊóÝúÊö ÞóáúÈóßó æóÅöäú ÃóÝúÊóÇßó ÇáäøóÇÓõ æóÃóÝúÊóæúßó» áóÇ Ïóáöíáó Ýöíåö ÇáúÈóÊøóÉó Úóáóì ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑö ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö: áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÞõáú ÃóÍóÏñ ãöãøóäú íõÚúÊóÏøõ Èöåö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÝúÊöíó ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÊóáóÞøóì ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉõ ãöäú ÞöÈóáöåö ÇáúÞóáúÈõ¡ Èóáú ãöäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: ÇáÊøóÍúÐöíÑõ ãöäó ÇáÔøõÈóåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóÑóÇãó Èóíøöäñ æóÇáúÍóáóÇáó Èóíøöäñ¡ æóÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÃõãõæÑñ ãõÔúÊóÈöåóÉñ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåóÇ ßõáøõ ÇáäøóÇÓö.
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æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö Ãóåúáö ÇáÕøõæÝöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö áóåõãú ÈöÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáÏøöíäö æóÇáÕøóáóÇÍö Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóíúÎö ÃóÈöí ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö ÇáúÌõäóíúÏö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÇáúÌõäóíúÏö ÇáúÎóÒøóÇÒö ÇáúÞóæóÇÑöíÑöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: (ãóÐúåóÈõäóÇ åóÐóÇ ãõÞóíøóÏñ ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö) ¡ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöãøóäú ÊóÑúÌóãóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ßóÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò æóÇÈúäö ÎöáøößóÇäó æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ßóáóÇãóåõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÃóãúÑó æóáóÇ äóåúíó ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáÑøõÓõáö Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÞóÊúáó ÇáúÎóÖöÑö áöáúÛõáóÇãö¡ æóÎóÑúÞóåõ áöáÓøóÝöíäóÉö¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ: æóãóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõåõ Úóäú ÃóãúÑöí¡ Ïóáöíáñ ÙóÇåöÑñ Úóáóì äõÈõæøóÊöåö. æóÚóÒóÇ ÇáúÝóÎúÑõ ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöäõÈõæøóÊöåö áöáúÃóßúËóÑöíäó¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÓúÊóÃúäöÓõ Èöåö áöáúÞóæúáö ÈöäõÈõæøóÊöåö ÊóæóÇÖõÚõ ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ áóåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó áóåõ ãõæÓóì åóáú ÃóÊøóÈöÚõßó Úóáóì Ãóäú ÊõÚóáøöãóäö ãöãøóÇ ÚõáøöãúÊó ÑõÔúÏðÇ [18 \ 66] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÓóÊóÌöÏõäöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÕóÇÈöÑðÇ æóáóÇ ÃóÚúÕöí áóßó ÃóãúÑðÇ [18 \ 69] ¡ ãóÚó Þóæúáö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö áóåõ æóßóíúÝó ÊóÕúÈöÑõ Úóáóì ãóÇ áóãú ÊõÍöØú Èöåö ÎõÈúÑðÇ¡ [18 \ 68] .
ãóÓúÃóáóÉñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÎóÖöÑö: åóáú åõæó Íóíøñ Åöáóì ÇáúÂäö¡ Ãóæú åõæó ÛóíúÑõ Íóíøò¡ Èóáú ãöãøóäú ãóÇÊó ÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì ãöäó ÇáÒøóãóÇäö¿ ÝóÐóåóÈó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ Íóíøñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÔóÑöÈó ãöäú(3/326)
Úóíúäò ÊõÓóãøóì Úóíúäó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö¡ æóãöãøóäú äóÕóÑó ÇáúÞóæúáó ÈöÍóíóÇÊöåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö¡ æóÇáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ãõÓúáöãò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÍö¡ æóÇáäøóÞøóÇÔõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó: æóÃóØúäóÈó ÇáäøóÞøóÇÔõ áóåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ íóÚúäöí ÍóíóÇÉó ÇáúÎóÖöÑö æóÈóÞóÇÁóåõ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÐößóÑó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ßóËöíÑóÉð Úóäú Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÞõæãõ Úóáóì ÓóÇÞò ÇäúÊóåóì ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö.
æóÍößóÇíóÇÊõ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó Úóäö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäú Ãóäú ÊõÍúÕóÑó¡ æóÏóÚúæóÇåõãú Ãóäøóåõ íóÍõÌøõ åõæó æóÅöáúíóÇÓõ ßõáøó ÓóäóÉò¡ æóíóÑúæõæäó ÚóäúåõãóÇ ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÃóÏúÚöíóÉö¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóãõÓúÊóäóÏõ ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó ÈöÐóáößó ÖóÚöíÝñ ÌöÏøðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÛóÇáöÈóåõ ÍößóÇíóÇÊñ Úóäú ÈóÚúÖö ãóäú íõÙóäøõ Èöåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÍõ¡ æóãóäóÇãóÇÊñ æóÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉñ Úóäú ÃóäóÓò æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóßõáøõåóÇ ÖóÚöíÝñ áóÇ ÊóÞõæãõ Èöåö ÍõÌøóÉñ.
æóãöäú ÃóÞúæóÇåõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó Èöåö ÂËóÇÑõ ÇáÊøóÚúÒöíóÉö Íöíäó ÊõæõÝøöíó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÈóÑøö Ýöí ÊóãúåöíÏöåö Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ ÊõæóÝøöí ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóÓõÌøöíó ÈöËóæúÈò åóÊóÝó åóÇÊöÝñ ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÉö ÇáúÈóíúÊö íóÓúãóÚõæäó ÕóæúÊóåõ æóáóÇ íóÑóæúäó ÔóÎúÕóåõ: ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúßõãú æóÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö æóÈóÑóßóÇÊõåõ¡ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ÐóÇÆöÞóÉõ ÇáúãóæúÊö ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 185] ¡ Åöäøó Ýöí Çááøóåö ÎóáóÝðÇ ãöäú ßõáøö åóÇáößò¡ æóÚöæóÖðÇ ãöäú ßõáøö ÊóÇáöÝò¡ æóÚóÒóÇÁð ãöäú ßõáøö ãõÕöíÈóÉò ÝóÈöÇááøóåö ÝóËöÞõæÇ¡ æóÅöíøóÇåõ ÝóÇÑúÌõæÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãõÕóÇÈó ãóäú ÍõÑöãó ÇáËøóæóÇÈó¡ ÝóßóÇäõæÇ íóÑóæúäó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ íóÚúäöí ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ Úóáóì ÍóíóÇÉö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ÈöÂËóÇÑö ÇáÊøóÚúÒöíóÉö ßóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóËóÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÂäöÝðÇ ãóÑúÏõæÏñ ãöäú æóÌúåóíúäö:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóËúÈõÊú Ðóáößó ÈöÓóäóÏò ÕóÍöíÍò¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: æóÍóßóì Çáäøóæóæöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Ýöí ÈóÞóÇÁö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö Åöáóì ÇáúÂäö¡ Ëõãøó Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Þóæúáóíúäö¡ æóãóÇáó åõæó æóÇÈúäõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÍö Åöáóì ÈóÞóÇÆöåö¡ æóÐóßóÑõæÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÍößóÇíóÇÊò Úóäö ÇáÓøóáóÝö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóÌóÇÁó ÐößúÑõåõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö¡ æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóÔúåóÑõåóÇ ÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÊøóÚúÒöíóÉö æóÅöÓúäóÇÏõåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ ÇåÜ¡ ãöäúåõ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÝóÑúÖö Ãóäøó ÍóÏöíËó ÇáÊøóÚúÒöíóÉö ÕóÍöíÍñ áóÇ íóáúÒóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÚóÞúáðÇ æóáóÇ ÔóÑúÚðÇ æóáóÇ ÚöÑúÝóÇäðÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ðóáößó ÇáúãõÚóÒøöí åõæó ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ¡ Èóáú íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ãöäú ãõÄúãöäöí ÇáúÌöäøö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÌöäøó åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ Ýöíåöãú: Åöäøóåõ íóÑóÇßõãú åõæó æóÞóÈöíáõåõ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóÇ ÊóÑóæúäóåõãú [7 \ 27] ¡ æóÏóÚúæóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúãõÚóÒøöíó åõæó ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ ÊóÍóßøõãñ ÈöáóÇ Ïóáöíáò¡ æóÞóæúáõåõãú: ßóÇäõæÇ íóÑóæúäó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ áóíúÓó ÍõÌøóÉð íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ; áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Ãóäú íõÎúØöÆõæÇ Ýöí Ùóäøöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ íóÏõáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì(3/327)
ÅöÌúãóÇÚò ÔóÑúÚöíøò ãóÚúÕõæãò¡ æóáóÇ ãõÊóãóÓøóßó áóåõãú Ýöí ÏóÚúæóÇåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ áöí ÑõÌúÍóÇäõåõ ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÖöÑó áóíúÓó ÈöÍóíøò Èóáú ÊõæõÝøöíó¡ æóÐóáößó áöÚöÏøóÉö ÃóÏöáøóÉò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÙóÇåöÑõ Úõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöÈóÔóÑò ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÇáúÎõáúÏó ÃóÝóÅöäú ãöÊøó Ýóåõãõ ÇáúÎóÇáöÏõæäó [21 \ 34] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «áöÈóÔóÑò» äóßöÑóÉñ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö Ýóåöíó ÊóÚõãøõ ßõáøó ÈóÔóÑò¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó äóÝúíõ ÇáúÎõáúÏö Úóäú ßõáøö ÈóÔóÑò ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö¡ æóÇáúÎóÖöÑõ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÔóÑöÈó ãöäú Úóíúäö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö æóÕóÇÑó ÍóíøðÇ ÎóÇáöÏðÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóßóÇäó Çááøóåõ ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáó áöÐóáößó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö ÇáúÎõáúÏó.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú Êõåúáößú åóÐöåö ÇáúÚöÕóÇÈóÉó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áóÇ ÊõÚúÈóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö» ÝóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ãõÓúáöãñ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ åóäøóÇÏõ Èúäõ ÇáÓøóÑöíøö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó Èúäö ÚóãøóÇÑò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÓöãóÇßñ ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøõ ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò íóÞõæáõ: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÈóÏúÑò) Í (æóÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÒõåóíúÑõ Èúäõ ÍóÑúÈò æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áóåõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ íõæäõÓó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚößúÑöãóÉõ Èúäõ ÚóãøóÇÑò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÃóÈõæ Òõãóíúáò åõæó Òóãöíáñ ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó íóæúãõ ÈóÏúÑò äóÙóÑó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Åöáóì ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó æóåõãú ÃóáúÝñ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ ËóáóÇËõãöÇÆóÉò æóÊöÓúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó ÑóÌõáðÇ¡ ÝóÇÓúÊóÞúÈóáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉó Ëõãøó ãóÏøó íóÏóíúåö ÝóÌóÚóáó íóåúÊöÝõ ÈöÑóÈøöåö: «Çááøóåõãøó ÃóäúÌöÒó áöí ãóÇ æóÚóÏúÊóäöí¡ Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú Êõåúáößú åóÐöåö ÇáúÚöÕóÇÈóÉó ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áóÇ ÊõÚúÈóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö» ÝóãóÇ ÒóÇáó íóåúÊöÝõ ÈöÑóÈøöåö ãóÇÏøðÇ íóÏóíúåö ãõÓúÊóÞúÈöáó ÇáúÞöÈúáóÉö ÍóÊøóì ÓóÞóØó ÑöÏóÇÄõåõ Úóäú ãóäúßöÈóíúåö¡ ÝóÃóÊóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÑöÏóÇÁóåõ ÝóÃóáúÞóÇåõ Úóáóì ãóäúßöÈóíúåö Ëõãøó ÇáúÊóÒóãóåõ ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöåö æóÞóÇáó: íóÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö ßóÝóÇßó ãõäóÇÔóÏóÊõßó ÑóÈøóßó¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÓóíõäúÌöÒõ áóßó ãóÇ æóÚóÏóßó¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó: ÅöÐú ÊóÓúÊóÛöíËõæäó ÑóÈøóßõãú ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈó áóßõãú Ãóäøöí ãõãöÏøõßõãú ÈöÃóáúÝò ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ãõÑúÏöÝöíäó [8 \ 9] ¡ ÝóÃóãóÏøóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö. .¡ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáÔøóÇåöÏö ãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ ÊõÚúÈóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö» ÝöÚúáñ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö Ýóåõæó ÈöãóÚúäóì: áóÇ ÊóÞóÚõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉñ áóßó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÝöÚúáó íóäúÍóáøõ Úóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóÒóãóäò ÚöäúÏó ÇáäøóÍúæöíøöíäó¡ æóÚóäú ãóÕúÏóÑò æóäöÓúÈóÉò æóÒóãóäò ÚöäúÏó ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛöíøöíäó¡ ÝóÇáúãóÕúÏóÑõ ßóÇãöäñ Ýöí ãóÝúåõæãöåö ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ¡ ÝóíóÊóÓóáøóØõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáäøóÝúíõ ÝóíõÄóæøóáõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóßöÑóÉö Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö¡ æóåöíó ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» æóÅöáóì ßóæúäö ÇáúÝöÚúáö Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö æóÇáÔøóÑúØö ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÃóÔóÇÑó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÚóÇØöÝðÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ íõÝöíÏõ ÇáúÚõãõæãó:(3/328)
æóäóÍúæõ áóÇ ÔóÑöÈúÊõ Ãóæú Åöäú ÔóÑöÈóÇ ... æóÇÊøóÝóÞõæÇ Åöäú ãóÕúÏóÑñ ÞóÏú ÌóáóÈóÇ
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäú Êõåúáößú åóÐöåö ÇáúÚöÕóÇÈóÉó áóÇ ÊõÚúÈóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö» Ãóíú: áóÇ ÊóÞóÚõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÉñ áóßó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö.
ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáäøóÝúíó íóÔúãóáõ ÈöÚõãõæãöåö æõÌõæÏó ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ÍóíøðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÊóÞúÏöíÑö æóÌõæÏöåö ÍóíøðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íõÚúÈóÏõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóáóæú Úóáóì ÝóÑúÖö åóáóÇßö Êöáúßó ÇáúÚöÕóÇÈóÉö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÎóÖöÑó ãóÇ ÏóÇãó ÍóíøðÇ Ýóåõæó íóÚúÈõÏõ Çááøóåó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÍóæúÔóÈò ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúæóåøóÇÈö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÎóÇáöÏñ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóæúãó ÈóÏúÑò: «Çááøóåõãøó ÃóäúÔõÏõßó ÚóåúÏóßó æóæóÚúÏóßó¡ Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ÔöÆúÊó áóãú ÊõÚúÈóÏú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö» ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÈöíóÏöåö ÝóÞóÇáó: ÍóÓúÈõßó! ÝóÎóÑóÌó æóåõæó íóÞõæáõ: ÓóíõåúÒóãõ ÇáúÌóãúÚõ æóíõæóáøõæäó ÇáÏøõÈõÑó [54 \ 45] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «Çááøóåõãøó Åöäú ÔöÆúÊó áóãú ÊõÚúÈóÏú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö» Ãóíú: Åöäú ÔöÆúÊó ÅöåúáóÇßó åóÐöåö ÇáØøóÇÆöÝóÉö ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö áóãú ÊõÚúÈóÏú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóíóÑúÌöÚõ ãóÚúäóÇåõ Åöáóì ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Úóäú ãõÓúáöãò Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ æóÌúåó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáö ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö Úóäú æóÝóÇÉö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÅöÎúÈóÇÑõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÃóäøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÃúÓö ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò ãöäó ÇááøóíúáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí Êóßóáøóãó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÏöíËö áóãú íóÈúÞó Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÍóÏñ ãöãøóäú åõæó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Êöáúßó ÇááøóíúáóÉó¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ ÍóíøðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö áóãóÇ ÊóÃóÎøóÑó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÓúáöãõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍóÌøóÇÌö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÑóÇÝöÚò¡ æóÚóÈúÏõ Èúäõ ÍõãóíúÏò¡ ÞóÇáó ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÑóÇÝöÚò: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏñ: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ãóÚúãóÑñ Úóäö ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÓóÇáöãõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö æóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó: Ãóäøó ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ÚõãóÑó ÞóÇáó: Õóáøóì ÈöäóÇ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÐóÇÊó áóíúáóÉò ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÍóíóÇÊöåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ Óóáøóãó ÞóÇãó ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõßõãú áóíúáóÊóßõãú åóÐöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó Úóáóì ÑóÃúÓö ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò ãöäúåóÇ áóÇ íóÈúÞóì ãöãøóäú åõæó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑöåóÇ ÃóÍóÏñ» . ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó: Ýóæóåóáó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ãóÞóÇáóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Êöáúßó ÝöíãóÇ íóÊóÍóÏøóËõæäó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö Úóäú ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ íóÈúÞóì ãöãøóäú åõæó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÍóÏñ» ¡ íõÑöíÏõ ÈöÐóáößó Ãóäú íóäúÎóÑöãó Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóÑúäõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÏøóÇÑöãöíøö¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúíóãóÇäö ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÔõÚóíúÈñ¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇááøóíúËõ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÎóÇáöÏö Èúäö ãõÓóÇÝöÑò¡ ßöáóÇåõãóÇ Úóäö ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏö ãóÚúãóÑò ßóãöËúáö ÍóÏöíËöåö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí åóÇÑõæäõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ æóÍóÌøóÇÌõ Èúäõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö ÞóÇáóÇ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÍóÌøóÇÌõ Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÃóÈõæ ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö Ãóäøóåõ ÓóãöÚó ÌóÇÈöÑó Èúäó ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö íóÞõæáõ: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóãõæÊó ÈöÔóåúÑò: «ÊóÓúÃóáõæäöí(3/329)
Úóäö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÚöáúãõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ æóÃóÞúÓóãó Çááøóåõ ãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú äóÝúÓò ãóäúÝõæÓóÉò ÊóÃúÊöí ÚóáóíúåóÇ ãöÇÆóÉõ ÓóäóÉò» ÍóÏøóËóäöíåö ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÍóÇÊöãò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÈóßúÑò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏö æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú «ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö ÈöÔóåúÑò» .
ÍóÏøóËóäöí íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÍóÈöíÈò¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì¡ ßöáóÇåõãóÇ Úóäö ÇáúãõÚúÊóãöÑö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÈöíÈò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÚúÊóãöÑõ Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÃóÈöí¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ äóÖúÑóÉó Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó Ðóáößó ÞóÈúáó ãóæúÊöåö ÈöÔóåúÑò Ãóæú äóÍúæö Ðóáößó: «ãóÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓò ãóäúÝõæÓóÉò Çáúíóæúãó ÊóÃúÊöí ãöÇÆóÉõ ÓóäóÉò æóåöíó ÍóíøóÉñ íóæúãóÆöÐò» ¡ æóÚóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáÓøöÞóÇíóÉö¡ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó¡ æóÝóÓøóÑóåóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÞóÇáó: äóÞóÕõ ÇáúÚõãõÑö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ íóÒöíÏõ Èúäõ åóÇÑõæäó¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ ÇáÊøóíúãöíøõ ÈöÇáúÅöÓúäóÇÏóíúäö ÌóãöíÚðÇ ãöËúáóåõ.
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ äõãóíúÑò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÎóÇáöÏò Úóäú ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇááøóÝúÙõ áóåõ) Í (æóÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÍóíøóÇäó Úóäú ÏóÇæõÏó Úóäú ÃóÈöí äóÖúÑóÉó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ ÑóÌóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãöäú ÊóÈõæßó ÓóÃóáõæåõ Úóäö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ ÊóÃúÊöí ãöÇÆóÉñ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö äóÝúÓñ ãóäúÝõæÓóÉñ Çáúíóæúãó» ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ Èúäõ ãóäúÕõæÑò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúæóáöíÏö¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÚóæóÇäóÉó Úóäú ÍõÕóíúäò Úóäú ÓóÇáöãò Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓò ãóäúÝõæÓóÉò ÊóÈúáõÛõ ãöÇÆóÉó ÓóäóÉò» ÝóÞóÇáó ÓóÇáöãñ: ÊóÐóÇßóÑúäóÇ Ðóáößó ÚöäúÏóåõ: ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ßõáøõ äóÝúÓò ãóÎúáõæÞóÉò íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙöåö.
ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÇáøóÐöí ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇÈúäõ ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÌóÇÈöÑñ¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÓóÚöíÏò Ýöíåö ÊóÕúÑöíÍõ ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÊóÈúÞóì äóÝúÓñ ãóäúÝõæÓóÉñ ÍóíøóÉð Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «äóÝúÓñ ãóäúÝõæÓóÉñ» æóäóÍúæõåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö Ýöí ÑöæóÇíóÇÊö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö äóßöÑóÉñ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö Ýóåöíó ÊóÚõãøõ ßõáøó äóÝúÓò ãóÎúáõæÞóÉò Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÚõãõæãó ÈöãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇááøóÝúÙö íóÔúãóáõ ÇáúÎóÖöÑó ; áöÃóäøóåõ äóÝúÓñ ãóäúÝõæÓóÉñ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÇáúíóãóÇäö¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÔõÚóíúÈñ Úóäö ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÓóÇáöãõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó¡ æóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑö Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóËúãóÉó Ãóäøó ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Èúäó ÚõãóÑó ÞóÇáó: Õóáøóì ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÕóáóÇÉó ÇáúÚöÔóÇÁö Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÍóíóÇÊöåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ Óóáøóãó ÞóÇãó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáó: «ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõßõãú áóíúáóÊóßõãú åóÐöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÑóÃúÓó ãöÇÆóÉò áóÇ íóÈúÞóì ãöãøóäú åõæó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÍóÏñ» Ýóæóåóáó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöí ãóÞóÇáóÉö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Åöáóì ãóÇ íóÊóÍóÏøóËõæäó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö Úóäú ãöÇÆóÉò ÓóäóÉò: æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ íóÈúÞóì ãöãøóäú åõæó Çáúíóæúãó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö» íõÑöíÏõ ÈöÐóáößó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÎúÑöãõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÞóÑúäó ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙöåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ æóÌúåó ÏóáóÇáóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÞóÑöíÈðÇ.(3/330)
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÖöÑó áóæú ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ Åöáóì Òóãóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóÊúÈóÇÚöåö¡ æóáóäóÕóÑóåõ æóÞóÇÊóáó ãóÚóåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÈúÚõæËñ Åöáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáËøóÞóáóíúäö ÇáúÅöäúÓö æóÇáúÌöäøö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Úõãõæãö ÑöÓóÇáóÊöåö ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Åöáóíúßõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ [7 \ 158] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÈóÇÑóßó ÇáøóÐöí äóÒøóáó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäó Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö áöíóßõæäó áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó äóÐöíÑðÇ [25 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇßó ÅöáøóÇ ßóÇÝøóÉð áöáäøóÇÓö [34 \ 28] ¡ æóíõæóÖøöÍõ åóÐóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Èóíøóäó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÎóÐó Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ÇáúãöíËóÇÞó ÇáúãõÄóßøóÏó Ãóäøóåõãú Åöäú ÌóÇÁóåõãú äóÈöíøõäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ áöãóÇ ãóÚóåõãú Ãóäú íõÄúãöäõæÇ Èöåö æóíóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÅöÐú ÃóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ãöíËóÇÞó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó áóãóÇ ÂÊóíúÊõßõãú ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò æóÍößúãóÉò Ëõãøó ÌóÇÁóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ ãõÕóÏøöÞñ áöãóÇ ãóÚóßõãú áóÊõÄúãöäõäøó Èöåö æóáóÊóäúÕõÑõäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÃóÃóÞúÑóÑúÊõãú æóÃóÎóÐúÊõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößõãú ÅöÕúÑöí ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÞúÑóÑúäóÇ ÞóÇáó ÝóÇÔúåóÏõæÇ æóÃóäóÇ ãóÚóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó Ýóãóäú Êóæóáøóì ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞõæäó [3 \ 81 - 82] .
æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáÑøóÓõæáö ÝöíåóÇ äóÈöíøõäóÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö æóÛóíúÑõåõ ÝóÇáúÃóãúÑõ æóÇÖöÍñ¡ æóÚóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÚóÇãøóÉñ Ýóåõæó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÚõãõæãöåóÇ ÏõÎõæáðÇ ÃóæøóáöíøðÇ¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÎóÖöÑõ ÍóíøðÇ Ýöí Òóãóäöåö áóÌóÇÁóåõ æóäóÕóÑóåõ æóÞóÇÊóáó ÊóÍúÊó ÑóÇíóÊöåö¡ æóãöãøóÇ íõæóÖøöÍõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõÏúÑößõåõ äóÈöíøñ ÅöáøóÇ ÇÊøóÈóÚóåõ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó æóÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÌóÇÈöÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÃóÊóì ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈößöÊóÇÈò ÃóÕóÇÈóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÝóÞóÑóÃóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÝóÛóÖöÈó æóÞóÇáó: «áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú ÈöåóÇ ÈóíúÖóÇÁó äóÞöíøóÉð áóÇ ÊóÓúÃóáõæåõãú Úóäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóíõÎúÈöÑõæßõãú ÈöÍóÞøò ÝóÊõßóÐøöÈõæÇ Èöåö¡ Ãóæú ÈóÇØöáò ÝóÊõÕóÏøöÞõæÇ Èöåö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö¡ áóæú Ãóäøó ãõæÓóì ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ ãóÇ æóÓöÚóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÊøóÈöÚóäöí» ÇåÜ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö: æóÑöÌóÇáõåõ ãõæóËøóÞõæäó¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöí ãõÌóÇáöÏò ÖóÚúÝðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÇÑöíÎöåö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÓóÇÞó ÂíóÉó «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÂäöÝðÇ ãõÓúÊóÏöáøðÇ ÈöåóÇ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÖöÑó áóæú ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ áóÌóÇÁó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóäóÕóÑóåõ ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ: ãóÇ ÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ äóÈöíøóäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÃõÎöÐó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúãöíËóÇÞõ áóÆöäú ÈõÚöËó ãõÍóãøóÏñ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóåõæó Íóíøñ áóíõÄúãöäõäøó Èöåö æóáöíóäúÕõÑõäøóåõ¡ æóÃóãóÑõåõ Ãóäú íóÃúÎõÐó Úóáóì ÃõãøóÊöåö ÇáúãöíËóÇÞó áóÆöäú ÈõÚöËó ãõÍóãøóÏñ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóåõãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁñ áóíõÄúãöäõäøó Èöåö æóíóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Úóäúåõ.
ÝóÇáúÎóÖöÑõ Åöäú ßóÇäó äóÈöíøðÇ Ãóæú æóáöíøðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóÎóáó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãöíËóÇÞö¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ Ýöí Òóãóäö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóßóÇäó ÃóÔúÑóÝó ÃóÍúæóÇáöåö Ãóäú íóßõæäó Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö¡ íõÄúãöäõ ÈöãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóíóäúÕõÑõåõ Ãóäú íóÕöáó ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúÏóÇÁö Åöáóíúåö ; áöÃóäøóåõ Åöäú ßóÇäó æóáöíøðÇ ÝóÇáÕøóÏöíÞõ ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó äóÈöíøðÇ ÝóãõæÓóì ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäúåõ.(3/331)
æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ýöí ãõÓúäóÏöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÔõÑóíúÍõ Èúäõ ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ åõÔóíúãñ ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ãõÌóÇáöÏñ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö¡ áóæú Ãóäøó ãõæÓóì ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ ãóÇ æóÓöÚóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÊúÈóÚóäöí» ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íõÞúØóÚõ Èöåö æóíõÚúáóãõ ãöäó ÇáÏøöíäö Úöáúãó ÇáÖøóÑõæÑóÉö.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó ßõáøóåõãú áóæú ÝõÑöÖó Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁñ ãõßóáøóÝõæäó Ýöí Òóãóäö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóßóÇäõæÇ ßõáøõåõãú ÃóÊúÈóÇÚðÇ áóåõ æóÊóÍúÊó ÃóæóÇãöÑöåö¡ æóÝöí Úõãõæãö ÔóÑúÚöåö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÕóáóæóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãóåõ Úóáóíúåö áóãøóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚó Èöåöãõ ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁõ ÑõÝöÚó ÝóæúÞóåõãú ßõáøöåöãú¡ æóáóãøóÇ åóÈóØõæÇ ãóÚóåõ Åöáóì ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö æóÍóÇäóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÃóãóÑóåõ ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Úóäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö Ãóäú íóÄõãøóåõãú¡ ÝóÕóáøóì Èöåöãú Ýöí ãóÍóáøö æóáóÇíóÊöåöãú æóÏóÇÑö ÅöÞóÇãóÊöåöãú¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãõ¡ æóÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÇáúÎóÇÊóãõ ÇáúãõÈóÌøóáõ ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãõ ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóíúåöãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó.
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æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÌóãóÇÚóÉð ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö äóÇÞóÔõæÇ ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì æóÝóÇÊöåö¡ ÝóÒóÚóãõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÔúãóáõåõ Úõãõæãõ æóãóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ áöÈóÔóÑò ãöäú ÞóÈúáößó ÇáúÎõáúÏó [21 \ 34] ¡ æóáóÇ Úõãõæãõ ÍóÏöíËö: «ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõßõãú áóíúáóÊóßõãú åóÐöåö ÝóÅöäøóåõ Úóáóì ÑóÃúÓö ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò áóãú íóÈúÞó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÍóÏñ ãöãøóäú åõæó ÚóáóíúåóÇ Çáúíóæúãó» ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÇ ÍõÌøóÉó áöãóäö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö íóÚúäöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö Þóæúáö ãóäú íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó ÇáúÎóÖöÑó(3/333)
Íóíøñ áöÚõãõæãö Þóæúáöåö «ãóÇ ãöäú äóÝúÓò ãóäúÝõæÓóÉò.» ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚõãõæãó æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãõÄóßøóÏó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÑóÇÞö áóíúÓó äóÕøðÇ Ýöíåö¡ Èóáú åõæó ÞóÇÈöáñ áöáÊøóÎúÕöíÕö¡ ÝóßóãóÇ áóãú íóÊóäóÇæóáú ÚöíÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóãú íóãõÊú æóáóãú íõÞúÊóáú¡ Èóáú åõæó Íóíøñ ÈöäóÕøö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóãóÚúäóÇåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÊóäóÇæóáõ ÇáÏøóÌøóÇáó ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ Íóíøñ ÈöÏóáöíáö ÍóÏöíËò ÇáúÌóÓøóÇÓóÉö: ÝóßóÐóáößó áóãú íóÊóäóÇæóáö ÇáúÎóÖöÑó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóáóíúÓó ãõÔóÇåóÏðÇ áöáäøóÇÓö¡ æóáóÇ ãöãøóäú íõÎóÇáöØõåõãú ÍóÊøóì íóÎúØõÑó ÈöÈóÇáöåöãú ÍóÇáóÉó ãõÎóÇØóÈóÉö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ¡ ÝóãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚõãõæãö áóÇ íóÊóäóÇæóáõåõ¡ æóÞöíáó: Åöäøó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúßóåúÝö ÃóÍúíóÇÁñ¡ æóíóÍõÌøõæäó ãóÚó ÚöíÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÝóÊóì ãõæÓóì Ýöí Þóæúáö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ æóÛóÝóÑó áóåõ: ßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö åóÐóÇ ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ãóäú áóåõ ÅöáúãóÇãñ ÈöÚõáõæãö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÇÚúÊóÑóÝó ÈöÃóäøó ÍóÏöíËó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÚóÇãøñ Ýöí ßõáøö äóÝúÓò ãóäúÝõæÓóÉò ÚõãõæãðÇ ãõÄóßøóÏðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÒöíóÇÏóÉó «ãöäú» ÞóÈúáó ÇáäøóßöÑóÉö Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáäøóÝúíö ÊóÌúÚóáõåóÇ äóÕøðÇ ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÚõãõæãö áóÇ ÙóÇåöÑðÇ Ýöíåö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãõÞóÑøóÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» .
æóáóæú ÝóÑóÖúäóÇ ÕöÍøóÉó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí ÇáúÚõãõæãö áóÇ äóÕøó Ýöíåö¡ æóÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇÈöáñ áöáÊøóÎúÕöíÕö ßóãóÇ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ Ýöí ßõáøö ÚóÇãøò¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁó ãõÌúãöÚõæäó Úóáóì æõÌõæÈö ÇÓúÊöÕúÍóÇÈö Úõãõæãö ÇáúÚóÇãøö ÍóÊøóì íóÑöÏó Ïóáöíáñ ãõÎóÕøöÕñ ÕóÇáöÍñ áöáÊøóÎúÕöíÕö ÓóäóÏðÇ æóãóÊúäðÇ¡ ÝóÇáÏøóÚúæóì ÇáúãõÌóÑøóÏóÉõ Úóäú Ïóáöíáò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉò áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõÎóÕøóÕó ÈöåóÇ äóÕøñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈò Ãóæú ÓõäøóÉò ÅöÌúãóÇÚðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: «Åöäøó ÚöíÓóì áóãú íóÊóäóÇæóáúåõ Úõãõæãõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö» Ýöíåö Ãóäøó áóÝúÙó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãöäú ÃóÕúáöåö áóãú íóÊóäóÇæóáúåõ ÚöíÓóì ; áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó Ýöíåö: «áóãú íóÈúÞó Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöãøóäú åõæó ÈöåóÇ Çáúíóæúãó ÃóÍóÏñ» ¡ ÝóÎóÕøóÕó Ðóáößó ÈöÙóåúÑö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ýóáóãú íóÊóäóÇæóáö ÇááøóÝúÙõ ãóäú Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÚöíÓóì ÞóÏú ÑóÝóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Èóáú ÑóÝóÚóåõ Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö [4 \ 158] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ ÌöÏøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì.
æóÏóÚúæóì ÍóíóÇÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÝóÊóì ãõæÓóì ÙóÇåöÑóÉõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö æóáóæú ÝóÑóÖúäóÇ ÍóíóÇÊóåõãú ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóæúÊöåöãú ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóáóãú íóËúÈõÊú ÔóíúÁñ íõÚóÇÑöÖõåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ «Åöäøó ÇáúÎóÖöÑó áóíúÓó ãõÔóÇåóÏðÇ áöáäøóÇÓö¡ æóáóÇ ãöãøóäú íõÎóÇáöØõåõãú ÍóÊøóì íóÎúØõÑó ÈöÈóÇáöåöãú ÍóÇáóÉó ãõÎóÇØóÈóÉö ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ» íõÞóÇáõ Ýöíåö: Åöäøó ÇáöÇÚúÊöÑóÇÖó íóÊóæóÌøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÌöåóÊóíúäö:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäøó ÏóÚúæóì ßóæúäö ÇáúÎóÖöÑö ãóÍúÌõæÈðÇ Úóäú ÃóÚúíõäö ÇáäøóÇÓö ßóÇáúÌöäøö æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö(3/334)
ÏóÚúæóì áóÇ Ïóáöíáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ ÎöáóÇÝõåóÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóÕúáó Ãóäøó Èóäöí ÂÏóãó íóÑóì ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈóÚúÖðÇ áöÇÊøöÝóÇÞöåöãú Ýöí ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáäøóÝúÓöíøóÉö¡ æóãõÔóÇÈöåóÊöåöãú ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: ÃóäøóÇ áóæú ÝóÑóÖúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÑóÇåõ Èóäõæ ÂÏóãó¡ ÝóÇááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÚúáóãó ÇáäøóÈöíøó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó «åóáóÇßõ ßõáøö äóÝúÓò ãóäúÝõæÓóÉò Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúãöÇÆóÉö» ÚóÇáöãñ ÈöÇáúÎóÖöÑö¡ æóÈöÃóäøóåõ äóÝúÓñ ãóäúÝõæÓóÉñ¡ æóáóæú ÓóáøóãúäóÇ ÌóÏóáöíøðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúÎóÖöÑó ÝóÑúÏñ äóÇÏöÑñ áóÇ ÊóÑóÇåõ ÇáúÚõíõæäõ¡ æóÃóäøó ãöËúáóåõ áóãú íõÞúÕóÏú ÈöÇáÔøõãõæáöíøö Ýöí ÇáúÚõãõæãö ÝóÃóÕóÍøõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ôõãõæáõ ÇáúÚóÇãøö æóÇáúãõØúáóÞö áöáúÝóÑúÏö ÇáäøóÇÏöÑö æóÇáúÝóÑúÏö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏö¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÇáúÝóÑúÏó ÇáäøóÇÏöÑó æóÛóíúÑó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏö áóÇ íóÔúãóáõåõãóÇ ÇáúÚóÇãøõ æóáóÇ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ.
ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÌóãúÚö ÇáúÌóæóÇãöÚö Ýöí «ãóÈúÍóËö ÇáúÚóÇãøö» ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÏõÎõæáõ ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉö æóÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏóÉö ÊóÍúÊóåõ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉõ æóÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏóÉö» ¡ íóÚúäöí ÇáÕøõæÑóÉó ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉó æóÛóíúÑó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏóÉö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÊóÍúÊóåõ» íóÚúäöí ÇáúÚóÇãøó¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøõæÑóÉó ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉó¡ æóÛóíúÑó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏóÉö ÕõæÑóÊóÇäö æóÇÍöÏóÉñ¡ æóÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Úõãõæãñ æóÎõÕõæÕñ ãöäú æóÌúåò Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÕøõæÑóÉó ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉó ÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ ãóÞúÕõæÏóÉð æóÛóíúÑó ãóÞúÕõæÏóÉò¡ æóÇáÕøõæÑóÉõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏóÉö ÞóÏú Êóßõæäõ äóÇÏöÑóÉð æóÛóíúÑó äóÇÏöÑóÉò¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÝõÑõæÚö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÈúäóì Úóáóì ÏõÎõæáö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇãøö æóÇáúãõØúáóÞö æóÚóÏóãö ÏõÎõæáöåóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÌóæóÇÒö ÏóÝúÚö ÇáÓøóÈóÞö - ÈöÝóÊúÍóÊóíúäö - Ýöí ÇáúãõÓóÇÈóÞóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÝöíáö¡ æóÅöíÖóÇÍõåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáøóÐöí ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáÓøõäóäö æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ ÓóÈóÞó ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÎõÝøò Ãóæú äóÕúáò Ãóæú ÍóÇÝöÑò» æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú Ýöíåö ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú «Ãóæú äóÕúáò» æóÇáúÝöíáõ Ðõæ ÎõÝøò¡ æóåõæó ÕõæÑóÉñ äóÇÏöÑóÉñ¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÏõÎõæáö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇãøö íóÌõæÒõ ÏóÝúÚõ ÇáÓøóÈóÞö - ÈöÝóÊúÍóÊóíúäö - Ýöí ÇáúãõÓóÇÈóÞóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúÝöíóáóÉö¡ æóÇáÓøóÈóÞõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõæó ÇáúãóÇáõ ÇáúãóÌúÚõæáõ áöáÓøóÇÈöÞö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÌóÚóáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ãöËóÇáðÇ áöÏõÎõæáö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúãõØúáóÞö áóÇ ÇáúÚóÇãøö¡ ÞóÇáó: áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: «ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ÎõÝøò» äóßöÑóÉñ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö ; áöÃóäøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó «ÅöáøóÇ» ãõËúÈóÊñ¡ æóÇáäøóßöÑóÉõ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÅöØúáóÇÞñ áóÇ Úõãõæãñ¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ãöËóÇáðÇ áöÏõÎõæáö ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇãøö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ: æóÌúåõ Úõãõæãöåö ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ äóßöÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ÍóíøöÒö ÇáÔøóÑúØö ãóÚúäðì¡ ÅöÐö ÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÎõÝøò¡ æóÇáäøóßöÑóÉõ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáÔøóÑúØö ÊóÚõãøõ¡ æóÖóÇÈöØõ ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉö ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö åöíó: Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ðóáößó ÇáúÝóÑúÏõ áóÇ íóÎúØõÑõ ÛóÇáöÈðÇ ÈöÈóÇáö ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãö áöäõÏúÑóÉö æõÞõæÚöåö¡ æóãöäú ÃóãúËöáóÉö ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÇáäøóÇÏöÑóÉö: åóáú ÊóÏúÎõáõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÇãøö æóÇáúãõØúáóÞö Ãóæú áóÇ¿ ! ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí æõÌõæÈö ÇáúÛõÓúáö ãöäú ÎõÑõæÌö Çáúãóäöíøö ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌö ÈöÛóíúÑö áóÐøóÉò¡ ßóãóäú ÊóáúÏóÛõåõ ÚóÞúÑóÈñ Ýöí ÐóßóÑöåö ÝóíóäúÒöáõ ãöäúåõ(3/335)
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ÏóäöÓõ ÇáËøöíóÇÈö ßóÃóäøó ÝóÑúæóÉó ÑóÃúÓöåö ... ÛõÑöÓóÊú ÝóÃóäúÈóÊú ÌóÇäöÈóÇåóÇ ÝõáúÝõáðÇ
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóæóÌóÏóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÌöÏóÇÑðÇ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íóäúÞóÖøó ÝóÃóÞóÇãóåõ
¡ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÃóßúÈóÑö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí íóÓúÊóÏöáøõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúÞóÇÆöáõæäó: ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÌóÇÒó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÒóÇÚöãöíäó Ãóäøó ÅöÑóÇÏóÉó ÇáúÌöÏóÇÑö ÇáöÇäúÞöÖóÇÖó áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÍóÞöíÞóÉð¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ãóÌóÇÒñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú ÂíóÇÊñ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ßóæúäö ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÌöÏóÇÑö ÍóÞöíÞóÉð ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì íóÚúáóãõ áöáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö ÅöÑóÇÏóÇÊò æóÃóÝúÚóÇáðÇ æóÃóÞúæóÇáðÇ áóÇ íõÏúÑößõåóÇ ÇáúÎóáúÞõ ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÃóäøóåõ íóÚúáóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõåõ ÎóáúÞõåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ íõÓóÈøöÍõ ÈöÍóãúÏöåö æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÊóÝúÞóåõæäó ÊóÓúÈöíÍóåõãú [17 \ 44] ¡ ÝóÕóÑøóÍó ÈöÃóäøóäóÇ áóÇ äóÝúÞóåõ ÊóÓúÈöíÍóåõãú¡ æóÊóÓúÈöíÍõåõãú æóÇÞöÚñ Úóäú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉò áóåõãú íóÚúáóãõåóÇ åõæó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ æóäóÍúäõ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõåóÇ¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö.
Ýóãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó ãöäó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö áóãóÇ íóÊóÝóÌøóÑõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúÃóäúåóÇÑõ æóÅöäøó ãöäúåóÇ áóãóÇ íóÔøóÞøóÞõ ÝóíóÎúÑõÌõ ãöäúåõ ÇáúãóÇÁõ æóÅöäøó ãöäúåóÇ áóãóÇ íóåúÈöØõ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 74] ¡ ÝóÊóÕúÑöíÍõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÃóäøó ÈóÚúÖó ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö íóåúÈöØõ ãöäú ÎóÔúíóÉö Çááøóåö Ïóáöíáñ æóÇÖöÍñ Ýöí Ðóáößó ; áöÃóäøó Êöáúßó ÇáúÎóÔúíóÉó ÈöÅöÏúÑóÇßò íóÚúáóãõåõ Çááøóåõ æóäóÍúäõ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÚóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÃóÈóíúäó Ãóäú íóÍúãöáúäóåóÇ æóÃóÔúÝóÞúäó ãöäúåóÇ æóÍóãóáóåóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [33 \ 72] ¡ ÝóÊóÕúÑöíÍõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁó æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó æóÇáúÌöÈóÇáó ÃóÈóÊú æóÃóÔúÝóÞóÊú¡ Ãóíú: ÎóÇÝóÊú¡ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Ðóáößó æóÇÞöÚñ ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÉò æóÅöÏúÑóÇßò íóÚúáóãõåõ åõæó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ æóäóÍúäõ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõåõ.
æóãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: " Åöäøöí áóÃóÚúÑöÝõ ÍóÌóÑðÇ ßóÇäó íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóíøó ÈöãóßøóÉó " æóãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö ãöäú Íóäöíäö ÇáúÌöÐúÚö ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó íóÎúØõÈõ Úóáóíúåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÌóÒóÚðÇ áöÝöÑóÇÞöåö¡ ÝóÊóÓúáöíãõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÍóÌóÑö¡ æóÍóäöíäõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÌöÐúÚö ßöáóÇåõãóÇ ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÉò æóÅöÏúÑóÇßò íóÚúáóãõåõ Çááøóåõ æóäóÍúäõ áóÇ äóÚúáóãõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó ÈöãöËúáöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóáóßöäú áóÇ ÊóÝúÞóåõæäó ÊóÓúÈöíÍóåõãú [17 \ 44] ¡ æóÒóÚúãõ ãóäú áóÇ Úöáúãó ÚöäúÏöåö Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑó áóÇ ÍóÞöíÞóÉó áóåóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó ÖóÑúÈõ ÃóãúËóÇáò¡ ÒóÚúãñ ÈóÇØöáñ ; áöÃóäøó äõÕõæÕó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÕóÑúÝõåóÇ Úóäú ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúæóÇÖöÍö ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóÑö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÏóáöíáò íóÌöÈõ ÇáÑøõÌõæÚõ Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ åóÐóÇ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÈöÐóáößó ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ãöäú ÅöÈúÞóÇÁö ÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÌöÏóÇÑö Úóáóì ÍóÞöíÞóÊöåóÇ áöÅöãúßóÇäö Ãóäú íóßõæäó Çááøóåõ Úóáöãó ãöäúåõ ÅöÑóÇÏóÉó ÇáöÇäúÞöÖóÇÖö¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íóÚúáóãú ÎóáúÞõåõ Êöáúßó ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉó¡ æóåóÐóÇ æóÇÖöÍñ ÌöÏøðÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãõÞóÇÑóÈóÉö æóÇáúãóíúáö Åöáóì ÇáÔøóíúÁö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:(3/339)
ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãóÛúÑöÈó ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÌóÏóåóÇ ÊóÛúÑõÈõ Ýöí Úóíúäò ÍóãöÆóÉò æóæóÌóÏó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ÞõáúäóÇ íóÇ ÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÑúäóíúäö ÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÚóÐøöÈó æóÅöãøóÇ Ãóäú ÊóÊøóÎöÐó Ýöíåöãú ÍõÓúäðÇ (86)
Ýöí ãóåúãóåò ÞóáöÞóÊú Èöåö åóÇãóÊõåóÇ ... ÞóáóÞó ÇáúÝõÆõæÓö ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÏúäó äõÖõæáóÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÏúäó äõÖõæáðÇ¡ Ãóíú ÞóÇÑóÈúäóåõ. æóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
íõÑöíÏõ ÇáÑøõãúÍõ ÕóÏúÑó ÃóÈöí ÈóÑóÇÁò ... æóíóÚúÏöáõ Úóäú ÏöãóÇÁö Èóäöí ÚóÞöíáö
Ãóíú: íóãöíáõ Åöáóì ÕóÏúÑö ÃóÈöí ÈóÑóÇÁò¡ æóßóÞóæúáö ÑóÇÚöí äõãóíúÑò:
Åöäøó ÏóåúÑðÇ íóáõÝøõ Ôóãúáöí ÈöÌõãúáò ... áóÒóãóÇäñ íóåõãøõ ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ " áóÒóãóÇäñ íóåõãøõ ÈöÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö Ýöíåö¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ Ýöí ÑöÓóÇáóÊöäóÇ ÇáúãõÓóãøóÇÉõ) ãóäúÚõ ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúãóÌóÇÒö Ýöí ÇáúãóäúÒöáö áöáÊøóÚóÈøõÏö æóÇáúÅöÚúÌóÇÒö (Ãóäøó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí íóÒúÚõãõæäó ÃóäøóåóÇ ãóÌóÇÒñ Ãóäøó Ðóáößó áóÇ íóÊóÚóíøóäõ Ýöí ÔóíúÁò ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÈóíøóäøóÇ ÃóÏöáøóÉó Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóßóÇäó æóÑóÇÁóåõãú ãóáößñ íóÃúÎõÐõ ßõáøó ÓóÝöíäóÉò ÛóÕúÈðÇ
¡ ÙóÇåöÑõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó Ðóáößó Çáúãóáößó íóÃúÎõÐõ ßõáøó ÓóÝöíäóÉò¡ ÕóÍöíÍóÉð ßóÇäóÊú Ãóæú ãóÚöíÈóÉð¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ íõÝúåóãõ ãöäú ÂíóÉò ÃõÎúÑóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáúãóÚöíÈóÉó¡ æóåöíó Þóæúáõåõ: ÝóÃóÑóÏúÊõ Ãóäú ÃóÚöíÈóåóÇ [18 \ 79] ¡ Ãóíú: áöÆóáøóÇ íóÃúÎõÐóåóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó åõæó ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ Ýöí ÎóÑúÞöåö áóåóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÑóßöÈóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóÝöíäóÉö ÎóÑóÞóåóÇ [18 \ 71] ¡ Ëõãøó Èóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÞóÕúÏóåõ ÈöÎóÑúÞöåóÇ ÓóáóÇãóÊõåóÇ áöÃóåúáöåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÎúÐó Ðóáößó Çáúãóáößö ÇáúÛóÇÕöÈö ; áöÃóäøó ÚóíúÈóåóÇ íõÒóåøöÏõåõ ÝöíåóÇ ; æóáöÃóÌúáö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉõ ãöËóÇáðÇ ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö áöÍóÐúÝö ÇáäøóÚúÊö¡ Ãóíú: æóßóÇäó æóÑóÇÁóåõãú ãóáößñ íóÃúÎõÐõ ßõáøó ÓóÝöíäóÉò ÕóÍöíÍóÉò ÛóíúÑö ãóÚöíÈóÉò ÈöÏóáöíáö ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáÔøóæóÇåöÏó ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÉò ÅöáøóÇ äóÍúäõ ãõåúáößõæåóÇ ÞóÈúáó íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ãóæú ãõÚóÐøöÈõæåóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [17 \ 58] ¡ æóÇÓúãõ Ðóáößó Çáúãóáößö: åõÏóÏõ Èúäõ ÈóÏúÑò: æóÞóæúáõåõ «æóÑóÇÁóåõãú» Ãóíú: ÃóãóÇãóåõãú ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãóÛúÑöÈó ÇáÔøóãúÓö æóÌóÏóåóÇ ÊóÛúÑõÈõ Ýöí Úóíúäò ÍóãöÆóÉò
¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò «ÍóãöÆóÉò» ÈöáóÇ ÃóáöÝò ÈóÚúÏö ÇáúÍóÇÁö¡ æóÈöåóãúÒóÉò ãóÝúÊõæÍóÉò ÈóÚúÏó Çáúãöíãö ÇáúãóßúÓõæÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÍóãúÒóÉò æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøò æóÔõÚúÈóÉõ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò «ÍóÇãöíóÉò» ÈöÃóáöÝò ÈóÚúÏö ÇáúÍóÇÁö¡ æóíóÇÁò ãóÝúÊõæÍóÉò ÈóÚúÏó Çáúãöíãö ÇáúãóßúÓõæÑóÉö Úóáóì ÕöíÛóÉö ÇÓúãö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ ÝóÚóáóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÃõæáóì ÝóãóÚúäóì «ÍóãöÆóÉò» : ÐóÇÊõ ÍóãúÃóÉò æóåöíó ÇáØøöíäõ ÇáúÃóÓúæóÏõ¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäó ãöäú ÕóáúÕóÇáò ãöäú ÍóãóÅò ãóÓúäõæäò [15 \ 26] ¡(3/340)
ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉñ ãöäú ÑóÈøöí ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó æóÚúÏõ ÑóÈøöí ÌóÚóáóåõ ÏóßøóÇÁó æóßóÇäó æóÚúÏõ ÑóÈøöí ÍóÞøðÇ (98) æóÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò íóãõæÌõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖò æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÌóãóÚúäóÇåõãú ÌóãúÚðÇ (99)
æóÇáúÍóãóÃõ: ÇáØøöíäõ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÊõÈøóÚò ÇáúÍöãúíóÑöíøö ÝöíãóÇ íõÄúËóÑõ Úóäúåõ íóãúÏóÍõ ÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÑúäóíúäö:
ÈóáóÛó ÇáúãóÔóÇÑöÞó æóÇáúãóÛóÇÑöÈó íóÈúÊóÛöí ... ÃóÓúÈóÇÈó ÃóãúÑò ãöäú Íóßöíãò ãõÑúÔöÏò
ÝóÑóÃóì ãóÛöíÈó ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÚöäúÏó ÛõÑõæÈöåóÇ ... Ýöí Úóíúäö Ðöí ÎóáóÈò æóËóÃúØò ÍóÑúãóÏö
æóÇáúÎóáóÈõ - Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÍöãúíóÑó -: ÇáØøöíäõ¡ æóÇáËøóÃúØõ: ÇáúÍóãúÃóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÍóÑúãóÏõ: ÇáúÃóÓúæóÏõ¡ æóÚóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö «ÍóÇãöíóÉò» ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇÓúãö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö¡ ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÃóäøóåóÇ ÍóÇÑøóÉñ¡ æóÐóáößó áöãõÌóÇæóÑóÊöåóÇ æóåóÌó ÇáÔøóãúÓö ÚöäúÏó ÛõÑõæÈöåóÇ¡ æóãõáóÇÞóÇÊöåóÇ ÇáÔøõÚóÇÚó ÈöáóÇ ÍóÇÆöáò¡ æóáóÇ ãõäóÇÝóÇÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö æóßöáúÊóÇåõãóÇ ÍóÞøñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: æóÌóÏóåóÇ ÊóÛúÑõÈõ Ýöí Úóíúäò ÍóãöÆóÉò [18 \ 86] ¡ Ãóíú: ÑóÃóì ÇáÔøóãúÓó Ýöí ãóäúÙóÑöåö ÊóÛúÑõÈõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÇáúãõÍöíØö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÔóÃúäõ ßõáøö ãóäö ÇäúÊóåóì Åöáóì ÓóÇÍöáöåö íóÑóÇåóÇ ßóÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÛúÑõÈõ Ýöíåö Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ßóáóÇãöåö¡ æóãõÞúÊóÖóì ßóáóÇãöåö Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ÇáúãõÍöíØõ¡ æóåõæó Ðõæ Øöíäò ÃóÓúæóÏó¡ æóÇáúÚóíúäõ ÊõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö Úóáóì íóäúÈõæÚö ÇáúãóÇÁö¡ æóÇáúíóäúÈõæÚõ: ÇáúãóÇÁõ ÇáúßóËöíÑõ¡ ÝóÇÓúãõ ÇáúÚóíúäö íóÕúÏõÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúÈóÍúÑö áõÛóÉð¡ æóßóæúäõ ãóäú Úóáóì ÔóÇØöÆö ÇáúãõÍöíØö ÇáúÛóÑúÈöíøö íóÑóì ÇáÔøóãúÓó Ýöí äóÙóÑö Úóíúäöåö ÊóÓúÞõØõ Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÃóãúÑñ ãóÚúÑõæÝñ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÝóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
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ÇáøóÊöí ÚóæøóÖó ÚóäúåóÇ Êóäúæöíäõ «íóæúãóÆöÐò» ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: æóÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú íóæúãóÆöÐò íóãõæÌõ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖò¡ Ãóäøóåõ íóæúãó ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁó æóÚúÏõ ÑóÈøöí ÈöÎõÑõæÌöåöãú æóÇäúÊöÔóÇÑöåöãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóáóÇ íóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö áöãõæóÇÝóÞóÊöåö áöÙóÇåöÑö ÓöíóÇÞò ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì «íóæúãóÆöÐò» íóæúãó ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúæóÚúÏõ ÈöÎõÑõæÌöåöãú æóÇäúÊöÔóÇÑöåöãú ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÈóÚúÖóåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøóåõ áöÌóãöíÚö Èóäöí ÂÏóãó ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ íóæúãõ ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÅöÐðÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ Úóáóì ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäöåö ÈöÇáúÎõÑõæÌö ÅöÐóÇ Ïóßøó ÇáÓøóÏøó¡ æóÞóÑøóÈóåõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì íóÃúÌõæÌó æóãóÃúÌõæÌó¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö íóÏõáøõ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÑöíÈñ ãöäúåõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÑóÍúãóÉñ ãöäú ÑóÈøöí¡ åõæó ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÏøö¡ Ãóíú: åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÏøõ äöÚúãóÉñ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÑóÍúãóÉñ Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ Ãóæú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÞúÏóÇÑñ æóÇáÊøóãúßöíäñ ãöäú ÊóÓúæöíóÊöåö ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó æóÚúÏõ ÑóÈøöí íóÚúäöí ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÏóäóÇ ãóÌöíÁõ íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÔóÇÑóÝó Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíó ÌóÚóáó ÇáÓøóÏøó ÏóßøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÏúßõæßðÇ ãóÈúÓõæØðÇ ãõÓóæøðì ÈöÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóßõáøõ ãóÇ ÇäúÈóÓóØó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚò ÝóÞóÏö ÇäúÏóßøó¡ æóãöäúåõ ÇáúÌóãóáõ ÇáúÃóÏóßøõ ÇáúãõäúÈóÓöØõ ÇáÓøóäóÇãö ÇåÜ.
æóÂíóÉõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ åöíó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú íóÃúÌõæÌõ æóãóÃúÌõæÌõ æóåõãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÍóÏóÈò íóäúÓöáõæäó æóÇÞúÊóÑóÈó ÇáúæóÚúÏõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÔóÇÎöÕóÉñ ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 96 - 97] ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú íóÃúÌõæÌõ æóãóÃúÌõæÌõ æóÅöÊúÈóÇÚóåõ áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÇÞúÊóÑóÈó ÇáúæóÚúÏõ ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åöíó ÔóÇÎöÕóÉñ ÃóÈúÕóÇÑõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ¡ íóÏõáøõ Ýöí ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÂíóÉö ÇáúßóåúÝö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö Þóæúáö ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõãú ÑõæÓöíøóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÏøó ÝõÊöÍó ãõäúÐõ ÒóãóÇäò Øóæöíáò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ Þöíáó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÏõáøõ ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí «ÇáúßóåúÝö» æó «ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» Úóáóì ãõØúáóÞö ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈö íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ãöäú Ïóßøö ÇáÓøóÏøö æóÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈöåö ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí ßóæúäóåõ ÞóÏú æóÞóÚó ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÞúÊóÑóÈó áöáäøóÇÓö ÍöÓóÇÈõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [21 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÇÞúÊóÑóÈóÊö ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ æóÇäúÔóÞøó ÇáúÞóãóÑõ [54 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóíúáñ áöáúÚóÑóÈö¡ ãöäú ÔóÑøò ÞóÏö ÇÞúÊóÑóÈó¡ ÝõÊöÍó Çáúíóæúãó ãöäú ÑóÏúãö íóÃúÌõæÌó æóãóÃúÌõæÌó ãöËúáó åóÐöåö æóÍóáøóÞó ÈöÃõÕúÈóÚóíúåö ÇáúÅöÈúåóÇãö æóÇáøóÊöí ÊóáöíåóÇ.» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» ¡ ÝóÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑó áóÇ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ÇÞúÊöÑóÇäõåõ Èöåö¡ Èóáú íóÕöÍøõ ÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈõåõ ãóÚó ãõåúáóÉò¡ æóÅöÐðÇ ÝóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ïóßøõ ÇáÓøóÏøö ÇáúãóÇÖöí ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãö ÇáöÇÞúÊöÑóÇÈó ãöäú íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íõÏóßøõ ÇáÓøóÏøõ Åöáóì ÇáúÂäö.(3/342)
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æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊó Ýöíåö ÊóÕúÑöíÍó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íõæÍöí Åöáóì ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäö ãóÑúíóãó ÎõÑõæÌó íóÃúÌõæÌó æóãóÃúÌõæÌó ÈóÚúÏó ÞóÊúáöåö ÇáÏøóÌøóÇáó¡ Ýóãóäú íóÏøóÚöí Ãóäøóåõãú ÑõæÓöíøóÉñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÏøó ÞóÏö ÇäúÏóßøó ãõäúÐõ ÒóãóÇäò Ýóåõæó ãõÎóÇáöÝñ áöãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Èöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉð ÕóÑöíÍóÉð áóÇ æóÌúåó áóåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ßõáøó ÎóÈóÑò äóÇÞöÖò ÎóÈóÑó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞö ÇáúãóÕúÏõæÞö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýóåõæó ÈóÇØöáñ ; áöÃóäøó äóÞöíÖó ÇáúÎóÈóÑö ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞö ßóÇÐöÈñ ÖóÑõæÑóÉð ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóáóãú íóËúÈõÊú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉó äóÈöíøöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÔóíúÁñ íõÚóÇÑöÖõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáøóÐöí ÑóÃóíúÊó ÕöÍøóÉó ÓóäóÏöåö¡ æóæõÖõæÍó ÏóáóÇáóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏö.
æóÇáúÚõãúÏóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö áöãóäö ÇÏøóÚóì Ãóäøó íóÃúÌõæÌó æóãóÃúÌõæÌó åõãú ÑõæÓöíøóÉñ¡ æóãóäö ÇÏøóÚóì ãöäó ÇáúãõáúÍöÏöíäó Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ æõÌõæÏó áóåõãú ÃóÕúáðÇ åöíó ÍõÌøóÉñ ÚóÞúáöíøóÉñ Ýöí ÒóÚúãö ÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÈöÍóÓóÈö ÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑö Ýöí ÇáúÌóÏóáö ÞöíóÇÓñ ÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÆöíøñ ãõÑóßøóÈñ ãöäú ÔóÑúØöíøóÉò ãõÊøóÕöáóÉò áõÒõæãöíøóÉò Ýöí ÒóÚúãö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÏöáøö Èöåö íõÓúÊóËúäóì Ýöíåö äóÞöíÖõ ÇáÊøóÇáöí¡ ÝóíóäúÊõÌõ äóÞöíÖõ ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãö¡ æóÕõæÑóÉõ äóÙúãöåö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó: áóæú ßóÇäó íóÃúÌõæÌõ æóãóÃúÌõæÌõ æóÑóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÏøö Åöáóì ÇáúÂäö¡ áóÇØøóáóÚó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ áöÊóØóæøõÑö ØõÑõÞõ ÇáúãõæóÇÕóáóÇÊö¡ áóßöäøóåõãú áóãú(3/344)
íóØøóáöÚú Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÍóÏñ íõäúÊöÌõ Ýóåõãú áóíúÓõæÇ æóÑóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÏøö Åöáóì ÇáúÂäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁó äóÞöíÖö ÇáÊøóÇáöí íõäúÊöÌõ äóÞöíÖó ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãö ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúáõæãñ¡ æóÈöÚöÈóÇÑóÉò ÃóæúÖóÍó áöÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóäúØöÞöíøö ; áöÃóäøó äóÝúíó ÇááøóÇÒöãö íóÞúÊóÖöí äóÝúíó ÇáúãóáúÒõæãö åóÐóÇ åõæó ÚõãúÏóÉõ ÍõÌøóÉö ÇáúãõäúßöÑöíäó æóÌõæÏóåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÂäö æóÑóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÏøö¡ æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓó ÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÆöíøó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝó ÈöÇáÔøóÑúØöíøö¡ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÑóßøóÈðÇ ãöäú ÔóÑúØöíøóÉò ãõÊøóÕöáóÉò æóÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÆöíøóÉò¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÊóæóÌøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÞóÏóÍõ ãöäú ËóáóÇËö æöÌúåóÇÊò:
ÇáúÃõæáóì: Ãóäú íóÞúÏóÍó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÔóÑúØöíøóÊöåö¡ áößóæúäö ÇáÑøóÈúØö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãö æóÇáÊøóÇáöí áóíúÓó ÕóÍöíÍðÇ.
ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ: Ãóäú íóÞúÏóÍó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÆöíøóÊöåö.
ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉõ: Ãóäú íóÞúÏóÍó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÌöåóÊöåöãóÇ ãóÚðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ ÇáúãóÒúÚõæãõ íóÞúÏóÍõ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÔóÑúØöíøóÊöåö ÝóíóÞõæáõ áöáúãõÚúÊóÑöÖö: ÇáÑøóÈúØõ Ýöíåö Èóíúäó ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãö æóÇáÊøóÇáöí ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÍöíÍò¡ ÝóÞóæúáõßõãú: áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ ãóæúÌõæÏöíäó æóÑóÇÁó ÇáÓøóÏøö Åöáóì ÇáúÂäö áóÇØøóáóÚó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÛóíúÑõ ÕóÍöíÍò¡ áöÅöãúßóÇäö Ãóäú íóßõæäõæÇ ãóæúÌõæÏöíäó æóÇááøóåõ íõÎúÝöí ãóßóÇäóåõãú Úóáóì ÚóÇãøóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÍóÊøóì íóÃúÊöíó ÇáúæóÞúÊõ ÇáúãõÍóÏøóÏõ áöÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ ÅöãúßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúãóÇÆöÏóÉö» ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó íóÊöíåõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãõÍóÑøóãóÉñ Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð íóÊöíåõæäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [5 \ 26] ¡ æóåõãú Ýöí ÝóÑóÇÓöÎó ÞóáöíáóÉò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ íóãúÔõæäó áóíúáóåõãú æóäóåóÇÑóåõãú æóáóãú íóØøóáöÚú Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÍóÊøóì ÇäúÊóåóì ÃóãóÏõ ÇáÊøöíåö¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú áóæö ÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ ÈöÇáäøóÇÓö áóÈóíøóäõæÇ áóåõãõ ÇáØøóÑöíÞó¡ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáò¡ ÝóÑóÈøõßó ÝóÚøóÇáñ áöãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ¡ æóÃóÎúÈóÇÑõ ÑóÓõæáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉõ Úóäúåõ ÕóÇÏöÞóÉñ¡ æóãóÇ íõæÌóÏõ Èóíúäó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ãöãøóÇ íõÎóÇáöÝõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ æóäóÍúæóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÞöÕóÕö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáÓøóäóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö¡ ÒóÇÚöãöíäó Ãóäøóåõ ãõäóÒøóáñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö Ãóæú ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáÓøóãóÇæöíøóÉö ÈóÇØöáñ íóÞöíäðÇ áóÇ íõÚóæøóáõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÕóÑøóÍó Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ ãöäú Èóíúäö íóÏóíúåö æóáóÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÝöåö ÊóäúÒöíáñ ãöäú Íóßöíãò ÍóãöíÏò ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÈóÏøóáõæÇ æóÍóÑøóÝõæÇ æóÛóíøóÑõæÇ Ýöí ßõÊõÈöåöãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: íõÍóÑøöÝõæäó Çáúßóáöãó Úóäú ãóæóÇÖöÚöåö [5 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÊóÌúÚóáõæäóåõ ÞóÑóÇØöíÓó ÊõÈúÏõæäóåóÇ æóÊõÎúÝõæäó ßóËöíÑðÇ [6 \ 91] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Ýóæóíúáñ áöáøóÐöíäó íóßúÊõÈõæäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú Ëõãøó íóÞõæáõæäó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö áöíóÔúÊóÑõæÇ Èöåö ËóãóäðÇ ÞóáöíáðÇ Ýóæóíúáñ áóåõãú ãöãøóÇ ßóÊóÈóÊú ÃóíúÏöíåöãú æóæóíúáñ áóåõãú ãöãøóÇ íóßúÓöÈõæäó [2 \ 79] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøó ãöäúåõãú áóÝóÑöíÞðÇ íóáúæõæäó ÃóáúÓöäóÊóåõãú ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö áöÊóÍúÓóÈõæåõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóãóÇ åõæó ãöäó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóíóÞõæáõæäó åõæó ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö æóíóÞõæáõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó æóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó [3 \ 78] ¡(3/345)
æóÚóÑóÖúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÚóÑúÖðÇ (100)
Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÈöÎöáóÇÝö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Êóæóáøóì Çááøóåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ ÍöÝúÙóåõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóáóãú íõßóáøöãúåõ ÃóÍóÏñ ÍóÊøóì íõÛóíøöÑó Ýöíåö Ãóæú íõÈóÏøöáó Ãóæú íõÍóÑøöÝó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ äóÍúäõ äóÒøóáúäóÇ ÇáÐøößúÑó æóÅöäøóÇ áóåõ áóÍóÇÝöÙõæäó [15 \ 9] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÊõÍóÑøößú Èöåö áöÓóÇäóßó áöÊóÚúÌóáó Èöåö Åöäøó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÌóãúÚóåõ æóÞõÑúÂäóåõ [75 \ 16 - 17] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: áóÇ íóÃúÊöíåö ÇáúÈóÇØöáõ ãöäú Èóíúäö íóÏóíúåö æóáóÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÝöåö [41 \ 42] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: æóãóÇ íóäúØöÞõ Úóäö Çáúåóæóì Åöäú åõæó ÅöáøóÇ æóÍúíñ íõæÍóì [53 \ 3 - 4] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÍøó Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÐöäó áöÃõãøóÊöåö Ãóäú ÊõÍóÏøöËó Úóäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ æóäóåóÇåõãú Úóäú ÊóÕúÏöíÞöåöãú æóÊóßúÐöíÈöåöãú¡ ÎóæúÝó Ãóäú íõÕóÏøöÞõæÇ ÈöÈóÇØöáò¡ Ãóæú íõßóÐøöÈõæÇ ÈöÍóÞøò.
æóãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö Ãóäøó ãóÇ íõÑúæóì Úóäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝóÉö ÈöÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáöíøóÇÊö áóåõ ËóáóÇËõ ÍóÇáóÇÊò: Ýöí æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÊóÕúÏöíÞõåõ¡ æóåöíó ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ Ïóáøó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ Ãóæö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáËøóÇÈöÊóÉõ Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞöåö¡ æóÝöí æóÇÍöÏóÉò íóÌöÈõ ÊóßúÐöíÈõåõ¡ æóåöíó ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ Ïóáøó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ãóæö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóáóì ßóÐöÈöåö¡ æóÝöí ÇáËøóÇáöËóÉö áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇáÊøóßúÐöíÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáÊøóÕúÏöíÞõ¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö Åöáóíúåö ÂäöÝðÇ: æóåöíó ãóÇ ÅöÐóÇ áóãú íóËúÈõÊú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò æóáóÇ ÓõäøóÉò ÕöÏúÞõåõ æóáóÇ ßóÐöÈõåõ¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÞöÕóÕó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝóÉó áöáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõæóÌøóåõ ÈöÃóíúÏöí ÈóÚúÖöåöãú¡ ÒóÇÚöãöíäó ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÇáúãõäóÒøóáóÉö íóÌöÈõ ÊóßúÐöíÈõåõãú ÝöíåóÇ áöãõÎóÇáóÝóÊöåóÇ äõÕõæÕó ÇáúæóÍúíö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ ÇáøóÊöí áóãú ÊõÍóÑøóÝú æóáóãú ÊõÈóÏøóáú¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÌóÚóáóåõ ÏóßøóÇÁó¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ äóÇÝöÚñ æóÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÇãöÑò æóÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ «ÏóßøðÇ» ÈöÇáÊøóäúæöíäö ãóÕúÏóÑõ Ïóßøóåõ¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇÕöãñ æóÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÌóÚóáóåõ ÏóßøóÇÁó¡ ÈöÃóáöÝö ÇáÊøóÃúäöíËö ÇáúãóãúÏõæÏóÉö ÊóÃúäöíËõ ÇáúÃóÏóßøö¡ æóãóÚúäóì ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÊóíúäö ÑóÇÌöÚñ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚóÑóÖúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÚóÑúÖðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ: æóÚóÑóÖúäóÇ Ãóíú: ÃóÈúÑóÒúäóÇ æóÃóÙúåóÑúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó íóæúãóÆöÐò¡ Ãóíú: íóæúãó ÅöÐú ÌóãóÚúäóÇåõãú ÌóãúÚðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÞóÈúáóåõ: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö ÝóÌóãóÚúäóÇåõãú ÌóãúÚðÇ [18 \ 99] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó» ÈöãóÚúäóì Úóáóì¡ Ãóíú: ÚóÑóÖúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóÑúÖó Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö íóÊóÚóÏøóì ÈöÚóáóì áóÇ ÈöÇááøóÇãö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíóæúãó íõÚúÑóÖõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö [46 \ 20] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÇáäøóÇÑõ íõÚúÑóÖõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÛõÏõæøðÇ æóÚóÔöíøðÇ [40 \ 46] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÚõÑöÖõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÕóÝøðÇ [18 \ 48] ¡(3/346)
ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúíõäõåõãú Ýöí ÛöØóÇÁò Úóäú ÐößúÑöí æóßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÓóãúÚðÇ (101)
æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ãöäú ÅöÊúíóÇäö ÇááøóÇãö ÈöãóÚúäóì «Úóáóì» ÇáúÈóíúÊõ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ¡ æóÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáöÇÎúÊöáóÇÝó Ýöí ÞóÇÆöáöåö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõåõ:
åóÊóßúÊõ áóåõ ÈöÇáÑøõãúÍö ÌóíúÈó ÞóãöíÕöåö ... ÝóÎóÑøó ÕóÑöíÚðÇ áöáúíóÏóíúäö æóáöáúÝóãö
Ãóíú ÎóÑøó ÕóÑöíÚðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúíóÏóíúäö.
æóÞóÏú Úõáöãó ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊö: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÇÑó ÊõÚúÑóÖõ Úóáóíúåöãú æóíõÚúÑóÖõæäó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÊõÞóÑøóÈõ Åöáóíúåöãú æóíõÞóÑøóÈõæäó ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÚóÑúÖöåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú åõäóÇ: æóÚóÑóÖúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó íóæúãóÆöÐò áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÚóÑúÖðÇ [18 \ 100] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÚóÑúÖöåöãú ÚóáóíúåóÇ: æóíóæúãó íõÚúÑóÖõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÇáúÂíóÉó [46 \ 34] ¡ æóäóÍúæóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÚóÑúÖöåöãú ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÚõÑöÖõæÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøößó ÕóÝøðÇ [18 \ 48] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ: æóÚóÑóÖúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 100] Ýöíåö ÞóáúÈñ¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì: æóÚóÑóÖúäóÇ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó áöÌóåóäøóãó Ãóíú: ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÈöÚöíÏñ ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúíõäõåõãú Ýöí ÛöØóÇÁò Úóäú ÐößúÑöí æóßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÓóãúÚðÇ.
ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúíõäõåõãú¡ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ãóÍóáøö ÎóÝúÕò äóÚúÊðÇ áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÊõÚúÑóÖõ áóåõãú Ìóåóäøóãõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäóÊú ÃóÚúíõäõåõãú Ýöí ÏóÇÑö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí ÛöØóÇÁò Úóäú ÐößúÑöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÓóãúÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåöãú Ýöí ÂíóÇÊò ßóËöíÑóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí ÊóÛúØöíóÉö ÃóÚúíõäöåöãú: æóÚóáóì ÃóÈúÕóÇÑöåöãú ÛöÔóÇæóÉñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [2 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÌóÚóáó Úóáóì ÈóÕóÑöåö ÛöÔóÇæóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [45 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÝóãóäú íóÚúáóãõ ÃóäøóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßó ãöäú ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ßóãóäú åõæó ÃóÚúãóì [13 \ 19] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÃóÚúãóì æóÇáúÈóÕöíÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 19] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÇÓúÊöØóÇÚóÊöåöãõ ÇáÓøóãúÚó: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÚóäóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÝóÃóÕóãøóåõãú æóÃóÚúãóì ÃóÈúÕóÇÑóåõãú [47 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [18 \ 57] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåöãú áóÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÇáÓøóãúÚó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏö» Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íõÖóÇÚóÝõ áóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÓúÊóØöíÚõæäó ÇáÓøóãúÚó æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íõÈúÕöÑõæäó [11 \ 20] ¡ ÝóÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÅöäøóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ Úóáóì ÞõáõæÈöåöãú ÃóßöäøóÉð Ãóäú íóÝúÞóåõæåõ æóÝöí ÂÐóÇäöåöãú æóÞúÑðÇ [18 \ 57] ¡(3/347)
ÃóÝóÍóÓöÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏöí ãöäú Ïõæäöí ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó äõÒõáðÇ (102)
æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó: Ãóäøó ÇáúÛöØóÇÁó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÇáøóÐöí íóÚúÔõæ ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö ÇáúÈóÕóÑõ Úóäú ÐößúÑöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì íõÞóíøöÖõ Çááøóåõ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ ÝóíóÌúÚóáõåõ áóåõ ÞóÑöíäðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú íóÚúÔõ Úóäú ÐößúÑö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö äõÞóíøöÖú áóåõ ÔóíúØóÇäðÇ Ýóåõæó áóåõ ÞóÑöíäñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [43 \ 36] .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÍóÓöÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏöí ãöäú Ïõæäöí ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó äõÒõáðÇ.
ÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÃóÝóÍóÓöÈó áöáúÅöäúßóÇÑö æóÇáÊøóæúÈöíÎö¡ æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÍóÐúÝñ Ïóáøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÊóÞúÏöíÑõ ÇáúãóÍúÐõæÝö åõæó: ÃóÝóÍóÓöÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏöí ãöäú Ïõæäöí ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó¡ æóáóÇ ÃõÚóÇÞöÈõåõãõ ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈó ÇáÔøóÏöíÏó! ßóáøóÇ! Èóáú ÓóÃõÚóÇÞöÈõåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÇáúÚöÞóÇÈó ÇáÔøóÏöíÏó¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏóåõ: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó äõÒõáðÇ [18 \ 102] ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ÃóÝóÍóÓöÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ Ãóäú íóÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÚöÈóÇÏöí ãöäú Ïõæäöí ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó íóäúÝóÚõåõãú¡ ßóáøóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú Èóáú íóÖõÑøõåõãú¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäúåõãú: ãóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì [39 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Úóäúåõãú: æóíóÞõæáõæäó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÔõÝóÚóÇÄõäóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö [10 \ 18] ¡ Ëõãøó Åöäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Èóíøóäó ÈõØúáóÇäó Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú ÃóÊõäóÈøöÆõæäó Çááøóåó ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóãøóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó [10 \ 18] ¡ æóãóÇ ÃóäúßóÑóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú åõäóÇ ãöäú Ùóäøöåöãú Ãóäøóåõãú íóÊøóÎöÐõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóáóÇ íõÚóÇÞöÈõåõãú¡ Ãóæú Ãóäøó Ðóáößó íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» : ÇÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóíúßõãú ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó [7 \ 3] ¡ ÝóÞóÏú äóåóÇåõãú Úóäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö ãöäú Ïõæäöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ; áöÃóäøóåõ íóÖõÑøõåõãú æóáóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáõ Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ æóáöíøó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö áöÃóÍóÏò¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúãõæóÇáóÇÉõ Ýöí Çááøóåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÈúÕöÑú Èöåö æóÃóÓúãöÚú ãóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ãöäú æóáöíøò ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 26] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóáóÇ ÊóÑúßóäõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ÝóÊóãóÓøóßõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ æóãóÇ áóßõãú ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãöäú ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó Ëõãøó áóÇ ÊõäúÕóÑõæäó [11 \ 113] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóãóäú íõÖúáöáö Çááøóåõ ÝóãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú æóáöíøò ÇáúÂíóÉó [42 \ 44] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóäúÐöÑú Èöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎóÇÝõæäó Ãóäú íõÍúÔóÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú áóíúÓó áóåõãú ãöäú Ïõæäöåö æóáöíøñ ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 51] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÐóßøöÑú Èöåö Ãóäú ÊõÈúÓóáó äóÝúÓñ ÈöãóÇ ßóÓóÈóÊú áóíúÓó áóåóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóáöíøñ¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí áóåõ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÒöíóÇÏóÉõ ÅöíÖóÇÍò æóÃóãúËöáóÉò.
æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «ÚöÈóÇÏöí» Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåöãú äóÍúæõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö(3/348)
Þõáú åóáú äõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ (103)
æóÚöíÓóì æóÚõÒóíúÑò¡ áóÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäõ æóäóÍúæõåõãú ; áöÃóäøó ãöËúáó åóÐöåö ÇáúÅöÖóÇÝóÉö áöáÊøóÔúÑöíÝö ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóßõæäõæäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó áóåõãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóíóæúãó íóÍúÔõÑõåõãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ Ëõãøó íóÞõæáõ áöáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÃóåóÄõáóÇÁö ÅöíøóÇßõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó ÃóäúÊó æóáöíøõäóÇ ãöäú Ïõæäöåöãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [34 \ 40 - 41] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ [18 \ 102] ¡ ÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍúäóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ áöáÙøóÇáöãöíäó äóÇÑðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 29] ¡ ÝóÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ¡ æóÝöí Þóæúáöåö: äõÒõáðÇ ÃóæúÌõåñ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö¡ ÃóÙúåóÑõåóÇ: Ãóäú «ÇáäøõÒõáó» åõæó ãóÇ íõÞóÏøóãõ áöáÖøóíúÝö ÚöäúÏó äõÒõæáöåö¡ æóÇáúÞóÇÏöãõ ÚöäúÏó ÞõÏõæãöåö¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íõåóíøóÃõ áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÅößúÑóÇãö ÚöäúÏó ÞõÏõæãöåöãú Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåöãú åõæó Ìóåóäøóãõ ÇáúãõÚóÏøóÉõ áóåõãú¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÈóÔøöÑúåõãú ÈöÚóÐóÇÈò Ãóáöíãò [84 \ 24] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: íõÛóÇËõæÇ ÈöãóÇÁò ßóÇáúãõåúáö [18 \ 29] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÔóæóÇåöÏóåõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ íõÛóÇËõæÇ ÈöãóÇÁò ßóÇáúãõåúáö ; áöÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÇÁó ÇáøóÐöí íóÔúæöí ÇáúæõÌõæåó áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÅöÛóÇËóÉñ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó Ìóåóäøóãó áóíúÓóÊú äõÒõáó ÅößúÑóÇãö ÇáÖøóíúÝö Ãóæú ÞóÇÏöãò.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó «äõÒõáðÇ» ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóäúÒöáö¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ Ìóåóäøóãó áöáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó ãóäúÒöáðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ãóßóÇäó äõÒõæáò¡ áóÇ ãóäúÒöáó áóåõãú ÛóíúÑõåóÇ¡ æóÃóÖúÚóÝõ ÇáúÃóæúÌõåö ãóÇ ÒóÚóãóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú ãöäú Ãóäøó «ÇáäøõÒõáó» ÌóãúÚõ äóÇÒöáò¡ ßóÌóãúÚö ÇáÔøóÇÑöÝö Úóáóì ÔõÑõÝò ÈöÖóãøóÊóíúäö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ Ýöí ÅöÚúÑóÇÈö «äõÒõáðÇ» Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÇáñ ãõÄóæøóáóÉñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÔúÊóÞøö¡ Ãóæú ãóÝúÚõæáñ áöÜ «ÃóÚúÊóÏúäóÇ» ÈöÊóÖúãöíäöåö ãóÚúäóì ÕóíøóÑúäóÇ Ãóæú ÌóÚóáúäóÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú åóáú äõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóåõãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÍúÓöäõæäó ÕõäúÚðÇ.
ÇáúãóÚúäóì: Þõáú áóåõãú íóÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö: åóáú äõäóÈøöÆõßõãú¡ Ãóíú: äõÎúÈöÑõßõãú ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÇáøóÐöíäó åõãú ÃóÎúÓóÑõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ æóÃóÖúíóÚõåóÇ¡ ÝóÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑõ ÕöíóÛóÉõ ÊóÝúÖöíáò ãöäó ÇáúÎõÓúÑóÇäö æóÃóÕúáõåõ äóÞúÕõ ãóÇáö ÇáÊøóÇÌöÑö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÛóÈúäõåõãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ßõÝúÑöåöãú æóãóÚóÇÕöíåöãú Ýöí ÍõÙõæÙöåöãú ãöãøóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö áóæú ÃóØóÇÚõæåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ ãóäúÕõæÈñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒö:
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: äóÈøöÆúäóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ ãóäú åõãú¿
ßóÇäó ÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: åõãõ ÇáøóÐöíäó Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóåõãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÍúÓöäõæäó ÕõäúÚðÇ¡ æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó «ÇáøóÐöíäó» ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöíäó Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú [18 \ 104] ¡ ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÃò ãóÍúÐõæÝò ÌóæóÇÈðÇ áöáÓøõÄóÇáö ÇáúãóÝúåõæãö ãöäó ÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ æóíóÌõæÒõ äóÕúÈõåõ Úóáóì ÇáÐøóãøö¡ æóÌóÑøõåõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó¡ Ãóæú äóÚúÊñ áóåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú¡ Ãóíú: ÈóØóáó Úóãóáõåõãú æóÍóÈöØó¡ ÝóÕóÇÑó ßóÇáúåóÈóÇÁö æóßóÇáÓøóÑóÇÈö æóßóÇáÑøóãóÇÏö! ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÏöãúäóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ ÚóãöáõæÇ ãöäú Úóãóáò ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ åóÈóÇÁð ãóäúËõæÑðÇ [25 \ 23] ¡(3/349)
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ßóÓóÑóÇÈò ÈöÞöíÚóÉò ÇáúÂíóÉó [24 \ 39] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ãóËóáõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÑóÈøöåöãú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ßóÑóãóÇÏò ÇÔúÊóÏøóÊú Èöåö ÇáÑøöíÍõ Ýöí íóæúãò ÚóÇÕöÝò [14 \ 18] ¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ Ýóåõãú íóÚúÊóÞöÏõæäó Ãóäøó Úóãóáóåõãú ÍóÓóäñ ãóÞúÈõæáñ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö.
æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÂíóÉó äóÇÒöáóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúÊóÞöÏõæäó Ãóäøó ßõÝúÑóåõãú ÕóæóÇÈñ æóÍóÞøñ¡ æóÃóäøó Ýöíåö ÑöÖóÇ ÑóÈøöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóäú ÚóÈóÏóÉö ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö: ãóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõåõãú ÅöáøóÇ áöíõÞóÑøöÈõæäóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÒõáúÝóì [39 \ 3] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Úóäúåõãú: æóíóÞõæáõæäó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÔõÝóÚóÇÄõäóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö [10 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóÇáó Úóäö ÇáÑøõåúÈóÇäö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÊóÞóÑøóÈõæäó Åöáóì Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ÔóÑúÚò ÕóÍöíÍò: æõÌõæåñ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÎóÇÔöÚóÉñ ÚóÇãöáóÉñ äóÇÕöÈóÉñ ÊóÕúáóì äóÇÑðÇ ÍóÇãöíóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [88 \ 2 - 4] ¡ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÝöíåóÇ ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö: Åöäøóåõãõ ÇÊøóÎóÐõæÇ ÇáÔøóíóÇØöíäó ÃóæúáöíóÇÁó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó [7 \ 30] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÅöäøóåõãú áóíóÕõÏøõæäóåõãú Úóäö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú ãõåúÊóÏõæäó [43 \ 37] ¡ æóÇáÏøóáöíáõ Úóáóì äõÒõæáöåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÊóÕúÑöíÍõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏóåõ íóáöíåö: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóáöÞóÇÆöåö ÝóÍóÈöØóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 105] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõãõ ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑõ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõãõ ÇáÑøõåúÈóÇäõ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßõáøõ Ðóáößó ÊóÔúãóáõåõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ¡ æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö Úóäú ÓóÚúÏö Èúäö ÃóÈöí æóÞøóÇÕò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÓóÃóáóåõ ÇÈúäõåõ ãõÕúÚóÈñ Úóäö «ÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó ÃóÚúãóÇáðÇ» Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö åóáú åõãõ ÇáúÍóÑõæÑöíøóÉõ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó áóÇ¡ åõãõ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúíóåõæÏõ ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÝóßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóÇ ØóÚóÇãó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÔóÑóÇÈó¡ æóÇáúÍóÑõæÑöíøóÉõ ÇáøóÐöíäó íóäúÞõÖõæäó ÚóåúÏó Çááøóåö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãöíËóÇÞöåö¡ æóßóÇäó ÓóÚöíÏñ íõÓóãøöíåöãõ ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞöíäó¡ ÇåÜ ãöäó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö¡ æóãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú Úóáöíøò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÍóÑõæÑóÇÁó ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝõæäó ÈöÇáúÍóÑõæÑöíøöíäó ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ãóäøóåõãú íóßõæäõ Ýöíåöãú ãöäú ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ ÝóÚóáõæÇ ; áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÑúÊóßöÈõæäó ÃõãõæÑðÇ ÔóäöíÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáÖøóáóÇáö¡ æóíóÚúÊóÞöÏõæäó ÃóäøóåóÇ åöíó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ ÝóÞóÏú Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú æóåõãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú íõÍúÓöäõæäó ÕõäúÚðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃóÞóáøó ãöäó ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑö ÇáúãõÌóÇåöÑöíäó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚöÈúÑóÉó ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÃóáúÝóÇÙö áóÇ ÈöÎõÕõæÕö ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö ßóãóÇ ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãóäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍóåõ æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÇáøóÐöíäó Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú [18 \ 104] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈóØóáó æóÇÖúãóÍóáøó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÖøóáóÇáó íõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö æóÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ËóáóÇËóÉó ÅöØúáóÇÞóÇÊò:
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: ÇáÖøóáóÇáõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÐøóåóÇÈö Úóäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÍóÞøö Åöáóì ØóÑöíÞö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ ßóÇáÐøóåóÇÈö Úóäú(3/350)
ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö Åöáóì ÇáúßõÝúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóßúËóÑõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÛóíúÑö ÇáúãóÛúÖõæÈö Úóáóíúåöãú æóáóÇ ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó [1 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÈöÚõæÇ ÃóåúæóÇÁó Þóæúãò ÞóÏú ÖóáøõæÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóÃóÖóáøõæÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ æóÖóáøõæÇ Úóäú ÓóæóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÈöíáö 5 [5 \ 77] .
ÇáËøóÇäöí: ÇáÖøóáóÇáõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúåóáóÇßö æóÇáúÛóíúÈóÉö æóÇáöÇÖúãöÍúáóÇáö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: Öóáøó ÇáÓøóãúäõ Ýöí ÇáØøóÚóÇãö ÅöÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóåúáóßó Ýöíåö æóÛóÇÈó Ýöíåö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÖóáøó Úóäúåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÊóÑõæäó [6 \ 24] ¡ Ãóíú: ÛóÇÈó æóÇÖúãóÍóáøó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: ÇáøóÐöíäó Öóáøó ÓóÚúíõåõãú [18 \ 104] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈóØóáó æóÇÖúãóÍóáøó¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
Ãóáóãú ÊóÓúÃóáú ÝóÊõÎúÈöÑúßó ÇáÏøöíóÇÑõ ... Úóäö ÇáúÍóíøö ÇáúãõÖóáøóáö Ãóíúäó ÓóÇÑõæÇ
Ãóíú: Úóäö ÇáúÍóíøö ÇáøóÐöí ÛóÇÈó æóÇÖúãóÍóáøó¡ æóãöäú åõäóÇ Óõãøöíó ÇáÏøóÝúäõ ÅöÖúáóÇáðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ãóÂáó ÇáúãóíøöÊö ÇáúãóÏúÝõæäö Åöáóì Ãóäú ÊóÎúÊóáöØó ÚöÙóÇãõåõ ÈöÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ ÝóíóÖöáøó ÝöíåóÇ ßóãóÇ íóÖöáøõ ÇáÓøóãúäõ Ýöí ÇáØøóÚóÇãö¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáÖøóáóÇáö Úóáóì ÇáÏøóÝúäö Þóæúáõ äóÇÈöÛóÉó ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
ÝóÂÈó ãõÖöáøõæåõ ÈöÚóíúäò ÌóáöíøóÉò ... æóÛõæÏöÑó ÈöÇáúÌóæóáóÇäö ÍóÒúãò æóäóÇÆöáö
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «ãõÖöáøõæåõ» íóÚúäöí ÏóÇÝöäöíåö Ýöí ÞóÈúÑöåö¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÆöÐóÇ ÖóáóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóÆöäøóÇ áóÝöí ÎóáúÞò ÌóÏöíÏò ÇáúÂíóÉó [32 \ 10] ¡ ÝóãóÚúäóì ÖóáóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Ãóäøóåõãõ ÇÎúÊóáóØóÊú ÚöÙóÇãõåõãõ ÇáÑøóãöíãõ ÈöåóÇ ÝóÛóÇÈóÊú æóÇÓúÊóåúáóßóÊú ÝöíåóÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÇáÖøóáóÇáõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÐøóåóÇÈö Úóäú Úöáúãö ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúãõØóÇÈöÞóÉö áöáúæóÇÞöÚö¡ æóãöäúåõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóæóÌóÏóßó ÖóÇáøðÇ ÝóåóÏóì [93 \ 7] ¡ Ãóíú: ÐóÇåöÈðÇ ÚóãøóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõåõ ÇáúÂäó ãöäó ÇáúÚõáõæãö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÑöÝö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊõÚúÑóÝõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö ÝóåóÏóÇßó Åöáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÚõáõæãö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÑöÝö ÈöÇáúæóÍúíö¡ æóÍóÏøóÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÃóæúáóÇÏö íóÚúÞõæÈó: ÞóÇáõæÇ ÊóÇááøóåö Åöäøóßó áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáößó ÇáúÞóÏöíãö [12 \ 95] ¡ Ãóíú: ÐóåóÇÈõßó Úóäö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÃóãúÑö íõæÓõÝó¡ æóãöäú ÃóÌúáö Ðóáößó ÊóØúãóÚõ Ýöí ÑõÌõæÚöåö Åöáóíúßó ; æóÐóáößó áóÇ ØóãóÚó Ýöíåö Úóáóì ÃóÙúåóÑö ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑóÇÊö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÅöäú áóãú íóßõæäóÇ ÑóÌõáóíúäö ÝóÑóÌõáñ æóÇãúÑóÃóÊóÇäö ãöãøóäú ÊóÑúÖóæúäó ãöäó ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö Ãóäú ÊóÖöáøó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ [2 \ 282] ¡ Ãóíú: ÊóÐúåóÈõ Úóäú ÍóÞöíÞóÉö Úöáúãö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÏö Èöåö ÈöäöÓúíóÇäò Ãóæú äóÍúæöåö¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÊõÐóßøöÑó ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì [2 \ 282] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÚöáúãõåóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöí Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò áóÇ íóÖöáøõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóÇ íóäúÓóì [20 \ 52] ¡ æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:(3/351)
æóÊóÙõäøõ Óóáúãóì Ãóäøóäöí ÃóÈúÛöí ÈöåóÇ ... ÈóÏóáðÇ ÃõÑóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÖøóáóÇáö Êóåöíãõ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «ÃõÑóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÇáÖøóáóÇáö» : Ãóíú: ÇáÐøóåóÇÈö Úóäú Úóáóãö ÍóÞöíÞóÉö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÍóíúËõ ÊóÙõäøõäöí ÃóÈúÛöí ÈöåóÇ ÈóÏóáðÇ¡ æóÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ ÈöÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóåõãú íóÍúÓóÈõæäó¡ Ãóíú: íóÙõäøõæäó¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáÓøöíäö¡ æóÈóÚúÖõåõãú ÈöÝóÊúÍöåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóãóÝúÚõæáóÇ «ÍóÓöÈó» åõãóÇ ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃõ æóÇáúÎóÈóÑõ ÇááøóÐóÇäö ÚóãöáóÊú ÝöíåöãóÇ «Ãóäøó» æóÇáúÃóÕúáõ æóíóÍúÓóÈõæäó ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú ãõÍúÓöäöíäó ÕõäúÚóåõãú¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÕõäúÚðÇ» Ãóíú: ÚóãóáðÇ æóÈóíúäó Þóæúáöåö «íóÍúÓóÈõæäó¡ æóíõÍúÓöäõæäó» ÇáúÌöäóÇÓõ ÇáúãõÓóãøóì ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóÏöíÚö «ÊóÌúäöíÓó ÇáÊøóÕúÍöíÝö» æóåõæó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáäøóÞúØõ ÝóÑúÞðÇ Èóíúäó ÇáúßóáöãóÊóíúäö¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÈõÍúÊõÑöíøö:
æóáóãú íóßõäö ÇáúãõÛúÊóÑøõ ÈöÇááøóåö ÅöÐú ÓóÑóì ... áöíõÚúÌöÒó æóÇáúãõÚúÊóÒøõ ÈöÇááøóåö ØóÇáöÈõåõ
ÝóÈóíúäó «ÇáúãõÛúÊóÑøö æóÇáúãõÚúÊóÒøö» ÇáúÌöäóÇÓõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóáöÞóÇÆöåö ÝóÍóÈöØóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 105] ¡ äóÕøñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúßõÝúÑó ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóáöÞóÇÆöåö íõÍúÈöØõ ÇáúÚóãóáó¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö» æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóáöÞóÇÆöåö ÃõæáóÆößó íóÆöÓõæÇ ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöí æóÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ [29 \ 23] ¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÈöãöËúáö Ðóáößó ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÓóíóÃúÊöí ÈóÚúÖõ ÃóãúËöáóÉò áöÐóáößó ÞóÑöíÈðÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóáóÇ äõÞöíãõ áóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÒúäðÇ [18 \ 105] ¡ Ýöíåö áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ÃóæúÌõåñ:
ÃóÍóÏõåóÇ: Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøóåõãú áóíúÓó áóåõãú ÍóÓóäóÇÊñ ÊõæÒóäõ Ýöí ÇáúßöÝøóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÓóíøöÆóÇÊöåöãú¡ Èóáú áóãú íóßõäú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊõ¡ æóãóäú ßóÇäó ßóÐóáößó Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóãóäú ÎóÝøóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóÓöÑõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú Ýöí Ìóåóäøóãó ÎóÇáöÏõæäó ÊóáúÝóÍõ æõÌõæåóåõãõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ æóåõãú ÝöíåóÇ ßóÇáöÍõæäó¡ [23 \ 103 - 104] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÇáúæóÒúäõ íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáúÍóÞøõ Ýóãóäú ËóÞõáóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó åõãõ ÇáúãõÝúáöÍõæäó ãóäú ÎóÝøóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÎóÓöÑõæÇ ÃóäúÝõÓóåõãú ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 8 - 9] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÎóÝøóÊú ãóæóÇÒöíäõåõ ÝóÃõãøõåõ åóÇæöíóÉñ æóãóÇ ÃóÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ äóÇÑñ ÍóÇãöíóÉñ [101 \ 8 - 10] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ãóÚúäóì(3/352)
ÝóáóÇ äõÞöíãõ áóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÒúäðÇ: Ãóäøóåõãú áóÇ ÞóÏúÑó áóåõãú ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö áöÍóÞóÇÑóÊöåöãú¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõãú ÈöÓóÈóÈö ßõÝúÑöåöãú¡ æóÐóáößó ßóÞóæúáöåö Úóäúåõãú: ÓóíóÏúÎõáõæäó Ìóåóäøóãó ÏóÇÎöÑöíäó [40 \ 60] ¡ Ãóíú: ÕóÇÛöÑöíäó ÃóÐöáøóÇÁó ÍóÞöíÑöíäó¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú äóÚóãú æóÃóäúÊõãú ÏóÇÎöÑõæäó [37 \ 18] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÇÎúÓóÆõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ Êõßóáøöãõæäö [23 \ 108] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì åóæóÇäöåöãú æóÕóÛóÇÑöåöãú æóÍóÞóÇÑóÊöåöãú.
æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊö ÇáÓøõäøóÉõ ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÂíóÉö íóÏúÎõáõ Ýöíåö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõ ÇáÓøóãöíäõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÇáúÈóÏóäö¡ áóÇ íóÒöäõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÌóäóÇÍó ÈóÚõæÖóÉò¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÃóÈöí ãóÑúíóãó¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÃóÈõæ ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö Úóäö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌö Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøóåõ áóíóÃúÊöí ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÇáÓøóãöíäõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö áóÇ íóÒöäõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÌóäóÇÍó ÈóÚõæÖóÉò æóÞóÇáó ÇÞúÑóÁõæÇ ÝóáóÇ äõÞöíãõ áóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÒúäðÇ» æóÚóäú íóÍúíóì Èúäö ÈõßóíúÑò¡ Úóäö ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö ãöËúáõåõ ÇåÜ¡ ãöäó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãõÓúáöãñ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö¡ æóåõæó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó äóÝúÓó ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáÓøóãöíäö áóÇ íóÒöäõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÌóäóÇÍó ÈóÚõæÖóÉò¡ æóÝöíåö ÏóáóÇáóÉñ Úóáóì æóÒúäö ÇáúÃóÔúÎóÇÕö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ãöäó ÇáúÝöÞúåö Ðóãøõ ÇáÓøöãóäö áöãóäú ÊóßóáøóÝóåõ¡ áöãóÇ Ýöí Ðóáößó ãöäú ÊóßóáøõÝö ÇáúãóØóÇÚöãö æóÇáöÇÔúÊöÛóÇáö ÈöåóÇ Úóäö ÇáúãóßóÇÑöãö¡ Èóáú íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÊóÍúÑöíãö ÇáúÃóßúáö ÇáÒøóÇÆöÏö Úóáóì ÞóÏúÑö ÇáúßöÝóÇíóÉö¡ ÇáúãõÈúÊóÛóì Èöåö ÇáÊøóÑóÝøõåõ æóÇáÓøöãóäõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ÃóÈúÛóÖó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÍóÈúÑõ ÇáÓøóãöíäõ» æóãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚöãúÑóÇäó Èúäö ÍõÕóíúäò Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÎóíúÑõßõãú ÞóÑúäöí Ëõãøó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóáõæäóåõãú ÞóÇáó ÚöãúÑóÇäõ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÃóÏúÑöí ÃóÐóßóÑó ÈóÚúÏó ÞóÑúäöåö ÞóÑúäóíúäö Ãóæú ËóáóÇËóÉð Ëõãøó Åöäøó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏößõãú ÞóæúãðÇ íóÔúåóÏõæäó æóáóÇ íõÓúÊóÔúåóÏõæäó¡ æóíóÎõæäõæäó æóáóÇ íõÄúÊóãóäõæäó¡ æóíóäúÐõÑõæäó æóáóÇ íõæÝõæäó¡ æóíóÙúåóÑõ Ýöíåöãõ ÇáÓøöãóäõ» æóåóÐóÇ Ðóãøñ¡ æóÓóÈóÈõ Ðóáößó: Ãóäøó ÇáÓøöãóäó ÇáúãõßúÊóÓóÈó ÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó ãöäú ßóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÃóßúáö æóÇáÔøóÑóåö æóÇáÏøóÚóÉö æóÇáÑøóÇÍóÉö æóÇáúÃóãúäö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÑúÓóÇáö ãóÚó ÇáäøóÝúÓö Úóáóì ÔóåóæóÇÊöåóÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ÚóÈúÏõ äóÝúÓöåö áóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÑóÈøöåö¡ æóãóäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÍóÇáõåõ æóÞóÚó áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö¡ æóßõáøõ áóÍúãò ÊóæóáøóÏó ãöäú ÓõÍúÊò ÝóÇáäøóÇÑõ Ãóæúáóì Èöåö¡ æóÞóÏú Ðóãøó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúßõÝøóÇÑó ÈößóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÃóßúáö ÝóÞóÇáó: æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ íóÊóãóÊøóÚõæäó æóíóÃúßõáõæäó ßóãóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõ ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãõ æóÇáäøóÇÑõ ãóËúæðì áóåõãú [47 \ 12] ¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäõ íóÊóÔóÈøóåõ Èöåöãú¡ æóíóÊóäóÚøóãõ ÊóäóÚøõãóåõãú Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóÍúæóÇáöåö æóÃóÒúãóÇäöåö¡ ÝóÃóíúäó ÍóÞöíÞóÉõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöæóÙóÇÆöÝö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóãóäú ßóËõÑó Ãóßúáõåõ æóÔõÑúÈõåõ ßóËõÑó äóåóãõåõ æóÍöÑúÕõåõ¡ æóÒóÇÏó(3/353)
ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ áóÇ íóÈúÛõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ ÍöæóáðÇ (108)
ÈöÇááøóíúáö ßóÓóáõåõ æóäóæúãõåõ¡ ÝóßóÇäó äóåóÇÑóåõ åóÇÆöãðÇ¡ æóáóíúáóåõ äóÇÆöãðÇ ÇåÜ¡ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö¡ æóãóÇ ÊóÖóãøóäóåõ ßóáóÇãõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÌóÒúãö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÈúÛöÖõ ÇáúÍóÈúÑó ÇáÓøóãöíäó» Ýöíåö äóÙóÑñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóãú íóÕöÍøó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÍóÓøóäóåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ßóÚúÈò¡ æóãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãöäú Ðóãøö ßóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÃóßúáö æóÇáÔøõÑúÈö æóÇáÓøöãóäö ÇáúãõßúÊóÓóÈö ÙóÇåöÑñ æóÃóÏöáøóÊõåõ ßóËöíÑóÉñ «æóÍóÓúÈõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäö áõÞóíúãóÇÊñ íõÞöãúäó ÕõáúÈóåõ» .
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóÚóãöáõæÇ ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö ßóÇäóÊú áóåõãú ÌóäøóÇÊõ ÇáúÝöÑúÏóæúÓö äõÒõáðÇ
¡ ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉó æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÓóÈóÈñ Ýöí äóíúáö ÌóäøóÇÊö ÇáúÝöÑúÏóæúÓö¡ æóÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÇáúãõæóÖøöÍóÉõ áößóæúäö ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö ÓóÈóÈðÇ Ýöí ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ßóËöíÑóÉñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ãóäøó áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ ãóÇßöËöíäó Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ [18 \ 2 - 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóäõæÏõæÇ Ãóäú Êöáúßõãõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÃõæÑöËúÊõãõæåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [7 \ 43] ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÊöáúßó ÇáúÌóäøóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃõæÑöËúÊõãõæåóÇ ÈöãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúãóáõæäó [43 \ 72] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú ÊóÇÈó æóÂãóäó æóÚóãöáó ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÝóÃõæáóÆößó íóÏúÎõáõæäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉó æóáóÇ íõÙúáóãõæäó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÌóäøóÇÊö ÚóÏúäò ÇáøóÊöí æóÚóÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäõ ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 60 - 61] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
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ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó åóÐöåö ÇáöÂíóÇÊõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ØóÇÚóÉó Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö ÓóÈóÈñ Ýöí ÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóäú íõÏúÎöáó ÃóÍóÏóßõãú Úóãóáõåõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó» ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóáóÇ ÃóäúÊó íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¿ ÞóÇáó: «æóáóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÊóÛóãøóÏóäöí Çááøóåõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäúåõ æóÝóÖúáò» ¡ íóÑöÏõ ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö ÅöÔúßóÇáñ Úóáóì Ðóáößó.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ: Ãóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÞóÈøóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÊóÞóÈøõáõåõ áóåõ ÝóÖúáñ ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÝöÚúáõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÓóÈóÈñ áöÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÞóÈøóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÝóÖúáöåö¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÇáö áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÓóÈóÈðÇ áöÏõÎõæáö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¡ æóáöáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö ÃóæúÌõåñ ÃõÎóÑõ¡ åóÐóÇ ÃóÙúåóÑõåóÇ ÚöäúÏöí¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäú «ÇáäøõÒõáó» ¡ åõæó ãóÇ íõåóíøóÃõ ãöäó ÇáúÅößúÑóÇãö áöáÖøóíúÝö Ãóæö ÇáúÞóÇÏöãö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÎóÇáöÏöíäó ÝöíåóÇ áóÇ íóÈúÛõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ ÍöæóáðÇ.
Ãóíú: ÎóÇáöÏöíäó Ýöí ÌóäøóÇÊö ÇáúÝöÑúÏóæúÓö áóÇ íóÈúÛõæäó ÚóäúåóÇ ÍöæóáðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÊóÍóæøõáðÇ Åöáóì ãóäúÒöáò ÂÎóÑó ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ íõæÌóÏõ ãóäúÒöáñ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäúåóÇ íõÑúÛóÈõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÍóæøõáö Åöáóíúåö ÚóäúåóÇ¡ Èóáú åõãú ÎóÇáöÏõæäó ÝöíåóÇ(3/354)
Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ (110)
ÏóÇÆöãðÇ ãöäú ÛóíúÑö ÊóÍóæøõáò æóáóÇ ÇäúÊöÞóÇáò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ åõäóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÍóáøóäóÇ ÏóÇÑó ÇáúãõÞóÇãóÉö [35 \ 35] ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÅöÞóÇãóÉö ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóíõÈóÔøöÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÇÊö Ãóäøó áóåõãú ÃóÌúÑðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ ãóÇßöËöíäó Ýöíåö ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ [18 \ 2 - 3] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÑöÒúÞõäóÇ ãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú äóÝóÇÏò [38 \ 54] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÚóØóÇÁð ÛóíúÑó ãóÌúÐõæÐò [11 \ 108] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÏóæóÇãöåöãú ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóÏóæóÇãö äóÚöíãöåóÇ áóåõãú¡ æóÇáúÍöæóáõ: ÇÓúãõ ãóÕúÏóÑò ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáÊøóÍóæøõáö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ãöÏóÇÏðÇ áößóáöãóÇÊö ÑóÈøöí áóäóÝöÏó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóäúÝóÏó ßóáöãóÇÊõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóæú ÌöÆúäóÇ ÈöãöËúáöåö ãóÏóÏðÇ.
ÃóãóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóæú ßóÇäó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ ãöÏóÇÏðÇ áößóáöãóÇÊö ÑóÈøöí [18 \ 109] ¡ Ãóíú: áóæú ßóÇäó ãóÇÁõ ÇáúÈóÍúÑö ãöÏóÇÏðÇ áöáúÃóÞúáóÇãö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóßúÊõÈõ ÈöåóÇ ßóáöãóÇÊõ Çááøóåö «áóäóÝöÏó ÇáúÈóÍúÑõ» Ãóíú: ÝóÑóÛó æóÇäúÊóåóì ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú ÊóäúÝóÏó ßóáöãóÇÊõ ÑóÈøöí æóáóæú ÌöÆúäóÇ ÈöãöËúáöåö ãóÏóÏðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÈóÍúÑò ÂÎóÑó ãöËúáöåö ãóÏóÏðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÒöíóÇÏóÉð Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ «ãóÏóÏðÇ» ãóäúÕõæÈñ Úóáóì ÇáÊøóãúíöíÒö¡ æóíóÕöÍøõ ÅöÚúÑóÇÈõåõ ÍóÇáðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÒóÇÏó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÅöíÖóÇÍðÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «áõÞúãóÇäó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáóæú ÃóäøóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãöäú ÔóÌóÑóÉò ÃóÞúáóÇãñ æóÇáúÈóÍúÑõ íóãõÏøõåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÓóÈúÚóÉõ ÃóÈúÍõÑò ãóÇ äóÝöÏóÊú ßóáöãóÇÊõ Çááøóåö [31 \ 27] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÏóáøóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ßóáöãóÇÊöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áóÇ äóÝóÇÏó áóåóÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì ÚõáõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ
¡ ÃóãóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áöáäøóÇÓö: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú [18 \ 110] ¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú Åöäøöí ãóáóßñ æóáóÇ ÛóíúÑõ ÈöÔóÑò¡ Èóáú ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú¡ Ãóíú: ÈóÔóÑñ ãöäú ÌöäúÓö ÇáúÈóÔóÑö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝóÖøóáóäöí æóÎóÕøóäöí ÈöãóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíøó ãöäú ÊóæúÍöíÏöåö æóÔóÑúÚöåö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ [18 \ 110] ¡ Ãóíú: ÝóæóÍøöÏõæåõ æóáóÇ ÊõÔúÑößõæÇ Èöåö ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí Èóíøóäóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ ÃóæúÖóÍóåõ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö «ÝõÕøöáóÊú» : Þõáú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÃóäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãú Åöáóåñ æóÇÍöÏñ ÝóÇÓúÊóÞöíãõæÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæåõ æóæóíúáñ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íõÄúÊõæäó ÇáÒøóßóÇÉó æóåõãú ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö åõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó [41 \ 7 - 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ÓõÈúÍóÇäó ÑóÈøöí åóáú ßõäúÊõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ [17 \ 93] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: Þõáú áóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú ÚöäúÏöí ÎóÒóÇÆöäõ Çááøóåö æóáóÇ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÇáúÛóíúÈó æóáóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú Åöäøöí ãóáóßñ Åöäú ÃóÊøóÈöÚõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíøó ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 50] ¡(3/355)
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ Èöåö äóÈöíøóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ áöáäøóÇÓö Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÔóÑñ¡ æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó ÝóÖøóáóåõ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑöåö ÈöãóÇ ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåö ãöäú æóÍúíöåö ÌóÇÁó ãöËúáõåõ Úóäö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ÛóíúÑöåö ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáóÊú áóåõãú ÑõÓõáõåõãú Åöäú äóÍúäõ ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú æóáóßöäøó Çááøóåó íóãõäøõ Úóáóì ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [14 \ 11] ¡ Ýóßóæúäõ ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãöËúáó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ãöäú ÍóíúËõ Åöäøó ÃóÕúáó ÇáúÌóãöíÚö æóÚõäúÕõÑóåõãú æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ÊóÌúÑöí Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÖõ ÇáúÈóÔóÑöíøóÉõ áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí ÊóÝúÖöíáóåõãú Úóáóì ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÈóÔóÑö ÈöãóÇ ÎóÕøóåõãõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ãöäú æóÍúíöåö æóÇÕúØöÝóÇÆöåö æóÊóÝúÖöíáöåö ßóãóÇ åõæó ÖóÑõæÑöíøñ.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ãóÚúäóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Þõáú íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ áöáúãõÔúÑößöíäó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõßõãú¡ Ýóãóäú ÒóÚóãó ãöäúßõãú Ãóäøöí ßóÇÐöÈñ ÝóáúíóÃúÊö ÈöãöËúáö ãóÇ ÌöÆúÊõ Èöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóäöí áóÇ ÃóÚúáóãó ÇáúÛóíúÈó ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑúÊõßõãú Èöåö ÚóãøóÇ ÓóÃóáúÊõãú Úóäúåõ ãöäú ÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúãóÇÖöíäó ßóÞöÕøóÉö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßóåúÝö¡ æóÎóÈóÑö Ðöí ÇáúÞóÑúäóíúäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóåõ ÇÊøöÌóÇåñ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ.
Þóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö [18 \ 110] ¡ íóÔúãóáõ ßóæúäóåõ íóÃúãõáõ ËóæóÇÈóåõ¡ æóÑõÄúíóÉó æóÌúåöåö ÇáúßóÑöíãö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóßóæúäóåõ íóÎúÔóì ÚöÞóÇÈóåõ¡ Ãóíú: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó ÑóÇÌöíðÇ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö íóæúãó íóáúÞóÇåõ ÇáËøóæóÇÈó ÇáúÌóÒöíáó æóÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑøö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÅöíÖóÇÍó ÇáúÚóãóáö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö æóÛóíúÑö ÇáÕøóÇáöÍö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íõÑóÇÆöí ÇáäøóÇÓó Ýöí Úóãóáöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÚóãóáó ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö áöÃóÌúáö ÑöíóÇÁö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäú äóæúÚö ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ãóÚúÑõæÝñ ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöíóÇÁó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáÔøöÑúßö¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú Ýöí Ðóáößó ÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ãóÑúÝõæÚóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞó ØóÑóÝóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 110] ¡ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäó ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö æóÛóíúÑöåö¡ Ãóíú: áóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõ ÑóÈøóåõ ÑöíóÇÁð æóÓõãúÚóÉð¡ æóáóÇ íóÕúÑöÝõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÍõÞõæÞö ÎóÇáöÞöåö áöÃóÍóÏò ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó íóÞõæáõ: Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóÛúÝöÑõ Ãóäú íõÔúÑóßó Èöåö ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 48] ¡ Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÖöÚóíúäö¡ æóíóÞõæáõ: æóãóäú íõÔúÑößú ÈöÇááøóåö ÝóßóÃóäøóãóÇ ÎóÑøó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÊóÎúØóÝõåõ ÇáØøóíúÑõ Ãóæú Êóåúæöí Èöåö ÇáÑøöíÍõ Ýöí ãóßóÇäò ÓóÍöíÞò [22 \ 31] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóíõÝúåóãõ ãöäú ãóÝúåõæãö ãõÎóÇáóÝóÉö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íõÔúÑößõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÚúãóáõ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÑúÌõæ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí áóÇ íóÑúÌõæ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö áóÇ ÎóíúÑó áóåõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÝúåõæãõ ÌóÇÁó ãõÈóíøóäðÇ Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì ÞóÑöíÈðÇ:(3/356)
ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö ÑóÈøöåöãú æóáöÞóÇÆöåö ÝóÍóÈöØóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú ÝóáóÇ äõÞöíãõ áóåõãú íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö æóÒúäðÇ Ðóáößó ÌóÒóÇÄõåõãú Ìóåóäøóãõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 105 - 106] ; áöÃóäøó ãóäú ßóÝóÑó ÈöáöÞóÇÁö Çááøóåö áóÇ íóÑúÌõæ áöÞóÇÁóåõ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö» æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊö Çááøóåö æóáöÞóÇÆöåö ÃõæáóÆößó íóÆöÓõæÇ ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊöí [29 \ 23] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö» : æóÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóáöÞóÇÁö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÍóÈöØóÊú ÃóÚúãóÇáõåõãú åóáú íõÌúÒóæúäó ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó [7 \ 147] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö» : ÞóÏú ÎóÓöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöáöÞóÇÁö Çááøóåö ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊúåõãõ ÇáÓøóÇÚóÉõ ÈóÛúÊóÉð ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÍóÓúÑóÊóäóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ [6 \ 31] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «íõæäõÓó» : ÞóÏú ÎóÓöÑó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöáöÞóÇÁö Çááøóåö æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ãõåúÊóÏöíäó [10 \ 45] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÇäö» : æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöíäó áóÇ íóÑúÌõæäó áöÞóÇÁóäóÇ áóæúáóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Ãóæú äóÑóì ÑóÈøóäóÇ áóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ Ýöí ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóÚóÊóæúÇ ÚõÊõæøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ [25 \ 21] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «ÇáÑøõæãö» : æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ æóßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÈöÂíóÇÊöäóÇ æóáöÞóÇÁö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÝóÃõæáóÆößó Ýöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ãõÍúÖóÑõæäó [30 \ 16] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌóÇÁó ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö [18 \ 110] ¡ íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÑóÌóÇÁö ÇáúÎóíúÑö¡ æóíõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÇáúÎóæúÝö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõåõ Ýöí ÑóÌóÇÁö ÇáúÎóíúÑö ãóÔúåõæÑñ¡ æóãöäö ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÇáÑøóÌóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúÎóæúÝö Þóæúáõ ÃóÈöí ÐõÄóíúÈò ÇáúåõÐóáöíøö:
ÅöÐóÇ áóÓóÚóÊúåõ ÇáäøóÍúáõ áóãú íõÑúÌó áóÓúÚõåóÇ ... æóÍóÇáóÝóåóÇ Ýöí ÈóíúÊö äóæúÈò ÚóæóÇÓöáõ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «áóãú íõÑúÌó áóÓúÚõåóÇ» Ãóíú: áóãú íõÎóÝú áóÓúÚõåóÇ¡ æóíõÑúæóì ÍóÇáóÝóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÇÁö æóÇáúÎóÇÁö¡ æóíõÑúæóì ÚóæóÇÓöáõ ÈöÇáÓøöíäö¡ æóÚóæóÇãöáõ ÈöÇáúãöíãö.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÇáÑøóÌóÇÁó íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ßöáóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ÝóÇÚúáóãú ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ãõÊóáóÇÒöãóÇäö¡ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæ ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö Ýóåõæó íóÎóÇÝõ ãóÇ áóÏóíúåö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÑøö ßóÇáúÚóßúÓö¡ æóÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ Ýöí ÓóÈóÈö äõÒõæáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö.
ÃóÚúäöí Þóæúáóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [18 \ 110] ¡ ÝóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÃóäøóåóÇ äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÌõäúÏõÈö Èúäö ÒõåóíúÑò ÇáúÃóÒúÏöíøö ÇáúÛóÇãöÏöíøö¡ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ Åöäøóäöí ÃóÚúãóáõ ÇáúÚóãóáó áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÃõÑöíÏõ æóÌúåó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÇØøõáöÚó Úóáóíúåö ÓóÑøóäöí¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó Çááøóåó ØóíøöÈñ æóáóÇ íóÞúÈóáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáØøóíøöÈó¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÈóáõ ãóÇ ÔõæÑößó Ýöíåö» ÝóäóÒóáóÊö ÇáúÂíóÉõ¡ æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÇáúÅöÕóÇÈóÉö: Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö ÇÈúäö ÇáúßóáúÈöíøö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÕóÇáöÍò Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóÖóÚúÝõ åóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóäóÏö ãóÔúåõæÑñ¡(3/357)
æóÚóäú ØóÇæõÓò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ Åöáóì ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøöí ÃõÍöÈøõ ÇáúÌöåóÇÏó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÃõÍöÈøõ Ãóäú íõÑóì ãóßóÇäöí¡ ÝóäóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ¡ æóÚóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Åöäøöí ÃóÊóÕóÏøóÞõ æóÃóÕöáõ ÇáÑøóÍöãó¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÕúäóÚõ Ðóáößó ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ÝóíõÐúßóÑõ Ðóáößó ãöäøöí¡ æóÃõÍúãóÏõ Úóáóíúåö ÝóíóÓõÑøõäöí Ðóáößó¡ æóÃõÚúÌóÈõ Èöåö ÝóÓóßóÊó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó æóáóãú íóÞõáú ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ [18 \ 110] ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäú ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö.
æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó ãóäú ÞóÕóÏó ÈöÚóãóáöåö æóÌúåó Çááøóåö ÝóÚóáóåõ áöáøóåö æóáóæú ÓóÑøóåõ ÇØøöáóÇÚõ ÇáäøóÇÓö Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÓõÑõæÑõåõ ÈöÐóáößó áöÃóÌúáö Ãóäú íóÞúÊóÏõæÇ Èöåö Ýöíåö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇÊóáó áöÊóßõæäó ßóáöãóÉõ Çááøóåö åöíó ÇáúÚõáúíóÇ Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑö: ÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ Ýöí ÔõÚóÈö ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÞóÇáó: äóÒóáóÊú Ýöí ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÚóÈóÏõæÇ ãóÚó Çááøóåö ÅöáóåðÇ ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ æóáóíúÓóÊú åóÐöåö Ýöí ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò æóÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ Úóäú ØóÇæõÓò ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÌõáñ: íóÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö Åöäøöí ÃóÞöÝõ ãóæóÇÞöÝó ÃóÈúÊóÛöí æóÌúåó Çááøóåö¡ æóÃõÍöÈøõ Ãóäøó íõÑóì ãóæúØöäöí¡ Ýóáóãú íóÑõÏøó Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÆðÇ ÍóÊøóì äóÒóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ¡ æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãóæúÕõæáðÇ Úóäú ØóÇæõÓò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó ãóäú íõÞóÇÊöáõ æóåõæó íõÍöÈøõ Ãóäú íõÑóì ãóßóÇäõåõ¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇÈúäõ ãöäúÏóåú æóÃóÈõæ äõÚóíúãò Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÓóÇßöÑó ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇáÓøõÏøöíøö ÇáÕøóÛöíÑö¡ Úóäö ÇáúßóáúÈöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÕóÇáöÍò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó ÌõäúÏõÈõ Èúäõ ÒõåóíúÑò ÅöÐóÇ Õóáøóì Ãóæú ÕóÇãó Ãóæú ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÝóÐõßöÑó ÈöÎóíúÑò ÇÑúÊóÇÍó áóåõ¡ ÝóÒóÇÏó Ýöí Ðóáößó áöãóÞóÇáóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÝóáóÇãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ ÝóäóÒóáó Ýöí Ðóáößó: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáúíóÚúãóáú ÚóãóáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó åóäøóÇÏñ Ýöí ÇáÒøõåúÏö Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò ÞóÇáó: ÌóÇÁó ÑóÌõáñ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö¡ ÃóÊóÕóÏøóÞõ ÈöÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö æóÃóáúÊóãöÓõ ÈöåóÇ ãóÇ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö¡ æóÃõÍöÈøõ Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó áöí ÎóíúÑñ¡ ÝóäóÒóáóÊú: Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó íóÑúÌõæÇ áöÞóÇÁó ÑóÈøöåö ÇåÜ¡ ãöäó «ÇáÏøõÑøö ÇáúãóäúËõæÑö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÈöÇáúãóÃúËõæÑö» æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.(3/358)
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ÈöÓúãö Çááøóåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö ÇáÑøóÍöíãö ÓõæÑóÉõ ãóÑúíóãó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßåíÚÕ ÐößúÑõ ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó ÚóÈúÏóåõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì ÑóÈøóåõ äöÏóÇÁð ÎóÝöíøðÇ ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö Åöäøöí æóåóäó ÇáúÚóÙúãõ ãöäøöí æóÇÔúÊóÚóáó ÇáÑøóÃúÓõ ÔóíúÈðÇ æóáóãú Ãóßõäú ÈöÏõÚóÇÆößó ÑóÈøö ÔóÞöíøðÇ.
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó Úóáóì ÇáúÍõÑõæÝö ÇáúãõÞóØøóÚóÉö Ýöí ÃóæóÇÆöáö ÇáÓøõæóÑö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: ßåíÚÕ [19 \ 1] ¡ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «åõæÏò» ÝóÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åõäóÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÐößúÑõ ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó [19 \ 2] ¡ ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÃò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ Ãóíú: åóÐóÇ ÐößöÑõ ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÞöíáó: ãõÈúÊóÏóÃñ ÎóÈóÑõåõ ãóÍúÐõæÝñ¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ÝöíãóÇ íõÊúáóì Úóáóíúßõãú ÐößúÑõ ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõ¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÎóÈóÑñ Úóäú Þóæúáöåö «ßåíÚÕ» ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøõÞõæØö áöÚóÏóãö ÑóÈúØò ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÐößúÑõ ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøößó áóÝúÙóÉõ «ÐößúÑõ» ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãõÖóÇÝñ Åöáóì ãóÝúÚõæáöåö¡ æóáóÝúÙóÉõ «ÑóÍúãóÉò» ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãõÖóÇÝñ Åöáóì ÝóÇÚöáöåö æóåõæó «ÑóÈøößó» ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: ÚóÈúÏóåõ ãóÝúÚõæáñ Èöåö áöáúãóÕúÏóÑö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó «ÑóÍúãóÉö» ÇáúãõÖóÇÝõ Åöáóì ÝóÇÚöáöåö¡ Úóáóì ÍóÏøö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóÈóÚúÏó ÌóÑøöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÃõÖöíÝó áóåú ßóãøöáú ÈöäóÕúÈò Ãóæú ÈöÑóÝúÚò Úóãóáóåú æóÞóæúáõåõ: «ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ» ÈóÏóáñ ãöäú Þóæúáöåö «ÚóÈúÏóåõ» Ãóæú ÚóØúÝõ ÈóíóÇäò Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí íõÊúáóì Ýöí Ãóæøóáö åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö åõæó ÐößúÑõ Çááøóåö ÑóÍúãóÊóåõ ÇáøóÊöí ÑóÍöãó ÈöåóÇ ÚóÈúÏóåõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Íöíäó äóÇÏóÇåõ äöÏóÇÁð ÎóÝöíøðÇ Ãóíú: ÏóÚóÇåõ Ýöí ÓöÑøò æóÎõÝúíóÉò¡ æóËóäóÇÄõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Úóáóíúåö Èößóæúäö ÏõÚóÇÆöåö ÎóÝöíøðÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÅöÎúÝóÇÁó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö ÃóÝúÖóáõ ãöäú ÅöÙúåóÇÑöåö æóÅöÚúáóÇäöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÝúåõæãõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÌóÇÁó ãõÕóÑøóÍðÇ Èöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Þõáú ãóäú íõäóÌøöíßõãú ãöäú ÙõáõãóÇÊö ÇáúÈóÑøö æóÇáúÈóÍúÑö ÊóÏúÚõæäóåõ ÊóÖóÑøõÚðÇ æóÎõÝúíóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [6 \ 63] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÇÏúÚõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú ÊóÖóÑøõÚðÇ æóÎõÝúíóÉð Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÍöÈøõ ÇáúãõÚúÊóÏöíäó [7 \ 55] ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáúÅöÎúÝóÇÁõ ÃóÝúÖóáó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÙúåóÇÑö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ Åöáóì ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö¡ æóÃóÈúÚóÏõ ãöäó ÇáÑøöíóÇÁö¡ ÝóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÓóÈóÈó ÅöÎúÝóÇÆöåö ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÎóæøóÝóåõ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö Ãóäú íóáõæãõæåõ Úóáóì ØóáóÈö ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÉò áóÇ íõãúßöäõ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáúæóáóÏõ ÚóÇÏóÉð áößöÈóÑö(3/359)
Óöäøöåö æóÓöäøö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö¡ æóßóæúäöåóÇ ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøóåõ ÃóÎúÝóÇåõ ; áöÃóäøóåõ ØóáóÈõ ÃóãúÑò Ïõäúíóæöíøò¡ ÝóÅöäú ÃóÌóÇÈó Çááøóåõ ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ Ýöíåö äóÇáó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íõÑöíÏõ¡ æóÅöäú áóãú íõÌöÈúåõ áóãú íóÚúáóãú Ðóáößó ÃóÍóÏñ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö¡ ßõáøõ Ðóáößó áóíúÓó ÈöÇáúÃóÙúåóÑö¡ æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøöÑøó Ýöí ÅöÎúÝóÇÆöåö åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáúÅöÎúÝóÇÁö ÃóÝúÖóáó ãöäó ÇáúÅöÚúáóÇäö Ýöí ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö¡ æóÏõÚóÇÁõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ åóÐóÇ áóãú íõÈóíøöäö Çááøóåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ãóßóÇäóåõ æóáóÇ æóÞúÊóåõ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ðóáößó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ßõáøóãóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈó æóÌóÏó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ ÑöÒúÞðÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇãóÑúíóãõ Ãóäøóì áóßö åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú åõæó ãöäú ÚöäúÏö Çááøóåö Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÑúÒõÞõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ ÈöÛóíúÑö ÍöÓóÇÈò åõäóÇáößó ÏóÚóÇ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö åóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó ÐõÑøöíøóÉð ØóíøöÈóÉð [3 \ 37 - 38] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «åõäóÇáößó» Ãóíú: Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúãóßóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí æóÌóÏó Ýöíåö Ðóáößó ÇáÑøöÒúÞó ÚöäúÏó ãóÑúíóãó.
æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: «åõäóÇáößó» Ãóíú: Ýöí Ðóáößó ÇáúæóÞúÊö¡ ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøó åõäóÇ ÑõÈøóãóÇ ÃõÔöíÑó ÈöåóÇ Åöáóì ÇáÒøóãóÇäö¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí ÏõÚóÇÆöåö åóÐóÇ: ÑóÈøö Åöäøöí æóåóäó ÇáúÚóÙúãõ ãöäøöí [19 \ 4] ¡ Ãóíú: ÖóÚõÝó¡ æóÇáúæóåúäõ: ÇáÖøóÚúÝõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÐóßóÑó ÖóÚúÝó ÇáúÚóÙúãö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÚóãõæÏõ ÇáúÈóÏóäö æóÈöåö ÞöæóÇãõåõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÕúáõ ÈöäóÇÆöåö ÝóÅöÐóÇ æóåóäó Ïóáøó Úóáóì ÖóÚúÝö ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÈóÏóäö ; áöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÔóÏøõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö æóÃóÕúáóÈõåõ¡ Ýóæóåúäõåõ íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ æóåúäó ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÈóÏóäö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: æóÇÔúÊóÚóáó ÇáÑøóÃúÓõ ÔóíúÈðÇ¡ ÇáúÃóáöÝõ æóÇááøóÇãõ Ýöí «ÇáÑøóÃúÓö» ÞóÇãóÇ ãóÞóÇãó ÇáúãõÖóÇÝö Åöáóíúåö¡ ÅöÐö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ: æóÇÔúÊóÚóáó ÑóÃúÓöí ÔóíúÈðÇ¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇÔúÊöÚóÇáö ÇáÑøóÃúÓö ÔóíúÈðÇ: ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑõ ÈóíóÇÖö ÇáÔøóíúÈö Ýöíåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ßóÔøóÇÝöåö: ÔóÈøóåó ÇáÔøóíúÈó ÈöÔõæóÇÙö ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÈóíóÇÖöåö æóÅöäóÇÑóÊöåö æóÇäúÊöÔóÇÑöåö Ýöí ÇáÔøöÚúÑö æóÝõÔõæøöåö Ýöíåö¡ æóÃóÎúÐöåö ãöäúåõ ßõáøó ãóÃúÎóÐò ÈöÇÔúÊöÚóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãóÎúÑóÌó ÇáöÇÓúÊöÚóÇÑóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÓúäóÏó ÇáöÇÔúÊöÚóÇáó Åöáóì ãóßóÇäö ÇáÔøóÚúÑö æóãóäúÈóÊöåö æóåõæó ÇáÑøóÃúÓõ¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌó ÇáÔøóíúÈó ãõãóíøöÒðÇ¡ æóáóãú íõÖöÝö ÇáÑøóÃúÓó ÇßúÊöÝóÇÁð ÈöÚöáúãö ÇáúãõÎóÇØóÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÃúÓõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ¡ Ýóãöäú Ëóãøó ÝóÕõÍóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÌõãúáóÉõ æóÔõåöÏó áóåóÇ ÈöÇáúÈóáóÇÛóÉö ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ßóãóÇ ÈóíøóäøóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ: Ãóäøó ãöËúáó åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóÚúÈöíÑö Úóäö ÇäúÊöÔóÇÑö ÈóíóÇÖö ÇáÔøóíúÈö Ýöí ÇáÑøóÃúÓö¡ ÈöÇÔúÊöÚóÇáö ÇáÑøóÃúÓö ÔóíúÈðÇ ÃõÓúáõæÈñ ãöäú ÃóÓóÇáöíÈö ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáúÝõÕúÍóì ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ Èöåö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÖóíøóÚúÊõ ÍóÒúãöí Ýöí ÅöÈúÚóÇÏöí ÇáúÃóãóáóÇ ... æóãóÇ ÇÑúÚóæóíúÊõ æóÔóíúÈðÇ ÑóÃúÓöíó ÇÔúÊóÚóáóÇ
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóÈöíáö Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÏõÑóíúÏò Ýöí ãóÞúÕõæÑóÊöåö.
æóÇÔúÊóÚóáó ÇáúãöÈúíóÖõ Ýöí ãõæóÓøóÏöåö ... ãöËúáó ÇÔúÊöÚóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÑö Ýöí ÌóÒúáö ÇáúÛóÖóÇ(3/360)
æóÅöäøöí ÎöÝúÊõ ÇáúãóæóÇáöíó ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöí æóßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ ÝóåóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó æóáöíøðÇ (5) íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó æóÇÌúÚóáúåõ ÑóÈøö ÑóÖöíøðÇ (6)
æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÔóíúÈðÇ» ÊóãúíöíÒñ ãõÍóæøóáñ Úóäö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö Ýöí ÃóÙúåóÑö ÇáúÃóÚóÇÑöíÈö¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøóåõ ãóÇ äóÇÈó Úóäö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö «æóÇÔúÊóÚóáó» áöÃóäøóåõ ÇÔúÊóÚóáó ÈöãóÚúäóì ÔóÇÈó¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ «ÔóíúÈðÇ» ãóÕúÏóÑðÇ ãöäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì æóãóäú ÒóÚóãó ÃóíúÖðÇ Ãóäøóåõ ãóÕúÏóÑñ ãõäóßøóÑñ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚö ÇáúÍóÇáö.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ åõäóÇ Úóäú ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Ýöí ÏõÚóÇÆöåö ãöäú ÅöÙúåóÇÑö ÇáÖøóÚúÝö æóÇáúßöÈóÑö ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö åõäóÇ: æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÚöÊöíøðÇ [19 \ 8] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛóäöíó ÇáúßöÈóÑõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 40] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ åõäóÇ ãöäú ÅöÙúåóÇÑö ÇáÖøóÚúÝö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ íóäúÈóÛöí áöáÏøóÇÚöí ÅöÙúåóÇÑõ ÇáÖøóÚúÝö æóÇáúÎóÔúíóÉö æóÇáúÎõÔõæÚö Ýöí ÏõÚóÇÆöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáóãú Ãóßõäú ÈöÏõÚóÇÆößó ÑóÈøö ÔóÞöíøðÇ [19 \ 4] ¡ Ãóíú: áóãú Ãóßõäú ÈöÏõÚóÇÆöí ÅöíøóÇßó ÔóÞöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: áóãú Êóßõäú ÊõÎóíøöÈõ ÏõÚóÇÆöí ÅöÐóÇ ÏóÚóæúÊõßó¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøóßó ÚóæøóÏúÊóäöí ÇáúÅöÌóÇÈóÉó ÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì¡ æóÇáúÚóÑóÈõ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÔóÞöíó ÈöÐóáößó ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÚöÈó Ýöíåö æóáóãú íóÍúÕõáú ãóÞúÕõæÏõåõ¡ æóÑõÈøóãóÇ ÃóØúáóÞúÊó ÇáÔøóÞóÇÁó Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÚóÈö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÚóÏõæøñ áóßó æóáöÒóæúÌößó ÝóáóÇ íõÎúÑöÌóäøóßõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÝóÊóÔúÞóì [20 \ 117] ¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõ ãóÇ íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÖöÏøö ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÅöÌóÇÈóÉó ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáÓøóÚóÇÏóÉö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ÚóÏóãõ ÅöÌóÇÈóÊöåö ãöäó ÇáÔøóÞóÇÁö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøöí ÎöÝúÊõ ÇáúãóæóÇáöíó ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöí æóßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ ÝóåóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó æóáöíøðÇ¡ íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó æóÇÌúÚóáúåõ ÑóÈøö ÑóÖöíøðÇ.
ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: ÎöÝúÊõ ÇáúãóæóÇáöíó [19 \ 5] ¡ Ãóíú: ÎöÝúÊõ ÃóÞóÇÑöÈöí æóÈóäöí Úóãøöí æóÚõÕúÈóÊöí: Ãóäú íõÖóíøöÚõæÇ ÇáÏøöíäó ÈóÚúÏöí¡ æóáóÇ íóÞõæãõæÇ áöáøóåö ÈöÏöíäöåö ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞöíóÇãö¡ ÝóÇÑúÒõÞúäöí æóáóÏðÇ íóÞõæãõ ÈóÚúÏöí ÈöÇáÏøöíäö ÍóÞøó ÇáúÞöíóÇãö¡ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö «íóÑöËõäöí» Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÑúËõ Úöáúãò æóäõÈõæøóÉò¡ æóÏóÚúæóÉò Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöÏöíäöåö¡ áóÇ ÅöÑúËó ãóÇáò¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöÐóáößó ÃóãúÑóÇäö:
ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: Þóæúáõåõ: æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó [19 \ 5] ¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó Âáó íóÚúÞõæÈó ÇäúÞóÑóÖõæÇ ãöäú ÒóãóÇäò¡ ÝóáóÇ íõæÑóËõ Úóäúåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÚöáúãõ æóÇáäøõÈõæøóÉõ æóÇáÏøöíäõ.
æóÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåöãú áóÇ íõæÑóËõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúãóÇáõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõæÑóËõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÚöáúãõ æóÇáÏøöíäõ¡ Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍóíúåöãóÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÇáÕøóÏöíÞö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ¡ Úóäúåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ äõæÑóËõ¡ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» ¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÚõãóÑó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó áöÚõËúãóÇäó¡ æóÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÚóæúÝò¡ æóÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö æóÓóÚúÏò¡ æóÚóáöíøò¡ æóÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú: ÃóäúÔõÏõßõãõ Çááøóåó(3/361)
ÇáøóÐöí ÈöÅöÐúäöåö ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ¡ ÃóÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ äõæÑóËõ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: äóÚóãú¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÒúæóÇÌó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Íöíäó ÊõæóÝøöí ÃóÑóÏúäó Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËúäó ÚõËúãóÇäó Åöáóì ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò íóÓúÃóáúäóåõ ãöíÑóÇËóåõäøó¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ: ÃóáóíúÓó ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ãóÇ ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» ¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúÎóÇäö ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÓöãõ æóÑóËóÊöí ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ¡ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßúÊõ ÈóÚúÏó äóÝóÞóÉö äöÓóÇÆöí æóãóÆõæäóÉö ÚóÇãöáöí Ýóåõæó ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» æóÝöí áóÝúÙò ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó: «áóÇ ÊóÞúÊóÓöãõ æóÑóËóÊöí ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ æóáóÇ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ» ¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó: Ãóäøó ÝóÇØöãóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ ÞóÇáóÊú áöÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ãóäú íóÑöËõßó ÅöÐóÇ ãöÊøó¿ ÞóÇáó: æóáóÏöí æóÃóåúáöí¡ ÞóÇáóÊú: ÝóãóÇ áóäóÇ áóÇ äóÑöËõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¿ ÞóÇáó: ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÞõæáõ: «Åöäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó áóÇ íõæÑóËõ» ¡ æóáóßöäú ÃóÚõæáõ ãóäú ßóÇäó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÚõæáõåõ¡ æóÃõäúÝöÞõ Úóáóì ãóäú ßóÇäó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íõäúÝöÞõ.
ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ ÙóÇåöÑóÉñ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó áóÇ íõæÑóËõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúãóÇáõ Èóáö ÇáúÚöáúãõ æóÇáÏøöíäõ¡ ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: åóÐóÇ ãõÎúÊóÕøñ Èöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ; áöÃóäøó Þóæúáóåõ «áóÇ äõæÑóËõ» íóÚúäöí Èöåö äóÝúÓóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÇáúãõÔóÇÑö Åöáóíúåö Úóäúåõ ÂäöÝðÇ: ÃóäúÔõÏõßõãú ÈöÇááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí ÈöÅöÐúäöåö ÊóÞõæãõ ÇáÓøóãóÇÁõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÖõ¡ åóáú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ äõæÑóËõ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» íõÑöíÏõ ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó äóÝúÓóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáÑøóåúØõ: ÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Ðóáößó ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ ÝóÝöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãõÑóÇÏó ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÞóæúáöåö «áóÇ äõæÑóËõ» äóÝúÓõåõ¡ æóÕóÏøóÞóåõ ÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõæäó Ýöí Ðóáößó¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÇáúÎõÕõæÕö ÝóáóÇ ãóÇäöÚó ÅöÐóäú ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇáúãóæúÑõæËö Úóäú ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ åõæó ÇáúãóÇáõ¿ ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãöäú ÃóæúÌõåò:
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ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó Þóæúáó ÚõãóÑó «íõÑöíÏõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó äóÝúÓóåõ» áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ôõãõæáó ÇáúÍõßúãö áöÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ áöÇÍúÊöãóÇáö Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÞóÕúÏõåõ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäøóåõ åõæó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÚúäöí äóÝúÓóåõ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íõæÑóËõ¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú ÚõãóÑõ Åöäøó ÇááøóÝúÙó áóãú íóÔúãóáú ÛóíúÑóåõ¡ æóßóæúäõåõ íóÚúäöí äóÝúÓóåõ áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ãóäøó ÛóíúÑóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö áóÇ íõæÑóËõ ÃóíúÖðÇ.
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÕóÑöíÍðÇ Ýöí Úõãõæãö ÚóÏóãö ÇáúÅöÑúËö ÇáúãóÇáöíøö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó åõäóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí ÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÈóÇÑöí ãóÇ äóÕøõåõ: æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÇÔúÊõåöÑó Ýöí ßõÊõÈö Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö(3/362)
æóÛóíúÑöåöãú ÈöáóÝúÙö «äóÍúäõ ãóÚóÇÔöÑó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö áóÇ äõæÑóËõ» ÝóÞóÏú ÃóäúßóÑóåõ ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö¡ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÎõÕõæÕö áóÝúÙö «äóÍúäõ» áóßöäú ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ÇÈúäö ÚõíóíúäóÉó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö ÈöáóÝúÙö «ÅöäøóÇ ãóÚóÇÔöÑó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö áóÇ äõæÑóËõ.» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ãóäúÕõæÑò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõíóíúäóÉó Úóäúåõ¡ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó Ýöí ãõÓúäóÏö ÇáúÍõãóíúÏöíøö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõíóíúäóÉó¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóÊúÞóäö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇÈúäö ÚõíóíúäóÉó Ýöíåö¡ æóÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÇáúåóíúËóãõ Èúäõ ßõáóíúÈò Ýöí ãõÓúäóÏöåö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÇáÕøóÏöíÞö ÈöÇááøóÝúÙö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáØøóÈóÑóÇäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóæúÓóØö ÈöäóÍúæö ÇááøóÝúÙö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúÚöáóáö ãöäú ÑöæóÇíóÉö Ãóãøö åóÇäöÆò Úóäú ÝóÇØöãóÉó ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóÇ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑò ÇáÕøóÏöíÞö ÈöáóÝúÙö «Åöäøó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó áóÇ íõæÑóËõæäó» ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ÍóÌóÑò¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊõ Ýöíåö åóÐöåö ÇáØøõÑõÞó ÇáøóÊöí ÝöíåóÇ ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò: Åöäøó ÅöäúßóÇÑó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ÛóíúÑõ ãõÓóáøóãò ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÎõÕõæÕö áóÝúÙö «äóÍúäõ» æóåóÐöåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåóÇ íóÔõÏøõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÑøóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÃõÕõæáö Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóíóÇäó íóÕöÍøõ Èößõáøö ãóÇ íõÒöíáõ ÇáúÅöÔúßóÇáó æóáóæú ÞóÑöíäóÉñ Ãóæú ÛóíúÑõåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇåõ ãõæóÖøóÍðÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËõ ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÊõÈóíøöäõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏó ãöäú Þóæúáöåö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞö Úóáóíúåö «áóÇ äõæÑóËõ» Ãóäøóåõ íóÚúäöí äóÝúÓóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚõãóÑõ æóÌóãöíÚõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ßóãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö ÇáÑøöæóÇíóÇÊõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ¡ æóÇáúÈóíóÇäõ ÅöÑúÔóÇÏñ æóÏóáóÇáóÉñ íóÕöÍøõ Èößõáøö ÔóíúÁò íõÒöíáõ ÇááøóÈúÓó Úóäö ÇáäøóÕøö ãöäú äóÕøò Ãóæú ÝöÚúáò Ãóæú ÞóÑöíäóÉò Ãóæú ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ãóÑóÇÞöí ÇáÓøõÚõæÏö Ýöí ÊóÚúÑöíÝö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö æóãóÇ Èöåö ÇáúÈóíóÇäõ:.
ÊóÕúíöíÑõ ãõÔúßóáò ãöäó ÇáúÌóáöíøö æóåõæó æóÇÌöÈñ Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö ÅöÐóÇ ÃõÑöíÏó Ýóåúãõåõ æóåúæó ÈöãóÇ ãöäó ÇáÏøóáöíáö ãõØúáóÞðÇ íóÌúáõæ ÇáúÚóãóÇ æóÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõ: Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó¡ íóÚúäöí æöÑóÇËóÉó ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáÏøöíäö áóÇ ÇáúãóÇáö¡ æóßóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ: æóæóÑöËó ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáúÂíóÉó [27 \ 16] ¡ ÝóÊöáúßó ÇáúæöÑóÇËóÉõ ÃóíúÖðÇ æöÑóÇËóÉõ Úöáúãò æóÏöíäò¡ æóÇáúæöÑóÇËóÉõ ÞóÏú ÊõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö Úóáóì æöÑóÇËóÉö ÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáÏøöíäö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: Ëõãøó ÃóæúÑóËúäóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÕúØóÝóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [35 \ 32] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃõæÑöËõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú áóÝöí Ôóßøò ãöäúåõ ãõÑöíÈò [42 \ 14] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: ÝóÎóáóÝó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú ÎóáúÝñ æóÑöËõæÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó [7 \ 169] ¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäó ÇáúÂíóÇÊö.
æóãöäó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Ýöí Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÇáÏøóÑúÏóÇÁö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ æóÑóËóÉõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö æóÇáÓøõäóäö¡ ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ) ÊóãúíöíÒõ ÇáØøóíøöÈö ãöäó(3/363)
ÇáúÎóÈöíËö¡ ÝöíãóÇ íóÏõæÑõ Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö (: ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ æóÂÎóÑõæäó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÏøóÑúÏóÇÁö ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ ÈöÒöíóÇÏóÉö «Åöäøó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó áóãú íõæóÑøöËõæÇ ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ æóáóÇ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ æóÑøóËõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó» æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ ÇäúÊóåóì ãöäúåõ ÈöáóÝúÙöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ) ßóÔúÝõ ÇáúÎóÝóÇÁö æóãõÒöíáõ ÇáúÅöáúÈóÇÓö ÚóãøóÇ ÇÔúÊõåöÑó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÇáäóÇÓö (: «ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ æóÑóËóÉõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ æóÂÎóÑõæäó Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÏøóÑúÏóÇÁö ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ ÈöÒöíóÇÏóÉö «Åöäøó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁó áóãú íõæóÑøöËõæÇ ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ æóáóÇ ÏöÑúåóãðÇ æóÅöäøóãóÇ æóÑøóËõæÇ ÇáúÚöáúãó.» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ æóÍóÓøóäóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ ÇáúßöäóÇäöíøõ æóÖóÚøóÝóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõãú áöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÓóäóÏöåö áóßöäú áóåõ ÔóæóÇåöÏõ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ: áóåõ ØõÑõÞñ íõÚúÑóÝõ ÈöåóÇ Ãóäøó áöáúÍóÏöíËö ÃóÕúáðÇ¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÏøóíúáóãöíøõ Úóäö ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁö Èúäö ÚóÇÒöÈò ÈöáóÝúÙö ÇáÊøóÑúÌóãóÉö ÇåÜ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÕóáóÇÍöíóÉõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö áöáöÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌö áöÇÚúÊöÖóÇÏö ÈóÚúÖö ØõÑõÞöåö ÈöÈóÚúÖò¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÏóáóÇáóÉö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúæöÑóÇËóÉó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö æöÑóÇËóÉõ Úöáúãò æóÏöíäò áóÇ æöÑóÇËóÉó ãóÇáò ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí Ðóáößó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóÞúæóÇáò: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÃóäøóåóÇ æöÑóÇËóÉõ ãóÇáò¡ æóÇáËøóÇáöËõ: ÃóäøóåóÇ æóÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö áöÂáö íóÚúÞõæÈó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö «æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó» æöÑóÇËóÉõ Úöáúãò æóÏöíäò.
æóåóÐóÇ ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑõ ÇÈúäö ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøö¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó æöÑóÇËóÊóåõ áöÒóßóÑöíøóÇ æöÑóÇËóÉó ãóÇáò ÍóÏöíËðÇ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí Ðóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «ÑóÍöãó Çááøóåõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú æóÑóËóÊöåö» Ãóíú: ãóÇ íóÖõÑøõåõ ÅöÑúËõ æóÑóËóÊöåö áöãóÇáöåö¡ æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ áóãú íóËúÈõÊú Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó¡ æóÇáúÃóÑúÌóÍõ ÝöíãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ áóäóÇ åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãöäú ÃóäøóåóÇ æöÑóÇËóÉõ Úöáúãò æóÏöíäò ; áöáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ ãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö åõäóÇ ãóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ Ðóáößó ãöäú ÃóæúÌõåò¡ ÞóÇáó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÅöäøöí ÎöÝúÊõ ÇáúãóæóÇáöíó ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöí [19 \ 5] ¡ æóÌúåõ ÎóæúÝöåö Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÔöíó Ãóäú íóÊóÕóÑøóÝõæÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÓö ÊóÕóÑøõÝðÇ ÓóíøöÆðÇ ÝóÓóÃóáó Çááøóåó æóáóÏðÇ íóßõæäõ äóÈöíøðÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ; áöíóÓõæÓóåõãú ÈöäõÈõæøóÊöåö ÈöãóÇ íõæÍóì Åöáóíúåö ÝóÃõÌöíÈó Ýöí Ðóáößó ; áóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÔöíó ãöäú æöÑóÇËóÊöåöãú áóåõ ãóÇáóåõ ; ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãóäúÒöáóÉð¡ æóÃóÌóáøõ ÞóÏúÑðÇ ãöäú Ãóäú íõÔúÝöÞó Úóáóì ãóÇáöåö Åöáóì ãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÍóÏøõåõ¡ æóÃóäú íóÃúäóÝó ãöäú æöÑóÇËóÉö ÚóÕóÈóÇÊöåö áóåõ¡ æóíóÓúÃóáó Ãóäú íóßõæäó áóåõ æóáóÏñ áöíóÍõæÒó ãöíÑóÇËóåõ Ïõæäóåõãú æóåóÐóÇ æóÌúåñ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÐúßõÑú Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÐóÇ ãóÇáò ; Èóáú ßóÇäó äóÌøóÇÑðÇ íóÃúßõáõ ãöäú ßóÓúÈö íóÏóíúåö¡ æóãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÌúãóÚõ ãóÇáðÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÒúåóÏó ÔóíúÁò Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÏú ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö ãöäú ÛóíúÑö æóÌúåò: Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «áóÇ äõæÑóËõ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏò ÕóÍöíÍò «äóÍúäõ ãóÚúÔóÑó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö áóÇ äõæÑóËõ» æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÊóÚóíøóäó Íóãúáõ Þóæúáöåö: ÝóåóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó æóáöíøðÇ íóÑöËõäöí [19 \ 6] ¡(3/364)
Úóáóì ãöíÑóÇËö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó ; ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóæóÑöËó ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ ÏóÇæõÏó [27 \ 16] ¡ Ãóíú: Ýöí ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ ÅöÐú áóæú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúãóÇáö áóãóÇ ÎóÕøóåõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÅöÎúæóÊöåö ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö ÈöÐóáößó ßóÈöíÑõ ÝóÇÆöÏóÉò¡ ÅöÐú ãöäó ÇáúãóÚúáõæãö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöÑøö Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÇáÔøóÑóÇÆöÚö æóÇáúãöáóáö: Ãóäøó ÇáúæóáóÏó íóÑöËõ ÃóÈóÇåõ¡ ÝóáóæúáóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ æöÑóÇËóÉñ ÎóÇÕøóÉñ áóãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóßõáøõ åóÐóÇ íõÞóÑøöÑõåõ æóíõËúÈöÊõåõ ãóÇ ÕóÍøó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: «äóÍúäõ ãóÚóÇÔöÑó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö áóÇ äõæÑóËõ¡ ãóÇ ÊóÑóßúäóÇ Ýóåõæó ÕóÏóÞóÉñ» ÇåÜ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò¡ Ëõãøó ÓóÇÞó ÈóÚúÏó åóÐóÇ ØõÑõÞó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÔóÑúäóÇ áóåõ «íóÑúÍóãõ Çááøóåõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú æóÑóËóÉö ãóÇáöåö» ÇáúÍóÏöíËó¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÃóÓóÇäöíÏöåö: æóåóÐöåö ãõÑúÓóáóÇÊñ áóÇ ÊõÚóÇÑöÖõ ÇáÕøöÍóÇÍó.
æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó áóÝúÙó «äóÍúäõ ãóÚóÇÔöÑó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» æóáóÝúÙó «ÅöäøóÇ ãóÚóÇÔöÑó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö» ãõÄóÏøóÇåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøó «Åöäøó» ÏóÎóáóÊú Úóáóì «äóÍúäõ» ÝóÃóÈúÏóáóÊú áóÝúÙóÉó «äóÍúäõ» ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÇáúãõÈúÊóÏóÃõ ÈöáóÝúÙóÉö «äóÇ» ÇáÕøóÇáöÍóÉö áöáäøóÕúÈö¡ æóÇáúÌõãúáóÉõ åöíó åöíó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö ÇááøóÝúÙóíúäö ÃõßøöÏóÊú ÈöÜ «Åöäøó» ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóåóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó æóáöíøðÇ¡ íóÚúäöí ÈöåóÐóÇ Çáúæóáöíøö ÇáúæóáóÏó ÎóÇÕøóÉð Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóæúáöíóÇÁö¡ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö äóÝúÓöåóÇ åõäóÇáößó ÏóÚóÇ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÑóÈøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö åóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó ÐõÑøöíøóÉð ØóíøöÈóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 38] ¡ æóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúæóáóÏõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì ÑóÈøóåõ ÑóÈøö áóÇ ÊóÐóÑúäöí ÝóÑúÏðÇ æóÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúæóÇÑöËöíäó [21 \ 89] ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «áóÇ ÊóÐóÑúäöí ÝóÑóÏðÇ» ¡ Ãóíú: æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÈöáóÇ æóáóÏò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ Úóäú ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ: æóÅöäøöí ÎöÝúÊõ ÇáúãóæóÇáöíó ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöí¡ Ãóíú: ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöí ÅöÐóÇ ãöÊøõ Ãóäú íõÛóíøöÑõæÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóæóÇáöíó ÇáúÃóÞóÇÑöÈõ æóÇáúÚóÕóÈóÇÊõ¡ æóãöäú Ðóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóáößõáøò ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ãóæóÇáöíó ãöãøóÇ ÊóÑóßó ÇáúæóÇáöÏóÇäö æóÇáúÃóÞúÑóÈõæäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 33] ¡ æóÇáúãóæúáóì Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö: íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ãóäö ÇäúÚóÞóÏó Èóíúäóßó æóÈóíúäóåõ ÓóÈóÈñ íõæóÇáöíßó æóÊóæóÇáöíåö Èöåö¡ æóßóËöíÑðÇ ãóÇ íõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö Úóáóì ÇÈúäö ÇáúÚóãøö ; áöÃóäøó ÇÈúäó ÇáúÚóãøö íõæóÇáöí ÇÈúäó Úóãøöåö ÈöÇáúÞóÑóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÚóÕóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ ØóÑóÝóÉó Èúäö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö:
æóÇÚúáóãú ÚöáúãðÇ áóíúÓó ÈöÇáÙøóäøö Ãóäøóåõ ... ÅöÐóÇ Ðóáøó ãóæúáóì ÇáúãóÑúÁö Ýóåõæó Ðóáöíáñ
íóÚúäöí ÅöÐóÇ ÐóáøóÊú Èóäõæ Úóãøöåö Ýóåõæó Ðóáöíáñ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÝóÖúáö Èúäö ÇáúÚóÈøóÇÓö Èúäö ÚõÊúÈóÉó Èúäö ÃóÈöí áóåóÈò:
ãóåúáðÇ ÇÈúäó ÚóãøöäóÇ ãóåúáðÇ ãóæóÇáöíäóÇ ... áóÇ ÊóäúÈõÔõæÇ ÈóíúäóäóÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãóÏúÝõæäóÇ
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ¡ ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ Ýöí Òóãóäö ÔóÈóÇÈöåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚóÇÞöÑõ: åöíó ÇáúÚóÞöíãõ ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ ÊóáöÏõ æóåõæó íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáÐøóßóÑö æóÇáúÃõäúËóì ;(3/365)
Ýóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÃõäúËóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ: æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛóäöíó ÇáúßöÈóÑõ æóÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÚóÇÞöÑñ [3 \ 40] ¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞöåö Úóáóì ÇáÐøóßóÑö Þóæúáõ ÚóÇãöÑö Èúäö ÇáØøõÝóíúáö:
áóÈöÆúÓó ÇáúÝóÊóì Åöäú ßóäúÊõ ÃóÚúæóÑó ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ ... ÌóÈóÇäðÇ ÝóãóÇ ÚõÐúÑöí áóÏóì ßõáøö ãóÍúÖóÑö
æóÞóÏú ÃóÔóÇÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÒóÇáó ÚóäúåóÇ ÇáúÚõÞúãó¡ æóÃóÕúáóÍóåóÇ¡ ÝóÌóÚóáóåóÇ æóáõæÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó: ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúäóÇ áóåõ æóæóåóÈúäóÇ áóåõ íóÍúíóì æóÃóÕúáóÍúäóÇ áóåõ ÒóæúÌóåõ [21 \ 90] ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÅöÕúáóÇÍõ åõæó ßóæúäõåóÇ ÕóÇÑóÊú ÊóáöÏõ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú ÚóÞöíãðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÅöÕúáóÇÍóåóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó åõæó ÌóÚúáõåóÇ ÍóÓóäóÉó ÇáúÎõáõÞö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ßóÇäóÊú ÓóíøöÆóÉó ÇáúÎõáõÞö áóÇ íõäóÇÝöí ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó áöÌóæóÇÒö Ãóäú íóÌúãóÚó áóåõ Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóãúÑóíúäö ÝöíåóÇ¡ ãóÚó Ãóäøó ßóæúäó ÇáúÅöÕúáóÇÍö åõæó ÌóÚúáõåóÇ æóáõæÏðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÚõÞúãö åõæó ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏò æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí íõÑúæóì Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö Úóäú ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ æóÇÌúÚóáúåõ ÑóÈøö ÑóÖöíøðÇ [19 \ 6] ¡ Ãóíú: ãóÑúÖöíøðÇ ÚöäúÏóßó æóÚöäúÏó ÎóáúÞößó Ýöí ÃóÎúáóÇÞöåö æóÃóÞúæóÇáöåö æóÃóÝúÚóÇáöåö æóÏöíäöåö¡ æóåõæó ÝóÚöíáñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãóÝúÚõæáò.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÝóåóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó¡ Ãóíú: ãöäú ÚöäúÏößó¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó [19 \ 6] ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÚóãúÑòæ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäö ÇáËøóÇÁö ÇáúãõËóáøóËóÉö ãöäó ÇáúÝöÚúáóíúäö¡ ÃóÚúäöí íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó æóåõãóÇ Úóáóì åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ãóÌúÒõæãóÇäö áöÃóÌúáö ÌóæóÇÈö ÇáØøóáóÈö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó «åóÈú áöí» æóÇáúãõÞóÑøóÑõ ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö¡ Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚó ÇáúãóÌúÒõæãó Ýöí ÌóæóÇÈö ÇáØøóáóÈö ãóÌúÒõæãñ ÈöÔóÑúØò ãõÞóÏøóÑò íóÏõáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÝöÚúáõ ÇáØøóáóÈö¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáøóÊöí äóÍúäõ ÈöÕóÏóÏöåóÇ¡ Åöäú ÊóåóÈú áöí ãöäú áóÏõäúßó æóáöíøðÇ íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó íóÑöËõäöí æóíóÑöËõ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó¡ íóÑúÝóÚõ ÇáúÝöÚúáóíúäö Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúÌõãúáóÉó äóÚúÊñ áöÞóæúáöåö «æóáöíøðÇ» Ãóíú: æóáöíøðÇ æóÇÑöËðÇ áöí¡ æóæóÇÑöËðÇ ãöäú Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö:
æóäóÚóÊõæÇ ÈöÌõãúáóÉò ãõäóßøóÑðÇ ÝóÃõÚúØöíóÊú ãóÇ ÃõÚúØöíóÊúåõ ÎóÈóÑðÇ æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÈöÑóÝúÚö ÇáúÝöÚúáóíúäö ÃóæúÖóÍõ ãóÚúäóì¡ æóÞóÑóÃó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúíóÇÁö ãöäú Þóæúáöåö: ãöäú æóÑóÇÆöí æóßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÈöÅöÓúßóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÑóÃó «ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ» ÈöáóÇ åóãúÒóÉò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóáöÝö ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò¡ æóÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó ÞóÑóÁõæÇ «ÒóßóÑöíøóÇÁó» ÈöåóãúÒóÉò ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÃóáöÝö¡ æóÈöåö ÊóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÏøó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: «æóÒóßóÑöíøóÇÁõ ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì» ¡ ãõäúÝóÕöáñ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøö æóÍóÝúÕò¡ æóãõÊøóÕöáñ(3/366)
íóÇ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÅöäøóÇ äõÈóÔøöÑõßó ÈöÛõáóÇãò ÇÓúãõåõ íóÍúíóì áóãú äóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÓóãöíøðÇ (7)
Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÈóÇÞöíäó¡ æóÇáúåóãúÒóÉõ ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó åóãúÒóÉõ «ÅöÐóÇ» ãõÓóåøóáóÉñ Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö äóÇÝöÚò æóÇÈúäö ßóËöíÑò æóÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóãõÍóÞøóÞóÉñ Ýöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇÈúäö ÚóÇãöÑò æóÔõÚúÈóÉó Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò¡ æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÎöÝúÊõ ÇáúãóæóÇáöíó ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáúÎóÇÁö æóÇáúÝóÇÁö ÇáúãõÔóÏøóÏóÉö ÈöÕöíÛóÉö ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúãóÇÖöí ÈöãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó ãóæóÇáöíóåõ ÎóÝøõæÇ Ãóíú: ÞóáøõæÇ ÔóÇÐøóÉñ áóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÈöåóÇ æóÅöäú ÑõæöíóÊú Úóäú ÚõËúãóÇäó Èúäö ÚóÝøóÇäó¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö¡ æóÛóíúÑöåöãú ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÇãúÑóÃóÉõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: åöíó ÅöíÔóÇÚõ ÈöäúÊõ ÝóÇÞõæÐó Èúäö ÞóÈöíáò¡ æóåöíó ÃõÎúÊõ ÍöäøóÉó ÈöäúÊö ÝóÇÞõæÐóÇ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ¡ æóÍöäøóÉõ: åöíó Ãõãøõ ãóÑúíóãó¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÊóÈöíøõ: ÇãúÑóÃóÉõ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ åöíó ÅöíÔóÇÚõ ÈöäúÊõ ÚöãúÑóÇäó¡ ÝóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö íóßõæäõ íóÍúíóì Èúäõ ÎóÇáóÉö ÚöíÓóì ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö íóßõæäõ ÇÈúäó ÎóÇáóÉö Ãõãøöåö¡ æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö ÞóÇáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: «ÝóáóÞöíÊõ ÇÈúäóíö ÇáúÎóÇáóÉö íóÍúíóì æóÚöíÓóì» ÔóÇåöÏðÇ áöáúÞóæúáö ÇáúÃóæøóáö ÇåÜ¡ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÔóåóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö áöáúÞóæúáö ÇáËøóÇäöí áóÇ áöáúÃóæøóáö¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÅöäøóÇ äõÈóÔøöÑõßó ÈöÛõáóÇãò ÇÓúãõåõ íóÍúíóì áóãú äóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÓóãöíøðÇ
¡ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÍóÐúÝñ Ïóáøó ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ: ÝóÃóÌóÇÈó Çááøóåõ ÏõÚóÇÁóåõ ÝóäõæÏöíó: íóÇÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 7] ¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÖóÍó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÌúãóáóåõ åõäóÇ¡ ÝóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí äóÇÏóÇåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó æóÞóÚó æóåõæó ÞóÇÆöãñ íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö¡ æóÐóáößó Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóäóÇÏóÊúåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóåõæó ÞóÇÆöãñ íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõÈóÔøöÑõßó ÈöíóÍúíóì ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ ÈößóáöãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÓóíøöÏðÇ æóÍóÕõæÑðÇ æóäóÈöíøðÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó [3 \ 39] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóäóÇÏóÊúåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: ÃóØúáóÞó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó æóÃóÑóÇÏó ÌöÈúÑöíáó¡ æóãóËøóáó Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõ ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÇáúÚóÇãøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÇáúÎõÕõæÕõ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: Åöäøóåõ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöÚõãõæãö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÎõÕõæÕó ÌöÈúÑöíáó¡ æóÅöÓúäóÇÏõ ÇáúÝöÚúáö áöáúãóÌúãõæÚö ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõ ÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì ãöÑóÇÑðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÇÓúãõåõ íóÍúíóì¡ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó Çááøóåó åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÓóãøóÇåõ¡ æóáóãú íóßöáú ÊóÓúãöíóÊóåõ Åöáóì ÃóÈöíåö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ ãóäúÞóÈóÉñ ÚóÙöíãóÉñ áöíóÍúíóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: áóãú äóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÓóãöíøðÇ¡ ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóãöíøó íõØúáóÞõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÅöØúáóÇÞóíúäö: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Þóæúáõåõãú: ÝõáóÇäñ Óóãöíøõ ÝóáóÇäò Ãóíú: ãõÓóãøðì ÈöÇÓúãöåö¡ Ýóãóäú ßóÇäó ÇÓúãõåõãóÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ ÝóßöáóÇåõãóÇ Óóãöíøõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ Ãóíú: ãõÓóãøðì ÈöÇÓúãöåö.
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáÓøóãöíøö íóÚúäöí ÇáúãõÓóÇãöíøó¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúãõãóÇËöáó Ýöí ÇáÓøõãõæøö æóÇáÑøöÝúÚóÉö(3/367)
ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áöí ÛõáóÇãñ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÚöÊöíøðÇ (8)
æóÇáÔøóÑóÝö¡ æóåõæó ÝóÚöíáñ ÈöãóÚúäóì ãõÝóÇÚöáò ãöäó ÇáÓøõãõæøö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúÚõáõæøö æóÇáÑøöÝúÚóÉö¡ æóíóßúËõÑõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö ÅöÊúíóÇäõ ÇáúÝóÚöíáö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÝóÇÚöáö¡ ßóÇáúÞóÚöíÏö æóÇáúÌóáöíÓö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÞóÇÚöÏö æóÇáúãõÌóÇáöÓö¡ æóÇáúÃóßöíáö æóÇáÔøóÑöíÈö ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÄóÇßöáö æóÇáúãõÔóÇÑöÈö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÇáÓøóãöíøõ ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúãõÓóÇãöíøö¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúãõãóÇËöáö Ýöí ÇáÓøõãõæøö¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ðóáößó ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ åõäóÇ: áóãú äóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÓóãöíøðÇ [19 \ 7] ¡ Ãóíú: áóãú äóÌúÚóáú ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö ÃóÍóÏðÇ íóÊóÓóãøóì ÈöÇÓúãöåö¡ Ýóåõæó Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ßóÇäó ÇÓúãõåõ íóÍúíóì¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóÇåõ áóãú äóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ÓóãöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: äóÙöíÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøõãõæøö æóÇáÑøöÝúÚóÉö ÛóíúÑõ ÕóæóÇÈò áöÃóäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÃóÝúÖóáó ãöäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóäõæÍò¡ ÝóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ åõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Èöåö ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÓúáóãó æóÛóíúÑõåõãú¡ æóíõÑúæóì ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáËøóÇäöí Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈó Ãóäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: áóãú äóÌúÚóáú áóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÓóãöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: áóãú äõÓóãøö ÃóÍóÏðÇ ÈöÇÓúãöåö ÞóÈúáóåõ ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÝóÇÚúÈõÏúåõ æóÇÕúØóÈöÑú áöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö åóáú ÊóÚúáóãõ áóåõ ÓóãöíøðÇ [19 \ 65] ¡ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áóíúÓó áóåõ äóÙöíÑñ æóáóÇ ãõãóÇËöáñ íõÓóÇãöíåö Ýöí ÇáúÚõáõæøö æóÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö æóÇáúßóãóÇáö Úóáóì ÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò åóáú ÊóÚúáóãõ áóåõ ÓóãöíøðÇ¡ åóáú ÊóÚúáóãõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ íõÓóãøóì ÈöÇÓúãöåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áöí ÛõáóÇãñ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÚöÊöíøðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ áóãøóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó ÈöíóÍúíóì ÞóÇáó: ÑóÈøö Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áöí ÛõáóÇãñ æóßóÇäóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÚóÇÞöÑðÇ æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÚöÊöíøðÇ [19 \ 8] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáóåõ åõäóÇ ÐóßóÑõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áöí ÛõáóÇãñ æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛóäöíó ÇáúßöÈóÑõ æóÇãúÑóÃóÊöí ÚóÇÞöÑñ [3 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÚöÊöíøðÇ [19 \ 8] ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ æóÍóÝúÕñ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãò «ÚöÊöíøðÇ» ÈößóÓúÑö ÇáúÚóíúäö ÇÊøöÈóÇÚðÇ áöáúßóÓúÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ¡ æóãõÌóÇäóÓóÉð áöáúíóÇÁö æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÇáúÈóÇÞõæäó «ÚõÊöíøðÇ» ÈöÖóãøöåóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÕúáö. æóãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö: æóÞóÏú ÈóáóÛúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÚöÊöíøðÇ¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÈóáóÛó ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúßöÈóÑö Ýöí ÇáÓøöäøö¡ ÍóÊøóì äõÍöáøó ÚóÙúãõåõ æóíóÈöÓó¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: íóÞõæáõ æóÞóÏú ÚóÊóæúÊõ ãöäó ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÝóÕöÑúÊõ äóÍöíáó ÇáúÚöÙóÇãö íóÇÈöÓóåóÇ¡ íõÞóÇáõ ãöäúåõ áöáúÚõæÏö ÇáúíóÇÈöÓö: ÚõæÏñ ÚóÇÊò æöÚóÇÓò¡ æóÞóÏú ÚóÊóÇ íóÚúÊõæ ÚõÊõæøðÇ æóÚöÊöíøðÇ¡ æóÚóÓóÇ íóÚúÓõæ ÚöÓöíøðÇ æóÚõÓõæøðÇ¡ æóßõáøõ ãõÊóäóÇåò Åöáóì ÛóÇíóÉò Ýöí ßöÈóÑò Ãóæú ÝóÓóÇÏò Ãóæú ßõÝúÑò Ýóåõæó ÚóÇÊò æóÚóÇÓò.(3/368)
ÞóÇáó ßóÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßó åõæó Úóáóíøó åóíøöäñ æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúÊõßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóáóãú Êóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ (9)
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÝóÅöäú Þöíáó: ãóÇ æóÌúåõ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãö ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áöí ÛõáóÇãñ¡ ãóÚó Úöáúãöåö ÈöÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò.
ÝóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ ãöäú ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóæúÌõåò ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇåóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ (ÏóÝúÚõ ÅöíåóÇãö ÇáöÇÖúØöÑóÇÈö ÚöäúÏó ÂíóÇÊö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö (Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» æóæóÇÍöÏñ ãöäúåóÇ Ýöíåö ÈõÚúÏñ æóÅöäú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ.
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøó ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãó ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ ÇÓúÊöÎúÈóÇÑò æóÇÓúÊöÚúáóÇãò ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõ åóáö Çááøóåõ íóÃúÊöíåö ÈöÇáúæóáóÏö ãöäú ÒóæúÌóÉö ÇáúÚóÌõæÒö Úóáóì ßöÈóÑö ÓöäøöåöãóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÎóÑúÞö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉö¡ Ãóæú íóÃúãõÑõåõ ÈöÃóäú íóÊóÒóæøóÌó ÔóÇÈøóÉð¡ Ãóæú íóÑõÏøõåõãóÇ ÔóÇÈøóíúäö¿ ÝóÇÓúÊóÝúåóãó Úóäö ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö áöíóÚúáóãóåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÅöÔúßóÇáó Ýöí åóÐóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÙúåóÑõåóÇ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãóåõ ÇÓúÊöÝúåóÇãõ ÊóÚóÌøõÈò ãöäú ßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ÈõÚúÏðÇ åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøö: ãöäú Ãóäøó ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ áóãøóÇ äóÇÏóÊúåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóåõæó ÞóÇÆöãñ íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõÈóÔøöÑõßó ÈöíóÍúíóì¡ ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ: áóíúÓó åóÐóÇ äöÏóÇÁõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ åõæó äöÏóÇÁõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ ÝóÏóÇÎóáó ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÇáÔøóßøõ Ýöí Ãóäøó ÇáäøöÏóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó ÇáÔøóßøö ÇáäøóÇÔöÆö Úóäú æóÓúæóÓóÉö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÊóíóÞøóäó Ãóäøóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö: Ãóäøóì íóßõæäõ áöí ÛõáóÇãñ [19 \ 8] ¡ æóáöÐóÇ ØóáóÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó ãöäó Çááøóåö Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÑóÈøö ÇÌúÚóáú áöí ÂíóÉð ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 10] ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÞõáúäóÇ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáó Ýöíåö ÈõÚúÏñ ; áöÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóáúÊóÈöÓõ Úóáóì ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ äöÏóÇÁõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÈöäöÏóÇÁö ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: «ÚöÊöíøðÇ» ÃóÕúáõåõ ÚõÊõæøðÇ¡ ÝóÃõÈúÏöáóÊö ÇáúæóÇæõ íóÇÁð¡ æóãöäú ÅöØúáóÇÞö ÇáúÚöÊöíøö ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÇáúãõÊóäóÇåöí Þóæúáõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
ÅöäøóãóÇ íõÚúÐóÑõ ÇáúæóáöíÏõ æóáóÇ íõÚú ... ÐóÑõ ãóäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÒøóãóÇäö ÚöÊöíøðÇ
æóÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ «ÚöÓöíøðÇ» ÈöÇáÓøöíäö ÔóÇÐøóÉñ áóÇ ÊóÌõæÒõ ÇáúÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ: æóÈöåóÇ ÞóÑóÃó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóåöíó ßóÐóáößó Ýöí ãõÕúÍóÝö ÃõÈóíøò.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ßóÐóáößó ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßó åõæó Úóáóíøó åóíøöäñ æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúÊõßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóáóãú Êóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ.
åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÐóßóÑõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ßóÐóáößó Çááøóåõ íóÝúÚóáõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ [3 \ 40] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö «ßóÐóáößó» áöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÅöÚúÑóÇÈöåö ÃóæúÌõåñ:(3/369)
ÇáúÃóæøóáõ: Ãóäøóåõ ÎóÈóÑõ ãõÈúÊóÏóÃò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ æóÊóÞúÏöíÑõåõ¡ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóÐóáößó¡ æóáóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó Ãóäú ÊóáöÏó ÇáúÛõáóÇãó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó¡ æóÞöíáó¡ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóÐóáößó ÃóäúÊó ßóÈöíÑñ Ýöí ÇáÓøöäøö¡ æóÇãúÑóÃóÊõßó ÚóÇÞöÑñ¡ æóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøõßó [19 \ 9] ¡ ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁõ ßóáóÇãò:
ÇáúæóÌúåõ ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøó «ßóÐóáößó» Ýöí ãóÍóáøö äóÕúÈò ÈöÜ «ÞóÇáó» æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö «Ðóáößó» Åöáóì ãõÈúåóãò íõÝóÓøöÑõåõ Þóæúáõåõ: åõæó Úóáóíøó åóíøöäñ¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÞóÖóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúåö Ðóáößó ÇáúÃóãúÑó Ãóäøó ÏóÇÈöÑó åóÄõáóÇÁö ãóÞúØõæÚñ ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó [15 \ 66] ¡ æóÛóíúÑõ åóÐóíúäö ãöäú ÃóæúÌõåö ÅöÚúÑóÇÈöåö ÊóÑóßúäóÇåõ áöÚóÏóãö æõÖõæÍöåö ÚöäúÏóäóÇ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: åõæó Úóáóíøó åóíøöäñ¡ Ãóíú: íóÓöíÑñ Óóåúáñ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúÊõßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóáóãú Êóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóíú: æóãóäú ÎóáóÞóßó æóáóãú Êóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ Ýóåõæó ÞóÇÏöÑñ Úóáóì Ãóäú íõÑúÒõÞóßó ÇáúæóáóÏó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ßóãóÇ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ åõäóÇ áöÒóßóÑöíøóÇ: ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÎóáóÞóåõ æóáóãú íóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ÃõÎóÑó¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóæóáóÇ íóÐúßõÑõ ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÃóäøóÇ ÎóáóÞúäóÇåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóáóãú íóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ [19 \ 67] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: åóáú ÃóÊóì Úóáóì ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäö Íöíäñ ãöäó ÇáÏøóåúÑö áóãú íóßõäú ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÐúßõæÑðÇ [76 \ 1] .
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóáóãú Êóßõ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÏõæãó áóíúÓó ÈöÔóíúÁò¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ áóãú íóÌöÏúåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ [24 \ 39] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ ÎöáóÇÝðÇ áöáúãõÚúÊóÒöáóÉö ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó: Åöäøó ÇáúãóÚúÏõæãó Çáúãõãúßöäó æõÌõæÏõåõ ÔóíúÁñ¡ ãõÓúÊóÏöáøöíäó áöÐóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóãúÑõåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ [36 \ 82] ¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÞóÏú ÓóãøóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÞõæáó áóåõ ßõäú Ýóíóßõæäõ¡ æóåõæó íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÔóíúÁñ ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåö¡ æóáöÃóÌúáö åóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÏõæãó áóíúÓó ÈöÔóíúÁò¡ Ãóæú áóíúÓó ÔóíúÆðÇ íõÚúÊóÏøõ Èöåö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåöãú: ÚóÌöÈúÊõ ãöäú áóÇ ÔóíúÁó¡ æóÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:
æóÖóÇÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÍóÊøóì ßóÇäó åóÇÑöÈõåõãú ... ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóì ÛóíúÑó ÔóíúÁò Ùóäøóåõ ÑóÌõáðÇ
áöÃóäøó ãõÑóÇÏóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: ÛóíúÑó ÔóíúÁò¡ Ãóíú: ÅöÐóÇ ÑóÃóì ÔóíúÆðÇ ÊóÇÝöåðÇ áóÇ íõÚúÊóÏøõ Èöåö ßóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ ÔóíúÁó áöÍóÞóÇÑóÊöåö Ùóäøóåõ ÑóÌõáðÇ ; áöÃóäøó ÛóíúÑó ÔóíúÁò ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ æõÞõæÚõ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÉö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáÊøóÍúÞöíÞõ åõæó ãóÇ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóíúåö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ æóÃóãúËóÇáõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö: ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáúãóÚúÏõæãó áóíúÓó ÈöÔóíúÁò¿ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ Úóäö ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáöåöãú ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö: Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÚúÏõæãó áóãøóÇ ÊóÚóáøóÞóÊö ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÈöÅöíÌóÇÏöåö¡ ÕóÇÑó ÊóÍóÞøõÞõ æõÞõæÚöåö ßóæõÞõæÚöåö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: ÃóÊóì ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÚúÌöáõæåõ [16 \ 1] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóäõÝöÎó Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑö [18 \ 99] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÃóÔúÑóÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ ÈöäõæÑö ÑóÈøöåóÇ æóæõÖöÚó ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÌöíÁó ÈöÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 69] ¡(3/370)
ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÇÌúÚóáú áöí ÂíóÉð ÞóÇáó ÂíóÊõßó ÃóáøóÇ Êõßóáøöãó ÇáäøóÇÓó ËóáóÇËó áóíóÇáò ÓóæöíøðÇ (10)
æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [39 \ 73] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÓöíÞó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÑóÈøóåõãú¡ æóÃóãúËóÇáö Ðóáößó¡ ßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö ÇáÏøóÇáøóÉö Úóáóì ÇáúæõÞõæÚö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö ÝöíãóÇ ãóÖóì ÃõØúáöÞóÊú ãõÑóÇÏðÇ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáõ ; áöÃóäøó ÊóÍóÞøõÞó æõÞõæÚö ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ÕóíøóÑóåõ ßóÇáúæóÇÞöÚö ÈöÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÊóÓúãöíóÊõåõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ÞóÈúáó æõÌõæÏöåö áöÊóÍóÞøõÞö æóÌõæÏöåö ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúÊõßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ¡ ÞóÑóÃóåõ ÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ãóÇ ÚóÏóÇ ÍóãúÒóÉó æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøó «ÎóáóÞúÊõßó» ÈöÊóÇÁö ÇáúÝóÇÚöáö ÇáúãóÖúãõæãóÉö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÊóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãö¡ æóÞóÑóÃóåõ ÍóãúÒóÉõ æóÇáúßöÓóÇÆöíøõ «æóÞóÏú ÎóáóÞúäóÇßó» Èóäõæäò ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ ÃóáöÝñ¡ æóÕöíÛóÉõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö ÝöíåóÇ áöáÊøóÚúÙöíãö.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÇÌúÚóáú áöí ÂíóÉð ÞóÇáó ÂíóÊõßó ÃóáøóÇ Êõßóáøöãó ÇáäøóÇÓó ËóáóÇËó áóíóÇáò ÓóæöíøðÇ.
ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáúÂíóÉö åõäóÇ ÇáúÚóáóÇãóÉõ¡ Ãóíö: ÇÌúÚóáú áöí ÚóáóÇãóÉð ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöåóÇ æõÞõæÚó ãóÇ ÈõÔøöÑúÊõ Èöåö ãöäó ÇáúæóáóÏö¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö: ØóáóÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó Úóáóì Ðóáößó áöÊóÊöãøó ØõãóÃúäöíäóÊõåõ ÈöæõÞõæÚö ãóÇ ÈõÔøöÑó Èöåö¡ æóäóÙöíÑõåõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÑóÈøö ÃóÑöäöí ßóíúÝó ÊõÍúíö ÇáúãóæúÊóì ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóãú ÊõÄúãöäú ÞóÇáó Èóáóì æóáóßöäú áöíóØúãóÆöäøó ÞóáúÈöí [2 \ 260] ¡ æóÞöíáó: ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÚóáøóÇãóÉö Ãóäú íóÚúÑöÝó ÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁó Íóãúáö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÍóãúáó Ýöí Ãóæøóáö Òóãóäöåö íóÎúÝóì.
æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ÂíóÊõßó ÃóáøóÇ Êõßóáøöãó ÇáäøóÇÓó ËóáóÇËó áóíóÇáò ÓóæöíøðÇ Ãóíú: ÚóáóÇãóÊõßó Úóáóì æõÞõæÚö Ðóáößó ÃóáøóÇ Êõßóáøöãó ÇáäøóÇÓó¡ Ãóíú: Ãóäú ÊõãúäóÚó ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÝóáóÇ ÊõØöíÞõåõ ËóáóÇËó áóíóÇáò ÈöÃóíøóÇãöåöäøó Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäößó ÓóæöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: Óóæöíøó ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ Óóáöíãó ÇáúÌóæóÇÑöÍö¡ ãóÇ Èößó ÎóÑóÓñ æóáóÇ Èõßúãñ æóáóßöäøóßó ãóãúäõæÚñ ãöäó ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÎóÑúÞö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» ¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÐößúÑõ Çááøóåö ÝóáóíúÓó ãóãúäõæÚðÇ ãöäúåõ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : æóÇÐúßõÑú ÑóÈøóßó ßóËöíÑðÇ æóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÇáúÚóÔöíøö æóÇáúÅöÈúßóÇÑö [3 \ 41] ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ ËóáóÇËó áóíóÇáò ÓóæöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíú: ËóáóÇËó áóíóÇáò ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóÇÊò ÛóíúÑõ ÕóæóÇÈò¡ Èóáú ãóÚúäóÇåõ åõæó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ãöäú ßóæúäö ÇÚúÊöÞóÇáö áöÓóÇäöåö Úóäú ßóáóÇãö Þóæúãöåö áóíúÓó áöÚöáøóÉò æóáóÇ ãóÑóÖò ÍóÏóËó Èöåö¡ æóáóßöäú ÈöÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì åõäóÇ «ËóáóÇËó áóíóÇáò» æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑú ãóÚóåóÇ ÃóíøóÇãóåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÐóßóÑó ÇáúÃóíøóÇãó Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» ¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÞóÇáó ÂíóÊõßó ÃóáøóÇ Êõßóáøöãó ÇáäøóÇÓó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò [3 \ 41] ¡ ÝóÏóáøóÊö ÇáúÂíóÊóÇäö Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ËóáóÇËõ áóíóÇáöí ÈöÃóíøóÇãöåöäøó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: ÃóáøóÇ Êõßóáøöãó ÇáäøóÇÓó¡ íóÚúäöí ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ åõäóÇ: ÝóÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóäú ÓóÈøöÍõæÇ ÈõßúÑóÉð æóÚóÔöíøðÇ [19 \ 11] ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ Ýöí «Âáö(3/371)
ÝóÎóÑóÌó Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö ãöäó ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö ÝóÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóäú ÓóÈøöÍõæÇ ÈõßúÑóÉð æóÚóÔöíøðÇ (11)
ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : ÞóÇáó ÂíóÊõßó ÃóáøóÇ Êõßóáøöãó ÇáäøóÇÓó ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò [3 \ 41] ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóãúÒó: ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ æóÇáúÅöíãóÇÁõ ÈöÇáÔøóÝóÊóíúäö æóÇáúÍóÇÌöÈö¡ æóÇáúÅöíÍóÇÁõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóäú ÓóÈøöÍõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö: åõæó ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ æóåõæó ÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÈöÏóáöíáö Þóæúáöåö «ÅöáøóÇ ÑóãúÒðÇ» ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÂäöÝðÇ¡ æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúæóÍúíó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉõ: ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáúßóáúÈöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãõäóÈøöåò¡ æóÇáúÚõÊúÈöíøõ¡ ßóãóÇ äóÞóáóåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóÚóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò¡ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøö «ÝóÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú» ¡ Ãóíú: ßóÊóÈó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö¡ æóÚóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó: ßóÊóÈó áóåõãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈò¡ æóÇáúæóÍúíõ Ýöí áõÛóÉö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö íõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÅöáúÞóÇÁò Ýöí ÓõÑúÚóÉò æóÎóÝóÇÁò¡ æóáöÐóáößó ÃóØúáóÞó Úóáóì ÇáúÅöáúåóÇãö¡ ßóãóÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: æóÃóæúÍóì ÑóÈøõßó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÍúáö ÇáúÂíóÉó [16 \ 68] ¡ æóÚóáóì ÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ßóãóÇ åõæó ÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóäú ÓóÈøöÍõæÇ ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 11] ¡ æóíõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ßóãóÇ åõæó ÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóÅöØúáóÇÞõ ÇáúæóÍúíö Úóáóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ãóÔúåõæÑñ Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÚóÑóÈö¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ áóÈöíÏö Èúäö ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Ýöí ãõÚóáøóÞóÊöåö:
ÝóãóÏóÇÝöÚõ ÇáÑøóíøóÇäö ÚõÑøöíó ÑóÓúãõåóÇ ... ÎóáóÞðÇ ßóãóÇ Öóãöäó ÇáúæõÍöíøõ ÓöáóÇãõåóÇ
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «ÇáúæõÍöíøõ» ÈöÖóãøö ÇáúæóÇæö æóßóÓúÑö ÇáúÍóÇÁö æóÊóÔúÏöíÏö ÇáúíóÇÁö¡ ÌóãúÚõ æóÍóíò ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö.
æóÞóæúáõ ÚóäúÊóÑóÉó:
ßóæóÍúíö ÕóÍóÇÆöÝó ãöäú ÚóåúÏö ßöÓúÑóì ... ÝóÃóåúÏóÇåóÇ áöÃóÚúÌóãó ØöãúØöãöí
æóÞóæúáõ Ðöí ÇáÑøõãøóÉö:
Óöæóì ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚö ÇáÏøõåúãö ÇááøóæóÇÊöí ßóÃóäøóåóÇ ... ÈóÞöíøóÉñ æõÍöíøò Ýöí æóäøö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÆöÝö
æóÞóæúáõ ÌóÑöíÑò:
ßóÃóäøó ÃóÎóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö íóÎõØøõ æóÍóíðÇ ... ÈößóÇÝò Ýöí ãóäóÇÒöáöåóÇ æóáóÇãö
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÝóÎóÑóÌó Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö ãöäó ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö ÝóÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóäú ÓóÈøöÍõæÇ ÈõßúÑóÉð æóÚóÔöíøðÇ.
ÐóßóÑó Ìóáøó æóÚóáóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: Ãóäøó ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÎóÑóÌó Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö ãöäó ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö ÝóÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåöãú¡ Ãóæú ßóÊóÈó áóåõãú: Ãóäú ÓóÈøöÍõæÇ Çááøóåó Ãóæøóáó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö æóÂÎöÑóåõ¡ ÝóÇáúÈõßúÑóÉõ Ãóæøóáõ ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóÇáúÚóÔöíøõ ÂÎöÑõåõ¡ æóÞóÏú Èóíøóäó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóãóÑó Èöåö ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ Þóæúãóåõ ÈöÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉö ãöäó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ÈõßúÑóÉð æóÚóÔöíøðÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóãóÑó ÒóßóÑöíøóÇÁó Èöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇÐúßõÑú ÑóÈøóßó ßóËöíÑðÇ æóÓóÈøöÍú ÈöÇáúÚóÔöíøö æóÇáúÅöÈúßóÇÑö [3 \ 41] ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈó ÇáøóÐöí ÎóÑóÌó ãöäúåõ Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö åõæó ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈõÔøöÑó ÈöÇáúæóáóÏö æóåõæó ÞóÇÆöãñ íõÕóáøöí Ýöíåö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì:(3/372)
ÝóäóÇÏóÊúåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóåõæó ÞóÇÆöãñ íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö [3 \ 39] ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈõ: ÃóÑúÝóÚõ ÇáúãóæóÇÖöÚö¡ æóÃóÔúÑóÝõ ÇáúãóÌóÇáöÓö¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÊøóÎöÐõæäó ÇáúãóÍóÇÑöíÈó ÝöíãóÇ ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇåÜ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÌóæúåóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕöÍóÇÍöåö: ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ: ÇáúãóÍóÇÑöíÈõ: ÕõÏõæÑõ ÇáúãóÌóÇáöÓö¡ æóãöäúåõ Óõãøöí ãöÍúÑóÇÈõ ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈõ: ÇáúÛõÑúÝóÉõ¡ ÞóÇáó æóÖøóÇÍõ Çáúíóãóäö:
ÑóÈøóÉõ ãöÍúÑóÇÈò ÅöÐóÇ ÌöÆúÊõåóÇ ... áóãú ÃóáúÞóåóÇ Ãóæú ÃóÑúÊóÞöí ÓõáøóãðÇ
æóãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: ßõáøóãóÇ ÏóÎóáó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈó ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 37] .
ÄÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÃóÎóÐó ÈóÚúÖõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: ãóÔúÑõæÚöíøóÉó ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÃúãõæãöíäó Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈó ãóæúÖöÚõ ÕóáóÇÉö ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö Þóæúáõåõ: æóåõæó ÞóÇÆöãñ íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö [3 \ 39] ¡ æóÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈõ ÃóÑúÝóÚõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Ðóáößó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö: åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚó ÅöãóÇãöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúãóÃúãõæãöíäó ßóÇäó ãóÔúÑõæÚðÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÝõÞóåóÇÁõ ÇáúÃóãúÕóÇÑö¡ ÝóÃóÌóÇÒó Ðóáößó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ ãõÊóãóÓøößðÇ ÈöÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ æóãóäóÚó ãóÇáößñ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúßóËöíÑö Ïõæäó ÇáúíóÓöíÑö¡ æóÚóáøóáó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ ÇáúãóäúÚó ÈöÎóæúÝö ÇáúßöÈúÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãö.
ÞõáúÊõ: æóåóÐóÇ Ýöíåö äóÙóÑñ¡ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ãóÇ Ýöíåö ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Úóäú åóãøóÇãò: Ãóäøó ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó Ãóãøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÇáúãóÏóÇÆöäö Úóáóì ÏõßøóÇäò¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÃóÈõæ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÈöÞóãöíÕöåö ÝóÌóÈóÐóåõ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÝóÑóÛó ãöäú ÕöáóÇÊöåö ÞóÇáó: Ãóáóãú ÊóÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóäúåóæúäó Úóäú åóÐóÇ¡ Ãóæú íõäúåóì Úóäú Ðóáößó¿ ÞóÇáó Èóáóì¡ ÐóßóÑúÊõ Ðóáößó Íöíäó ãóÏóÏúÊóäöí¡ æóÑõæöíó ÃóíúÖðÇ Úóäú ÚóÏóíøö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö ÞóÇáó: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÑóÌõáñ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãóÚó ÚóãøóÇÑö Èúäö íóÇÓöÑò ÈöÇáúãóÏóÇÆöäö¡ ÝóÃõÞöíãóÊö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÚóãøóÇÑõ Èúäõ íóÇÓöÑò¡ æóÞóÇãó Úóáóì ÏõßøóÇäò íõÕóáøöí æóÇáäøóÇÓõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ãöäúåõ ÝóÊóÞóÏøóãó ÍõÐóíúÝóÉõ ÝóÃóÎóÐó Úóáóì íóÏóíúåö ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚóåõ ÚóãøóÇÑõ ÍóÊøóì ÃóäúÒóáóåõ ÍõÐóíúÝóÉõ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÝóÑóÛó ÚóãøóÇÑñ ãöäú ÕóáóÇÊöåö ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÍõÐóíúÝóÉõ: Ãóáóãú ÊóÓúãóÚú ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó íóÞõæáõ: «ÅöÐóÇ Ãóãøó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÇáúÞóæúãó ÝóáóÇ íóÞõãú Ýöí ãóßóÇäò ÃóÑúÝóÚó ãöäú ãóÞóÇãöåöãú» Ãóæú äóÍúæó Ðóáößó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚóãøóÇÑñ: áöÐóáößó ÇÊøóÈóÚúÊõßó Íöíäó ÃóÎóÐúÊó Úóáóì íóÏóíøó.
ÞõáúÊõ: ÝóåóÄõáóÇÁö ËóáóÇËóÉñ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö ÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑõæÇ ÈöÇáäøóåúíö Úóäú Ðóáößó¡ æóáóãú íóÍúÊóÌøó ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäúåõãú Úóáóì ÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÈöÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ãóäúÓõæÎñ¡ æóãöãøóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì äóÓúÎöåö: Ãóäøó Ýöíåö ÚóãóáðÇ ÒóÇÆöÏðÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóåõæó ÇáäøõÒõæáõ æóÇáÕøõÚõæÏõ¡ ÝóäõÓöÎó ßóãóÇ äõÓöÎó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Ãóæúáóì ãöãøóÇ(3/373)
ÇÚúÊóÐóÑó Èöåö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõäóÇ ãöäú Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ßóÇäó ãóÚúÕõæãðÇ ãöäó ÇáúßöÈúÑö ; áöÃóäøó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö íõæÌóÏõæäó áóÇ ßöÈúÑó ÚöäúÏöåöãú¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú Úóáøóáóåõ ÈöÃóäøó ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚó ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö ßóÇäó íóÓöíÑðÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: ÓóäóÊóßóáøóãõ åõäóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ æóäõÈóíøöäõ ÃóÞúæóÇáó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö¡ æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåõãú æóãóÇ íóÙúåóÑõ ÑóÌøóÍúäóÇåõ ÈöÇáÏøóáöíáö.
ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËóÇäö ÇááøóÐóÇäö ÐóßóÑóåõãóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ÝóÞóÏú ÓóÇÞóåõãóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó Ýöí Óõäóäöåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÓöäóÇäò æóÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÇáúÝõÑóÇÊö ÃóÈõæ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøõ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÞóÇáó: ËóäóÇ íóÚúáóì¡ ËóäóÇ ÇáúÃóÚúãóÔõ Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóäú åóãøóÇãò: Ãóäøó ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó Ãóãøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÇáúãóÏóÇÆöäö Úóáóì ÏõßøóÇäò¡ ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÃóÈõæ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÈöÞóãöíÕöåö ÝóÌóÈóÐóåõ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ËóäóÇ ÍóÌøóÇÌñ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÃóÈõæ ÎóÇáöÏò Úóäú ÚóÏöíøö Èúäö ËóÇÈöÊò ÇáúÃóäúÕóÇÑöíøö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÑóÌõáñ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó ãóÚó ÚóãøóÇÑö Èúäö íóÇÓöÑò ÈöÇáúãóÏóÇÆöäö¡ Åöáóì ÂÎöÑö ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóáóÇ íóÎúÝóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáúÃóÎöíÑó ÖóÚöíÝñ ; áöÃóäøó ÇáÑøóÇæöíó Ýöíåö Úóäú ÚóãøóÇÑò ÑóÌõáñ áóÇ íõÏúÑóì ãóäú åõæó ßóãóÇ ÊóÑóì¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÃóËóÑõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÝóÞóÏú ÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóÑõæöíó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ ÕóÑöíÍðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò Ýöí) ÇáÊøóáúÎöíÕö (Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúÃóËóÑö æóÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö: æóíõÚóÇÑöÖõåõ ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö åóãøóÇãò: Ãóäøó ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó Ãóãøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÇáúãóÏóÇÆöäö Úóáóì ÏõßøóÇäò ÝóÃóÎóÐó ÃóÈõæ ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÈöÞóãöíÕöåö ÝóÌóÈóÐóåõ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÝóÑóÛó ãöäú ÕöáóÇÊöåö ÞóÇáó: Ãóáóãú ÊóÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ íóäúåóæúäó Úóäú Ðóáößó¿ ÞóÇáó Èóáóì¡ æóÕóÍøóÍóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÎõÒóíúãóÉó æóÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó æóÇáúÍóÇßöãõ¡ æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò áöáúÍóÇßöãö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÍõ ÈöÑóÝúÚöåö¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó¡ æóÝöíåö Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ßóÇäó ÚóãøóÇÑó Èúäó íóÇÓöÑò¡ æóÇáøóÐöí ÌóÈóÐóåõ ÍõÐóíúÝóÉõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúÝõæÚñ áóßöäøó Ýöíåö ãóÌúåõæáñ¡ æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÞúæóì¡ æóíõÞóæøöíåö ãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÏøóÇÑóÞõØúäöíøõ ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó Úóäú åóãøóÇãò Úóäú ÃóÈöí ãóÓúÚõæÏò: äóåóì ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäú íóÞõæãó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÝóæúÞó ÔóíúÁò æóÇáäøóÇÓõ ÎóáúÝóåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ãöäúåõ¡ ÇåÜ ãöäó ÇáÊøóáúÎöíÕö¡ æóÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõåóÐøóÈö¡ Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÍóÏöíËö ÕóáóÇÉö ÍõÐóíúÝóÉó Úóáóì ÇáÏøõßøóÇäö æóÌóÈúÐö ÃóÈöí ãóÓúÚõæÏò áóåõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö: ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ æóÃóÈõæ ÏóÇæõÏó æóÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ¡ æóãóäú áóÇ íõÍúÕóì ãöäú ßöÈóÇÑö ÇáúãõÍóÏøöËöíäó æóãõÕóäøöÝöíåöãú¡ æóÅöÓúäóÇÏõåõ ÕóÍöíÍñ¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ ÌóÐóÈó æóÌóÈóÐó¡ áõÛóÊóÇäö ãóÔúåõæÑóÊóÇäö ÇåÜ ãöäúåõ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ÍõÌøóÉõ ãóäú íõÌöíÒõ ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö¡ Ýóåöíó ÍóÏöíËõ Óóåúáö Èúäö ÓóÚúÏò: Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÌóáóÓó Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö Ýöí Ãóæøóáö íóæúãò æõÖöÚó¡ ÝóßóÈøóÑó æóåõæó Úóáóíúåö Ëõãøó ÑóßóÚó Ëõãøó äóÒóáó ÇáúÞóåúÞóÑóì ÝóÓóÌóÏó æóÓóÌóÏó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãóÚóåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÚóÇÏó ÍóÊøóì ÝóÑóÛó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇäúÕóÑóÝó ÞóÇáó: «ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõ åóÐóÇ áöÊóÃúÊóãøõæÇ Èöí¡ æóáöÊóÚúáóãõæÇ ÕóáóÇÊöí» ãõÊøóÝóÞñ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÃóãøóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö Ýöí åóÐöåö(3/374)
ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö: ÝóãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøö ÝöíåóÇ åõæó ßóÑóÇåóÉó Úõáõæøö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö¡ æóßóÐóáößó ÚóßúÓõåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ðóáößó áöÛóÑóÖò ÕóÍöíÍò ãõÍúÊóÇÌò Åöáóíúåö¡ ßóÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö áöíõÚóáøöãó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ßóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýöí ÕöáóÇÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ ÝóÚóáó Ðóáößó áöÞóÕúÏö ÇáÊøóÚúáöíãö¡ æóßóÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö áöíõÈóáøöÛó ÛóíúÑóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÃúãõæãöíäó ÊóßúÈöíÑóÇÊö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚõ ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ áöäóÍúæö åóÐóÇ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ÇÓúÊõÍöÈøó áóåõ ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚó áöÊóÍúÕöíáö ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö.
ÞóÇáó Çáäøóæóæöíøõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍö ÇáúãõåóÐøóÈö: åóÐóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõäóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÑöæóÇíóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó¡ æóÚóäúåõ ÑöæóÇíóÉñ¡ Ãóäøóåõ íóßúÑóåõ ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚó ãõØúáóÞðÇ¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøõ¡ æóÍóßóì ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóÇãöÏò Úóäö ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö: Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó ÊóÈúØõáõ Èöåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÝóÝöíåö ÊóÝúÕöíáñ Èóíúäó Úõáõæøö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö æóÚóßúÓöåö¡ ÝóÚõáõæøõ ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö ÌóÇÆöÒñ ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì ßóÑóÇåóÊöåö¡ æóÈóÞöíó ÈóÚúÖõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈöåö Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö ÈöÌóæóÇÒöåö¡ æóÚõáõæøõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö áóÇ íõÚúÌöÈõåõ¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉö ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÈöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Ýöí ÏóÇÎöáö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ Ëõãøó ßóÑöåóåõ¡ æóÃóÎóÐó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÇáúÃóæøóáö¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÇáúãóæøóÇÞö Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì Þóæúáö Îóáöíáö Èúäö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö ÚóÇØöÝðÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ íóÌõæÒõ¡ æóÚõáõæøõ ãóÃúãõæãò æóáóæú ÈöÓóØúÍò¡ æóÝöí ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ ÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ: ÅöÐóÇ Õóáøóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÈöÞóæúãò Úóáóì ÙóåúÑö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö æóÇáäøóÇÓõ ÎóáúÝóåõ ÃóÓúÝóáó ãöäú Ðóáößó ÝóáóÇ íõÚúÌöÈõäöí¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÇáúãóæøóÇÞö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö «íõÚúÌöÈõäöí» ÙóÇåöÑñ Ýöí ÇáúßóÑóÇåóÉö¡ æóÍóãóáóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Úóáóì ÇáúãóäúÚö¡ æóÝöí æõÌõæÈö ÅöÚóÇÏóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö ÞóæúáóÇäö.
æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÎöáóÇÝö ãóÇ áóãú íóÞúÕöÏö ÇáúãõÑúÊóÝöÚõ ÈöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚöåö ÇáÊøóßóÈøõÑó Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÝóÅöäú ÞóÕóÏó Ðóáößó ÈóØóáóÊú ÕóáóÇÊõåõ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÅöãóÇãðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ãóÃúãõæãðÇ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉõ ÐóßóÑóåóÇ Îóáöíáõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÚõáõæøõ ãóÃúãõæãò æóáóæú ÈöÓóØúÍò áóÇ ÚóßúÓõåõ¡ æóÈöØóáóÈò ÈöÞóÕúÏö ÅöãóÇãò æóãóÃúãõæãò Èöåö ÇáúßöÈúÑó ÅöáøóÇ ÈößóÔöÈúÑò ÇåÜ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ «ÅöáøóÇ ÈößóÔöÈúÑò» íóÚúäöí ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚõ ÈößóÔöÈúÑò¡ æóäóÍúæõ ÇáÔøöÈúÑö ÚóÙúãõ ÇáÐøöÑóÇÚö ÚöäúÏóåõãú¡ æóãóÍóáøõ ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúíóÓöíÑö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãóÇ áóãú íõÞúÕóÏú Èöåö ÇáúßöÈúÑõ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ «ÅöáøóÇ ÈößóÔöÈúÑò» ãõÓúÊóËúäðì ãöäú Þóæúáöåö «áóÇ ÚóßúÓõåõ» áóÇ ãöäú ãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÞóÕúÏöåö ÇáúßöÈúÑó ÝóÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ ÝöíåóÇ ÈóÇØöáóÉñ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ãõØúáóÞðÇ: ÞóÇáó ÇáúãóæøóÇÞõ Ýöí ÔóÑúÍöåö áößóáóÇãö Îóáöíáò ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäó ÇáúãõÏóæøóäóÉö: ßóÑöåó ãóÇáößñ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Ãóäú íõÕóáøöíó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ÃóÑúÝóÚó ãöãøóÇ íõÕóáøöí Úóáóíúåö ãóäú ÎóáúÝóåõ¡ ãöËúáó ÇáÏøõßøóÇäö íóßõæäõ Ýöí ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö æóäóÍúæöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö: ÝóÅöäú ÝóÚóáó ÃóÚóÇÏõæÇ ÃóÈóÏðÇ¡ áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÚúÈóËõæäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóßõæäó Ðóáößó ÏõßøóÇäðÇ íóÓöíÑó ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ãöËúáó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏóäóÇ ÈöãöÕúÑó ÝóÊõÌúÒöÆõåõãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ãõÍóãøóÏò: ãöËúáó ÇáÔøöÈúÑö æóÚóÙúãö ÇáÐøöÑóÇÚö Åöáóì Ãóäú ÞóÇáó: æóÇäúÙõÑú ÅöÐóÇ Õóáøóì ÇáúãõÞúÊóÏöí ßóÐóáößó ÃóÚúäöí Úóáóì ãóæúÖöÚò ãõÑúÊóÝöÚò ÞóÕúÏðÇ(3/375)
Åöáóì ÇáÊøóßóÈøõÑö Úóäú ãõÓóÇæóÇÉö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÈóÔöíÑò: ÕóáóÇÊõåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈóÇØöáóÉñ¡ ÇåÜ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ÇÈúäö ÇáúÞóÇÓöãö «áöÃóäøóåõãú íóÚúÈóËõæäó» íóÚúäöí ÈöÑóÝúÚö Ðóáößó ÇáúÈõäúíóÇäö ÇáøóÐöí íõÕóáøöí Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåö åõæÏò ãõÎóÇØöÈðÇ áöÞóæúãöåö ÚóÇÏò: ÃóÊóÈúäõæäó Èößõáøö ÑöíÚò ÂíóÉð ÊóÚúÈóËõæäó æóÊóÊøóÎöÐõæäó ãóÕóÇäöÚó áóÚóáøóßõãú ÊóÎúáõÏõæäó [26 \ 128 - 129] ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÇÑúÊóÝóÚóÊú ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúãõÕóáøöíäó ÓóÇÆöÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö¡ ÃóÚúäöí áóíúÓóÊú ãöäú ÃóÔúÑóÇÝö ÇáäøóÇÓö æóÃóÚúíóÇäöåöãú¡ ÝóÝöí äóÝúíö ÇáúßóÑóÇåóÉö ÈöÐóáößó ÎöáóÇÝñ ÚöäúÏóåõãú æóÅöáóíúåö ÃóÔóÇÑó Îóáöíáñ Ýöí ãõÎúÊóÕóÑöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóåóáú íóÌõæÒõ Åöäú ßóÇäó ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ßóÛóíúÑöåöãú ÊõÑóÏøöÏõ¡ åóÐóÇ åõæó ÍóÇÕöáõ ãóÐúåóÈö ãóÇáößò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÃóÈöí ÍóäöíÝóÉó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö: Ýóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚó ßõáøò ãöäó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö æóÇáúãóÃúãõæãö Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö ãóßúÑõæåñ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáØøóÍóÇæöíøõ: áóÇ íõßúÑóåõ Úõáõæøõ ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãö¡ æóãóÍóáøõ ÇáúßóÑóÇåóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøóÉö Ýöí ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÛóíúÑö ÇáúíóÓöíÑö¡ æóáóÇ ßóÑóÇåóÉó ÚöäúÏóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúíóÓöíÑö: æóÞóÏúÑõ ÇáöÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúãõæÌöÈö áöáúßóÑóÇåóÉö ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÞóÏúÑõ ÞóÇãóÉò¡ æóáóÇ ÈóÃúÓó ÈöãóÇ ÏõæäóåóÇ¡ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáØøóÍóÇæöíøõ¡ æóåõæó ãóÑúæöíøñ Úóäú ÃóÈöí íõæÓõÝó: æóÞöíáó åõæó ãõÞóÏøóÑñ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ãóÇ íóÞóÚõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáöÇãúÊöíóÇÒõ¡ æóÞöíáó: ãõÞóÏøóÑñ ÈöÞóÏúÑö ÐöÑóÇÚò ÇÚúÊöÈóÇÑðÇ ÈöÇáÓøõÊúÑóÉö¡ ÞóÇáó ÕóÇÍöÈõ ÊóÈúíöíäö ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÇáöÇÚúÊöãóÇÏõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ãóÚó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ Ýöí ãóßóÇäöåö ÇáúãõÑúÊóÝöÚö¡ æóÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáúãóÃúãõæãöíäó ÃóÓúÝóáó ãöäúåõãú ÝóáóÇ íõßúÑóåõ Ðóáößó Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÚöäúÏóåõãõ ÇäúÊóåóì ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ) ÊóÈúíöíäõ ÇáúÍóÞóÇÆöÞö ÔóÑúÍõ ßóäúÒö ÇáÏøóÞóÇÆöÞö (.
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÐúåóÈõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ÃóÍúãóÏó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö: Ýóåõæó ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ Èóíúäó Úõáõæøö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö¡ ÝóíõßúÑóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö ãöäú ãóÐúåóÈö ÃóÍúãóÏó¡ æóÈóíúäó Úõáõæøö ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö ÇáúÅöãóÇãó ÝóíóÌõæÒõ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÞõÏóÇãóÉó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí: ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÐúåóÈö Ãóäøóåõ íõßúÑóåõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÚúáóì ãöäó ÇáúãóÃúãõæãöíäó¡ ÓóæóÇÁñ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÊóÚúáöíãóåõãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó¡ Ãóæú áóãú íõÑöÏú¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ãóÇáößò æóÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíö¡ æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íõßúÑóåõ ÇåÜ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúãõÛúäöí ÃóíúÖðÇ: ÝóÅöäú Õóáøóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ Ýöí ãóßóÇäò ÃóÚúáóì ãöäó ÇáúãóÃúãõæãöíäó ÝóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÇãöÏò: áóÇ ÊóÕöÍøõ ÕóáóÇÊõåõãú¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÚöíøö ; áöÃóäøó Çáäøóåúíó íóÞúÊóÖöí ÝóÓóÇÏó Çáúãóäúåöíøö Úóäúåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÞóÇÖöí: áóÇ ÊóÈúØõáõ¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáÑøóÃúíö ÇåÜ ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäúåõ.
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝúÊó ãóÐóÇåöÈó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚóÉö Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ÍõÌøóÉó ãóäú ßóÑöåó Úõáõæøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Úóáóì ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö Ãóæú ãóäóÚóåõ åöíó ãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÌóÈúÐö ÃóÈöí ãóÓúÚõæÏò áöÍõÐóíúÝóÉó áóãøóÇ Ãóãøó ÇáäøóÇÓó¡ æóÞóÇãó íõÕóáøöí Úóáóì ÏõßøóÇäò¡ ÇáúÍóÏöíËó ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãó¡ æóÞóÏú ÈóíøóäøóÇ ÃóÞúæóÇáó Ãóåúáö ÇáúÚöáúãö Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö. æóÍõÌøóÉõ ãóäú ÃóÌóÇÒó Ðóáößó áöáÊøóÚúáöíãö ÍóÏöíËõ Óóåúáö Èúäö ÓóÚúÏò ÇáúãõÊøóÝóÞõ Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÕóáóÇÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó(3/376)
íóÇ íóÍúíóì ÎõÐö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÞõæøóÉò æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÕóÈöíøðÇ (12) æóÍóäóÇäðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäøóÇ æóÒóßóÇÉð æóßóÇäó ÊóÞöíøðÇ (13) æóÈóÑøðÇ ÈöæóÇáöÏóíúåö æóáóãú íóßõäú ÌóÈøóÇÑðÇ ÚóÕöíøðÇ (14) æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö íóæúãó æõáöÏó æóíóæúãó íóãõæÊõ æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ ÍóíøðÇ (15)
Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ æóÌóæóÇÈõ ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝöíäó Úóäú ÕöáóÇÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö¡ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚñ íóÓöíÑñ¡ æóÐóáößó áóÇ ÈóÃúÓó Èöåö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ãóäúÓõæÎñ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö¡ æóÍõÌøóÉõ ãóäú ÃóÌóÇÒó Úóáóì ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö Úóáóì ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ãóÇ Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó: Ãóäøóåõ Õóáøóì ÈöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö æóåõæó Úóáóì ÓóØúÍö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÍóÌóÑò «Ýöí ÇáÊøóáúÎöíÕö» : ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÞóÇáó ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÕóÇáöÍñ ãóæúáóì ÇáÊøóæúÁóãóÉö Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÃóì ÃóÈóÇ åõÑóíúÑóÉó íõÕóáøöí ÝóæúÞó ÙóåúÑö ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÈöÕóáóÇÉö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈóíúåóÞöíøõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÞóÚúäóÈöíøö Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÐöÆúÈò Úóäú ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÑóæóÇåõ ÓóÚúÏõ Èúäõ ãóäúÕõæÑò¡ æóÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ÊóÚúáöíÞðÇ. ÇäúÊóåóì ãóÍóáøõ ÇáúÛóÑóÖö ãöäú ßóáóÇãöåö¡ ÝóÞóÏú ÑóÃóíúÊó ãóÐóÇåöÈó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉö æóÃóÏöáøóÊóåõãú.
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóÇáøóÐöí íóÙúåóÑõ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ æõÌõæÈõ ÇáúÌóãúÚö Èóíúäó ÇáúÃóÏöáøóÉö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó Úõáõæøó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö ãóßúÑõæåñ áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóíõÌúãóÚõ Èóíúäóåõ æóÈóíúäó ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö ÈöÌóæóÇÒöåö áöáÊøóÚúáöíãö Ïõæäó ÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóíóÏõáøõ áöåóÐóÇ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó ÑóÃóæúåõ æóÅöÐóÇ äóÒóáó áóãú íóÑóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú íóáöíåö¡ æóÌóãúÚõ ÈóÚúÖöåöãú ÈöÃóäøó ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãöäúÈóÑö ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚñ íóÓöíÑñ æóåõæó ãõÛúÊóÝóÑñ¡ ÃóãøóÇ Úõáõæøõ ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö ÝóÞóÏú ÊóÚóÇÑóÖó Ýöíåö ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ ãóÚó ÝöÚúáö ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓó íóÞúÊóÖöí ßóÑóÇåóÉó ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúãóÃúãõæãö ÞöíóÇÓðÇ Úóáóì ÇÑúÊöÝóÇÚö ÇáúÅöãóÇãö æóåõæó ÞöíóÇÓñ Ìóáöíøñ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÊóÚóÇÑóÖó ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ ãóÚó Þóæúáö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö Ýóãöäó ÇáúÃõÕõæáöíøöíäó ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãö ÇáúÞöíóÇÓö¡ æóåõæó ãóÐúåóÈõ ãóÇáößò æóÌóãóÇÚóÉò¡ æóãöäúåõãú ãóäú íóÞõæáõ ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãö Þóæúáö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈöíøö¡ æóáóÇ Ôóßøó Ãóäøó ÇáúÃóÍúæóØó ÊóÌóäøõÈõ Úõáõæøö ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäó ÇáúÅöãóÇãö æóÇáúãóÃúãõæãö Úóáóì ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æó «Ãóäú» Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: ÝóÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóäú ÓóÈøöÍõæÇ [19 \ 11] ¡ åöíó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑóÉõ¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ íõÝóÓøöÑõ ÇáúÅöíÍóÇÁó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑó ÞóÈúáóåóÇ¡ ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÔóÇÑó áóåõãú Èöåö åõæó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö ÈõßúÑóÉð æóÚóÔöíøðÇ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ æóíõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉð ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì Ãóäøó «Ãóäö» ÇáúãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉó ÊóÃúÊöí ãóÚó ÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö ÇáØøóáóÈöíøóÉö¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÇáúãóÚúäóì: ÃóæúÍóì Åöáóíúåöãú Ãóíú: ÃóÔóÇÑó Åöáóíúåöãú ÈöÃóäú ÓóÈøöÍõæÇ¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö Ãóæú ßóÊóÈó áóåõãú Ðóáößó ÈöäóÇÁð Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö ÈöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó Èöåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈóÉõ¡ æóßóæúäõåóÇ ãõÝóÓøöÑóÉð åõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ æóÇáúÚöáúãõ ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì.
Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóÇíóÍúíóì ÎõÐö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÞõæøóÉò æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÕóÈöíøðÇ æóÍóäóÇäðÇ ãöäú áóÏõäøóÇ æóÒóßóÇÉð æóßóÇäó ÊóÞöíøðÇ æóÈóÑøðÇ ÈöæóÇáöÏóíúåö æóáóãú íóßõäú ÌóÈøóÇÑðÇ ÚóÕöíøðÇ æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö íóæúãó æõáöÏó æóíóæúãó íóãõæÊõ æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ ÍóíøðÇ.(3/377)
ÇÚúáóãú ÃóæøóáðÇ: ÃóäøóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö åóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö: Ãóäøó ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÈóíóÇäö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÖóãøóäóåóÇ Ãóäú íóÐúßõÑó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãóÚó ÈóÚúÖö ÕöÝóÇÊöåö æóáóåõ ÕöÝóÇÊñ ÃõÎóÑõ ãóÐúßõæÑóÉñ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚò ÂÎóÑó¡ ÝóÅöäøóÇ äõÈóíøöäõåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ãóÑøó Ýöíåö ÃóãúËöáóÉñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóÃóßúËóÑõåóÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝóÇÊö ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÌúäóÇÓö áóÇ ÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãö¡ æóÑõÈøóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ðóáößó Ýöí ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÃóÚúáóÇãö ßóãóÇ åõäóÇ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚóáöãúÊó Ðóáößó ÝóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÐóßóÑó Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈóÚúÖó ÕöÝóÇÊö íóÍúíóì¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊöåö ÃóíúÖðÇ Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ æóÓóäõÈóíøöäõ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö ãöäúåóÇ åõäóÇ¡ æóÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö.
ÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøóåõ åõäóÇ æóÕóÝóåõ ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó áóåõ: íóÇíóÍúíóì ÎõÐö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÞõæøóÉò [19 \ 12] ¡ æóæóÕóÝóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ ÍóíøðÇ¡ ÝóÞóæúáõåõ: íóÇíóÍúíóì ÎõÐö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ãóÞõæáõ Þóæúáò ãóÍúÐõæÝò¡ Ãóíú: æóÞõáúäóÇ áóåõ íóÇíóÍúíóì ÎõÐö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÈöÞõæøóÉò¡ æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ: ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉõ¡ Ãóíú: ÎõÐö ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó ÈöÞõæøóÉò¡ Ãóíú: ÈöÌöÏøò æóÇÌúÊöåóÇÏò¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöÊóÝóåøõãö ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÃóæøóáðÇ ÍóÊøóì íóÝúåóãóåõ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ Ëõãøó íóÚúãóáó Èöåö ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÌöåóÇÊö¡ ÝóíóÚúÊóÞöÏó ÚóÞóÇÆöÏóåõ¡ æóíõÍöáøó ÍóáóÇáóåõ¡ æóíõÍóÑøöãó ÍóÑóÇãóåõ¡ æóíóÊóÃóÏøóÈó ÈöÂÏóÇÈöåö¡ æóíóÊøóÚöÙó ÈöãóæóÇÚöÙöåö¡ Åöáóì ÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú ÌöåóÇÊö ÇáúÚóãóáö Èöåö¡ æóÚóÇãøóÉõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúßöÊóÇÈö åõäóÇ: ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉõ¡ æóÍóßóì ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò Úóáóíúåö ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇÚó¡ æóÞöíáó: åõæó ßöÊóÇÈñ ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóì íóÍúíóì¡ æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÇÓúãõ ÌöäúÓò íóÔúãóáõ ÇáúßõÊõÈó ÇáúãõÞóÏøóãóÉó¡ æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÕõÍõÝõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ Þóæúáõ ÇáúÌõãúåõæÑö: Åöäøóåõ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó¡ Ãóíú: ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó¡ æóáöáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö ÈöÇáúÍõßúãö ÃóÞúæóÇáñ ãõÊóÞóÇÑöÈóÉñ¡ ãóÑúÌöÚõåóÇ Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóÚúØóÇåõ ÇáúÝóåúãó Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ Ãóíú: ÅöÏúÑóÇßó ãóÇ Ýöíåö æóÇáúÚóãóáó Èöåö Ýöí ÍóÇáö ßóæúäöåö ÕóÈöíøðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÕóÈöíøðÇ¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÝóåúãó æóÇáúÚöáúãó æóÇáúÌöÏøó æóÇáúÚóÒúãó¡ æóÇáúÅöÞúÈóÇáó Úóáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáúÅößúÈóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÇáöÇÌúÊöåóÇÏó Ýöíåö æóåõæó ÕóÛöíÑñ ÍóÏóËñ¡ ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ÞóÇáó ãóÚúãóÑñ: ÞóÇáó ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäõ áöíóÍúíóì Èúäö ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ: ÇÐúåóÈú ÈöäóÇ äóáúÚóÈõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ãóÇ áöáøóÚöÈö ÎõáöÞúäóÇ ÝóáöåóÐóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÕóÈöíøðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÕóÈöíøðÇ¡ íóÞõæáõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÐößúÑõåõ: æóÃóÚúØóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÝóåúãó ÈößöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÕöÈóÇåõ ÞóÈúáó ÈõáõæÛöåö ÃóÓúäóÇäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ãóäöíÚò ÞóÇáó ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÇáúãõÈóÇÑóßö ÞóÇáó: ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ãóÚúãóÑñ æóáóãú íóÐúßõÑúåõ Úóäú ÃóÍóÏò Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÕóÈöíøðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÈóáóÛóäöí Ãóäøó ÇáÕøöÈúíóÇäó ÞóÇáõæÇ áöíóÍúíóì: ÇÐúåóÈú ÈöäóÇ äóáúÚóÈõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó:(3/378)
ãóÇ áöáøóÚöÈö ÎõáöÞúäóÇ¡ ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó ÕóÈöíøðÇ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇáÒøóãóÎúÔóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÇáúßóÔøóÇÝö: æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÇáúÍõßúãó¡ Ãóíö: ÇáúÍößúãóÉó¡ æóãöäúåõ Þóæúáõ äóÇÈöÛóÉó ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
æóÇÍúßõãú ßóÍõßúãö ÝóÊóÇÉö ÇáúÍóíøö ÅöÐú äóÙóÑóÊú ... Åöáóì ÍóãóÇãò ÓöÑóÇÚò æóÇÑöÏö ÇáËøóãóÏö
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö: æóÇáúÍõßúãõ ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉõ¡ Ãóæú Íõßúãõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÈöÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö¡ Ãóæö ÇááøõÈøõ æóåõæó ÇáúÚóÞúáõ¡ Ãóæú ÂÏóÇÈõ ÇáúÎöÏúãóÉö¡ Ãóæö ÇáúÝöÑóÇÓóÉõ ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞóÉõ¡ ÃóÞúæóÇáñ.
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Þóæúáöåö: ÃóÊõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú ÊóÞúÊõáóäöí ßóãóÇ ÞóÊóáúÊó äóÝúÓðÇ ÈöÇáúÃóãúÓö Åöäú ÊõÑöíÏõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÌóÈøóÇÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÂíóÉó [28 \ 19] ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: «ÚóÕöíøðÇ» ÝóÚõæáñ ÞõáöÈóÊú Ýöíåö ÇáúæóÇæõ íóÇÁð æóÃõÏúÛöãóÊú Ýöí ÇáúíóÇÁö Úóáóì ÇáúÞóÇÚöÏóÉö ÇáÊøóÕúÑöíÝöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉö: ÇáøóÊöí ÚóÞóÏóåóÇ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößö Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
Åöäú íóÓúßõäö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÞõ ãöäú æóÇæò æóíóÇ ... æóÇÊøóÕóáóÇ æóãöäú ÚõÑõæÖò ÚóÑöíóÇ
ÝóíóÇÁõ ÇáúæóÇæö ÇÞúáöÈóäøó ãõÏúÛöãóÇ ... æóÔóÐøó ãõÚúØðì ÛóíúÑõ ãóÇ ÞóÏú ÑõÓöãóÇ
ÝóÃóÕúáõ «ÚóÕöíøðÇ» Úóáóì åóÐóÇ «ÚóÕõæíðÇ» ßóÕóÈõæÑò¡ Ãóíú: ßóËöíÑó ÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö¡ æóíõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóÕúáõåõ ÝóÚöíáðÇ æóåöíó ãöäú ÕöíóÛö ÇáúãõÈóÇáóÛóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ ÞóÇáóåõ ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÈóÍúÑö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö íóæúãó æõáöÏó æóíóæúãó íóãõæÊõ æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ ÍóíøðÇ [19 \ 15] ¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö¡ Ãóíú: ÃóãóÇäñ áóåõ¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó: æóÇáúÃóÙúåóÑõ ÚöäúÏöí ÃóäøóåóÇ ÇáÊøóÍöíøóÉõ ÇáúãõÊóÚóÇÑóÝóÉõ¡ Ýóåöíó ÃóÔúÑóÝõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãóÇäö ; áöÃóäøó ÇáúÃóãóÇäó ãõÊóÍóÕøóáñ áóåõ ÈöäóÝúíö ÇáúÚöÕúíóÇäö Úóäúåõ æóåõæó ÃóÞóáøõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊöåö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáÔøóÑóÝõ Ýöí Ãóäú Óóáøóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÍóíøóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóæóÇØöäö ÇáøóÊöí ÇáúÅöäúÓóÇäõ ÝöíåóÇ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáÖøóÚúÝö æóÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö¡ æóÞöáøóÉö ÇáúÍöíáóÉö æóÇáúÝóÞúÑö Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóÙöíãö ÇáúÍóæúáö.
ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇÈúäö ÚóØöíøóÉó ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö äóÞúáö ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö¡ æóãóÑúÌöÚõ ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö Åöáóì ÔóíúÁò æóÇÍöÏò ; áöÃóäøó ãóÚúäóì ÓóáóÇãñ¡ ÇáÊøóÍöíøóÉõ¡ ÇáúÃóãóÇäõ¡ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉõ ãöãøóÇ íóßúÑóåõ¡ æóÞóæúáõ ãóäú ÞóÇáó: åõæó ÇáúÃóãóÇäõ¡ íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó Ðóáößó ÇáúÃóãóÇäó ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáÊøóÍöíøóÉõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉõ ãöãøóÇ íóßúÑóåõ¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ÇáúãõÊóÈóÇÏóÑõ Ãóäøó Þóæúáóåõ: æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö íóæúãó æõáöÏó¡ ÊóÍöíøóÉñ ãöäó Çááøóåö áöíóÍúíóì æóãóÚúäóÇåóÇ ÇáúÃóãóÇäõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉõ¡ æóÞóæúáóåõ: æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö ãõÈúÊóÏóÃñ¡ æóÓóæøóÛó ÇáöÇÈúÊöÏóÇÁó Èöåö æóåõæó äóßöÑóÉñ Ãóäøóåõ Ýöí ãóÚúäóì ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÎóÕøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÞóÇÊö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉó ÈöÇáÓøóáóÇãö ÇáøóÊöí åöíó æóÞúÊõ æöáóÇÏóÊöåö¡ æóæóÞúÊõ ãóæúÊöåö¡ æóæóÞúÊõ ÈóÚúËöåö¡ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóæúãó æõáöÏó æóíóæúãó íóãõæÊõ ÇáúÂíóÉó ; áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóæúÍóÔõ ãöäú ÛóíúÑöåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÓõÝúíóÇäõ Èúäõ ÚõíóíúäóÉó: ÃóæúÍóÔõ ãóÇ íóßõæäõ ÇáúãóÑúÁõ Ýöí ËóáóÇËóÉö ãóæóÇØöäó: íóæúãó íõæáóÏõ ÝóíóÑóì äóÝúÓóåõ ÎóÇÑöÌðÇ ãöãøóÇ ßóÇäó Ýöíåö æóíóæúãó íóãõæÊõ ÝóíóÑóì ÞóæúãðÇ áóãú íóßõäú ÚóÇíóäóåõãú¡ æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ ÝóíóÑóì äóÝúÓóåõ Ýöí ãóÍúÔóÑò ÚóÙöíãò¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÃóßúÑóãó Çááøóåõ ÝöíåóÇ íóÍúíóì Èúäó ÒóßóÑöíøóÇ ÝóÎóÕøóåõ ÈöÇáÓøóáóÇãö Úóáóíúåö ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÑóæóÇåõ Úóäúåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÛóíúÑõåõ¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÇáØøóÈóÑöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÈöÅöÓúäóÇÏöåö Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÞóÇáó: Åöäú ÚöíÓóì æóíóÍúíóì ÇáúÊóÞóíóÇ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÚöíÓóì: ÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑú áöí¡ ÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäøöí¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúÂÎóÑõ: ÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑú áöí¡ ÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäøöí¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÚöíÓóì: ÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑñ ãöäøöí¡ ÓóáøóãúÊõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöí æóÓóáøóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúßó¡ æóÞóÏú äóÞóáó ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÇáøóÐöí ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøö ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: ÇäúÊóÒóÚó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö Ýöí ÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö ÝóÖúáó ÚöíÓóì ÈöÃóäú ÞóÇáó ÅöÏúáóÇáõåõ(3/381)
Ýöí ÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö æóãóßóÇäóÊõåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáøóÊöí ÇÞúÊóÖóÊú Ðóáößó Íöíäó ÞõÑøöÑó æóÍõßöíó Ýöí ãõÍúßóãö ÇáÊøóäúÒöíáö ÃóÚúÙóãõ Ýöí ÇáúãóäúÒöáóÉö ãöäú Ãóäú íõÓóáøöãó Úóáóíúåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóØöíøóÉó: æóáößõáøò æóÌúåñ¡ ÇäúÊóåóì ßóáóÇãõ ÇáúÞõÑúØõÈöíøö¡ æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøó ÓóáóÇãó Çááøóåö Úóáóì íóÍúíóì Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúåö íóæúãó æõáöÏó ÇáúÂíóÉó [19 \ 15] ¡ ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú ÓóáóÇãö ÚöíÓóì Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóíøó íóæúãó æõáöÏúÊõ æóíóæúãó ÃóãõæÊõ æóíóæúãó ÃõÈúÚóËõ ÍóíøðÇ [19 \ 33] ¡ ßóãóÇ åõæó ÙóÇåöÑñ.
ÊóäúÈöíåñ
ÇáúÝóÊúÍóÉõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: íóæúãó æõáöÏó æóíóæúãó íóãõæÊõ æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ ÍóíøðÇ [19 \ 15] ¡ íõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó Ýöí ÇáÙøõÑõæÝö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ÝóÊúÍóÉõ ÅöÚúÑóÇÈò äóÕúÈðÇ Úóáóì ÇáÙøóÑúÝöíøóÉö¡ æóíõÍúÊóãóáõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÝóÊúÍóÉó ÈöäóÇÁò áöÌóæóÇÒö ÇáúÈöäóÇÁö Ýöí äóÍúæö Ðóáößó¡ æóÇáúÃóÌúæóÏõ Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÝóÊúÍóÉõ íóæúãó æõáöÏó ÝóÊúÍóÉó ÈöäóÇÁò¡ æóÝóÊúÍóÉõ æóíóæúãó íóãõæÊõ æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ ÝóÊúÍóÉó äóÕúÈò ; áöÃóäøó ÈöäóÇÁó ãóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝöÚúáö ÇáúãóÇÖöí ÃóÌúæóÏõ ãöäú ÅöÚúÑóÇÈöåö æóÅöÚúÑóÇÈö ãóÇ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö æóÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáöÇÓúãöíøóÉö ÃóÌúæóÏõ ãöäú ÈöäóÇÆöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÚóÞóÏóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÎõáóÇÕóÉö ÈöÞóæúáöåö:
æóÇÈúäö Ãóæú ÃóÚúÑöÈú ãóÇ ßóÅöÐú ÞóÏú ÃõÌúÑöíóÇ ... æóÇÎúÊóÑú ÈöäóÇ ãóÊúáõæøö ÝöÚúáò ÈõäöíóÇ
æóÞóÈúáó ÝöÚúáò ãõÚúÑóÈò Ãóæú ãõÈúÊóÏóÇ ... ÃóÚúÑöÈú æóãóäú Èóäóì Ýóáóäú íõÝóäøóÏóÇ
æóÇáúÃóÍúæóÇáõ Ýöí ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ: ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ãóäú íõÖóÇÝó ÇáÙøóÑúÝõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Åöáóì ÌõãúáóÉò ÝöÚúáöíøóÉò ÝöÚúáõåóÇ ãóÈúäöíøñ ÈöäóÇÁð ÃóÕúáöíøðÇ æóåõæó ÇáúãóÇÖöí ; ßóÞóæúáö äóÇÈöÛóÉó ÐõÈúíóÇäó:
Úóáóì Íöíäó ÚóÇÊóÈúÊõ ÇáúãóÔöíÈó Úóáóì ÇáÕøöÈóÇ ... ÝóÞõáúÊõ ÃóáóãøóÇ ÃóÕúÍõ æóÇáÔøóíúÈõ æóÇÒöÚõ
ÝóÈöäóÇÁõ ÇáÙøóÑúÝö Ýöí ãöËúáö Ðóáößó ÃóÌúæóÏõ¡ æóÅöÚúÑóÇÈõåõ ÌóÇÆöÒñ.
ÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäú íõÖóÇÝó ÇáÙøóÑúÝõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Åöáóì ÌõãúáóÉò ÝöÚúáöíøóÉò ÝöÚúáõåóÇ ãóÈúäöíøñ ÈöäóÇÁð ÚóÇÑöÖðÇ¡ ßóÇáúãõÖóÇÑöÚö ÇáúãóÈúäöíøö áöÇÊøöÕóÇáöåö Èöäõæäö ÇáäøöÓúæóÉö¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
áóÃóÌúÊóÐöÈóäøó ãöäúåõäøó ÞóáúÈöí ÊóÍóáøõãðÇ ... Úóáóì Íöíäó íóÓúÊóÕúÈöíäó ßõáøó Íóáöíãö
æóÍõßúãõ åóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ.
ÇáËøóÇáöËõ: Ãóäú íõÖóÇÝó Åöáóì ÌõãúáóÉò ÝöÚúáöíøóÉò ÝöÚúáõåóÇ ãõÚúÑóÈñ¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÃóÈöí ÕóÎúÑò ÇáúåõÐóáöíøö:
ÅöÐóÇ ÞõáúÊõ åóÐóÇ Íöíäó ÃóÓúáõæ íóåöíÌõäöí ... äóÓöíãõ ÇáÕøóÈóÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ íóØøóáöÚõ ÇáúÝóÌúÑõ
ÝóÅöÚúÑóÇÈõ ãöËúáö åóÐóÇ ÃóÌúæóÏõ¡ æóÈöäóÇÄõåõ ÌóÇÆöÒñ.
ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚõ: Ãóäú íõÖóÇÝó ÇáÙøóÑúÝõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑõ Åöáóì ÌõãúáóÉò ÇÓúãöíøóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáö ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑö:(3/382)
Ãóáóãú ÊóÚúáóãöí íóÇ ÚóãúÑóßö Çááøóåó Ãóäøóäöí ... ßóÑöíãñ Úóáóì Íöíäö ÇáúßöÑóÇãö Þóáöíáõ
æóÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑö:
ÊóÐóßøóÑó ãóÇ ÊóÐóßøóÑó ãöäú Óõáóíúãóì ... Úóáóì Íöíäö ÇáÊøóæóÇÕõáõ ÛóíúÑõ ÏóÇäö
æóÍõßúãõ åóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÌõåó ÅöäøóãóÇ åöíó Ýöí ÇáÙøóÑúÝö ÇáúãõÈúåóãö ÇáúãóÇÖöí¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÇáÙøóÑúÝõ ÇáúãõÈúåóãõ ãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáó ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóíóæúãó íóãõæÊõ æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÖóÇÝõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãóáö ÇáúÝöÚúáöíøóÉö Ïõæäó ÇáöÇÓúãöíøóÉö¡ ÝóÊóßõæäõ Ýöíåö ÇáúÃóæúÌõåõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ïõæäó ÇáÑøóÇÈöÚö¡ æóÃóÌóÇÒó ÇÈúäõ ãóÇáößò ÅöÖóÇÝóÊóåõ Åöáóì ÇáúÌõãúáóÉö ÇáöÇÓúãöíøóÉö ÈöÞöáøóÉò¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: íóæúãó åõãú Úóáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö íõÝúÊóäõæäó [51 \ 13] ¡ æóÞóæúáö ÓóæóÇÏö Èúäö ÞóÇÑöÈò:
æóßõäú áöí ÔóÝöíÚðÇ íóæúãó áóÇ Ðõæ ÔóÝóÇÚóÉò ... ÈöãõÛúäò ÝóÊöíáðÇ Úóäú ÓóæóÇÏö Èúäö ÞóÇÑöÈò
áöÃóäøó ÇáÙøóÑúÝó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö æóÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóíúäö ãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáñ áóÇ ãóÇÖò¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö: æóíóæúãó íõÈúÚóËõ ÍóíøðÇ¡ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ÍóíøóÇäó: Ýöíåö ÊóäúÈöíåñ Úóáóì ßóæúäöåö ãöäó ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö¡ áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöíåöãú: Èóáú ÃóÍúíóÇÁñ ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøöåöãú íõÑúÒóÞõæäó [3 \ 169] .
ÞóÇáó ãõÞóíøöÏõåõ ÚóÝóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ: æóÌúåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúÊöäúÈóÇØö Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóÇáó ÞóíúÏñ áöÚóÇãöáöåóÇ¡ æóÕúÝñ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóÈóÚúËõåõ ãõÞóíøóÏñ Èößóæúäöåö ÍóíøðÇ¡ æóÊöáúßó ÍóíóÇÉõ ÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö¡ æóáóíúÓó ÈöÙóÇåöÑò ßõáøó ÇáÙøõåõæÑö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
åóÐóÇ åõæó ÍóÇÕöáõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö íóÍúíóì¡ æóÐóßóÑó ÈóÚúÖó ÕöÝóÇÊöåö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö Ýöí «Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó» : ÝóäóÇÏóÊúåõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ æóåõæó ÞóÇÆöãñ íõÕóáøöí Ýöí ÇáúãöÍúÑóÇÈö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íõÈóÔøöÑõßó ÈöíóÍúíóì ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ ÈößóáöãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÓóíøöÏðÇ æóÍóÕõæÑðÇ æóäóÈöíøðÇ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó [3 \ 39] ¡ æóãóÚúäóì ßóæúäöåö ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ ÈößóáöãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö Ãóäøóåõ ãõÕóÏøöÞñ ÈöÚöíÓóì¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ Þöíáó áöÚöíÓóì ßóáöãóÉñ ; áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÃóæúÌóÏóåõ ÈößóáöãóÉò åöíó Þóæúáõåõ «ßõäú» ÝóßóÇäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúãóÓöíÍõ ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö æóßóáöãóÊõåõ ÃóáúÞóÇåóÇ Åöáóì ãóÑúíóãó ÇáúÂíóÉó [4 \ 171] ¡ æóÞóÇáó: ÅöÐú ÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íóÇãóÑúíóãõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó íõÈóÔøöÑõßö ÈößóáöãóÉò ãöäúåõ ÇáúÂíóÉó [3 \ 45] ¡ æóåóÐóÇ åõæó Þóæúáõ ÌõãúåõæÑö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó Ýöí ãóÚúäóì Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ ÈößóáöãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö¡ æóÞöíáó: ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈößóáöãóÉò: ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ¡ Ãóíú: ãõÕóÏøöÞðÇ ÈößöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúßóáöãóÉõ Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÊõØúáóÞõ Úóáóì ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÇáúãõÝöíÏö¡ ßóÞóæúáöåö: æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÇáúÍõÓúäóì [7 \ 137] ¡ æóÞóæúáöåö: æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ [6 \ 115] ¡(3/383)